title: Process development for the mass production of Ehrlichia ruminantium.
abstract: This work describes the optimization of a cost-effective process for the production of an inactivated bacterial vaccine against heartwater and the first attempt to produce the causative agent of this disease, the rickettsia Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER), using stirred tanks. In vitro, it is possible to produce ER using cultures of ruminant endothelial cells. Herein, mass production of these cells was optimized for stirring conditions. The effect of inoculum size, microcarrier type, concentration of serum at inoculation time and agitation rate upon maximum cell concentration were evaluated. Several strategies for the scale-up of cell inoculum were also tested. Afterwards, using the optimized parameters for cell growth, ER production in stirred tanks was validated for two ER strains (Gardel and Welgevonden). Critical parameters related with the infection strategy such as serum concentration at infection time, multiplicity and time of infection, and medium refeed strategy were analyzed. The results indicate that it is possible to produce ER in stirred tank bioreactors, under serum-free culture conditions, reaching a 6.5-fold increase in ER production yields. The suitability of this process was validated up to a 2-l scale and a preliminary cost estimation has shown that the stirred tanks are the least expensive culture method. Overall, these results are crucial to define a scaleable and fully controlled process for the production of a heartwater vaccine and open "new avenues" for the production of vaccines against other ehrlichial species, with emerging impact in human and animal health.
authors.affiliation: IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marcelino
authors.forename: Marcos F Q
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veríssimo
authors.forename: António E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Manuel J T
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carrondo
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D019149:Bioreactors; D002417:Cattle; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016995:Ehrlichia ruminantium / Q000254:growth & development*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D006357:Heartwater Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated