title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mediates protection against cyclooxygenase-2-induced gut dysfunction in a rodent model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 has been identified as an important mediator elaborated during ischemia/reperfusion, with pro- and anti-inflammatory properties having been reported. As the role of COX-2 in the small intestine remains unclear, we hypothesized that COX-2 expression would mediate mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion-induced gut injury, inflammation, and impaired transit and that these deleterious effects could be reversed by the selective COX-2 inhibitor, N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl] methanesulphanamide (NS-398). Additionally, we sought to determine the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in mediating protection by NS-398 in this model. Rats underwent sham surgery or were pretreated with NS-398 (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 1 h before 60 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and 30 min to 6 h of reperfusion. In some experiments, NS-398 (30 mg/kg) was administered postischemia. Ileum was harvested for COX-2 mRNA and protein, PGE2, myeloperoxidase (inflammation), histology (injury), intestinal transit and PPARgamma protein expression, and DNA-binding activity. COX-2 expression and PGE2 production increased after mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion and were associated with gut inflammation, injury, and impaired transit. Inhibition of COX-2 by NS-398 (30 mg/kg, but not 3 or 10 mg/kg) not only reversed the deleterious effects of COX-2, but additionally induced expression and nuclear translocation of PPARgamma. NS-398 given postischemia was equally protective. In conclusion, COX-2 may function as a proinflammatory mediator in a rodent model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. Reversal of gut inflammation, injury, and impaired transit by high-dose NS-398 is associated with PPAR activation, suggesting a potential role for PPAR-gamma in shock-induced gut protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kozar
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weatherall
authors.forename: Bashir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Attuwaybi
authors.forename: Stacey D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Moore-Olufemi
authors.forename: Norman W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Weisbrodt
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000473:pathology*; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D004247:DNA; D009195:Peroxidase; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone