title: Female gout: clinical and laboratory features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare clinical and laboratory features of gout in men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven women and 31 men with gout underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation and review of medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease onset in women was a mean of 7 years later than in men. There were no differences between women and men regarding systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, chronic renal failure, renal stones, ischemic heart disease, or heavy alcohol consumption. Tophaceous gout was similar in both groups, although female gender seemed to be protective against risk of developing tophi (odds ratio: 0.449; 95% confidence interval: 0.151-1.330). Podagra was more common in men, and women showed a higher frequency of upper limb joint involvement. Most patients had low urate excretion rates. Achieving disease control was similar in women and men. Of the 8 women who were premenopausal at disease onset, 7 had secondary causes for gout; 5 of the 8 had high serum urate despite treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gout in women had a later onset and higher frequency of upper limb joint involvement in comparison to men. Those with premenopausal onset tended to be refractory to standard therapy.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre  W S
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: Vander
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Antônio J L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications; D017697:Premenopause; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D006074:Gout Suppressants; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine