title: Tumours of the midgut (jejunum, ileum and ascending colon, including carcinoid syndrome).
abstract: (Neuro-)endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract are also called 'carcinoids'. (Neuro-)endocrine midgut tumours can be categorized according to their clinical behaviour. Most tumours are non-functioning. Functioning tumours are responsible for the carcinoid syndrome. The carcinoid syndrome is almost uniquely associated with midgut carcinoids. Symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome are caused by an excess of biogenic amines, peptides and other factors in the circulation. The typical symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome are diarrhoea, flushing, and carcinoid heart disease. Carcinoid heart disease involves the tricuspid and pulmonary valves and the endocardium. Serum chromogranin A and urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are biochemical markers. Carcinoid tumours express large numbers of high-affinity somatostatin receptors. These can bind the currently available octapeptide somatostatin analogues. In inoperable patients, biotherapy with somatostatin analogues and interferon-alpha is the treatment of choice. Somatostatin analogues and interferon-alpha significantly improve symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. w.w.deherder@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: de Herder
mesh_terms: D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods; D044682:Colon, Ascending / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007078:Ileal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D007580:Jejunal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008303:Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome