title: Life following aromatase inhibitors--where now for endocrine sequencing?
abstract: The third-generation non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are challenging tamoxifen as treatments of choice for early and advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease. However, patients who initially respond to AIs eventually develop resistance to treatment and experience disease progression. To establish the optimal endocrine therapy following AI resistance, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that contribute to the loss of response. Data from in vitro models have suggested that acquired AI resistance is due to enhanced sensitization to low estrogen levels during long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED). Cross-talk between the ER and various growth-factor-receptor signaling pathways, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and the insulin-like growth factor pathway, may also be implicated. Therefore, endocrine therapies that abolish estrogen signaling via removal of the ER could be effective in patients with AI-resistant disease. Fulvestrant ('Faslodex') is a new ER antagonist with no agonist effects that binds, blocks and degrades the ER. Due to its unique mode of action and lack of cross-resistance with existing treatments, fulvestrant is an effective therapeutic agent for use in sequential endocrine regimens. Fulvestrant has established efficacy in tamoxifen-resistant disease and there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating its efficacy in patients with AI-resistant disease. In preclinical models, MCF-7 cells undergoing LTED are refractory to tamoxifen but sensitive to fulvestrant, suggesting fulvestrant is a more appropriate choice following AI resistance. The steroidal AI, exemestane is also an option in non-steroidal AI-resistant disease. Clinical trials are underway to compare fulvestrant with exemestane as an appropriate therapy following the onset of AI resistance.
authors.affiliation: Breast Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK. stephen.johnston@rmh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Lesley-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Mitch
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowsett
mesh_terms: D000077384:Anastrozole; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D000077384:Anastrozole; D004958:Estradiol; C056516:exemestane