title: Increased PAI-1 plasma levels and risk of death from dengue: no association with the 4G/5G promoter polymorphism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue virus infected patients have high plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) plasma concentrations. Whether the insertion/deletion (4G/5G) polymorphism in the promotor region of the PAI-1 gene is associated with increased PAI-1 plasma concentrations and with death from dengue is unknown. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between the 4G/5G polymorphism and PAI-1 plasma concentrations in dengue patients and risk of death from dengue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 194 patients admitted to the Dr. Kariadi Hospital in Semarang, Indonesia, with clinical suspected severe dengue virus infection were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained on day of admission, days 1, 2 and 7 after admission and at a 1-month follow-up visit. Plasma concentrations of PAI-1 were measured using a sandwich ELISA kit. The PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism was typed by allele-specific PCR analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of PAI-1 on admission and peak values of PAI-1 during admission were higher than the values measured in healthy controls. Survival was significantly worse in patients with PAI-1 concentrations in the highest tertile (at admission: OR 4.7 [95% CI 0.9-23.8], peak value during admission: OR 6.3 [95%CI 1.3-30.8]). No association was found between the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism, and PAI-1 plasma concentrations, dengue disease severity and mortality from dengue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the 4G/5G polymorphism has no significant influence on PAI-1 concentrations in dengue virus infected patients and is not associated with the risk of death from dengue. Other factors contributing to the variability of PAI-1 plasma concentrations in patients with dengue need to be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands. igrmr@slz.nl
authors.forename: A T A
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Mairuhu
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Setiati
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koraka
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hack
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leyte
authors.forename: S M H
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Faradz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: ten Cate
authors.forename: D P M
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Brandjes
authors.forename: A D M E
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: E C M
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Gorp