title: Caesarean before labour between 34 and 37 weeks: what are the risk factors of severe neonatal respiratory distress?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency of severe neonatal respiratory distress and identify its risk factors in caesarean deliveries before labour between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of children born by caesarean delivery before labour between 34 and 37 weeks, between 1999 and 2003 in a level 3 maternity unit. The frequencies of severe and mild neonatal respiratory distress were calculated. Univariate and multivariate analyses studied the factors potentially associated with severe respiratory distress: gestational age, type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), condition of membranes, maternal diabetes, indication for caesarean, antenatal corticosteroid therapy, intrauterine growth retardation, infant's sex and birth weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 189 study subjects included 107 singletons and 82 twins: 28% required intensive care for severe respiratory distress and 30.2% developed mild respiratory distress. Gestational age was a significant risk factor (p = 0.01), especially before 36 weeks (adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0-4.4). The multivariate analysis indicated that singleton pregnancies (adjusted OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.5-6.7) and caesareans for fetal indications (adjusted OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2-5.7) are also risk factors and that premature rupture of the membranes is a "protective" factor against respiratory complications (adjusted OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than a quarter of the infants delivered by caesarean before labour between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation in our level 3 maternity unit had severe respiratory distress. Although our population may not be typical of the general population, this finding and the risk factors associated with it should be taken into account in determining the best time and place for delivery of each patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology and Neonatology, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Pédiatrie, Maternity of Antoine Béclère Hospital (APHP), 157, Rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92141 Clamart, Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Ray
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boithias
authors.forename: Vanina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castaigne-Meary
authors.forename: Laurence Foix
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: l'Hélias
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vial
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frydman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001724:Birth Weight; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012151:Resuscitation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index