title: A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG (LGG) on intestinal transit time and bowel function, and to test whether they have an interaction in cases of self-reported constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out as a two-by-two factorial design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-living subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 59 healthy women with self-reported constipation, recruited by advertisement.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a baseline period, the subjects were randomized into four diet groups: (1) rye bread+LGG yoghurt, (2) rye bread, (3) LGG yoghurt, and (4) control. The 3-week dietary intervention was followed by a 3-week follow-up period. During each period, total intestinal transit time was measured and the subjects recorded faecal frequency and consistency, difficulty in defecation and gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rye bread shortened total intestinal transit time (mean difference, -0.7; CI(95), -1.1 to -0.2; P=0.007), increased faecal frequency (0.3; CI(95), 0.1 to 0.5; P=0.001), softened faeces (-0.3; CI(95), -0.4 to -0.2; P<0.001) and made defecation easier (-0.4; CI(95), -0.5 to -0.2; P<0.001), but also increased gastrointestinal symptoms (1.6; CI(95), 0.7 to 2.4; P<0.001) compared to the low-fibre toast consumed in the LGG and control groups. There were fewer symptoms in the rye bread+LGG group compared to the rye bread group (-1.3; CI(95), -2.4 to -0.2; P=0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibre-rich rye bread can be recommended in the treatment of constipation, and the simultaneous consumption of LGG yoghurt relieves the adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with increased intake of fibre.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Valio Ltd, R&D, and Fazer Bakeries Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Valio Ltd, R&D, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hongisto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paajanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saxelin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korpela
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003248:Constipation / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003672:Defecation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005414:Flatulence / Q000453:epidemiology; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012434:Secale / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D012650:Self Disclosure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology