title: A Vitex agnus-castus extract inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in prostate epithelial cell lines.
abstract: Extracts of Vitex agnus-castus fruits (VACF) are described to have beneficial effects on disorders related to hyperprolactinemia (cycle disorders, premenstrual syndrome). A VACF extract has recently been shown to exhibit antitumor activities in different human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we explored the antiproliferative effects of a VACF extract with a particular focus on apoptosis-inducing and potential cytotoxic effects. Three different human prostate epithelial cell lines (BPH-1, LNCaP, PC-3) representing different disease stages and androgen responsiveness were chosen. The action of VACF on cell viability was assessed using the WST-8-tetrazolium assay. Cell proliferation in cells receiving VACF alone or in combination with a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-fmk) was quantified using a Crystal Violet assay. Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis and measurement of DNA fragmentation using an ELISA method were used for studying the induction of apoptosis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was determined as a marker of cytotoxicity. The extract inhibited proliferation of all three cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner with IC (50) values below 10 microg/mL after treatment for 48 h. Cell cycle analysis and DNA fragmentation assays suggest that part of the cells were undergoing apoptosis. The VACF-induced decrease in cell number was partially inhibited by Z-VAD-fmk, indicating a caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. However, the concentration-dependent LDH activity of VACF treated cells indicated cytotoxic effects as well. These data suggest that VACF contains components that inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in human prostate epithelial cell lines. The extract may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment not only of benign prostatic hyperplasia but also of human prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weisskopf
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jundt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sulser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wyler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tullberg-Reinert
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000188:drug therapy; D020950:Vitex
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts