title: Potential risk factors for the development of acute renal failure in preterm newborn infants: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in a case-control study possible associations between the development of acute renal failure in preterm newborns and therapeutic interventions, particularly drug treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was 172 preterm infants of <38 weeks gestation; 71 had acute renal failure and 101 were controls closely matched for gestational age and birth weight. Maternal and neonatal information was collected for both groups through questionnaires and interviews. Routine data on renal variables were also collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very low birthweight infants were at high risk of acute renal failure (79% of cases were <1500 g). However, the acute renal failure was transient. Mothers of infants with acute renal failure received more drugs during pregnancy and delivery (mainly antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Of the possible therapeutic interventions, intubation, catheterisation, and phototherapy were mainly applied to case subjects. A low Apgar score and patent ductus arteriosus were diagnosed in a greater percentage of neonates with acute renal failure. Moreover, in the first few days of life and before diagnosis of acute renal failure, case subjects received more drugs (antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and diuretics) and for a longer time. In the multivariate logistic analysis, medullary hyperechogenicity (odds ratio (OR) 4.491; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.879 to 10.731) and ceftazidime administration (OR 5.082; 95% CI 1.493 to 17.297) were associated with a greater risk of acute renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest the need for careful monitoring of very low birthweight infants and attention to drug treatments, as it is difficult to differentiate between normality and renal failure in the first few days of life.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cataldi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Mitri
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fanos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torcasio
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zanardo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Attardo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riccobene
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cuzzolin
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal