title: Non-hotspot-related breakpoints of common deletions in Sotos syndrome are located within destabilised DNA regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a disorder characterised by excessive growth, typical craniofacial features, and developmental retardation. It is caused by haploinsuffiency of NSD1 at 5q35. There is a 3.0 kb recombination hotspot in which the breakpoints of around 80% of SoS patients with a common deletion can be mapped.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify deletion breakpoints located outside the SoS recombination hotspot.
  
  
  METHODS
  A screening system for the directly orientated segments of the SoS LCRs was developed for 10 SoS patients with a common deletion who were negative for the SoS hotspot. Deletion-junction fragments were analysed for DNA duplex stability and their relation to scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs). These features were compared with the SoS hotspot and recombination hotspots of other genomic disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The breakpoint was mapped in four SoS patients, two with a deletion in the maternally derived chromosome. These breakpoint regions were located approximately 2.5 kb, approximately 9.6 kb, approximately 27.2, and approximately 27.7 kb telomeric to the SoS hotspot and were confined to 164 bp, 46 bp, 256 bp, and 124 bp, respectively. Two of the regions were mapped within Alu elements. All crossover events were found to have occurred within or adjacent to a highly destabilised DNA duplex with a high S/MAR probability. In contrast, the SoS hotspot and other genomic disorders' recombination hotspots were mapped to stabilised DNA helix regions, flanked by destabilised regions with high probability of containing S/MAR elements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that a specific chromatin structure may increase susceptibility for recurrent crossover events and thus predispose to recombination hotspots in genomic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niikawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D003434:Crossing Over, Genetic; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004247:DNA