title: Prognostic impact of demographic factors and clinical features on the mode of death in high-risk patients after myocardial infarction--a combined analysis from multicenter trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contemporary information is lacking on the effect of demographic features and clinical features on the specific mode of mortality after myocardial infarction (MI) in the thrombolytic era.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were (1) to examine the risk and trend of a different mode of mortality (i.e., all-cause, arrhythmic, and nonarrhythmic cardiac mortality) in high-risk patients post MI with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or ventricular arrhythmias; and (2) to assess the predictive value of demographic and clinical variables in the prediction of specific modes of death in high-risk patients post MI in the thrombolytic era.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 3,431 patients receiving placebo (2,700 men, median age 64 +/- 11 years) from the EMIAT, CAMIAT, SWORD, TRACE, and DIAMOND-MI studies, with LVEF < 40% or ventricular arrhythmia were pooled. Risk factors for mortality among patients surviving > or = 45 days after MI up to 2 years were examined using Cox regression. Short-term survival (from onset of MI to Day 44 after MI) was also examined for TRACE and DIAMOND-MI, in which patients were recruited within 2 weeks of MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for treatment and study effects, age, previous MI/angina, increased heart rate, and higher New York Heart Association functional class increased the risk of all-cause, arrhythmic, and cardiac mortality. Male gender, history of hypertension, low baseline systolic blood pressure, and Q wave were predictive of all-cause and arrhythmic mortality, whereas diabetes was only predictive of all-cause mortality. Smoking habit and atrial fibrillation had no prognostic value. Similar parameters were also predictive of short-term mortality, but not identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has shown that in high-risk patients post MI, who have been preselected using LVEF or frequent ventricular premature beats, demographic and clinical features are powerful predictors of mortality in the thrombolytic era. We propose that demographic and clinical factors should be considered when designing risk stratification or survival studies, or when identifying high-risk patients for prophylactic implantable cardiodefibrillator therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. ygyap@aol.com
authors.forename: Yee Guan
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Trinh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: J Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Køber
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marchant
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Camm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors