title: Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among Native Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hallucinogens are widely used, both by drug abusers and by peoples of traditional cultures who ingest these substances for religious or healing purposes. However, the long-term residual psychological and cognitive effects of hallucinogens remain poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited three groups of Navajo Native Americans, age 18-45: 1) 61 Native American Church members who regularly ingested peyote, a hallucinogen-containing cactus; 2) 36 individuals with past alcohol dependence, but currently sober at least 2 months; and 3) 79 individuals reporting minimal use of peyote, alcohol, or other substances. We administered a screening interview, the Rand Mental Health Inventory (RMHI), and ten standard neuropsychological tests of memory and attentional/executive functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to Navajos with minimal substance use, the peyote group showed no significant deficits on the RMHI or any neuropsychological measures, whereas the former alcoholic group showed significant deficits (p < .05) on every scale of the RMHI and on two neuropsychological measures. Within the peyote group, total lifetime peyote use was not significantly associated with neuropsychological performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence of psychological or cognitive deficits among Native Americans using peyote regularly in a religious setting. It should be recognized, however, that these findings may not generalize to illicit hallucinogen users.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. john_halpern@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: Andrea R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: James I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yurgelun-Todd
authors.forename: Harrison G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008635:Mescaline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D008635:Mescaline