title: Budd-Chiari syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypercoaguable states such as the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome may be associated with thromboses in any vascular bed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case report demonstrates clinical manifestations of Budd-Chiari syndrome during pregnancy, diagnostic dilemmas, and suggestions for prevention of serious thromboembolic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and previous thromboses in any vascular bed who are considering pregnancy should be considered candidates for full anticoagulation throughout the entirety of gestation and the puerperium. Anti-Xa levels may reflect inadequate dosing of low molecular weight heparin, particularly during the first trimester, and should be monitored frequently. In patients with suspected hepatic venous thrombosis, Doppler evaluation may be inadequate to establish the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Associates of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA. gioffe1@comcast.net
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Aisenbrey
authors.forename: Kent F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Argubright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D017984:Enoxaparin; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents