title: Role of endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation in cerebrovascular protective effect of recombinant erythropoietin during subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, the effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and the ability of recombinant erythropoietin (Epo) to augment this vasodilator mechanism in the spastic arteries were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant adenoviral vectors (10(9) plaque-forming units per animal) encoding genes for human Epo (AdEpo), and beta-galactosidase were injected immediately after injection of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna (day 0) of rabbits. Cerebral angiography was performed on day 0 and day 2, and basilar arteries were harvested for Western blots, measurement of cGMP levels, and analysis of vasomotor functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injection of autologous arterial blood into cisterna magna resulted in significant vasospasm of the basilar arteries. Despite the narrowing of arterial diameter and reduced expression of eNOS, expressions of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated eNOS were significantly increased in spastic arteries. Gene transfer of AdEpo reversed the vasospasm. AdEpo-transduced basilar arteries demonstrated significant augmentation of the endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine, whereas the relaxations to an NO donor, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)diazenolate-2-oxide sodium salt, were not affected. Transduction with AdEpo further increased the expression of phosphorylated Akt and eNOS and elevated basal levels of cGMP in the spastic arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phosphorylation of eNOS appears to be an adaptive mechanism activated during development of vasospasm. The vascular protective effect of Epo against cerebral vasospasm induced by SAH may be mediated in part by phosphorylation of Akt/eNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Anantha Vijay R
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Santhanam
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: A Gabriela
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: Kent R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Zvonimir S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Katusic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase