title: Midazolam in the reduction of surgical stress: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the role of midazolam in reducing surgical stress as measured using subjective and objective variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Thirty-eight male patients undergoing surgical removal of third molars under general anesthesia were recruited for this study, each patient was given premedication (midazolam or placebo) and subjective variables (HAD scale) were obtained and objective variables (salivary cortisol samples and vital signs) were collected pre-, peri-, and postoperatively. The salivary samples were analyzed by direct immunofluorimetric assay using the "DELFIA" system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in anxiety between the treatment group and the control group before the administration of the premedication. Following the administration of premedication, the majority of the control group showed high cortisol levels on the day of surgery, compared with relatively low cortisol levels in the majority of the treatment group. A few patients in the control group gave a placebo effect (sedative effect) and a number of the treatment group were unresponsive to the drug. There was a slight drop in the blood pressure and respiration rate with a slight increase in the heart rate in the treatment group; however these results were not statistically significant. The HAD scores were not statistically different between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam has proved to be very successful in reducing anxiety and stress pre-, peri-, and postoperatively with no significant effect on the vital signs of a healthy patient. Salivary cortisol technique is an easy, noninvasive method to assess anxiety and stress level in patients undergoing surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Healthcare Sciences, London, UK. waseem_wk1@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jerjes
authors.forename: Walid K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Jerjes
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swinson
authors.forename: Samintharaj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leeson
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D006854:Hydrocortisone