title: Prehospital cardiac arrest in a paramedic first-responder system using the Utstein style.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the characteristics of patients found to have cardiac arrest and to evaluate the characteristics predictive of survival after cardiac arrest in a paramedic first-responder model.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who suffered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the city of Reading, Ohio, from January 1998 to December 2003 were recorded in the Utstein style. The number and incidence rate of witnessed arrests, initial rhythms, rate of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and 30-day mortality rate were retrospectively collected. Demographics, time to hospital, and response times were evaluated as predictors of survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those patients initially found to be in cardiac arrest, 14.3% were discharged alive. Witnessed arrests were more likely to result in live discharge of the patient. Whether bystander CPR was performed was not found to affect survival, nor was initial rhythm, although no patients initially found in asystole were discharged alive. No demographic characteristics or response times were predictive of survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of survival in this paramedic first-response system are favorable compared with basic emergency medical technician first-response systems. Further study using direct comparison methodology is warranted to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0769, USA. d.handel@fuse.net
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Handel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Locasto
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Collett
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lindsell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis