title: Plaster cast immobilisation during air travel-analysis of current practice and aircraft-simulated experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increase in aircraft transportation of patients with lower limb fractures. Current practice is variable. Our aim was to study current practice and to analyse the situation in an experimental simulated aircraft flight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current advice supplied by commercial airline offices in the UK was noted. Postal questionnaires were sent to Orthopaedic Consultants in the UK to obtain their current practice. Experimental aircraft travel was simulated in a decompression chamber with five medically fit volunteers with no fracture, immobilised in an above knee plaster cast. Compartment pressure and venous return was documented and the results analysed in two different positions with the leg elevated and dependant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airlines do not have any formal guidelines. Orthopaedic consultants in the UK note variable advise in this situation. Experimental study in the aircraft simulation showed that two volunteers developed significant increase in compartmental pressure with the leg elevated to 90 degrees , which settled after the plaster cast was split. There was no increase in compartment pressure noted with leg dependant on the floor with 45 degrees of flexion at hip.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature on this issue is limited. With our analysis we feel that patients can be transported with the plaster cast split with limb dependant on the floor i.e. hip flexion less than 45 degrees . Our volunteers had no fractures so direct comparison with pathological changes in acute fracture is problematical. Further studies into this problem are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Needhirajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senbaga
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glanfield
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000628:therapy; D014195:Travel; D006113:United Kingdom