title: Impact of cognitive imaging and sex differences on the development of laparoscopic suturing skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of noninvasive laparoscopic surgery has raised concerns about appropriate teaching techniques for medical students considering surgery as a specialization. The principal aim of this study was to determine the effect, between the sexes, of cognitive imaging as a teaching method in the context of learning a surgical technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized treatment-control sample of 42 medical student volunteers was used to test the effect of cognitive imaging on performance and on traditional instructional techniques to help medical students acquire suturing skills specific to laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no significant effect for the use of cognitive imaging (F1,40 = 0.97, p > 0.05). Males tended to perform better than females in completing tasks that required the use of visual-spatial manipulation of the instruments within a simulated laparoscopic environment (F1,40 = 5.08, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, which are in concordance with other research findings, indicate that females generally have lower visual-spatial abilities than males. Enhanced performance for both sexes, however, increases rapidly with practice. Other than verbal one-on-one instruction, males on average rank instructional approaches that are applied and visual higher than do females.
authors.affiliation: Medical Education and Research Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. tldonnon@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Tyrone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Donnon
authors.forename: Jean-Gaston
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: DesCôteaux
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Violato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception; D013337:Students, Medical; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000193:education*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis