title: Cognitive style in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormalities of cognitive style in bipolar disorder are of both clinical and theoretical importance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare cognitive style in people with affective disorders and in healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-rated questionnaires were administered to 118 individuals with bipolar I disorder, 265 with unipolar major recurrent depression and 268 healthy controls. Those with affective disorder were also interviewed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and case notes were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those with bipolar disorder and those with unipolar depression demonstrated different patterns of cognitive style from controls; negative self-esteem best discriminated between those with affective disorders and controls; measures of cognitive style were substantially affected by current levels of depressive symptomatology; patterns of cognitive style were similar in bipolar and unipolar disorder when current mental state was taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those with affective disorder significantly differed from controls on measures of cognitive style but there were no differences between unipolar and bipolar disorders when current mental state was taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Birmingham B15 2QZ, UK. l.a.jones@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Sayeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gordon-Smith
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caesar
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forty
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greening
authors.forename: Pak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuffin
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Craddock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept