title: Enhancing BOLD response in the auditory system by neurophysiologically tuned fMRI sequence.
abstract: Auditory neuroscience has not tapped fMRI's full potential because of acoustic scanner noise emitted by the gradient switches of conventional echoplanar fMRI sequences. The scanner noise is pulsed, and auditory cortex is particularly sensitive to pulsed sounds. Current fMRI approaches to avoid stimulus-noise interactions are temporally inefficient. Since the sustained BOLD response to pulsed sounds decreases with repetition rate and becomes minimal with unpulsed sounds, we developed an fMRI sequence emitting continuous rather than pulsed gradient sound by implementing a novel quasi-continuous gradient switch pattern. Compared to conventional fMRI, continuous-sound fMRI reduced auditory cortex BOLD baseline and increased BOLD amplitude with graded sound stimuli, short sound events, and sounds as complex as orchestra music with preserved temporal resolution. Response in subcortical auditory nuclei was enhanced, but not the response to light in visual cortex. Finally, tonotopic mapping using continuous-sound fMRI demonstrates that enhanced functional signal-to-noise in BOLD response translates into improved spatial separability of specific sound representations.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland. seifritz@puk.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seifritz
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Salle
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herdener
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Neuhoff
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheffler
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009146:Music; D009622:Noise; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010775:Photic Stimulation
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen