title: [Standard treatment of liver malignancies with radiofrequency ablation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of standard treatment with ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in improving the treatment level of liver malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  302 patients with 476 liver malignancies were treated with established protocol and adjuvant measures and subjected to efficiency analysis. In the 302 patients, 181 had 282 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) with a mean diameter of 4.2 cm, and 121 had 194 metastatic liver carcinomas (MLC) with a mean diameter of 3.9 cm. According to UICC-TNM system 50 patients (27.6%) were in stage I/II and 131 (72.4%) in stage III/IV (including 39 patients with recurrent HCC after surgical resection). A standard protocol and an individualized protocol were used to treat the tumors based on their size, shape and special location such as the distance from diaphragm, gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract. Needle placement method and operation skill for the tumor region adjacent to important structures were described. Some adjuvant measures such as supplementary fine needle localization, local saline injection and feeding vessel ablation were used to improve RFA efficacy in tumors with different features. Local ablation of bleeding site and haemostatic administration systemically were adopted to deal with bleeding. For the patients with tumor adjacent to gastrointestinal tract, prolonged fasting after the RFA procedure was required. the patients were followed up regularly to assess the treatment efficiency, and the tumor was considered complete necrosed if no viability was found on enhanced CT or enhanced US one month after RFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tumor necrosis rate was 95.7% (270/282 tumors) for HCC, 94.8% (184/194 tumors) for MLC, 91.1% (51/56 tumors) for tumor near gastrointestinal tract, 88.5% (69/78 tumors) for tumors near diaphragm, and 94.3% (49/52 tumors) for tumor near gallbladder. The local recurrence rate was 10.3% (29/282 tumors) for HCC and 14.4% (28/194 tumors) for MLC. The 1, 2 and 3 year overall survival rates were 87.6%, 67.4% and 58.6% in the HCC patients, and 87.4%, 48.2%, 25.3% in the MLC patients respectively. The 1, 2 and 3 year survival rates of 50 HCC patients in early (I-II) stages were 90.7%, 85.9% and 73.7%, respectively. The incidence of complications was 2.2% (13/583 sessions), including 5 cases of hemorrhage, 1 case colon perforation, 8 cases of injury of adjacent structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of proper protocol and adjuvant measures plays an important role in improving tumor ablation rate. Knowledge about possible complications and their control may increase the treatment efficacy and help to promote the use of RFA technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Oncology School, Peking University, Beijing 100036, China.
authors.forename: Min-hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Yan-bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xin-fu
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male