title: Growth factor expression following clinical mandibular distraction osteogenesis in humans and its comparison with existing animal studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lengthening the mandible by distraction osteogenesis (DO) is nowadays a well recognized technique in maxillofacial surgery. In this study growth factor expression profiles were examined in biopsies taken from six patients undergoing mandibular DO and compared with findings from a sheep model for mandibular DO.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all patients (and sheep), the ascending ramus was distracted 10-15 mm at a rate of 1mm/day using an intraoral device. Biopsies were taken from the centre of the distraction zone 21 days after completion of distraction. Using standard immunohistochemical techniques, samples were stained for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bone morphogenetic proteins-2, -4 and -7 (BMP-2, -4, -7), matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3 (MMP-1, -3), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker for endothelial cells (CD-31) and type IV collagen (Col IV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive staining for PDGF, bFGF, TGF-beta, BMP-2, -4, and -7 was noted in cells and matrix components. There was intense staining for MMP-1. Strong staining for CD-31 and COL IV was observed adjacent to vessels. VEGF staining was less specific. Similar findings were noted in the sheep model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth factor expression in the human distraction site is similar to that in the sheep model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Dentistry, Charité - University Medical Centre Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany. christine.knabe@charite.de
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knabe
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicklin
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Ralf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Radlanski
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmeister
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000032:analysis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000032:analysis; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D023421:Models, Animal; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis; D012756:Sheep; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C525819:BMP7 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D006133:Growth Substances; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1