title: The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify brain regions underlying the fastest and slowest reaction times on the Psychomotor Vigilance task (PVT) under well-rested conditions, as well as brain regions related to particularly poor performance after sleep deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects took the PVT twice while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging: once 12 hours after waking from a normal night of sleep and once after 36 hours of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Session order was counterbalanced.
  
  
  METHODS
  UCSD J. Christian Gillin Laboratory for Sleep and Chronobiology (the sleep core of the General Clinical Research Center) and UCSD Magnetic Resonance Institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty right-handed healthy adults (8 women; age = 27.4 +/- 6.7 years; education = 15.6 +/- 1.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a normal night of sleep, optimal performance was related to greater cerebral responses within a cortical sustained attention network and the cortical and subcortical motor systems. Slow reaction times, particularly after TSD, were associated with greater activity in the "default mode network" consisting of frontal and posterior midline regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal performance on the PVT appears to rely on activation both within the sustained attention system and within the motor system. Poor performance following TSD may result from a disengagement from the task and related inattention, and brain regions responsible for this localize within midline structures shown to be involved in the brain's "default mode." Finally, particularly poor performance after TSD may elicit a subsequent attentional recovery that manifests as greater activation within the same regions normally responsible for fast reaction times.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 92161, USA. drummond@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Sean P A
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bischoff-Grethe
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Dinges
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ayalon
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mednick
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Meloy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000453:epidemiology