title: Lactated Ringer's solution and hypertonic saline improve survival in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in female rats in metestrus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present investigation the effect of fluid treatment in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock after massive splenic injury (MSI) was comparatively studied in male and female rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anesthetized animals were randomly divided into three groups: in group 1 MSI was induced in males, in group 2 MSI was induced in females in proestrus, in group 3 MSI was induced in females in metestrus. Each group was divided into four subgroups: a) Sham-operated, b) MSI untreated (UT), c) MSI treated with 40 ml/kg lactated Ringer's solution (RL), and d) MSI treated with 5 ml/kg NaCl 7.5% (HTS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total blood loss (TBL) in groups 1b, 2b, and 3b was 31.7 +/- 3.6%, 33.1 +/- 2.6%, and 36.7 +/- 2.6%, respectively, and mean survival time (MST) was 143.7 +/- 25.3 min, 174.8 +/- 10.4 min, and 67.8 +/- 11.4 min (P < 0.01 versus group 2b), respectively. TBL in groups 1c, 2c, and 3c increased to 52.4 +/- 5.5% (P < 0.02 versus UT), 48.6 +/- 1.6% (P < 0.02 versus UT), and 48.8 +/- 4.1% (P < 0.02 versus UT), respectively, and MST decreased to 126 +/- 19.4 min, (P < 0.05 versus UT), and 136.8 +/- 13.0 min (P < 0.05 versus UT) in groups 1c and 2c, respectively, and increased in group 3c to 120.4 +/- 23.3 min (P < 0.05 versus UT). TBL in groups 1d, 2d, and 3d was 31.3 +/- 4.8%, 38.0 +/- 4.2%, and 40.6 +/- 3.7%, respectively, and MST increased to 198.5 +/- 13.9 min (P < 0.05 versus UT) in group 1d, decreased to 128.4 +/- 17.2 min (P < 0.01) in group 2d, and increased to 102.6 +/- 19.0 min (P < 0.002 versus group 1d) in group 3d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RL infusion significantly increased blood loss in all three groups, reduced survival time in males and female rats in proestrus, but significantly improved survival in females in metestrus. HTS treatment did not alter blood loss in all three groups, but significantly improved survival in females in metestrus and males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery A and the Laboratory for Shock and Trauma Research, Rambam Medical Center, 31096 Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Krausz
authors.forename: Liubov
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Semenikhina
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006400:Hematocrit; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008686:Metestrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011359:Proestrus / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013154:Spleen / Q000293:injuries*; D013534:Survival; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D007773:Lactates; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic