title: Tamm-Horsfall protein acts as a general host-defense factor against bacterial cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is urine's most abundant protein, but its biological function has remained elusive. Recently, THP-deficient (THP(-/-)) mice were shown to have difficulty clearing Escherichia coli from the urinary bladder. It has remained unclear if interaction between THP and E. coli is specific for E. coli or if THP has a versatile ability to clear a variety of bacteria from the bladder, and act as a broad host-defense mechanism against urinary tract infection (UTI). In this study, we examined the role of THP as a protective factor against UTI caused by bacteria other than E. coli, namely Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus by determining if the THP(-/-) mouse has difficulty clearing these bacteria from its bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  THP gene knockout mice were generated by the technique of homologous recombination. K. pneumoniae and S. saprophyticus were introduced transurethrally, in separate experiments, into the bladders of the THP(-/-) and genetically similar wild-type (THP(+/+)) mice. Urine was collected at periodic intervals and cultured to quantitate the degree of bacteriuria. Bladders were surgically removed and examined histomorphometrically to determine the intensity of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that both with K. pneumoniae and with S. saprophyticus, the THP(-/-) mice had more severe bacteriuria in comparison with THP(+/+) mice. The inflammatory changes in the bladder were also markedly more intense in THP(-/-) mice with each of the bacterial species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that THP helps eliminate K. pneumoniae and S. saprophyticus from the urinary tract and acts as a general host-defense factor against UTI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
authors.forename: Hajamohideen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Raffi
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Laszik
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003556:Cystitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D058949:Uromodulin
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009088:Mucoproteins; C548613:Umod protein, mouse; D058949:Uromodulin