title: Spatial and temporal epidemiology of sporadic human cases of Escherichia coli O157 in Scotland, 1996-1999.
abstract: In Scotland, between 1995 and 2000 there were between 4 and 10 cases of illness per 100000 population per year identified as being caused by Escherichia coli O157, whereas in England and Wales there were between 1 and 2 cases per 100000 population per year. Within Scotland there is significant regional variation. A cluster of high rate areas was identified in the Northeast of Scotland and a cluster of low rate areas in central-west Scotland. Temporal trends follow a seasonal pattern whilst spatial effects appeared to be distant rather than local. The best-fit model identified a significant spatial trend with case rate increasing from West to East, and from South to North. No statistically significant spatial interaction term was found. In the models fitted, the cattle population density, the human population density, and the number of cattle per person were variously significant. The findings suggest that rural/urban exposures are important in sporadic infections.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Innocent
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smallwood
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Locking
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ternent
authors.forename: M E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Woolhouse
authors.forename: S W J
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology