title: Constitutive degradation of IkappaBalpha in human T lymphocytes is mediated by calpain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation-induced induction of transcription factor NFkappaB in T lymphocytes is regulated by its inhibitor IkappaBalpha. NFkappaB activation has been demonstrated to occur either by phosphorylation on serine residues 32 and 36 of the inhibitor, IkappaBalpha, followed by ubiquitination and degradation of the inhibitor by the 26S proteasome, or by a proteasome-independent mechanism involving tyrosine phosphorylation, but not degradation. However, the mechanism underlying constitutive regulation of the levels of the inhibitor, IkappaB, in primary human T lymphocytes, remains to be fully delineated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate here, the involvement of a proteasome-independent pathway for constitutive regulation of IkappaBalpha levels in primary human T lymphocytes. Pretreatment with a cell permeable calpain inhibitor, E64D, but not with a proteasome specific inhibitor, lactacystin, blocks stimulus-independent IkappaBalpha degradation in primary human T cells. However, E64D pre-treatment fails to impact on IkappaBalpha levels following stimulation with either TNFalpha or pervanadate. Other isoforms of the inhibitor, IkappaBbeta, and IkappaBgamma, appear not to be subject to a similar ligand-independent regulation. Unlike the previously reported decline in ligand-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha in T cells from the elderly, constitutive degradation does not exhibit an age-associated decline, demonstrating proteasome-independent regulation of the activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies support a role for an E64D sensitive protease in regulating constitutive levels of IkappaBalpha in T cells, independent of the involvement of the 26S proteasome, and suggests a biological role for constitutive degradation of IkappaBalpha in T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. sponnappan@uams.edu
authors.forename: Subramaniam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponnappan
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ponnappan