title: Effect of a beta-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazole on Trypanosoma cruzi: identification of target organelles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigation of the mode of action of the naphthoimidazole N1, obtained from the reaction of beta-lapachone with benzaldehyde, which among 45 semi-synthetic derivatives of naphthoquinones isolated from Tabebuia sp. was one of the most active compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantification of the effect of N1 against the proliferative forms of T. cruzi, and investigation of potential targets in the parasite using electron microscopy and flow cytometry techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N1 presented the following order of activity: amastigotes > trypomastigotes > epimastigotes. The effect on intracellular forms was approximately 25 times higher than on macrophages and heart muscle cells. N1-treated parasites presented an abnormal chromatin condensation and mitochondrial damage. In epimastigotes, alterations of reservosomes were observed, and in trypomastigotes, a decrease in the electron density of acidocalcisomes was observed. In epimastigotes, the naphthoimidazole inhibited the activity of succinate cytochrome c reductase. Labelling with rhodamine 123 or Acridine Orange was decreased in both forms treated with N1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that epimastigotes, reservosomes, mitochondrion, and nucleus contain N1 targets. In trypomastigotes, in which reservosomes are absent, the organelles affected by the compound were also the mitochondrion and nucleus, as well as acidocalcisomes, in which the decrease in electron density could be due to the use of polyphosphate as an alternative energy supply.
authors.affiliation: Dept. de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubem F S
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Menna-Barreto
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henriques-Pons
authors.forename: Antônio V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morgado-Diaz
authors.forename: Maurilio J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Solange L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: De Castro
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects*; D020112:Rhodamine 123 / Q000378:metabolism; D013384:Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D002843:Chromatin; D007093:Imidazoles; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C508726:naphthoimidazole N1; D020112:Rhodamine 123; C014638:beta-lapachone; D013384:Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase; D000165:Acridine Orange; C032175:benzaldehyde