title: Effectiveness of computerized delivery of intrasulcular anesthetic in primary molars.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain measures associated with computerized delivery of intrasulcular anesthestic have not been reported. The authors evaluated a computerized delivery system for intrasulcular (CDS-IS) anesthesia in primary molars. METHODS; The study population consisted of children aged 2 to 13 years who received CDS-IS injections, 159 in mandibular molars and 48 in maxillary molars. Children were treated by one of three modes of behavioral management: behavior modification (BM) only, inhalation of nitrous oxide (N2O) in addition to BM or intrarectal sedation. Variables evaluated included the subjective perception of the child's well-being before and after administration of the anesthetic, the child's pain behavior during anesthetic administration, effectiveness of the anesthetic during dental treatment, incidence of reported postoperative dental pain (PDP) and analgesic use after the CDS-IS injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of CDS-IS anesthesia in mandibular molars was 97 percent, 92 percent, 63 percent and 71 percent for restorations, preformed stainless steel crowns, extractions and pulpal therapies, respectively (mean effectiveness, 89 percent). The effectiveness of CDS-IS anesthesia in maxillary molars was 96 percent, 50 percent, 92 percent and 78 percent, respectively (mean effectiveness, 90 percent). CDS-IS was less effective in children aged 2 to 4 years who received sedation than it was in older children. The authors found no differences between children's subjective self-reports of well-being before and after anesthetic administration, between the sexes and/or between modes of behavioral management (that is, BM or N2O). Most children exhibited low pain-related behavior during anesthetic administration, with no differences between boys and girls. The overall incidence of PDP was 31.4 percent; 64.9 percent of these patients received pain-relieving medications as a result, with no correlation to age, tooth treated, effectiveness of anesthesia or type of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDS-IS is effective for anesthetizing primary molars, mainly for amalgam, resin-based composite and stainless steel crown restorations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger, School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel. shkenazi@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Malka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashkenazi
authors.forename: Sigalit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blumer
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003442:Crowns; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000187:drug effects*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011672:Pulpotomy; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009609:Nitrous Oxide