title: Self-reported medication use in community-residing older adults: A pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Older adults (ie, those aged > or = 65 years) are at increased risk of developing drug therapy problems, which may lead to poor health outcomes and decreased quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary goal of this pilot study was to evaluate and report medication use and potential drug therapy problems in older adults who received Eldercare program assistance through the Orange County Department on Aging in North Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May and July 2002, subjects were consecutively sampled from a registry of adults aged > or = 60 years enrolled in the Eldercare program. To be eligible for the study, individuals had to be receiving the services of the Eldercare program, speak English, and reside independently in the community of Orange County. The older adults were contacted by the program director to determine interest in participating in the study. If interested, the individual was contacted by a trained pharmacy doctoral student to verify study eligibility and arrange a home visit. At the home visit, information was collected via self-report on medication use and medical history. Nonadherence, potentially inappropriate prescribing, health literacy, and functional capacity were also assessed. All home visits were conducted between May and July 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 subjects were interviewed. The mean (SD) age of respondents was 77.5 (8.7) years; 85% were women, 66% were white, 34% black, and 70% lived alone. The mean (SD) number of prescription medications used per patient was 9.6 (4.1). Adequate health literacy, defined as a score > or = 23 (range of possible scores, 0-36) on the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, was documented in only 35% of individuals. Twenty-five percent of the sample (25/100) had reduced functional capacity when evaluated on the Functional Activities Questionnaire, with total scores > or = 10 (range of possible scores, 10-30) indicative of reduced functional ability. Rates of nonadherence, defined as a score of 0 to 3 on the 4-item Morisky instrument, were 53%. When evaluating inappropriate prescribing based on the Beers criteria, 34% of individuals used > or = 1 potentially inappropriate medication. In bivariate analyses, there was a statistically significant relationship between race and number of medications (P < 0.002), adherence (P < 0.001), health literacy status (P < 0.001), and functional capacity (P < 0.027). No differences were noted when examining the effects of age on the same variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, older adults residing independently in the community were responsible for managing and taking a considerable number of medications on a daily basis. In addition, inadequate health literacy, poor adherence, and potentially inappropriate medication use were prevalent in this sample. The results also suggest that race may have played an important role in the risk of developing medication-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Policy and Evaluative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA. mroth@unc.edu
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Jena L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ivey
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009657:North Carolina; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data