title: Calf compression pressure required to achieve venous closure from supine to standing positions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compression therapy needs to narrow the veins of patients with venous disorders to achieve a hemodynamic effect. This study investigated the external pressure necessary to narrow and occlude leg veins in different body positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In nine healthy volunteers and five patients with incompetent small saphenous veins, the diameter of the small saphenous veins and of one posterior tibial vein was measured at the mid level of the calf by duplex ultrasound scans in sitting, standing, and supine positions. A modified blood pressure cuff with an acetate window that permitted ultrasound visualization of the veins was gradually inflated, and the pressures needed to narrow or occlude the veins were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial narrowing occurs with a median pressure of between 30 and 40 mm Hg in the sitting and standing positions. Complete occlusion of superficial and deep leg veins occurs with 20 to 25 mm Hg in the supine position, between 50 and 60 mm Hg in the sitting position, and at about 70 mm Hg in the standing position. The difference between sitting and standing, and between standing and supine, was statistically significant (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The external pressure has to exceed the hydrostatic pressure in the vein to compress leg veins effectively. Higher external pressures than can be expected to be delivered by elastic compression stockings are required to achieve the collapse of lower-extremity veins in the upright position.
authors.affiliation: bernhard.partsch@utanet.at
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Partsch
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Partsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001458:Bandages; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*