title: Birdshot chorioretinopathy.
abstract: Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a well-known, yet poorly understood, form of posterior uveitis, characterized by multiple, distinctive, hypopigmented choroidal lesions, and strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A29. We reviewed all English language publications regarding birdshot chorioretinopathy and performed analyses of combined patient data taken from these articles. The mean age at presentation was 53 years, with a slight female predominance (54.1%). At least 95.7% of reported patients have been HLA-A29-positive. Blurring of vision and floaters are the most prevalent presenting complaints, even in patients with visual acuity of 20/20 or better in both eyes. Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a slowly progressive disease with profound dysfunction of vision that may not be reflected in Snellen visual acuity. Two or more lines of Snellen visual acuity were lost in approximately 20% of eyes over a median follow-up of 3.5 years; macular edema was the most common cause of reduced visual acuity. Overall, patients had a slow decline in visual acuity, despite the fact that nearly all were treated with anti-inflammatory therapies. Final visual acuity in the better eye was 20/40 or better in 75.1% of patients and 20/200 or worse in 9.8% of patients. Oral corticosteroids and cyclosporine were the most commonly used medications. Using a regression model, patients in the literature that have been treated with cyclosporine alone had better final visual acuity than patients treated with oral corticosteroids alone. Further study is needed to determine the optimal methods for treating and monitoring patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7000, USA.
authors.forename: Kayur H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ralph D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldhardt
authors.forename: Lynn K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Christine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Heckenlively
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.forename: Gary N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D015234:HLA-A Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D015234:HLA-A Antigens; C035524:HLA-A29 antigen