title: Iatrogenic trauma to oral tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iatrogenic trauma can be defined as any trauma that has been induced by the dentist's activity, manner, or therapy. The aim of this article is to present traumatic oral tissue lesions of iatrogenic origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen cases of chemical (due to ferric sulfate and formocresol), physical (due to orthodontic wires and appliances), and thermal (due to electrosurgery) injuries to the oral tissues are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemical, physical, and thermal injuries in the oral, gingival, or palatinal mucosa of iatrogenic origin can exhibit various clinical features. The management of traumatic injuries is dependent on the severity of the involvement in the periodontal tissues. While, in most cases, the elimination of the offending agent and symptomatic therapy were sufficient, in severe cases, or when the injury resulted in permanent defects, periodontal surgery and regenerative therapy may be necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The skill, experience, and up-to-date knowledge of dentists are the main factors to prevent possible iatrogenic traumas. Although "To err is human," careful practice is very important for the principle "Primum non nocere" ("First do no harm").
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Ankara, Turkey. oucak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozcelik
authors.forename: M Cenk
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Haytac
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akkaya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000209:etiology; D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003729:Dental Care / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D005566:Formocresols / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000293:injuries*; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects; D011672:Pulpotomy / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005566:Formocresols; C031025:formocresol; C024823:ferric sulfate