title: A multianalyte flow electrochemical cell: application to the simultaneous determination of carbohydrates based on bioelectrocatalytic detection.
abstract: A multianalyte flow electrochemical cell (MAFEC) for bioanalysis is constructed, characterised and used for simultaneous carbohydrate analysis incorporating mediated amperometric enzyme electrodes. Although multidetection schemes can be addressed with microfabricated systems, it is demonstrated that a "meso" analytical device of low cost can give answers to traditional simultaneous multianalysis problems, being robust, and easy to construct and operate. The cell operates as a radial flow thin-layer device and can achieve mass transport controlled response for fast electrochemical reactions. When appropriate enzymatic electrodes are used the response becomes kinetically limited, but still shows a better than 5% R.S.D. for response to different sugars analysed. All the enzymatic sensors are mediated with different osmium compounds appropriate for each enzyme's mechanism (NAD or PQQ dehydrogenases) in some cases combining multienzyme sensors. All sensors were optimised so that different sugars do not produce interferences to other sensors. Matrix interferences were kept low by operating all sensors at or below 150 mV versus Ag/AgCl. The integrated system was used for the simultaneous detection of fructose, sucrose, glucose, galactose, and lactose, fully characterising the system for these analytes (sensitivity, dynamic range). Cross referenced calibration curves were used for signal treatment and interpretation and it was possible to analyse real juice and milk samples with results agreeing with the standard enzymatic methods for the same analyses with a sampling frequency of more than 100 h(-1).
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maestre
authors.forename: Ioanis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katakis
authors.forename: Arántzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narváez
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domínguez
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000032:analysis; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018511:Systems Integration
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase