title: Regulation of the Caenorhabditis elegans oxidative stress defense protein SKN-1 by glycogen synthase kinase-3.
abstract: Oxidative stress plays a central role in many human diseases and in aging. In Caenorhabditis elegans the SKN-1 protein induces phase II detoxification gene transcription, a conserved oxidative stress response, and is required for oxidative stress resistance and longevity. Oxidative stress induces SKN-1 to accumulate in intestinal nuclei, depending on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Here we show that, in the absence of stress, phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) prevents SKN-1 from accumulating in nuclei and functioning constitutively in the intestine. GSK-3 sites are conserved in mammalian SKN-1 orthologs, indicating that this level of regulation may be conserved. If inhibition by GSK-3 is blocked, background levels of p38 signaling are still required for SKN-1 function. WT and constitutively nuclear SKN-1 comparably rescue the skn-1 oxidative stress sensitivity, suggesting that an inducible phase II response may provide optimal stress protection. We conclude that (i) GSK-3 inhibits SKN-1 activity in the intestine, (ii) the phase II response integrates multiple regulatory signals, and (iii), by inhibiting this response, GSK-3 may influence redox conditions.
authors.affiliation: Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Jae Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vranas
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucke
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hisamoto
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: T Keith
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Blackwell
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D050217:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C073702:skn-1 protein, C elegans; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3