title: Thoracolumbar disc extrusion associated with extensive epidural haemorrhage: a retrospective study of 23 dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features and outcome in dogs suffering from thoracolumbar disc extrusion associated with extensive epidural haemorrhage (DEEH) and treated with extensive hemilaminectomy (from three to seven vertebrae).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 23 dogs with surgically confirmed DEEH were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cases were characterised by rapid progression to severe neurological dysfunction (grade III, V and VI). Myelography was performed in 21 cases and showed an absence (16 cases) or attenuation (five cases) of contrast medium column along three to seven vertebrae. In two dogs, magnetic resonance imaging was accurate in confirming extradural compression due to disc material and haemorrhage, determining the extent of compression and side of the lesion. All cases were treated surgically with extensive hemilaminectomy involving all the compressed spinal segments. Twenty-one dogs (91 per cent) recovered and regained ambulatory function. Two dogs, without deep pain perception before surgery, did not improve. A two-year follow-up history was available for 15 dogs. Disc extrusion recurred in two dogs (9 per cent), two and 20 months after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive hemilaminectomy can adequately decompress the spinal cord after DEEH and may produce a recovery and recurrence rate similar to thoracolumbar disc extrusion not complicated by extensive epidural haemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Veterinaria Valdinievole, Monsummano Terme, Pistoia, Italy.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tartarelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baroni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borghi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D009192:Myelography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000662:veterinary; D010291:Paresis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D016896:Treatment Outcome