title: Effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on antibody responses to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-positive injection drug users: a randomized trial.
abstract: HIV-infected individuals have impaired immune responses to vaccines and high rates of pneumococcal disease. The effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on the immunogenicity of a 7-valent pneumococcal CRM-197 conjugate vaccine (PC-7) was evaluated in 118 HIV+ injection drug users. Subjects were randomized to oral 400,000 IU vitamin A, 300 mg zinc, vitamin A + zinc, or placebo, then immunized. Geometric mean titer increased 1.3-3.3-fold for all pneumococcal serotypes. PC-7 elicited an immune response in HIV-infected adults but neither vitamin A nor zinc altered the immunogenicity of the evaluated vaccines.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA. mknoll@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deloria-Knoll
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: Kenrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Curtis L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Meinert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000276:immunology*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D014801:Vitamin A; D015032:Zinc