title: Paramedic performance in calculating drug dosages following stressful scenarios in a human patient simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paramedics face many stressors in their work environment. Studies have shown that stress can have a negative effect on the psychological well-being of health professionals. However, there is little published research regarding the effects of stress on the cognitive skills necessary for optimal patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute stress on the emotional response and performance of paramedics. Furthermore, the authors explored whether a paramedic's level of training or years of experience would mediate the effects of stress on performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paramedic performances in calculating drug dosages were compared in two stress conditions. In the low-stress condition, 30 paramedics calculated the drug dosages in a quiet classroom free of any stressor. In the high-stress condition, the same paramedics calculated comparable drug dosages immediately after working through a challenging scenario with a human patient simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paramedics obtained lower accuracy scores in the high-stress condition than in the low-stress condition [43% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.9-49.2) vs. 58% (95% CI: 48.6-67.1), p < 0.01 based on univariate analysis]. Neither work experience nor level of training predicted the individual differences in the stress-induced performance decrements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the types of stressors encountered in clinical situations can increase medical errors, even in highly experienced individuals. These findings underline the need for more research to determine the mechanisms by which stress influences clinical performance, with the ultimate goal of targeting education or technologic interventions to those tasks, situations, and individuals most likely to benefit from such interventions.
authors.affiliation: The Education Department, Ontario Air Ambulance Base Hospital Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. vicki.leblanc@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Vicki R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lepine
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D005791:Patient Care / Q000523:psychology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations