title: Association between lifestyle factors and plasma adiponectin levels in Japanese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific protein that plays a role in obesity, insulin resistant, lipid metabolism, and anti-inflammation. Hypoadiponectinemia may be associated with a higher risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Some studies suggest that adiponectin levels are modulated by lifestyle factors, but little is known about the associations between lifestyle factors and plasma adiponectin levels in Japanese people. We therefore investigated the associations between lifestyle factors and plasma adiponectin levels in general Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 202 Japanese male workers who participated in an annual health check. They provided details about anthropometrical data, blood collection, their use of prescribed medication, and the clinical history of their families. They also completed a self-administered questionnaire about their lifestyles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with plasma adiponectin levels below 4.0 microg/ml had significantly lower levels of HDL cholesterol and higher levels of BMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, FBG, and platelets than did subjects with higher adiponectin levels. In multiple logistic regression after multiple adjustment, a plasma adiponectin level below 4.0 microg/ml was significantly associated with smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-4.30), a daily diet rich in deep-yellow vegetables (OR = 0.25, 95% CI= 0.07-0.91), frequent eating out (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.19-5.08), and physical exercise two or more times a week (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.06-0.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that adiponectin levels in general Japanese men are independently related to smoking, dietary factors, and physical exercise. We think that lifestyle habits might independently modulate adiponectin levels and that adiponectin might be the useful biomarker helping people to avoid developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease by modifying their lifestyles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. tukinoki@envi.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsukinoki
authors.forename: Kanehisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012147:Restaurants; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL