title: Prostaglandin D2 causes preferential induction of proinflammatory Th2 cytokine production through an action on chemoattractant receptor-like molecule expressed on Th2 cells.
abstract: PGD2, produced by mast cells, has been detected in high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. It can stimulate vascular and other inflammatory responses by interaction with D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-like molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) receptors. A significant role for PGD2 in mediating allergic responses has been suggested based on the observation that enhanced eosinophilic lung inflammation and cytokine production is apparent in the allergen-challenged airways of transgenic mice overexpressing human PGD2 synthase, and PGD2 can enhance Th2 cytokine production in vitro from CD3/CD28-costimulated Th2 cells. In the present study, we investigated whether PGD2 has the ability to stimulate Th2 cytokine production in the absence of costimulation. At concentrations found at sites of allergic inflammation, PGD2 preferentially elicited the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by human Th2 cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Gene transcription peaked within 2 h, and protein release peaked approximately 8 h after stimulation. The effect of PGD2 was mimicked by the selective CRTH2 agonist 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2 but not by the selective DP agonist BW245C, suggesting that the stimulation is mediated by CRTH2 and not DP. Ramatroban, a dual CRTH2/thromboxane-like prostanoid receptor antagonist, markedly inhibited Th2 cytokine production induced by PGD2, while the selective thromboxane-like prostanoid receptor antagonist SQ29548 was without effect. These data suggest that PGD2 preferentially up-regulates proinflammatory cytokine production in human Th2 cells through a CRTH2-dependent mechanism in the absence of any other costimulation and highlight the potential utility of CRTH2 antagonists in the treatment of allergic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Oxagen Limited, Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom. l.xue@oxagen.co.uk
authors.forename: Luzheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Shân L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gyles
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Wettey
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gazi
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pettipher
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D006801:Humans; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D002227:Carbazoles; D016207:Cytokines; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D006827:Hydantoins; D006834:Hydrazines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018793:Interleukin-13; D015848:Interleukin-5; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D013449:Sulfonamides; D015847:Interleukin-4; C034832:13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin D2; C030669:BW 245C; C045749:SQ 29548; D004247:DNA; C063119:ramatroban; D015230:Prostaglandin D2; C036293:prostaglandin D2 receptor