title: The impact of anemia on energy and physical functioning in individuals with AIDS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, the relationship between changes in hemoglobin level and energy and physical functioning in the anemic and "normal" ranges of hemoglobin among individuals with AIDS has not been well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter, prospective, cohort study involving 19 clinics in the United States, 1406 individuals, 13 years and older, with AIDS were administered the Medical Outcomes Study HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] Health Survey (MOS-HIV) at baseline and at 3- to 6-month follow-up visits. Energy and physical functioning scores were the main outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, a higher hemoglobin level was associated with a higher energy score and a higher physical functioning score (P < .001 for both), after adjusting for CD4 lymphocyte count, sex, age, education, and HIV risk factor. In longitudinal analyses, increases in hemoglobin were associated with increases in energy and physical functioning scores (P < .001 for both), after adjusting for CD4 lymphocyte count, sex, age, education, and HIV risk factor. Changes in the energy scales were, on average, 1.5 and 2.3 scale points per 1-g/dL change in hemoglobin level in the normal and anemic ranges, respectively. For the physical functioning scale, average changes were 2.7 and 2.6 scale points per 1-g/dL change in hemoglobin level in the normal and anemic ranges, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of hemoglobin are associated with better quality of life among individuals with AIDS. Changes in hemoglobin level within the conventional normal range of hemoglobin are also significantly associated with changes in quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. rdsemba@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kempen
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012367:RNA, Viral