title: Surgical anatomy of the middle turbinate.
abstract: Clinicians have encountered many variations of the middle turbinate. Previous descriptions of the middle turbinate were only focused on its size and shape and lacked surgical implications associated with endoscopic sinus surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the surgical anatomy of the middle turbinate in hemisected cadaveric heads. The middle turbinates from 101 hemisections of adult Korean cadaveric heads were measured using digital calipers and a protractor. The middle turbinates were then classified according to their shape. The mean distance between the anterior attachment of the middle turbinate and the anterior attachment of the superior turbinate was 18.5 mm. The posterior end of the middle turbinate extended more posteriorly than that of the inferior turbinate in 40% of the cases, while in 26.3% of the cases, the posterior end of the inferior turbinate extended more posteriorly than that of the middle turbinate. The middle turbinate was classified into three types according to the shape of its anterior border. In type 1, the anterior border of the middle turbinate ran directly posteroinferiorly from its attachment to the conchal plate, and was observed in 45.3% of the cases. In type 2, the anterior border of the middle turbinate initially coursed inferiorly from the conchal plate and then turned in a posteroinferior direction. This type was observed in 44.2% of the cases. Type 3 involved 10.5% of the cases where the anterior border bulged anteriorly before it coursed posteroinferiorly. The information provided in this report should assist surgeons when performing partial middle turbinectomies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chang-Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Kook
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mee Hyun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hee Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kyung-Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In Hyunk
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jeung-Gweon
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joo-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014420:Turbinates / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery