title: The role of door orientation on occupant injury in a nearside impact: a CIREN, MADYMO modeling and experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study addressed the effects of vehicle height mismatch in side impact crashes. A light truck or SUV tends to strike the door of a passenger car higher causing the upper border to lead into the occupant space. Conversely, an impact centered lower on the door, from a passenger car, causes the lower border to lead. We proposed the hypothesis that the type of injury sustained by the occupant could be related to door orientation during its intrusion into the passenger compartment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on door orientation and nearside occupant injuries were collected from 125 side impact crashes reported in the CIREN database. Experimental testing was performed using a pendulum carrying a frame and a vehicle door, impacting against a USDOT SID. The frame allowed the door orientation to be changed. A model was developed in MADYMO (v 6.2) using the more biofidelic dummies, BIOSID, and SIDIIs as well as USDOT SID.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In side impact crashes with the lower border of the door leading, 81% of occupants sustained pelvic injury, 42% suffered rib fractures, and the rate of organ injury was 0.84. With the upper border leading, 46% of occupants sustained pelvic injury, 71% sustained rib fracture, and the rate of organ injuries per case increased to 1.13. The differences in the groups with respect to pelvic injury were significant at p = 0.01, rib fracture, p = 0.10, and organ injury, p = 0.001. Experimental testing showed that when the door angle changed from lower to upper border leading, peak T4 acceleration increased by 273% and pelvic acceleration decreased by 44%. The model demonstrated that when the door angle changed from lower to upper border leading, the USDOT SID showed a 29% increase in T4 acceleration and a 57% decrease in pelvic acceleration. The BIOSID dummy demonstrated a 36% increase in T1 acceleration, a 44% increase in abdominal rib 1 deflection, a 91% increase in thoracic rib 1 deflection, and a 33% decrease in pelvic acceleration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data add more insight to the problem of mismatch during side impacts, where the bumper of the striking vehicle overrides the door beam, causing the upper part of the door to lead the intrusion into the passenger compartment. Even with the same delta V and intrusion, with the upper border of the door leading, more severe chest and organ injuries resulted. This data suggests that door orientation should be considered when testing subsystems for side impact protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Harborview Injury Prevention Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98014, USA. atencer@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Allan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Tencer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mock
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001336:Automobiles; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*