Contaminant seeding in bone by different irrigation methods: an experimental study.
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of using various devices and manual procedures for cleansing bacterially contaminated bone tissue and to assess the risk of iatrogenic bacterial seeding in deep bone layers.


METHODS
In an in vitro model, human femoral heads were contaminated with Escherichia coli and then cleansed with pulsatile high-pressure lavage, pulsatile low-pressure lavage, manual rinsing with bulb syringe lavage, or manual rinsing with combined brush cleaning. The numbers of bacteria that remained or those that were introduced by the rinsing procedures were quantitatively determined at depths of 0 to 1 cm, 1 to 2 cm, and 2 to 3 cm.


RESULTS
Both pulsatile high-pressure lavage and brush cleaning were more effective than pulsatile low-pressure lavage and bulb syringe lavage for the purpose of surface cleansing. The differences were highly significant (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the decontaminating effect between pulsatile high-pressure lavage and brush cleaning (P = 0.24). The bacterial contamination attributable to the cleansing procedure, as measured at tissue depths of 1 to 2 cm and 2 to 3 cm, was significantly higher after pulsatile high-pressure lavage and after pulsatile low-pressure lavage than it was after bulb syringe lavage or brush cleaning (P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
In this in vitro investigation of cancellous bone, the brush cleansing was just as effective for getting rid of bacterial contamination as pulsatile high-pressure lavage, and carries a significantly lesser risk of iatrogenic bacterial seeding into deeper tissue layers. In the light of these promising results obtained by the cleansing of cancellous bone contaminated with bacteria, it would be desirable to perform supplementary in vitro and in vivo investigations into brush cleansing.
Kalteis
Thomas
T
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Kaiser-Karl V.-Allee 3, D-93077 Bad Abbach, Germany. thomas.kalteis@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
Lehn
Norbert
N
Schröder
Hans-Jürgen
HJ
Schubert
Thomas
T
Zysk
Stefan
S
Handel
Martin
M
Grifka
Joachim
J
D000368:Aged; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010000:Osteitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome