title: Association between carotid artery intima-media thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in CKD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) correlates with cardiovascular events in the general population and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the hemodialysis population. It has not been evaluated extensively in patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  CCA-IMT was measured by using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured by means of EDTA clearance. Cardiovascular risk factors assessed included homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) levels, as well as smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fourteen patients were studied; mean measured GFR was 29.6 +/- 18.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 (0.49 +/- 0.31 mL/s). CCA-IMT was significantly elevated (0.59 +/- 0.22 cm) compared with a control group (0.44 +/- 0.08 cm; P = 0.0012). CCA-IMT increases with age (P < 0.0001) and low-density lipoprotein level (P = 0.048) and decreases with high-density lipoprotein level (P = 0.001) and being white (P = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that arterial changes occur early in the course of renal disease progression and may be related to dyslipidemia in the early stages.
authors.affiliation: Renal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kulinskaya
authors.forename: Alun H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Edwina A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL