title: Complications of vasectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasectomy is a common method of sterilisation. However, it is less popular than tubal ligation world-wide. It is also a frequent cause of litigation relating to its complications. This article reviews the early and late risks associated with the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection was done using the internet to search Medline for obtaining evidence-based medicine reviews. Cross-references were obtained from key articles. Websites of government bodies and medical associations were searched for guidelines relating to vasectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early complications include haematoma, wound and genito-urinary infections, and traumatic fistulae. Vasectomy failure occurs in 0-2% of patients. Late recanalisation causes failure in 0.2% of vasectomies. Significant chronic orchalgia may occur in up to 15% of men after vasectomy, and may require epididyectomy or vasectomy reversal. Antisperm antibodies develop in a significant proportion of men post-vasectomy, but do not increase the risk of immune-complex or atherosclerotic heart disease. Similarly, vasectomy does not enhance risk of testicular or prostate cancer. Vasectomy has a lower mortality as compared to tubal occlusion, but is still significantly high in non-industrialised countries because of infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vasectomy, though safe and relatively simple, requires a high level of expertise to minimise complications. Adequate pre-operative counselling is essential to increase patient acceptability of this method of permanent contraception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK. ninaad_awsare@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ninaad S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Awsare
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Greg B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Boustead
authors.forename: Damian C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hanbury
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McNicholas
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality