title: Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand on inflammation of human gallbladder epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) and its ligand, ciglitazone, on inflammatory regulation of human gallbladder epithelial cells (HGBECs) and to assess the effect of human epithelial growth factor (hEGF) on growth of HGBECs.
  
  
  METHODS
  HGBECs were cultured in media containing hEGF or hEGF-free media. HGBECs were divided into normal control group, inflammatory control group and ciglitazone group (test group). Inflammatory control group and ciglitazone group were treated with 5 microg/L of human interleukin-1beta (hIL-1beta) to make inflammatory model of HGBECs. The ciglitazone group was treated with various concentrations of ciglitazone, a potent ligand of PPAR-gamma. Subsequently, interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in all groups were measured. The data were analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HGBECs were cultured in medium successfully. The longevity of HGBECs in groups containing hEGF was longer than that in hEGF-free groups. So was the number of HGBECs. The longest survival time of HGBEC was 25 d. The inflammatory model of HGBECs was obtained by treating with hIL-1beta. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in ciglitazone group were lower than those in inflammatory control group (P<0.05). The secretion of IL-6 in inflammatory control group was higher (350.31+/-37.05 microg/L) than that in normal control group (50.0+/-0.00 microg/L, P<0.001). Compared to normal control group, IL-8 concentration in inflammatory control was higher (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hEGF improves the growth of HGBECs in vitro. Ciglitazone inhibits the inflammation of HGBECs in vitro and has potential therapeutic effect on cholecystitis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: PO Box 119, West China Medical University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China. pgdhx@126.com
authors.forename: Guang-Dong
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jiang-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Nan-Sheng
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Xian-Ze
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Sheng-Fu
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guo-Fu
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lu-Nan
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008024:Ligands; D008954:Models, Biological; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008024:Ligands; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; C039671:ciglitazone