title: Dynamics of the in-run in ski jumping: a simulation study.
abstract: A ski jumper tries to maintain an aerodynamic position in the in-run during changing environmental forces. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanical demands on a ski jumper taking the in-run in a static position. We simulated the in-run in ski jumping with a 4-segment forward dynamic model (foot, leg, thigh, and upper body). The curved path of the in-run was used as kinematic constraint, and drag, lift, and snow friction were incorporated. Drag and snow friction created a forward rotating moment that had to be counteracted by a plantar flexion moment and caused the line of action of the normal force to pass anteriorly to the center of mass continuously. The normal force increased from 0.88 G on the first straight to 1.65 G in the curve. The required knee joint moment increased more because of an altered center of pressure. During the transition from the straight to the curve there was a rapid forward shift of the center of pressure under the foot, reflecting a short but high angular acceleration. Because unrealistically high rates of change of moment are required, an athlete cannot do this without changing body configuration which reduces the required rate of moment changes.
authors.affiliation: Human Movement of Sciences Program, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Gertjan J C
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ettema
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bråten
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bobbert
mesh_terms: D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009068:Movement; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011312:Pressure; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D012914:Snow