title: Does the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia exist?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The placement of the superficial cervical plexus block has been the subject of controversy. Although the investing cervical fascia has been considered as an impenetrable barrier, clinically, the placement of the block deep or superficial to the fascia provides the same effective anesthesia. The underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional organization of connective tissues in the anterior region of the neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a combination of dissection, E12 sheet plastination, and confocal microscopy, fascial structures in the anterior cervical triangle were examined in 10 adult human cadavers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the upper cervical region, the fascia of strap muscles in the middle and the fasciae of the submandibular glands on both sides formed a dumbbell-like fascia sheet that had free lateral margins and did not continue with the sternocleidomastoid fascia. In the lower cervical region, no single connective tissue sheet extended directly between the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The fascial structure deep to platysma in the anterior cervical triangle comprised the strap fascia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides anatomical evidence to indicate that the so-called investing cervical fascia does not exist in the anterior triangle of the neck. Taking the previous reports together, the authors' findings strongly suggest that deep potential spaces in the neck are directly continuous with the subcutaneous tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Helen D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016613:Plastic Embedding
chemical_list: D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D003094:Collagen