title: Harpin modulates the accumulation of salicylic acid by Arabidopsis cells via apoplastic alkalization.
abstract: It is reported here that salicylic acid (SA) is rapidly taken up by Arabidopsis cells, and its uptake is accompanied by media alkalization and cytosolic acidification, and it is inhibited by the ionophore nigericin, suggesting that its import is linked with that of H+ and driven by a proton gradient. Such import and accumulation declined sharply within a narrow physiological pH range (pH 5.7-6.1), corresponding to a reduction in the [H+] of the media from 1.99 micromol l(-1) to 0.79 micromol l(-1). Following the initial uptake, SA was exported back into the media as free SA against a continued [H+]-dependent import. Since the uptake and accumulation of SA declines sharply within a narrow pH range and cell wall alkalization is an early response during incompatible plant/pathogen interactions, the bacterial elicitor harpin(Pss) was used to investigate how SA transport may be modulated during defence responses. Harpin induced a rapid and sustained alkalization of the cell suspension media, reaching the critical pH (pH 5.9-6.1) at which SA import is inhibited at c. 60 min. Such media alkalization corresponded with a reduction in the SA associated with cells co-treated with harpin, and an inhibition of SA uptake in cells pretreated with harpin. Scavengers of ROS, or compounds which generate H2O2 or NO had little effect on the import or net export of SA, suggesting that media alkalization induced by harpin is sufficient to modulate the kinetics of SA transport.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Luis A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mur
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kenton
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D011522:Protons; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D011522:Protons; C087295:HrpZ protein, Pseudomonas syringae; D020156:Salicylic Acid