title: Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of xanthorrhizol in hippocampal neurons and primary cultured microglia.
abstract: Xanthorrhizol, a natural sesquiterpenoid isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb (Zingiberaceae), has antibacterial activities and protective effects against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the activities of xanthorrhizol as an antioxidant or antiinflammatory agent using neuronal and microglial cells. Xanthorrhizol had potent neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the murine hippocampal HT22 cell line. Also, xanthorrhizol inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. The properties of xanthorrhizol as an antiinflammatory agent were investigated in microglial activation by lipopolysaccharide. It reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the inducible nitric oxide synthase, which consequently resulted in the reduction of nitric oxide. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in activated microglial cells, was reduced by xanthorrhizol. These results suggest that xanthorrhizol could be an effective candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease- and other neurological disease-related ROS and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Research Division, Hanwha CC R&D Center, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chol Seung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Da-Qing
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Hyejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Sang Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jung Uk
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ilho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Jung-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010636:Phenols; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C120248:xanthorrhizol; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D003474:Curcumin