title: Damaging effects of gliadin on three-dimensional cell culture model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of gliadin on the oxidative environment in the "in vivo-like" model of a three-dimensional cell culture system.
  
  
  METHODS
  LoVo cell line (intestinal adenocarcinoma) multicellular spheroids were treated with digested gliadin (with albumin used as a control). Spheroid volumes, cell viability and morphology, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activity of GSH-related enzymes were examined. The data were statistically analyzed using the Student's t-test. was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gliadin reduced cell viability (from 20% to 60%) and led to morphological alterations characterized by apoptotic findings and cytoskeletal injuries. LDH activity increased. The content of GSH reduced (-20% vs controls), and activity of GSH-related enzymes was significantly inhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gliadin treatment induces an imbalance in the antioxidative mechanism of cells cultured by the three-dimensional technique. This alteration may explain the cell damage directly caused by gliadin and the subsequent morphological abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy.
authors.forename: Ersilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dolfini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roncoroni
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Maria-Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Colleoni
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lorusso
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramponi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braidotti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.forename: Maria-Letizia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Falini
authors.forename: Maria-Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardella
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005903:Gliadin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005903:Gliadin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione