title: Four-dimensional ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Technological advances in ultrasonography have revolutionized prenatal diagnosis and treatment. Here we evaluate the effectiveness of using four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography to guide prenatal invasive procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prenatal invasive procedures using 4D ultrasound were recorded prospectively in 93 cases: 10 amnioinfusions, 50 amniocenteses, 8 chorionic villus samplings (CVS) and 25 cordocenteses. The needle target site was first identified using the two-dimensional (2D) mode, and was then confirmed using the three-dimensional (3D) mode. The needle was inserted under 4D ultrasound guidance. After selecting the needle target site, the true position of the needle was determined in three planes ('real-time 3D targeting').
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using 4D ultrasound guidance, most procedures were performed within 5 min and with a 100% success rate, even in cases involving severe oligohydramnios (amniocentesis), thin placentas (CVS) or narrow umbilical veins (cordocentesis). Moreover, there were no serious complications during or after any procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4D ultrasonography can be used to guide various prenatal invasive procedures offering clear information in all three planes. It is likely that such imaging will reduce the time taken to complete the procedures and reduce the risks associated with them. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000379:methods; D001805:Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine / Q000379:methods; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling / Q000379:methods; D017218:Cordocentesis / Q000379:methods; D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*