title: Influence of orange juice in the levels and in the genotoxicity of iron and copper.
abstract: World consumption of natural juices is increasing as a consequence of the human search for a healthier life. The juice production industry, especially for orange juice, is expanding in several countries and particularly in Brazil. Despite scientific data reporting beneficial properties derived from juice consumption, some components of juices have been identified as mutagenic or carcinogenic. Carcinogenic or genotoxic effects may be mediated by the interaction of juice components with transition metals or by sub-products of juice auto-oxidation. In this study, the mutagenic potential of orange juice and two metallic agents used in dietary supplementation, FeSO(4) and CuSO(4), were investigated using the comet assay in mouse blood cells (in vivo). Both metal compounds were genotoxic for eukaryotic cells after 24h treatment at the doses used. Significant damage repair was observed after 48h of treatment with the same compounds. Orange juice had a modulating effect on the action of metallic sulfates. In the case of iron treatment, the presence of the orange juice had a preventive, but not restorative, effect. On the other hand, in the case of copper treatment, the effects were both preventive and restorative. PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) analysis indicated a positive correlation between DNA damage and the hepatic levels of iron and a negative correlation between whole blood copper and DNA damage. A negative correlation between hepatic iron and whole blood copper content was also seen in the treatment with both ferrous and cupric sulfates.
authors.affiliation: Curso de Nutrição, Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, UNISC, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia Isabel Rech
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prá
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giulian
authors.forename: Johnny Ferraz
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Maria Lúcia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yoneama
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Erdtmann
authors.forename: João Antonio Pêgas
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Henriques
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D032084:Citrus sinensis; D020552:Comet Assay; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020011:Protective Agents
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D020011:Protective Agents; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D019327:Copper Sulfate