title: Changes in the tumor microenvironment during low-dose-rate permanent seed implantation iodine-125 brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a lack of data regarding how the tumor microenvironment (e.g., perfusion and oxygen partial pressure [pO2]) changes in response to low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy. This may be why some clinical issues remain unresolved, such as the appropriate use of adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). The purpose of this work was to obtain some basic preclinical data on how the tumor microenvironment evolves in response to LDR brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental mouse tumor, pO2 (measured by electron paramagnetic resonance) and perfusion (measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) were monitored as a function of time (0-6 days) and distance (0-2 mm and 2-4 mm) from an implanted 0.5 mCi iodine-125 brachytherapy seed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most of the experiments, including controls, tumors remained hypoxic at all times. At distances of 2-4 mm from radioactive seeds ( approximately 1.5 Gy/day), however, there was an early, significant increase in pO2 within 24 h. The pO2 in that region remained elevated through Day 3. Additionally, the perfusion in that region was significantly higher than for controls starting at Day 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be advantageous to give adjuvant EBRT shortly (approximately 1 to 2 days) after commencement of clinical LDR brachytherapy, when the pO2 in the spatial regions between seeds should be elevated. If chemotherapy is given adjuvantly, it may best be administered just a little later (approximately 3 or 4 days) after the start of LDR brachytherapy, when perfusion should be elevated.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Greg O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Cron
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beghein
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crokart
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chavée
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vynckier
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scalliet
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000098:blood supply / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D010100:Oxygen