title: Extra-hepatic hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as obstructive jaundice.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a neoplasm with a uniformly poor prognosis. Risk factors for its development include chronic hepatitis B or C infection, haemochromatosis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, but individuals with any type of chronic liver disease are predisposed. The incidence is significantly higher in Asia and Africa although it has been noted to be increasing in the United States. We present a patient with notable atypical clinical features for hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient had neither predisposing risk factors nor a primary liver lesion causing obstructive jaundice. After multiple tissue specimens were obtained, the final pathological diagnosis was established. Hepatocellular carcinoma generally requires a surgical cure, but patients who are icteric often portend poorer prognoses. For those at high risk, screening may be indicated to identify early curative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. batsis.john@mayo.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Batsis
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Halfdanarson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pitot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D041781:Jaundice, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male