title: Botulinum toxin treatment of extraocular muscles in rabbits results in increased myofiber remodeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Botulinum toxin A (Botox) is commonly used for strabismus treatment. Although other muscles atrophy after intramuscular injection with Botox, extraocular muscles (EOMs) do not. A continuous process of myonuclear addition in normal uninjured adult myofibers in rabbit EOMs was studied. In this study, the effect of Botox-induced muscle paralysis on myofiber remodeling in adult EOMs was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The superior rectus muscles of adult rabbits were each injected with 5 units of Botox. The contralateral muscle received injections of saline only. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered for various periods after Botox treatment, followed by various BrdU-free periods. Myonuclear addition, the number of BrdU-positive satellite cells, and the number of MyoD-positive satellite cells were quantified, as were alterations in expression of immature myosins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramuscular injection of Botox resulted in a significant increase in both the number of BrdU-positive myonuclei and satellite cells. MyoD expression in both satellite cells and myonuclei was significantly increased after Botox injection in EOMs. In Botox-treated EOMs, an increased number of myofibers positive for the neonatal myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform was detected in the orbital layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botox-induced EOM paralysis resulted in a significant short-term increase in satellite cell activation and myonuclear addition in single myofibers in adult rabbit EOMs compared with control muscles. The appearance of MyoD-positive myonuclei suggests that protein synthesis becomes upregulated after Botox injection, and this, in turn, may help explain the minimal effects on myofiber size in EOMs after Botox injection. Understanding the effect of Botox on satellite cell activation and myonuclear addition in existing myofibers may suggest new ways to maximize the clinical effectiveness of Botox in patients with strabismus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ugalde
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McLoon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012038:Regeneration; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017570:MyoD Protein; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine