title: Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum hemorrhage: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was aimed to identify obstetric risk factors for early postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in singleton gestations and to evaluate pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparison between consecutive singleton deliveries with and without early PPH was performed. Deliveries occurred during the years 1988-2002 in a tertiary medical center. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed in order to define independent risk factors for PPH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postpartum hemorrhage complicated 0.4% (n = 666) of all deliveries enrolled in the study (n = 154 311). Significant risk factors for PPH, identified using a multivariable analysis, were: retained placenta (OR 3.5, 95%CI 2.1-5.8), failure to progress during the second stage of labor (OR 3.4, 95%CI 2.4-4.7), placenta accreta (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.7-6.4), lacerations (OR 2.4, 95%CI 2.0-2.8), instrumental delivery (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.6-3.4), large for gestational age (LGA) newborn (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.6-2.4), hypertensive disorders (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.1), induction of labor (OR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1-1.7) and augmentation of labor with oxytocin (OR 1.4, 95%CI 1.2-1.7). Women were assigned into three different groups according to the assessed severity of PPH, assuming that the severe cases were handled by revision of the birth canal under anesthesia, and the most severe cases required in addition treatment with blood products. A significant linear association was found between the severity of bleeding and the following factors: vacuum extraction, oxytocin augmentation, hypertensive disorders as well as perinatal mortality, uterine rupture, peripartum hysterectomy and uterine or internal iliac artery ligation (p < 0.001 for all variables).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertensive disorder, failure to progress during the second stage of labor, oxytocin augmentation, vacuum extraction and LGA were found to be major risk factors for severe PPH. Special attention should be given after birth to hypertensive patients, and to patients who underwent induction of labor or instrumental delivery, as well as to those delivering LGA newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. sheiner@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sheiner
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarid
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Mordechai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallak
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries; D001724:Birth Weight; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007044:Hysterectomy; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000293:injuries; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000009:adverse effects; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D010121:Oxytocin