title: Comparative analysis of autogenous infrainguinal bypass grafts in African Americans and Caucasians: the association of race with graft function and limb salvage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  African Americans (AAs) are at risk for developing diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Whether race influences the results of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction is unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of autogenous infrainguinal bypasses in AAs and Caucasians to determine the association of race with graft function and limb salvage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective, comparative cohort study of AA and Caucasian patients who had undergone autogenous infrainguinal bypass surgery. Only single-limb bypasses in each patient cohort were considered in this analysis. In patients who had undergone bilateral lower limb bypasses, the first limb bypass was chosen as the index bypass procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 1985 to December 2003, 1459 autogenous infrainguinal bypasses were performed in 1459 patients for lower limb ischemia. Within this group, 89 AA patients/vein grafts formed the study cohort. The control group comprised 1370 Caucasian patients/vein grafts. Compared with the Caucasian cohort, AA patients were significantly younger (median age, 65 vs 70 years, respectively; P = .001) and predominantly female (57% vs 41%, respectively; P = .002). AA patients also had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and dialysis-dependent renal failure. More AA than Caucasian patients presented with gangrene (34% vs 16%, respectively; P = .001), and more underwent bypass surgery for limb salvage indications (91% vs 81%, respectively; P = .01). The venous conduit used was predominantly the greater saphenous vein (AA, 83%; Caucasian, 85%), and the site of distal anastomosis was at the tibial/pedal level in 67% of AA and 61% of Caucasian patients. Overall morbidity (AA, 28%; Caucasian, 23%) and 30-day mortality (AA, 3%; Caucasian, 3%) were similar. Thirty-day graft failure was significantly greater in AAs than Caucasians (12% vs 5%, respectively; P = .003). The overall 5-year primary graft patency (+/-SE) was significantly worse in AA patients (AA, 52% +/- 6%; Caucasian, 67% +/- 2%; P = .009). The 5-year limb salvage rate (+/-SE) was also significantly worse in AA patients (AA, 81% +/- 5%; Caucasian, 90% +/- 1%; P = .04). With the Cox proportional hazard model, significant risk factors associated with primary graft failure were AA race, age younger than 65 years, female sex, secondary reconstructions, tibial bypasses, and critical limb ischemia. Significant risk factors associated with limb loss were age younger than 65 years, female sex, absence of coronary disease, presence of critical limb ischemia, and secondary reconstructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autogenous infrainguinal bypass surgery in AAs is associated with poorer primary graft patency and limb salvage rates compared with those of Caucasians. This may partially account for the higher rate of limb loss in AA patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. david.chew@med.va.gov
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Louis L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: Edwin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Gravereaux
authors.forename: Mathew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Menard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belkin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000208:ethnology; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D023821:Limb Salvage; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000637:transplantation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*