title: Selecting additional tag SNPs for tolerating missing data in genotyping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown that the patterns of linkage disequilibrium observed in human populations have a block-like structure, and a small subset of SNPs (called tag SNPs) is sufficient to distinguish each pair of haplotype patterns in the block. In reality, some tag SNPs may be missing, and we may fail to distinguish two distinct haplotypes due to the ambiguity caused by missing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show there exists a subset of SNPs (referred to as robust tag SNPs) which can still distinguish all distinct haplotypes even when some SNPs are missing. The problem of finding minimum robust tag SNPs is shown to be NP-hard. To find robust tag SNPs efficiently, we propose two greedy algorithms and one linear programming relaxation algorithm. The experimental results indicate that (1) the solutions found by these algorithms are quite close to the optimal solution; (2) the genotyping cost saved by using tag SNPs can be as high as 80%; and (3) genotyping additional tag SNPs for tolerating missing data is still cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genotyping robust tag SNPs is more practical than just genotyping the minimum tag SNPs if we can not avoid the occurrence of missing data. Our theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the performance of our algorithms is not only efficient but the solution found is also close to the optimal solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. ythuang@acb.csie.ntu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Yao-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kun-Mao
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015894:Genome, Human; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012107:Research Design; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers