title: Initial injection pressure for dental local anesthesia: effects on pain and anxiety.
abstract: This study quantitatively assessed injection pressure, pain, and anxiety at the start of injection of a local anesthetic into the oral mucosa, and confirmed the relationship between injection pressure and pain, as well as between injection pressure and anxiety. Twenty-eight healthy men were selected as subjects and a 0.5-inch (12 mm) 30-gauge disposable needle attached to a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system (the Wand) was used. A 0.5 mL volume of local anesthetic solution was injected submucosally at a speed of either 30 or 160 s/mL. Three seconds after the start of local anesthetic injection, injection pressure was measured and pain and anxiety were assessed. Injection pressure was measured continuously in real time by using an invasive sphygmomanometer and analytical software, and pain was assessed on the Visual Analogue Scale and anxiety on the Faces Anxiety Scale. A significant correlation was evident between injection pressure and pain (rs = .579, P = .00124) and between intensity of injection pressure and state anxiety (rs = .479, P = .00979). It is therefore recommended that local anesthetic be injected under low pressure (less than 306 mm Hg) to minimize pain and anxiety among dental patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan. masaluge@hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kudo
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008347:Manifest Anxiety Scale; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D021362:Palate, Hard; D011312:Pressure; D019722:Sphygmomanometers; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014160:Transducers, Pressure
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine