title: The medical-legal aspects of informed consent in orthopaedic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthopaedic surgeons routinely obtain informed consent prior to surgery. Legally adequate informed consent requires a thorough discussion of treatment options and risks and proper documentation; however, there is little data to guide orthopaedic surgeons regarding effective methods of obtaining informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a closed claims analysis on malpractice claims involving an allegation of inadequate informed consent brought during a twenty-four-year period with two malpractice insurers. Relevant malpractice claims were reviewed, and data were abstracted. We then performed statistical analyses to identify factors that positively correlated with a successful defense.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified twenty-eight lawsuits that included a claim of inadequate informed consent. All of the cases involved elective orthopaedic surgical procedures; there were no emergent cases. Three cases involved a disputed surgical site; all three cases involved foot and ankle surgery and resulted in an indemnity payment. Documentation of appropriate informed consent in the office notes of the surgeon was associated with a decreased indemnity risk (p < 0.005). Obtaining the informed consent on the hospital ward or in the preoperative holding area was associated with an increased indemnity risk (p < 0.004). When informed consent was obtained in the office by the operating surgeon, the risk of malpractice payment was significantly decreased (p < 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons may be able to decrease the risk of a malpractice claim by obtaining informed consent in their offices, rather than in the preoperative holding area, and by documenting the informed consent discussion within their dictated office or operative notes.
authors.affiliation: Partners Orthopaedic Trauma Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, 35 Fruit Street, Yawkey 3600, Boston, MA 02114, USA. tbhattacharyya@partners.org
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeon
authors.forename: Mitchel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*