title: Creation of a brachial arteriovenous fistula for treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after cavopulmonary anastomosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) occur in approximately 20% of patients after unidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (CPA), and frequently after bidirectional CPA in patients with polysplenia syndrome. It is hypothesized that exclusion of a growth-modulating factor produced in the liver may predispose to PAVM formation. Resolution of PAVMs after inclusion of hepatic venous effluent into the cavopulmonary circulation has been reported. An upper extremity systemic arteriovenous (AV) fistula may be created to augment pulmonary blood flow and improve oxygenation in hypoxemic patients with CPA, but there has been no systematic investigation of the effects of such fistulas on PAVMs after CPA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 11 patients with PAVMs who underwent creation of a brachial AV fistula a median of 11 years after CPA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients had discontinuous pulmonary arteries or unilateral flow of a bidirectional CPA and were not considered good candidates for Fontan completion; the other 3 patients had polysplenia and unilateral hepatic venous streaming after Fontan completion. Three patients died of progressive complications of their heart disease 4 to 18 months after AV fistula creation. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations resolved after creation of a brachial AV fistula in 4 of 5 surviving patients with unilateral flow of a superior CPA, but in none of 3 patients with polysplenia who had unilateral hepatic venous streaming after Fontan completion and PAVMs in the contralateral lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the "hepatic factor" hypothesis, according to which the development of PAVMs is facilitated when an unidentified factor produced or metabolized in the liver does not reach the pulmonary circulation before traversing another capillary bed. Patients with unilateral superior CPA flow and PAVMs who are not considered candidates for Fontan completion may benefit from a brachial AV fistula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. doff.mcelhinney@cardio.chboston.org
authors.forename: Doff B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: Audrey C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities*