title: Clinical outcomes of unstable pelvic fractures in skeletally immature patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The orthopaedic literature contains few studies evaluating the long-term outcomes of unstable pelvic fractures in skeletally immature patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that may influence the clinical and functional outcomes of such fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all patients with open triradiate cartilages and an unstable pelvic (Tile type-B or C) fracture treated, from 1986 to 2000, at one of two level-I trauma centers was performed. Patients were evaluated with a review of their medical records, the Modified Injury Severity Score (MISS), standardized physical examination, standardized radiographic evaluation, and the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire (SMFA). The outcomes were then used to assess the difference between patients who had been treated operatively and those who had been treated nonoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 230 pelvic fractures treated during the study period, twenty-three in twenty-three patients were unstable. Of the twenty-three patients, twenty, with a mean age of 9.5 years at the time of injury, were evaluated. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.5 years. There were four type-B and sixteen type-C fractures according to the Tile classification system. The four patients with a type-B fracture had a mean of 1.4 cm of pelvic asymmetry at the time of union and the last follow-up, whereas the sixteen patients with a type-C fracture had a mean of 1.5 cm of pelvic asymmetry at those times. Pelvic asymmetry did not remodel even in younger patients. Eighteen patients were treated operatively with external fixation, internal fixation, or a combination of both, and pelvic asymmetry of < or =1 cm was achieved in ten of them. Patients who had < or =1 cm of pelvic asymmetry had no lumbar or sacroiliac pain, no or mild sacroiliac tenderness, no Trendelenburg sign, no lumbar scoliosis, and lower (better) bother and dysfunction scores on the SMFA compared with patients with more pelvic asymmetry. All patients with > or =1.1 cm of pelvic asymmetry had three or more of the following: nonstructural scoliosis, lumbar pain, a Trendelenburg sign, or sacroiliac joint tenderness and pain. Patients with fewer associated injuries and pelvic asymmetry of < or =1 cm had better clinical results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unstable pelvic fractures in children can result in long-term morbidity and functional problems. Fractures associated with > or =1.1 cm of pelvic asymmetry following closed reduction should be treated with open reduction and internal or external fixation in order to improve alignment and the long-term functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, MC 0188, 777 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA. wsmith@dhha.org
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shurnas
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agudelo
authors.forename: Gianna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luszko
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome