title: Evaluating a problem-based empowerment program for African Americans with diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a problem-based empowerment patient education program specifically tailored for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) pretest/post-test design with repeated measures. Patients were randomly assigned to either a six-week intervention group or a six-week wait-listed control group. After completing the six sessions, patients were invited to participate in one of two follow-up conditions; attend a monthly support group or receive a monthly phone call from a nurse. Assessment measures included HbA1C, lipids, blood pressure, weight, self-management behavior and psychosocial adaptation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both control and intervention patients showed a broad array of small-to-modest positive changes during the six-week RCT. These gains were maintained or improved upon during the one-year follow-up period. For patients in the two follow-up conditions, a positive correlation was seen between the number of follow-up contacts and their one-year HbA1C values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that results of this study can be attributed to volunteer bias, study effects (ie, providing study data on several occasions to patients and their physicians during the one-year study period), and impact of the interventions. However, the study design does not allow us to examine the relative impact of these three factors on the patient improvements seen over the one-year study period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0201, USA. boba@umich.edu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Funnell
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nwankwo
authors.forename: Mary Lou
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gillard
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012944:Social Support
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin