title: The lateral view radiograph for assessment of the tibiofemoral joint space in knee osteoarthritis: its reliability, sensitivity to change, and longitudinal validity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of tibiofemoral (TF) narrowing on lateral radiographic views.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a natural history study of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA), both lateral view and fluoroscopically positioned posteroanterior (PA) semiflexed view radiographs of the knee in 30 degrees of flexion and with weight bearing were obtained at baseline and at 30 months. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using repeat radiographs, with joint space width measured using electronic calipers. All radiographs were scored on a 0-3 scale, and progression of joint space loss was defined as narrowing of the joint space by 1 grade. We evaluated sensitivity to change compared with the PA view. We evaluated validity by examining whether knees with progression showed expected malalignment on full-limb films.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest reliability of the TF joint space using the lateral view had a root mean square error of 0.303 mm, with 92.5% of repeats within 1 mm. More knees showed progression on the lateral view alone (n = 41) than on the PA view alone (n = 27). Compared with knees without joint space loss, knees with medial compartment loss on the lateral view only were more varus malaligned (P < 0.001), while those with lateral compartment loss were more valgus malaligned (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the assessment of TF joint space loss, lateral view radiographs are reliable, valid, and more sensitive to change than fluoroscopically positioned PA radiographs.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, A203, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: LaValley
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goggins
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nevitt
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Felson
mesh_terms: D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012219:Rheumatology / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology