title: Indirect flat-panel detector with avalanche gain: fundamental feasibility investigation for SHARP-AMFPI (scintillator HARP active matrix flat panel imager).
abstract: An indirect flat-panel imager (FPI) with avalanche gain is being investigated for low-dose x-ray imaging. It is made by optically coupling a structured x-ray scintillator CsI(Tl) to an amorphous selenium (a-Se) avalanche photoconductor called HARP (high-gain avalanche rushing photoconductor). The final electronic image is read out using an active matrix array of thin film transistors (TFT). We call the proposed detector SHARP-AMFPI (scintillator HARP active matrix flat panel imager). The advantage of the SHARP-AMFPI is its programmable gain, which can be turned on during low dose fluoroscopy to overcome electronic noise, and turned off during high dose radiography to avoid pixel saturation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the important design considerations for SHARP-AMFPI such as avalanche gain, which depends on both the thickness d(Se) and the applied electric field E(Se) of the HARP layer. To determine the optimal design parameter and operational conditions for HARP, we measured the E(Se) dependence of both avalanche gain and optical quantum efficiency of an 8 microm HARP layer. The results were used in a physical model of HARP as well as a linear cascaded model of the FPI to determine the following x-ray imaging properties in both the avalanche and nonavalanche modes as a function of E(Se): (1) total gain (which is the product of avalanche gain and optical quantum efficiency); (2) linearity; (3) dynamic range; (4) gain nonuniformity resulting from thickness nonuniformity; and (5) effects of direct x-ray interaction in HARP. Our results showed that a HARP layer thickness of 8 microm can provide adequate avalanche gain and sufficient dynamic range for x-ray imaging applications to permit quantum limited operation over the range of exposures needed for radiography and fluoroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, L-4, 120 Health Sciences Center Stony Brook, New York 11793-8460, USA. wei.zhao@sunysb.edu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reznik
authors.forename: B J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohkawa
authors.forename: Kenkichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanioka
mesh_terms: D002586:Cesium; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007454:Iodides; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012643:Selenium; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D002586:Cesium; D012643:Selenium; C040050:cesium iodide