title: Dexmedetomidine for awake craniotomy without laryngeal mask.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports the use of dexmedetomidine in three epileptic patients with cavernous angiomas that underwent awake surgery in order to map their speech areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Loading dose of dexmedetomidine varied from 1 microg/Kg/h to 3 microg/Kg/h over 20 minutes and maintenance dose from 0.4 microg/Kg/h to 0.8 microg/Kg/h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no occurrence of hemodynamic instability, convulsions or respiratory depression. Patients tolerated well the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine was useful for awake craniotomy as it decreased patients level of consciousness but did not produce agitation. Laryngeal mask was not necessary to keep air ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Neurológico de São Paulo, Hospital São Joaquim, Real e Benemérita Sociedade Portuguesa de Beneficência, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. almeidaan@globo.com
authors.forename: Antonio Nogueira de
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tibano
authors.forename: Seigi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Kazuco Nakai
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol