title: Population stress and the Swedish sex ratio.
abstract: Well-developed theory implies that the human secondary sex ratio moves inversely over time with the level of anxiety and depression in the population. Few tests of this hypothesis, however, appear in the voluminous literature concerned with the sex ratio. These tests, moreover, employ designs that allow only weak inference. We contribute to the literature by applying time-series methods to Swedish data for the 276 months beginning January 1974 to detect a relationship between the sex ratio and defined daily doses of antidepressants and anxiolytics dispensed to women. Consistent with theory, we find the drug variable inversely related to the sex ratio. We argue that the discovered association cannot be attributed to shared trends, cycles, or other forms of autocorrelation in the data, or to the problem of endogeneity that necessarily plagues studies based on samples of individual women and births. Implications include that surveillance systems might monitor dispensing of anxiolytics and antidepressants as a marker for population stress thought to be a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 9420-7360, USA. rayc@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruckner
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartig
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents