title: Mercury and autism: accelerating evidence?
abstract: The causes of autism and neurodevelopmental disorders are unknown. Genetic and environmental risk factors seem to be involved. Because of an observed increase in autism in the last decades, which parallels cumulative mercury exposure, it was proposed that autism may be in part caused by mercury. We review the evidence for this proposal. Several epidemiological studies failed to find a correlation between mercury exposure through thimerosal, a preservative used in vaccines, and the risk of autism. Recently, it was found that autistic children had a higher mercury exposure during pregnancy due to maternal dental amalgam and thimerosal-containing immunoglobulin shots. It was hypothesized that children with autism have a decreased detoxification capacity due to genetic polymorphism. In vitro, mercury and thimerosal in levels found several days after vaccination inhibit methionine synthetase (MS) by 50%. Normal function of MS is crucial in biochemical steps necessary for brain development, attention and production of glutathione, an important antioxidative and detoxifying agent. Repetitive doses of thimerosal leads to neurobehavioral deteriorations in autoimmune susceptible mice, increased oxidative stress and decreased intracellular levels of glutathione in vitro. Subsequently, autistic children have significantly decreased level of reduced glutathione. Promising treatments of autism involve detoxification of mercury, and supplementation of deficient metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany. joachim.mutter@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mutter
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walach
authors.forename: Boyd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haley
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D008628:Mercury