title: Short-chain fatty acid induces intestinal mucosal injury in newborn rats and down-regulates intestinal trefoil factor gene expression in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Luminal administration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induces dose-dependent intestinal mucosal injury in newborn rats. However, the mechanism underlying the injurious effects of SCFAs on intestinal mucosa in neonates is unclear. Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) is a factor important for the maintenance and repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Regulation of ITF gene expression by SCFAs may be involved as one of the mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of butyrate-induced colonic injury on ITF gene expression in vivo and to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the butyrate regulation of ITF gene expression in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-section colonic tissues from 9- to 10-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats that have received butyric acid at two different concentrations (150 mmol/L and 300 mmol/L) and for different time periods were processed for total RNA extraction and Northern blot analysis. Littermates that received normal saline or lactic acid at 300 mmol/L served as controls. The effect of butyrate on ITF gene expression was also examined in vitro with human colonic epithelial LS 174T cells. To further define ITF gene regulation by butyrate, transient transfection assays were performed on a 930 bp human ITF promoter-luciferase reporter gene plasmid in LS174T cells with or without the presence of butyrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concurrent with mucosal injury, butyric acid inhibited ITF gene expression in colonic tissues of newborn rats as well as in intestinal epithelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, butyrate reduced ITF promoter report gene activity in transfected LS174T cell, suggesting that butyric acid regulation of ITF gene is by way of a specific ITF promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Butyric acid induced-intestinal mucosal injury in newborn rats is associated with down-regulation of ITF gene expression. The changes in ITF gene expression in vivo may play a role in the pathogenesis of SCFA-induced intestinal mucosal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. jing.lin@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Luying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itzkowitz
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Holzman
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Babyatsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014162:Transfection; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D009479:Neuropeptides; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D019344:Lactic Acid; D004247:DNA