title: Surgical strategies for approaching hypothalamic hamartomas causing gelastic seizures in the pediatric population: transventricular compared with skull base approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors provide evidence that direct resection of hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) can improve associated gelastic and nongelastic seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten children younger than 17 years of age underwent resection of HHs (nine sessile and one pedunculated) that were causing refractory epilepsy. Lesions were approached from above transventricularly through a transcallosal anterior interforniceal approach in six cases, endoscopically through the foramen of Monro in one, and from below with a frontotemporal craniotomy including an orbitozygomatic osteotomy in three. Medical charts were reviewed retrospectively, and follow-up data were obtained through office records and phone calls. Follow-up periods ranged between 12 and 84 months (mean 16.8 months). All patients in whom the approach was from above had sessile HHs. Five were free from seizures at follow up and two had a reduction in seizures of at least 95%. The transventricular route allowed excellent exposure and visualization of the local structures during resection. Among the three patients in whom the approach was from below, one became free of seizure after two procedures and one had a 75% reduction in epilepsy; the latter two had sessile HHs. The exposure was inadequate, and critical tissue borders were not readily apparent. Although the HH was adequately exposed and resected, the epilepsy persisted in the third patient, who had a pedunculated lesion. The overall rate of major permanent hypothalamic complications appeared to be slightly lower for the orbitozygomatic osteotomy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sessile lesions are best approached from above. Approaches from below adequately expose pedunculated hamartomas. The likelihood of curing seizures seems to be higher when lesions are approached from above rather than from below.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery and Child Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feiz-Erfan
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rekate
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
authors.forename: Yu-Tze
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Jeffrey V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
mesh_terms: D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007029:Hypothalamic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D007845:Laughter; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology*; D019291:Skull Base