title: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes apoptosis in experimentally inoculated BALB/c mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously described microscopic and electron microscopic alterations in lymphoid organs of PCV2 inoculated mice as apoptosis. In this study we wanted to investigate the molecular pathogenetic mechanism of PCV2-induced apoptosis. Eight-week old BALB/c mice were either sham inoculated (control mice) or inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) and intranasally (in) with a single (sPCV mice) or multiple (mPCV mice) doses of PCV2. Four control mice and 4 sPCV mice were sacrificed 7, 14, 28 and 42 days post inoculation (PI). All 4 mPCV mice were sacrificed 42 days PI. Following necropsy, immunohistochemistry for caspase 3 and in-situ TUNEL assay were performed on sections of spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and ileum from control, sPCV and mPCV mice. In addition, total RNA was extracted from spleens of control, sPCV and mPCV mice for simultaneous detection and semiquantitation of bcl-2 homologues and various caspase mRNAs using a multiprobe RNase protection assay system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCV2 replicated and was associated with apoptosis in spleens, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of infected BALB/c mice. Upregulation of caspase 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11 and 12 and upregulation for the transcripts of apoptosis inhibitors bcl-2, bcl-w and bcl-X and apoptosis promoters' bax, bak and bad was detected in spleens of sPCV and mPCV mice, but not control mice. Apoptosis was further confirmed by light and electron microscopic morphology as well as by positive TUNEL assay and detection of activated caspase 3. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected by in-situ hybridization in the nuclei and cytoplasm of such apoptotic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented here support the hypothesis that PCV2 induces apoptosis mediated through the activation of caspases 8 and 3 in the spleens of infected mice.
authors.affiliation: Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-1175, USA. kiupel@dcpah.msu.edu
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiupel
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Galbreath
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: Harm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: HogenEsch
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mittal