title: National estimates of out-of-pocket dental costs for HIV-infected users of medical care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Out-of-pocket costs for U.S. dental care in 1996 were dollar 157 per person at the poverty level and dollar 229 for people with higher incomes. This article examines out-of-pocket expenditures for dental care in HIV-infected patients who took part in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS), conducted by a consortium of private and government institutions centered at the RAND Corp.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HCSUS used a probability sampling design. The authors used a weighted sample of 2,466 HCSUS respondents to estimate the national population of HIV-infected users of medical care. The patients were asked to report how much they had spent on their dental care in the preceding 12 months, including payments made by them, their family or their friends--but not by insurance companies--for their dental care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1996, 135,000 HIV-infected subjects spent dollar 20.5 million on dental care, averaging dollar 152 per user. Whites spent dollar 220, African-Americans dollar 55 and Hispanics dollar 101. People receiving dental care from private dentists spent dollar 232 compared with dollar 7 spent by those who received care in AIDS clinics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than one-half of the HIV-infected users of medical care identified private dentists as their source of dental care and spent the vast majority of the dollar 20.5 million. The remaining subjects identified public dental programs as their source of care and had low expenditures. The explanation for these low expenditures is the subsidization of public programs and the likelihood that fewer and less costly services are provided by such programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dentists should be aware of out-of-pocket funds spent by the HIV-infected population in private practices and public programs. Any policy change reducing public funding may result in higher out-of-pocket costs for disadvantaged groups or in increasing disparities in access to dental services.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health and Community Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, 90095-1668, USA. Marvm@dent.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Marvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Der-Martirosian
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Freed
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maida
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Younai
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000191:economics; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003729:Dental Care / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007347:Insurance, Dental / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011331:Private Practice / Q000191:economics; D011636:Public Health Dentistry / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American