title: The mechanics of landing when stepping down in unilateral lower-limb amputees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to successfully negotiate stairs and steps is an important factor for functional independence. While work has been undertaken to understand the biomechanics of gait in lower-limb amputees, little is known about how amputees negotiate stairs and steps. This study aimed to determine the mechanics of landing in unilateral lower-limb amputees when stepping down to a new level. A secondary aim was to assess the effects of using a shank-mounted shock-absorbing device (Tele-Torsion Pylon) on the mechanics of landing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten unilateral amputees (five transfemoral and five transtibial) and eight able-bodied controls performed single steps down to a new level (73 and 219 mm). Trials were repeated in amputees with the Tele-Torsion Pylon active and inactive. The mechanics of landing were evaluated by analysing peak limb longitudinal force, maximal limb shortening, lower extremity stiffness, and knee joint angular displacement during the initial contact period, and limb and ankle angle at the instant of ground-contact. Data were collected using a Vicon 3D motion analysis system and two force platforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amputees landed on a straightened and near vertical limb. This limb position was maintained in transfemoral amputees, whereas in transtibial amputees knee flexion occurred. As a result lower extremity stiffness was significantly greater in transfemoral amputees compared to transtibial amputees and able-bodied controls (P<0.001). The Tele-Torsion Pylon had little effect on the mechanics of landing in transtibial amputees, but brought about a reduction in lower extremity stiffness in transfemoral amputees (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amputees used a stepping strategy that ensured the direction of the ground reaction force vector was kept anterior of the knee joint centre. Using a Tele-Torsion Pylon may improve the mechanics of landing during downward stepping in transfemoral amputees.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Engineering: School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of Bradford, EDT 4, Richmond Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK. s.f.jones1@bradford.ac.uk
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scally
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Buckley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male