title: Management of hypertension in chronic kidney disease: the Italian multicentric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines have indicated the achievement of blood pressure target (BP <130/80 mmHg) as a priority in the conservative treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the current implementation of these recommendations in clinical practice is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed control rates, treatment and clinical correlates of hypertension in 1201 adult non-dialyzed CKD patients followed up by a nephrologist for at least 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 32 (SD 15) mL/min/1.73 m2. BP target was not achieved in 88% of patients (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 86-90%). In 84% of patients, BP levels were also above the target at the first visit to the nephrology unit 4.5 yrs previously. The risk of not achieving BP target during the nephro-logy follow-up was associated with older age (odds ratio (OR): 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.45, p=0.008), diabetes (OR: 2.25, 95% CI 1.20-4.20, p=0.011), and the duration of hypertension (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.24, p=0.016). Among patients with uncontrolled BP, about 70% received multidrug antihypertensive therapy including renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors; conversely, diuretic treatment was prescribed in a minority of patients (37%), and at insufficient doses in half the cases, despite the insufficient implementation of a low salt diet (18%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP target was not reached in most CKD patients routinely seen in the renal clinics. The main barrier to guideline implementation is possibly the inadequate treatment of extracellular volume expansion despite the large prevalence of factors, such as older age and diabetes, which further enhance the intrinsic BP salt sensitivity of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Second University of Napoli - Italy. luca.denicola@unima2.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minutolo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cianciaruso
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lupo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuiano
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonomini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Signoriello
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bellizzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallamaci
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007558:Italy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics