title: Biological factors involved in the osseointegration of oral titanium implants with different surfaces: a pilot study in minipigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stability of titanium implants is determined by the rigid load-bearing connections that are formed by the bone, a process that involves a complex network of cells, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and growth factors. The osseointegration processes at the interfaces of machined and porous implants were studied using molecular and histological techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two machined and two porous titanium implants were inserted into the tibiae of four minipigs. The animals were sacrificed at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days post-implantation. The levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were quantified in the peri-implant osseous samples. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in the serum were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histomorphological analysis showed evidence of bone ossification around the porous implant at 60 days. Surrounding the machined implants, highly sclerotic fibrous pads started the healing response at 90 days, and the levels of TGF-beta1 and BMP-4 began to increase at 60 days, at which time bone ossification around the porous implants was already evident. TNF-alpha was not present in the bone next to the implants. The serum levels of cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 were not increased. The serum level of TNF-alpha increased during the healing process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that the levels of BMP-4 and TGF-beta1, which play essential roles in the osteogenesis process, increased earlier around the porous implants than around the machined implants. Similarly, the ossification process was initiated earlier at the surfaces of the porous implants than at the surfaces of the machined implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianmario
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schierano
authors.forename: Rosa Angela
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Canuto
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navone
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peirone
authors.forename: Germana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinasso
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggiora
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manzella
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davit
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trombetta
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amedeo
authors.forename: Bartolomeo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biolatti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carossa
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Preti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013977:Tibia; D014025:Titanium; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D015921:Dental Implants; D007378:Interleukins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014025:Titanium