title: 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene marine risk assessment with special emphasis on the Osparcom region North Sea.
abstract: A risk assessment on 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was carried out specifically for the marine environment according to the methodology laid down in the EU Risk Assessment Regulation 1488/94 and the Guidance Documents of the EU Existing Substances Regulation 793/93. The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by comparing the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) with the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. A PNECwater) value of 0.3 microg/l and a PNECsed value of 38 microg/kgdw were derived from the results of toxicological studies in organisms representing three trophic levels, i.e. aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish. Based on monitoring data two situations are distinguished: a typical case and a worst case with a PECwater of <0.047 and 0.1 microg/l, respectively, and a PECsed of 40 and 90 microg/kgdw, respectively. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios were 0.16 and 0.3 for water and 1 and 2.4 for sediment, respectively. It was concluded that no risks are expected for aquatic organisms. Based on the combination of worst-case assumptions risks to benthic organisms could not be fully excluded, but since all open uses of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene will be ended following the EU risk assessment outcome of 2001 any potential risk is expected to be reduced accordingly. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is not considered toxic according to the EU criteria and the available data on persistence of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene indicate a half-life in water of a few days and a significant biodegradation potential. The bioaccumulation potential is low to moderate with most BCF ratios for fish ranging from 600 to 1400 and one highest of 2020. Based on an extensive evaluation of persistence, biodegradation and bioaccumulation data it is concluded that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is not a PBT, since it does not fulfill any of the EU criteria. Biomagnification in the food chain is not expected due to the relatively high elimination rate constants.
authors.affiliation: Euro Chlor, Avenue van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 2, 1160 Brussels, Belgium. dvw@cefic.be
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Wijk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cohet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Rooij
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garny
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lecloux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001682:Biological Availability; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056890:Eukaryota; D005399:Fishes; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D006207:Half-Life; D008386:Marine Biology; D009659:North Sea; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009947:1,2,4-trichlorobenzene