title: Relationship of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator and chronic resynchronization therapy: the perfect marriage?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The two major modes of death in the patient with a reduced ejection fraction (EF) are death due to heart failure and death due to lethal arrhythmia, essentially the two sides of the same coin. Over the last 20 years, two therapies-cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)-have been developed and tested in clinical trials. They are now, in conjunction with appropriate medical therapy, the mainstays of therapy for these two commonly encountered clinical problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both of these therapies were conceived and patented by two Baltimore cardiologists, Michel Mirowski and Morton Mower (Table I). The path to everyday acceptance of both therapies was remarkably similar. The concept and early success of both devices was accomplished but the proof of concept depended on a series of carefully designed randomized clinical trials that showed that both the CRT and ICD devices saved lives in the low EF population, especially when used together. These trials overcame substantial skepticism on behalf of elements of the cardiology and electrophysiology establishment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are now at a crossroads in the further extension of either therapy. The majority of the indications for either device alone or in combination are established. In the next few years, assuming the continued commitment on the part of regulatory agencies to fully embrace evidence-based medicine, we will see indications extended but only by the careful clinical trials that became the bedrock of their initial acceptance.
authors.affiliation: Good Samaritan Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90017, USA. dcannom@lacard.com
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cannom
authors.forename: Morton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mower
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents