title: Pharmacotherapy of adolescent substance use disorders: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substance use disorders (SUD) are increasingly conceptualized as developing during adolescence. Moreover, adolescent SUD are viewed as one of the most difficult mental health conditions to treat. The role of pharmacotherapy for adolescents with SUD is not well delineated. We systematically reviewed existing pharmacotherapy studies of adolescent SUD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search of the literature addressing the pharmacotherapy of SUD in adolescents was performed. Data from relevant peer-reviewed scientific presentations were also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five case reports (n = 8 subjects), six open studies that primarily addressed SUD with comorbid psychiatric disorders (n = 73 subjects), and five placebo-controlled studies (n = 156 subjects) on the pharmacological treatment of youths with SUD were identified. Pharmacological agents appear to reduce comorbid psychopathology with a milder reduction in SUD symptoms. The most robust evidence exists for the treatment of SUD comorbid with affective disorders. There is a limited database supporting the use of agents to reduce substance craving and the preventative effects of pharmacotherapy on subsequent SUD development in adolescents with specific psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further controlled studies directed at reducing drug use and craving, and guiding the integration of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions for SUD with the treatment of comorbid psychiatric illness, are necessary.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. JGW@Buffalo.edu
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Waxmonsky
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control