title: Characterization of the in vitro metabolism of selective androgen receptor modulator using human, rat, and dog liver enzyme preparations.
abstract: Compound S4 [S-3-(4-acetylamino-phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide] is a novel nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator that demonstrates tissue-selective androgenic and anabolic effects. The purpose of this in vitro study was to identify the phase I metabolites, potential species differences in metabolism, and the cytochromes P450 (P450s) involved in the phase I metabolism of S4 using 14C-S4, recombinant P450s, and other liver enzyme preparations from human, rat, and dog. The major phase I metabolism pathways of S4 in humans were identified as deacetylation of the B-ring acetamide group, hydrolysis of the amide bond, reduction of the A-ring nitro group, and oxidation of the aromatic rings, with deacetylation being the predominant pathway observed with most of the enzyme preparations tested. Among the major human P450 enzymes tested, CYP3A4 appeared to be one of the major phase I enzymes that could be responsible for the phase I metabolism of S4 [Km = 16.1 microM, Vmax = 1.6 pmol/(pmol x min)] in humans and mainly catalyzed the deacetylation, hydrolysis, and oxidation of S4. In humans, the cytosolic enzymes mainly catalyzed the hydrolysis reaction, whereas the microsomal enzymes primarily catalyzed the deacetylation reactions. Similar phase I metabolic profiles were observed in rats and dogs as well, except that the amide bond hydrolysis seemed to occur more rapidly in rats. In summary, these results showed that the major phase I reaction of S4 in human, rat, and dog is acetamide group deacetylation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Wenqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Zengru
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Casey E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bohl
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Duane D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000728:Androgens; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C508582:S-3-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human