title: Reduction of abstinence-induced withdrawal and craving using high-dose nicotine replacement therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decreasing withdrawal and craving during smoking cessation is a major aim of cessation medications. Prior studies have shown that Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) decreases withdrawal symptom severity but have relied on retrospective reports and lacked robust measures of baseline symptoms or symptoms during unmedicated abstinence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the effect of high-dose (35 mg) nicotine patch on withdrawal and craving during abstinence using real-time assessment with electronic diaries during ad libitum smoking, a brief period of experimentally directed trial abstinence, and the first 3 days of cessation. Subjects were 324 smokers randomized to high-dose nicotine patches or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with active patches reduced withdrawal and craving during cessation and completely eliminated deprivation-related changes in affect or concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose NRT reduces withdrawal symptoms and craving and can eliminate some symptoms entirely.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Shiffman@pinneyassociates.com
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Stuart G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gwaltney
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Balabanis
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Shadel
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine