title: Overexpression of caveolin-1 and -2 in cell lines and in human samples of inflammatory breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). The IBC phenotype is characterized by an infiltrative growth pattern, increased (lymph)angiogenesis and the propensity to invade dermal lymphatics. In pancreatic cancer, interactions between caveolin-1 and RhoC GTPase, a key molecule in causing the IBC phenotype, regulate tumour cell motility and invasion. In this study we sought to investigate the role of caveolin-1 and -2 in IBC cell lines and in human IBC samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differential methylation techniques identified the methylation status of the caveolin-1 and -2 promoters in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) and the SUM149 cell line. In cell line experiments, caveolin-1 and -2 mRNA and protein expression were compared in HMECs, MCF10A, the SUM102 non-IBC cell lines and 2 IBC cell lines (SUM149 and SUM190). Furthermore, caveolin-1 and -2 mRNA and protein expression were compared in human IBC and non-IBC samples using cDNA microarray, real-time qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results were correlated with RhoC protein expression data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the SUM149 cell line, the caveolin-1 and -2 promoter sites were hypomethylated. A significantly increased expression of caveolin-1 and -2, both at the mRNA and protein level was found in IBC cell lines and in human samples of IBC: caveolin-1 and -2 mRNA were respectively 1.7 (p = 0.02) and 2.2 (p = 0.03) fold more expressed in IBC compared to non IBC and at the protein level, 41.4% of IBC specimens expressed either caveolin-1 or -2, compared to 15.6% of non-IBC specimens (p = 0.03). Furthermore a correlation was found between RhoC protein expression and caveolin-1 (p = 0.1) or caveolin-2 (p = 0.09) or either caveolin-1 or -2 protein expression (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although considered a tumour suppressor in breast cancer, we demonstrated overexpression of caveolin-1 and -2 in IBC cell lines and in human samples of IBC, most likely due to hypomethylation of their respective promoters. These results confirm the distinct molecular signature of IBC. Our data further suggest interaction between RhoC GTPase and the caveolins in IBC.
authors.affiliation: Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp, Lab Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gert G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Van den Eynden
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Van Laere
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van der Auwera
authors.forename: Sofia D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Merajver
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Van Marck
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Luc Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Dirix
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: van Golen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051243:Caveolin 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000075024:rhoC GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051242:Caveolin 1; D051243:Caveolin 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C066690:RHOC protein, human; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D000075024:rhoC GTP-Binding Protein