title: Minimally invasive urologic surgery in children: an overview of what can be done.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopy has emerged as a feasible and effective alternative for abdominal pathologies in children. Urological minimally invasive surgery is now commonly used for basic operations in most centres and is just beginning to expand its use in more complex operations in several selected centres around the world. We present the current state of the art of minimally invasive surgery in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first reviewed all the urological pathologies treated with minimally invasive surgery in our institution. Secondly we reviewed the literature in order to highlight and discuss certain relevant articles and compare them with our own experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since beginning to use minimally invasive surgery at our institution we have operated more than 550 cases with urological pathologies. We used three approaches: the transperitoneal, the retroperitoneal and the transvesical approach. Our preferred indications for each approach are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non palpable testis, varicocele surgery, nephrectomy and adrenalectomy are, in our opinion, established minimally invasive procedures. Hemi-nephrectomy, pyeloplasty and Cohen antireflux surgery are probably excellent indications when minimally invasive surgery is carried out by expert hands. Stone management should not be forgotten in cases of contraindication or failure of ESWL. Even the most complex urological operations may be safely carried out using a minimally invasive approach, although most of the cases described are case reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More papers are published on ablative or reconstructive urological minimally invasive surgery. Transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches are used with the same results. Transvesicoscopic surgery should rapidly grow to become a standard approach for Cohen reimplantation. It is anticipated that technical progress will provide the opportunity for more paediatric urologists to develop a minimally invasive approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondation Lenval, 57 Avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France. henri.steyaert@lenval.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steyaert
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Valla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery