title: Pathological Teres Major activation in patients with massive rotator cuff tears alters with pain relief and/or salvage surgery transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Massive rotator cuff tears impose restraints on overhand arm functionality and are often accompanied by pain. After musculotendinous Teres Major transfer, overhand arm function is generally restored and pain is reduced. The assumed mechanical abduction insufficiency and Teres Major muscle function adaptation will be experimentally verified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal Teres Major muscle activation (surface IEMG averaged over 3s) is recorded for 12-24 isometric and isotonic force directions perpendicular to the 60 degrees forward flexed humerus in three conditions: prior to surgery (n = 6 patients), prior to surgery and after subacromial anaesthetic (n = 6) and post-surgery (n = 3). Principal direction and on-, offset directions were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Teres Major activation adapts both to pathological and post surgery conditions: the normal activation during adduction changes into activation during forward flexion or abduction. Glenohumeral stabilisation, not abduction torque, seems to be the explanation for post surgery Teres Major transfer success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathological absence of Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus forces during forward flexion result in increased upward glenohumeral instability. The superior translations are compensated for by Teres Major activity during forward flexion. This translation-'force' function conflicts with the adduction-generating rotation-'torque' function. This may explain the pain-induced reduction of arm elevation in these patients. Musculotendinous transfer solves the force-torque conflict by changing the moment arm of the Teres Major from adduction to abduction. Teres Major can now both compensate for the loss of Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus forces needed for glenohumeral stabilisation and contribute to forward flexion of the arm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (B0-Q-54), Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. J.H.de_Groot@lumc.nl
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: M A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van de Sande
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Meskers
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rozing
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D013708:Tendon Injuries; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D019415:Torque; D016896:Treatment Outcome