title: Impact of Bt corn on rhizospheric and soil eubacterial communities and on beneficial mycorrhizal symbiosis in experimental microcosms.
abstract: A polyphasic approach has been developed to gain knowledge of suitable key indicators for the evaluation of environmental impact of genetically modified Bt 11 and Bt 176 corn lines on soil ecosystems. We assessed the effects of Bt corn (which constitutively expresses the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis, encoded by the truncated Cry1Ab gene) and non-Bt corn plants and their residues on rhizospheric and bulk soil eubacterial communities by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of 16S rRNA genes, on the nontarget mycorrhizal symbiont Glomus mosseae, and on soil respiration. Microcosm experiments showed differences in rhizospheric eubacterial communities associated with the three corn lines and a significantly lower level of mycorrhizal colonization in Bt 176 corn roots. In greenhouse experiments, differences between Bt and non-Bt corn plants were detected in rhizospheric eubacterial communities (both total and active), in culturable rhizospheric heterotrophic bacteria, and in mycorrhizal colonization. Plant residues of transgenic plants, plowed under at harvest and kept mixed with soil for up to 4 months, affected soil respiration, bacterial communities, and mycorrhizal establishment by indigenous endophytes. The multimodal approach utilized in our work may be applied in long-term field studies aimed at monitoring the real hazard of genetically modified crops and their residues on nontarget soil microbial communities.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Sperimentale per lo Studio e la Difesa del Suolo, CRA, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castaldini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turrini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sbrana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchionni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mocali
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabiani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santomassimo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pietrangeli
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nuti
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miclaus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannetti
mesh_terms: D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D038821:Mycorrhizae; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D015183:Restriction Mapping / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis