title: Chemotherapy for prostate cancer: implementing early systemic therapy to improve outcomes.
abstract: Prostate cancer remains a significant health concern for men in the USA as it is a leading cancer diagnosis and a cause of death. With the use of prostate-specific antigen or screening, a stage migration has occurred with an increase in the number of men diagnosed with early-stage disease. The optimal primary management of these men is evolving, but despite adequate local treatment a significant percentage will develop either biochemical or clinical evidence of recurrent disease. Several criteria for risk stratification have been developed, thus, improving the ability to identify a high-risk population. Small studies have been reported demonstrating the feasibility of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy in conjunction with either radiation or radical prostatectomy in this high-risk population, and large phase III studies are ongoing. With the advent of life-prolonging chemotherapy in the hormone-refractory setting, attention must now also be given to early-stage disease so as to develop multi-modality approaches with the hope of increasing survival and ultimately providing a cure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Macvicar
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome