title: Characterization of SR3 reveals abundance of non-LTR retrotransposons of the RTE clade in the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is becoming apparent that perhaps as much as half of the genome of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is constituted of mobile genetic element-related sequences. Non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, related to the LINE elements of mammals, comprise much of this repetitive component of the schistosome genome. Of more than 12 recognized clades of non-LTR retrotransposons, only members of the CR1, RTE, and R2 clades have been reported from the schistosome genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inspection of the nucleotide sequence of bacterial artificial chromosome number 49_J_14 from chromosome 1 of the genome of Schistosoma mansoni (GenBank AC093105) revealed the likely presence of several RTE-like retrotransposons. Among these, a new non-LTR retrotransposon designated SR3 was identified and is characterized here. Analysis of gene structure and phylogenetic analysis of both the reverse transcriptase and endonuclease domains of the mobile element indicated that SR3 represented a new family of RTE-like non-LTR retrotransposons. Remarkably, two full-length copies of SR3-like elements were present in BAC 49-J-14, and one of 3,211 bp in length appeared to be intact, indicating SR3 to be an active non-LTR retrotransposon. Both were flanked by target site duplications of 10-12 bp. Southern hybridization and bioinformatics analyses indicated the presence of numerous copies (probably >1,000) of SR3 interspersed throughout the genome of S. mansoni. Bioinformatics analyses also revealed SR3 to be transcribed in both larval and adult developmental stages of S. mansoni and to be also present in the genomes of the other major schistosome parasites of humans, Schistosoma haematobium and S. japonicum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous copies of SR3, a novel non-LTR retrotransposon of the RTE clade are present in the genome of S. mansoni. Non-LTR retrotransposons of the RTE clade including SR3 appear to have been remarkably successful in colonizing, and proliferation within the schistosome genome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. thewa_la@kku.ac.th
authors.forename: Thewarach
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laha
authors.forename: Nonglack
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kewgrai
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brindley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; D019295:Computational Biology; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D016678:Genome; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth; D018626:Retroelements