title: A distinct and unique transcriptional program expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (defective NF-kappaB and enhanced IRF-3/STAT1 activation).
abstract: To identify the molecular basis underlying the functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), we characterized the gene expression profile of TAMs isolated from a murine fibrosarcoma in comparison with peritoneal macrophages (PECs) and myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs), using a cDNA microarray technology. Among the differentially expressed genes, 15 genes relevant to inflammation and immunity were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and protein production. Resting TAMs showed a characteristic gene expression pattern with higher expression of genes coding for the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, phagocytosis-related receptors/molecules (Msr2 and C1q), and inflammatory chemokines (CCL2 and CCL5) as expected, as well as, unexpectedly, IFN-inducible chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL16). Immunohistology confirmed and extended the in vitro analysis by showing that TAMs express M2-associated molecules (eg, IL-10 and MGL1), as well as CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL16, but no appreciable NOS2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation of TAMs resulted in defective expression of several proinflammatory cytokines (eg, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and chemokines (eg, CCL3), as opposed to a strong up-regulation of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGFbeta) and IFN-inducible chemokines (CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL16). Thus, profiling of TAMs from a murine sarcoma revealed unexpected expression of IFN-inducible chemokines, associated with an M2 phenotype (IL-10high, IL-12low), and divergent regulation of the NF-kappaB versus the IRF-3/STAT1 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Subhra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gangi
authors.forename: Saki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schioppa
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saccani
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sironi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bottazzi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doni
authors.forename: Bronte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vincenzo
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasqualini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vago
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nebuloni
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010587:Phagocytosis; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; C494233:Irf3 protein, mouse; D016328:NF-kappa B; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse