title: Preparation and evaluation of reverse-phase evaporation and multilamellar niosomes as ophthalmic carriers of acetazolamide.
abstract: Niosomes have been reported as a possible approach to improve the low corneal penetration and bioavailability characteristics shown by conventional ophthalmic vehicles. Niosomes formed from Span 40 or Span 60 and cholesterol in the molar ratios of 7:4, 7:6 and 7:7 were prepared using reverse-phase evaporation and thin film hydration methods. The prepared systems were characterized for entrapment efficiency, size, shape and in vitro drug release. Stability studies were carried out to investigate the leaching of drug from niosomes during storage. The intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering activity of acetazolamide niosomal formulations in rabbits was measured using ShiØtz tonometer. Histological examination for the corneal tissues of rabbits receiving niosomal formulations was carried out for assessment of the ocular irritancy of niosomes. The results showed that the type of surfactant, cholesterol content and the method of preparation altered the entrapment efficiency and drug release rate from niosomes. Higher entrapment efficiency was obtained with multilamellar niosomes prepared from Span 60 and cholesterol in a 7:6 molar ratio. Niosomal formulations have shown a fairly high retention of acetazolamide inside the vesicles (approximately 75%) at a refrigerated temperature up to a period of 3 months. Each of the tested acetazolamide niosomes prepared by either method produced a significant decrease in IOP compared to the solution of free drug and plain niosomes. Multilamellar acetazolamide niosomes formulated with Span 60 and cholesterol in a 7:4 molar ratio were found to be the most effective and showed prolonged decrease in IOP. Histological examination of corneal tissues after instillation of niosomal formulation for 40 days showed slight irritation in the substantia propria of the eye which is reversible and no major changes in tissues were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Monazamet El Wehda El Afrikia St., El Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Guinedi
authors.forename: Nahed D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Mortada
authors.forename: Samar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Rania M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hathout
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006601:Hexoses; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; C061705:sorbitan monopalmitate; D002784:Cholesterol; C009298:sorbitan monostearate; D000086:Acetazolamide