title: Unique dietary patterns and chronic disease risk profiles of adult men: the Framingham nutrition studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the dietary patterns of adult men and examine their relationships with nutrient intake and chronic disease risk over long-term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline 145-item food frequency questionnaires from 1,666 Framingham Offspring-Spouse cohort men were used to identify comprehensive dietary patterns. Independent 3-day dietary records at baseline and 8 years later provided estimates of subjects' nutrient intake by dietary pattern. Chronic disease risk factor status was compared at baseline and 16-year follow-up across all male dietary patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster analysis was applied to food frequency data to identify non-overlapping male dietary patterns. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used to compare nutrient intake, summary nutritional risk scores, and chronic disease risk status at baseline and follow-up by male dietary pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five distinct and comprehensive dietary patterns of Framingham Offspring-Spouse men were identified and ordered according to overall nutritional risk: Transition to Heart Healthy, Higher Starch, Average Male, Lower Variety, and Empty Calories. Nutritional risk was high and varied by dietary pattern; key nutrient contrasts were stable over 8-year follow-up. Chronic disease risk also varied by dietary pattern and specific subgroup differences persisted over 16 years, notably rates of overweight/obesity and smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative cluster analysis applied to food frequency questionnaire data identified five distinct, comprehensive, and stable dietary patterns of adult Framingham Offspring-Spouse cohort men. The close associations between the dietary patterns, nutritional risk, and chronic disease profiles of men emphasize the importance of targeted preventive nutrition interventions to promote health in the male population.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Programs in Medical Nutrition Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. bmillen@bu.edu
authors.forename: Barbara E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Millen
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Quatromoni
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pencina
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kimokoti
authors.forename: Byung-H O
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cobain
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kozak
authors.forename: Danielle P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Appugliese
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ordovas
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires