title: Color visual evoked potentials in children with type 1 diabetes: relationship to metabolic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between metabolic control (HbA(1c)) and the chromatic mechanisms of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), by using the color visual evoked potential (VEP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty children with T1D (age range, 6-12.9 years) and 33 age-matched control subjects were tested. VEPs were recorded by placing five electrodes on the scalp according to the International 10/20 System of Electrode Placement. Active electrodes O1, O2, and Oz were placed over the visual cortex. Short-wavelength (S), and long- and medium-wavelength (LM) color stimuli consisted of vertical, photometric isoluminant (1 cyc/deg) gratings presented in a pattern onset (100 ms)-offset (400 ms) mode. Achromatic vertical gratings were presented at 3 cyc/deg. Primary outcome measure was VEP latency. The relationship between S, LM, and achromatic VEP latency, and HbA(1c) was determined by ANCOVA regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S-, LM-, achromatic VEP latencies were not associated significantly with HbA(1c). Pubertal status, however, was associated significantly (P = 0.0114) and selectively with S-VEP latency. Pubertal children with T1D had delayed (mean delay, 9.5 ms) S-VEP latencies when compared with the prepubertal children with T1D. However, there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.1573) in the effect of pubertal status on S-VEP latency between the T1D and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pubertal status rather than HbA(1c) appears to affect selectively the S-VEP latency of preteen children with T1D. Further study is warranted to determine whether the delay in S-VEP latency in pubertal children with T1D changes over time and whether this change could be a predictive marker for future development of background diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Yesmino T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daneman
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rovet
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdolell
authors.forename: Wai-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Till
authors.forename: Vasudha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Erraguntla
authors.forename: Shehla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubab
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lodha
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Westall
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin