title: Nephrotic range proteinuria and CD4 count as noninvasive indicators of HIV-associated nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy is a common and serious cause of progressive renal insufficiency in patients with HIV, frequently presenting with nephrotic range proteinuria. The purpose of this study is to document the histopathologic diagnoses seen in HIV-positive patients with and without nephrotic range proteinuria and to evaluate the predictive value of both nephrotic range proteinuria and CD4 count in diagnosing HIV-associated nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional, single-center study of all 107 HIV-positive patients who had both a renal biopsy and urine protein measurement between 1995 and 2002. Nephrotic range proteinuria was defined as a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio > 3 or a 24-hour urine protein > 3 g. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of those patients with and without HIV-associated nephropathy were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of nephrotic range proteinuria in the diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five biopsied patients had nephrotic range proteinuria, among whom 29 (53%) were diagnosed with HIV-associated nephropathy. Among the remaining patients, 12 had non-HIV-associated nephropathy focal segmental glomeruloscerlosis, 3 had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 2 had AA Amyloid, 2 had diabetic nephropathy, and 7 had other diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of nephrotic proteinuria in the diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy were 73%, 61%, 53%, and 79%, respectively. The patients with HIV-associated nephropathy had a significantly higher creatinine (8.2 mg/dL vs 2.5 mg/dL, P < .001) and a lower CD4 count (158 count/mm3 vs 349 count/mm3, P < .01) at the time of biopsy. Although significantly more patients with HIV-associated nephropathy had a CD4 count below 200 (P = .03), among those with a CD4 count below 200, 10 of 30 patients (33%) had diagnoses other than HIV-associated nephropathy. Injection drug use, presence of hepatitis C, and hypertension were not associated with HIV-associated nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HIV patients with nephrotic range proteinuria warrant a kidney biopsy because the presence of nephrotic range proteinuria, even in the presence a low CD4 count, does not establish the diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA. matta1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Mohamed G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: J Craig
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Longenecker
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haymart
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Nagapradeep
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagajothi
authors.forename: Lorraine C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Racusen
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Scheel
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001706:Biopsy; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015897:Comorbidity; D000075202:Contraindications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers