title: Shunt revision in hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective analysis of 50 hydrocephalic children having a minimum follow-up of 6 months was carried out to see their etiology, clinical features, complications, incidence of shunt revisions, outcome and the variation from their Western counterparts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical features, image findings and treatment of all the cases were recorded from their discharge summaries. Record of shunt revision complications and outcome was maintained by the principal author. The data of all the cases were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age of children varied from 1 month to 12 yr (mean 2.2 yr). The most common etiology of hydrocephalus was aqueductal stenosis in 18 (36%) children. Post infective hydrocephalus, either of post-tubercular meningitis (TBM) or following bacterial meningitis, remained the cause in 15 children (30%). Congenital TORCH infection was responsible for 3 cases of hydrocephalus making infective etiology as the cause in 18 (36%) cases. Intra 4th ventricular neurocysticercus cyst caused blockade of CSF pathway in 2 children. 15 out of 50 children required shunt revision, either due to infection (8,16%) or shunt obstruction (7, 14%). Multiple shunt revisions were required in 2 children only. These revisions were required due to infection, obstruction or malfunction of the shunt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infective etiology is responsible for hydrocephalus in significant number of children (36%). The possibility of TORCH infection, as a cause of hydrocephalus should be considered even amongst the children of screened mothers during antenatal check-up. Pure intra 4th ventricular neurocysticercus cysts (without intraparenchymal cyst), though rare, can manifest with outlet obstruction. Incidence of shunt revision using Chhabra's medium pressure shunt is very high in children at an average follow up of 1.6 yr. Post infective hydrocephalus is a major cause of delayed milestones, contributing to mental retardation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. rajkumar@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Vinita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Marakani V K
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000150:complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt