title: Antiinflammatory properties of the muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia).
abstract: The muscadine grape possesses one of the highest antioxidant levels among fruits; yet, the effect of this fruit on mammalian metabolic systems has not received significant attention. To examine the antiinflammatory properties of the muscadine, grape skins were dried, pulverized, and extracted (10% w/v) with 50% ethanol. The extract was then tested in two different assays: the release of superoxide in phorbol myristate acetate-activated neutrophils and the release of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] by lipopolysaccharide-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The release of superoxide and cytokines was inhibited by increasing concentrations of the extract. A 1:100 dilution of the extract inhibited superoxide release by approximately 60% while the release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was reduced at a dilution of 1:200 by approximately 15 and 90%, respectively (all P < 0.05). The inhibition pattern on the release of IL-6 was similar to that seen with TNF-alpha. In a related in vivo study, rats were fed a diet containing 5% (wt/wt) dried muscadine grape skins for 14 days and then were injected with carrageenan in the foot pad. After 3 h, paw edema was measured and the rats on the grape skin diet had approximately 50% less paw edema than controls (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the muscadine grape skin powder possesses significant in vitro and in vivo antiinflammatory properties.
authors.affiliation: Nutraceutical Research Laboratories, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. Greenspn@rx.uga.edu
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Stanley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gangemi
authors.forename: Eugene P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghaffar
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hartle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013481:Superoxides; D002351:Carrageenan; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate