title: Race/ethnicity, poverty status, and renal transplant outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are known racial disparities in renal graft survival. Data are lacking comparing associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status with graft failure and functional status after transplantation. Our goal was to test if African-American and Hispanic race/ethnicity and poverty are associated with worse outcomes following renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study using a nationwide registry (United Network for Organ Sharing). We studied 4,471 adults who received renal transplants in 1990. Outcomes were graft failure and functional status over 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative incidence of graft failure was higher among African-Americans and Hispanics than whites (77% vs. 64% vs. 60 %; P<0.001) and among transplant recipients living in the poorest areas (70% vs. 58% in the richest; P<0.001). African-American and Hispanic race/ethnicity were independently predictive of graft failure (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6-1.9; RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.6, respectively) in multivariate analyses but poverty status was not (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.9-1.1). Days with impaired functional status were higher for African-Americans compared to whites (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-1.9) but not independent of poverty. Poverty was independently associated with impaired functional status (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African-Americans and Hispanics had higher rates of graft failure compared to whites after adjustment for poverty and other covariates whereas poverty, but not race/ethnicity, was related to functional status following renal transplantation. National datasets should include individual-level measures of socioeconomic status in order to improve evaluation of social and environmental causes of disparities in renal transplant outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Press
authors.forename: Olveen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carrasquillo
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nickolas
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: R Graham
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology; D044469:Racial Groups