title: Clinical presentation and prognostic factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis according to the focus of infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a nationwide study in Denmark to identify clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae according to the focus of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a nationwide registration, clinical information's was prospectively collected from all reported cases of pneumococcal meningitis during a 2-year period (1999-2000). Clinical and laboratory findings at admission, clinical course and outcome of the disease including follow-up audiological examinations were collected retrospectively. The focus of infection was determined according to the clinical diagnosis made by the physicians and after review of the medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  187 consecutive cases with S. pneumoniae meningitis were included in the study. The most common focus was ear (30%), followed by lung (18%), sinus (8%), and other (2%). In 42% of cases a primary infection focus could not be determined. On admission, fever and an altered mental status were the most frequent findings (in 93% and 94% of cases, respectively), whereas back rigidity, headache and convulsion were found in 57%, 41% and 11% of cases, respectively. 21% of patients died during hospitalisation (adults: 27% vs. children: 2%, Fisher Exact Test, P < 0.001), and the causes of death were due to neurological- and systemic complications or the combination of both in 8%, 5% and 6% of cases, respectively. Other causes (e.g. gastrointestinal bleeding, incurable cancer) accounted for 2% of cases. 41% of survivors had neurological sequelae (hearing loss: 24%, focal neurological deficits: 16%, and the combination of both: 1%). The mortality varied with the focus of the infection (otogenic: 7%, sinusitic: 33%, pneumonic: 26%, other kind of focus: 50%, no primary infection focus: 21%, Log rank test: P = 0.0005). Prognostic factors associated with fatal outcome in univariate logistic regression analysis were advanced age, presence of an underlying disease, history of headache, presence of a lung focus, absence of an otogenic focus, having a CT-scan prior to lumbar puncture, convulsions, requirement of assisted ventilation, and alterations in various CSF parameters (WBC < 500 cells/microL, high protein levels, glucose levels < 1 mmol/L, low CSF/blood glucose levels), P < 0.05. Independent prognostic factor associated with fatal outcome in multivariate logistic regression analysis was convulsions (OR: 4.53, 95%CI: (1.74-11.8), p = 0.002), whereas presence of an otogenic focus was independently associated with a better survival (OR: 6.09, 95%CI: (1.75-21.2), P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize the prognostic importance of an early recognition of a predisposing focus to pneumococcal meningitis.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S, Denmark. coa@ssi.dk
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.forename: Helle Bossen
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Konradsen
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010031:Otitis; D011379:Prognosis; D012640:Seizures; D013129:Spinal Puncture