title: Single-center experience with liver transplantation from controlled non-heartbeating donors: a viable source of grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To increase the number of livers available for transplantation a non-heartbeating donor (NHBD) liver transplant program was started after obtaining hospital ethical committee approval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled donors with a warm ischemia of <30 minutes were considered. A 5-minute stand-off period was observed from asystole to skin incision. A super-rapid technique was used for the retrieval. Methods used to assess the suitability for transplantation included liver function tests, morphologic and histologic assessment, and hepatocyte viability testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty livers were retrieved from NHBDs. Of these, 33 were judged suitable for transplantation. Of these one was exported and transplanted, and one could not be matched to a suitable recipient. A further 27 were not used because of liver appearance in 21, prolonged hypoxia and hypotension in 4, poor perfusion in 1, and donor malignancy in 1. Mean donor age was 39.4 years (range, 0.75-67 years). Causes of death were head trauma in 10 donors, intracranial bleed in 24, and anoxic/ischemic brain injury in 26. Mean warm ischemia time was 14.7 minutes (range, 7-40 minutes). Thirty-two patients were transplanted (one split liver), and the mean age of the recipients was 38.4 years (range, 0.7-72 years). All grafts had good early function except one right lobe split. There were 4 deaths resulting from ischemic brain injury, chronic rejection, biliary sepsis, and multiorgan failure following retransplantation for primary nonfunction. Overall patient and graft survival is 87% and 84%, respectively, at a median follow-up of 15 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early results suggest that controlled NHBDs are a significant new source of grafts, but careful donor selection and short cold ischemia are mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK. paolo.muiesan@kingsch.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muiesan
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girlanda
authors.forename: Wayel
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jassem
authors.forename: Hector Vilca
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Melendez
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rela
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heaton
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D046148:Donor Selection; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014019:Tissue Donors; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom