title: Epidemiology of hydrogen phosphide exposures in humans reported to the poison center in Mainz, Germany, 1983-2003.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poisonings with rodenticides containing hydrogen phosphide-releasing compounds may lead to deleterious organ dysfunction and death. Since data of hydrogen phosphide poisonings is limited to case reports/series, this study was intended to elucidate hydrogen phosphide poisonings based on a 20-year data collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Explorative data analysis of the Poison Center Mainz database looking for route of exposure, symptoms, and severity using the Poisoning Severity Score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1983-2003, 188 hydrogen phosphide poisonings were reported. Sixty-five percent of these were unintentional residential, 28% attempts to commit suicide (intentional), 5% occupational, and 2% undetermined. In the majority of intentional poisonings the poison was ingested, whereas in unintentional poisoning of adults inhalation exposure dominated, caused by inappropriate self-protection from the released hydrogen phosphide gas during usage. Frequently observed symptoms in unintentional poisonings were nausea, vomiting, pain, coughing, and dizziness with no further worsening of symptoms. In intentional poisonings frequent symptoms were vomiting, somnolence, seizures, coma, and shock with two initially fatal poisonings. Follow-up on these cases showed a significant worsening of symptoms and a two-fold increase in fatal poisonings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Route of exposure, severity of symptoms, and the necessary treatment differs substantially between unintentional and intentional poisonings. In this study, two initially symptomatic intentional poisonings were later reported fatal. Careful monitoring is recommended in symptomatic intentional poisonings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Center Mainz, 2nd Medical Clinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany. m.lauterbach@giftinfo.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lauterbach
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiechelt
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Von Mach
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Weilemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010720:Phosphines / Q000506:poisoning*; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D013405:Suicide; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010720:Phosphines; D012378:Rodenticides