title: Hepatitis C virus populations in the plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV/hepatitis C virus-co-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has occasionally been associated with diseases of the central nervous system, thus suggesting that the virus has a direct effect on cerebral function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the presence and heterogeneity of HCV populations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-infected and anti-HCV-positive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HCV RNA in 21 paired CSF/plasma samples and 20 PBMC samples from HIV/HCV-positive patients. HCV was genotyped by means of a hybridization assay, and its compartmental heterogeneity was analysed by cloning the related amplicons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the plasma samples, 14 out of 20 PBMC samples and five out of 21 CSF samples were positive for HCV RNA. Of the five patients with HCV-positive CSF, two had the same genotype in the plasma/CSF/PBMC samples, two had a different genotype in the CSF from that in plasma and PBMC, and one had the same genotype in paired CSF/plasma samples. An analysis of the HCV populations showed that two patients seemingly infected with the same genotype in different compartments harbored mixed infection in the CSF but not in the plasma and PBMC samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings of different HCV genetic diversification in different compartments suggest that CSF is an independent site of viral replication and persistence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagaglio
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cinque
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Racca
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedale
authors.forename: Maria Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morsica
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D012367:RNA, Viral