Idiopathic rhinitis, the ongoing quest.
The term rhinitis in daily practice is used for nasal dysfunction causing symptoms-like nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea and or nasal blockage. Chronic rhinitis can roughly be classified into allergic, infectious or nonallergic/noninfectious. When allergy, mechanical obstruction and infections have been excluded as the cause of rhinitis, a number of poorly defined nasal conditions of partly unknown aetiology and pathophysiology remain. The differential diagnosis of nonallergic noninfectious rhinitis is extensive. Although the percentage of patients with nonallergic noninfectious rhinitis with a known cause has increased the last decades, still about 50% of the patients with nonallergic noninfectious rhinitis has to be classified as suffering from idiopathic rhinitis (IR), or rather e causa ignota. Specific immunological, clinical and sometimes radiological and functional tests are required to distinguish known causes. Research to the underlying pathophysiology of IR has moved from autonomic neural dysbalans to inflammatory disorders (local allergy), the nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) sensory peptidergic neural system and central neural hyperaesthesia, still without solid ground or proof. This review summarizes the currently known causes for nonallergic noninfectious rhinitis and possible treatments. Also possible pathophysiological mechanisms of IR are discussed.
van Rijswijk
J B
JB
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Blom
H M
HM
Fokkens
W J
WJ
D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology