title: The contribution of leading diseases and risk factors to excess losses of healthy life in Eastern Europe: burden of disease study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The East/West gradient in health across Europe has been described often, but not using metrics as comprehensive and comparable as those of the Global Burden of Disease 2000 and Comparative Risk Assessment studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons are made across 3 epidemiological subregions of the WHO region for Europe--A (very low child and adult mortality), B (low child and low adult mortality) and C (low child and high adult mortality)--with populations in 2000 of 412, 218 and 243 millions respectively, and using the following measures: 1. Probabilities of death by sex and causal group across 7 age intervals; 2. Loss of healthy life (DALYs) to diseases and injuries per thousand population; 3. Loss of healthy life (DALYs) attributable to selected risk factors across 3 age ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute differences in mortality are most marked in males and in younger adults, and for deaths from vascular diseases and from injuries. Dominant contributions to east-west differences come from the nutritional/physiological group of risk factors (blood pressure, cholesterol concentration, body mass index, low fruit and vegetable consumption and inactivity) contributing to vascular disease and from the legal drugs--tobacco and alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main requirements for reducing excess health losses in the east of Europe are: 1) favorable shifts in all amenable vascular risk factors (irrespective of their current levels) by population-wide and personal measures; 2) intensified tobacco control; 3) reduced alcohol consumption and injury control strategies (for example, for road traffic injuries). Cost effective strategies are broadly known but local institutional support for them needs strengthening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK. jwp11@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Powles
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zatonski
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vander Hoorn
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution