title: Assessment of fetal swallowing with gray-scale and color Doppler sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study was focused on the evaluation of fluid dynamics to assess the value of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography for evaluating the development of fetal swallow-related movements from early gestation until birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 56 fetuses from weeks 15-39 of gestation. Each fetus was examined throughout four distinct periods of gestation: weeks 15-18, 22-25, 30-34, and 37-39. During the examination, seven gray-scale sonography or color Doppler sonography patterns and their prevalence were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mandibular and/or labial movements (chi2 = 56.4, p < 0.0001) and their rhythmic activity (chi2 = 41.4, p < 0.0001) were seen on gray-scale sonography in an increasing percentage of fetuses as gestational age increased. Doppler findings showed an increase for nose-mouth flow signals (chi2 = 57.6, p < 0.0001), larynx-esophagus flow signals (chi2 = 13.2, p = 0.0003), and effective swallowing (chi2 = 36.0, p < 0.0001) as gestational age increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a trend in the fetus toward development of increased coordinated movement and more functional nose-mouth flow with increasing gestational age: 32.1% of the 56 fetuses in our series achieved effective swallowing at 37-39 weeks, on the basis of gray-scale and Doppler evaluations. Knowledge of the physiologic mechanism involving swallowing development may allow identification of altered swallow-related movements in fetuses with malformations of the digestive tract or with neurologic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Floriani
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amodio
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal