title: High incidence of diabetes in men with sleep complaints or short sleep duration: a 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship among sleep complaints, sleep duration, and the development of diabetes prospectively over a 12-year period in a middle-aged Swedish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 2,663 subjects aged 45-65 years living in mid-Sweden were sent a postal questionnaire including questions about sleep complaints, sleep duration, sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors, medical conditions, and depression (response rate 70.2%). Twelve years later, a new questionnaire with almost identical questions was sent to all the survivors (n = 1,604) in 1995, and the questionnaire was answered by 1,244 subjects (77.6%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men reporting new diabetes at follow-up more often reported short sleep duration (< or =5 h per night) (16.0 vs. 5.9%, P < 0.01), difficulties initiating sleep (16.0 vs. 3.1%, P < 0.001), and difficulties maintaining sleep (28.0 vs. 6.3%, P < 0.001) at baseline than men who did not develop diabetes. Women reporting new diabetes at follow-up reported long sleep duration (> or =9 h per night) more often at baseline than women not developing diabetes (7.9 vs. 2.4%, P < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression models, the relative risk (95% CI) for development of diabetes was higher in men with short sleep duration (2.8 [1.1-7.3]) or difficulties maintaining sleep (4.8 [1.9-12.5]) after adjustment for age and other relevant risk factors. Short or long sleep duration or sleep complaints did not influence the risk of new diabetes in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Difficulties maintaining sleep or short sleep duration (< or =5 h) are associated with an increased incidence of diabetes in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. lena.mallon@ltdalarna.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mallon
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Broman
authors.forename: Jerker
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hetta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors