title: Incorporation of the hepatic veins into the cavopulmonary circulation in patients with heterotaxy and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after a Kawashima procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with polysplenia syndrome and azygous continuation of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC), pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are relatively common after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (BCPA, Kawashima procedure). Resolution of PAVMs after hepatic vein (HV) inclusion into the cavopulmonary circulation has been reported, but there has been no systematic investigation of the effects of this therapy in a population of more than 3 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 16 patients with heterotaxy, univentricular congenital heart disease, and azygous continuation of the IVC who underwent incorporation of the HV into the cavopulmonary circuit for treatment of significant PAVMs after a Kawashima procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median preoperative systemic arterial oxygen saturation (SsaO2) was 76% (65%-85%), compared with 89% (85% to 92%) early after BCPA. Among 15 early survivors, the median early postoperative SsaO2 was 76% (56%-85%). In 11 of the 15 survivors, SsaO2 rose to 90% or greater within a year and remained at 93% or greater at follow-up of 2.8 to 10 years. Four patients had persistent hypoxemia and residual PAVMs at follow-up catheterization 1.5 to 8 years postoperatively; these patients had the most severe hypoxemia prior to HV inclusion, and in 2 the residual PAVMs were unilateral, with HV flow streaming to the contralateral lung, in which PAVMs had resolved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoxemia resolved after cavopulmonary incorporation of the HV in the majority of our patients with PAVMs after the Kawashima operation, presumably due to a combination of PAVM resolution and elimination of hepatic venoatrial right-to-left shunting. These findings support the theory that development of PAVMs is facilitated by exclusion of HV effluent from the pulmonary circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. doff.mcelhinney@cardio.chboston.org
authors.forename: Doff B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000601:surgery*