title: Stereoelectroencephalography in the presurgical evaluation of children with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors report on indications for, techniques of, and results of stereoelectroencephalography (stereo-EEG) monitoring in the presurgical evaluation of childhood drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five children (24 boys and 11 girls; mean age 8.8 +/- 3.9 years; mean age at seizure onset 2.1 +/- 2.2 years) underwent 37 tailored stereotactic placements of intracerebral, multilead electrodes for intensive monitoring of seizures (stereo-EEG). Two children underwent exploration twice. Investigations prior to stereo-EEG monitoring, including magnetic resonance imaging and video-EEG of the scalp, revealed variable patterns of localizing incoherence among clinical, electrophysiological, and anatomical findings in all cases. A total of 426 electrodes were implanted (mean 11.5 +/- 2.6 per procedure) according to individualized arrangements. The stereo-EEG monitoring enabled recording of 826 seizures (mean 22 +/- 45 per procedure) and mapping of critically functional areas. One untoward event consisted of intracranial breakage of an electrode. Resections of the epileptogenic zone were performed according to results of stereo-EEG recordings. They consisted of cortical removal in seven cases, removal of the lesion and epileptogenic cortex in 26 cases, and lesion removal in two cases. Transient postoperative neurological deficits were observed in 13 patients, and permanent anticipated visual field defects occurred in seven patients. According to the Engel postoperative classification of seizure outcome, 60% of cases were in Class I, 74% had significant improvement (Classes I-III), and 26% were unchanged (mean follow up 31.9 +/- 20.6 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stereoelectroencephalography monitoring is a helpful and well-tolerated technique for the definition of the epileptogenic zone in complex cases of childhood drug-resistant epilepsy. It provides essential information for safe resections that should result in excellent outcomes in a considerable number of patients.
authors.affiliation: Centro C. Munari per la Chirurgia dell'Epilessia e del Parkinson, Servizio di Neuroradiologia, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy. epsur@ospedaleniguarda.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cossu
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Lino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nobili
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Russo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques