title: Zeolite synthesis from paper sludge ash at low temperature (90 degrees C) with addition of diatomite.
abstract: Paper sludge ash was partially converted into zeolites by reaction with 3M NaOH solution at 90 degrees C for 24 h. The paper sludge ash had a low abundance of Si and significant Ca content, due to the presence of calcite that was used as a paper filler. Diatomite was added to the NaOH solution to increase its Si content in order to synthesize zeolites with high cation exchange capacity. Diatomite residue was filtered from solution before addition of ash. The original ash without addition of diatomite yielded hydroxysodalite with a cation exchange capacity ca. 50 cmol/kg. Addition of Si to the solution yielded Na-P1 (zeolite-P) with a higher cation exchange capacity (ca. 130 cmol/kg). The observed concentrations of Si and Al in the solution during the reaction explain the crystallization of these two phases. The reaction products were tested for their capacity for PO(4)(3-) removal from solution as a function of Ca(2+) content, suggesting the formation of an insoluble Ca-phosphate salt. The product with Na-P1 exhibits the ability to remove NH(4)(+) as well as PO(4)(3-) from solution in concentrations sufficient for application in water purification. Both NH(4)(+) and PO(4)(3-) removal showed little variation with pH between 5 and 9. Alternative processing methods of zeolite synthesis, including the addition of ash to an unfiltered Si-NaOH solution and addition of a dry ash/diatomite mixture to NaOH solution, were tested. The third process yielded materials with lower cation exchange capacity due to formation of hydroxysodalite. The second process results in a product with relatively high cation exchange capacity, and reduces the number of processing steps necessary for zeolite synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan. wajima@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wajima
authors.forename: Mioko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuzawa
authors.forename: Hiroji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishimoto
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rakovan
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D007692:Diatomaceous Earth / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010209:Paper; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D017641:Zeolites / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010710:Phosphates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012722:Sewage; C070244:hydroxysodalite; D017641:Zeolites; D007692:Diatomaceous Earth; C033787:diatomite; D002118:Calcium