title: Infrared thermography and ultrasonography to indirectly monitor the influence of liner type and overmilking on teat tissue recovery.
abstract: Eight Danish Holstein cows were milked with a 1-mm thick specially designed soft liner on their right rear teat and a standard liner mounted under extra high tension on their left rear teat. Four of the animals were overmilked for 5 min. Rear teats were subjected to ultrasound examination on the first day and to infrared thermography on the second day. Teats were submersed in ethanol 20 min post-milking on the second day. Ultrasonography measurements showed that teat canal length increased by 30-41% during milking. Twenty minutes after milking, teats milked with modified standard liners still had elongated teat canals while teats milked with the soft liner were normalized. Overmilking tended to increase teat wall thickness. Approximately 80% of variability in teat canal length, from before teat preparation to after milking, could be explained by changes during teat preparation. Thermography indicated a general drop in teat temperature during teat preparation. Teat temperature increased during milking and continued to increase until the ethanol challenge induced a significant drop. Temperatures approached pre-challenge rather than pre-milking temperatures within 10 minutes after challenge. Teat temperatures were dependent on type of liner. Mid-teat temperatures post-challenge relative to pre-teat preparation were dependent on overmilking. Thermography and ultrasound were considered useful methods to indirectly and non invasively evaluate teat tissue integrity.
authors.affiliation: Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Paulrud
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D013817:Thermography / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography