title: Tainted water on tap: what to tell patients about preventing illness from drinking water.
abstract: Annual cases of waterborne illness in the United States are estimated to number about 900,000, but most experts believe the incidence to be much higher. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates the nation's drinking water supply, setting maximum allowable levels for 87 known natural and synthetic contaminants; but thousands more go unregulated. This article describes selected contaminants and their known health effects, which range from acute gastroenteritis to cancer and reproductive and developmental effects. It discusses which populations are more vulnerable, outlines assessment, and elucidates nurses' roles in patient education and as community advocates for safer drinking water.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, School of Health and Environment, Department of Nursing, 3 Solomont Way, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. schalupk@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chalupka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000469:parasitology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D014867:Water