title: Correlation between human papillomavirus infection and bladder transitional cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the association of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using polymerase chain reaction, fifty-nine bladder tissue specimens of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder compared with 20 bladder samples of cases with non-neoplastic disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male to female ratio was similar in the two groups (50/9 vs. 16/4, P = 0.62). Mean age was 67 +/- 10.8 years and 52 +/- 20.3 years in the case and control groups, respectively (P = 0.6). Of the 59 tissue specimens with diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma, HPV DNA was detected in 21 (35.6%) samples, while it was present in only one sample (5%) in the control group (P = 0.008). HPV18 was the most common type of virus with the incidence rate of 17/21(81%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV might play a causative role in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder in our geographic area.
authors.affiliation: Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. h_sasan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barghi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajimohammadmehdiarbab
authors.forename: S M M Hosseini
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moghaddam
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kazemi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology*