title: Intra- and interspecific comparisons of bacterial diversity and community structure support coevolution of gut microbiota and termite host.
abstract: We investigated the bacterial gut microbiota from 32 colonies of wood-feeding termites, comprising four Microcerotermes species (Termitidae) and four Reticulitermes species (Rhinotermitidae), using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and clonal analysis of 16S rRNA. The obtained molecular community profiles were compared statistically between individuals, colonies, locations, and species of termites. Both analyses revealed that the bacterial community structure was remarkably similar within each termite genus, with small but significant differences between sampling sites and/or termite species. In contrast, considerable differences were found between the two termite genera. Only one bacterial phylotype (defined with 97% sequence identity) was shared between the two termite genera, while 18% and 50% of the phylotypes were shared between two congeneric species in the genera Microcerotermes and Reticulitermes, respectively. Nevertheless, a phylogenetic analysis of 228 phylotypes from Microcerotermes spp. and 367 phylotypes from Reticulitermes spp. with other termite gut clones available in public databases demonstrated the monophyly of many phylotypes from distantly related termites. The monophyletic "termite clusters" comprised of phylotypes from more than one termite species were distributed among 15 bacterial phyla, including the novel candidate phyla TG2 and TG3. These termite clusters accounted for 95% of the 960 clones analyzed in this study. Moreover, the clusters in 12 phyla comprised phylotypes from more than one termite (sub)family, accounting for 75% of the analyzed clones. Our results suggest that the majority of gut bacteria are not allochthonous but are specific symbionts that have coevolved with termites and that their community structure is basically consistent within a genus of termites.
authors.affiliation: International Cooperative Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. yhongo@postman.riken.go.jp
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hongoh
authors.forename: Pinsurang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deevong
authors.forename: Tetsushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Shigeharu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Savitr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trakulnaleamsai
authors.forename: Moriya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohkuma
authors.forename: Charunee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vongkaluang
authors.forename: Napavarn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noparatnaraporn
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D004064:Digestive System / Q000382:microbiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D014644:Genetic Variation; D020049:Isoptera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S