title: Three-dimensional echo-guided beating heart surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass: atrial septal defect closure in a swine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we tested 3 techniques of atrial septal defect closure under real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography guidance in a swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The operations were conducted under the sole guidance of a modified real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography guidance system with a x4 matrix transducer (Sonos 7500, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Mass). Eighteen swine were anesthetized, and after median sternotomy, the echo probe was applied directly to the surface of the right atrium. To create an atrial septal defect, balloon atrial septostomy and atrial septal defect enlargement were performed. Subsequently, 3 different techniques of atrial septal defect closure were attempted: group I, direct suture closure; group II, closure of the atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer device (AGA Medical Corp, Golden Valley, Minn); and group III, patch closure of the atrial septal defect (n = 6 each).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography guidance provided sufficient spatial resolution and a satisfactory frame rate to provide a "virtual surgeon's view" of the relevant anatomy during the entire procedure. All atrial septal defects were enlarged, and the mean final size was 8.5 +/- 1.8 mm. Atrial septal defect closure was successfully accomplished with all the 3 surgical techniques examined. In groups I and III, the needles (1-3 sutures) and staples (6-12 staples) penetrated the tissue and patch material consistently, whereas in group III, the Amplatzer atrial septal defect device was easily deployed. There was no incident device/staple embolization or air introduction. Neither intraoperative 2-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography nor postmortem macro-evaluation revealed any residual shunts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beating heart atrial septal defect closure under real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic guidance is feasible and, unlike catheter-based devices, applicable for any type of secundum atrial septal defect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suematsu
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Gerald R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Pierre E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: DuPont
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Triedman
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D013552:Swine; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional