title: The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy and immunodeficiency on human papillomavirus infection of the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral condylomas has reportedly increased in HIV-infected individuals since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The relationships between HIV therapy regimen, overall health, and subclinical oral HPV have not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine oral HPV genotype prevalence and the impact of HAART and health in the HIV+ population.
  
  
  METHODS
  An L1 consensus-primer polymerase chain reaction and linear array assay were used to examine the prevalence of 27 HPV genotypes in saliva of 98 HIV+ individuals. Risk assessment variables were compared to oral HPV status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral HPV was detected in 37% of HIV+ African American individuals. Caucasians were at greater risk of oral HPV infection than African Americans. Markers of advanced HIV disease did not predict HPV status. Therapy status was associated with HPV detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of HIV, rather than HIV immunosuppression, appears to play a role in oral HPV infections in HIV+ individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mercante
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gaffga
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Fidel
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hagensee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D044383:Black People; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D014860:Warts / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral