title: Intraoperative cholangiography can be safely omitted during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective study of 413 consecutive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to show that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) can be performed safely without intraoperative cholangiography (IOC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of 413 consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstone disease, who underwent LC. According to the preoperative clinical, laboratory and ultrasound criteria, 38 patients (9.2%) were selected for preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). All patients were followed postoperatively for symptoms and signs of common bile duct (CBD) stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative ERC allowed to make a diagnosis of choledocholithiasis in 22 (58%) of the 38 selected patients. Stone clearance was achieved with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in all cases. Three patients (7.9%) had an episode of mild self-limited pancreatitis after the procedure. Eight patients (1.9%) of 413 required conversion from LC to open cholecystectomy. There were no CBD injuries and no death cases. Of the postoperative complications, 1.5% were recorded during hospital stay. During the follow-up period, for at least 2 years after surgery, retained CBD stones were verified in 6 patients (1.5%); however, the supposed rate of residual stones was 2.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that performance of selective preoperative ERC with ES when necessary, followed by LC, is an appropriate and safe approach to the treatment of patients with cholecystolithiasis and unsuspected choledocholithiasis. This approach allows to omit IOC and to perform LC safely without biliary duct injuries, ensuring low rate of retained CBD stones in the late follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia. urmas.lepner@kliinikum.ee
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lepner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grünthal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic