title: Functional recovery of damaged skeletal muscle through synchronized vasculogenesis, myogenesis, and neurogenesis by muscle-derived stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown that skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) can give rise to several cell lineages after transplantation. However, the potential therapeutic uses of MDSCs, the functional significance of the transplanted tissue, and vasculogenesis, myogenesis, and reconstitution of other tissues have yet to be investigated in detail. In addition, the relationship between MDSCs and mesenchymal bone marrow cells is of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a severe-damage model of mouse tibialis anterior muscle with a large deficit of nerve fibers, muscle fibers, and blood vessels. We investigated the potential therapeutic use of freshly isolated CD34+/45- (Sk-34) cells. Results showed that, after transplantation, implanted cells give rise to myogenic, vascular (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells), and neural (Schwann) cells, as well as contributing to the synchronized reconstitution of blood vessels, muscle fibers, and peripheral nerves, with significant recovery of both mass and contractile function after transplantation. Investigation of Sk-34 cell transplantation to the renal capsule (nonmuscle tissue) and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for the transplanted muscle detecting the Y chromosome revealed the intrinsic plasticity of the Sk-34 cell population. In addition, there were no donor-derived Sk-34 cells in the muscle of lethally irradiated bone marrow-transplanted animals, indicating that the Sk-34 cells were not derived from bone marrow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that freshly isolated skeletal muscle-derived Sk-34 cells are potentially useful for reconstitution therapy of the vascular, muscular, and peripheral nervous systems. These results provide new insights into somatic stem and/or progenitor cells with regard to vasculogenesis, myogenesis, and neurogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Clinical Science, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. tamaki@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Yoshiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akatsuka
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asahara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005819:Genetic Markers; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D023421:Models, Animal; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins