Physiological determinants of the variation in left ventricular mass from early adolescence to late adulthood in healthy subjects.
BACKGROUND
The physiological determinants of left ventricular mass (LVM) measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging are not well defined as prior investigators have studied either adults or adolescents in isolation or have not strictly excluded hypertension or accounted for the effects of exercise habits, haemodynamic, demographic, or body shape characteristics.


METHODS
A total of 102 healthy volunteers (12-81 years, 53 males) underwent CMR. All parameters [unstandardized and adjusted for body surface area (BSA)] were analysed according to gender and by adolescence versus adulthood (adolescents <20 years, adults > or = 20 years). The influence of haemodynamic factors, exercise, and demographic factors on LVM were determined with multivariate linear regression.


RESULTS
LVM rose during adolescence and declined in adulthood. LVM and LVMBSA were higher in males both in adults (LVM: 188 +/- 22 g versus 139 +/- 21 g, P < 0.001; LVMBSA: 94 +/- 11 g m(-2) versus 80 +/- 11 g m(-2), P < 0.001) and in adolescents when adjusted for BSA (LVM: 128 +/- 29 g versus 107 +/- 20 g, P = 0.063; LVMBSA: 82 +/- 8 g m(-2) versus 71 +/- 10 g m(-2), P = 0.025). In adults, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and self-reported physical activity increased while meridional and circumferential wall stress were constant with age. Multivariate regression analysis revealed age, gender, and BSA as the major determinants of LVM (global R2 = 0.69).


CONCLUSIONS
Normal LVM shows variation over a broad age range in both genders with a rise in adolescence and subsequent decline with increasing age in adulthood despite an increase in SBP and physical activity. BSA, age, and gender were found to be major contributors to the variation in LVM in healthy adults, while haemodynamic factors, exercise, and wall stress were not.
Cain
Peter A
PA
Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
Ahl
Ragnhild
R
Hedstrom
Erik
E
Ugander
Martin
M
Allansdotter-Johnsson
Ase
A
Friberg
Peter
P
Marild
Staffan
S
Arheden
Hakan
H
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016276:Ventricular Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*