title: Herpetic eye disease in diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence of herpetic eye disease (HED) of the ocular surface in diabetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational historical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A district of the largest health maintenance organization in Israel (the Central District of Clalit Health Services).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients older than 50 years (159634 patients) in the district, and of these, 22382 (14.0%) patients had diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  All filled prescriptions for acyclovir eye ointment between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2003 (1483 tubes) and all hemoglobin A1c laboratory tests during 2003 (41910 tests) were documented. An ocular surface HED event was defined when a patient consumed at least 1 tube of topical acyclovir per month, whereas no acyclovir use was documented 3 months before and 3 months after that event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of ocular surface HED events in diabetics compared with nondiabetics adjusted for age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After age and gender adjustment, significantly more diabetics had ocular surface HED (5.21 per thousand) compared with nondiabetics (4.27 per thousand; P<0.0001). Stratification by age revealed a significantly higher prevalence of HED in diabetics, aged 60 to 79 years. Recurrent herpetic events occurred during the study period in 25.2% of HED-affected diabetics, and in 16.6% of HED-affected nondiabetics (P = 0.05). Diabetics with poor glycemic control (mean annual hemoglobin A1c > 9%) consumed significantly more ocular acyclovir (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed this effect to be independent of age, gender, place of birth, or place of residency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular surface HED is significantly more common among patients with diabetes mellitus. Poor glycemic control correlates with increased consumption of ocular acyclovir in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. igor@dr-kaiserman.com
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaiserman
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaiserman
authors.forename: Sasson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakar
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinker
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006563:Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D016849:Keratitis, Herpetic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000212:Acyclovir