title: Effect of insemination volume on uterine contractions and inflammatory response and on elimination of semen in the mare uterus-scintigraphic and ultrasonographic studies.
abstract: The effect of artificial insemination (AI) volume on uterine contractility and inflammation and on elimination of semen in the reproductive tract of mares was examined for 4 h after AI using two methods, scintigraphy and ultrasonography. The same doses were used in both methods: 2 and 100 ml of skim milk-extended frozen semen. In the scintigraphic study, the number of reproductively normal mares was four per group and in the ultrasonographic study five per group. For scintigraphy, the semen was radiolabelled with technetium-99m. The static scintigrams were acquired immediately before and 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after AI. The activities in the vagina and uterus were calculated and the values for sperm that had been discharged from the mare were obtained by subtracting the counts for the uterus and vagina from the total radioactivity. The dynamic scintigrams were taken continuously for the first 30 min after AI and in 5-min periods immediately after having acquired the static scintigrams. The uterine contractions were counted. In the ultrasonographic study, the mares were scanned before AI and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after AI, for at least 1 min each time. The examinations were videotaped and contractions counted per minute. More contractions were observed with the ultrasonographic method than with the scintigraphic method. No difference was present in the number of contractions between the groups, except in the ultrasonographic study at 4 h, when the mares inseminated with 100 ml showed more contractions than did the mares inseminated with 2 ml. The intraluminal fluid was sampled with a tampon and by uterine lavage 4 h after AI in the ultrasonographic study. The numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and spermatozoa were counted, but the differences between the groups were not significant. Under our experimental conditions and with the number of mares examined, the volume of the AI dose had an insignificant effect on contractility - with the exception at 4 h - and inflammatory reaction and on semen elimination in the uterus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 57, 00014 Helsingin Ylopisto, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sinnemaa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Järvimaa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lehmonen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reilas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sankari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging