title: Hip pain in adolescents: results of a cross-sectional study in German pupils and a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of hip pain (HP) in adolescents in East Germany and to evaluate the potential factors associated with HP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional epidemiological study of a total of 2368 pupils (1137 males, 1231 females; age 14.5+/-0.65, range 13-18 y). Demographic data and information on sports activity and consumption of soft legal drugs were obtained using a questionnaire. Physical examination was carried out by school doctors. Odds ratio (OR [95% confidence interval]) was calculated for common factors associated with HP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of adolescents suffering from HP was 6.5% (n=151). Pain episodes were reported as occasional in 3.0%. A total of 69 subjects (2.9%) suffered from permanent pain during physical activity. Permanent pain when at rest was reported in 0.5% (n=12). Female subjects, students attending high school, smoking adolescents and adolescents with a consumption of alcoholic beverages had a significantly higher prevalence of HP. HP was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of low back pain and knee pain. The prevalence of pathological findings of the hip was 2.5% (n=60). Factors significantly associated with HP were: female gender (1.9-fold), attending high school (2.1-fold) and consumption of tobacco (1.6-fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HP in adolescents seems to be mostly caused by functional disorders. There is a possible association between HP and psychological stress or consumption of legal drugs. Prophylactic measures are necessary in this age group in future.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Eisenach, Germany. spahn.esa@t-online.de
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spahn
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiele
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langlotz
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires