title: The composition of surrogate alcohols consumed in Russia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the course of a case-control study examining determinants of premature death among working age men, it became clear that a significant percentage of the population (7.3%) were drinking a variety of surrogate alcohol products (products not legally sold for consumption). In this population, where there is a high death rate from alcohol-related causes, including acute alcohol poisoning, it was important to know what these products contained.
  
  
  METHODS
  The identity of products being consumed was identified from the survey of controls. Representative samples were obtained and subjected to analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine their composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three broad groups of product were identified: samogon (home-produced spirits); medicinal compounds; and other spirits (mainly sold as aftershaves). Commercially produced vodkas were used for comparison. Samogon contained lower quantities of ethanol than vodka [mean, 39 vs. 44 volumetric percentage (v/v%), respectively] but in addition contained certain toxic long-chain alcohols. Medicinal compounds contained only ethanol, at a higher concentration that vodka (mean, 66 v/v%), while the other spirits, which were also essentially pure ethanol, contained a mean of 94 v/v%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant number of Russian men are drinking products that have either very high concentrations of ethanol or contaminants known to be toxic. These products are untaxed and thus much less expensive than vodka. There is an urgent need for policy responses that target their production and consumption.
authors.affiliation: European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. martin.mckee@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Sándor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzcs
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sárváry
authors.forename: Roza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adany
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiryanov
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saburova
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomkins
authors.forename: Evgeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andreev
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Leon
mesh_terms: D000433:1-Propanol / Q000032:analysis; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D000438:Alcohols / Q000032:analysis*; D000440:Butanols / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D000439:Pentanols / Q000032:analysis; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000440:Butanols; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D000439:Pentanols; D000431:Ethanol; C040507:isobutyl alcohol; D000433:1-Propanol; C029683:isopentyl alcohol