title: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 stimulation of tumor growth involves the activation of Smad-1/5.
abstract: Morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is normally expressed in the embryo promoting the development of several organs. Aberrant expression of BMP-2 occurs in approximately 98% of lung carcinomas, however, its role in regulating tumor growth is poorly understood. We show that BMP-2 induces Id-1 expression in lung cancer cell lines through its activation of Smad-1/5, which is dependent on cell culture conditions. A549 cells in DMEM/5% FCS BMP-2 activated Smad-1/5 and caused a transient increase in proliferation. In serum-free medium, BMP-2 induced significantly less Smad-1/5 activation and Id-1 expression, and produced significant growth inhibition. The affect of BMP-2 on tumor growth in vivo was substantially more significant. Recombinant BMP-2 coinjected with A549 cells, into nude mice increased proliferation and produced an increase in Id-1 expression. Forced expression of BMP-2 in A549 cells significantly enhanced tumor growth in the lungs following intravenous injection but not of subcutaneous tumors. Tumors in the lung were found to have an activated Smad-1/5 and expressed Id-1. Subcutaneous tumors expressed less activated Smad-1/5 and Id-1 than that of controls. Human lung carcinomas were also found to express an activated Smad-1/5 and Id-1. We provide evidence that BMP-2 promotes tumor growth. This paper highlights that cell culture experiments may not reveal the full biological affects of BMP-2, and its activity varies depending of the local environment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Langenfeld
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051898:Smad1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051902:Smad5 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; C497453:ID1 protein, human; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051902:Smad5 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta