title: Neuroimaging studies of practice-related change: fMRI and meta-analytic evidence of a domain-general control network for learning.
abstract: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and a meta-analysis of prior neuroimaging studies were used to characterize cortical changes resulting from extensive practice and to evaluate a dual-processing account of the neural mechanisms underlying human learning. Three core predictions of the dual processing theory are evaluated: 1) that practice elicits generalized reductions in regional activity by reducing the load on the cognitive control mechanisms that scaffold early learning; 2) that these control mechanisms are domain-general; and 3) that no separate processing pathway emerges as skill develops. To evaluate these predictions, a meta-analysis of prior neuroimaging studies and a within-subjects fMRI experiment contrasting unpracticed to practiced performance in a paired-associate task were conducted. The principal effect of practice was found to be a reduction in the extent and magnitude of activity in a cortical network spanning bilateral dorsal prefrontal, left ventral prefrontal, medial frontal (anterior cingulate), left insular, bilateral parietal, and occipito-temporal (fusiform) areas. These activity reductions are shown to occur in common regions across prior neuroimaging studies and for both verbal and nonverbal paired-associate learning in the present fMRI experiment. The implicated network of brain regions is interpreted as a domain-general system engaged specifically to support novice, but not practiced, performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. jchein@princeton.edu
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chein
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011214:Practice, Psychological