title: Differential expression of IFN regulatory factor 4 gene in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages.
abstract: In vitro human monocyte differentiation to macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) is driven by GM-CSF or GM-CSF and IL-4, respectively. IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), especially IRF1 and IRF8, are known to play essential roles in the development and functions of macrophages and DCs. In the present study, we performed cDNA microarray and Northern blot analyses to characterize changes in gene expression of selected genes during cytokine-stimulated differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages or DCs. The results show that the expression of IRF4 mRNA, but not of other IRFs, was specifically up-regulated during DC differentiation. No differences in IRF4 promoter histone acetylation could be found between macrophages and DCs, suggesting that the gene locus was accessible for transcription in both cell types. Computer analysis of the human IRF4 promoter revealed several putative STAT and NF-kappaB binding sites, as well as an IRF/Ets binding site. These sites were found to be functional in transcription factor-binding and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. Interestingly, Stat4 and NF-kappaB p50 and p65 mRNAs were expressed at higher levels in DCs as compared with macrophages, and enhanced binding of these factors to their respective IRF4 promoter elements was found in DCs. IRF4, together with PU.1, was also found to bind to the IRF/Ets response element in the IRF4 promoter, suggesting that IRF4 protein provides a positive feedback signal for its own gene expression in DCs. Our results suggest that IRF4 is likely to play an important role in myeloid DC differentiation and gene regulatory functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. anne.lehtonen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Veckman
authors.forename: Tuomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikula
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lahesmaa
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: Sampsa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matikainen
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Julkunen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D005246:Feedback; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4