title: Analysis of 645 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with special references to cholelithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE The clinical picture of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has changed during the past 50 years. It is currently unknown whether or not PHPT is associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the frequency of cholelithiasis in PHPT we analyzed 645 consecutive patients seen at Prague University Hospital from 1992 through 2002 and compared them with a of normocalcaemic control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 645 patients with proven PHPT (518 female and 127 males aged 20-80 years) during a period of 10 years. To determine the frequency of cholelithiasis in normal population we analyzed 2,015 patients receiving periodic health examination at an outpatient ward from January 1998 to December 1998 (1505 females and 510 males aged 24-85 years). A detailed history, physical examination, biochemical measurements and abdominal ultrasonography were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholelithiasis was proven in 157 of 518 women (30.3%) and in 11 of 127 men (8.66%) with PHPT. Their mean age was 59.67+/-12 years in women and 56.0+/-10 years in men. In the control group 260 of 1505 women (17.27%) and 54 of the 510 men (10.58%) had cholelithiasis. The mean age was 64.55+/-13.8 years in women and 61.2+/-12.4 in men. Only in the case of women, the difference was highly statistically significant (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the mean values for the serum calcium level, bone alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, urinary hydroxyproline and body mass index in hyperparathyroid patients with and without cholelithiasis. However the hyperparathyroid women with cholelithiasis had an increased concentration of parathyroid hormone (236.1+/-56 pg/ml) compared with hyperparathyroid women without cholelithiasis (179.0+/-45 pg/ml), p<0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism of PTH associated gallstone formation may involve inhibition of gallblader emptying, hepatic bile secretion and sphincter Oddi motility as well as modification of bile composition. While it might be difficult to prove it seems likely that the association of cholelithiasis with primary hyperparathyroidism in women with a high concentration of parathyroid hormone is more than merely coincidental and from our study it is obvious that a significant association exists.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Clinic of Internal Medicine and 3rd Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Charles University of Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr Don
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Broulik
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Svaiopiak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adámek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone