title: Tocopherol-associated protein suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway.
abstract: Epidemiologic studies suggested that vitamin E has a protective effect against prostate cancer. We showed here that tocopherol-associated protein (TAP), a vitamin E-binding protein, promoted vitamin E uptake and facilitated vitamin E antiproliferation effect in prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, without vitamin E treatment, overexpression of TAP in prostate cancer cells significantly suppressed cell growth; knockdown of endogenous TAP by TAP small interfering RNA (siRNA) in nonmalignant prostate HPr-1 cells increased cell growth. Further mechanism dissection studies suggested that the tumor suppressor function of TAP was via down-regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, but not by modulating cell cycle arrest or androgen receptor signaling. Immunoprecipitation results indicated that TAP inhibited the interaction of PI3K subunits, p110 with p85, and subsequently reduced Akt activity. Constitutively active Akt could negate the TAP-suppressive activity on prostate cancer cell growth. Moreover, stable transfection of TAP in LNCaP cells suppressed LNCaP tumor incidence and growth rate in nude mice. Furthermore, TAP mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly down-regulated in human prostate cancer tissue samples compared with benign prostate tissues as measured by reverse transcription-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Together, our data suggest that TAP not only mediates vitamin E absorption to facilitate vitamin E antiproliferation effect in prostate cancer cells, but also functions like a tumor suppressor gene to control cancer cell viability through a non-vitamin E manner. Therefore, TAP may represent a new prognostic marker for prostate cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Xingqiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Hong-Chiang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shaozhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Brenna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: di Sant'Agnese
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Shuyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008074:Lipoproteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014810:Vitamin E; C432422:SEC14L2 protein, human