title: Combined right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction represents a strong determinant of poor prognosis in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of right ventricular systolic dysfunction is known to significantly worsen prognosis of patients with heart failure. However, the prognostic impact of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction and of its combination with right ventricular systolic dysfunction and with other prognostic markers has not yet been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of combined right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with symptomatic heart failure due to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 177 consecutive patients with symptomatic heart failure (mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 23%). All patients underwent clinical and laboratory examination, standard echocardiography completed by Doppler tissue imaging of the tricuspid annular motion, and right-sided heart catheterization. They were followed up for a mean period of 16 months (range, 1-48 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up, there were 28 cardiac-related deaths and 35 non-fatal cardiac events (31 hospitalizations for heart failure decompensation and 4 hospitalizations for malignant arrhythmias requiring the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator). The multivariate stepwise Cox regression modeling revealed the right ventricular systolic (represented by the peak systolic tricuspid annular velocity-Sa) and diastolic (represented by the peak early diastolic tricuspid annular velocity-Ea) function to be the independent predictors of event-free survival or survival (p<0.01). The Sa separated better between patients with and without the risk of cardiac events (p<0.05), while the Ea appeared to further distinguish patients with increased risk (those at risk of late event from those at risk of early non-fatal event and early death). The strongest predictive information was obtained by the combination of Sa and Ea creating the Sa/Ea categories. The Sa/Ea I category of patients (Sa>or=10.8 cm s(-1) and Ea>or=8.9 cm s(-1)) had excellent prognosis. On the other hand, the Sa/Ea IV category (Sa<10.8 cm s(-1) and Ea<8.9 cm s(-1)) was found to be at a very high risk of cardiac events (p<0.001 vs. Sa/Ea I). Imbalanced categories of patients (Sa/Ea II and III) with only one component (Sa or Ea) pathologically decreased were at medium risk when assessing event-free survival. However, a significantly better survival (p<0.05) was found in patients with Ea>or=8.9 cm s(-1) (Sa/Ea I and III categories) as compared with those having Ea<8.9 cm s(-1) (Sa/Ea II and IV categories). Thus, in contrast to event-free survival, the survival pattern was determined mainly by the Ea value with only little additional contribution of Sa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of right ventricular systolic and diastolic function provides complementary information with a very high power to stratify prognosis of patients with heart failure. The combination of right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction identifies those with a very poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: St. Anna Hospital, Masaryk University, First Department of Internal Medicine/Cardioangiology, Brno, Czech Republic. jaroslav.fnusa.cz
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meluzin
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spinarová
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hude
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krejcí
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dusek
authors.forename: Jirí
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vítovec
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panovsky
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D018450:Disease Progression; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*