title: Comparison of day 0 and day 14 dosimetry for permanent prostate implants using stranded seeds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, using MRI-based dosimetry (Day 0 and Day 14), whether clinically significant changes in the dose to the prostate and critical adjacent structures occur between Day 0 and 14, and to determine to what degree any changes in dosimetry are due to swelling or its resolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 patients with a permanent prostate implant using 125I rapid strands were evaluated at Days 0 and 14 by CT/MRI fusion. The minimal dose received by 90% of the target volume (prostate D90), percentage of volume receiving 100% of prescribed minimal peripheral dose (prostate V100), external sphincter D90, and 4-cm3 rectal volume dose were calculated. An acceptable prostate D90 was defined as D90 >90% of prescription dose. Prostate volume changes were calculated and correlated with any dosimetry change. A paradoxic dosimetric result was defined as an improvement in D90, despite increased swelling; a decrease in D90, despite decreased swelling; or a large change in D90 (>30 Gy) in the absence of swelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The D90 changed in 27 of 28 patients between Days 0 and 14. No relationship was found between a change in prostate volume and the change in D90 (R2 = 0.01). A paradoxic dosimetric result was noted in 11 of 28 patients. The rectal dose increased in 23 of 28 patients, with a >30-Gy change in 6. The external sphincter D90 increased in 19 of 28, with a >50-Gy increase in 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose to the prostate changed between Days 0 and 14 in most patients, resulting in a change in clinical status (acceptable or unacceptable) in 12 of 28 patients. Profound increases in normal tissue doses may make dose and toxicity correlations using Day 0 dosimetry difficult. No relationship was found between the prostate volume change and D90 change, and, in 11 patients, a paradoxic dosimetric result was noted. A differential z-axis shift of stranded seeds vs. prostate had a greater impact on final dosimetry and dose to critical adjacent tissues than did prostate swelling. These findings challenge the model that swelling is the principal cause of dosimetric changes after implantation. Stranded seeds may have contributed to this outcome. On the basis of these findings, a change in technique to avoid placement of stranded seeds inferior to the prostate apex has been adopted. These results may not apply to implants using single seeds within the prostate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010, USA. mclaughb@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Vrinda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berri
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Troyer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roberson
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000528:radiation effects; D001918:Brachytherapy; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014521:Urethra / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes