title: Dynamic gene expression changes precede dioxin-induced liver pathogenesis in medaka fish.
abstract: A major challenge for environmental genomics is linking gene expression to cellular toxicity and morphological alteration. Herein, we address complexities related to hepatic gene expression responses after a single injection of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) and illustrate an initial stress response followed by cytologic and adaptive changes in the teleost fish medaka. Using a custom 175-gene array, we find that overall hepatic gene expression and histological changes are strongly dependent on dose and time. The most pronounced dioxin-induced gene expression changes occurred early and preceded morphologic alteration in the liver. Following a systematic search for putative Ah response elements (AHREs) (5'-CACGCA-3') within 2000 bp upstream of the predicted transcriptional start site, the majority (87%) of genes screened in this study did not contain an AHRE, suggesting that gene expression was not solely dependent on AHRE-mediated transcription. Moreover, in the highest dosage, we observed gene expression changes associated with adaptation that persisted for almost two weeks, including induction of a gene putatively identified as ependymin that may function in hepatic injury repair. These data suggest that the cellular response to dioxin involves both AHRE- and non-AHRE-mediated transcription, and that coupling gene expression profiling with analysis of morphologic pathogenesis is essential for establishing temporal relationships between transcriptional changes, toxicity, and adaptation to hepatic injury.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Toxicology Program and Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Volz
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: J McHugh
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Seth W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kullman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009990:Oryzias; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2