title: Focal cortical high-frequency oscillations trigger epileptic spasms: confirmation by digital video subdural EEG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To localize high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) on the cortex during epileptic spasms using video subdural EEG and Multiple Band Frequency Analysis (MBFA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using video subdural EEG sampled at 1 kHz, we studied a 14-year-old boy with asymmetric epileptic spasms of possible left frontal origin. We identified HFOs, then analyzed and localized their distributions by MBFA. We correlated HFO distribution to clinical spasm intensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ictal subdural EEG recorded HFOs at 60-150 Hz lasting 0.3-4 s. MBFA showed extensive but noncontiguous distribution of HFOs predominantly over the left frontal and temporal regions. HFOs began and became quasiperiodic before manifestation of clinical spasms. As clinical spasms intensified, HFOs persisted in regions where they initiated subclinically but were of higher frequency and greater power than HFOs in other regions. We performed cortical resections over the left frontal and temporal regions with predominant HFOs. Six months after surgery, the patient remained seizure free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFOs were present over the ictal onset zone during epileptic spasms. Periodic spasms in this patient had the characteristics of partial seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that HFOs occurred over the cerebral cortex during epileptic spasms, and we suggest that these focal cortical HFOs triggered the spasms.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Neurology, Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Gemmu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kadokura
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandrannair
authors.forename: Shelly K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carter Snead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D013355:Subdural Space