title: [Influence of Smad4-independent pathway of transforming growth factor beta1 on the biological activity of pancreatic cancer cells].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study effects of the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 on the growth of Smad4-null pancreatic cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  TGF-beta1 eukaryotic expression vector was transfected into pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC3. Effects of the expressison of TGF-beta1 was studied by growth curve analysis and flow cytometry. Cell motility was monitored by wound-healing assay. Western blot was used to estimate the expression level of p21(WAF/CLIP1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transfection of TGF-beta1 changed the morphology of BxPC3 into spindle shaped cells. The growth rate of BxPC3 began to decrease after the fourth day of TGF-beta1 transfection, compared with the control groups. Flow cytometry showed that the percentages of cells in the S phase were (27.53 +/- 0.02)%, (26.32 +/- 0.01)% and (17.01 +/- 0.03)% in naïve BxPC3, vector-control group and TGF-beta1 transfection group respectively. Lesser cells entered the S phase after TGF-beta1 transfection (P < 0.01), but no difference was seen between the BxPC3 and vector groups (P > 0.05). The expression of p21(WAF/CLIP1) increased upon the expression of TGF-beta1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Smad4-independent pathway of TGF-beta1 not only induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer BxPC3, but also inhibits its growth through the up-regulation of p21(WAF/CLIP1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guan-zhen
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Fang-mei
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016196:S Phase; D051901:Smad4 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1