title: Likelihood of retrograde double-J stenting according to ureteral obstructing pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the likelihood of retrograde double-J stenting in urgent ureteral drainage according to obstructing pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 2002 to January 2003, 43 consecutive patients with ureteral obstruction who needed urgent decompression were evaluated at our institution, where we performed a total of 47 procedures. Emergency was defined as ureteral obstruction associated with infection, obstructive acute renal failure, or refractory pain. Ureteral obstruction was defined as intrinsic and extrinsic based on etiology and evaluated by ultrasound. Patients submitted to previous double-J stenting were excluded. Failures in retrograde ureteral stenting were treated with percutaneous nephrostomy. Results were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Failure in retrograde ureteral stenting occurred in 9% (2/22) and 52% (13/25) of the attempts in patients with intrinsic and extrinsic obstruction respectively (p < 0.001). Failures in stenting extrinsic obstructions occurred due to lack of identification of the ureteral meatus in 77% and impossibility of catheter progression in 23% (p < 0.05). All attempts of retrograde catheter insertion failed in obstructions caused by prostate or bladder pathologies (6/6). Inability to identify the ureteral meatus was the cause of all failures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde double-J stenting has a low probability of success in extrinsic ureteral obstruction caused by prostate or bladder disease. Such cases might be best managed with percutaneous nephrostomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, General Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. alexandre.danilovic@sbu.org.br
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danilovic
authors.forename: Ioannis M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Antonopoulos
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lucon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*