title: Human gingival fibroblast integrin subunit expression on titanium implant surfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implant surface characteristics have been shown to modify cell behavior and regulate integrin expression. Integrin expression and resultant integrin-mediated cellular activity are essential components of tissue healing and homeostasis. Although both osseous and soft tissue healing around dental implants are critical to clinical success, there is limited information available on the effect of implant surfaces on integrin expression in soft tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine integrin expression for gingival fibroblasts on titanium surfaces and the influence of titanium surface roughness on integrin expression and cell morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on smooth (polished) and rough (sand-blasted acid-etched) titanium surfaces and a cell culture plastic (control) surface. To analyze integrin expression, total RNA was isolated from experimental and control cells, and levels of integrin subunit mRNA were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers specific for the alpha2, alpha4, alpha5, alpha(v), and beta1 integrin subunits and aldolase (internal control). PCR products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), confirmed via DNA sequencing, and quantified using computer-assisted densitometry. The expression of the integrin subunits was analyzed at the protein level using flow cytometry, as well as fluorescence and confocal laser microscopy. Cell morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our experiments demonstrated cellular expression of the alpha2, alpha4, alpha5, alpha(v), and beta1 integrin subunits at both mRNA and protein levels on all surfaces. In addition, the alpha4 and beta1 mRNA levels were significantly increased on smooth titanium relative to plastic surfaces (P <.05) with intermediate mRNA levels found on the rough titanium surfaces. The smooth titanium surfaces exhibited a flat monolayer of cells, while rough titanium surfaces showed cells orienting themselves along surface irregularities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the presence of multiple integrin subunits in human gingival fibroblasts grown in contact with titanium implant surfaces and that titanium surface roughness alters cellular morphology but appears to have limited effects on integrin expression. This study provides insight into the complicated cellular and molecular events occurring at the implant surface that may be critical to optimizing the soft tissue interactions with the soft tissue-implant interface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. oates@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Maller
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steffensen
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains / Q000096:biosynthesis; D039641:Integrin beta Chains / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016023:Integrins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D039001:Integrin alpha Chains; D039641:Integrin beta Chains; D016023:Integrins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014025:Titanium