title: Countermeasures to driver fatigue: a review of public awareness campaigns and legal approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Driver fatigue accounts for 10-40% of road crashes and is a critical area for public health. As other major road safety issues are more successfully managed, driver fatigue becomes proportionately more important. Both public awareness and legal developments have been slow to reach the same levels as for other road safety risks. The aim of this article is to review countermeasures for non-commercial drivers that are designed to reduce the likelihood of fatigue-related crashes through education and legislation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review outlines information from a wide variety of sources including governments, road safety groups and the scientific literature. Educational and legislative approaches are discussed in terms of both their effectiveness and the associated implications for public health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Areas for improvement in education include personalising the risk to drivers and developing simple metrics for the self-assessment of fatigue. Legal implications should be more clearly defined and specific laws are needed to more effectively prosecute fatigued drivers who cause crashes. Additional research is needed to further investigate the efficacy of available countermeasures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasingly, road traffic injury is being discussed more broadly as a public health issue. However, the specific issue of driver fatigue still receives less attention than other main causes of road crashes, despite making a significant and comparable contribution to crash rates. Countries such as Australia and New Zealand have a responsibility to counter driver fatigue, as well as other causes of road crashes, and to further pursue improvements for the benefit of public health.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baulk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005221:Fatigue; D006801:Humans; D013021:South Australia