title: Noncytopathogenic pestivirus strains generated by nonhomologous RNA recombination: alterations in the NS4A/NS4B coding region.
abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that cytopathogenic (cp) pestivirus strains evolve from noncytopathogenic (noncp) viruses by nonhomologous RNA recombination. In addition, two recent reports showed the rapid emergence of noncp Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) after a few cell culture passages of cp BVDV strains by homologous recombination between identical duplicated viral sequences. To allow the identification of recombination sites from noncp BVDV strains that evolve from cp viruses, we constructed the cp BVDV strains CP442 and CP552. Both harbor duplicated viral sequences of different origin flanking the cellular insertion Nedd8*; the latter is a prerequisite for their cytopathogenicity. In contrast to the previous studies, isolation of noncp strains was possible only after extensive cell culture passages of CP442 and CP552. Sequence analysis of 15 isolated noncp BVDVs confirmed that all recombinant strains lack at least most of Nedd8*. Interestingly, only one strain resulted from homologous recombination while the other 14 strains were generated by nonhomologous recombination. Accordingly, our data suggest that the extent of sequence identity between participating sequences influences both frequency and mode (homologous versus nonhomologous) of RNA recombination in pestiviruses. Further analyses of the noncp recombinant strains revealed that a duplication of 14 codons in the BVDV nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) gene does not interfere with efficient viral replication. Moreover, an insertion of viral sequences between the NS4A and NS4B genes was well tolerated. These findings thus led to the identification of two genomic loci which appear to be suited for the insertion of heterologous sequences into the genomes of pestiviruses and related viruses.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallei
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orlich
authors.forename: Heinz-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Becher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020440:Gene Duplication; D007668:Kidney; D010576:Pestivirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C080106:NS4A protein, flavivirus; C080107:NS4B protein, flavivirus; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins