title: Exposure to 'ideal' facial images reduces facial satisfaction: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychological research has suggested that exposure to media images of 'ideal' female models has a negative impact on women's perception of their body image. The present study examined the effects of exposure to images of faces rated as high in attractiveness upon facial satisfaction, compared with exposure to 'neutral' stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants comprised three groups of women: 24 women undergoing orthodontic treatment, 22 patients undergoing orthognathic treatment, and 20 women receiving no current dental treatment. All completed measures of facial and body image satisfaction after viewing images of houses or faces as follows: The Body Satisfaction Scale, The Revised Body Image Scale of Secord and Jourard and a Visual Analogue Scale measuring satisfaction with Facial Appearance. A repeated-measures design was adopted with a 4-6-week period between experimental conditions. All participants were randomly assigned to one of the two orders (Houses-Faces or Faces-Houses). The findings were analysed using general linear modelling analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to idealized images of faces resulted in a significant decrease in facial satisfaction when compared with the control condition (mean facial satisfaction for all participants in Faces condition, Body Satisfaction Scale-Head Scale = 22.2, SD = 7.81; Revised Body Image Scale-Facial Subscale = 25.5, SD = 4.57; VAS = 7.8, SD = 2.47; Mean facial satisfaction for all participants in Houses condition, Body Satisfaction Scale-Head scale = 19.5, SD = 6.81; Revised Body Image Scale-Facial Subscale = 26.8, SD = 4.87; VAS = 6.2, SD = 2.72).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Media may exert a negative influence on self-perception, particularly amongst individuals who, for one reason or another, are sensitive to the appearance of their face. The findings of the present study have implications for the demand for orthodontic treatment for aesthetic enhancement at a time when resources are limited. Interventions are discussed to help individuals question their acceptance of such media messages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Services Research & Dental Public Health, GKT Dental Institute, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK. tim.newton@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J Timothy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Gursharan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minhas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001504:Beauty; D001828:Body Image; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008402:Mass Media; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011897:Random Allocation; D013515:Surgery, Oral