title: Primary and adjunctive uses of botulinum toxin type A in the periorbital region.
abstract: Chemodenervation with botulinum toxin has become an integral part of the facial plastic armamentarium. Although eyebrow and eyelid cosmetic deformities and asymmetries have traditionally been treated by surgical intervention, Botox can now be incorporated effectively into the treatment plan. When the surgeon has a complete understanding of facial anatomy and muscular interactions, Botox can be used as a primary treatment of the periorbital region or as an adjunct to surgical procedures of the periorbital region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3400 Bainbridge Avenue, 3rd Floor, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Richard V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Balikian
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zimbler
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000187:drug effects; D005143:Eyelids / Q000187:drug effects; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A