title: Incidence of disability among preretirement adults: the impact of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effect of depression on risk, on the basis of standardized assessment, for developing activities of daily living (ADL) disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression-related risk on 2-year ADL disability is estimated from 6871 participants in a population-based national sample aged 54-65 years and free of baseline ADL disability. We evaluated the effects of factors amenable to clinical and public health intervention that may explain the relationship between depression and incident disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of ADL disability were 4.3 times greater for depressed adults than their non-depressed peers (95% confidence interval=3.1, 6.0). Among depressed adults, 18.7% of African Americans, 8.0% of Whites, and 7.8% of His-panics developed disability within 2 years. The attributable population fraction because of depression is 17.3% (95% confidence interval=11%, 24%). Concurrent health factors moderated depression-associated risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated risk of ADL disability onset because of depression, in a cohort whose medical costs will imminently be covered via Medicare, is attenuated by factors amenable to public health intervention. Prevention and/or public health/policy programs that lead to more accessible and effective mental health and medical care could reduce the development of ADL disability among depressed adults.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthcare Studies and the Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center in Rheumatology, Northwestern University, 339 East Chicago, 7th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. ddunlop@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Dorothy D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: Larry M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Manheim
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Rowland W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors