title: Comparison of male and female breast cancer incidence trends, tumor characteristics, and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare male and female breast cancer and to determine the predictors of tumor characteristics and survival in both genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male (n = 2923) and female breast cancer cases (n = 442,500) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry were analyzed. Joinpoint regression was performed to detect changes in incidence trends from 1973 to 2001. Multiple logistic regression was used to regress each of four outcome variables (STAGE, LATERALITY, ESTROGEN, and PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR STATUS) on four demographic variables. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to determine significant predictors of death of breast cancer after adjusting for demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both men and women aged less than 50 years were at higher risk for advanced breast cancers. Males were at higher risk than females for advanced tumors among non-whites. The risk of breast cancer death among all cases was lower for each 10-year increase in age by 2%, higher for those who are unmarried than for those who are married by 12% and 13% higher for non-whites than for whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some important gender differences were detected with respect to factors associated with tumor characteristics, but gender was not a significant predictor of survival after adjusting for the other demographic variables.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute, Dayton, OH 45439-2092, USA. hill@cancerpreventioninstitute.org
authors.forename: Teresa D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Khamis
authors.forename: Jerzy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tyczynski
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Berkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013534:Survival
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone