title: Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on fecal short-chain fatty acids and microflora in patients on long-term total enteral nutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diarrhea is a significant problem in patients on total enteral nutrition (TEN) and may involve changes in intestinal short chain fatty acids or microflora. Recent studies suggest that the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) may decrease its incidence. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Sb on fecal flora and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in patients on long-term TEN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients (3 females, 7 males, 59+/-5.5 years), on TEN for a median of 13 mo (1-125), and 15 healthy volunteers (4 females, 11 males, 32+/-2.0 years) received Sb (0.5 g bid PO) for 6 d. Two stool samples were taken before, on the last 2 d and 9-10 d after treatment, for SCFA measurement and for culture and bacterial identification. Values (mean+/-SE) were compared using sign tests and ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fecal butyrate levels were lower in patients (10.1+/-2.9 mmol/kg) than in controls (19.2+/-3.9, P = 0.02). Treatment with Sb increased total fecal SCFA levels in patients (150.2+/-27.2 vs 107.5+/-18.2 mmol/kg, P = 0.02) but not in controls (129.0+/-28.6 vs 113.0+/-15.2 mmol/kg, NS). At the end of treatment with Sb, patients had higher fecal butyrate (16.0+/-4.4 vs 10.1 [2.9] mmol/kg, P = 0.004). Total SCFAs remained high 9 d after treatment was discontinued. Before the treatment, the anaerobe to aerobe ratio was lower in patients compared to controls (2.4+/-2.3 vs 69.8+/-1.8, P = 0.003). There were no significant changes in the fecal flora of TEN patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sb-induced increase of fecal SCFA concentrations (especially butyrate) may explain the preventive effects of this yeast on TEN-induced diarrhea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Archet University Hospital, BP 3079, F-06202 Nice Cedex 3, France. stephane.schneider@unice.fr
authors.forename: Stephane-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Fernand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Girard-Pipau
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hebuterne
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moyse
authors.forename: Gustavo-Calle
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hinojosa
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pompei
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rampal
mesh_terms: D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012440:Saccharomyces
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile