title: Clinical and radiological results after parapedicular screw fixation of the thoracic spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proximity of thoracic pedicles to the spinal cord and neurovascular structures has prompted numerous efforts to obtain proper screw placement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of thoracic parapedicular (intercostovertebral) screw fixation by following anatomical landmarks and using fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoracic parapedicular screw fixation was performed in 41 patients (328 screws). Postoperative computerized tomography scans were obtained in all cases to analyze the position of each screw with respect to the pedicle rib unit, the spinal canal, and the vertebral body (VB) according to a proposed novel grading system. Additionally, screw convergence angles were calculated for each instrumented level. There was no additional morbidity associated with parapedicular screw insertion. In a single case a screw suspected of entering the spinal canal was revised without causing neurological damage. The remaining screws were placed entirely within the pedicle rib unit and VB without breaching the neural foramina, pleura, or vascular structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracic and thoracolumbar instability can be treated adequately and safely by using parapedicular screw fixation guided by anatomical landmarks and fluoroscopic imaging. The use of computer-aided navigation may be beneficial but does not appear to be mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Vassilios I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Vougioukas
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Kai M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Scheufler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed