title: Thrombocytopenic conditions-autoimmunity and hypercoagulability: commonalities and differences in ITP, TTP, HIT, and APS.
abstract: Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are clinical conditions associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These well-defined clinical syndromes have in common several properties: (1) their pathogenesis is immune mediated, specifically by autoantibodies; (2) thrombocytopenia is a hallmark in these four conditions; (3) except for the case of ITP, platelet and endothelial cell activation occurs in TTP, HIT, and APS, resulting in a prothrombotic state and an increased risk of thrombosis. Although these four immune-mediated syndromes are well-defined diseases, several case reports and studies have documented the association of two diseases in the same patient, illustrating the concept of the kaleidoscope of autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Autoimmune Diseases and Department of Medicine B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Martine Szyper
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kravitz
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D011697:Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin