title: Intraoperative imaging techniques: a guide to retrieval of foreign bodies.
abstract: Foreign bodies are frequently introduced into the tissues of the head and neck by various mechanisms, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons are often called upon to retrieve these embedded objects. Retrieval may be quite challenging depending on many factors such as the size of the object, the location, and the surrounding anatomical structures. Preoperative imaging is very important in deciding upon the surgical approach. Computerized tomography is considered the gold standard for detection of foreign bodies because of the ability to localize an object in multiple planes and the creation of a 3-dimensional image. Difficulty arises when looking for a small object in an area with multiple important anatomical structures, such as the infratemporal fossa or the neck. Surgery can become tedious secondary to the risk of postoperative morbidity with injury to various anatomical structures. Foreign bodies in the head and neck are often difficult to manage even when a plan has been formulated from static preoperative images. Intraoperative feedback or guidance, especially when navigating through troublesome locations, can be extremely useful. In this paper, we report 2 cases and discuss the various modalities used for intraoperative imaging as a guide for surgical retrieval of foreign bodies.
authors.affiliation: Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre-John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutta
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009060:Mouth Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000379:methods; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging