title: Relation of smoking and drinking to sleep disturbance among Japanese pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant women suffer from sleep disturbance, which may be aggravated by smoking and/or drinking. We investigate here the joint effect of smoking and drinking with respect to sleep disturbance during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey of about 16,000 pregnant women in Japan, conducted in 2002 using a self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both smoking and drinking increased the odds of sleep disturbances, such as subjective insufficient sleep, difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, early-morning awakening, short sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness and restless legs syndrome. The joint odds ratios for smoking and drinking corresponded more or less to the products of the odds ratio for smoking or drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and drinking are independently associated with increased sleep disturbance during pregnancy, in addition to their other well-known side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneita
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohida
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Tomofumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Kenshu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Eise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires