title: Analysis of anaerobic BTX biodegradation in a subarctic aquifer using isotopes and benzylsuccinates.
abstract: In situ biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer near Fairbanks, Alaska was assessed using carbon and hydrogen compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of benzene and toluene and analysis of signature metabolites for toluene (benzylsuccinate) and xylenes (methylbenzylsuccinates). Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of benzene were between -25.9 per thousand and -26.8 per thousand for delta13C and -119 per thousand and -136 per thousand for delta2H, suggesting that biodegradation of benzene is unlikely at this site. However, biodegradation of both xylenes and toluene were documented in this subarctic aquifer. Biodegradation of xylenes was indicated by the presence of methylbenzylsuccinates with concentrations of 17-50 microg/L in three wells. Anaerobic toluene biodegradation was also indicated by benzylsuccinate concentrations of 10-49 microg/L in the three wells with the highest toluene concentrations (1500-5000 microg/L toluene). Since benzylsuccinate typically accounts for a very small fraction of the toluene present in groundwater (generally <1 mol%), the signature metabolite approach works best at higher toluene concentrations when it is not constrained by detection limits. In wells with lower toluene concentrations (410-640 microg/L), carbon and hydrogen isotopic values were enriched by up to approximately 2 per thousand for delta13C and approximately 70 per thousand for delta2H. This evidence of isotopic fractionation verifies the effects of biodegradation in these low concentration wells where metabolites may already be below detection limits. The combined use of signature metabolite and CSIA data is particularly valuable given the challenge of verifying biodegradation in subarctic environments where degradation rates are typically much slower than in temperate environments.
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B1.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McKelvie
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Beller
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherwood Lollar
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001554:Benzene / Q000737:chemistry*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D003081:Cold Climate; D003903:Deuterium / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water; D013386:Succinates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D013386:Succinates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; C030196:benzylsuccinate; D014050:Toluene; D003903:Deuterium; D001554:Benzene