title: Measurement of the spatial shift of the pupil center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of the pupil center as an anatomic landmark for excimer laser treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sekal-Microchirurgia-Rovigo Centre, Rovigo, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pupillometry with the Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici S.R.L. (CSO) pupil-measuring module (incorporated in Eye Top videokeratoscope) was performed in 52 patients with a diagnosis of myopia and in 25 patients with a diagnosis of hyperopia. Measurements both in mesopic and photopic conditions consisted of pupil diameters, spatial shift of the pupil center, and the distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pupil diameter in photopic conditions of illumination in myopic eyes was 3.52 mm +/- 0.56 (SD), while in mesopic conditions it was 5.37 +/- 0.78 mm; in hyperopic eyes the mean photopic pupil diameter was 3.01 +/- 0.46 mm, while the mean mesopic diameter was 5.12 +/- 0.48 mm. The mean spatial shift of the pupil center in myopic eyes was 0.086 mm (maximum 0.269 mm), while in the hyperopic eyes it was 0.095 mm (maximum 0.283 mm). The mean distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis in myopic eyes was 0.226 +/- 0.13 mm (maximum 0.75 mm), while in hyperopic eyes it was 0.45 +/- 0.19 mm (maximum 0.8 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean of the measured pupil sizes was greater in myopic eyes than in hyperopic eyes. The spatial shift of the pupil center, as the pupil dilates, was relatively small in all groups; therefore, the pupil center is a good anatomic landmark for both traditional refractive surgery and wavefront-guided treatments. The mean distance between the keratoscopic axis and pupil center was greater in the hyperopic group than in the myopic group. Therefore, centration of any laser treatment on the basis of the keratoscopic analysis should be done carefully, especially in hyperopic eyes and in cases in which the pupil center is meaningfully shifted from keratoscopic axis, even in photopic conditions of illumination.
authors.affiliation: Sekal Microchirurgia-Rovigo Centre, Rovigo, Italy. cammas@tin.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camellin
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gambino
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D003315:Cornea / Q000601:surgery; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D007498:Iris / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects