title: [Establishing the norm of cognitive adaptive test/clinical linguistic and auditory milestone scale in the children from 4 to 36 months of age in Shanghai, China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To meet the need for instrument assessing the cognitive abilities of infants and young children as well as discriminating between global developmental delay and particular deficits in either language or problem-solving skills, we intended to introduce Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) into China.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAT/CLAMS were administered to 1604 normative children aged 4-36 months (in 16 age groups, about 100 children per age group) in Shanghai during the period from December 2003 to June 2004. In the meantime, Gesell Developmental Diagnosis was applied for 100 of these children, respectively aged 4, 6, 12, 18 and 30 months (20 children per age group). Interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were adopted to analyze data in terms of inter-rater reliability and re-test reliability of the scales of CAT/CLAMS. Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated to assess the inter consistency of the scales. Pearson correlation coefficients(r) were adopted to analyze the concurrent validity of the scales. The normative percentile graphs of CAT/CLAMS in the children from 4 to 36 Months of age in Shanghai, China were adopted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administrations of the CAT/CLAMS for each subject usually took 10-20 minutes. Individual scores (CLAMS, CAT, and CAT/CLAMS) increased with ages (Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.96, 0.98 and 0.98, respectively, P < 0.01 for all). ICCs (intraclass correlation coefficient) in terms of individual scores for the inter-rater reliability test and the re-test reliability test were respectively > or = 0.96 (P < 0.01) and > or = 0.95 (P < 0.01), all the Cronbach alpha coefficients were > or = 0.98; in 100 children of the 5 age groups, there was significantly positive correlation between CAT/CLAMS and Gesell Developmental Diagnosis in terms of language skill DQ and adaptive skill DQ, and Full Scale DQ (r = 0.517, 0.703, 0.613, respectively, P < 0.01 for all). Moreover, this significant positive correlation was observed in each of the 5 age groups (r = 0.455-0.827, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAT/CLAMS is suitable for discriminating between global developmental delay and particular deficits in either language or problem-solving skills. It is a quick, reliable, and valid instrument, with refined and quantified results. It is a good tool for developmental surveillance and screening of infants and young children.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Center for Children, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Xiao-yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Hui-rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yong-mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dong-shu
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: De-yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007807:Language Tests / Q000592:standards*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*