title: Phosphodiesterase-4: selective and dual-specificity inhibitors for the therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Phosphodiesterase-4 isoenzymes have absolute specificity for cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate and are considered potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with small-molecule inhibitors. Several selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors are in clinical trials of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including cilomilast and roflumilast. Despite some encouraging data from phase III clinical trials, the current generation of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors is hampered by a low therapeutic ratio. Indeed, a major obstacle is their propensity to evoke non-steroid-like side effects, of which nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and dyspepsia are the most common. In addition, a particularly worrying potential toxicity of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, also shared by phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors and other vasodilators, is arteritis/periarteritis. One potential means of improving the therapeutic ratio and safety of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors may lie in the development of compounds that have broader phosphodiesterase specificity. Of the 11 phosphodiesterase families that have been unequivocally identified, dual-specificity compounds that inhibit phosphodiesterase-4 and phosphodiesterase-1, phosphodiesterase-3, or phosphodiesterase-7 may offer the best opportunities to enhance clinical efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Respiratory Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1 Canada. giembycz@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giembycz
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D006801:Humans; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000502:physiology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4