title: The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists.
abstract: This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional "kingdoms." The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
authors.forename: Sina M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Adl
authors.forename: Alastair G B
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: O Roger
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Barta
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bowser
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brugerolle
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fensome
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fredericq
authors.forename: Timothy Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karpov
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kugrens
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lodge
authors.forename: Denis H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McCourt
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Ojvind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moestrup
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mozley-Standridge
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nerad
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: Alexey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Smirnov
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Max F J R
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000828:Animal Population Groups / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000145:classification*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification; D010933:Plankton / Q000145:classification