title: Evaluation and significance of tetracycline stability in rabies vaccine baits.
abstract: Tetracycline is widely used as a biomarker for bait consumption by wildlife; tetracycline is incorporated into bones and teeth and can be detected by fluorescence microscopy several weeks postconsumption. During 2003, the United States Department of Agriculture distributed more than 10 million tetracycline-containing rabies-vaccine baits to control the spread of wildlife vectored rabies to humans, pets, and livestock. To estimate the percentage of target species consuming the baits, raccoons and skunks were collected in baited areas and teeth were analyzed for the presence of the biomarker. Several incidents of low biomarker detection rates prompted an investigation of the stability of the biomarker in the baits. Baits were collected at several points along the manufacturing and distribution chain. Baits were analyzed for free and polymer-bound tetracycline and the less active isomer epitetracycline. Results indicated that a portion of the tetracycline was converted to epitetracycline. Additionally, significant quantities of both compounds were trapped in the polymer, which is homogeneously distributed throughout the bait. The results of this study suggest that approximately 40% of the target quantity of tetracycline was unavailable for absorption. This situation could contribute to low biomarker detection rates and suggests that formulation modification should be considered.
authors.affiliation: APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buettgenbach
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Furcolow
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slate
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: DeLiberto
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000662:veterinary; D011818:Rabies / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011819:Rabies Vaccines; D013752:Tetracycline