title: Effects of feed restriction during organogenesis on embryo-fetal development in rabbit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Appropriate maternal nutrition and body weight gain during pregnancy is well established as a major factor in healthy prenatal development in humans. Given the role of nutrition and body weight gain in normal development, pharmaceuticals intended to reduce appetite and promote weight loss will generate developmental toxicity data that may be challenging to interpret. To aid with this, the effects of feed restriction, and subsequent reduction in maternal body weight gain, on embryo-fetal development was investigated in the rabbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of 15 pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were offered 150 (control), 110, 75, 55, 35, and 15 g feed/day from gestation day (GD) 7-19. Cesarean sections were carried out on GD 29 and fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal body weights at the end of the feed restriction period (GD 20) were 0.97, 0.98, 0.93, 0.94, and 0.86 x control for the 110, 75, 55, 35, and 15 g feed/day groups, respectively. Only at 15 g feed/day was there a net maternal body weight loss (the GD 20 body weight was 0.93 x the GD 6 body weight) at the end of the feed restriction period. Six does aborted in the 15 g feed/day group; there were no other abortions associated with feed restriction. Fetal body weight was significantly reduced at 75, 55, 35, and 15 g feed/day (0.95, 0.90, 0.86, and 0.84 x control, respectively). There were no external or visceral malformations or variations, and no skeletal malformations associated with feed restriction. The incidence of fetuses with sternebrae 5 or 6 unossified was increased at feed levels < or = 75 g/day. At a feed level of 35 g/day there was an increase in unossified metatarsals and metacarpals, and an increase in the number of fetuses with a reduced number of caudal vertebrae ossified. Although these findings were not increased at a feed level of 15 g/day, the lack of dose response was likely due to increased abortion and subsequent decrease in fetuses available for evaluation at 15 g feed/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that feed restriction to feed levels that produce substantial reductions in maternal body weight gain can result in developmental toxicity expressed by abortion, reduced fetal weight, and alterations in ossification. Abortion only occurred when feed was restricted to an amount that produced maternal body weight loss (15 g feed/day) whereas reduced fetal weight and increased incidence of fetuses with unossified sternebrae, metatarsals, metacarpals, or caudal vertebrae were noted at feed levels of < or = 75 g/day. There were no fetal malformations associated with feed restriction.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA. Gregg.D.Cappon@pfizer.com
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cappon
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fleeman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chapin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hurtt
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000196:embryology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005508:Food Deprivation; D009929:Organ Size; D038081:Organogenesis; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits