title: On the limits of infants' quantification of small object arrays.
abstract: Recent work suggests that infants rely on mechanisms of object-based attention and short-term memory to represent small numbers of objects. Such work shows that infants discriminate arrays containing 1, 2, or 3 objects, but fail with arrays greater than 3 [Feigenson, L., & Carey, S. (2003). Tracking individuals via object-files: Evidence from infants' manual search. Developmental Science, 6, 568-584; Feigenson, L., Carey, S., & Hauser, M. (2002). The representations underlying infants' choice of more: Object files versus analog magnitudes. Psychological Science, 13(2), 150-156]. However, little is known about how infants represent arrays exceeding the 3-item limit of parallel representation. We explored possible formats by which infants might represent a 4-object array. Experiment 1 used a manual search paradigm to show that infants successfully discriminated between arrays of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 1 vs. 3 objects. However, infants failed to discriminate 1 vs. 4 despite the highly discriminable ratio, providing the strongest evidence to date for object-file representations underlying performance in this task. Experiment 2 replicated this dramatic failure to discriminate 1 from 4 in a second paradigm, a cracker choice task. We then showed that infants in the choice task succeeded at choosing the larger quantity with 0 vs. 4 crackers and with 1 small vs. 4 large crackers. These results suggest that while infants failed to represent 4 as "exactly 4", "approximately 4", "3", or as even as "a plurality", they did represent information about the array, including the existence of a cracker or cracker-material and the size of the individual objects in the array.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. feigenson@jhu.edu
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feigenson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception