title: Laryngopharyngeal dysfunction after the Norwood procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the incidence and significance of recurrent laryngeal nerve and swallowing dysfunction after a Norwood procedure compared with that after biventricular aortic arch reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 2003 through December 2004, 36 neonates underwent a Norwood procedure; 33 of 36 had postoperative fiberoptic laryngoscopy and modified barium swallow. Study results were used to guide the transition from nasogastric tube to oral feeding and placement of gastrostomy tubes. During the same time period, 18 neonates underwent aortic arch reconstruction as part of a biventricular repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a Norwood procedure, laryngoscopy showed left true vocal fold (cord) paralysis in 3 (9%) of 33 patients. The results of a modified barium swallow were abnormal in 16 (48%) of 33 patients, with aspiration in 8 (24%) of 33 patients. Of the 3 patients with vocal fold paralysis, 2 had a normal modified barium swallow result, and 1 had aspiration. Gastrostomy tubes were placed in 6 (18%) of 33 patients, all with an abnormal modified barium swallow result. Hospital stay was longer in patients with an abnormal modified barium swallow result: 34 +/- 13 versus 22 +/- 7 days (P < .01). After biventricular repair with aortic arch reconstruction, left true vocal fold paralysis occurred in 4 (25%) of 16 patients; results of a modified barium swallow were abnormal in 10 (59%) of 17 patients, with aspiration in 6 (35%) of 17 patients (all nonsignificant vs patients undergoing the Norwood procedure). Follow-up laryngoscopy in 4 patients with vocal fold paralysis showed no change in 3 of 4 patients and improvement in 1 patient. Follow-up modified barium swallow showed resolution of aspiration in 11 (85%) of 13 patients. Hospital survival was 32 (89%) of 36 patients for the Norwood procedure and 18 (100%) of 18 patients for biventricular repair. There has been 1 sudden death before second-stage palliation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a Norwood procedure, swallowing dysfunction occurs in 48% of patients, with aspiration in 24%, and results in increased length of hospital stay. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, seen in 9% of patients, is an uncommon cause of swallowing dysfunction. Postoperative aspiration generally resolves over time, whereas vocal fold paralysis does not. Systematic evaluation of swallowing function allows appropriate tailoring of feeding regimens and might contribute to decreased hospital and interstage mortality.
authors.affiliation: Evelyn Trammell Institute of Voice and Swallowing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Lucinda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Halstead
authors.forename: Catherine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Atz
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*