title: Fluctuations in C-reactive protein concentration and neutrophil activation during normal human pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the changes in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and in the neutrophil activation state during normal human pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study (n=23) was performed during the three trimesters of pregnancy; a group of non-pregnant women (n=24) was used as control. Total and differential leukocyte count, serum concentration of CRP and plasma levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and of lactoferrin and elastase (two indirect markers of neutrophil activation) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy imposed an inflammatory response in the mother, observed by the significant increment in total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts and in the circulating levels of CRP, GM-CSF and lactoferrin, in all trimesters of gestation compared with non-pregnant controls. Plasma elastase concentration was also significantly higher in pregnant women, but only in the first trimester of gestation. Regarding the ratios of lactoferrin and elastase per neutrophil, they were significantly lower in pregnant women (all trimesters). During gestation, WBC and neutrophil count increased significantly from the first to the second trimester and remained high in the third period. In contrast, the ratios of lactoferrin and elastase per neutrophil decreased significantly from the first to the second trimester, remaining low in the last trimester. Concerning CRP levels, no consistent changes were observed throughout gestation; 12 cases (52.2%) presented fluctuations, whereas 7 (30.4%) showed progressive reductions and 4 (17.4%) progressive increments throughout pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in CRP levels vary in a wide manner between subjects along pregnancy, even though median values are consistently elevated throughout pregnancy. Moreover, circulating levels of neutrophil-activation products are higher in normal human gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal. luis_fbelo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belo
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos-Silva
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caslake
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira-Leite
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quintanilha
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rebelo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007781:Lactoferrin; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase