title: Prostate cancer and genetic susceptibility: a genome scan incorporating disease aggressiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, both genetically and phenotypically. Linkage studies attempting to map genes for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have proved challenging, and one potential problem contributing to this challenge is the variability in disease phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected clinical data on 784 affected men with prostate cancer from 248 HPC families for whom a genomic screen was performed. Disease characteristics (i.e., Gleason score, stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)) were used to classify affected men into categories of clinically insignificant, moderate, or aggressive prostate cancer. To potentially enrich for a genetic etiology, we restricted linkage analyses to only men with aggressive disease, although we used genotype information from all family members; linkage analyses used both dominant and recessive models. In addition, subset analyses considered age at diagnosis, number of affected men per family and other stratifications to try to increase genetic homogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several regions of interest (heterogeneity LOD score, HLOD>1.0) were identified in families (n=123) with >or=2 affecteds with aggressive prostate cancer. "Suggestive" linkage was observed at chromosome 22q11.1 (Dominant model HLOD=2.18) and the result was stronger (Dominant HLOD=2.75) in families with evidence of male-to-male transmission. A second region at 22q12.3-q13.1 was also highlighted (Recessive model HLOD=1.90) among men with aggressive disease, as was a region on chromosome 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses suggest that using clinically defined phenotypes may be a useful approach for simplifying the locus heterogeneity problems that confound the search for prostate cancer susceptibility genes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA. jstanfor@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Shannon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Friedrichsen
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janer
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: Elaine A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ostrander
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaid
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015894:Genome, Human; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*