title: Determination of biological and physicochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana strains in hypersaline environments for aquaculture in the Colombian Caribbean.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), also known as brine shrimp, are typical inhabitants of extreme environments. These hypersaline environments vary considerably in their physicochemical composition, and even their climatic conditions and elevation. Several thalassohaline (marine) environments along the Colombian Caribbean coast were surveyed in order to contribute to the knowledge of brine shrimp biotopes in South America by determining some vital biological and physicochemical parameters for Artemia survival. Additionally, cyst quality tests, biometrical and essential fatty acids analysis were performed to evaluate the economic viability of some of these strains for the aquaculture industry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to the three locations (Galerazamba, Manaure, and Pozos Colorados) reported in the literature three decades ago in the Colombian Caribbean, six new locations were registered (Salina Cero, Kangaru, Tayrona, Bahía Hondita, Warrego and Pusheo). All habitats sampled showed that chloride was the prevailing anion, as expected, because of their thalassohaline origin. There were significant differences in cyst diameter grouping strains in the following manner according to this parameter: 1) San Francisco Bay (SFB-Control, USA), 2) Galerazamba and Tayrona, 3) Kangarú, 4) Manaure, and 5) Salina Cero and Pozos Colorados. Chorion thickness values were smaller in Tayrona, followed by Salina Cero, Galerazamba, Manaure, SFB, Kangarú and Pozos Colorados. There were significant differences in naupliar size, grouping strains as follows (smallest to largest): 1) Galerazamba, 2) Manaure, 3) SFB, Kangarú, and Salina Cero, 4) Pozos Colorados, and 5) Tayrona. Overall, cyst quality analysis conducted on samples from Manaure, Galerazamba, and Salina Cero revealed that all sites exhibited a relatively high number of cysts.g-1. Essential fatty acids (EFA) analysis performed on nauplii from cyst samples from Manaure, Galerazamba, Salina Cero and Tayrona revealed that cysts from all sites exhibited high arachidonic acid:20:4(n-6) (ArA) and eicosapentaenoic acid: 20:5(n-3) (EPA) levels comparable to the control sample (SFB). In contrast, most cysts collected (including SFB) at different locations, and during different months, presented low docosahexaenoic acid: 22:6(n-3) (DHA) levels (Manaure was the only exception with high DHA levels). Some variations in EPA and ArA levels were observed in all sites, contrasting with the much lower DHA levels which remained constant for all locations, except for Manaure which exhibited variable DHA levels. DHA/EPA ratio was overall very low for all sites compared to SFB cysts. All strains had a low DHA/ArA, but a high EPA/ArA ratio, including the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Colombian A. franciscana habitats analyzed were determined to be thalassohaline, and suitable for A. franciscana development. EFA profiles demonstrated that Tayrona, Galerazamba, Manaure and Salina Cero strains are suitable food for marine fish and crustacean culture because of their high EPA/ArA ratio, but might have to be fortified with DHA rich emulsions depending on the nutritional requirements of the species to be cultured, because of their overall low DHA content. The relatively small nauplii are appropriate for marine larvaeculture. In contrast, the strains from Tayrona, Kangarú, Salina Cero, and Pozos Colorados may be of use but limited to Artemia small biomass production quantities, because of the small surface area of their respective locations; Artemia could be exploited at these locations for local aquaculture applications. In general, cyst quality evaluation for Manaure, Salina Cero and Galerazamba cysts revealed that cysts from these three locations could improve their quality by concentrating efforts on cyst processing techniques. Finally, most locations had great A. franciscana production potential and require different degrees of water quality and/or infrastructure management.
authors.affiliation: Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.|Grupo de Investigación de la Artemia (GIA), Universidad del Atlántico y Fundación Universitaria San Martín, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Gabriel C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación de la Artemia (GIA), Universidad del Atlántico y Fundación Universitaria San Martín, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Orlando C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Rada
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación de la Artemia (GIA), Universidad del Atlántico y Fundación Universitaria San Martín, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Licet C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan-Carlos G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Linero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Igor M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Muelle
authors.affiliation: Artemia Reference Center and Laboratory of Aquaculture, University of Ghent, Rozier 44, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sorgeloos