title: Avoid, attack or do both? Behavioral and physiological adaptations in natural enemies faced with novel hosts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Confronted with well-defended, novel hosts, should an enemy invest in avoidance of these hosts (behavioral adaptation), neutralization of the defensive innovation (physiological adaptation) or both? Although simultaneous investment in both adaptations may first appear to be redundant, several empirical studies have suggested a reinforcement of physiological resistance to host defenses with additional avoidance behaviors. To explain this paradox, we develop a mathematical model describing the joint evolution of behavioral and physiological adaptations on the part of natural enemies to their host defenses. Our specific goals are (i) to derive the conditions that may favor the simultaneous investment in avoidance and physiological resistance and (ii) to study the factors that govern the relative investment in each adaptation mode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that (i) a simultaneous investment may be optimal if the fitness costs of the adaptive traits are accelerating and the probability of encountering defended hosts is low. When (i) holds, we find that (ii) the more that defended hosts are rare and/or spatially aggregated, the more behavioral adaptation is favored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite their interference, physiological resistance to host defensive innovations and avoidance of these same defenses are two strategies in which it may be optimal for an enemy to invest in simultaneously. The relative allocation to each strategy greatly depends on host spatial structure. We discuss the implications of our findings for the management of invasive plant species and the management of pest resistance to new crop protectants or varieties.
authors.affiliation: Equipe Biologie des Populations en Interaction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UMR1112), 06903 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France. vacher@antibes.inra.fr
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vacher
authors.forename: Sam P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hochberg
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012919:Social Behavior; D012984:Software