title: Haptoglobin phenotype 2-2 as a potentially new risk factor for spontaneous venous thromboembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Haptoglobin (Hp) is a plasma protein that binds free hemoglobin and thus prevents catalysis of reactive oxygen species by the Fenton reaction. A genetic polymorphism has been described that leads to the generation of two distinct alleles, Hp1 and Hp2, which define three major haptoglobin phenotypes, denoted Hp1-1, Hp2-1 and Hp2-2. Hp2-2 has been reported to be associated with the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In our study we investigated the association of haptoglobin genotype and phenotype with the risk of spontaneous venous thromboembolism (VTE).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-eight patients with a history of spontaneous deep vein thrombosis (70 women, 58 men), 105 with spontaneous symptomatic pulmonary embolism (58 women, 47 men) and 122 healthy controls (60 women, 62 men) were enrolled. Haptoglobin levels were measured immunonephelometrically and phenotypes were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Hp2-2 phenotype was significantly more prevalent in patients (42%) than in controls (30%) and significantly increased the risk for VTE in univariable (odds ratio=1.6, 95% confidence interval [1.0-2.6], p=0.04) and multivariable analyses (odds ratio=1.9 [1.0-3.4], p=0.04). Hp2-2 (n=134) was associated with significantly lower haptoglobin levels (median=89.7 mg/dL) than Hp2-1 (n=170, median = 123.5 mg/dL, p<0.001) or Hp1-1 (n=51, median=142.8 mg/dL, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study gives the first evidence that Hp2-2 represents a risk factor for spontaneous VTE, presumably through a pathophysiological mechanism similar to that in arterial disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vormittag
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vukovich
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mannhalter
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Minar
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schönauer
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bialonczyk
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirschl
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pabinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins