title: Short-term and long-term effects of obstetric anal sphincter injury and their management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the past decade increasing attention has focused on the problem of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Although risk factors are now well known, the effects of such damage have received less study. This review focuses on the early and long-term problems that may arise subsequent to anal sphincter injury following childbirth and assesses therapeutic options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to 25% of women experience altered faecal continence after vaginal delivery, with 4% having persistent symptoms. In those women who have sustained a recognized tear to the sphincter, the quality of primary repair is crucial. Nevertheless, evidence clearly supporting the superiority of overlap over approximation repair is still lacking. The importance of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of postpartum faecal incontinence is gaining increasing attention. Augmented biofeedback physiotherapy is the gold standard for treatment of women with such injury, whereas sacral nerve stimulation represents a newer treatment option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term and long-term effects of obstetric anal sphincter injury warrant increased attention, because with increasing longevity more women are surviving into their 80s and the prevalence of faecal incontinence in this population will increase if measures are not taken to address the problem. Prevention of such injury is not always possible and management options must be further explored. Adequate primary treatment of third-degree tears is of paramount importance.
authors.affiliation: National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Myra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Colm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Herlihy
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D011247:Pregnancy