title: Gymnastics injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this chapter is to review the distribution and determinants of injury rates as reported in the pediatric gymnastics injury literature, and to suggest measures for the prevention of injury and directions for further research.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive search of Pubmed was conducted using the Text and MeSH words "gymnastics" and "injury" and limited to the pediatric population (0-18 years). The review focused on studies using denominator-based designs and on those published in the English language. Additional references were obtained from hand searches of the reference lists. Unpublished injury data from the USA Gymnastics National Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships during 2002-04 were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of study results was compromised due to the diversity of study populations, variability of injury definition across studies, and changes in rules and equipment across years. Notwithstanding, this review of the literature reveals a reasonably consistent picture of pediatric gymnastics injuries. The incidence and severity of injuries is relatively high, particularly among advanced level female gymnasts. Body parts particularly affected by injury vary by gender and include the ankle, knee, wrist, elbow, lower back, and shoulder. Ankle sprains are a particular concern. Overuse and nonspecific pain conditions, particularly the wrist and low back, occur frequently among advanced-level female gymnasts. Factors associated with an increased injury risk among female gymnasts include greater body size and body fat, periods of rapid growth, and increased life stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Above all, this overview of the gymnastics injury literature underscores the need to establish large-scale injury surveillance systems designed to provide current and reliable data on injury trends in both boys and girls gymnastics, and to be used as a basis for analyzing injury risk factors and identifying dependable injury preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash., USA.
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nassar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology; D019567:Back Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries