title: Comparative controlled trial of a novel oral estrogen therapy, estradiol acetate, for relief of menopause symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a new oral estradiol prodrug, estradiol acetate, with micronized estradiol or conjugated equine estrogens for alleviation of postmenopausal vasomotor and urogenital symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 249 postmenopausal women experiencing seven or more moderate or severe vasomotor symptoms daily for 1 week or 60 or more symptoms in 1 week were randomized to 0.9 mg of estradiol acetate (n = 79), 1 mg of micronized estradiol (n = 85), or 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens therapy (n = 85). Efficacy endpoints were the change in frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms from baseline to week 12, participant-assessed urogenital symptoms, and investigator-assessed signs of vaginal atrophy. Efficacy results were considered equivalent if estradiol acetate was at least 80% as effective as estradiol and conjugated estrogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At week 12, frequency of vasomotor symptoms decreased comparably in all groups, and at weeks 4 and 12, the decrease in frequency of symptoms was statistically equivalent for estradiol acetate and conjugated estrogens. Severity of vasomotor symptoms also improved comparably for all groups, with least squares mean decreases of 1.05 for estradiol acetate, 1.34 for estradiol, and 1.17 for conjugated estrogens at week 12. Urogenital symptoms and vaginal signs showed similar improvement in all groups. Overall, the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate and consistent with estrogen therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estradiol acetate 0.9 mg was comparable to 1 mg of estradiol and 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens in reducing the number and severity of vasomotor and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women. Oral estradiol acetate was well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Case University, OH, USA. utian@menopause.org
authors.forename: Wulf H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Utian
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Speroff
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ellman
authors.forename: Clint
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001706:Biopsy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D011355:Prodrugs; D004958:Estradiol