title: Development of a reliable automatic speed control system for rotary blood pumps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Axial blood pumps have been very successfully introduced into the arena of prolonged clinical support. However, they do not offer inherent load-responsive mechanisms for adjusting pumping performance to venous return and changes in physiologic requirements of the patient. To provide for these adjustments we developed an algorithm for demand-responsive pump control based on a reliable suction detection system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PC-based system that analyzes pump performance based on available flow, heart rate and short-term performance history was developed. The physician defines levels of "desired flow" at rest and during exercise, depending on heart rate. In case this desired flow cannot be maintained due to limited venous return, the maximal available flow level is determined from an analysis of the actual pump data (flow, speed and power consumption). An expert system continuously checks the flow signal for any indication of suction. Periodic speed variations then adapt pump performance to the patient's condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, stability and functionality were proven under various settings in vitro. The algorithms were then tested in 15 patients in intensive care, in the standard ward, and during bicycle exercise. The system reacted properly to demand changes, at exercise level, in response to coughing and at various Valsalva maneuvers. Suction could also be successfully prevented during severe arrhythmia and in patients with critical cardiac geometry. Exercise tests showed decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure (-22 +/- 9.9%) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (-42 +/- 18.54%), and an increase in pump flow (19 +/- 9.5%) and workload (8 +/- 6.1%), all when compared with constant-speed pumping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A closed-loop control system equipped with an expert system for reliable suction detection was developed that improves response to change in venous return for rotary pump recipients. The system was robust, stable and safe under a wide range of everyday living conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiosurgical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. michael.vollkron@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vollkron
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schima
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benkowski
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wieselthaler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D013396:Suction