title: Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is one of the most commonly used herbal therapies, and its principal constituent silybin significantly inhibits cytochrome P450 isoform 3A4 (CYP3A4) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1A1 (UGT1A1) in vitro. Here, we investigated whether milk thistle affects the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan, a substrate for CYP3A4 and UGT1A1, in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cancer patients were treated with irinotecan (dose, 125 mg/m(2)) given as a 90-minute infusion once every week. Four days before the second dose, patients received 200 mg milk thistle, thrice a day, for 14 consecutive days. Pharmacokinetic studies of irinotecan and its metabolites 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), 7-ethyl-10-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-pyran-2-carboxylic acid]-camptothecin (SN-38-glucuronide), and 7-ethyl-10-[4-N-(5-aminopentanoic acid)-1-piperidino]-carbonyloxycamptothecin were done during the first three irinotecan administrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term (4 days) or more prolonged intake of milk thistle (12 days) had no significant effect on irinotecan clearance (mean, 31.2 versus 25.4 versus 25.6 L/h; P = 0.16). The area under the curve ratio of SN-38 and irinotecan was slightly decreased by milk thistle (2.58% versus 2.23% versus 2.17%; P = 0.047), whereas the relative extent of glucuronidation of SN-38 was similar (10.8 versus 13.5 versus 13.1; P = 0.64). Likewise, the area under the curve ratio of 7-ethyl-10-[4-N-(5-aminopentanoic acid)-1-piperidino]-carbonyloxycamptothecin and irinotecan was unaffected by milk thistle (0.332 versus 0.285 versus 0.337; P = 0.53). The maximum plasma concentrations of silybin ranged between 0.0249 and 0.257 micromol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silybin concentrations after intake of milk thistle are too low to significantly affect the function of CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 in vivo, indicating that milk thistle is unlikely to alter the disposition of anticancer drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nielka P H
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: van Erp
authors.forename: Sharyn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rudek
authors.forename: Henk-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Guchelaar
authors.forename: Johan W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nortier
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sparreboom
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gelderblom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000077146:Irinotecan; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D002166:Camptothecin