title: Putative aqueous humor misdirection syndrome as a cause of glaucoma in cats: 32 cases (1997-2003).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the clinical and morphologic aspects of aqueous humor misdirection syndrome (AHMS) in cats and provide a hypothesis regarding its pathogenesis on the basis of detailed analysis of affected cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 cats (40 eyes).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of cats in which AHMS was diagnosed from July 1997 to August 2003 were reviewed. In certain cats, results of additional diagnostic testing were also obtained, including A-scan, B-scan, and high-resolution ultrasonography; streak retinoscopy; video keratometry; and infrared neutralizing videoretinoscopy as well as results of analysis of flash-frozen sections and histologic examination of enucleated globes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cats had a uniformly shallow anterior chamber, intact lens zonules, and a narrowed approach to an open iridocorneal angle. Mean age of affected cats was 11.7 years (range, 4 to 16 years), and female cats were significantly more often affected than male cats. Clinical signs included mydriasis, decreased pupillary light reflex, decreased menace response, and blindness. Glaucomatous changes to the optic nerve, incipient cataracts, and eventual blindness were seen. Intraocular pressure was > or = 20 mm Hg (range, 12 to 58 mm Hg) in 32 of 40 eyes. Ultrasonography and histologic examination revealed a thickened anterior vitreal face interposed between the lens and ciliary body, partial ciliary cleft collapse, and cavitated vitreal regions. Various treatment modalities were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AHMS affects older cats, especially females, and may result in glaucoma, vision loss, and signs of ocular pain. Topical administration of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decreased intraocular pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1102, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica M C
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Czederpiltz
authors.forename: Noelle C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: La Croix
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Woerdt
authors.forename: Ellison
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dubielzig
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000869:Anterior Eye Segment / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001082:Aqueous Humor; D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography