title: Circulating anions usually associated with the Krebs cycle in patients with metabolic acidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute metabolic acidosis of non-renal origin is usually a result of either lactic or ketoacidosis, both of which are associated with a high anion gap. There is increasing recognition, however, of a group of acidotic patients who have a large anion gap that is not explained by either keto- or lactic acidosis nor, in most cases, is inappropriate fluid resuscitation or ingestion of exogenous agents the cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma ultrafiltrate from patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, acidosis of unknown cause, normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, or acidosis as a result of base loss were examined enzymatically for the presence of low molecular weight anions including citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate and d-lactate. The results obtained from the study groups were compared with those obtained from control plasma from normal volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In five patients with lactic acidosis, a significant increase in isocitrate (0.71 +/- 0.35 mEq l-1), alpha-ketoglutarate (0.55 +/- 0.35 mEq l-1), malate (0.59 +/- 0.27 mEq l-1), and d-lactate (0.40 +/- 0.51 mEq l-1) was observed. In 13 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, significant increases in isocitrate (0.42 +/- 0.35 mEq l-1), alpha-ketoglutarate (0.41 +/- 0.16 mEq l-1), malate (0.23 +/- 0.18 mEq l-1) and d-lactate (0.16 +/- 0.07 mEq l-1) were seen. Neither citrate nor succinate levels were increased. Similar findings were also observed in a further five patients with high anion gap acidosis of unknown origin with increases in isocitrate (0.95 +/- 0.88 mEq l-1), alpha-ketoglutarate (0.65 +/- 0.20 mEq l-1), succinate (0.34 +/- 0.13 mEq l-1), malate (0.49 +/- 0.19 mEq l-1) and d-lactate (0.18 +/- 0.14 mEq l-1) being observed but not in citrate concentration. In five patients with a normal anion gap acidosis, no increases were observed except a modest rise in d-lactate (0.17 +/- 0.14 mEq l-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of certain low molecular weight anions usually associated with intermediary metabolism were found to be significantly elevated in the plasma ultrafiltrate obtained from patients with metabolic acidosis. Our results suggest that these hitherto unmeasured anions may significantly contribute to the generation of the anion gap in patients with lactic acidosis and acidosis of unknown aetiology and may be underestimated in diabetic ketoacidosis. These anions are not significantly elevated in patients with normal anion gap acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, Worthing Hospital, Worthing, West Sussex, UK. lui.forni@wash.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Lui G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Forni
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: Gwyn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Treacher
authors.forename: Jean-Marie R
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peron
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hilton
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood*; D000140:Acidosis, Lactic / Q000097:blood; D000141:Acidosis, Renal Tubular / Q000097:blood; D000838:Anions / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007523:Isocitrates / Q000097:blood; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000097:blood; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000097:blood; D008293:Malates / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D007523:Isocitrates; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D008293:Malates; C030298:malic acid; C034219:isocitric acid; D019802:Succinic Acid; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases; C071195:D-lactate dehydrogenase