title: Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C.
abstract: Hepatitis C affects approximately 170 million people worldwide. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C infection are clinically evident in nearly 40% of patients. Much research has been done over the last decade to better understand their incidence, clinical presentation, mechanism of disease, and the role of antiviral therapy in their treatment. Of the commonly reported manifestations, cryoglobulinemia, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and porphyria cutanea tarda remain the best understood manifestations. More recently, the association of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus with chronic hepatitis C has been demonstrated. This paper serves to review the growing body of literature detailing the extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA. nicole.palekar@cen.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Palekar
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000209:etiology; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000209:etiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008010:Lichen Planus / Q000209:etiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000209:etiology; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D017119:Porphyria Cutanea Tarda / Q000209:etiology; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000209:etiology; D012793:Sialadenitis / Q000209:etiology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology; D018366:Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies