title: Foodstuffs and colorectal cancer risk: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationships between food intake and colorectal cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of available prospective studies on dietary intake and colorectal cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve out of 15 studies found no significant relationship between vegetable intake and colorectal cancer risk; also, 11 out of 14 studies found no relationship with fruit consumption. Conversely, the combined consumption of vegetables and fruit reduced colorectal cancer risk in three out of six studies, although the relationship was somewhat inconsistent between genders and anatomical localizations. Most studies found no relationship between cancer risk and red meat (15 in 20) or processed meat (seven out of 11) consumption; still, most of the reported relative risks were above unity, suggesting that high consumption of red or processed meat might increase colorectal cancer risk. The consumption of white meat, fish/seafood, dairy products, coffee or tea was mostly unrelated to colorectal cancer risk, although the consumption of smoked or salted fish actually increased risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationships between dietary intake and colorectal cancer risk might be less important than previously reported. The combined consumption of vegetables and fruit might be protective, whereas excessive consumption of meat or smoked/salted/processed food appears to be deleterious.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal. mvidal@fm.ul.pt
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravasco
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ermelinda Camilo
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014675:Vegetables