title: The paradox of obesity in patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart failure (HF) patients often have comorbid conditions that confound management and adversely affect prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the obesity paradox is also present in hospitalized HF patients in an integrated healthcare system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 2707 patients with a primary diagnosis of HF was identified within an integrated, 20-hospital healthcare system. Patients were identified by ICD-9 codes or a left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40% dating back to 1995. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the first measured height and weight when hospitalized with HF. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan Meier estimation. Hazard ratios for 3-year mortality with 95% confidence intervals were assessed using Cox regression, controlling for age, gender, and severity of illness at time of diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-year survival rates paradoxically improved for patients with increasing BMI. Survival rates for the larger three BMI quartiles were significantly better than for the lowest quartile after adjusting for severity of illness, age, and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While obesity increases the risk of developing HF approximately twofold, reports involving stable outpatients suggest that obesity is associated with improved survival after the development of HF. This finding is paradoxical because obesity increases the risk and worsens the prognosis of other cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Prevention and Treatment Program, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. ldjhall4@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Kismet D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rasmusson
authors.forename: Jill C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vesty
authors.forename: Colleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Holly L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rimmasch
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kfoury
authors.forename: Dale G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Renlund
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology; D009096:Multi-Institutional Systems; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology