title: Ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in five European cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ambient air pollution has been associated with increases in acute morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of urban air pollution on cardiac hospital readmissions in survivors of myocardial infarction, a potentially susceptible subpopulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this European multicenter cohort study, 22,006 survivors of a first myocardial infarction were recruited in Augsburg, Germany; Barcelona, Spain; Helsinki, Finland; Rome, Italy; and Stockholm, Sweden, from 1992 to 2000. Hospital readmissions were recorded in 1992 to 2001. Ambient nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and mass of particles <10 microm (PM10) were measured. Particle number concentrations were estimated as a proxy for ultrafine particles. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital readmissions for myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and cardiac causes (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, dysrhythmia, or heart failure) were studied in city-specific Poisson regression analyses with subsequent pooling. During follow-up, 6655 cardiac readmissions were observed. Cardiac readmissions increased in association with same-day concentrations of PM10 (rate ratio [RR] 1.021, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.039) per 10 microg/m3) and estimated particle number concentrations (RR 1.026 [95% CI 1.005 to 1.048] per 10,000 particles/cm3). Effects of similar strength were observed for carbon monoxide (RR 1.014 [95% CI 1.001 to 1.026] per 200 microg/m3 [0.172 ppm]), nitrogen dioxide (RR 1.032 [95% CI 1.013 to 1.051] per 8 microg/m3 [4.16 ppb]), and ozone (RR 1.026 [95% CI 1.001 to 1.051] per 15 microg/m3 [7.5 ppb]). Pooled effect estimates for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction readmissions were comparable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in 5 European cities.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany. klot@gsf.de
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Klot
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bellander
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berglind
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Ippoliti
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elosua
authors.forename: Allmut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hörmann
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lanki
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwel
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pekkanen
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picciotto
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forastiere
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000453:epidemiology; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide