title: B lymphocyte maturation in Wegener's granulomatosis: a comparative analysis of VH genes from endonasal lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3) are highly specific for Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Evidence for a pivotal role of PR3-ANCA in the induction of vasculitis has been demonstrated. B cell clusters have been observed within endonasal biopsy specimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether B cell selection and maturation take place in granulomatous lesions of WG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Granulomatous lesions and the immunoglobulin (VH) gene repertoire from nasal tissue of six WG patients-two active and two smouldering localised WG (ANCA negative, restricted to respiratory tract), plus one active and one smouldering PR3-ANCA positive generalised WG-were characterised by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, cloning, DNA sequencing and database comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B lymphocyte-rich, follicle-like areas were observed proximal to PR3 positive cells and plasma cells in granulomatous lesions; 184 VH genes from these granulomatous lesions were compared with 84 VH genes from peripheral blood of a healthy donor. The mutational pattern of VH genes from active WG resembled memory B cells. Structural homologies of VH genes from granulomatous lesions to PR3-ANCA encoding genes were detected. Significantly more genes (55%, 45%, and 53%, respectively) from active WG compared with the healthy repertoire carried mutations to negatively charged amino acids within the binding site coding regions, favouring affinity to the positively charged PR3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection and affinity maturation of potentially PR3-ANCA producing autoreactive B cells may start in granulomatous lesions, thereby contributing to disease progression from ANCA negative localised to PR3-ANCA positive generalised WG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany. jan.voswinkel@uniklinikum-saarland.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voswinkel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lamprecht
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herlyn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holl-Ulrich
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Feller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pitann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gause
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D050438:Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014890:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053146:Myeloblastin; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000276:immunology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D053146:Myeloblastin