Exposure to particles and nitrogen dioxide among taxi, bus and lorry drivers.
OBJECTIVE
The aims of this study have been to investigate the occurrence of systematic differences in the personal exposure to motor exhaust between different groups of taxi, bus and lorry drivers, and to study if these are influenced by the choice of exposure indicator.


METHODS
We used one indicator of the gaseous phase, nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and one of the particle phase (measured by DataRAM), of the exhausts. A total of 121 drivers were included in the study: 39 taxi drivers, 42 bus drivers and 40 lorry drivers. Personal measurements were performed during one working day. Nitrogen dioxide was measured with passive diffusive samplers and particles with Data-RAM, a logging instrument using nephelometric monitoring. The instrument measures particles between 0.1 and 10 microm in size.


RESULTS
The average exposure to NO(2) for lorry drivers was 68 microg/m(3); for bus drivers 60 microg/m(3) and for taxi drivers 48 microg/m(3). For particles the exposure was 57 microg/m(3) for lorry drivers, 44 microg/m(3) for bus drivers and 26 microg/m(3) for taxi drivers. The result remained unchanged when exposures were adjusted for variation in urban background levels of NO(2) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 microm (PM(10)).


CONCLUSIONS
Lorry drivers experienced the highest exposure and taxi drivers the lowest with bus drivers in an intermediate position, regardless of whether NO(2) or particles were used as exposure indicator. The levels of both NO(2) and particles were higher for bus drivers in the city than for them driving in the suburbs. Using diesel or petrol as a fuel for taxis had no influence on the exposure for the drivers, indicating that the taxi drivers' exposure mainly depends on exhaust from surrounding traffic.
Lewné
Marie
M
Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm County Council, Norrbacka, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. marie.lewne@sll.se
Nise
Gun
G
Lind
Marie-Louise
ML
Gustavsson
Per
P
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide