title: Myocardial ischemia induces interleukin-6 and tissue factor production in patients with coronary artery disease: a dobutamine stress echocardiography study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and macrophage colony stimulating factor plasma levels are elevated in acute coronary syndromes. IL-6 has an inherent negative inotropic action and, with tissue factor (TF), mediates the ischemia-reperfusion myocardial injury. We hypothesized that inducible ischemia leads to cytokine production, TF expression, and consequently persistent left ventricular dysfunction after dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in coronary artery disease patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DSE was performed in 103 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Blood samples were obtained at rest, at peak stress, and 30 minutes after cessation of dobutamine infusion for measurement of macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL-6, and TF. New or worsening wall motion abnormalities at peak stress and their duration into recovery were noted. Median IL-6 and TF levels were increased at peak stress and at 30 minutes into recovery compared with rest (2.7 and 2.4 versus 2.1 pg/mL for IL-6, 310 and 385 versus 266 pg/mL for TF [P<0.01] in patients with an ischemic response; n=55). Compared with rest, a greater release of IL-6 at peak stress and recovery was observed in patients with increasing number of ischemic segments at peak DSE (2 versus 3 to 4 versus 5 to 6 versus 7 to 8 segments; P=0.03). The time to recovery of wall motion abnormalities was also associated with IL-6 levels at peak stress and recovery (r=0.51 and r=0.39, P<0.05). Macrophage colony stimulating factor levels remained unchanged throughout DSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reversible ischemia induced during DSE increases IL-6 and TF plasma levels. IL-6 is related to the extent of left ventricular dysfunction at peak stress and to persistent LV dysfunction during recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece. ignoik@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Ignatios
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikonomidis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Athanassopoulos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lekakis
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venetsanou
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinou
authors.forename: Kimon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stamatelopoulos
authors.forename: Dennis V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cokkinos
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nihoyannopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D013925:Thromboplastin