title: [Cervical epidural anesthesia for upper extremity surgery using three different formulations of local anesthetics].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficiency and safety of the cervical epidural blockade (CEB) in upper extremity surgery, using lidocaine 2%, bupivacaine 5% and a mixture of both local analgesics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty five patients were submitted to upper limb surgery under CEB. They were assigned into one of three groups: group I received 100 mg of 2% lidocaine; group II received 30 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine, and group III received a mixture of 60 mg of 2% lidocaine and 15 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine. We evaluated their effects on vital signs, blockade quality, adverse effects, and patient comfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthesiologist and surgeon evaluated the technique as "good" in 80% of the patients. Significant differences were found for motor blockade. Group II developed complete motor block (100%). Observed adverse effects were vomiting in groups II and III and dural puncture was present in 6.7% of the cases in group II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the safety of cervical epidural anesthesia for upper limb surgery using three different formulations of local anesthetics.
authors.affiliation: División de Investigación, UMAE Magdalena de las Salinas, IMSS, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. uriahguevara@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Uriah
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Guevara-López
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bárcenas-Olivares
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Sougarret
authors.forename: J Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Aldrete
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olascoaga-Ortega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001132:Arm / Q000601:surgery*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine