title: Vaccines against typhoid fever.
abstract: Because of high infectivity and significant disease burden, typhoid fever constitutes a major global health problem. Implementation of adequate food handling practices and establishment of safe water supplies are the cornerstone for the development of an effective prevention program. However, vaccination against typhoid fever remains an essential tool for the effective management of this disease. Currently, there are two well tolerated and effective licensed vaccines. One is based on defined subunit virulence (Vi) polysaccharide antigen and can be administered either intramuscularly or subcutaneously and the other is based on the use of live attenuated bacteria for oral administration. The advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches taken in the development of a vaccine against typhoid fever are discussed, along with the potential for future vaccine candidates.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Group, Division of Microbiology, GBF-German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borsutzky
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griot-Wenk
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearman
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collioud
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Favre
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D003429:Cross Reactions; D006801:Humans; D010284:Paratyphoid Fever / Q000517:prevention & control; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000276:immunology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit