title: Control and regulatory mechanisms associated with thermogenesis in flying insects and birds.
abstract: Most insects and birds are able to fly. The chitin made exoskeleton of insects poses them several constraints, and this is one the reasons they are in general small sized animals. On the other hand, because birds possess an endoskeleton made of bones they may grow much larger when compared to insects. The two taxa are quite different with regards to their general "design" platform, in particular with respect to their respiratory and circulatory systems. However, because they fly, they may share in common several traits, namely those associated with the control and regulatory mechanisms governing thermogenesis. High core temperatures are essential for animal flight irrespective of the taxa they belong to. Birds and insects have thus evolved mechanisms which allowed them to control and regulate high rates of heat fluxes. This article discusses possible convergent thermogenic control and regulatory mechanisms associated with flight in insects and birds.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loli
authors.forename: José Eduardo P W
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bicudo
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012768:Shivering; D022722:Thermogenesis; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007301:Insect Hormones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; D004837:Epinephrine