title: Visual field abnormalities in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: their pattern and prevalence at initial examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pattern of various types of visual field defects and their prevalence at initial examination of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION).
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were compiled from 312 consecutive eyes (in 265 patients) that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. A comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation was performed, including recording of visual acuity, visual fields with a Goldmann perimeter (using I-2e, I-4e, and V-4e targets regularly), and intraocular pressure; slitlamp examination of the anterior segment; ophthalmoscopy; color fundus photography; and in acute cases, fluorescein fundus angiography. The visual field defects were divided into 2 groups: (1) general field defects and (2) various types of scotoma in the central 30 degrees . The prevalence of various types of visual field defects was estimated for I-2e, I-4e, and V-4e isopters by dividing the total number of eyes with the defect by the total number of eyes that could see that particular target. Exact 95% confidence limits for the prevalence were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 265 patients, 169 (63.7%) were male and the mean +/- SD patient age was 55.0 +/- 9.1 years. The median interval between the first visual field test and the onset of NA-AION was 2 weeks. Of the 312 eyes, the I-2e target was seen by 75.3%, the I-4e target by 90.7%, and the V-4e target by 100%. Overall prevalence of general visual field defects was 83.4% with I-2e, 78.8% with I-4e, and 68.9% with V-4e, whereas the prevalence of scotoma(s) within the central 30 degrees was 55.3%, 49.5%, and 36.2%, respectively. Central scotoma was seen in 48.5% with I-2e, 43.8% with I-4e, and 29.2% with V-4e. A detailed prevalence of various types of visual field defects is given. Relative inferior altitudinal defect was most common (34.9% with I-2e and 22.3% with I-4e), but the absolute inferior altitudinal defect was seen in only 8.0%. By contrast, absolute inferior nasal sector visual loss was the most common defect detected in NA-AION (22.4%), but it occurred in only 3.4% with I-2e and 11.0% with I-4e. Overall, loss of the nasal part of the visual field was the most common occurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that NA-AION eyes may initially show a variety of optic nerve-related visual field defects. Our study also showed that an absolute inferior nasal visual field defect is much more common (22.4%) than an absolute inferior altitudinal visual field defect (8.0%) in NA-AION and could be considered the most characteristic single field defect in NA-AION. We found that a combination of relative inferior altitudinal defect with absolute inferior nasal defect is usually the most common pattern in NA-AION.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. sohan-hayreh@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Sohan Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hayreh
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001167:Arteritis / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D018917:Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012607:Scotoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields