title: A computer-aided diagnosis system for detection of lung nodules in chest radiographs with an evaluation on a public database.
abstract: A computer algorithm for nodule detection in chest radiographs is presented. The algorithm consists of four main steps: (i) image preprocessing; (ii) nodule candidate detection; (iii) feature extraction; (iv) candidate classification. Two optional extensions to this scheme are tested: candidate selection and candidate segmentation. The output of step (ii) is a list of circles, which can be transformed into more detailed contours by the extra candidate segmentation step. In addition, the candidate selection step (which is a classification step using a small number of features) can be used to reduce the list of nodule candidates before step (iii). The algorithm uses multi-scale techniques in several stages of the scheme: Candidates are found by looking for local intensity maxima in Gaussian scale space; nodule boundaries are detected by tracing edge points found at large scales down to pixel scale; some of the features used for classification are taken from a multi-scale Gaussian filterbank. Experiments with this scheme (with and without the segmentation and selection steps) are carried out on a previously characterized, publicly available database, that contains a large number of very subtle nodules. For this database, counting as detections only those nodules that were indicated with a confidence level of 50% or more, radiologists previously detected 70% of the nodules. For our algorithm, it turns out that the selection step does have an added value for the system, while segmentation does not lead to a clear improvement. With the scheme with the best performance, accepting on average two false positives per image results in the identification of 51% of all nodules. For four false positives, this increases to 67%. This is close to the previously reported 70% detection rate of the radiologists.
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. arnold@isi.uu.nl
authors.forename: Arnold M R
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schilham
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loog
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*