title: Cardiopulmonary effects of controlled versus spontaneous ventilation in pigeons anesthetized for coelioscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of controlled versus spontaneous ventilation in pigeons anesthetized for coelioscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 healthy adult pigeons (Columbia livia).
  
  
  METHODS
  During isoflurane anesthesia, 15 pigeons were allowed to breathe spontaneously (SP group) and 15 were mechanically ventilated (MV group) by use of a pressure-limited ventilator. In each group, cardiopulmonary variables (including end-tidal CO2 concentration [ETCO2]) were measured before (baseline), during, and after coelioscopy. An arterial blood sample was collected for blood gas analyses from each pigeon before coelioscopy and after the procedure, when the caudal thoracic air sac was still open.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, hypoventilation was greater in the SP group than the MV group. Compared with the SP group values, ETCO2 overestimated PaCO2 to a greater degree in the MV group. Cardiovascular variables were not different between groups. After coelioscopy (when the air sac was open), PaCO2 had decreased significantly from baseline in the MV group. In the SP group, hypoventilation worsened despite an increase in respiratory rate. After coelioscopy, PaO2 in the SP group had decreased from baseline and was lower than PaO2 in the MV group; arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the MV group had decreased from baseline and were lower than values in the SP group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adult pigeons, controlled ventilation delivered by a pressure-limited device was not associated with clinically important adverse cardiopulmonary changes but may be associated with respiratory alkalosis and cardiovascular depression when air sac integrity has been disrupted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
authors.forename: Gwenola
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Touzot-Jourde
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Divers
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Trim
mesh_terms: D000400:Air Sacs / Q000502:physiology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007530:Isoflurane