title: Direct digital lateral cephalometry: the effects of JPEG compression on image quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used an aluminium test object to assess the effect of the Joint Photographics Expert Group (JPEG) compression algorithm, on direct digital cephalometric image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aluminium block of 15 steps, with 20 holes in each step was radiographed in a Planmeca Proline 2002 digital cephalometric machine with Dimaxis2 software. Six different JPEG compression ratios were used to capture the cephalometric images. These ratios were 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, TOP QUALITY JPEG (TQJPEG 98%) and TIFF (uncompressed). The images were taken at 68 kV and 12 mA with a 7 s exposure. Six experienced observers viewed the monitor displayed images, which were presented randomly. This was repeated one month later. The number of holes detected by each observer was plotted against each compression ratio. Intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility was calculated using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences between the compression ratios were assessed using a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing intra-observer reproducibility, it was found that there were only four of 36 comparisons that showed a statistically significant difference (Observer 1: 60% (P=0.004), TQJPEG (P=0.019); Observer 2: TIFF (P=0.005); Observer 3: 90% (P=0.007)). Statistically, there was no significant difference with inter-observer reproducibility. There was no statistically significant difference between the image quality obtained from each compression ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that JPEG compression does not have any effect on the perceptibility of landmarks in the aluminium test object used in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health, West Block, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK. nicholas_a.wenger@nnuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: D H T K
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Tewson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003196:Computer Graphics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015588:Observer Variation; D011381:Programming Languages; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum