title: Genetic and nongenetic determinants of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 messenger ribonucleic acid levels and insulin action in twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is mediated through translocation of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. Thus, skeletal muscle GLUT4 content plays an important role in whole-body insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were 1) to examine the relative impact of genetic vs. environmental factors on skeletal muscle GLUT4 mRNA expression using biometric modeling, and 2) to identify factors influencing the expression of GLUT4 and insulin-stimulated whole-body metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured GLUT4 mRNA expression in biopsies from young and elderly monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins before and during a 2-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp including 3-(3)H-tritiated glucose and indirect calorimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of young (22-31 yr; n = 89) and elderly (57-66 yr; n = 69) same sex MZ and DZ twin pairs identified through the Danish Twin Register were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a major genetic component in the control of basal and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 mRNA expression in young and elderly twins. GLUT4 gene expression increased upon insulin stimulation in both young and elderly twins. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both basal and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 mRNA expressions were positively related to birth weight and total body aerobic capacity and were higher in MZ vs. DZ twins as well as in males vs. females. Both basal and insulin-stimulated expressions of GLUT4 were independently and significantly related to whole-body in vivo insulin action, nonoxidative glucose metabolism, and glucose oxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in twins is significantly and independently related to glucose metabolism and is determined by both genetic and nongenetic factors, including zygosity and birth weight.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. hstorgaard@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Storgaard
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: Allan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vaag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001699:Biometry; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human