title: Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced intake of saturated fat is widely recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease. The type of macronutrient that should replace saturated fat remains uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of 3 healthful diets, each with reduced saturated fat intake, on blood pressure and serum lipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, 3-period, crossover feeding study (April 2003 to June 2005) conducted in Baltimore, Md, and Boston, Mass. Participants were 164 adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension. Each feeding period lasted 6 weeks and body weight was kept constant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diet rich in carbohydrates; a diet rich in protein, about half from plant sources; and a diet rich in unsaturated fat, predominantly monounsaturated fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and estimated coronary heart disease risk were lower on each diet compared with baseline. Compared with the carbohydrate diet, the protein diet further decreased mean systolic blood pressure by 1.4 mm Hg (P = .002) and by 3.5 mm Hg (P = .006) among those with hypertension and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 3.3 mg/dL (0.09 mmol/L; P = .01), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.3 mg/dL (0.03 mmol/L; P = .02), and triglycerides by 15.7 mg/dL (0.18 mmol/L; P<.001). Compared with the carbohydrate diet, the unsaturated fat diet decreased systolic blood pressure by 1.3 mm Hg (P = .005) and by 2.9 mm Hg among those with hypertension (P = .02), had no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.1 mg/dL (0.03 mmol/L; P = .03), and lowered triglycerides by 9.6 mg/dL (0.11 mmol/L; P = .02). Compared with the carbohydrate diet, estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk was lower and similar on the protein and unsaturated fat diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the setting of a healthful diet, partial substitution of carbohydrate with either protein or monounsaturated fat can further lower blood pressure, improve lipid levels, and reduce estimated cardiovascular risk. Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00051350.
authors.affiliation: Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md 21205-2223, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Obarzanek
authors.forename: Janis F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: Edgar R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Conlin
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Erlinger
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Laranjo
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Charleston
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bishop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D008055:Lipids