title: Characteristics of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes and type 1.5 overlap with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: This presentation is an overview of mechanisms for developing and maintaining self-tolerance in mammalian organisms. Because this meeting is focused on type 1 diabetes and its mechanisms, the discussion deals primarily with mechanisms of T-cell tolerance, since type 1 diabetes in both effector and initiator phases is primarily a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Emphasis is placed on more recently discovered mechanisms of maintaining self-tolerance (autoimmune regulator [AIRE]) and a new defect in T-cell negative selection. The emerging picture is that of a polygenic disease with various combinations of different alleles of many genes with important roles in the normal immune response or normal immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Dr., D345, Stanford, California 94305, USA. hughmcd@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Hugh O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: McDevitt
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000145:classification*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017634:Self Tolerance; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C057615:HLA-DQbeta antigen