title: Long-term visual outcome following chemoreduction for retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate long-term visual outcome following chemoreduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional case series evaluating 54 eyes of 40 children with retinoblastoma successfully treated with chemoreduction, consisting of a combination of intravenous carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, and vincristine sulfate plus focal therapy without external beam radiotherapy or enucleation. All patients were followed up for at least 5 years. Patient and tumor data were analyzed for their effect on the main outcome measures (final visual acuities of 20/40 or better and of 20/200 or better) using univariate and multivariate regression models. Patients who failed chemoreduction were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 4 eyes in Reese-Ellsworth group I, 7 in group II, 3 in group III, 15 in group IV, and 25 in group V. The mean distance from the posterior tumor margin to the optic disc was 2 mm, and from the tumor margin to the foveola it was 3 mm. After a mean follow-up of 68 months, 27 eyes (50%) had a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 36 eyes (67%) had final visual acuity of 20/200 or better. Of 33 eyes with macular tumor, only 8 (24%) had a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 15 (45%) had a final visual acuity of 20/200 or better. Of 21 eyes with extramacular tumor, 19 (90%) had a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and all (100%) had a final visual acuity of 20/200 or better.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical factors that predicted visual acuity of 20/40 or better were a tumor margin at least 3 mm from the foveola and optic disc and an absence of subretinal fluid.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Anna T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: Jerry A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005047:Etoposide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin