title: Managed care and systems cost-effectiveness: treatment for depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the change in system cost-effectiveness of depression treatment after the introduction of managed care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of adults ages 18 to 69 living in low-income areas of Puerto Rico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a random probability sample of the population, 2 waves (1992-1993, 1993-1994) of data were collected before implementation of managed care and one wave (1996-1998) after implementation. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)-generated depression diagnoses and Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale of depressive symptoms scales were used to assess depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effectiveness of treatment was defined by guideline standards and experts' assessment of the probability of remission resulting from treatment. Costs were measured by assigning representative prices to each treatment modality. Difference-in-difference (D-in-D) estimators were used to assess the impact of managed care on the effectiveness and costs of treating depression at the system level for the entire population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  System cost-effectiveness improved slightly after the introduction of managed care, with diminished costs but no significant improvements in effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost-effectiveness can be measured at the population level to assess system changes. Additional incentives and system realignments beyond utilization review and diminished treatment costs are necessary to attain a more cost-effective system of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. malegria@charesearch.org
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegría
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011647:Puerto Rico; D016896:Treatment Outcome