title: DLK1: increased expression in gliomas and associated with oncogenic activities.
abstract: DLK1 (delta-like) is a transmembrane and secreted protein in the epidermal growth factor-like homeotic family. Although expressed widely during embryonic development, only a few tissues retain the expression in adults. Neuroendocrine tumors often highly express this protein; therefore, we hypothesized that brain tumors might also express it. This study found that the expression of DLK1 in gliomas was higher than that in normal brain (P < 0.05). After stable transfection of a DLK1 cDNA expression vector into GBM cell lines, their proliferation was increased. Furthermore, they lost contact inhibition, had enhanced anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and had significantly greater capacity to migrate. Western blot studies showed that expression of cyclin D1, CDK2, and E2F4 were increased, and Rb levels were decreased in these cells. DLK1 was found on the cell surface and secreted in the medium from the transfected GBM cells. DLK1-enriched condition medium stimulated the growth of glioblastoma multiforme cell lines and explants. DLK1 antibody blocked cell growth stimulated by DLK1. In summary, these results suggest that DLK1 may play a role in the formation or progression of gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Dong.Yin@cshs.org
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakajiri
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Popoviciu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018450:Disease Progression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C512941:DLK1 protein, human; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins