title: Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites.
abstract: The ancestry of modern Europeans is a subject of debate among geneticists, archaeologists, and anthropologists. A crucial question is the extent to which Europeans are descended from the first European farmers in the Neolithic Age 7500 years ago or from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who were present in Europe since 40,000 years ago. Here we present an analysis of ancient DNA from early European farmers. We successfully extracted and sequenced intact stretches of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 24 out of 57 Neolithic skeletons from various locations in Germany, Austria, and Hungary. We found that 25% of the Neolithic farmers had one characteristic mtDNA type and that this type formerly was widespread among Neolithic farmers in Central Europe. Europeans today have a 150-times lower frequency (0.2%) of this mtDNA type, revealing that these first Neolithic farmers did not have a strong genetic influence on modern European female lineages. Our finding lends weight to a proposed Paleolithic ancestry for modern Europeans.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Saarstrasse 21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. haakw@uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bramanti
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tänzer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villems
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renfrew
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gronenborn
authors.forename: Kurt Werner
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000266:history*; D001317:Austria; D001483:Base Sequence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003468:Cultural Evolution; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D040961:Genetic Drift; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005858:Germany; D006239:Haplotypes; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011157:Population Dynamics; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial