title: Dimerisation of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and Abeta peptides via formation of dityrosine.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by the formation of amyloid deposits composed primarily of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). This peptide has been shown to bind redox active metals ions such as copper and iron, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The generation of H(2)O(2) has been linked with Abeta neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in AD. Because of the relative stability of a tyrosyl radical, the tyrosine residue (Tyr-10) is believed to be critical to the neurotoxicity of Abeta. This residue has also been shown to be important to Abeta aggregation and amyloid formation. It is possible that the formation of an Abeta tyrosyl radical leads to increased aggregation via the formation of dityrosine as an early aggregation step, which is supported by the identification of dityrosine in amyloid plaque. The role of dityrosine formation in Abeta aggregation and neurotoxicity is as yet undetermined, partly because there are no facile methods for the synthesis of Abeta dimers containing dityrosine. Here we report the use of horseradish peroxidase and H(2)O(2) to dimerise N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and apply the optimised conditions for dityrosine formation to fully unprotected Abeta peptides. We also report a simple fluorescent plate reader method for monitoring Abeta dimerisation via dityrosine formation.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Feda E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cherny
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavros
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Barnham
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Separovic
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Barrow
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002845:Chromatography; D019281:Dimerization; D004586:Electrophoresis; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C084358:amyloid beta-protein (1-28); C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); D014443:Tyrosine; C007651:ethyl N-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C007543:dityrosine