title: Role of GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 gene polymorphism in ifosfamide metabolism affecting neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in children.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphism on urinary excretion of unchanged ifosfamide, 2-dechloroethylifosfamide (2DCIF), and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide (3DCIF) with regard to the incidence of ifosfamide-related nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in children. The study comprised 76 children (38 girls, 38 boys) ages 9.84 to 210 months who were being treated for various malignant diseases with ifosfamide. The children were enrolled after identification of genotype coding for three classes of glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) at the initial stage of diagnosis. (P) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze the urinary excretion of unchanged ifosfamide, 2DCIF, and 3DCIF metabolites on consecutive days after the end of the 3-hour infusion of ifosfamide. In children with polymorphic locus of the GSTP1 gene compared with children with homozygous wild alleles, increased urinary excretion of 3DCIF (P=0.029) and decreased creatinine clearance was found (Mann-Whitney P=0.03; median 81.1 mL/min/1.73 m vs. 105.0 mL/min/1.73 m, respectively). The authors' multidimensional analysis model revealed that besides the total ifosfamide dose and co-administration of other toxic drugs, polymorphic locus of GSTP1 gene may be one of the factors determining a higher toxicity of the cytostatic agent. The model was construed at P=0.029. Moreover, no correlation was found between the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype and ifosfamide toxicity and the urinary excretion of its metabolites. The results of this analysis indicate that individual reactions to ifosfamide can depend on inherited genetic polymorphisms, especially associated with the GSTP1 gene coding detoxifying enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Paediatrics, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland. ezieln@wp.pl
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zielińska
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zubowska
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Misiura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine*; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007069:Ifosfamide; C064445:dechloroethylcyclophosphamide; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; C038007:dechloroethylifosfamide