title: Emotional and behavioural problems in Swedish 7- to 9-year olds with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to compare emotional and behavioural problems between preadolescent children with asthma and healthy children, and to explore if disease factors relate to problem scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 59 children, 34 boys and 25 girls, aged 7-9 years with mild (n = 11), moderate (n = 38) or severe (n = 10) asthma. A normative sample of 306 children in the same age range, 150 boys and 156 girls, was used as a comparison group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents assessed emotional and behavioural problems using the Child Behaviour Checklist. Peak expiratory flow rate and urinary eosinophil protein X were used as measures of lung function and inflammation. Children were interviewed about activity restriction and symptoms during the last week using the Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Parents scored day, night and exercise-induced symptoms during the same week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, children with asthma were attributed more problems than healthy children of the same age and comparable family socio-economic status. Effect sizes were 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.52-1.09) for total problems, 0.89 (0.60-1.18) for internalizing problems and 0.67 (0.38-0.95) for externalizing problems. The relative risk for children with asthma exceeding the 95% cut-offpoint for total problems was 4.2 (2.1-8.3) compared to healthy children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with parent-reported exercise-induced asthma symptoms were attributed more total problems than asthmatic children without such symptoms. Parent-reported day symptoms and child report of symptoms and restricted activities related with problem scores to a lesser degree. Objective measures of lung function and inflammation were not related to problem scores. Concurrent eczema increased problem scores. It is concluded that asthma in preadolescent children is associated with emotional and behavioural problems. Special attention should be paid to children reported to have exercise-induced symptoms.
authors.affiliation: The Nordic School of Public Health, PO Box 12133, SE-402 42 Göteborg, Sweden. kjell@reichenberg.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reichenberg
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Broberg
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology