title: Patient self-efficacy and health locus of control: relationships with health status and arthritis-related expenditure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between measures of self-efficacy, health locus of control, health status and direct medical expenditure among community-dwelling subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis is part of a larger ongoing study of the costs and outcomes of arthritis and its treatments. Community-dwelling RA and OA respondents completed questionnaires concerning arthritis-related expenditure, health status, arthritis related self-efficacy and health locus of control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained from 70 RA respondents and 223 OA respondents. The majority of respondents were female with a mean age of 63 yr for RA respondents and 68 yr for OA respondents. Among the RA respondents, those with higher self-efficacy reported better health status and lower overall costs. Health locus of control was not consistently correlated with health status. OA respondents with higher self-efficacy reported better health status and lower costs. Health locus of control had more influence. OA respondents with higher external locus of control reported worse pain and function. A higher belief in chance as a determinant of health was correlated with more visits to general practitioners and a higher cost to both the respondent and the health system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher self-efficacy, which is amenable to change through education programmes, was associated with better health status and lower costs to the respondent and the health system in this cross-sectional study. Locus of control had less of an influence; however, the tendency was for those with higher external locus of control to have higher costs and worse health status. As the measurement of these constructs is simple and the outcome potentially affects health status, these results have implications for future intervention studies to improve quality of life and reduce the financial impact of arthritis on both the health-care system and patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. maritac@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lapsley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D011793:Queensland; D020377:Self Efficacy