title: Effects of maternal Campylobacter rectus infection on murine placenta, fetal and neonatal survival, and brain development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal periodontal infection has been associated with increased risk of prematurity and low birthweight. Infection and inflammatory pathways that mediate prematurity have also been implicated in neonatal developmental impairments. The objective of this study was to determine whether maternal Campylobacter rectus infection that induces fetal growth restriction in a mouse model also compromises neonatal pup survival, growth, and neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timed pregnant mice were challenged with C. rectus on gestation day 7.5. One group of animals was sacrificed on embryonic day 16.5 for placental histology and measurement of fetal brain mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Another group of animals was allowed to deliver to follow pup survival, growth, and brain structure at day 9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. rectus challenge resulted in abnormal placental architecture with inflammation and a 2.8-fold increase in fetal brain expression of IFN-gamma (P = 0.04). Pup birthweight was unaffected by C. rectus exposure, but lethality was 3.9-fold higher after 1 week. Ultrastructurally, the 9-day neonatal brain tissue displayed cellular and myelin alterations consistent with white matter damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal C. rectus infection induces placental inflammation and decidual hyperplasia as well as concomitant increase in fetal brain IFN-gamma. Maternal infection increased pup mortality, and preliminary findings demonstrate ultrastructural changes in the hippocampal region of the neonatal brain, in a manner analogous to the effects of maternal infection on white matter damage seen in humans. Thus, the threat of maternal oral infectious exposure during pregnancy may not be limited to the duration of gestation, but may also potentially affect perinatal neurological growth and development.
authors.affiliation: Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA. steve_offenbacher@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Riché
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Bobetsis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D044883:Campylobacter rectus; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011897:Random Allocation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma