title: The incidence and patterns of BCR/ABL rearrangements in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is characterised by the formation of the BCR/ABL fusion gene, usually as a result of the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of both typical and atypical BCR/ ABL gene rearrangements was determined in 110 patients suspected of CML using dual fusion fluorescence in situ hybridisation (DF-FISH) probes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven per cent of CML patients showed Ph translocation while 13% were negative for the Ph chromosome. About 71.9% of Ph-positive patients displayed the typical DF-FISH signal pattern. Atypical patterns among the Ph-positive patients included the concurrent loss of residual proximal 9q and distal 22q (10.4%), complex translocation with additional partners (9.4%), supernumerary Ph (3.1%), loss of residual 9q sequences proximal to breakpoint (3.1%), and deletion of distal derivative 22q signal (2.1%). Cryptic genetic alterations with loss of proximal 9q sequences were found in 13.5% of CML Ph-positive patients, which is associated with poor prognosis. Fusion signals were detected in 57.1% of CML Ph-negative patients, indicating cryptic BCR/ABL rearrangements (i.e., masked Ph).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FISH is able to detect BCR/ABL fusion in CML with masked or variant Ph not apparent with conventional karyotyping. Establishment of signal patterns with FISH is important as atypical patterns may have clinical prognostic implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. gptlth@sgh.com.sg
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: A S T
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D016313:Genes, abl / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000235:genetics*