title: Celiac disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus in a North American community: prevalence, serologic screening, and clinical features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of cellac disease (CD) in pediatric and adult type 1 diabetes melitus in a defined population and to describe clinical features and HLA class II genotypes predictive of CD in screened patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, with type 1 diabetes mellitus on the prevalence date January 1, 2001, were identified with the use of an established medical records linkage system (Rochester Epidemiology Project) and defined clinical criteria. Consenting patients underwent serologic screening with endomyslal antibody and tissue transglutaminase antibody testing and Intestinal biopsies to confirm the diagnosis of CD. A subset of screened patients also underwent HLA class II genotyping. Quality-of-life screening (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) was completed in a subset of patients at the time of serologic screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 392 Olmsted County residents with type 1 diabetes on January 1, 2001, were Identified. A total of 158 patients with type 1 diabetes were tested, representing 40% (158/392) of the enumerated diabetic population, and 11 had biopsy-proven CD for an estimated point prevalence of 7.0% (95% confidence Interval, 3.5%-12.1%). Most CD-positive diabetic patients were asymptomatic and expressed an at-risk CD haplotype with at least one of but not both HLA DQ2 or DQ8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celiac disease Is not rare In North American patients with type 1 diabetes, and most CD-positive diabetic patients are asymptomatic Irrespective of age at screening.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Farid H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Yogish C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kudva
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zinsmeister
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dierkhising
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lahr
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.forename: Mounif
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Youssef
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Burgart
authors.forename: Carol T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.forename: L Joseph
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Melton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins