title: Lost time, absence costs, and reduced productivity output for employees with bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the incremental health-related lost work time and at-work productivity loss for employees with bipolar disorder (BPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Health-related absence and real productivity output of employees with BPD were compared with that of non-BPD and other employee cohorts from a large employer database using multivariate regression to control for cohort differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for confounding factors, employees with BPD had significantly higher absence costs (1,219 dollars) and 11.5 additional lost days (P<0.05) per year than those without BPD. Adjusted annual productivity output was 20% lower for the BPD group (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employees with BPD are less likely to be present for work. When present, their productivity level is similar to that of other employees, but over the course of a year, their absence rates result in significant productivity losses.
authors.affiliation: HCMS Group, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001, USA. nathan_kleinman@hcmsgroup.com
authors.forename: Nathan L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Krithika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: Harold H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Truman J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brizee
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smeeding
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D019992:Databases as Topic; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics; D014959:Wyoming