title: Gene therapy for disc repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent advances in our understanding of the biologic makeup and environment of the intervertebral disc (IVD) have led to increased interest in the development of novel treatments for disc degeneration. Certain genes found to alter rates of matrix synthesis and catabolism within the disc have provided targets for scientists seeking to alter the balance between the two. To this end, gene therapy has emerged as a potential therapeutic option, and recent research efforts have yielded very promising results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To update and consolidate information regarding the recent advances in gene therapy and its application to IVD degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of recent and ongoing research in the field of gene therapy, particularly regarding its application to the treatment of IVD degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With its unique ability to provide sustained delivery of potentially therapeutic agents, gene therapy has shown much promise with regard to the treatment of IVD degeneration. There have been many exciting developments such as safer and more reliable vector constructs, favorable results using therapeutic transgenes in disc cells both in vitro and in vivo, and improvement in transgene regulation, and investigators continue to explore ways in which gene therapy can become a powerful tool in the future treatment of disc degeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With continued perseverance and dedication, many advances have been made in the application of gene therapy to the IVD, and it continues to demonstrate great potential to become a powerful tool in the future treatment of disc degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rm C-313, Presbyterian University Hospital, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Levicoff
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome