title: Human white blood cells synthesize morphine: CYP2D6 modulation.
abstract: Human plasma contains low, but physiologically significant, concentrations of morphine that can increase following trauma or exercise. We now demonstrate that normal, human white blood cells (WBC), specifically polymorphonuclear cells, contain and have the ability to synthesize morphine. We also show that WBC express CYP2D6, an enzyme capable of synthesizing morphine from tyramine, norlaudanosoline, and codeine. Significantly, we also show that morphine can be synthesized by another pathway via l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Finally, we show that WBC release morphine into their environment. These studies provide evidence that 1) the synthesis of morphine by various animal tissues is more widespread than previously thought and now includes human immune cells. 2) Moreover, another pathway for morphine synthesis exists, via L-DOPA, demonstrating an intersection between dopamine and morphine pathways. 3) WBC can release morphine into the environment to regulate themselves and other cells, suggesting involvement in autocrine signaling since these cells express the mu3 opiate receptor subtype.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cadet
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baggerman
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mantione
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stefano
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007980:Levodopa / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009020:Morphine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D007980:Levodopa; D009020:Morphine; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6