title: Monitoring of insecticides resistance in main malaria vectors in a malarious area of Kahnooj district, Kerman province, southeastern Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kahnooj district in south of Iran is an endemic area for malaria where Anopheles stephensi (Liston) is a main malaria vector and An. dthali (Patton) a secondary vector. According to the national strategy plan on monitoring of insecticides resistance, this study was performed on susceptibility and irritability levels of An. stephensi and An. dthali to different insecticides in the district.
  
  
  METHODS
  The susceptibility and irritability levels of field strains of An. stephensi and An. dthali at the adult and larval stages to discriminative dose of different imagicides was determined as recommended by WHO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using discriminative dose and WHO criteria it was found that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT and dieldrin with 36.1 +/- 2.3 and 62.2 +/- 1.95 mortality rates, respectively; but susceptible to other insecticides. An. dthali was found to susceptible to all tested insecticides. The larvae of An. stephensi, exhibited 100% mortality for temephos and malathion, but 44 +/- 4.32 for discriminative dose of fenitrothion. The results of irritability level for DDT and pyrethroids showed that permethrin had the most irritancy effect on An. stephensi and An. dthali. DDT and deltamethrin showed the least irritancy effect against An. stephensi with 0.42 +/- 0.08 and 0.77 +/- 0.12 take-offs/min/adult, respectively, however, lambdacyhalothrin had the least irritancy effect against An. dthali with 0.096 +/- 0.02 take-offs/min/ adult. The mean number of take-offs/min/adult with permethrin showed significant difference to DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and deltamethrin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pyrethroid insecticides are being used as indoor residual sprays in Iran. Based on our results, the main malaria vectors in the region are still susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides. Therefore, we propose the use of pyrethroids with low irritancy effect in rotation with carbamate insecticides in two interval seasonal peaks of malaria transmission. Biological control including larvivorous fishes, using of local made Bacillus thuringiensis and larvicides such as chlorpyrifos-methyl are the main larval control in the region. Result on larval test exhibited the susceptibility of main vectors to some larvicides, although the 100% mortality was not obtained using fenitrothion and this is postulated the use of this insecticide in agriculture pest control. Monitoring and evaluation of insecticides resistance in malaria vectors in the region could provide an essential clue for judicious use of insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health & Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. hvatandoost@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vatandoost
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mashayekhi
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abaie
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Aflatoonian
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hanafi-Bojd
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sharifi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D007492:Iran; D007814:Larva; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides