title: An examination of the number of required apertures for step-and-shoot IMRT.
abstract: We have examined the degree to which step-and-shoot IMRT treatment plans can be simplified (using a small number of apertures) without sacrificing the dosimetric quality of the plans. A key element of this study was the use of direct aperture optimization (DAO), an inverse planning technique where all of the multi-leaf collimator constraints are incorporated into the optimization. For seven cases (1 phantom, 1 prostate, 3 head-and-neck and 2 lung), DAO was used to perform a series of optimizations where the number of apertures per beam direction varied from 1 to 15. In this work, we attempt to provide general guidelines for how many apertures per beam direction are sufficient for various clinical cases using DAO. Analysis of the optimized treatment plans reveals that for most cases, only modest improvements in the objective function and the corresponding DVHs are seen beyond 5 apertures per beam direction. However, for more complex cases, some dosimetric gain can be achieved by increasing the number of apertures per beam direction beyond 5. Even in these cases, however, only modest improvements are observed beyond 9 apertures per beam direction. In our clinical experience, 38 out of the first 40 patients treated using IMRT plans produced using DAO were treated with 9 or fewer apertures per beam direction. The results indicate that many step-and-shoot IMRT treatment plans delivered today are more complex than necessary and can be simplified without sacrificing plan quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201-1559, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Earl
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: C X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shepard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors