title: Presentation, natural history, and management of carotid cavernous aneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the largest reported cohort of carotid cavernous aneurysms (CCA), comparing the neuro-ophthalmic presentation, complications, and outcome with and without endovascular treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 185 patients with 206 CCAs examined between 1980 and 2001 at a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology and neurovascular service. Patients' symptoms and findings at presentation were recorded and compared with those at outcome. The effect of treatment on outcome and on complication rate was analyzed using the chi test, multivariate analysis of covariance, model-selection log-linear analysis, and multinomial logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term follow-up was available for 189 of 206 CCAs. Seventy-four CCAs underwent treatment (endovascular, 67 [91%]; surgical treatment, 6 [9%]), and 115 were followed for an average of 4 years, two of which required later treatment. Treatment reduced the incidence and severity of pain, even after adjusting for the severity of initial pain (F(1,192 = 9.59, P = 0.002). Treatment did not significantly affect the patient's final diplopia after adjusting for their initial diplopia (F(1, 182 = 2.01, P = 0.158). Statistical examination revealed that the treated group had a higher proportion of neurological and visual complications than people who were not treated (2(2). = 25.26, P = 0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous aneurysms leads to a significantly higher rate of pain resolution compared with untreated patients, even after adjusting for initial pain severity. Diplopia may not resolve after treatment. The results of this study underscore our approach indicating treatment only in cases of debilitating pain, visual loss from compression, or diplopia in primary gaze or in patients with risk factors for major complications such as pre-existing coagulopathy or sphenoid sinus erosion.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel. kalishh@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: Hadas
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stiebel-Kalish
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.forename: Ruth Huna
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bar-On
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Setton
authors.forename: Yasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niimi
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berenstein
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kupersmith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009462:Neurology; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods