title: Is homelessness a risk factor for eye disease? Results of a German screening study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is general agreement on the presence of a correlation between poverty and impaired health. However, only scarce data are available on whether this also applies to the incidence of eye disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of ocular disease in homeless people in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  107 homeless people (97 male, 10 female; mean age 49 years, range 18-81 years) treated in specialised social service institutions were investigated prospectively according to a standardised ophthalmological screening protocol. This comprised visual acuity, assessment of pupillary light reaction, intra-ocular pressure, slit lamp examination as well as funduscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median best-corrected visual acuity of all 213 eyes examined was 0.8 (range: no light perception to 1.25). 74 eyes of a subgroup of 50 patients showed one or more of the following disorders: 32% of the patients suffered from external eye disease, 8% exhibited a cataract associated with a visual acuity of 0.63 or below. 6% of the patients had optic nerve atrophy, and 4% suffered from amblyopia. Diabetic retinopathy as well as age-related macular degeneration were detected in 2%, while anophthalmos, lid malposition and traumatic choroidal rupture were noted in 1% of patients. The median visual acuity measured in these 74 eyes was 0.5 (range: no light perception to 1.25), which differs significantly from the acuity of 0.8 in the entire study population (p < 0.001). The prevalence of legal blindness according to WHO criteria was 2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study revealed an unexpectedly high prevalence of optic nerve atrophy in homeless people. The prevalence for cataract and legal blindness was slightly higher than in representative epidemiological investigations. Thus, homelessness seems to be correlated with an increased ocular morbidity. As best-corrected visual acuity differed significantly between eyes with and those without eye disease, the assessment of this parameter may serve as a cost-effective first-stage screening method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. pitz@augen.klinik.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pitz
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kramann
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krummenauer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitz
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trabert
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity