title: [Diagnosis and management of fungal infections and pneumocystis pneumonitis in pediatric cancer patients].
abstract: Invasive fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric cancer patients with hematological malignancies and following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This article provides the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI) and the German Society for Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (GPOH) for diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections including Pneumocystis jiroveci. They are based on specific pediatric pharmacological and regulatory considerations and on the results of clinical trials, case series and expert opinions using the evidence criteria set forth by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Recommendations for the most frequent clinical entities are summarized here. Options for initial therapy of uncomplicated candidemia include deoxycholate amphotericin B (DAMB), fluconazole (FLC), liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), the combination of DAMB plus FLC as well as voriconazole (VCZ) for patients > 11 years. For acute disseminated candidiasis, the combination of DAMB plus flucytosine is recommended. Indwelling central venous catheters serve as infectious nidus and should be removed whenever feasible. First-line therapy for presumed or proven invasive Aspergillus infections in patients 12 years and older is VCZ with DAMB and LAMB serving as alternatives. Choices for patients < 12 years of age are essentially limited to DAMB and LAMB. Due to the yet lacking evidence for enhanced antifungal efficacy and the ongoing dosage finding of caspofungin (CAS) in pediatric patients, combination therapies (LAMB plus CAS or VCZ plus CAS) should only be considered for fulminant or massive, life threatening infections. In granulocytopenic patients, adjunctive therapy with colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) is recommended. In patients under immunosuppressive therapy, glucocorticosteroids ought to be reduced or discontinued, if feasible. Surgical interventions are restricted to specific indications. Zygomyces infections are an indication for high-dose LAMB. The combination of DAMB plus flucytosine is the initial treatment of choice of cryptococcal mengoencephalitis, and for treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol or intravenous pentamidine is recommended. Beyond the listed entities, the article provides a brief review on the pharmacokinetics and dosing of antifungal agents in children and adolescents as well as detailed discussions and evidence-based recommendations for empirical antifungal therapy, diagnosis and treatment of superficial fungal infections, of invasive infections by previously rare fungal pathogens and endemic moulds and for adjunctive immunomodulatory and surgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderheilkunde, Pädiatrische Hämatologie/Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster. grollan@ukmuenster.de
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Groll
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ritter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents