title: Fluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: Endogenously produced pro-oxidant reactive species are essential to life, being involved in several biological functions. However, when overproduced (e.g. due to exogenous stimulation), or when the levels of antioxidants become severely depleted, these reactive species become highly harmful, causing oxidative stress through the oxidation of biomolecules, leading to cellular damage that may become irreversible and cause cell death. The scientific research in the field of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated biological functions and/or deleterious effects is continuously requiring new sensitive and specific tools in order to enable a deeper insight on its action mechanisms. However, reactive species present some characteristics that make them difficult to detect, namely their very short lifetime and the variety of antioxidants existing in vivo, capable of capturing these reactive species. It is, therefore, essential to develop methodologies capable of overcoming this type of obstacles. Fluorescent probes are excellent sensors of ROS due to their high sensitivity, simplicity in data collection, and high spatial resolution in microscopic imaging techniques. Hence, the main goal of the present paper is to review the fluorescence methodologies that have been used for detecting ROS in biological and non-biological media.
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Eduarda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: José L F C
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000032:analysis; D010545:Peroxides / Q000032:analysis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010545:Peroxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; C049375:perhydroxyl radical; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide