title: Hyperglycemia, insulin, and acute ischemic stroke: a mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperglycemia induces a pro-oxidative and proinflammatory state that can cause direct neuronal toxicity. Hyperglycemia-mediated increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 can cause neuronal damage by an increase in cerebral edema. Moreover, hyperglycemia may be responsible for a procoagulant state that can further compromise blood supply to the penumbral areas in acute ischemic stroke. Insulin infusion has an effect that is opposite to that of hyperglycemia. It not only lowers blood glucose levels but also exerts an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Insulin also improves NO production and results in improved blood circulation to the ischemic areas. This article focuses on the potential mechanisms underlying the injurious effects of glucose and the beneficial effects of insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of other potential beneficial therapies, there is an urgency to institute trials with insulin infusion in acute ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14209, USA.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munschauer
authors.forename: Paresh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dandona
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia; D007249:Inflammation; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005609:Free Radicals; D007328:Insulin; D016877:Oxidants; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005947:Glucose