title: Does cardiac surgery in newborn infants compromise blood cell reactivity to endotoxin?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal cardiac surgery is associated with a systemic inflammatory reaction that might compromise the reactivity of blood cells against an inflammatory stimulus. Our prospective study was aimed at testing this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 17 newborn infants with transposition of the great arteries undergoing arterial switch operation. Ex vivo production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), of the regulator of the acute-phase response IL-6, and of the natural anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the cell culture supernatant after whole blood stimulation by the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide before, 5 and 10 days after the operation. Results were analyzed with respect to postoperative morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ex vivo production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 was significantly decreased (P < 0.001 and P < 0.002, respectively), whereas ex vivo production of IL-10 tended to be lower 5 days after the operation in comparison with preoperative values (P < 0.1). Ex vivo production of all cytokines reached preoperative values 10 days after cardiac surgery. Preoperative ex vivo production of IL-6 was inversely correlated with the postoperative oxygenation index 4 hours and 24 hours after the operation (P < 0.02). In contrast, postoperative ex vivo production of cytokines did not correlate with postoperative morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that cardiac surgery in newborn infants is associated with a transient but significant decrease in the ex vivo production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 together with a less pronounced decrease in IL-10 production. This might indicate a transient postoperative anti-inflammatory shift of the cytokine balance in this age group. Our results suggest that higher preoperative ex vivo production of IL-6 is associated with a higher risk for postoperative pulmonary dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. kathrin_schumacher@web.de
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korr
authors.forename: Jaime F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Jimenez
authors.forename: Götz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von Bernuth
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Seghaye
mesh_terms: D001773:Blood Cells / Q000276:immunology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C082161:lipopolysaccharide A; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein