title: Orbital invasion by esthesioneuroblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare malignancy arising from the olfactory mucosa in the nasal fossa, which can invade the orbit producing ophthalmic symptoms and signs. The purpose of this study was to present a case series and review the literature to assess the characteristics of orbital involvement by esthesioneuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series of all patients treated for biopsy-proven esthesioneuroblastoma at the Royal Adelaide Hospital between 1992 and 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients (5 male, 4 female) with a mean age of 50 years (range, 20 to 66 years) were reviewed. One case was classified as Kadish stage A, 1 as Kadish stage B, and 7 as Kadish stage C. Mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 17 months (range, 2 to 24 months). Radiologic orbital invasion was present in 4 cases and was associated with ophthalmic symptoms or signs in 3 of these cases. These included proptosis (2 cases), periorbital pain (1 case), decreased visual acuity (1 case), extraocular muscle restriction (1 case), and chemosis (1 case). One patient with symptoms secondary to orbital invasion was initially referred to and assessed by an ophthalmologist. All patients who had or went on to have development of orbital invasion had advanced disease at diagnosis. Treatment was surgical (9/9), with the addition of radiotherapy (6/9) and chemotherapy (2/9). Mean follow-up was 3.6 years (range, 0.5 to 8.5 years). Six of 9 patients had tumor recurrence. Two had metastasis. Five of 9 patients remained alive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital invasion by esthesioneuroblastoma is not uncommon. It is important to be aware of this malignancy because a significant proportion of patients will present with ophthalmic signs and symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Oculoplastic and Orbital Unit, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laforest
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selva
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crompton
authors.forename: Igal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leibovitch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000473:pathology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies