title: Fetal programming of body composition: relation between birth weight and body composition measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric methods in older Englishmen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced fetal growth is associated with differences in body composition in adult life that may predispose to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Most published data are based on simple anthropometric measures, which incompletely describe body composition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess body composition and fat distribution by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-control study of 64-72-y-old white men (n = 32) with a low (mean: 2.76 kg) or high (mean: 4.23 kg) birth weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the high-birth-weight group, after adjustment for weight and height, the low-birth-weight group had a higher percentage body fat (29.31% compared with 25.33%; P = 0.029) and fat mass (P = 0.039) but a lower fat-free soft tissue (56.32 compared with 59.22 kg; P = 0.024), muscle mass (27.25 compared with 29.22 kg; P = 0.022), and muscle-to-fat ratio. Low birth weight was also associated with a higher trunk-to-limb fat ratio after control for total fat mass (1.42 compared with 1.16; P = 0.005) or percentage body fat (P = 0.041). The same body mass index predicted a greater percentage body fat (P = 0.019) in the low- than in the high-birth-weight group, and the same ratio of trunk-to-limb skinfold thickness (or waist-to-hip ratio) predicted a higher trunk-to-limb fat ratio (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifelong differences in adult body composition and fat distribution between the low- and high-birth-weight groups are consistent with programming in early life. The use of BMI to predict percentage body fat and the use of the trunk-to-limb skinfold thickness ratio (and waist-to-hip ratio) to predict the trunk-to-limb fat ratio measured by DXA can be misleading when low- and high-birth-weight groups are compared.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Osama A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Kensara
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wootton
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Mayke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Marinos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elia
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio