title: Intraperitoneal alginate-encapsulated neonatal porcine islets in a placebo-controlled study with 16 diabetic cynomolgus primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A nonhuman primate model of diabetes is valuable for assessing porcine pancreatic islet transplants that might have clinical benefits in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal porcine islets, microencapsulated in alginate-polyornithine-alginate, were injected intraperitoneally (10,000 IEQs/kg islets) into eight adult male cynomolgus monkeys rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Eight diabetic controls were given an equivalent dose of empty placebo capsules. All subjects received a repeat transplant 3 months after the first.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transplant was well tolerated and no adverse or hypoglycemic events occurred. There were two deaths from nontransplant treatment or diabetic complications unrelated to the transplants. After transplantation, the average insulin dose was reduced in the islet-treated group and increased in the control group. At 12 weeks after the first transplant there was a mean 36% (95% CI: 6% to 65%, P = .02) drop in daily insulin dose compared with the control group. After 24 weeks the difference increased to a mean of 43% (95% CI: 12% to 75%, P = .01) without significant differences in blood glucose values between the two groups. Individual responses after islet transplant varied and one monkey was weaned off insulin by 36 weeks. At terminal autopsy, organs appeared normal and there was no visible peritoneal reaction. No animal had polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified signals of porcine endogenous retrovirus or exogenous virus infections in blood or tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated intraperitoneal transplantation of microencapsulated neonatal porcine islets is a safe procedure in diabetic primates. It was shown to result in a significant reduction in insulin dose requirement in the majority of animals studied, whereas insulin requirement increased in controls.
authors.affiliation: Living Cell Technologies New Zealand, Ltd., PO Box 23-566 Hunters Corner, Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand. relliott@lctglobal.com
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: P L J
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Garkavenko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calafiore
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Emerich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thanos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002214:Capsules; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002214:Capsules; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007328:Insulin; D020723:Glucuronic Acid