title: Acidosis, lactate, electrolytes, muscle enzymes, and other factors in the blood of Sus scrofa following repeated TASER exposures.
abstract: Repeated exposure to electro-muscular incapacitating devices could result in repetitive, sustained muscle contraction, with little or no muscle recovery period. Therefore, rhabdomyolysis and other physiological responses, including acidosis, hyperkalaemia, and altered levels of muscle enzymes in the blood, would be likely to occur. Experiments were performed to investigate effects of repeated exposures of TASER International's Advanced TASER X26 on muscle contraction and resultant changes in blood factors in an anaesthetized swine model. A total of 10 animals were used. Six swine were exposed for 5 s, followed by a 5-s period of no exposure, repeatedly for 3 min. (In five of the animals, after a 1-h delay, a second 3-min exposure period was added.) The remaining four animals were used for an additional pilot study. All four limbs of each animal exhibited contraction even though the electrodes were positioned in areas at some distances from the limbs. The degree of muscle contraction generated during the second exposure period was significantly lower than that in the first exposure series. This finding was consistent with previous studies showing that prolonged activity in skeletal muscle will eventually result in a decline of force production. There were some similarities in blood sample changes in the current experiments with previous studies of muscular exercise. Thus problems concerning biological effects of repeated TASER exposures may be related, not directly to the "electric output" per se, but rather to the resulting contraction of muscles (and related interruption of respiration) and subsequent sequelae. Transient increases in hematocrit, potassium, and sodium were consistent with previous reports in the literature dealing with studies of muscle stimulation or exercise. It is doubtful that these short-term elevations would have any serious health consequences in a healthy individual. Blood pH was significantly decreased for 1h following exposure, but subsequently returned toward a normal level. Leg muscle contractions and decreases in respiration each appeared to contribute to the acidosis. Lactate was highly elevated, with a slow return (time course greater than 1 h) to baseline. Other investigators have reported profound metabolic acidosis during restraint-associated cardiac arrest. Since restraint often occurs immediately after TASER exposure, this issue should be considered in further development of deployment concepts. On the basis of the results of the current studies, the repeated use of electro-muscular incapacitating devices in a short period of time is, at least, feasible, with the caveat that some medical monitoring of subjects may be required (to observe factors such as lactate and acidosis).
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Brooks City-Base, Texas 78235, USA. james.jauchem@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jauchem
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fines
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000097:blood*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006339:Heart Rate; D006400:Hematocrit; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium