title: Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coeliac disease (CD) is a disorder that may depend on genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Recent observational studies suggest that breast feeding may prevent the development of CD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate articles that compared effects of breast feeding on risk of CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies published between 1966 and June 2004 that examined the association between breast feeding and the development of CD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. With the exception of one small study, all the included studies found an association between increasing duration of breast feeding and decreased risk of developing CD. Meta-analysis showed that the risk of CD was significantly reduced in infants who were breast feeding at the time of gluten introduction (pooled odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.59) compared with infants who were not breast feeding during this period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast feeding may offer protection against the development of CD. Breast feeding during the introduction of dietary gluten, and increasing duration of breast feeding were associated with reduced risk of developing CD. It is, however, not clear from the primary studies whether breast feeding delays the onset of symptoms or provides a permanent protection against the disease. Long term prospective cohort studies are required to investigate further the relation between breast feeding and CD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Central Manchester, Manchester, UK. tony.akobeng@cmmc.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Akobeng
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ramanan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buchan
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005983:Glutens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens