title: Early changes in the skin microcirculation and muscle metabolism of the diabetic foot.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in the large vessels and microcirculation of the diabetic foot are important in the development of foot ulceration and subsequent failure to heal existing ulcers. We investigated whether oxygen delivery and muscle metabolism of the lower extremity were factors in diabetic foot disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 108 patients (21 control individuals who did not have diabetes, 36 patients with diabetes who did not have neuropathy, and 51 patients with both diabetes and neuropathy). We used medical hyperspectral imaging (MHSI) to investigate the haemoglobin saturation (S(HSI)O2; % of oxyhaemoglobin in total haemoglobin [the sum of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin]) in the forearm and foot; we also used 31P-MRI scans to study the cellular metabolism of the foot muscles by measuring the concentrations of inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine and calculating the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine (Pi/PCr).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The forearm S(HSI)O2 during resting was different in all three groups, with the highest value in controls (mean 42 [SD 17]), followed by the non-neuropathic (32 [8]) and neuropathic (28 [8]) groups (p<0.0001). In the foot at resting, S(HSI)O2 was higher in the control (38 [22]) and non-neuropathic groups (37 [12]) than in the neuropathic group (30 [12]; p=0.027). The Pi/PCr ratio was higher in the non-neuropathic (0.41 [0.10]) and neuropathic groups (0.58 [0.26]) than in controls (0.20 [0.06]; p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that tissue S(HSI)O2 is reduced in the skin of patients with diabetes, and that this impairment is accentuated in the presence of neuropathy in the diabetic foot. Additionally, energy reserves of the foot muscles are reduced in the presence of diabetes, suggesting that microcirculation could be a major reason for this difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Greenman
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panasyuk
authors.forename: Xiaoen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Thanh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Longoria
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Giurini
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Lalita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khaodhiar
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veves
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000378:metabolism*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen