title: Corticosteroid-induced chemotherapy resistance in urological cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone are widely used for medication of urological diseases, e.g., as cotreatment of advanced prostate cancer, to improve appetite, weight loss, fatigue, relieve bone pain, diminish ureteric obstruction, to reduce the production of adrenal androgens, as an antiemetic in patients undergoing chemo- and/or radiotherapy together with serving as "standard" therapy arm in randomized studies. While the potent pro-apoptotic properties and the supportive effects of glucocorticoids to tumor therapy in lymphoid cells are well studied, the impact to growth of prostate and other urological carcinomas is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We isolated cells from surgical resections of 21 prostate tumors and measured apoptosis and viability in these primary cells and 17 established cell lines from human prostate, bladder, renal cell and testicular carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that dexamethasone induces resistance regarding exposure to several cytotoxic agents such as taxol, gemcitabine, cisplatin, 5-FU and gamma-irradiation in 86% of the freshly isolated prostate tumors and in 100% of the established urological cell lines. No difference in dexamethasone-mediated protection was found in normal, benign and malignant prostate tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show for the first time that dexamethasone induced therapy resistance in urological carcinomas is not the exception but a more common phenomenon and implicate that glucocorticoids may have two faces in cancer therapy, a beneficial and a dangerous one.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Urooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mattern
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haferkamp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfitzenmaier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rittgen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edler
authors.forename: K-M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Debatin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Groene
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Herr
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017209:Apoptosis; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D003907:Dexamethasone