title: A preliminary clinical scale to predict the risk of in-hospital death after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) remains the gold standard for the treatment of carotid disease, with mortality rates generally at 0.4% to 1.7%. Controversy remains with regards to its role in the treatment of the high-risk surgical population. We developed a new clinical scale incorporating weighted risk factors into a single numerical score that correlates with the risk of in-hospital death after CEA. We propose that this tool may serve to prospectively identify the high-risk patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of 10 years (1994 to 2003) of the Maryland hospital discharge database. Included in the analysis were patients with (1) International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure code 38.12 (endarterectomy of the vessels of the head and neck other than intracranial vessels) in the primary coding position but not in any secondary position, or (2) Diagnosis Code 433.00 to 433.91 (occlusion/stenosis, precerebral artery), or (3) the Diagnosis-Related Group 5 (extracranial vascular procedure). ICD codes representing preoperative conditions of the patients were identified and evaluated with stepwise regression modeling techniques for association with in-hospital deaths. Different regression models were evaluated and compared by discriminative power as measured by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and goodness-of-fit to data as measured by r(2) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic. A numeric index correlating with the risk of in-hospital death was constructed by rounding the correlation coefficients for the statistically significant variables from the logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 23,237 cases. The mean age of patients was 70.6 years, with 54.7% male patients. There were 125 in-hospital deaths (0.54%). Patient age and four patient medical conditions emerged with significant associations with in-hospital deaths after CEA, and their relationships can be summarized in a single diagnostic scale: 1 point for age > or =75, 2 points for atherosclerosis (ICD code 440), 3 points for cardiomyopathy (ICD code 425), 4 points for iron-deficiency anemia (ICD code 280), and 5 points for cerebral degeneration (ICD code 331). This scale has moderate discriminative power (ROC = 0.67). On average, each point increase on this scale is associated with a 1.58-times increase in mortality risk, with score of 6 on the scale carrying a mortality risk >5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new 5-item scale, based on patient age and past medical history, correlates moderately with the rate of in-hospital death after CEA. This clinical index may serve to identify high-risk patients. Future improvements to this diagnostic scale should focus on the diagnostic values of additional laboratory and demographic data.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Susanna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Matsen
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perler
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors