title: Circulating levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cell surface receptor that has been implicated in vascular disease and neurodegeneration. Low levels of its secreted isoform, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), have been regarded as a putative risk factor for atherosclerosis. In addition, administration of sRAGE has been shown to reduce development of cerebral beta-amyloidosis in an Alzheimer disease mouse model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of sRAGE as a biological marker for Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 152 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease, 91 with vascular dementia and 161 control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of sRAGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of sRAGE were significantly reduced in the plasma of patients with Alzheimer disease compared with that for those with either vascular dementia (P<.05) or with controls (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with Alzheimer disease have reduced levels of sRAGE in plasma compared with patients with vascular dementia and controls. The striking reduction of circulating sRAGE in Alzheimer disease further supports a role for the RAGE axis in this clinical entity and requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, University of Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emanuele
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomaino
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Binetti
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghidoni
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Politi
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maletta
authors.forename: Amalia C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bruni
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geroldi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic