title: Eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetic KKAy/Ta mice: involvement of MCP-1 suppression and decreased ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was effective against any renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a regulating macrophage recruitment protein, which is up-regulated in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of EPA including renal MCP-1 expression in diabetic KKAy/Ta mice, MCP-1 production and signal transduction in mouse mesangial cells (MMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  KKAy/Ta mice were injected with EPA ethyl ester (1 g/kg/day) intraperitoneally. Immunohistochemical staining of MCP-1, F4/80, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and phospho-p38 in the renal sections were performed. EPA or specific inhibitors were incorporated in MMCs, and the levels of supernatant MCP-1 were measured. The effect of EPA on ERK1/2, c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity in MMCs was examined using Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPA decreased the levels of serum triglycerides, leptin, urinary albumin and MCP-1, and improved glucose intolerance, mesangial matrix accumulation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in KKAy/Ta mice. Immunohistochemical staining of MCP-1 and F4/80 in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitial regions was decreased in the EPA-treated group. EPA and specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK and PI3K decreased levels of MCP-1 in MMCs. EPA suppressed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in MMCs, and decreased p-ERK positive cells in glomeruli of KKAy/Ta mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPA ameliorates diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetic KKAy/Ta mice. We propose that the observed down-regulation of MCP-1 is critically involved in the beneficial effect of EPA, probably in concert with improvement of other clinical parameters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.forename: Leyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.forename: Minfang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Takamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gohda
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horikoshi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008820:Mice, Obese; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases