title: Intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (tirofiban) followed by intra-arterial urokinase and mechanical thrombolysis in stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate preliminarily the efficacy and safety of intravenous tirofiban combined with intra-arterial pharmacologic and mechanical thrombolysis in patients with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one consecutive patients with an acute ischemic stroke due to major cerebral arteries occlusion and a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score > or = 18 were treated with an intravenous bolus of tirofiban and heparin followed by intra-arterial administration of urokinase coupled with mechanical thrombolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients had an anterior circulation stroke (T-siphon internal carotid artery [ICA] = 7; middle cerebral artery [MCA] = 6), 6 patients a posterior circulation stroke, and 2 patients an anterior plus posterior circulation stroke (left ICA or M1 tract of MCA plus basilar artery occlusions). Mean NIHSS score on admission was 21 (range, 18-27). Immediate recanalization was successful (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] 2-3) in 17 of 21 patients. The following day, 14 of 19 patients improved substantially and complete vessel patency (TIMI 3-4) was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. Intracranial bleeding occurred in 5 of 21 patients (3 symptomatic cerebral hemorrhages and 2 subarachnoid hemorrhages) and was fatal in the case of 3 patients. At discharge, the mean NIHSS was 5.4 (range, 0-25). Overall, at 3-month follow-up the functional outcome was favorable (modified Rankin Scale score = 0-2) in 13 of 21 (62%) patients. Death (including all causes) at 90 days occurred in 6 of 21 (28%) cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of intravenous tirofiban with intra-arterial urokinase and mechanical thrombolysis may be successful in reestablishing vessel patency and result in a good functional outcome in patients with major cerebral arteries occlusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangiafico
authors.forename: Martino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cellerini
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nencini
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gensini
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D017130:Angioplasty; D020771:Anterior Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020769:Posterior Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D014443:Tyrosine; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D000077466:Tirofiban