title: Regulation of tight junction proteins and bladder epithelial paracellular permeability by an antiproliferative factor from patients with interstitial cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous reports have suggested that the bladder epithelial barrier may be compromised in interstitial cystitis (IC). Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a small glycoprotein made specifically by bladder epithelial cells in patients with IC that induces changes in expression of certain epithelial cell proteins and profoundly inhibits cell growth. Therefore, we confirmed the increased permeability and decreased tight junction formation of bladder epithelial cell monolayers grown from biopsies in patients with IC compared to cells from normal controls. We then determined the effect of APF on the permeability of normal bladder epithelial cell monolayers and the expression of tight junction proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Permeability was determined by measuring the C-mannitol and H-inulin flux between cells in confluent monolayers on Transwell culture plates (Corning, Corning, New York). Tight junction formation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and the expression of specific proteins was determined by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  APF treatment caused significant increases in the paracellular permeability of normal bladder epithelial cell monolayers and the attenuation of tight junctions compared to mock APF, similar to changes seen in IC cells. APF treatment also decreased expression of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and occludin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of its apparent effects on bladder epithelial cell tight junctions and paracellular permeability in vitro, APF may contribute to the leakiness of the bladder epithelial barrier seen in IC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Chen-Ou
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kristopher R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D039421:Integrin alpha2 / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D062793:Occludin; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; D051178:alpha Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D039421:Integrin alpha2; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C568985:OCLN protein, human; D062793:Occludin; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C569042:TJP1 protein, human; D014746:Vimentin; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; D051178:alpha Catenin; C490708:antiproliferative factor APF, human