title: Cyclosporine decreases vascular progenitor cell numbers after cardiac transplantation and attenuates progenitor cell growth in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent experimental evidence suggests that the neointimal proliferation seen in cardiac allograft vasculopathy may in part derive from recipient progenitor cells. The effect of cyclosporine on these circulating progenitors in the setting of cardiac transplantation is currently unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three surgical series were performed: sham operation alone, sham operation with immunosuppression, and heterotopic porcine cardiac transplantation with immunosuppression. The sham operation involved laparotomy and consecutive clamping of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Post-operative immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine at therapeutic levels (100-300 ng/ml) and 0.5 mg/kg methylprednisolone. Endothelial outgrowth colony numbers (EOC(CFU)) and smooth muscle outgrowth colony numbers (SOC(CFU)) were quantified weekly for 4 weeks post-operatively. A series of in vitro experiments were performed to determine the effect of cyclosporine on the differentiation, migration, and proliferation of EOCs and SOCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sham alone series there were no changes to either EOC(CFU) or SOC(CFU). In the sham with immunosuppression and the transplant series, both EOC(CFU) and SOC(CFU) fell in the first 2 weeks (p < 0.05) compared with baseline (EOC(CFU), 3.4 +/- 0.6; SOC(CFU), 11.1 +/- 2.8). EOC(CFU) recovered at 4 weeks to above baseline levels in the sham immunosuppression group only (15.2 +/- 3.9; p = 0.01). SOC(CFU) showed no recovery in the immunosuppression groups. Cyclosporine, even at a low dose, prevented differentiation, inhibited proliferation, and attenuated migration of both EOCs and SOCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunosuppression in the setting of cardiac transplantation causes a profound reduction in circulating progenitor cells capable of differentiating into endothelial and smooth muscle cells. This effect can in part be explained by the inhibitory effects of cyclosporine on progenitor growth and differentiation seen in this study.
authors.affiliation: William J von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oi
authors.forename: Kent R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tazelaar
authors.forename: Noel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Caplice
authors.forename: Christopher G A
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine