title: Detection and identification of significant ANAs in previously determined ANA negative samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An antinuclear antibody (ANA) substrate transfected with the cDNA to hyperexpress the 60 kD SS-A/Ro antigen (HEp-2000) has been shown to detect anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies missed by standard HEp-2 and other immunoassays. Despite this evidence, many laboratories remain convinced that with experienced technicians, standard HEp-2 is acceptable for ANA detection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To challenge the ability of HEp-2000 to detect anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies in samples previously determined to be ANA negative using standard HEp-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and seventy-one pre-screened "negative" ANA samples were provided by a university hospital laboratory in Germany. These samples were tested on the HEp-2000 substrate at a dilution of 1:40 by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Samples that screened positive for a nuclear pattern were titered (range of 1:40-1:640) and all ANA-positive patterns were identified. Samples containing at least one positive ANA pattern at a dilution greater than or equal to 1:160 were further tested. Samples that produced a speckled pattern were tested for antibodies to the extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) and samples that showed homogeneous staining were tested for antibodies to dsDNA, and if negative, were then tested for anti-histone antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-one patient samples were positive with titers > or =1:160. Speckled patterns were the most common finding (30 samples) followed by speckled/homogeneous mixed patterns (19 samples) and samples demonstrating the SS-A/Ro pattern (16 samples) either alone or in combination with other ANA patterns. The remaining 26 positive samples consisted of various other ANA patterns. The most commonly identified ENAs were SS-A/Ro (14 samples), Scl-70 (11 samples) and SSB (6 samples). No antibodies to dsDNA were identified in 23 positive samples with homogeneous staining patterns, though 17 of these samples tested positive for antibodies to histone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HEp-2000 detected anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies in 16 (4%) of the "ANA negative" samples. In addition to improved sensitivity for anti-SS-A antibodies, HEp-2000 demonstrated improved sensitivity over standard HEp-2 substrate for other significant ANAs including anti-Scl-70, anti-histone, and anti-SS-B antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Immuno Concepts, NA Ltd, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cusi
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodner
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boyes
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoy
mesh_terms: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D000099207:SS-A Antigen
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D000099207:SS-A Antigen; C035356:SS-A antibodies