title: Pulmonary insulin delivery by means of the Technosphere drug carrier mechanism.
abstract: Technosphere/Insulin (TI) is a formulation of regular human insulin designed for efficient transport across the respiratory epithelium into the circulation. The drug carrier mechanism achieves a fast systemic insulin uptake (maximum time approximately 15-20 min), a fast onset of action (maximum activity approximately 25-30 min) and a short duration of action (approximately 2 h). Bioavailability, relative to subcutaneous injection, was established to be between 30 and 50% with a linear dose-response relationship and low variability. In all published short-term studies, TI was well tolerated. Provided a reliable long-term safety profile, TI may become a suitable alternative to subcutaneous injection for prandial insulin delivery. TI offers the possibility of new treatment regimens, especially in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Research and Development, Parcusstr. 8, D-55116 Mainz, Germany. AndreasP@IKFE.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfützner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forst
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001682:Biological Availability; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008863:Microspheres
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin