title: Water supplies in some rural communities around Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: impact on water-related diseases.
abstract: Two traditional surface water sources and one piped supply around Calabar, Nigeria were examined to reveal the community water use patterns and the impact on water-related diseases. Using questionnaires, it was shown that some communities trekked long distances (up to 5 km) to reach their supply source. The quantity of water collected per day in each of the five rural sources was inadequate (approximately 6 buckets or 90 liters). The traditional water sources were not available all year round, forcing users to trek longer distances for alternative supplies. Only 4.4% of rural water users subjected them to any further treatment, such as boiling or filtration. Fetching water was the occupation of children; they were the worst hit by water-related diseases, such as diarrhea/ dysentery, stomachache, worms and scabies/craw-craw. About 84% of the respondents were dissatisfied with their water supplies. Deaths due to apparent water-related diseases occurred among 6.3% of respondents during the twelve months preceding the study. The overall impact was a loss of school hours/days, loss of labor and general discouragement. The community served with piped treated water fared better in all respects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Opara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D004326:Drinking; D004403:Dysentery / Q000453:epidemiology; D006376:Helminths; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D012424:Rural Population; D012532:Scabies / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*