title: Effect of pectus excavatum deformity on cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent boys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the magnitude of the effects of pectus excavatum deformity on endurance fitness and cardiorespiratory functional reserve in adolescent boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional comparison of cardiac and ventilatory variables at rest and during a maximal cycle exercise test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric exercise-testing laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve boys (mean +/- SD age, 14.1 +/- 1.8 years; age range, 11.8-18.0 years) with moderate-to-severe pectus excavatum deformity (mean +/- SD Haller index, 3.95 +/- 0.88) and 20 control boys (mean +/- SD age, 12.5 +/- 0.4 years; age range, 12.1-13.5 years) without musculoskeletal deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endurance fitness (physical work capacity); respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation; and cardiac output and stroke volume by Doppler echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with pectus deformity had significantly lower endurance fitness than controls (mean +/- SD physical work capacity, 2.60 +/- 0.28 W . kg(-1) vs 3.11 +/- 0.45 W . kg(-1)) and reduced mean +/- SD values for maximal cardiac index (10.6 +/- 1.6 L . min(-1) vs 12.0 +/- 2.2 L . min(-1)) and peak tidal volume (3.02 +/- 0.27 mL . kg(-1) . 10(-2) vs 3.46 +/- 0.30 mL . kg(-1) . 10(-2)). However, considerable overlap was observed in these values between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a group, boys with pectus excavatum deformity have lower endurance fitness than controls, and this is associated with reduced cardiac output and tidal volume responses to exercise. However, the wide variability of these measures makes it difficult to assign pectus deformity as a cause of exercise intolerance in individual patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center Children's Hospital, Springfield, MA 01199, USA. Thomas.Rowland@bhs.org
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Banever
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed