title: Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify and compare potential benefits (subjective reports of sleep variables) and risks (adverse events and morning-after psychomotor impairment) of short term treatment with sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, the Cochrane clinical trials database, PubMed, and PsychLit, 1966 to 2003; bibliographies of published reviews and meta-analyses; manufacturers of newer sedative hypnotics (zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone) regarding unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of any pharmacological treatment for insomnia for at least five consecutive nights in people aged 60 or over with insomnia and otherwise free of psychiatric or psychological disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  24 studies (involving 2417 participants) with extractable data met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sleep quality improved (effect size 0.14, P < 0.05), total sleep time increased (mean 25.2 minutes, P < 0.001), and the number of night time awakenings decreased (0.63, P < 0.001) with sedative use compared with placebo. Adverse events were more common with sedatives than with placebo: adverse cognitive events were 4.78 times more common (95% confidence interval 1.47 to 15.47, P < 0.01); adverse psychomotor events were 2.61 times more common (1.12 to 6.09, P > 0.05), and reports of daytime fatigue were 3.82 times more common (1.88 to 7.80, P < 0.001) in people using any sedative compared with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in sleep with sedative use are statistically significant, but the magnitude of effect is small. The increased risk of adverse events is statistically significant and potentially clinically relevant in older people at risk of falls and cognitive impairment. In people over 60, the benefits of these drugs may not justify the increased risk, particularly if the patient has additional risk factors for cognitive or psychomotor adverse events.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 2S2.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Krista L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lanctôt
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sproule
authors.forename: Usoa E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Busto
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D017594:Publication Bias; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives