title: A fully automated calibration method for an optical see-through head-mounted operating microscope with variable zoom and focus.
abstract: Ever since the development of the first applications in image-guided therapy (IGT), the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) was considered an important extension of existing IGT technologies. Several approaches to utilizing HMDs and modified medical devices for augmented reality (AR) visualization were implemented. These approaches include video-see through systems, semitransparent mirrors, modified endoscopes, and modified operating microscopes. Common to all these devices is the fact that a precise calibration between the display and three-dimensional coordinates in the patient's frame of reference is compulsory. In optical see-through devices based on complex optical systems such as operating microscopes or operating binoculars-as in the case of the system presented in this paper-this procedure can become increasingly difficult since precise camera calibration for every focus and zoom position is required. We present a method for fully automatic calibration of the operating binocular Varioscope M5 AR for the full range of zoom and focus settings available. Our method uses a special calibration pattern, a linear guide driven by a stepping motor, and special calibration software. The overlay error in the calibration plane was found to be 0.14-0.91 mm, which is less than 1% of the field of view. Using the motorized calibration rig as presented in the paper, we were also able to assess the dynamic latency when viewing augmentation graphics on a mobile target; spatial displacement due to latency was found to be in the range of 1.1-2.8 mm maximum, the disparity between the true object and its computed overlay represented latency of 0.1 s. We conclude that the automatic calibration method presented in this paper is sufficient in terms of accuracy and time requirements for standard uses of optical see-through systems in a clinical environment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. michael.figl@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figl
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ede
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wanschitz
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ewers
authors.forename: Helmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Birkfellner
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface