title: Variants, pitfalls and asymptomatic findings in wrist and hand imaging.
abstract: Anatomic variants of the bones, ligaments, tendons and muscles are frequent findings in imaging of the wrist and hand. Many findings especially changes in the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) and the interosseous ligaments are asymptomatic, their incidence is increasing with age, and they are frequently found bilaterally. Abnormalities such as increased signal within tendons are common in asymptomatic subjects. They may be explained by normal physiology, anatomical variability, MR artifacts or true abnormalities without clinical importance. Although it is not always possible to differentiate variants and artifacts from clinically relevant findings it is important to know their potential etiology and clinical importance and not to over report them as abnormality requiring additional imaging or treatment.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Balgrist, Radiology, University of Zurich Switzerland, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland. christian@pfirrmann.ch
authors.forename: Christian W A
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pfirrmann
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanetti
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D006225:Hand / Q000473:pathology*; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*