title: Field evaluation of the Meade Readiview handheld microscope for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan school children.
abstract: A novel, inexpensive handheld microscope, the Meade Readiview, was evaluated for field diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by comparison of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) against conventional compound microscopy as part of a parasitologic survey in nine sentinel schools and a rapid mapping survey across 22 schools in Uganda. Fecal smears from 685 primary school children were examined and the overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 45%. However, prevalence by school ranged widely from 0% to 100%. For individual diagnosis the Readiview had a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 96%, a PPV of 95%, and an NPV of 88%. Due to the poorer movement control of the glass slide on the Readiview stage, fecal smears with less than four eggs could be overlooked. At the highest magnification (160x), egg-like objects could be confounding. Estimating prevalence by school was usually within +/- 7% of that of conventional microscopy. Since the Readiview is more robust and portable, both in size and weight, and one-tenth as expensive as the traditional compound microscope, a change in the logistics and costs associated with field infection surveillance is possible. This inexpensive microscope is a pragmatic alternative to the compound microscope. It could play an important role in the collection of prevalence data to better guide anthelmintic drug delivery and also empower the diagnostic capacity of peripheral health centers where compound microscopes are few or absent.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. r.stothard@nhm.ac.uk
authors.forename: J Russell
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stothard
authors.forename: Narcis B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kabatereine
authors.forename: Edridah M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tukahebwa
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kazibwe
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mathieson
authors.forename: Joanne P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fenwick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D015995:Prevalence; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D012574:Schools; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology