title: Rebound weight gain as associated with high plasma norepinephrine levels that are mediated through polymorphisms in the beta2-adrenoceptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A successful weight loss program is essential treatment for obesity-related diseases, but it is well known that the majority of individuals do not succeed in weight loss maintenance. The present study evaluates hormonal mechanisms and the relationship of beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms involved in individuals who regain weight after initially successful weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overweight Japanese men (n = 154) were enrolled in a 24-month weight loss program. Body mass index (BMI), total body fat mass, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and leptin levels, and beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms (Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu) were measured every 6 months for the 24-month period. Maintenance of weight loss was defined as significant weight loss (>or=10% reduction) from entry weight at 6 months and maintenance of the weight loss for an additional 18 months. Rebound weight gain was defined as significant weight loss at 6 months but subsequent regain of body weight during the next 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that 37 subjects maintained weight loss during 24 months, whereas 36 subjects had rebound weight gain. The BMI at entry and calorie intake and physical activity at each period were similar between the two groups. Subjects who maintained weight loss had at entry a significantly lower fat mass and plasma NE levels compared to those with rebound weight gain. Body fat mass, NE, and leptin levels at entry predicted the degree of change in body weight during the 24-month study period. Subjects with rebound weight gain had a significantly higher frequency of the Gly16 allele for the beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism compared to subjects who had a 24-month maintenance of weight loss. Subjects carrying the Gly16 allele also had significantly higher plasma NE, leptin, and body fat mass levels and a greater waist-to-hip ratio both at entry and throughout the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high initial degree of body fat mass and high plasma NE levels as determined by the Gly16 allele for the beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms predict those individuals who will have rebound weight gain after their initial successful weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Human Neurotransmitter Laboratory, Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. kmasuo@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuo
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuya
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Yuxiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakugi
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tuck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D009638:Norepinephrine