title: Post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with orofacial pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the presence and impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of patients seeking treatment for orofacial pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-one consecutive patients with an array of orofacial pain conditions were screened using a structured clinical interview for PTSD and the PTSD Symptom Checklist--Civilian Version (PCL), a brief PTSD self-report inventory. Additionally, participants received a clinical examination and self-report questionnaires to assess pain, coping styles, and presence of post-traumatic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three (23%) patients received a full lifetime or current PTSD diagnosis, with an additional 11 patients receiving a partial PTSD diagnosis. Only 5 of these 44 patients had ever been previously diagnosed with PTSD. PTSD symptoms were associated with higher pain scores (P < .05) and affective distress (P < .01). Furthermore, discriminant function analyses suggested that the PCL accurately classified 89% of these cases (sensitivity = .85, specificity = .90, positive predictive power = 74%, negative predictive power = 95%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that PTSD is prevalent in the orofacial pain setting and that PTSD symptomatology is associated with increased pain and affective distress that may complicate clinical presentation. Furthermore, PTSD can be accurately and efficiently assessed using a brief, self-report inventory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Box 356370, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. jeffreys@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Okeson
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCubbin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires