title: Amygdaloid GABA, not glutamate neurotransmission or mRNA transcription controls footshock-associated fear arousal in the acoustic startle paradigm.
abstract: In Pavlovian conditioning the fear-evoking properties of the aversive unconditioned stimulus are represented by the conditioned stimulus. A major challenge for theories of classical fear conditioning has been to understand how associations are formed between a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Although the cellular mechanisms in the amygdala that underlie fear learning have received considerable attention relatively little is known about the neural substrates underlying unconditioned stimulus-associated fear. In the present study we examined the role of GABA(A), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors, and protein synthesis inhibition on the immediate fear arousal produced by footshock as measured by the shock sensitization of acoustic startle. Laboratory rats showed shock-enhanced startle after infusion into the basolateral amygdala of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (5.0 microg), the non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (5.0 microg) and the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (80.0 microg). We concluded that fear arousal provoked by footshock is not mediated by glutamate neurotransmission in the amygdala and does not involve de novo protein synthesis. Bilateral infusion into the basolateral amygdala of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol in doses ranging from 0.001-0.5 microg reliably blocked the shock sensitization of acoustic startle responding. None of the muscimol doses altered shock reactivity amplitudes indicating the normal perception of footshock. The muscimol results were interpreted to suggest that decreased GABA neurotransmission in the amygdala may be essential for the neural causation of fear that is acquired and expressed by conditioned stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Nobelen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kokkinidis
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018755:GABA Agonists; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid