title: Selective estrogen receptor modulators inhibit growth and progression of premalignant lesions in a mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive premalignant lesion and is considered a precursor to invasive carcinoma. DCIS accounts for nearly 20% of newly diagnosed breast cancer, but the lack of experimentally amenable in vivo DCIS models hinders the development of treatment strategies. Here, we demonstrate the utility of a mouse transplantation model of DCIS for chemoprevention studies using selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). This model consists of a set of serially transplanted lines of genetically engineered mouse mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (MIN) outgrowth (MIN-O) tissue that have stable characteristics. We studied the ovarian-hormone-responsiveness of one of the lines with a particular focus on the effects of two related SERMs, tamoxifen and ospemifene.
  
  
  METHODS
  The estrogen receptor (ER) status and ovarian-hormone-dependence of the mouse MIN outgrowth tissue were determined by immunohistochemistry and ovarian ablation. The effects of tamoxifen and ospemifene on the growth and tumorigenesis of MIN outgrowth were assessed at 3 and 10 weeks after transplantation. The effects on ER status, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were studied with immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MIN-O was ER-positive and ovarian ablation resulted in reduced MIN-O growth and tumor development. Likewise, tamoxifen and ospemifene treatments decreased the MIN growth and tumor incidence in comparison with the control (P < 0.01). Both SERMs significantly decreased cell proliferation. Between the two SERM treatment groups, there were no statistically significant differences in MIN-O size, tumor latency, or proliferation rate. In contrast, the ospemifene treatment significantly increased ER levels while tamoxifen significantly decreased them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tamoxifen and ospemifene inhibit the growth of premalignant mammary lesions and the progression to invasive carcinoma in a transplantable mouse model of DCIS. The inhibitory effects of these two SERMs are similar except for their effects on ER modulation. These differences in ER modulation may suggest different mechanisms of action between the two related SERMs and may portend different long-term outcomes. These data demonstrate the value of this model system for preclinical testing of antiestrogen or other therapies designed to prevent or delay the malignant transformation of premalignant mammary lesions in chemoprevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. rnamba@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Ruria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Namba
authors.forename: Lawrence J T
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jeannie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maglione
authors.forename: Erik T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: McGoldrick
authors.forename: Stephenie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Wurz
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: DeGregorio
authors.forename: Alexander D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Borowsky
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: MacLeod
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cardiff
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gregg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018890:Chemoprevention; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; C119141:Ospemifene