title: Insulin effects on CSF norepinephrine and cognition in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: We assessed the effects of induced hyperinsulinemia on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of norepinephrine (NE) and on cognition for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal older adults. For normal adults, insulin increased plasma and CSF NE levels; also, recall for paraphrased details of a story improved as CSF NE levels increased. Mental control was positively correlated with CSF levels of NE for patients. These findings demonstrate that raising peripheral insulin levels can modulate CNS NE levels and suggest that insulin-stimulated increases in NE may modulate cognitive functions.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108-1532, USA.
authors.forename: G Stennis
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reger
authors.forename: Brenna A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cholerton
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Elaine R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Peskind
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asthana
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Plymate
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frölich
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Craft
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D009638:Norepinephrine