title: Outbreak of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteremia due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans subspecies xylosoxidans in a hemodialysis unit.
abstract: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rare cause of bacteremia. Over a 2-week period, A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans was isolated from blood cultures of four hemodialysis patients with long-term intravascular catheters. A culture from one atomizer that contained diluted 2.5% chlorhexidine, which had been used to disinfect the skin, yielded A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans. No further cases were diagnosed once the use of this atomizer was discontinued. Five outbreak-related strains from the four patients and the atomizer were tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) under XbaI restriction. The isolates from the first three patients and the atomizer had identical PFGE patterns, confirming the atomizer as the source of the outbreak. The strain isolated from the fourth patient had six more bands than the outbreak strain and was considered possibly related to the outbreak strain. All patients were treated with intravenous levofloxacin. The catheter was removed in only one patient. The three patients in whom the catheter was left in place were also treated with antibiotic lock therapy with levofloxacin. All four patients were cured. This is believed to be the first reported outbreak of central venous catheter-related bacteremia due to A. xylosoxidans and the second reported outbreak with this organism associated with chlorhexidine atomizers. The use of diluted chlorhexidine via atomizers can be dangerous for the care of venous catheters and should be called into question. Patients with long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteremia due to this organism can be treated successfully with systemic antimicrobial therapy in addition to antibiotic lock therapy without catheter removal.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Avenida de la Constitución no. 3, 13600 Alcázar de San Juan, Ciudad Real, Spain. danielt@sescam.jccm.es
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tena
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carranza
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Barberá
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valdezate
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garrancho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sáez-Nieto
mesh_terms: D042441:Achromobacter denitrificans / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013995:Time