title: Expression of Connexin 43 in the hearts of rat embryos exposed to nitrofen and effects of vitamin A on it.
abstract: Rats with experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have heart hypoplasia and conotruncal and great vessel malformations that are likely related to disturbed neural crest developmental control. Neural crest cells communicate through intercellular gap junctions whose main protein is Connexin 43 (Cx43). The migration and participation of neural crest cells in heart development is likely influenced by this protein which might be also directly involved in myocardial development. Vitamin A is beneficial for heart hypoplasia in CDH rats. The aims of this study were to examine the status of Cx43 in the heart of embryonal rats exposed to nitrofen and to assess if vitamin A reverts these effects. Pregnant rats received either 100 mg nitrofen or olive oil on E9.5. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the subsequent treatment with intragastric vitamin A (15,000 i.u.) or vehicle on E10.5 and E11.5. The pups were recovered on E13, E15, and E21 and the hearts were dissected out and pooled. Cx43 mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Comparisons among groups were made with ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests with a threshold of significance of P<0.05. In control rats Cx43 mRNA was minimally expressed on E13 and E15 and fully expressed on E21. Nitrofen significantly increased Cx43 mRNA on E15. Additional treatment with vitamin A tended to moderate this increase on E15. Cx43 was overexpressed in the hearts of nitrofen-exposed embryonal rats on day E15 of gestation. Vitamin A tended to normalize this expression. The mechanism of action of Cx43 deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Reyes
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Dumont
authors.forename: Wenceslao M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Calonge
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tovar
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000196:embryology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000196:embryology*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000196:embryology*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D014801:Vitamin A; C007350:nitrofen