title: Nicotine delivery systems.
abstract: Over the past 20 years, medicinal nicotine has been used to aid smoking cessation, and has led to a significant increase in the number of smokers who successfully quit. This review describes currently available medicinal nicotine products, which include nicotine patch, gum, lozenge, nasal spray, inhaler and sublingual tablet, including their pharmacokinetics and recommended dosing. New developments in nicotine delivery that could further increase cessation rates include high-dose patches, rapid release gum, combined patch and acute forms, and several novel channels for nicotine delivery, such as nicotine drink, straw, lollipop and a pulmonary inhaler. New applications of existing and novel medicinal nicotine products may include relapse prevention, nicotine maintenance, temporary withdrawal management, reduced smoking and gradual quitting.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Smoking Research Group, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. shiffman@pinneyassociates.com
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Reginald V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Fant
authors.forename: August R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Buchhalter
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gitchell
authors.forename: Jack E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Henningfield
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine