title: Late results of combined carotid and coronary surgery using actual versus actuarial methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists over the short-term results and long-term efficacy of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and carotid endarterectomy. Additionally, in this population actual versus actuarial assessment of nonfatal late events has not been previously reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital records of 500 consecutive patients having concomitant carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting between 1979 and 2001 were reviewed, allowing at least 1 year of follow-up on all patients. Long-term nonfatal complications were assessed by actual and actuarial methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient demographics revealed a mean age of 69 years; 74% (370 patients) were male; 75% (377 patients) presented with unstable coronary syndromes; 10% (50 patients) had an intraaortic balloon pump; and 66% (329 patients) were neurologically asymptomatic. Hospital mortality was 3.6% (18 patients). Significant multivariable predictors of hospital death were preoperative transient ischemic attack or myocardial infarction, and nonelective operation. Perioperative strokes were 4.6% (23 patients), of which 2.4% (12 patients) were ipsilateral and 2.2% (11 patients) were contralateral. Significant multivariable predictors of stroke were peripheral vascular disease and use of the right internal mammary artery. Ten-year actuarial survival was 43%. Ten-year actual versus Kaplan-Meier actuarial freedoms with 95% confidence limits from late events were myocardial infarction 87% (78% and 92%) versus 81% (75% and 87%); percutaneous coronary intervention 92% (85% and 96%) versus 89% (84% and 94%); reoperative coronary grafting 96% (89% and 99%) versus 94% (90% and 98%); total stroke 85% (77% and 91%) versus 82% (76% and 87%); ipsilateral stroke 90% (83% and 94%) versus 87% (82% and 92%); carotid endarterectomy 82% (73% and 88%) versus 75% (69% and 82%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concomitant carotid and coronary artery surgery is safe and effective, particularly in preventing ipsilateral stroke, and neutralizes the impact of unilateral carotid stenosis on early and late stroke. Actual, not actuarial, methods more accurately represent the true risk of nonfatal late events.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgical Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. cakins@partners.org
authors.forename: Cary W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Akins
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hilgenberg
authors.forename: Gus J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Vlahakes
authors.forename: Joren C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: MacGillivray
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: LaMuraglia
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Cambria
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors