title: An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women.
abstract: Aromatherapy is an anecdotal method for modifying sleep and mood. However, whether olfactory exposure to essential oils affects night-time objective sleep remains untested. Previous studies also demonstrate superior olfactory abilities in women. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of an olfactory stimulus on subsequent sleep and assessed gender differences in such effects. Thirty-one young healthy sleepers (16 men and 15 women, aged 18 to 30 yr, mean+/-SD, 20.5+/-2.4 yr) completed 3 consecutive overnight sessions in a sleep laboratory: one adaptation, one stimulus, and one control night (the latter 2 nights in counterbalanced order). Subjects received an intermittent presentation (first 2 min of each 10 min interval) of an olfactory (lavender oil) or a control (distilled water) stimulus between 23:10 and 23:40 h. Standard polysomnographic sleep and self-rated sleepiness and mood data were collected. Lavender increased the percentage of deep or slow-wave sleep (SWS) in men and women. All subjects reported higher vigor the morning after lavender exposure, corroborating the restorative SWS increase. Lavender also increased stage 2 (light) sleep, and decreased rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep and the amount of time to reach wake after first falling asleep (wake after sleep onset latency) in women, with opposite effects in men. Thus, lavender serves as a mild sedative and has practical applications as a novel, nonphotic method for promoting deep sleep in young men and women and for producing gender-dependent sleep effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA. ngoel@wesleyan.edu
authors.forename: Namni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Hyungsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Raymund P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000375:Aging; D019341:Aromatherapy; D003624:Darkness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D027523:Lavandula; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; C045718:lavender oil