title: Secondary prevention of cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review criteria for mass cancer screening among asymptomatic populations and barriers to secondary prevention of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. To describe challenges to implementing theoretically based interventions to increase appropriate cancer screening, follow-up, and surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published journal articles, text books, and epidemiologic reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions to increase breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening participation must be approached from a systems perspective that includes patient, health care provider, and health care system variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the array of factors that impede progress in the secondary prevention of cancer is necessary to improve care. Nurses have an important role in decreasing morbidity and mortality from breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. vchampio@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rawl
mesh_terms: D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D018672:Community Health Planning / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States