title: Refractory acute renal allograft rejection successfully treated with photopheresis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute rejection episodes still occur in spite of modern immunosuppressive protocols. We present seven patients with biopsy-proven acute rejections after kidney transplantation refractory to repeated pulses of high-dose steroids and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) or OKT-3, but responsive to photopheresis therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photopheresis is a nontoxic immunomodulatory, apheresis-based treatment with no general immunosuppressive action. Rather, it suppresses specific pathogenic T-cell clones. During photopheresis mononuclear leukocytes are collected from the patient using centrifugation technique, treated with a photosensitizing agent, irradiated, and subsequently retransfused.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients tolerated the treatment well, with no notable side effects. At the 12-month follow-up the median creatinine had decreased to 161 mumol/L compared to 282 mumol/L at the start of photopheresis and at the last follow-up 12 to 43 months after transplantation all patients still had functioning grafts. In five of the seven cases there had been a significant improvement in renal function, whereas in two of the patients the renal function remained stable but without a decrease in creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is our experience that the prognosis for renal allografts with acute rejection unresponsive to conventional antirejection treatment (ie, repeated pulses of methylprednisolone and ATG or OKT-3) is very poor. Therefore, we conclude that the photopheresis treatment contributed to the favorable outcome in this small group of patients. We are presently designing a prospective randomized study to further evaluate the effect of photopheresis after renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. helena.genberg@kus.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Genberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumlien
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shanwell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tydén
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017893:Photopheresis; D011379:Prognosis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D003404:Creatinine