title: Effects of xylazine, lignocaine and their combination for lumber epidural analgesia in water buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).
abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylazine alone (0.05 mg/kg), lignocaine alone (2.0 mg/kg) and a combination of xylazine and lignocaine (0.05 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively) after lumbar epidural administration in water buffalo calves. Fifteen nondescript, male water buffalo calves of 6-8 months of age and weighing between 55 and 75 kg were randomly placed in 3 groups (A, B and C). The agents were administered at the 1st lumbar epidural space. Clinico-physiological parameters such as analgesia, ataxia, sedation, salivation, heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were studied. Other haematological and biochemical parameters monitored were haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, plasma glucose, cortisol, protein albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, sodium, potassium and chloride. The onset of analgesia was faster in group C (3.0 +/- 0.44 min) compared with that of group B (4.4 +/- 0.40 min) and group A (34.0 +/- 1.86 min). Analgesia of the thorax, flank, inguinal region, hind limbs, perineum and tail was complete in group C, but mild to moderate in groups A and B. Ataxia was severe in groups B and C and mild in group A. Mild to deep sedation were produced by groups A and C animals. Longer duration and greater depth of analgesia was produced in animals in group C. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature decreased in groups A and C. The haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. The biochemical parameters like glucose, cortisol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT increased in all the animals. However, total proteins and albumin decreased in the 3 groups. The plasma electrolytes sodium, potassium and chloride did not show any significant change. The results of this study indicated a possible additive analgesic interaction between epidurally administered xylazine and lignocaine, without causing any marked systemic effects in water buffalo calves.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (U P), India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pratap
authors.lastname: Amarpal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinjavdekar
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Aithal
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000502:physiology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D014991:Xylazine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D014991:Xylazine; D008012:Lidocaine