title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the kinked fetal brain stem: a sign of severe dysgenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows visualization of the fetal brain stem in a manner not previously possible. A "kinked" brain stem is a sign of severe neurodysgenesis. The purpose of this series was to describe cases of a kinked brain stem detected on prenatal MRI and to discuss the possible genetic and syndromic etiologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cases of a kinked brain stem on fetal MRI (gestational age range, 18-34 weeks) were reviewed and correlated with other clinical, genetic, imaging, and autopsy findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, there was associated cerebellar hypogenesis. Additional findings were ventriculomegaly (4 cases), cerebral hypogenesis (3 cases), microcephaly (4 cases), schizencephaly (1 case), cephalocele (1 case), hypogenesis of the corpus callosum (1 case), and hydrocephalus (1 case). In 2 cases, prenatal sonography misidentified the kinked brain stem as the cerebellum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A kinked brain stem is an indicator of severe neurodysgenesis arising early in gestation. Magnetic resonance imaging provides the necessary resolution to detect this sign and delineate any associated anomalies in utero to assist with further genetic evaluation, management, and counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stroustrup Smith
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index