title: Antidepressants, warfarin, and the risk of hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Case reports suggest that some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can interact with warfarin to increase the likelihood of bleeding. We speculated that, among patients receiving warfarin, initiation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment would be associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (UGIB).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based, nested, case-control study involving Ontario residents 66 years or older continuously treated with warfarin for at least 1 year. Cases admitted with UGIB were compared with matched controls (1:10) to explore the odds ratio for initiation of various antidepressants within 42, 90, and 180 days before the index admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 1994 to December 2002, we identified 98,784 elderly patients continuously receiving warfarin for at least 1 year; of whom 1538 (0.6%) were admitted to hospital for UGIB. The adjusted odds ratio for fluoxetine/fluvoxamine exposure in 90 days before UGIB hospitalization is 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.7), and the adjusted odds ratio for other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the same period was 1.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.4). The odds ratios for exposure to antidepressants in 180 days before UGIB hospitalization were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initiation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment in patients receiving warfarin was not associated with a significant increase in the risk of hospitalization for UGIB.
authors.affiliation: The Health Systems Research and Consulting Unit, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. paul_kurdyak@camh.net
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kurdyak
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Juurlink
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mamdani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D019338:Polypharmacy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin