title: Outcomes after cardiac perforation during radiofrequency ablation of the atrium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perforation during catheter procedures in either the atrium or ventricle is relatively uncommon, but potentially fatal if tamponade ensues. This study analyzes the occurrence and outcomes of cardiac perforation during catheter-based radiofrequency ablation procedures in the left atrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with a periprocedure perforation who have undergone radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) or tachycardia were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 632 procedures performed from January 1999 to October 2004, 15 (2.4%) were complicated by perforation requiring pericardiocentesis. The perforation site was left atrium in 9 (60.0%), right atrium in 1 (6.7%), and right ventricle in 5 (33.3%). Intracardiac echocardiography was used in 13 (86.7%) and revealed an effusion before overt instability in 11 (73.3%). Thirteen (86.7%) patients developed a blood pressure <60 mmHg. The pressure stabilized in all patients after pericardiocentesis (hypotension to intervention: 10.1 +/- 5.1 minutes). The total blood volume removed was 848 +/- 880 mL (left atrium/right atrium: 1,074 +/- 1,002 vs right ventricle: 396 +/- 266, P = 0.168). Two patients required surgery to close left atrium dome perforations. The ablation was completed in 7 (46.7%) patients. Ten (66.7%) later developed early reoccurrence of AF. All patients were neurologically intact at hospital discharge. During a 1.5 +/- 1.1 year follow-up, AF was eliminated (n = 4) or controlled (n = 1) in 5 (71.4%) patients with complete procedures, and 2 (20.0%) patients underwent successful repeat ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of perforation during ablation of the left atrium is low. Most perforations occur in the left atrium; however, few require surgical closure. Although less than with uncomplicated procedures, the majority of patients with complete ablations achieve long-term elimination of AF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: T Jared
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bunch
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Asirvatham
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Kristi H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Munger
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sinak
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000293:injuries*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013612:Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome