title: Immunogenicity and safety of four different doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugated vaccine, combined with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP-Hib), in Indonesian infants.
abstract: Widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugated vaccine in industrialized countries has resulted in a dramatic decline in the incidence of invasive Hib diseases, but the vaccine's cost has prevented its inclusion in basic immunization programs in developing countries. To overcome this problem, combination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine or reduction in the dose of Hib vaccine has been proposed. To evaluate the immunogenicity and adverse reactions from lower doses of Hib-polyribosylphosphate (PRP) conjugated with tetanus toxoid (PRP-T), a double-blind study was conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia, and its suburbs. A total of 1048 infants 6 weeks to 6 months of age received three doses of DTP vaccine combined with the usual 10 microg dose or with a reduced dose of 5, 2.5 or 1.25 microg of PRP-T at two-monthly intervals. Antibodies were measured prior to the first dose and 4-6 weeks following the third dose. Adverse reactions were similar among all four groups. The only significant difference was a higher rate of irritability (p<0.02) and of temperature elevation >38 degrees C (p<0.009) after doses 1 and 2 in the lowest dose group (1.25 microg PRP-T) compared to the other groups. All participants tested had a 4-fold increase in antibodies against all DTP antigens. In addition, after a fourth booster dose of Hib, 99.6% of infants produced >or=0.15 microg/ml of antibody to Hib-PRP, and 96.4% showed levels >or=1.0 microg/ml after primary immunization, level that correlate with short- and long-term immunity, respectively. Antibody titers to the PRP antigen showed no significant differences among dosage groups with the exception of the 5.0 microg group, which had a significantly higher GMC than the 1.25 microg group (p<0.012). This study demonstrates that primary vaccination with half, one-fourth, or one-eighth of the usual dose of PRP-T, combined with DTP vaccine, produces protective immune responses, and has side effects that are comparable to DTP vaccination alone. In these lower dosages, PRP-T conjugate vaccine can lower vaccine costs to a level that is affordable for infant immunization programs in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia. narain@namru2.org
authors.forename: Narain H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Punjabi
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Richie
authors.forename: Cyrus H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Simanjuntak
authors.forename: Sri Juliani
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harjanto
authors.forename: Ferry
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wangsasaputra
authors.forename: Sumarjati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arjoso
authors.forename: Ainur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rofiq
authors.forename: Mulyati
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prijanto
authors.lastname: Julitasari
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yela
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cryz
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005334:Fever; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D010428:Pentosephosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C055753:Haemophilus influenza type b polysaccharide vaccine-tetanus toxin conjugate; D010428:Pentosephosphates; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; C080881:diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-haemophilus b conjugate vaccine; C003191:polyribose phosphate