title: Enteral feeding in the critically ill: are nursing practices contributing to hypocaloric feeding?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteral feeding is the preferred method of nutritional support for the critically ill; however, a significant number of these patients are under-fed. It is possible that common nursing practices associated with the delivery of enteral feeding may contribute to under-feeding although there is little data available describing nursing practice in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive survey-based design was used to explore the enteral feeding practices of 376 critical care nurses (response rate 50.5%). Participants completed a 57-item survey that focused on general enteral feeding practice and the management of feeding intolerance and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The enteral feeding practice of critical care nurses varied widely and included some practices that could contribute to under-feeding in the critically ill. Practices associated with the measurement of gastric residual volumes (GRV) were identified as the most significant potential contributor to under-feeding. GRV measurements were commonly used to assess feeding tolerance (n = 338; 89.9%) and identified as a reason to delay feeding (n = 246; 65.4%). Delayed gastric emptying was frequently managed by prokinetic agents (n = 237; 63%) and decreasing the rate of feeding (n = 247; 65.7%) while nursing measures, such as changing patient position (n = 81; 21.5%) or checking tube placement (n = 94; 25%) were less frequently reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this survey support the contention that nursing practices associated with the delivery of enteral feeds may contribute to under-feeding in the critically ill patient population.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Nursing Professorial Unit, The University of Technology, Sydney, Level 6 Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. andrea.marshall@uts.edu.au
authors.forename: Andrea P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Sandra H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards*; D016638:Critical Illness; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D009751:Nutritional Requirements