title: Stress fractures in the female athlete.
abstract: Stress fractures are common among female athletes, especially runners. Although both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can contribute to stress injury etiology, the female athlete triad--negative energy balance leading to menstrual irregularity, and reduced bone mineral mass--is a significant contributor to the incidence of stress fractures in the female athlete. When combined with impact weight-bearing activity, this triad puts these women at increased risk for stress fractures. Treatment must focus on reversing identified risk factors, in addition to relative rest, and maintenance of fitness. Most stress fractures heal without complication. High-risk stress fractures should be evaluated and treated by a practitioner with expertise in the care of these injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. eajslc@aol.com
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000150:complications; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries; D012737:Sex Factors; D015431:Weight Loss