title: Black walnut extract-induced laminitis in horses is associated with heterogeneous dysfunction of the laminar microvasculature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Equine laminitis purportedly involves haemodynamic dysfunction at the level of the laminar vasculature. However, to date, no studies have been performed characterising the function of laminar arteries and veins during the prodromal stages of equine laminitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  That the prodromal stages of laminitis are associated with contractile dysfunction of the equine laminar vasculature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess contractile function of laminar arteries and veins to phenylephrine (PE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses were administered black walnut heartwood extract (BWHE) or water (control horses) via nasogastric intubation. After euthanasia, laminar vessels (100-800 microm internal diameter) were isolated and mounted on small vessel myographs to assess contractile function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contractile responses to PE or 5-HT were identical in laminar arteries isolated from either control horses or those administered BWHE. In contrast, responses to PE or 5-HT were significantly reduced in laminar veins isolated from BWHE-administered horses when compared with laminar veins isolated from control horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with the prodromal stages of laminitis being associated with selective dysfunction of laminar veins. Further studies are required to discern the precise nature of this dysfunction and its potential relevance to the pathogenesis of acute laminitis in the horse and possible therapeutic targets for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7389, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peroni
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Krunkosky
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000098:blood supply; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000098:blood supply*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D031324:Juglans; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D012701:Serotonin