title: Incidence of Tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We obtained estimates of the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among patients receiving HAART and identified determinants of the incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the incidence of TB during the first 3 years after initiation of HAART among 17,142 treatment-naive, AIDS-free persons starting HAART who were enrolled in 12 cohorts from Europe and North America. We used univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models to identify factors associated with the incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 3 years (36,906 person-years), 173 patients developed TB (incidence, 4.69 cases per 1000 person-years). In multivariable analysis, the incidence rate was lower for men who have sex with men, compared with injection drug users (relative rate, 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-4.01), heterosexuals (relative rate, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.64-3.59), those with other suspected modes of transmission (relative rate, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.91-3.06), and those with a higher CD4+ count at the time of HAART initiation (relative rate per log2 cells/microL, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.91). During 28,846 person-years of follow-up after the first 6 months of HAART, 88 patients developed TB (incidence, 3.1 cases per 1000 person-years of follow-up). In multivariable analyses, a low baseline CD4+ count (relative rate per log2 cells/microL, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96), 6-month CD4+ count (relative rate per log2 cells/microL, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99), and a 6-month HIV RNA level >400 copies/mL (relative rate, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.33-3.67) were significantly associated with the risk of acquiring TB after 6 months of HAART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of immunodeficiency at which HAART is initiated and the response to HAART are important determinants of the risk of TB. However, this risk remains appreciable even among those with a good response to HAART, suggesting that other interventions may be needed to control the TB epidemic in the HIV-infected population.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Epidemiologia, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive L. Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy. girardi@inmi.it
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Arminio Monforte
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Enos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grabar
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.forename: Schlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staszewski
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fätkenheuer
authors.forename: Jonathan A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sterne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*