title: Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic identification of those children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who should be considered at high-risk of dying suddenly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of sudden death in children. In this study, we aimed to identify clinical measures for stratification of this risk in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  By means of a retrospective cohort study from six regional centres of paediatric cardiology, we identified 128 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting below 19 years of age, with a mean follow-up of 10.8 years. Of the patients, 31 had died, 16 suddenly, with a median age at sudden death of 13.3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cox regression shows that electrocardiographic voltages, analysed as the sum of the R and S waves in all six limb leads (p equal to 0.001), and septal thickness expressed as proportion of the 95th centile for age (p equal to 0.036), were independent predictors of sudden death. When the sum of the R and S waves is over 10 millivolts, the odds ratio for sudden death was 8.4, with 95% confidence intervals from 2.2 to 33.7 (p equal to 0.0012), and finding a septal thickness over 190% of 95th centile for age gives an odds ratio of 6.2, with confidence intervals from 1.5 to 25.1 (p equal to 0.011). Noonan's syndrome, with a p value equal to 0.043, and the ratio of the left ventricular wall to its cavity in diastole, with a p value equal to 0.005, were independent predictors of death in cardiac failure, with a ratio of the mural thickness to the dimension of the cavity over 0.30 giving an odds ratio of 36.0, with confidence limits from 4.2 to 311, and a p value equal to 0.00009. At follow-up, patients deemed to be at a high risk of dying suddenly were identified by the combination of the sum of the R and S waves greater than 10 millivolts and septal thickness over 190%, with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 78%, positive predictive value of 50%, and a negative predictive value of 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children at high risk of dying suddenly with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with a subsequent annual mortality of 6.6%, can be distinguished at the time of diagnosis from those patients having a low risk of sudden death, the latter with an annual mortality of 0.27%.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. ingegerd.ostman-smith@pediat.gu.se
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ostman-Smith
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wettrell
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keeton
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riesenfeld
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ergander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors