title: In vivo optical coherence tomography imaging of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging has not yet been applied to the pancreatic ductal system. The aim of this study was to obtain in vivo OCT images of dog pancreatic and biliary ducts, and to correlate the images with histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Images of dog pancreatic and biliary ducts were obtained by using an in vivo OCT probe introduced through the respective papillary orifices. Each duct was imaged in multiple locations, and the site of imaging was marked with injected India ink. After imaging, the dogs were euthanized, and the pancreaticobiliary system was harvested. Histologic cross sections were correlated with in vivo OCT images by measuring the structures seen on in vivo OCT images and correlating them with structures seen on corresponding histology slides that contained India ink.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen pairs of in vivo OCT images and histology slides from the bile duct and the pancreatic duct were obtained from 5 dogs. The entire duct wall could be visualized. A low reflective in vivo OCT layer corresponding to the epithelium could be discerned on many images. The bile duct showed a more complex architecture and had greater variations within the reflective OCT layers, possibly because of greater cellularity within the lamina propria. Nuclei within cells could not be identified, and structures adjacent to the ducts could not be imaged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo OCT is capable of imaging the pancreaticobiliary ductal system and of identifying the epithelial layer. Because of limited depth of imaging (320-845 micron), OCT is unlikely to serve the purpose of tumor staging.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Amitabh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chak
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rollins
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sivak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004285:Dogs; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence