title: Severe upper limb complications from parenteral abuse of Subutex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subutex is a sublingual formulation of buprenorphine that is used to treat opioid dependency. It may be abused parenterally with disastrous consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present 4 cases of parenteral abuse of Subutex resulting in severe upper limb complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two vascular complications were treated with combinations of anticoagulants, vasodilators, brachial plexus bock and iloprostol. One severe hand abscess required surgical debridement, and 1 median nerve injury required neurolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had a poor outcome. Both patients with vascular complications required multiple amputations, the patient with a thenar abscess had severely impaired thumb function, and the patient with median nerve injury has ongoing neuralgic pain, numbness and thenar weakness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of complications of parenteral abuse of Subutex is increasing in Singapore. These complications have a poor outcome despite adequate management, and are best prevented by education or legal means.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: A K T
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yam
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Teoh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000473:pathology*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005734:Gangrene / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine