title: Oral candidal species among smokers and non-smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the various oral Candidal species among healthy Malaysian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was collaborated between the Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between September 2002 till January 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred adults (50 smokers and 50 non-smokers), aged between 40 and 70 years were studied. Swabs and carbohydrate assimilation (Saboraud Dextrose Agar, Corn Meal Agar, API 20C AUX System) were performed. Specimens were collected from dorsum of the tongue, buccal mucosa and commissures (right and left each). Colony forms were established by positive colony forming units, on SDA medium (24-48 hours). Germ tube test for (true/pseudohyphae) growth was done on Corn Meal Agar Medium. Candida biotypes were evaluated by API 20C AUX system, which had a numerical 7 digit profile, added to evaluate a definite Candida species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five percent of Malaysian adults harbored Candida intraorally. Candidal species identified among 100 subjects had C. albicans (27) 77%, C. glabrata (3) 8%, C. famata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae and C. guilliermondii (1) 3% each. Thirty-three positive cases comprised of 35 species i.e. two cases had two species each. Fifty seven percent of these were smokers and 43% non-smokers. These included 40% Chinese, 36% Malays and 24% Indians. Species were, however, not specified according to intra-oral sites i.e. buccal, commissural mucosa and dorsum of tongue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On this series C. albicans is the most common species found in the oral cavity of Malaysian adults. It is equally frequent in smokers and non-smokers, but showed a predilection for the ethnic Chinese group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi. salik_dentures@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Siar
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000208:ethnology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D012907:Smoking