title: Comparison of conventional to intensity modulated radiation therapy for abdominal neuroblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare three different techniques of irradiating abdominal neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six children with a median age of 4.1 years underwent radiotherapy (RT) to the primary site as part of treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. Four had midline disease while two had well-lateralized lesions. Three different RT techniques were compared. Technique A used parallel-opposed AP/PA fields prescribed to the midplane of the patient. For Techniques B and C, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were developed using inverse treatment planning with a sliding window or dynamic multileaf collimator approach, seven coplanar beams, and a 0.25 x 0.5 cm minimum beam resolution. The clinical target volume (CTV) included the tumor present prior to second look surgery but after induction chemotherapy with a 1.5 cm margin. The planning target volume (PTV) was the CTV with a 0.5 cm margin. The CTV was planned to receive 100% of the prescribed dose. For Technique C, the vertebral bodies adjacent to the tumor were included in the PTV to minimize heterogeneity of dose. Six MV photons were used for all techniques. Bilateral kidneys, liver, spine, spleen, stomach and bilateral iliac crests were contoured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose to the PTV and CTV were not significantly different using the three techniques. In comparison to Technique A, Techniques B and C delivered a lower mean dose to the bilateral kidneys in the four children with midline tumors but not the two children with a lateralized tumor where the contralateral kidney received a higher mean dose. Dose to the spine was less homogeneous with Technique B compared to Techniques A and C. The spleen, liver and stomach mean doses were higher using Techniques B and C compared to Technique A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Technique C was the best method of RT delivery in midline tumors with respect to kidney doses, this was at a cost of a higher mean dose to the liver, stomach, and spleen. This, together with the theoretical increase in secondary malignancies, should be considered when treating a child with IMRT techniques. IMRT was not found to be better than the conventional AP/PA field for lateralized tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory Clinic and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. apaulino@tmh.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Arnold C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Paulino
authors.forename: Michele S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ferenci
authors.forename: Kuang-Yueh
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Adam W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nowlan
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed