title: Ice and pulsed electromagnetic field to reduce pain and swelling after distal radius fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative effectiveness of ice therapy and/or pulsed electromagnetic field in reducing pain and swelling after the immobilization period following a distal radius fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 83 subjects were randomly allocated to receive 30 minutes of either ice plus pulsed electromagnetic field (group A); ice plus sham pulsed electromagnetic field (group B); pulsed electromagnetic field alone (group C), or sham pulsed electromagnetic field treatment for 5 consecutive days (group D). All subjects received a standard home exercise programme. A visual analogue scale was used for recording pain; volumetric displacement for measuring the swelling of the forearm; and a hand-held goniometer for measuring the range of wrist motions before treatment on days 1, 3 and 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At day 5, a significantly greater cumulative reduction in the visual analogue scores as well as ulnar deviation range of motion was found in group A than the other 3 groups. For volumetric measurement and pronation, participants in group A performed better than subjects in group D but not those in group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of pulsed electromagnetic field to ice therapy produces better overall treatment outcomes than ice alone, or pulsed electromagnetic field alone in pain reduction and range of joint motion in ulnar deviation and flexion for a distal radius fracture after an immobilization period of 6 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. rsgladys@polyu.edu.hk
authors.forename: Gladys L Y
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cheing
authors.forename: Jolly W H
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Sing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kai Lo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017679:Cryotherapy; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016896:Treatment Outcome