title: A major ozonation product of cholesterol, 3beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al, induces apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
abstract: Cholesterol, a major neutral lipid component of biological membranes and the lung epithelial lining fluids, is susceptible to oxidation by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including ozone. The oxidation by ozone in biological environments results in the formation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al (cholesterol secoaldehyde or CSeco, major product) along with some other minor products. Recently, CSeco has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. In this communication, we report that CSeco induces cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with an IC(50) of 8.9+/-1.29 microM (n=6). The observed effect of CSeco at low micromolar concentrations retained several key features of apoptosis, such as changes in nuclear morphology, phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3/7 activity. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with 5 microM CSeco for 24h, for instance, resulted in 30.8+/-3.28% apoptotic and 1.8+/-1.11% of necrotic cells as against DMSO controls that only showed 1.3+/-0.33% of apoptosis and 1.6+/-0.67% of necrosis. In general, the loss of cellular viability paralleled the increased occurrence of apoptotic cells in various CSeco treatments. This study, for the first time, demonstrates the induction of apoptotic cell death in cardiomyocytes by a cholesterol ozonation product, implying a role for ozone in myocardial injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology and The Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sathishkumar
authors.forename: Masudul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Thirugnanam E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Perumal
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Rao M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Uppu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002778:Cholestanones / Q000633:toxicity*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D032386:Myoblasts, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010126:Ozone / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012632:Secosteroids / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002778:Cholestanones; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D012632:Secosteroids; D010126:Ozone; C082684:3-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al; D002784:Cholesterol