title: Clinical characteristics of patients with multiple system atrophy in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our study aimed to describe the clinical features of multiple system atrophy (MSA) in Singapore and verify its diagnosis using the consensus statement in the diagnosis of MSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients suspected to have MSA between 1995 and March 2005 were identified from the Movement Disorders database and the autonomic function testing results. The medical records were reviewed using a standardised data collection form. The diagnosis of MSA was verified using the consensus statement. Disease progression was evaluated using 2 pre-determined events: aid-requiring walking and wheelchair use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two per cent (33/46) fulfilled the consensus statement. There were 85% Chinese, 9% Malays, and 6% Indians. The mean age at onset of the disease was 60 +/- 10 years. We found a predominance of males (M:F = 1.5:1) as well as MSA-C cases (67%). The most common initial presenting features were parkinsonism and cerebellar signs (27% each). Abnormal neuroimaging was seen in 29 patients (91%). Autonomic function testing was abnormal in 58% (7/12). The risk for aid-requiring walking and wheelchair use at 3 years from onset of the disease was 31% and 17%, respectively. By 5 years, this had increased to 45% and 30%, respectively. There was no difference in the events rate between MSA subtypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical characteristics of MSA in Singapore are presented. Our study revealed a predominance of MSA-C patients as well as a later age at onset of disease and longer median time to aid-requiring walking and wheelchair use compared to Japanese patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute (TTSH Campus), Singapore.
authors.forename: R D G
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jamora
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A K Y
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: L C S
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019578:Multiple System Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012846:Singapore