title: Blood glucose testing at alternate sites in newborn infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare a method of testing at alternate skin sites (AST) with that of the usual heel-stick approach (SM) for determining blood glucose levels in newborn infants. Our other aims were to compare these methods as regards their accuracy, the pain caused by the procedures, the times taken to obtain a result and the possible delay in accurate test results using AST during rapid changes in blood glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-six preterm and term infants were enrolled. The blood glucose levels were determined by a standard bedside method (SM, HemoCue) and AST (Freestyle), which permitted blood samples to be taken from the arm or leg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of blood glucose ranged between 0.6 and 8.6 mmol/l. We found a significant correlation between SM and AST (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). The coefficient of variation was similar, pain was significantly less (median pain score 3.5 vs 7.5, p < 0.01) and the time taken to obtain a result significantly shorter (mean 35 vs 111 s, p < 0.01) with AST than with SM. No significant differences were found between these methods during rapid changes in the blood glucose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AST, a relatively simple and painless method of determining blood glucose levels in newborn infants, is acceptably accurate and causes minimal blood loss.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. mikael.norman@kbh.ki.se
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiött
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akerström
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lattunen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berggren-broström
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D047929:Term Birth
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose