title: A novel o-aminophenol oxidase responsible for formation of the phenoxazinone chromophore of grixazone.
abstract: Grixazone contains a phenoxazinone chromophore and is a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces griseus. In the grixazone biosynthesis gene cluster, griF (encoding a tyrosinase homolog) and griE (encoding a protein similar to copper chaperons for tyrosinases) are encoded. An expression study of GriE and GriF in Escherichia coli showed that GriE activated GriF by transferring copper ions to GriF, as has been observed for a Streptomyces melanogenesis system in which the MelC1 copper chaperon transfers copper ions to MelC2 tyrosinase. In contrast with tyrosinases, GriF showed no monophenolase activity, although it oxidized various o-aminophenols as preferable substrates rather than catechol-type substrates. Deletion of the griEF locus on the chromosome resulted in accumulation of 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3,4-AHBAL) and its acetylated compound, 3-acetylamino-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. GriF oxidized 3,4-AHBAL to yield an o-quinone imine derivative, which was then non-enzymatically coupled with another molecule of the o-quinone imine to form a phenoxazinone. The coexistence of N-acetylcysteine in the in vitro oxidation of 3,4-AH-BAL by GriF resulted in the formation of grixazone A, suggesting that the -SH group of N-acetylcysteine is conjugated to the o-quinone imine formed from 3,4-AHBAL and that the conjugate is presumably coupled with another molecule of the o-quinone imine. GriF is thus a novel o-aminophenol oxidase that is responsible for the formation of the phenoxazinone chromophore in the grixazone biosynthetic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furusho
authors.forename: Tatsuichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Sueharu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horinouchi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002384:Catalysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000737:chemistry; D005810:Multigene Family; D010078:Oxazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013305:Streptomyces griseus / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C485864:1-((2-(acetylamino)-2-carboxyethyl)thio)-2-amino-3-oxo-8-carboxyl-3H-phenoxiazine; C485863:1-((2-(acetylamino)-2-carboxyethyl)thio)-2-amino-3-oxo-8-formyl-3H-phenoxiazine; D010078:Oxazines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C020456:phenoxazinone; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C023944:2-aminophenol oxidase; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D000111:Acetylcysteine