title: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase expression in breast cancer and use of non-1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D analogue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytochrome P450 mitochondrial enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-hydroxylase) of renal tubule cells hydroxylates the major circulating form of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) to the active systemic hormone 1,25(OH)2D3. Local production of 1,25(OH)2D3 appears to occur also at other sites where 1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed for autocrine/paracrine regulation. To reduce risks of hypercalcemia during treatment with vitamin D, we have previously suggested use of non-1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D analogues to target tissues where 1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed, including the parathyroid glands in secondary hyperparathyroidism. The present study was undertaken to examine expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase in breast cancer and to investigate whether a non-1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D analogue displayed biological function. In addition, expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase, 24-hydroxylase and VDR was investigated in breast cancer specimens (n = 19) and normal breast tissues (n = 10) by immunohistochemistry and/or RT-PCR. Consecutive cryosections of 6 mum essentially free of immune cells were used in the analyses. The effect of vitamin D analogues on transcriptional activation was analyzed in transiently transfected MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1alpha-hydroxylase protein was demonstrated in 79% and 100% of breast cancer specimens and normal breast, respectively. The overall relative mRNA levels of 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase in normal breast compared to breast tumors were: 1alpha-hydroxylase, 1 +/- 0.07 versus 0.7 +/- 0.05, respectively (p < 0.001); 24-hydroxylase, 1 +/- 0.08 verus 2.1 +/- 0.2, respectively (p < 0.001). The VDR was expressed in 95% of the tumors as expected, with mRNA levels of 1 +/- 0.09 and 1.4 +/- 0.12 (p < 0.05) in breast cancer and normal breast, respectively. The ketoconazole-sensitive transcription activation potential of the non-1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D analogue prodrug of EB1089 (EB1285) was demonstrated in MCF-7 cells, which express 1alpha-hydroxylase. The activity of EB1285 was about 20% of 1,25(OH)2D3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate nearly normal expression levels of 1alpha-hydroxylase, 24-hydroxylase and VDR in the majority of investigated breast cancer specimens. A non-1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D analogue displayed activity in breast cancer cells. Such analogues may present future therapeutic options for proliferative disorders where 1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. ulrika.segersten@kirurgi.uu.se
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Segersten
authors.forename: Pernille Kaae
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hessman
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nordgren
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Binderup
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akerström
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellman
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Westin
mesh_terms: D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase