title: Noninvasive arterial measurements of vascular damage in healthy young adults: relation to coronary heart disease risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an increasing interest in noninvasive measurements of early structural or functional changes in large arteries such as pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and augmentation index (AIx). These measurements may be applied in etiologic or prognostic research. The role of the AIx as a marker of cardiovascular risk has not fully been established. Our aim was to study whether AIx is related to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and to compare the strength of the relations of AIx, PWV, and CIMT with cardiovascular risk in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included 224 men and 273 women (mean age 28 years, range 27-30 years) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) study. Cardiovascular risk profile was determined and CHD risk was estimated using the Framingham risk score. AIx, PWV and CIMT were measured using standard methods. Data were analyzed in strata of gender using linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, PWV and CIMT were most strongly related to CHD risk. The increase in CHD risk per standard deviation increase in measurement was 0.24%/m/s, 95% CI (0.01;0.33) and 0.32%/mm, 95% CI (0.08;0.55), whereas the AIx was not significantly related to CHD risk (0.09 %/% 95% CI [-0.15;0.33]). In women, AIx, PWV, and CIMT were weakly but significantly related to CHD risk; there was no clear difference between the measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young men, PWV and CIMT are better measures of CHD risk than AIx. In women, AIx, PWV and CIMT estimate CHD risk equally well.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Dept. of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marijke J C A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Van Trijp
authors.forename: Cuno S P M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
authors.forename: Willem J W
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Anath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Michiel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bots
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids