title: [Pesticides use by flower companies associated with the Colombian Association of Flower Exporters].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Colombia, pesticide exposure has became a public health problem, as the use of these substances continues to increase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study accumulated information concerning pesticides used by flower companies in Bogotá and Rionegro (Antioquia) that were associated with Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores (Asocolflores) in Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four companies were stratified by geographic location and size. Company and worker information was collected, and for each company, the process of pesticide application and maintenance of the cultivated flowers was carefully observed. Univariate and bivariate, and correlation analyses were applied for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sex of workers was 39.4% male and 60.6% female. Pesticides were grouped into 4 toxicity classes: 14.3% were class I, 14.4% class II, 52.0% class III, and 19.2% class IV. Dithiocarbamates was the group of pesticides more commonly used (11.7%). The equipment most frequently used for pesticide application was the "bomba móvil" (92.8%), and the "lanza" (92.9%). Cholinesterase activity measured by the Michel-Aldrige method was the biological marker for exposure to pesticides used in 85.9% of the companies. Recommendations for improvements in their use and for measures to further reduce exposure of workers are made.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, D. C., Colombia. mvarona@ins.gov.co
authors.forename: Marcela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Varona
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tolosa
authors.forename: Omayda
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Darío
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrasquilla
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frumkin
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics*; D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D003105:Colombia; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009938:Organizations; D010575:Pesticides / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D011634:Public Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals; D010575:Pesticides