title: Evaluation of constant current alternating current iontophoresis for transdermal drug delivery.
abstract: Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that alternating current (AC) iontophoresis can significantly decrease skin electric resistance and enhance the transport of charged permeants across skin. Flux variability of neutral permeants during AC iontophoresis was also found to be less than that of conventional direct current (DC) iontophoresis. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate flux enhancement of constant current AC transdermal iontophoresis and compare the AC flux with that of constant current DC iontophoresis. Iontophoresis studies of AC amplitude of 1, 2, and 5 mA were conducted in side-by-side diffusion cells with donor solution of 0.015, 0.15, and 1.0 M tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride and receiver solution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) using human epidermal membrane (HEM). Conventional constant current DC iontophoresis of 0.2 mA was also performed under similar conditions. TEA and mannitol were the model permeants. The following are the major findings in the present study. The flux of TEA increased proportionally with the AC current for all three TEA chloride concentrations and at the AC frequency used in the present study. When the permeant and its counter ion were the only ionic species in the donor chamber, the fluxes during DC iontophoresis were weakly dependent of its donor concentration. The fluxes of TEA during constant current AC iontophoresis were moderately related to the donor concentration with the highest TEA flux observed under the 1.0 M TEA chloride condition although the relationship between flux and donor concentration was not linear. A trend of decreasing electroosmotic transport with increasing donor TEA chloride concentration was observed with significant sample-to-sample variability during DC iontophoresis. Mannitol permeability was also observed to decrease with increasing TEA chloride concentration in the donor under the AC conditions, but data variability under AC was significantly smaller than that under DC. The results in the present study indicate that constant current AC iontophoresis under conditions tolerable to human (2 and 5 mA) can provide predictable fluxes that were lower than but of comparable magnitude as those of conventional constant current DC iontophoresis (0.2 mA).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: S Kevin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Higuchi
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010539:Permeability; D012869:Skin Absorption; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008353:Mannitol; D019789:Tetraethylammonium