title: Infantile reflexes and their effects on dental caries and oral hygiene in cerebral palsy individuals.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of pathological primitive reflexes and their effects on dental caries and oral hygiene in cerebral-palsied individuals. A group of 124 non-institutionalized patients (57 males) attending Lar Escola Sao Francisco Rehabilitation Center, who had a medical diagnosis of spastic CP (age range 3-17 years, mean+/-s.d.=8.6+/-4.3) were selected for dental clinical evaluation according to WHO (Oral health surveys: basic methods, WHO, Geneva, 1997) and oral hygiene using the oral hygiene index proposed by Greene and Vermillion (J Am Dent Assoc, 1964, 68, 7). The presence/absence of the pathological primitive oral reflexes of rooting, suckle-swallow, biting and gagging was evaluated by observing patients' reaction after a stimulus. Results were statistically analysed by Fisher's exact, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A significantly higher percentage of the biting reflex in patients with quadriplegia was observed, and also the absence of this reflex in patients with hemiplegia (P=0.006). Patients with hemiplegia presented significantly lower DMF index values. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no statistical difference (P=0.335; 0.677; 0.202) for OHI-S among the quadriplegia, diplegia and hemiplegia for all dentitions. Our data suggest that the more severe the neurological damage is, the more frequent is the presence of the biting reflex and consequently, the higher is the risk of oral diseases in this population due to the difficulty to perform an adequate oral hygiene.
authors.affiliation: The Discipline of Dentistry, Persons with Disabilities Division, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil. drsantosmt@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: M T B R
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: M L G
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001733:Bites and Stings; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003733:Dental Caries Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric