title: Effects of long-term, high-altitude hypoxia on tension and intracellular calcium responses in coronary arteries of fetal and adult sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that after exposure to long-term hypoxia, fetal coronary flow is maintained at control levels despite a 25% reduction in cardiac output. We also demonstrated that coronary vascular rings isolated from the long-term hypoxic fetuses and studied in well-oxygenated bath system displayed significantly reduced depolarization-induced contraction strength in response to KCl. To study the mechanism of reduced fetal coronary vascular responses to KCl-induced contractions following exposure to long-term hypoxia, we measured tension and intracellular calcium simultaneously, as well as L-type Ca2+ channel density and sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant ewes were housed at altitude (3820 m) for approximately 110 days. At 138 to 141 days of gestation, long-term hypoxic and control animals were killed and fetal and adult left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was isolated and studied in a well-oxygenated bath system. Tension and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) were measured simultaneously in response to increasing concentrations of KCl and, in addition, the sensitivity to the calcium channel blocker nifedipine was measured at a half maximal concentration of KCl. We also measured L-type Ca2+ channel density with (+)-[3H]PN200-110.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L-type Ca2+ channel density was decreased by approximately 31% in the long-term hypoxic fetal, but not adult, LAD. Tension in the long-term hypoxic fetal and adult LAD was significantly lower at all concentrations of KCl. [Ca2+]i was lower at rest in both fetal and adult LAD from long-term hypoxic animals and increased to lower levels at all concentrations of KCl. The ratio of tension to [Ca2+]i was also lower at all concentrations of KCl. Sensitivity to nifedipine was unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced L-type Ca2+ channel density and the reduced [Ca2+]i response to KCl, as well as the reduced tension response to [Ca2+]i, could potentially be involved in the reduction in depolarization-induced contractions in LAD from long-term hypoxic fetuses. In hypoxic adults, reduced [Ca2+]i and reduced tension response to [Ca2+]i may be involved in the lower tension response to KCl-induced contractions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92382, USA.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Stiffel
authors.forename: Raymond D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012756:Sheep; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium