title: Elevated hip fracture risk in type 1 diabetic patients: a population-based cohort study in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with type 1 diabetes often have low bone mineral density, but epidemiological data on fracture risk are sparse and imprecise, particularly for men.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Swedish Inpatient Register, we identified a population-based cohort of 24,605 patients (12,551 men and 12,054 women) who were hospitalized for diabetes before age 31 years during 1975 through 1998. Follow-up for hip fracture was accomplished through cross-linkage in the Inpatient Register until the end of 1998. Censoring information was obtained from the registers of Death and Migration. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, we calculated the cumulative probability of getting a hip fracture. Standardized hospitalization ratios and their 95% CIs estimated relative risks with the age-, sex-, and calendar period-matched Swedish general population as reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 70 and 51 first hip fractures were ascertained in men and women, respectively, corresponding to a cumulative probability (both sexes) of 65.8/1,000 until age 65 years. Markedly elevated risks were observed in both men and women (standardized hospitalization ratios = 7.6 [95% CI 5.9-9.6] and 9.8 [7.3-12.9], respectively), increasing with follow-up time. Ophthalmic, nephropathic, neurological, and cardiovascular complications were indicators of particularly high risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both male and female type 1 diabetic patients are at increased risk for hip fracture. Although optimal preventive measures still need to be defined, the co-occurrence with other diabetes complications suggests that tighter metabolic control might reduce the risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nyrén
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugarph-Morawski
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors