title: Estrogenic regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and cell growth in DLD-1 human colon cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main molecules of cholesterol homeostasis are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR), the key enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), which is responsible for the uptake of plasma lipoproteins. The increase in the endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis results in stimulation of DNA synthesis, while the inhibition of cholesterogenesis suppresses cell growth. Estrogens have been reported to regulate hepatic LDL-R expression and modulate cell proliferation in different tissues. In order to clarify the mechanisms of estrogenic growth control in colorectal carcinoma, we have investigated the effects of 17beta-estradiol exposure on LDL-R gene expression and its protein, as well as on HMG-CoAR gene expression, its protein as well as enzyme activity in the DLD-1 human colon cancer cell line. The effect of 17beta-estradiol on both cell growth and apoptosis in this cell line was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  LDL-R and HMG-CoAR gene expressions were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in DLD-1 cells at different times and doses of 17beta-estradiol exposure. LDL-R and HMG-CoAR protein expression was detected by Western immunoblotting. HMG-CoAR activity was evaluated using a radiometric assay. Cell proliferation was measured by colorimetric MTT test and incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in DNA. Apoptotic death was estimated by DNA fragmentation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estrogens induced an early increase of LDL-R, at both mRNA and protein level, and later decreased HMG-CoAR activity and protein expression. DLD-1 cells treated with 17beta-estradiol exhibited inhibition of DNA synthesis and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that estrogens regulate LDL-R and HMG-CoAR and influence cell growth and apoptosis in colon cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Messa
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Notarnicola
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallini
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pallottini
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trentalance
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bifulco
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laezza
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gabriella Caruso
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D004958:Estradiol; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases