title: The vulnerable carotid artery plaque: current imaging methods and new perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is a diffuse, chronic inflammatory disorder that involves the vascular, metabolic, and immune systems and leads to plaque vulnerability. The traditional risk assessment relies on clinical, biological, and conventional imaging tools. However, these tools fall short in predicting near-future events in patients with vulnerable carotid artery plaque.
  
  
  METHODS
  In current clinical practice, anatomic imaging modalities, such as B-mode ultrasound, spiral computed tomography angiography, and high-resolution MRI, can identify several morphological features characteristic of the vulnerable plaque but give little or no information regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review is dedicated to factors involved in carotid artery plaque vulnerability and to new imaging methods that target this condition. Our aim is to describe the following: (1) conventional pathologic and imaging markers predictive of plaque vulnerability; (2) the role of relevant biological, genetic, and mechanical factors; (3) the potential of new imaging methods; and (4) current and emerging treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multimodal assessment of plaque vulnerability involving the combination of systemic markers, new imaging methods that target inflammatory and thrombotic components, and the potential of emerging therapies may lead to a new stratification system for atherothrombotic risk and to a better prevention of atherothrombotic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Cerebrovascular Unit, Hospital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France. norbert.nighoghossian@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nighoghossian
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Derex
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Douek
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D000077407:Cilostazol; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000819:agonists; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; D013777:Tetrazoles; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D000077407:Cilostazol