title: Long-term blood pressure monitoring and echocardiographic findings in patients with end-stage renal disease: reverse epidemiology explained?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) hypertension is common and often leads to left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, but hypotension at the onset of dialysis is associated with increased mortality. We studied blood pressure data over longer periods of time in patients on haemodialysis and related them to echocardiographic outcome, in order to elucidate these contradictory findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 50 haemodialysis patients mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) were calculated in the first three months of haemodialysis, the complete period from the start of haemodialysis until echocardiography and the last three months of haemodialysis before echocardiography. Hypertension load, pulse pressure and interdialytic weight gain were quantified and related to echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LV mass index was associated with MAP in all three periods, and also with the hypertension load, PP and PP load. In patients with LV dilatation, MAP and PP averaged over the complete period of dialysis were 5 to 7 mmHg higher than in patients without LV dilatation. Blood pressure parameters were the same in patients with or without LV diastolic dysfunction or systolic dysfunction. Systolic dysfunction was more frequent in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis treatment. Interdialytic weight gain was not associated with any of the echocardiographic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When long-term blood pressure values are considered, hypertension is associated with parameters of early cardiac damage such as increased LV mass index and not with parameters of advanced heart failure such as systolic dysfunction. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of advanced heart failure reciprocally influences blood pressure in a negative way, thereby explaining the 'reverse epidemiology' of blood pressure and mortality in ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Heart Lung Centre, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borsboom
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smans
authors.forename: M J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kelder
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kooistra
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: van Jaarsveld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000150:complications*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D007022:Hypotension / Q000150:complications*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography