title: Positive correlation between estradiol and vascular endothelial growth factor but not fibroblast growth factor-2 in normal human breast tissue in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis is crucial in tumor development and progression. Ovarian hormones regulate angiogenesis in the reproductive tract but very little is known about its regulation in the normal breast. Sex steroids play an important role in breast cancer development by poorly understood mechanisms. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) are potent stimulators of angiogenesis. Both VEGF and FGF-2 function in autocrine/paracrine pathways and there is a major contribution of bioactive proteins by a posttranslational activation of sequestered molecules in the extracellular space. A direct measurement of these molecules in the extracellular compartment is, therefore, needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, microdialysis was used to measure extracellular VEGF and FGF-2 in normal human breast tissue in situ in 11 premenopausal and 5 postmenopausal women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher level of VEGF in breast tissue of premenopausal women was found. Plasma as well as local estradiol and breast tissue VEGF exhibited significant correlations, whereas progesterone had no correlation with breast VEGF. FGF-2 did not correlate with either estradiol or progesterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result suggests that estradiol is a more potent regulator of free VEGF levels than progesterone in the normal breast. The control of free FGF-2 seems to be independent of sex steroids in the breast. Estrogen induction of free extracellular VEGF may be one mechanism involved in sex steroid-dependent breast carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. chada@ibk.liu.se
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dabrosin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000737:chemistry*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol