title: Measurement of prostate rotation during insertion of needles for brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate whether prostate rotation due to needle insertion for prostate brachytherapy is predictable and if so, to quantify this rotation, and to see whether locking needles reduce the magnitude of prostate rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The measurements are done at the beginning of the procedure for brachytherapy with a Foley catheter in situ. After a needle is inserted into the prostate, a 3D ultrasound scan is made. Then the seeds are delivered using RAPID Strands (Oncura), and the needle is withdrawn. A second 3D scan is made. The needle and seed positions are determined in these scans. To determine the rotation of the prostate, the angle between the needle and the seed trajectory is calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prostate rotations have been measured in 16 patients, eight without the use of locking needles and eight with locking needles. In total 62 needles were inserted. The maximum rotation was 13.8 degrees and occurred in the coronal plane when no locking needles were used with a significant correlation (P<0.01, R=0.637) between the place of insertion and rotation. It was shown that the method (with or without locking needles) had a significant (P<0.001) influence on the rotation in the coronal plane. Rotations in the sagittal plane ranged from -8.5 degrees to +10.2 degrees without correlation with the insertion point of the needle or the use of locking needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that prostate rotation during needle insertion for prostate brachytherapy is relatively large and unpredictable. Locking needles reduce prostate rotation in the coronal plane, but not in the sagittal plane. Minimising this rotation is necessary for accurate seed delivery, especially when a robotic implantation technique is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. v.lagerburg@azu.nl
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lagerburg
authors.forename: Marinus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moerland
authors.forename: Jan J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lagendijk
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Battermann
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009339:Needles; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014546:Urinary Catheterization