title: Comparative use of bacterial, algal and protozoan tests to study toxicity of azo- and anthraquinone dyes.
abstract: Toxicity of two azo dyes (Reactive Orange 16 (RO16); Congo Red (CR)) and two anthraquinone dyes (Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR); Disperse Blue 3 (DB3)) were compared using bacterium Vibrio fischeri, microalga Selenastrum capricornutum and ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. The following respective endpoints were involved: acute toxicity measured as bacterial luminescence inhibition, algal growth inhibition, and the effects on the protozoa including viability, growth inhibition, grazing effect and morphometric effects. In addition, mutagenicity of the dyes was determined using Ames test with bacterium Salmonella typhimurium His(-). DB3 dye was the most toxic of all dyes in the bacterial, algal and protozoan tests. In contrast to other dyes, DB3 exhibited mutagenic effects after metabolic activation in vitro in all S. typhimurium strains used. Of the methods applied, the algal test was the most sensitive to evaluate toxicity of the dyes tested.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic. novotny@biomed.cas.cz
authors.forename: Cenek
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Novotný
authors.forename: Nicolina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapanen
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malachová
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vándrovcová
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itävaara
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000633:toxicity; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003224:Congo Red / Q000633:toxicity; D007700:Kinetics; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013769:Tetrahymena pyriformis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; C483723:reactive orange 16; D003224:Congo Red; C512733:Disperse Blue 3; C024758:Remazol Brilliant Blue R