title: Advances in nasal drug delivery through tight junction technology.
abstract: New approaches for enhancing intranasal drug delivery based on recent discoveries on the molecular biology of tight junctions (TJ) are significantly improving the bioavailability of 'non-Lipinsky' small molecules, and peptide, protein and oligonucleotide drugs. As knowledge of the structure and function of the TJ has developed, so has the ability to identify mechanism-based TJ modulators using high-throughput molecular biology-based screening methods. The present review focuses on recent developments on the TJ protein complex as a lipid raft-like membrane microdomain, the emerging role of unique endocytic pathways in regulating TJ dynamics, and the utility of techniques such as RNA interference and phage display to study TJ components and identify novel peptides and related molecules that can modulate their function. Experimental and statistical methodologies used for the identification of new classes of TJ modulators are described, which are capable of reversibly opening TJ barriers with broad potential to significantly improve intranasal and, eventually, oral drug delivery. The development of an advanced intranasal formulation for the obesity therapeutic PYY(3-36), the endogenous Y2 receptor agonist is also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Nastech Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA. pjohnson@nastech.com
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Quay
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000502:physiology; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010539:Permeability; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019894:Peptide YY; C061785:peptide YY (3-36)