title: Autofluorescence and angiographic findings of retinal astrocytic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe fundus autofluorescence (AF), fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in different types of retinal astrocytic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis (Morbus Bourneville-Pringle).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two eyes with 8 lesions, i.e. type 1 (n = 7) and type 3 (n = 1), were examined. AF pictures were taken prior to injection, FA and ICGA images were obtained in the early and the late phase. To achieve additional cases, a systematic literature review with exten- sive Internet and library search was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strong AF was seen in type 2 and type 3 retinal astrocytic hamartomas, whereas type 1 lesions blocked the physiologic fundus AF. Fluorescence angiography of all types of lesions revealed hypofluorescence in early frames and hyperfluorescence originating from leakage in late frames. ICGA showed a subtle blockade in type 1, a total blockade in type 2 and in the central part and a partial blockade in the peripheral part in type 3 lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal astrocytic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis can be easily detected by angiography, especially type 1 lesions which are difficult to visualize by funduscopy. Early- and late-phase fluorescein angiography and ICGA are helpful to differentiate the three lesion types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany. stefan.mennel@lycos.com
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mennel
authors.forename: Carsten H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eggarter
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peter
mesh_terms: D001253:Astrocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005453:Fluorescence; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green