title: Microwave activation of the electro-oxidation of glucose in alkaline media.
abstract: The oxidation of glucose is a complex process usually requiring catalytically active electrode surfaces or enzyme-modified electrodes. In this study the effect of high intensity microwave radiation on the oxidation of glucose in alkaline solution at Au, Cu, and Ni electrodes is reported. Calibration experiments with the Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) redox system in aqueous 0.1 M NaOH indicate that strong thermal effects occur at both 50 and 500 microm diameter electrodes with temperatures reaching 380 K. Extreme mass transport effects with mass transport coefficients of k(mt) > 0.01 m s(-1)(or k(mt) > 1.0 cm s(-1)) are observed at 50 microm diameter electrodes in the presence of microwaves. The electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose at 500 microm diameter Au, Cu, or Ni electrodes immersed in 0.1 M NaOH and in the presence of microwave radiation is shown to be dominated by kinetic control. The magnitude of glucose oxidation currents at Cu electrodes is shown to depend on the thickness of a pre-formed oxide layer. At 50 microm diameter Au, Cu, or Ni electrodes microwave enhanced current densities are generally higher, but only at Au electrodes is a significantly increased rate for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone observed. This rate enhancement appears to be independent of temperature but microwave intensity dependent, and therefore non-thermal in nature. Voltammetric currents observed at Ni electrodes in the presence of microwaves show the best correlation with glucose concentration and are therefore analytically most useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coles
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canals
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vuorema
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marken
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005292:Ferricyanides; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D002244:Carbon; D006046:Gold; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D005947:Glucose