title: Longitudinal analyses among overweight, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk factors in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been questioned whether insulin resistance or obesity is the central abnormality contributing to the cardiovascular risk factors dyslipidemia and hypertension in obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied weight status [SD score (SDS)-BMI], lipids (triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), blood pressure, and insulin resistance index [as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) model] over a 1-year period in 229 obese white children (median age 12 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any degree of decrease in HOMA was associated with significant decreases in triglycerides (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), whereas the children with different changes in HOMA did not differ significantly in their weight changes. Only the children in the highest quartile of weight reduction (decrease in SDS-BMI > 0.5) demonstrated a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and triglycerides (p = 0.012), and an increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = 0.023), whereas with a lower degree of weight loss, there were no significant changes in cardiovascular risk factors. In contrast with a lower degree of weight loss, a reduction of >0.5 SDS-BMI was associated with a significant decrease in HOMA (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because blood pressure and triglycerides decreased with any degree of decrease in HOMA, independently of changes in weight status, these findings support the hypothesis that insulin resistance is the central abnormality contributing to these cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, improving insulin resistance seems more important than reducing overweight to prevent or treat hypertension and dyslipidemia in obese children.
authors.affiliation: Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Strasse 5, 45711 Datteln, Germany. T.Reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinehr
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Andler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050177:Overweight; D011627:Puberty; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids