title: Safety, diagnostic yield, and therapeutic implications of flexible bronchoscopy in patients with febrile neutropenia and pulmonary infiltrates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety, diagnostic yield, and therapeutic implications of flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial biopsy in patients with febrile neutropenia and pulmonary infiltrates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with neutropenic fever and pulmonary infiltrates evaluated by flexible bronchoscopy and BAL between January and December 2002 at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Appropriate demographic, clinical, microbiological, and histological data and procedure-related complications were summarized. Therapeutic decisions implemented based on Information obtained by bronchoscopy, and 28-day mortality were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five patients with febrile neutropenia and associated pulmonary infiltrates were identified. Flexible bronchoscopy, including 35 BALs and 9 transbronchial biopsies, was performed safely (3 complications). The diagnostic yield of BAL was 49%. Sputum analysis was underused (only 34%) but complementary to BAL. The combined diagnostic yield of BAL and sputum analysis was 63%. Transbronchial biopsy provided additional information to BAL and sputum analysis In only 1 patient and did not substantially increase the combined diagnostic yield. The most common diagnoses identified were fungal pneumonias (15/35 [43%]) and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (5/35 [14%]). Bronchoscopic findings resulted in management changes in 51% of patients. The 28-day mortality rate was 26% and was highest in patients who required mechanical ventilatory assistance before bronchoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The favorable safety record, good diagnostic yield, and frequent therapeutic implications support the routine use of BAL for the evaluation of pulmonary inflitrates in neutropenic patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage should be combined with the analysis of several sputum specimens. Transbronchial biopsy did only change the management of 1 patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. peikert.tobias@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peikert
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edell
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents