title: Sarcosine or D-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Agents that enhance N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) function through the glycine modulatory site (D-serine, glycine, or D-cycloserine) or through glycine transporter 1 (sarcosine) improve the symptoms of patients with stable chronic schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether NMDA-glycine site agonists or glycine transporter-1 inhibitors have better efficacy and whether NMDA receptor-enhancing agents have beneficial effects for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient units of 2 major medical centers in Taiwan. Patients Sixty-five schizophrenic inpatients with acute exacerbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six weeks of treatment with sarcosine (2 g/d), D-serine (2 g/d), or placebo and concomitant optimal risperidone therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (20 and 17 items) total scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sarcosine group revealed more reductions in PANSS total scores than the placebo (P = .04) and D-serine (P<.001) groups. Sarcosine adjunctive treatment was also superior to placebo in reducing SANS-20 (P = .007) and SANS-17 (P = .003) scores and to D-serine in decreasing SANS-20 (P = .006) and SANS-17 (P = .002) scores. The PANSS-general, PANSS-cognitive, and PANSS-depressive symptoms scores and SANS-alogia and SANS-blunted affect scores improved significantly more in sarcosine-cotreated patients than in risperidone monotherapy patients (P< or =.02 for all). Sarcosine adjunctive therapy also surpassed D-serine in terms of PANSS-general, PANSS-positive, PANSS-negative, and PANSS-depressive symptoms scores (P< or =.04 for all). D-serine and risperidone cotreatment did not differ significantly from risperidone monotherapy in all efficacy domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first short-term treatment study on NMDA receptor-enhancing agents suggests that sarcosine, superior to D-serine, can benefit not only patients with long-term stable disease but also acutely ill persons with schizophrenia. This finding indicates that a glycine transporter 1 inhibitor may be more efficacious than NMDA-glycine site agonists for adjuvant treatment of schizophrenia, at least during the acute phase. Further studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsien-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Yue-Cune
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yi-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chih-Chiang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Guochuan E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012694:Serine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D012694:Serine; D018967:Risperidone; D012521:Sarcosine