title: Genotoxicity of hydrochlorothiazide in cultured human lymphocytes. I. Evaluation of chromosome delay and chromosome breakage.
abstract: Hypertension is often treated with diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Previous results on the in vitro genotoxicity of HCTZ are equivocal. In the present study, we have evaluated the genotoxicity of HCTZ in cultured human lymphocytes using the Cytokinesis Blocked Micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In addition, micronucleus (MN) induction was analyzed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with an alpha-satellite DNA centromeric probe to distinguish between clastogenic and aneugenic effects. Lymphocyte cultures from 32 healthy adults were exposed to 5 and 40 microg/ml HCTZ. Age, gender, and smoking were evaluated as factors affecting the MN analysis. We found that HCTZ increased MN frequencies. FISH analysis revealed that HCTZ exerts its genotoxicity more strongly at the 40 microg/ml concentration, and principally through chromosome delay (aneugenicity). Multiregression analysis of our results confirmed the known effect of age and gender on MN induction in human lymphocytes. Smoking was also a confounding factor for MN induction, especially for centromere-negative MN frequencies. Under the experimental conditions used, only age had a clear positive effect on the response of lymphocytes to HCTZ. These data indicate that HCTZ produces micronuclei in cultured human lymphocytes by a mechanism that involves chromosome delay and to a lesser extent through chromosome breakage.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrianopoulos
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stephanou
authors.forename: Nikos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Demopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002503:Centromere / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019457:Chromosome Breakage; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D048749:Cytokinesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000633:toxicity*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D004247:DNA