title: Neck and shoulder muscle activity and thorax movement in singing and speaking tasks with variation in vocal loudness and pitch.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine respiratory phasing and loading levels of sternocleidomastoideus (STM), scalenus (SC), and upper trapezius (TR) muscles in vocalization tasks with variation in vocal loudness and pitch. Eight advanced singing students, aged 22 to 28 years, participated. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from STM, SC, and TR. Thorax movement was detected by two strain gauge sensors placed around the upper (upper TX) and lower (lower TX) thorax. A glissando and simplified singing and speaking tasks were performed. Sustained vowels /a:-i-ae-o:/ were sung in a glissando from lowest to highest pitch (mixed voice/falsetto) back to lowest pitch and in short singing sequences at comfortable, low, and high pitches. The same vowels were spoken softly and loudly for about the same length. The subjects inhaled between the vowels. It was concluded that the inspiratory phased STM and SC muscles produced a counterforce to compression of upper TX at high pitches in glissando. STM and SC were activated to higher levels during phonation than in inhalation. As breathing demands were reduced, STM and SC activity was lowered and the respiratory phasing of peak amplitude changed to inhalation. TR contributed to exhalation in demanding singing with long breathing cycles, but it was less active in singing tasks with short breathing cycles and was essentially inactive in simplified speaking tasks.
authors.affiliation: School of Art Education, Stavanger University College, PO Box 8002, Ullandhaug, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway. viggo.pettersen@kf.his.no
authors.forename: Viggo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: Kåre
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bjørkøy
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Torp
authors.forename: Rolf Harald
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Westgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009146:Music; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D012782:Shoulder; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality