title: Characterization of environmental estrogens in river water using a three pronged approach: active and passive water sampling and the analysis of accumulated estrogens in the bile of caged fish.
abstract: Estrogenicity of river water is highly variable and it is difficult to obtain an average measure of the estrogenicity. Consequently it is difficult to tie the estrogenic effects observed in fish to their level of exposure to estrogens. To get a better handle on average estrogenic exposure we tested a recently developed passive sampling system (polar organic chemical integrative sampler, POCIS). In addition, we investigated the bioaccumulation of estrogens in caged brown trout and measured plasma vitellogenin in males as a bioindicator of estrogenic effects. We developed a mini-caging method to suit the hydrological conditions in small rivers and to improve upon the often poor survival of salmonids in caging trials. POCISs were positioned upstream and downstream of 5 sewage treatment works' discharges and left on site for 3 weeks (as were the caged fish), during which period 3 water grab samples were taken at each site. Concentrations of estrogens were determined using a yeast-based reporter gene assay and chemical analysis. Results from grab sampling, passive sampling, and bioaccumulation were correlated; however, plasma vitellogenin concentrations were elevated at only 1 of 5 sites. POCISs provide an integrated and biologically meaningful measure of estrogenicity in thatthey accumulate estrogens in a pattern similar to that of brown trout. Mini-caging appears a significant methodological advance; no fish were lost, moreover, all fish survived in excellent health.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Uberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. etienne.vermeirssen@eawag.ch
authors.forename: Etiënne L M
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Vermeirssen
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Körner
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schönenberger
authors.forename: Marc J F
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burkhardt-Holm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005399:Fishes; D008297:Male; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D014819:Vitellogenins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical