title: Comparison of 2 concentrations of levobupivacaine in postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the quality of analgesia and the incidence of side effects of 2 different concentrations of levobupivacaine given as an equal milligram-bolus dose (5 mg) via patient-controlled epidural analgesia after abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postanesthesia care unit and surgical wards of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients (41 with complete file) undergoing major lower abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 1.5 mg/mL (bolus 3.3 mL, lockout 20 minutes, n = 26) and 5 mg/mL (bolus 1 mL, lockout 20 minutes, n = 23). The epidural catheter was inserted in the low thoracic level (T9-T12) before induction of a standardized general anesthesia technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demography, upper sensory block, visual analog scale scores at rest and after coughing, levobupivacaine and rescue morphine consumption, motor blockade, hemodynamics, postoperative nausea and vomiting, sedation, and patient satisfaction were recorded within the first 48 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were similar with regard to demographics, upper level of sensory blockade (T8), and visual analog scale pain scores at rest and after coughing, as well as levobupivacaine and subcutaneous rescue morphine consumption. Motor blockade in the lower limbs was very low in both groups. Arterial blood pressure was slightly lower in the 5 mg/mL group during the first 24 hours (P = 0.052). Five patients in the 1.5 mg/mL and 7 in the 5 mg/mL group had postoperative nausea and vomiting (P = 0.43). No other side effects were recorded, and all of the patients were satisfied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administering the same dose of levobupivacaine in either a low or high concentration via patient-controlled epidural analgesia mode provides an equal quality of analgesia with no difference in the incidence of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Center, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium. mira.dernedde@chu-charleroi.be
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dernedde
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bardiau
authors.forename: Jean G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Boogaerts
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine