title: Formalin injection causes a coordinated spinal cord CO/NO-cGMP signaling system response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CO/NO-cGMP signalling system participates in the regulation of many physiological processes. The roles this system plays in spinal cord nociceptive signalling are particularly important. While individual components have been examined in isolation, little study has been dedicated to understanding the regulation and functioning of the system as a whole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In these studies we examined the time course of expression of 13 genes coding for components of this system including isoforms of the heme oxygenase (HO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), cGMP dependent protein kinase (PKG) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme systems. Of the 13 genes studied, 11 had spinal cord mRNA levels elevated at one or more time points up to 48 hours after hindpaw formalin injection. Of the 11 with elevated mRNA, 8 had elevated protein levels 48 hours after formalin injection when mechanical allodynia was maximal. No component had an increased protein level which did not have an increased mRNA level at one or more time points. Injection of morphine 10 mg/kg prior to formalin completely abolished the acute nociceptive behaviours, but did not alter the degree of sensitivity which developed in the formalin treated hind paws during the subsequent 48 hours. Morphine treatment did, however, eliminate formalin induced increases in enzyme protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the expression of the components of the CO/NO-cGMP signalling system seems to be coordinated in such a way that a generalized multi-level enhancement rather than a tightly limited step specific response occurs with noxious stimulation. Furthermore, the analgesic morphine administered prior to noxious stimulation can prevent long-term changes in gene expression though not necessarily nociceptive sensitisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. xyshi@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Xiaoyou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Xiangqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007267:Injections; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000378:metabolism; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071756:Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D000071756:Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP