title: Sensitization for gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis by second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase.
abstract: Resistance to current treatment regimens, such as radiation therapy, remains a major concern in oncology and may be caused by defects in apoptosis programs. Because inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), which are expressed at high levels in many tumors, block apoptosis at the core of the apoptotic machinery by inhibiting caspases, therapeutic modulation of IAPs could target a key control point in resistance. Here, we report for the first time that full-length or mature second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), an inhibitor of IAPs, significantly enhanced gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis and reduced clonogenic survival in neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, or pancreatic carcinoma cells. Notably, Smac had no effect on DNA damage/DNA repair, activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, up-regulation of p53 and p21 proteins, or cell cycle arrest following gamma-irradiation, indicating that Smac did not alter the initial damage and/or cellular stress response. Smac enhanced activation of caspase-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release on gamma-irradiation. Inhibition of caspases also blocked gamma-irradiation-induced mitochondrial perturbations, indicating that Smac facilitated caspase activation, which in turn triggered a mitochondrial amplification loop. Interestingly, mitochondrial perturbations were completely blocked by the broad-range caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone or the relatively selective caspase-2 inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone, whereas caspase-8 or caspase-3 inhibitors only inhibited the increased drop of mitochondrial membrane potential provided by Smac, suggesting that caspase-2 was acting upstream of mitochondria after gamma-irradiation. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that targeting IAPs (e.g., by Smac agonists) is a promising strategy to enhance radiosensitivity in human cancers.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giagkousiklidis
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.forename: Mike-Andrew
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasperczyk
authors.forename: Klaus-Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Debatin
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fulda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020169:Caspases