title: Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress may be the unifying mechanism underlying the development of comorbidities in obesity. Evidence suggests that a clustering of sources of oxidative stress exists in obesity: hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, increased tissue lipid levels, inadequate antioxidant defenses, increased rates of free radical formation, enzymatic sources within the endothelium, and chronic inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review provides a summary of the available evidence on systemic oxidative stress in humans and specific metabolic pathways by which obesity may elevate systemic oxidant stress. The authors suggest possible methods of reducing oxidative stress such as antioxidant supplementation, caloric restriction and/or physical activity and surgical intervention to combat free radicals and reduce adipose tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity is associated with oxidative stress and can be reduced with weight loss (regardless of exercise or surgery induced weight loss), caloric restriction or antioxidant rich diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress levels are elevated in human obesity, and these levels are modifiable with various lifestyle modifications and surgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: The Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies, CSCAT, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908-0905, USA. hkv5d@virginia.edu
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species