title: The accuracy of the Framingham risk-score in different socioeconomic groups: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary prevention of cardiovascular disease involves using the Framingham risk score to identify high risk patients and then prescribe preventive treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the performance of the Framingham risk score in different socioeconomic groups in a population with high rates of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  West of Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The observed 10-year cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease mortality rates in 5626 men and 6678 women free from cardiovascular disease from the Renfrew/Paisley Study were compared with predicted rates, stratified by socioeconomic class and by area deprivation score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of predicted to observed cardiovascular mortality rate in the 12 304 men and women with complete risk factor information was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52 to 0.60), a relative underestimation of 44%. Cardiovascular disease mortality was underestimated by 48% in manual participants (predicted over observed = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.56) compared to 31% in the non-manual participants (predicted over observed = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.81, P = 0.0005). Underestimation was also worse in participants from deprived areas (P = 0.0017). Only 4.8% of individuals had a 10-year cardiovascular risk of >40% (equivalent to >30% 10-year coronary risk), and 81% of deaths occurred in the rest. If the Framingham score had been recalibrated for manual and non-manual members of this population, an additional 3611 individuals mainly from manual social classes would have reached the treatment threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently recommended risk scoring methods underestimate risk in socioeconomically deprived individuals. The likely consequence is that preventive treatments are less available to the most needy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol. peter.brindle@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McConnachie
authors.forename: Mark N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.forename: Graham C M
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Watt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors