title: Surfactants reduce platelet-bubble and platelet-platelet binding induced by in vitro air embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of gas bubbles on platelet behavior is poorly characterized. The authors assessed platelet-bubble and platelet-platelet binding in platelet-rich plasma in the presence and absence of bubbles and three surface-active compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Platelet-rich plasma was prepared from blood drawn from 16 volunteers. Experimental groups were surfactant alone, sparging (microbubble embolization) alone, sparging with surfactant, and neither sparging nor surfactant. The surfactants were Pluronic F-127 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), Perftoran (OJSC SPC Perftoran, Moscow, Russia), and Dow Corning Antifoam 1510US (Dow Corning, Midland, MI). Videomicroscopy images of specimens drawn through rectangular glass microcapillaries on an inverted microscope and Coulter counter measurements were used to assess platelet-bubble and platelet-platelet binding, respectively, in calcium-free and recalcified samples. Histamine-induced and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-platelet binding were measured in unsparged samples. Differences between groups were considered significant for P < 0.05 using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty to 100 platelets adhered to bubbles in sparged, surfactant-free samples. With sparging and surfactant, few platelets adhered to bubbles. Numbers of platelet singlets and multimers not adherent to bubbles were different (P < 0.05) compared both with unsparged samples and sparged samples without surfactant. No significant platelet-platelet binding occurred in uncalcified, sparged samples, although 20-30 platelets adhered to bubbles. Without sparging, histamine and adenosine diphosphate provoked platelet-platelet binding with and without surfactants present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sparging causes platelets to bind to air bubbles and each other. Surfactants added before sparging attenuate platelet-bubble and platelet-platelet binding. Surfactants may have a clinical role in attenuating gas embolism-induced platelet-bubble and platelet-platelet binding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, HUP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. eckmanndm@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eckmann
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Armstead
authors.forename: Feras
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mardini
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000097:blood; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000097:blood*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000494:pharmacology; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000494:pharmacology; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D020442:Poloxamer; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D006632:Histamine; C063334:perftoran