title: Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since anecdotal series and small, prospective, controlled trials suggest that mycophenolate mofetil may be effective for treating lupus nephritis, larger trials are desirable.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 24-week randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial comparing oral mycophenolate mofetil (initial dose, 1000 mg per day, increased to 3000 mg per day) with monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide (0.5 g per square meter of body-surface area, increased to 1.0 g per square meter) as induction therapy for active lupus nephritis. A change to the alternative regimen was allowed at 12 weeks in patients who did not have an early response. The study protocol specified adjunctive care and the use and tapering of corticosteroids. The primary end point was complete remission at 24 weeks (normalization of abnormal renal measurements and maintenance of baseline normal measurements). A secondary end point was partial remission at 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 140 patients recruited, 71 were randomly assigned to receive mycophenolate mofetil and 69 were randomly assigned to receive cyclophosphamide. At 12 weeks, 56 patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and 42 receiving cyclophosphamide had satisfactory early responses. In the intention-to-treat analysis, 16 of the 71 patients (22.5 percent) receiving mycophenolate mofetil and 4 of the 69 patients receiving cyclophosphamide (5.8 percent) had complete remission, for an absolute difference of 16.7 percentage points (95 percent confidence interval, 5.6 to 27.9 percentage points; P=0.005), meeting the prespecified criteria for noninferiority and demonstrating the superiority of mycophenolate mofetil to cyclophosphamide. Partial remission occurred in 21 of the 71 patients (29.6 percent) and 17 of the 69 patients (24.6 percent), respectively (P=0.51). Three patients assigned to cyclophosphamide died, two during protocol therapy. Fewer severe infections and hospitalizations but more diarrhea occurred among those receiving mycophenolate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this 24-week trial, mycophenolate mofetil was more effective than intravenous cyclophosphamide in inducing remission of lupus nephritis and had a more favorable safety profile.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. ellen.ginzler@downstate.edu
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ginzler
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aranow
authors.forename: Mimi Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buyon
authors.forename: Joan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gilkeson
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weisman
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Appel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D011241:Prednisone