title: All-solid-state reference electrodes based on conducting polymers.
abstract: A novel construction of solution free (pseudo)reference electrodes, compatible with all-solid-state potentiometric indicator electrodes, has been proposed. These electrodes use conducting polymers (CP): polypyrrole (PPy) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Two different arrangements have been tested: solely based on CP and those where the CP phase is covered with a poly(vinyl chloride) based outer membrane of tailored composition. The former arrangement was designed to suppress or compensate cation- and anion-exchange, using mobile perchlorate ions and poly(4-styrenesulfonate) or dodecylbenzenesulfonate anions as immobilized dopants. The following systems were used: (i) polypyrrole layers doped simultaneously by two kinds of anions, both mobile and immobilized in the polymer layer; (ii) bilayers of polypyrrole with anion exchanging inner layer and cation-exchanging outer layer; (iii) polypyrrole doped by surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonate ions, which inhibit ion exchange on the polymer/solution interface. For the above systems, recorded potentials have been found to be practically independent of electrolyte concentration. The best results, profound stability of potentials, have been obtained for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or polypyrrole doped by poly(4-styrenesulfonate) anions covered by a poly(vinyl chloride) based membrane, containing both anion- and cation-exchangers as well as solid potassium chloride and silver chloride with metallic silver. Differently to the cases (i)-(iii) these electrodes are much less sensitive to the influence of redox and pH interferences. This arrangement has been also characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kisiel
authors.forename: Honorata
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marcisz
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michalska
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maksymiuk
mesh_terms: D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D007477:Ions; D011108:Polymers
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D011108:Polymers