title: An update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.
abstract: Selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme were developed to treat pain and inflammation while reducing the risk of the serious gastrointestinal side effects seen with nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The results of several clinical trials have demonstrated an apparent increased risk of serious cardiovascular events in patients taking the COX-2-selective inhibitors. Although the risk was observed originally with trials conducted with rofecoxib, it was attributed generally to the entire class of COX-2-selective drugs based on a similar mechanism of action and a hypothesis that predicted the possibility of a prothrombotic effect of the drugs compared with nonselective NSAIDs. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that elevated cardiovascular risk is not limited to the use of COX-2-specific inhibitors. An increase in cardiovascular risk actually has been seen with anti-inflammatory drugs of the NSAID class, regardless of whether they are selective or nonselective inhibitors. The US Food and Drug Administration has recommended that all such drugs carry a black box warning for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Clinic, Mail Drop 406-C, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. GWilliams@ScrippsClinic.com
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D017494:Proton Pumps / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D017494:Proton Pumps; D001241:Aspirin