title: Long-term survivors after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereotactic radiosurgery, with or without whole-brain radiation therapy, has become a valued management choice for patients with brain metastases, although their median survival remains limited. In patients who receive successful extracranial cancer care, patients who have controlled intracranial disease are living longer. The authors evaluated all brain metastasis in patients who lived for > or = 4 years after radiosurgery to determine clinical and treatment patterns potentially responsible for their outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred seventy-seven patients with brain metastases underwent 781 radiosurgery procedures between 1988 and 2000. Data from the entire series were reviewed; and, if patients had > or = 4 years of survival, then they were evaluated for information on brain and extracranial treatment, symptoms, imaging responses, need for further care, and management morbidity. These long-term survivors were compared with a cohort who lived for < 3 months after radiosurgery (n = 100 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four patients (6.5%) survived for > 4 years after radiosurgery (mean, 69 mos with 16 patients still alive). The mean age at radiosurgery was 53 years (maximum age, 72 yrs), and the median Karnofsky performance score (KPS) was 90. The lung (n = 15 patients), breast (n = 9 patients), kidney (n = 7 patients), and skin (melanoma; n = 6 patients) were the most frequent primary sites. Two or more organ sites outside the brain were involved in 18 patients (41%), the primary tumor plus lymph nodes were involved in 10 patients (23%), only the primary tumor was involved in 9 patients (20%), and only brain disease was involved in 7 patients (16%), indicating that extended survival was possible even in patients with multiorgan disease. Serial imaging of 133 tumors showed that 99 tumors were smaller (74%), 22 tumors were unchanged (17%), and 12 tumors were larger (9%). Four patients had a permanent neurologic deficit after brain tumor management, and six patients underwent a resection after radiosurgery. Compared with the patients who had limited survival (< 3 mos), long-term survivors had a higher initial KPS (P = 0.01), fewer brain metastases (P = 0.04), and less extracranial disease (P < 0.00005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the expected survival of patients with brain metastases may be limited, selected patients with effective intracranial and extracranial care for malignant disease can have prolonged, good-quality survival. The extent of extracranial disease at the time of radiosurgery was predictive of outcome, but this does not necessarily mean that patients cannot live for years if treatment is effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213, USA. kondziolkads@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brufsky
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baar
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: L Dade
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors