title: Estrogen signaling is active in cartilaginous tumors: implications for antiestrogen therapy as treatment option of metastasized or irresectable chondrosarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing tumor that can be lethal in 10% to 50% of the patients. Surgery is the only effective treatment known as these tumors are notorious refractory to all types of conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. To identify a target for therapy, we want to determine whether estrogen signaling is active in chondrosarcoma because estrogen is important in the regulation of longitudinal growth that is initiated by chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in the epiphyseal growth plate of long bones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied protein expression of the estrogen receptor in 35 cartilaginous tumors as well as mRNA levels for the estrogen receptor and for aromatase, an enzyme for estrogen synthesis and another potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, the activity of aromatase was determined in vitro by the tritiated water release assay. Dose-response experiments with chondrosarcoma cultured cells were done with estrogen, androstenedione, and exemestane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All chondrosarcomas tested showed mRNA and nuclear protein expression of the estrogen receptor. Also, aromatase mRNA was detected. The aromatase activity assay showed a functional aromatase enzyme in primary chondrosarcoma cultures and in a cell line. Growth of chondrosarcoma cell cultures can be stimulated by adding estrogen or androstenedione, which can be inhibited by exemestane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show, on the RNA, protein, and cell biological levels, that the ligand and the receptor are active in estrogen-mediated signal transduction. This observation implicates potential use of targeted drugs that interfere with estrogen signaling, such as those applied for treating breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands. A.M.Cleton-Jansen@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cleton-Jansen
authors.forename: Hetty M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van Beerendonk
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Baelde
authors.forename: Judith V G M
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bovée
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karperien
authors.forename: Pancras C W
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hogendoorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000494:pharmacology; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D000735:Androstenedione; D001141:Aromatase; C056516:exemestane