title: "I am us": negative stereotypes as collective threats.
abstract: Collective threat is the fear that an in-group member's behavior might reinforce a negative stereotype of one's group. In a field study, self-reported collective threat was higher in stereotyped minorities than in Whites and was linked to lower self-esteem in both groups. In 3 experimental studies, a potentially poor performance by an in-group member on a stereotype-relevant task proved threatening, as evidenced by lower self-esteem among minority students in 2 experiments and women in a 3rd experiment. The latter study demonstrated the generality of collective threat. Collective threat also undermined academic performance and affected self-stereotyping, stereotype activation, and physical distancing from the in-group member. Results further suggest that group identification plays a role in whether people use an avoidance or challenge strategy in coping with collective threat. Implications for theories of social identity and stigmatization are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. geoffrey.cohen@yale.edu
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D013240:Stereotyping