title: Interexaminer reliability and validity for diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders of visual leg measurements used in dental kinesiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the reliability and the validity of visual leg measurements used in dental kinesiology, which suggests that a masticatory dysfunction, such as occurs in temporomandibular disorders (TMD), can influence the length and the internal rotation of lower limbs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The leg-length inequality test and the internal foot-rotation test were performed independently by 3 different examiners on 41 subjects who were also screened for TMD. Data were analyzed by means of kappa statistics and by calculation of sensitivity and specificity values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chance-corrected reliability was generally poor for both the leg-length inequality test (0.33 < or = k < or = 0.39) and the internal foot-rotation test (0.15 < or = k < or = 0.27). Sensitivity and specificity values of the tests to differentiate TMD and healthy subjects were below acceptable thresholds; they ranged from 0.41 to 0.57.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual evaluations of leg-length inequality and internal foot rotation were unreliable and are not valid for TMD diagnoses. The results of chiropractic visual leg measurement procedures in dentistry should be interpreted with caution, particularly when clinical decisions may lead to nonreversible dental treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Clinical Gnathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. farella@unina.it
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farella
authors.forename: Ambra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelotti
authors.forename: Gioacchino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Giani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002684:Chiropractic; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D018953:Kinesiology, Applied; D007870:Leg Length Inequality / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*