3-Nitropropionic acid: a mitochondrial toxin to uncover physiopathological mechanisms underlying striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease.
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding Huntingtin. The mechanisms underlying the preferential degeneration of the striatum, the most striking neuropathological change in HD, are unknown. Of those probably involved, mitochondrial defects might play an important role. The behavioural and anatomical similarities found between HD and models using the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) in rats and primates support this hypothesis. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanisms of 3NP-induced striatal degeneration. Two types of important factor have been identified. The first are the 'executioner' components that have direct roles in cell death, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Ca2+-activated protease calpains. The second are 'environmental' factors, such as glutamate, dopamine and adenosine, which modulate the striatal degeneration induced by 3NP. Interestingly, these recent studies support the hypothesis that 3NP and mutated Huntingtin have certain mechanisms of toxicity in common, suggesting that the use of 3NP might give new insights into the pathogenesis of HD. Research on 3NP provides additional proof that the neurochemical environment of a given neurone can determine its preferential vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.
Brouillet
Emmanuel
E
Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique 2210, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Départment de Recherches Médicales, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, CEA, Orsay France. brouille@shfj.cea.fr
Jacquard
Carine
C
Bizat
Nicolas
N
Blum
David
D
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000473:pathology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011422:Propionates
C086055:HTT protein, human; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011422:Propionates; C015392:3-nitropropionic acid