title: Neuroendoscopic management of hydrocephalus secondary to midline and pineal lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with space-occupying lesions of the pineal region, increased intracranial pressure is due to direct compression of the sylvian aqueduct. Based on results of the recent literature, neuroendoscopic management of obstructive hydrocephalus, secondary to tumors of the pineal gland, has gained a preeminent role respect to shunting procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 14 select cases, hydrocephalus was secondary to midline and pineal lesions. The patient's age ranged from 1 to 56 years (mean 47.3+/-12.5), with a follow-up ranged from 3 months to 5 years after discharge. In 9 cases the endoscopic procedure represented the only surgical treatment. In 5 cases, microsurgical removal of the lesions and/or ventriculo-peritoneal shunts placement were performed, as additional treatment, while adjuvant radiotherapy was utilized in 4 cases; high dose chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation was performed in 3 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our series, obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to midline and pineal lesions, was successful treated by neuroendoscopic approach alone in 9 cases, with an unremarkable course and good outcome, except in 1 case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroendoscopic approach affords a minimally invasive way to obtain 4 objectives by one-step surgical approach, such as resolution of obstructive hydrocephalus by endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), cerebrospinal fluid sample to detect tumor markers and to perform cytological analysis, biopsy specimens and tissue diagnosis, associated to absence of shunt-related complications. Therefore, in experienced hands, ETV should be the treatment of first choice, in cases of hydrocephalus secondary to lesions of the pineal gland.
authors.affiliation: Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospitals, Reggio Calabria, Italy. s.cipri@iol.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cipri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gangemi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cafarelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iacopino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Sayyad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capua
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musitano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010871:Pinealoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D011878:Radiotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt; D014696:Ventriculostomy