title: Lower limits of fluorescein and indocyanine green dye for digital cSLO fluorescence angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of digital confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy it is possible to detect low levels of fluorescence. Here we used a novel confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) to determine lower limits of dye required for fluorescein (FL) and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cSLO (Heidelberg retina angiograph 2, Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany) with an optically pumped solid state laser (488 nm) for FL and a diode laser (790 nm) for ICG angiography (FL/ICG-A) was used. 62 FL-As were performed in 53 patients and 45 ICG-As were performed in 39 patients with neovascular age related macular degeneration. The volume and overall dye content of bolus injections was gradually tapered (FL: 500 mg, 250 mg, 200 mg, 166 mg, 100 mg; ICG: 25 mg, 20 mg, 15 mg, 10 mg, 5 mg, 2.5 mg), while dye concentrations were kept constant at 100 mg/ml for FL and at 5 mg/ml for ICG. Images were obtained 1, 5, 15, and 30 minutes after dye injection. Image quality was evaluated by two independent readers using standardised criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For amounts down to 166 mg for FL and to 5 mg for ICG, sufficient image quality was achieved during all phases following injection. Only late phase images showed less contrast compared to typically used dye amounts, which was irrelevant for interpretation and clinical management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the increased sensitivity of this novel cSLO system, amounts of injected dye during FL-A can be reduced to one third for FL and to one fifth for ICG without relevant loss of image quality or information compared to conventionally used dye levels. These amounts can be used for routine angiography and allow relevant savings for units performing FL-A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Strasse 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bindewald
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stuhrmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Valckenberg
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Helb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wegener
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eter
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Holz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green; D019793:Fluorescein