title: The need for rotational margins in intensity-modulated radiotherapy and a new method for planning target volume design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of rotational errors on the coverage of clinical target volumes (CTVs) is examined. A new planning target volume (PTV) construction that considers the individual paths traced by movements of the target boundary points is developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standard uniform margin expansion was compared with a PTV constructed from the space swept out by a concave moving target. A new method formed the PTV by aggregating the separate convex hulls taken of the positions of the individual target boundary points in a sampling of CTV displacements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 0.5-cm uniform margin adequate for translations was inadequate given CTV rotation about a fixed off-center axis. A PTV formed of the target's swept-out area was 22% smaller than needed for coverage by a uniform margin, but computationally is not readily extended to translations combined with rotations about a shifting axis. Forming instead the union of convex hulls of the boundary points in a sampling of CTV displacements represented these movements in the PTV design and retained the target's concave shape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Planning target volumes should accommodate target rotation. The union of convex hulls of the boundary point positions in a sampling of displacements can effectively represent multiple sources of deviations while preserving target concavities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. mlanger@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Mark Peter
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Lech
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papiez
authors.forename: Siarhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spirydovich
authors.forename: Van
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thai
mesh_terms: D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012399:Rotation