title: Climatic unpredictability and parasitism of caterpillars: implications of global warming.
abstract: Insect outbreaks are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with projected changes in global climate through direct effects of climate change on insect populations and through disruption of community interactions. Although there is much concern about mean changes in global climate, the impact of climatic variability itself on species interactions has been little explored. Here, we compare caterpillar-parasitoid interactions across a broad gradient of climatic variability and find that the combined data in 15 geographically dispersed databases show a decrease in levels of parasitism as climatic variability increases. The dominant contribution to this pattern by relatively specialized parasitoid wasps suggests that climatic variability impairs the ability of parasitoids to track host populations. Given the important role of parasitoids in regulating insect herbivore populations in natural and managed systems, we predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of herbivore outbreaks through a disruption of enemy-herbivore dynamics as climates become more variable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Stireman
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Janzen
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lill
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Marquis
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ricklefs
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gentry
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hallwachs
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Coley
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Greeney
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Connahs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Diniz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005843:Geography; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*