title: Benefits of early biopsy on the outcome of kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed graft function has been associated with worse long-term kidney allograft survival. Adequate diagnosis of the etiology of dysfunction is crucial, often requiring routine early biopsies. The aim of this article was to report the results and safety of early kidney allograft biopsies and how they influenced its management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 1994 and July 2004, 134 renal transplant recipients were prescribed cyclosporine (CsA; Neoral, Novartis, Chile), steroids, and a third agent (azathioprine in 92% of the graft recipients). Thirty-four patients (26%) had a kidney biopsy performed within the first week because of allograft dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main diagnosis was acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in 22 patients (65%), whereas 6 (18%) were diagnosed with an acute rejection episode (ARE), allowing prompt initiation of therapy with reversal of rejection in 4 of them. Two patients (6%) showed signs of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) induced by CsA, which subsided following a switch from CsA to tacrolimus (Prograf Pharmainvesti, Chile). In 2 patients, the biopsy specimen showed signs of CsA nephrotoxicity that reverted following dose reduction. Finally, in 2 patients, the biopsy specimen showed chronic nephropathy of donor origin, which had not been previously recognized, resulting in graft loss. There was only one major complication related to the biopsy, intraperitoneal bleeding that required surgical treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early allograft biopsy is safe and, in a significant number of cases (30%), it detects important allograft pathology (ARE, TMA, and drug toxicity), which when adequately and promptly treated may rescue the graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kompatzki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norambuena
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dell'Oro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinochet
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Llanos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cortes-Monroy
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D012079:Renal Circulation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome