title: Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the antimalarial effect of artemisinin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize artemisinin pharmacokinetics (PK) and its antimalarial activity in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Artemisinin salivary concentration and parasite count data were obtained from Vietnamese malaria patients receiving two different dosage regimens. PK data were analysed using a previously developed semiphysiological model incorporating autoinduction of eliminating enzymes. A pharmacodynamic (PD) model reflecting different stages of the parasite life-cycle was developed and fitted to the data. The model included visible and invisible compartments as well as sensitive, insensitive, and injured parasite stages. Salivary artemisinin concentrations functioned as the driving force for the observed decrease in the number of parasites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large interindividual variability was observed in both PK and PD data. The PK model described reasonably well the observed decrease in salivary concentrations after repeated drug administration. The preinduction hepatic extraction ratio of artemisinin was estimated to be 0.87 with a volume of distribution of 27 L. Artemisinin half-life averaged 0.7 h. Incorporation of a saturable hepatic elimination affecting the first-pass extraction as well as a higher intrinsic clearance in female patients resulted in the best fit of the model to the data. The PD model described the decrease in the number of parasites during the course of treatment well. The longest mean transit time of parasites from sensitive, visible to invisible to insensitive visible stages was found to be 34.5 h through one life-cycle. The half-life of injured parasites was 2.7 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed semimechanistic PK/PD model successfully described the time course of both salivary artemisinin concentrations after repeated dosing and the number of parasites in patients treated with the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, NY, USA. tgordi@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Toufigh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gordi
authors.forename: Rujia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jusko
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C031327:artemisinin