title: Copper- and magnesium protoporphyrin complexes inhibit oxidative modification of LDL induced by hemin, transition metal ions and tyrosyl radicals.
abstract: The oxidative modification of LDL may play an important role in the early events of atherogenesis. Thus the identification of antioxidative compounds may be of therapeutic and prophylactic importance regarding cardiovascular disease. Copper-chlorophyllin (Cu-CHL), a Cu(2+)-protoporphyrin IX complex, has been reported to inhibit lipid oxidation in biological membranes and liposomes. Hemin (Fe(3+)-protoporphyrin IX) has been shown to bind to LDL thereby inducing lipid peroxidation. As Cu-CHL has a similar structure as hemin, one may assume that Cu-CHL may compete with the hemin action on LDL. Therefore, in the present study Cu-CHL and the related compound magnesium-chlorophyllin (Mg-CHL) were examined in their ability to inhibit LDL oxidation initiated by hemin and other LDL oxidizing systems. LDL oxidation by hemin in presence of H(2)O(2) was strongly inhibited by both CHLs. Both chlorophyllins were also capable of effectively inhibiting LDL oxidation initiated by transition metal ions (Cu(2+)), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and tyrosyl radicals generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) in presence of H(2)O(2) and tyrosine. Cu- and Mg-CHL showed radical scavenging ability as demonstrated by the diphenylpicrylhydracylradical (DPPH)-radical assay and estimation of phenoxyl radical generated diphenyl (dityrosine) formation. As assessed by ultracentrifugation the chlorophyllins were found to bind to LDL (and HDL) in serum. The present study shows that copper chlorophyllin (Cu-CHL) and its magnesium analog could act as potent antagonists of atherogenic LDL modification induced by various oxidative stimuli. As inhibitory effects of the CHLs were found at concentrations as low as 1 mumol/l, which can be achieved in humans, the results may be physiologically/therapeutically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapiotis
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Exner
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laggner
authors.forename: Bernhard M K
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gmeiner
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D002384:Catalysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000737:chemistry; D002735:Chlorophyllides / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D006427:Hemin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007477:Ions; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000737:chemistry; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000737:chemistry*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D000442:Octanols / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010851:Picrates; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002735:Chlorophyllides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D006834:Hydrazines; D007477:Ions; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C493309:N(4)-benzyl-N(6),N(6)-dimethyl-1-1(tert-butyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine-6,4-diamine; D000442:Octanols; D010851:Picrates; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014867:Water; D002734:Chlorophyll; D014443:Tyrosine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006427:Hemin; D003300:Copper; D013925:Thromboplastin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron; C007020:chlorophyllin; D008274:Magnesium; D010100:Oxygen