title: Intraoperative sonography for neurosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the technical aspects and the clinical applications of intraoperative sonography of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the characteristic appearances of brain and spine diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pictorial review of cases is presented on the basis of the performance and interpretation of intraoperative sonography of the CNS from January 1998 to December 2004 at a single academic institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technique is most commonly used for the localization and characterization of intracranial and spinal masses. Indications for intraoperative sonography of the CNS are biopsy guidance, tumor resection, and drainage or removal of inflammatory masses. It provides important additional information to the surgeon at the time of the operation and contributes to intraoperative decision making and surgical planning. This article reviews the advantages and limitations of intraoperative sonography of the CNS and highlights the typical appearance of CNS diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative sonography of the CNS is an interactive technique and helps the neurosurgeon in decision making and surgical planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel. jacobs@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sosna
authors.forename: Mara M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kruskal
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography