title: Prostate brachytherapy with iodine-125 seeds: radiation protection issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brachytherapy for prostate cancer by means of permanently implanted 125I sources is a well established procedure. An increasing number of patients all over the world are treated with this modality. When the technique was introduced at our institution, radiation protection issues relative to this technique were investigated in order to comply with international recommendations and national regulations. Particular attention was paid to the need for patient shielding after discharge from hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effective and equivalent doses to personnel related to implantation, the effective dose to patient relatives as computed by a developed algorithm, the air kerma strength values for the radioactive sources certified by the manufacturer compared with those measured by a well chamber, and the effectiveness of lead gloves in shielding the hands were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effective dose to the bodies of personnel protected by a lead apron proved to be negligible. The mean equivalent doses to the physician's hands was 420 microSv for one implant; the technician's hands received 65 microSv. The mean air kerma rate measured at the anterior skin surface of the patient who had received an implant was 55 microGy/h (range, 10-115) and was negligible with lead protection. The measured and certified air kerma strength for125I seeds in RAPID Strand corresponded within a margin of +/- 5%. The measured attenuation by lead gloves in operative conditions was about 80%. We also defined the recommendations to be given to the patient at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure risks related to brachytherapy with 125I to operators and public are limited. However, alternation of operators should be considered to minimize exposure. Patient-related measurements should verify the dose rate around the patient to evaluate the need for shielding and to define appropriate radiation protection recommendations.
authors.affiliation: SC Fisica Sanitaria 1, Azienda Ospedaliera S Giovanni Battista di Torino, Italy. silvia.anglesio@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anglesio
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calamia
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiandra
authors.forename: Francesca Romana
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Giglioli
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ragona
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ricardi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ropolo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009064:Mouth Protectors; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes