title: Simplifying laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: technical considerations for reproducible outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our technique, modifications, and experience of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). Nephron-sparing surgery is an increasingly accepted treatment for selected T1a kidney tumors. Because of the more complex surgical technique involved, LPN is evolving more slowly than laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data of 41 consecutive patients with T1a tumors who had undergone LPN from October 2002 to March 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Four main considerations in our surgical technique were consistently used: (a) LPN was performed in the transperitoneal approach, (b) a suture traction system was placed on the kidney when tumor visualization was challenging, (c) sutures and bolsters were preloaded on the abdominal wall, and (d) hemostasis and closure of the renal defect was performed using Lapra-Ty clips, eliminating knot-tying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 63.1 years. The mean warm ischemia time was 29.7 minutes, and the mean surgical time was 226.5 minutes. In 26 of 41 patients, the collecting system was entered and repaired. The median estimated blood loss was 150 mL, with a mean tumor size of 2.2 cm. Three cases were converted to open surgery. Five complications (13.2%) occurred. The median hospital stay was 2 days. Of the 41 specimens, 11 were benign. All surgical margins were negative. The mean follow-up was 7.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although technically challenging, LPN is emerging as an alternative to open partial nephrectomy. With several easily applied technical considerations, we have simplified LPN, making the procedure more efficient. We believe that the technical considerations we describe can increase the feasibility and ease of LPN for Stage T1a exophytic renal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. marceloorvieto@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Orvieto
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tolhurst
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mikhail
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Brendler
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome