title: Effect of 2 anesthetic techniques on the postoperative proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response and cellular immune function to minor surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 2 established anesthetic techniques: total intravenous anesthesia and balanced inhalation anesthesia (BAL) on the perioperative-induced changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), changes in lymphocyte subsets, and the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective, randomized, clinical comparison study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was set at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 50 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I who were scheduled for elective minimal invasive partial diskectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  There was no intervention involved in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in differential counts, lymphocyte subsets, and proliferation rates were determined before surgery and in the early postoperative period. Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, interferon gamma) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1RA, transforming growth factor beta), and plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were measured before, during, and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+, and expression of HLA-DR and activation marker CD25+, CD26+, and CD69+ decreased more in response to surgery after BAL. Changes in distribution of T-lymphocyte cells seem to be in part related to severe postoperative pain. Plasma concentration of IL-6 significantly increased during and after surgery with BAL without relation to pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anesthetic management may have varying influences on the postoperative immune response. Surgery-induced inflammatory response and alteration in cell-mediated immunity seem to be more pronounced after BAL. These effects were attributed to the enhanced stress response after BAL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. christine.schneemilch@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schneemilch
authors.forename: Annelore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ittenson
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansorge
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hachenberg
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bank
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D017586:Diskectomy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008934:Mitogens; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine