title: Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for tuberculosis control in developing countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the costs and health effects of tuberculosis control interventions in Africa and South East Asia in the context of the millennium development goals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost effectiveness analysis based on an epidemiological model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses undertaken for two regions classified by WHO according to their epidemiological grouping-Afr-E, countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high child mortality, and Sear-D, countries in South East Asia with high adult and high child mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies, costing databases, expert opinion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted in 2000 international dollars (dollarsInt).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of new cases of smear-positive tuberculosis in DOTS programmes cost dollarsInt6-8 per DALY averted in Afr-E and dollarsInt7 per DALY averted in Sear-D at coverage levels of 50-95%. In Afr-E, adding treatment of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases at a coverage level of 95% cost dollarsInt95 per DALY averted; the addition of DOTS-Plus treatment for multidrug resistant cases cost dollarsInt123. In Sear-D, these costs were dollarsInt52 and dollarsInt226, respectively. The full combination of interventions could reduce prevalence and mortality by over 50% in Sear-D between 1990 and 2010, and by almost 50% between 2000 and 2010 in Afr-E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DOTS treatment of new smear-positive cases is the first priority in tuberculosis control, including in countries with high HIV prevalence. DOTS treatment of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases and DOTS-Plus treatment of multidrug resistant cases are also highly cost effective. To achieve the millennium development goal for tuberculosis control, substantial extra investment is needed to increase case finding and implement interventions on a wider scale.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Technology Assessment (iMTA), Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. r.baltussen@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baltussen
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dye
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents