title: Extrarenal vascular anatomy of kidney: assessment of variations and their relevance to partial nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of selective segmental artery clamping during partial nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Precise extraparenchymal renal hilar dissection was performed on 73 fixed cadaveric kidneys. The surgical accessibility to clamping of each presegmental and segmental artery from the anterior and posterior approaches was determined on the basis of vessel length, position within the renal hilum, and degree of overlying collecting system or venous structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vascular anatomy consisted of zero, one, or two presegmental arteries (extrarenal main renal artery branches that split into two or more segmental arteries) in 49.3%, 31.5%, and 19.2% of the kidneys, respectively. From a posterior approach, the posterior segmental artery was accessible to isolated clamping in 81.8% of the kidneys (segmental accessibility rate) and was accessible to clamping at the presegmental level in 12.7% (presegmental accessibility rate) for a total accessibility rate of 90.9%. The total accessibility rate for the inferior segmental artery was 88.5% from an anterior and 66.7% from a posterior surgical approach. The apical artery total accessibility rate was 72.3% and 40.5% from an anterior and posterior approach, respectively. The corresponding middle and superior segmental artery total accessibility rates were 50.8% and 32.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cadaveric model, hilar dissection and clamping of the renal segmental arteries is anatomically feasible in most cases. Posterior and polar tumors will likely be more amenable to segmental vascular control. Selective segmental vascular control may offer the benefits of total hilar control while reducing overall renal ischemic injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Weld
authors.forename: Sam B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bhayani
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belani
authors.forename: Caroline D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hruby
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D003250:Constriction; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012077:Renal Artery