title: Inhaled zanamivir versus rimantadine for the control of influenza in a highly vaccinated long-term care population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite vaccination, influenza commonly causes morbidity and mortality in institutional settings. Influenza control with rimantadine and amantadine is limited by emergence and transmission of drug-resistant influenza A variants, ineffectiveness against influenza B, and toxicity. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of zanamivir versus rimantadine for influenza outbreak control in long-term care facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This double-blind, randomized, controlled study prospectively enrolled nursing home residents for 3 influenza seasons (1997 to 2000). Vaccine was offered to all subjects. Following influenza outbreak declaration, subjects were randomized to inhaled zanamivir 10 mg or standard of care (rimantadine 100 mg for influenza A or placebo for influenza B) once daily for 14 days. The proportion of randomized subjects developing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza during prophylaxis was the primary endpoint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 482 randomizations (238 zanamivir, 231 rimantadine, 13 placebo), 96% of subjects were elderly or had high-risk conditions; over 90% were vaccinated. Symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza occurred in 3% of zanamivir subjects and 8% of rimantadine subjects during chemoprophylaxis (P = .038; additional protective efficacy for zanamivir over rimantadine = 61%). Since only 25 subjects were randomized during 2 influenza B outbreaks and none developed influenza, the influenza B data were excluded from further analysis. Zanamivir was well tolerated and unassociated with emergence of resistant virus; rimantadine-resistant variants were common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first prospective, controlled study demonstrating effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis for influenza outbreak control. Zanamivir prevents symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza more effectively than rimantadine, is unassociated with resistant virus, and has a favorable safety profile. Zanamivir is an appropriate alternative for influenza outbreak control among institutionalized vaccinated elderly.
authors.affiliation: Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. gravens@evms.edu
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gravenstein
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drinka
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osterweil
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shult
authors.forename: Arvydas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ambrozaitis
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McElhaney
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keene
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018890:Chemoprevention; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012299:Rimantadine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D053243:Zanamivir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D012299:Rimantadine; D053243:Zanamivir