title: Review of forensic assessments of female referrals to the branch of legal medicine, Malatya region, Turkey--1996-2000.
abstract: It is well recognized that the most pervasive form in gender violence is violence against women by their intimate male partners. Domestic violence (DV) crosses all cultures, races, and socioeconomic levels, affecting people of all ages and both sexes, but particularly women and children. DV refers to the chronic physical, sexual and psychological maltreatment of one family member against another in order to control. DV represents a significant health threat to women. It may also be an important precipitating factor of female suicide. As the literature has begun to document the extent of interfamilial violence, attention has focused on forensic documentation. The aim of this study is to review female victims presented at the Branch of Legal Medicine of Malatya, Turkey, regarding gender-based violence and DV in relation towards sexual offenses and suicide attempts. Accordingly, recommendations were presented to increase the awareness of DV by setting policies and in response legislative recommendations. The legal reports of women (n=2245) were reviewed. In respect of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC), paragraph 456/1, 2, 3 and 4, which covers the act of assault and battery, the severity of the injuries have been categorized into three groups according to the Turkish Injury Scale (TIS) covered by TPC 456/1, 2 and 4, into the issues of functional incapacitation according to TPC 456/2 and 3, and with regard to the presence of a mark of an injury on the face according to TPC 456/2 tables. Because of incomplete data, not all results be categorized as positive for DV. Despite the large number of blunt force injuries (699 cases out of 2245) and the high percentage of external lesions, 76% of 1796 files, found, recognition of DV was uncommon. According to TPC 456/4, in cases of small trauma-related injuries, legal proceedings are dependent upon a victim's making a complaint. The percentage of 80.4% (n=2245) represents the need for information regarding legal requirements. The frequency of sexual assault cases, 144 victims out of 162, and in suicide attempts, 95 women out of 145, in the 15-24 year age span may also reflect a society's accusative approach towards women based on moral values. Unless prosecuting DV cases purely on the evidence in regard to victim's safety, withdrawal of complaints will continue. It is essential to identify to 'name' DV when it occurs. Recognizing the serious immediate and future long-term implications for health, multifaceted intervention is important. DV has to undergo some fundamental and far-reaching reformation in Turkey regarding how the legal system deals with it appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Inönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Celbiş
authors.forename: Mira R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gökdoğan
authors.forename: Mine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Gülsen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Günes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002961:Civil Rights; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000208:ethnology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014933:Women's Rights; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*