title: Fluorescence guided optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of early bladder cancer in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the technique of fluorescence image guided optical coherence tomography (FG-OCT). We examined its ability to enhance specificity and sensitivity for the noninvasive diagnosis of early bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transitional cell carcinoma was developed in 54 Fisher 344 female rats by intravesical methyl-nitroso-urea instillations. Two or three rats were diagnosed sequentially by 5-ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride) induced fluorescence imaging, cross-sectional OCT and histological microscopy weekly during weeks 11 to 33 following initial methyl-nitroso-urea instillation to track the course of carcinogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The specificity of fluorescence detection was significantly enhanced by FG-OCT (53% and 93%, respectively, p <0.0001). The sensitivity of fluorescence detection and FG-OCT was 79% and 100%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FG-OCT cystoscopy has the potential to diagnose early bladder cancer with high sensitivity and specificity with drastically decreased imaging time compared to that of white light guided OCT cystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Z G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology