title: Nomograms to predict pathologic complete response and metastasis-free survival after preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To combine clinical variables associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) after preoperative chemotherapy (PC) into a prediction nomogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 496 patients treated with anthracycline PC at the Institut Gustave Roussy were used to develop and calibrate a nomogram for pCR based on multivariate logistic regression. This nomogram was tested on two independent cohorts of patients treated at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. The first cohort (n = 337) received anthracycline; the second cohort (n = 237) received a combination of paclitaxel and anthracycline PC. A separate nomogram to predict DMFS was developed using Cox proportional hazards regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pCR nomogram based on clinical stage, estrogen receptor status, histologic grade, and number of preoperative chemotherapy cycles had good discrimination and calibration in the training and the anthracycline-treated validation sets (concordance indices, 0.77, 0.79). In the paclitaxel plus anthracycline group, when the predicted pCR rate was less than 14%, the observed rate was 7.5%; for a predicted rate of > or = 38%, the actual rate was 85%. For a predicted rate between 14% to 38%, the observed rates were 50% with weekly and 27% with 3-weekly paclitaxel. This indicates that patients with intermediate chemotherapy sensitivity benefit the most from the optimized schedule of paclitaxel. Patients unlikely to achieve pCR to anthracylines remain at low probability for pCR, even after inclusion of paclitaxel. The nomogram for DMFS had a concordance index of 0.72 in the validation set and outperformed other prediction tools (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our nomograms predict pCR accurately and can serve as a basis to integrate future molecular markers into a clinical prediction model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rouzier
authors.forename: Lajos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pusztai
authors.forename: Suzette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delaloge
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Angulo
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andre
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Aman U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Buzdar
authors.forename: Jean-Remi
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Garbay
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spielmann
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: W Fraser
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Symmans
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atallah
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Gabriel N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Hortobagyi
mesh_terms: D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D049451:Nomograms; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D017239:Paclitaxel