title: Evaluation of 2 celecoxib derivatives: analgesic effect and selectivity to cyclooxygenase-2/1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the analgesic effects of 2 celecoxib derivatives and their inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four antinociceptive assays were used: the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, hot tail-flick test and formalin test. Three doses were used in the analgesic assays and ED50 values were calculated. For the selectivity assay, macrophages were incubated with test compounds at various concentrations and then stimulated with calcimycin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The amounts of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha(6-keto-PGF1alpha) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the supernatant were examined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The selectivity of the test compounds was expressed as the IC(50,COX-1)/IC(50,COX-2) value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Celecoxib and its 2 derivatives had a significant analgesic effect. The ED50 values of celecoxib, PC-406 and PC-407 were 94.2, 67.9, and 63.3 mg/kg, respectively, for the acetic acid-induced writhing test; 104.7, 89.1, and 30.0 mg/kg, respectively, for the hot tail-flick response test; 60.7, 56.7, and 86.2 mg/kg, respectively, for the hot plate response test; 67.1, 55.8, and 68.8 mg/kg, respectively, for the formalin-induced response. That is, the ED50 of PC-406 was the lowest for the formalin and hot plate tests, which focus on changes above the spinal cord level; however, the ED50 of PC-407 was lowest for the tail-flick and writhing tests, which focus on changes at the spinal cord level. Celecoxib and PC-407 inhibited COX-1 with IC50 values of 39.8 and 27.5 nmol/L, respectively. PC-406 inhibited COX-1 with an IC50 value of more than 1000 nmol/L. The IC50 values for the effect of celecoxib, PC-406 and PC-407 on COX-2 were 4.8, 8.9, and 1.9 nmol/L respectively. The IC(50, COX-1)/IC(50,COX-2) ratios for celecoxib and PC-407 were 8.3 and 14.4, respec-tively. For PC-406, the ratio was greater than 112.2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Derivatives of celecoxib via substitution with an isopropyl or naphthyl group at the 5 position in the pyrazole ring still have analgesic effects and the ability to selectively inhibit COX-2. Substitution with a naphthyl group may have more effect on the peripheral pain pathway, whereas substitution with an isopropyl group may have more effect on the central pain pathway. This phenomenon occurs partly because substitution with an isopropyl group is more beneficial for COX-2 selectivity than is substitution with a naphthyl group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiao-Yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Bang-le
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guo-Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yu-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Zhen-Guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing-Ru
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Yu-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Qi-Bing
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Mei
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D015232:Dinoprostone; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C497664:4-(5-naphthyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C522434:PC 406