title: Appetite assessment: simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anorexia-related weight loss can have devastating consequences on quality-of-life, morbidity, and mortality. Without a simple tool to evaluate appetite, health care providers often use inaccurate surrogates, such as measurement of energy consumption and nutritional risk, to reflect appetite.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to validate a simple tool for assessing appetite and predicting weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional measurement study conducted on long-term care residents and community-dwelling adults. Construct validity of the 8-item Council on Nutrition appetite questionnaire (CNAQ) and its 4-item derivative, the simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ), were examined through correlation with a previously validated research tool: the appetite hunger and sensory perception questionnaire (AHSP). The length and complexity of the AHSP render it inefficient for clinical use. The sensitivity and specificity of the CNAQ and SNAQ to predict significant weight loss were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the CNAQ were 0.47 (long-term care group) and 0.72 (community-dwelling group). In the long-term care group, the CNAQ correlated with the AHSP (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and with the AHSP domains of taste (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001), hunger (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001), and smell (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001). The CNAQ showed sensitivities and specificities for 5% and 10% weight losses of 80.2 and 80.3 and 82.4 and 81.9, respectively. The SNAQ had sensitivities and specificities for 5% and 10% weight losses of 81.3 and 76.4 and 88.2 and 83.5, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SNAQ and CNAQ are short, simple appetite assessment tools that predict weight loss in community-dwelling adults and long-term care residents. The SNAQ is a 4-item derivative of the CNAQ and thus is clinically more efficient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA. wilsonmg@slu.edu
authors.forename: Margaret-Mary G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Laurence Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chibnall
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baxi
authors.forename: Marilyn R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Diebold
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Morley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001066:Appetite; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010465:Perception; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012903:Smell; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013649:Taste; D015431:Weight Loss