title: Persistence of and changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease over 6 months: the LASER-AD study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in Alzheimer disease (AD). It is important in terms of management to know their natural history and their effects on service use. The authors aimed to determine the persistence and change in severity of NPS over 6 months in participants with AD, and the relationship to initial severity, drug management, use of services, and cost of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPS scores and data on cognition, psychotropic medication, service use, and costs of care were collected on 224 participants at baseline and on 198 at 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 224 patients, 210 (93.8%) had NPS at baseline; 168 (75.0%) had at least one clinically significant symptom, 118 (80.4%) of whom had persistent significant symptoms at 6-month follow-up. There was no significant change in mean NPS score for any symptom over 6 months, but many individuals became better or worse; 61.2% of those with at least one significant baseline symptom in any domain improved. Those with persistent symptoms had more severe baseline symptoms. Deterioration in NPS was predicted by deterioration in MMSE. Those with at least one clinically significant symptom had higher care costs than those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPS were highly persistent overall, but many individuals became better or worse. Persistence was predicted by having more severe symptoms at baseline. Clinically significant levels of NPS were associated with greater costs of care. The relatively few associations found between specific psychiatric treatments and changes in NPS reflect both undertreatment and the complexity of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Mental Helath Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katona
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rive
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000191:economics; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008131:London; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs