title: Dose-response characteristics of an amorphous silicon EPID.
abstract: Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) were originally developed for the purpose of patient setup verification. Nowadays, they are increasingly used as dosimeters (e.g., for IMRT verification and linac-specific QA). A prerequisite for any clinical dosimetric application is a detailed understanding of the detector's dose-response behavior. The aim of this study is to investigate the dosimetric properties of an amorphous silicon EPID (Elekta IVIEWGT) with respect to three photon beam qualities: 6, 10, and 25 MV. The EPID showed an excellent temporal stability on short term as well as on long term scales. The stability throughout the day was strongly influenced by warming up, which took several hours and affected EPID response by 2.5%. Ghosting effects increased the sensitivity of the EPID. They became more pronounced with decreasing time intervals between two exposures as well as with increasing dose. Due to ghosting, changes in pixel sensitivity amounted up to 16% (locally) for the 25 MV photon beam. It was observed that the response characteristics of our EPID depended on dose as well as on dose rate. Doubling the dose rate increased the EPID sensitivity by 1.5%. This behavior was successfully attributed to a dose per frame effect, i.e., a nonlinear relationship between the EPID signal and the dose which was delivered to the panel between two successive readouts. The sensitivity was found to vary up to 10% in the range of 1 to 1000 monitor units. This variation was governed by two independent effects. For low doses, the EPID signal was reduced due to the linac's changing dose rate during startup. Furthermore, the detector reading was influenced by intrabeam variations of EPID sensitivity, namely, an increase of detector response during uniform exposure. For the beam qualities which were used, the response characteristics of the EPID did not depend on energy. Differences in relative dose-response curves resulted from energy dependent temporal output characteristics of the accelerator. If ghosting is prevented from affecting the results and all dose-response effects are properly corrected for, the EPID signal becomes independent of dose rate, dose, and exposure time.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. peter.winkler@akhwien.at
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hefner
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georg
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens
chemical_list: D012825:Silicon