title: Concentration dynamics of nitric oxide in rat hippocampal subregions evoked by stimulation of the NMDA glutamate receptor.
abstract: Nitric oxide (*NO) production in response to stimulation of the NMDA glutamate receptor is implicated not only in the synaptic plasticity in hippocampus but may also participate in excitotoxic cell death. Using *NO-selective microssensors inserted into the diffusional field of *NO in acute hippocampal slices, we describe the *NO concentration dynamics evoked by NMDA receptor activation and report profound differences along the trisynaptic loop of the hippocampus. We measured the oxygen gradient across the slice thickness and conclude that *NO measurements were performed at cell layers experiencing physiological oxygen tensions. Recordings performed at increasing distances from the point of NMDA receptor stimulation resulted in a progressive decrease of *NO signals, reaching undetectable levels for distances >400 microm, supporting the notion of a wide diffusional spread of endogenously generated *NO in the hippocampus. Neither a picoinjection nor a continuous perfusion of NMDA resulted in high steady-state *NO levels; rather all signals were transient, suggesting that cells are able to efficiently respond to high *NO concentrations (typically 200-400 nM) bringing it to very low nM levels; the claimed high micromolar *NO range achieved by excessive stimulation of NMDA receptor may have to be reevaluated. The distinct responses to NMDA receptor stimulation along the trysynaptic loop suggest a differential *NO activity and/or regulation among the hippocampal subregions. These findings may be relevant for the understanding of the role of *NO in physiologic mechanisms in the hippocampus and the differential sensitivity of the hippocampal subregions to NMDA receptor-dependent neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ledo
authors.forename: Rui M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cadenas
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laranjinha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004058:Diffusion; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006652:Histological Techniques; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen