title: Propellant-driven metered-dose inhalers for pulmonary drug delivery.
abstract: The current market for pulmonary drug delivery is at a bottleneck. The therapeutic advantages of inhalation aerosols, and the potential for the lungs as a route for systemically acting drugs, vaccines and gene therapeutic agents, have resulted in a rapid growth of the industry. Alongside this, the environment of inhaler design and formulation has changed markedly in recent years. Environmental concerns over propellants, the commercial success of dry powder inhalers, and the apparent lack of advancement of propellant-driven metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) has led to a less clear future for these devices. This review critically assesses these pressures and also potential opportunities for the pMDI. It is proposed that the future role of pMDIs will be determined by several important forces that can be classified under 'technology development' or 'market climate' categories. Technology development forces will be strengthened by the ability of the industry to have a systematic understanding of mechanisms of spray formation, perform subsequent and continued device and formulation advances, and a focus on all patient groups: particularly paediatric and geriatric populations. The ability to succeed in these areas will be largely determined by the willingness to invest in fundamental research of pMDI technologies.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Pharmacy, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Hugh D C
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers / Q000639:trends*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D000393:Air Pollutants; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; C094049:apaflurane; D005466:Fluorocarbons