title: Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fatal human respiratory disease associated with influenza A subtype H5N1 has been documented in Hong Kong, and more recently in Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. We previously demonstrated that patients with H5N1 disease had unusually high serum levels of IP-10 (interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10). Furthermore, when compared with human influenza virus subtype H1N1, the H5N1 viruses in 1997 (A/Hong Kong/483/97) (H5N1/97) were more potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-a) and chemokines (e.g. IP-10) from primary human macrophages in vitro, which suggests that cytokines dysregulation may play a role in pathogenesis of H5N1 disease. Since respiratory epithelial cells are the primary target cell for replication of influenza viruses, it is pertinent to investigate the cytokine induction profile of H5N1 viruses in these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA to compare the profile of cytokine and chemokine gene expression induced by H5N1 viruses A/HK/483/97 (H5N1/97), A/Vietnam/1194/04 and A/Vietnam/3046/04 (both H5N1/04) with that of human H1N1 virus in human primary alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that in comparison to human H1N1 viruses, H5N1/97 and H5N1/04 viruses were more potent inducers of IP-10, interferon beta, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Recent H5N1 viruses from Vietnam (H5N1/04) appeared to be even more potent at inducing IP-10 than H5N1/97 virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The H5N1/97 and H5N1/04 subtype influenza A viruses are more potent inducers of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in primary human respiratory epithelial cells than subtype H1N1 virus. We suggest that this hyper-induction of cytokines may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human H5N1 disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. mchan@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: M C W
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: Y O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: R W Y
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: L L M
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: J S M
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Peiris
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000276:immunology*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors