title: Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 by interleukin-6 in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are elevated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These molecules affect numerous cellular pathways, including angiogenesis and apoptosis resistance, and, therefore, may act in concert in NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined IL-6 and phosphorylated STAT3 in COX-2-overexpressing [COX-2 sense-oriented (COX-2-S)] NSCLC cells and control cells. The effect of IL-6, STAT3, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and apoptosis resistance was assessed in COX-2-overexpresing cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that NSCLC cells overexpressing COX-2 (COX-2-S) have increased IL-6 and phosphorylated STAT3 expression compared with control cells. IL-6 induced expression of VEGF in NSCLC cells. Moreover, blocking IL-6, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase decreased VEGF production in COX-2-S cells. The addition of IL-6 to NSCLC cells resulted in increased apoptosis resistance. Furthermore, the inhibition of STAT3 or IL-6 induced apoptosis and reduced survivin expression, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family in COX-2-S cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these findings suggest a novel pathway in which COX-2 activates STAT3 by inducing IL-6 expression. This pathway could contribute to tumor formation by promoting survivin-dependent apoptosis resistance and VEGF production. These findings provide a rationale for the future development of STAT3, IL-6, and/or COX-2-targeted therapies for the treatment of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Lung Cancer Research Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Harnisha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dalwadi
authors.forename: Kostyantyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krysan
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heuze-Vourc'h
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dohadwala
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elashoff
authors.forename: Sherven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cacalano
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubinett
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D012313:RNA; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases