title: Risk factors for acute renal failure: inherent and modifiable risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose is to discuss established risk factors in the development of acute renal failure and briefly overview clinical markers and preventive measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings from the literature support the role of older age, diabetes, underlying renal insufficiency, and heart failure as predisposing factors for acute renal failure. Diabetics with baseline renal insufficiency represent the highest risk subgroup. An association between sepsis, hypovolemia, and acute renal failure is clear. Liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, and open-heart surgery (especially valve replacement) are clinical conditions potentially leading to acute renal failure. Increasing evidence shows that intraabdominal hypertension may contribute to the development of acute renal failure. Radiocontrast and antimicrobial agents are the most common causes of nephrotoxic acute renal failure. In terms of prevention, avoiding nephrotoxins when possible is certainly desirable; fluid therapy is an effective prevention measure in certain clinical circumstances. Supporting cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and renal perfusion pressure are indicated to reduce the risk for acute renal failure. Nonionic, isoosmolar intravenous contrast should be used in high-risk patients. Although urine output and serum creatinine lack sensitivity and specificity in acute renal failure, they remain the most used parameters in clinical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are identified risk factors of acute renal failure. Because acute renal failure is associated with a worsening outcome, particularly if occurring in critical illness and if severe enough to require renal replacement therapy, preventive measures should be part of appropriate management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. martine.leblanc@sympatico.ca
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
authors.forename: R T Noel
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: Wilfred
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lieberthal
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tumlin
authors.forename: Ravindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers