title: Molecular pathogenic factors in symptomatic disc degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although symptomatic disc degeneration is thought to be the leading cause of chronic low back pain, no available biologic therapy is yet available to treat this highly prevalent condition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this article, the cellular, biomechanical and molecular alterations that occur during disc degeneration are reviewed to provide a better understanding of this pathologic process.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cellular and molecular aspects of disc degeneration are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available studies detailing the molecular and cellular changes during disc degeneration are reviewed in an effort to provide a basis for understanding the biologic strategies for disc repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disc degeneration begins early in life and involves a cascade of changes at the cellular and molecular level that results in degradation of the extracellular matrix of the disc, leading to biomechanical failure of this complex structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular events causing degeneration of the intervertebral disc, rational strategies for disc repair can be understood and evaluated. It appears that biologic disc repair will be feasible in the future although challenges remain in this blossoming field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. greg.anderson@rothmaninstitute.com
authors.forename: D Greg
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Chadi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tannoury
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008967:Molecular Biology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013314:Stress, Mechanical