title: Economic evaluation of three two-drug chemotherapy regimens in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the 1990s, a number of new cytotoxic agents with clinically relevant activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and with a more favourable therapeutic index than drugs already in use, became available. Given the high prices of these new drugs and the large number of patients affected, it is important to compare the relative benefits and costs of these treatments with the existing regimens before treatment policy decisions are changed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An economic evaluation of three different regimens of chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC was performed from the perspective of the Dutch health insurance system using tariffs valid for 2002. The economic evaluation was integrated into a phase III clinical trial in which the reference regimen cisplatin-paclitaxel was compared with two experimental regimens: cisplatin-gemcitabine and gemcitabine-paclitaxel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unit costs were applied to resource use data collected prospectively on case report forms during the trial. The average total (uncensored) cost per patient was determined for each of the treatment groups. The principal outcome measure for the economic evaluation was the estimated mean survival time per treatment group. This outcome was then incorporated into incremental cost-effectiveness ratios based on costs corrected for censoring. The impact of uncertainty was assessed by bootstrap techniques, and the analysis and interpretation of the data focused on the bivariate density of differences in outcomes and costs in the incremental cost-effectiveness plane. The final results were summarised by the derivation of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated mean survival time was equivalent in the two cisplatin-based regimens with largely overlapping confidence intervals. There was a 99% probability that cisplatin-gemcitabine is the least costly regimen of the two and a 72% probability that this regimen reduces costs while at the same time improving survival. Compared with cisplatin-paclitaxel, the gemcitabine-paclitaxel regimen engendered a borderline significant reduction in mean survival time combined with an almost 90% probability of an increase in costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two cisplatin-based regimens are equivalent in terms of survival, but cisplatin-gemcitabine may reduce costs by approximately 2000 Euros patient compared with cisplatin-paclitaxel. Gemcitabine-paclitaxel is a dominated option with higher costs and a reduction in mean survival time compared with cisplatin-paclitaxel.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium. neymark@skynet.be
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neymark
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lianes
authors.forename: Egbert F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Jan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Meerbeeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D003841:Deoxycytidine; D017239:Paclitaxel; D002945:Cisplatin; D000093542:Gemcitabine