title: Increased periconceptual maternal glycated haemoglobin in diabetic mothers reduces fetal long axis cardiac function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare ventricular long axis function in fetuses of diabetic mothers (FDM) with contemporaneously studied normal controls (N) and to assess the effect of pre-pregnancy diabetic control on these measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long axis function was compared in 41 FDM and 159 N fetuses in a cross sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal medicine unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echocardiography confirmed structural normality. Pulsed wave valvar Doppler velocimetry, lengthening and shortening myocardial velocities, and amplitude of ventricular long axis movement were recorded at the base of the left and right ventricular free walls and septum. Periconceptual diabetic control was assessed by haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in early pregnancy. Doppler and myocardial velocities were negatively related and myocardial thickness was positively related with HbA1c. In both cohorts all variables except mitral and tricuspid late filling (A wave) velocities were dependent on gestational age. FDM gestational age related values were higher for most variables and robust analysis of covariance showed significantly different maturation patterns in mitral valve E:A ratio (p = 0.036) and pulmonary velocity (p = 0.04), late lengthening myocardial velocities (left p = 0.016 and right p = 0.066), left myocardial shortening velocities (p = 0.008), and left free wall (p = 0.03) and septal (p = 0.04) amplitude of motion. FDM septal thickness was significantly increased throughout gestation (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periconceptual diabetic control influences fetal cardiac performance and myocardial hypertrophy but, unlike the pathophysiology of adult ventricular hypertrophy, is accompanied by functional adaptation. It is unlikely to explain the increased rate of late stillbirth observed in diabetic pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. helena.gardiner@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pasquini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfenden
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kulinskaya
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000196:embryology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D016742:Preconception Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin