title: Herbicides and nitrates in groundwater of Maryland and childhood cancers: a geographic information systems approach.
abstract: This hypothesis-generating study explores spatial patterns of childhood cancers in Maryland and investigates their potential associations with herbicides and nitrates in groundwater. The Maryland Cancer Registry (MCR) provided data for bone and brain cancers, leukemia, and lymphoma, for ages 0-17, during the years 1992-1998. Cancer clusters and relative risks generated in the study indicate higher relative risk areas and potential clusters in several counties. Contingency table analysis indicates a potential association with several herbicides and nitrates. Cancer rates for the four types have a crude odds ratio (OR) = 1.10 (0.78-1.56) in relationship to atrazine, and an OR = 1.54 (1.14-2.07) for metolachlor. Potential association to mixtures of three compounds give an OR = 7.56 (4.16-13.73). A potential association is indicated between leukemia and nitrates, OR = 1.81 (1.35-2.42), and bone cancer with metolachlor, OR = 2.26 (0.97-5.24). These results give insight to generate a hypothesis of the potential association between exposure to these herbicides and nitrates and specific types of childhood cancer.
authors.affiliation: Hagerstown Community College, MD 21742, USA. thorpen@hagerstowncc.edu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirmohammadi
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000293:Adolescent; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012839:Simazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D006540:Herbicides; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C000188:alachlor; D001280:Atrazine; D012839:Simazine; C051786:metolachlor