title: Protective ocular mechanisms in woodpeckers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Woodpeckers possess mechanisms protecting the eye from shaking/impact. Mechanisms available to woodpeckers but not humans may help explain some eye injuries in Shaken Baby syndrome (SBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gross dissection and histologic examination of eyes and orbits of seven woodpeckers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All birds showed restricted axial globe movement due to the tight fit within the orbit and fascial connections between the orbital rim and sclera. The sclera was reinforced with cartilage and bone, the optic nerve lacked redundancy, and the vitreous lacked attachments to the posterior pole retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Woodpecker eyes differ from human infants by an inability of the globe to move axially in the orbit, the sclera to deform, and the vitreous to shear the retina. These findings support current hypotheses that abusive acceleration-deceleration-induced ocular injury in human infants may be related to translation of vitreous within the globe and the globe within the orbit. The woodpecker presents a natural model resistant to mechanical forces that have some similarity to SBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, M158, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8, and Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wygnanski-Jaffe
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christopherson
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ethier
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012590:Sclera / Q000502:physiology; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D013045:Species Specificity; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000502:physiology