title: Product-line extensions and pricing strategies of brand-name drugs facing patent expiration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study proposed an alternative to brand loyalty as the explanation for the continued price rigidity of patent-expired brand-name prescription drugs despite the increase in market entry of generic drugs facilitated by the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act. Study hypotheses were to test (1) whether market entries of new-product extensions are associated with market success of original brand-name drugs before generic drug entry, and (2) whether original brand-name drugs exhibit price rigidity to generic entry only when they are extended.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design is a retrospective follow-up study for the prescription drug brands that lost their patents between 1987 and 1992. The drug brands were limited to nonantibiotic, orally administered drugs containing only 1 active pharmaceutical ingredient. Information on patent expiration, entry of a product extension, and market success were determined from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.s Orange Book, First DataBank, and American Druggist, respectively. Market success was defined as whether an original drug brand was listed in the top 100 prescriptions most frequently dispensed before facing generic entry. Product-line extension was defined as the appearance of another product that a company introduces within the same market after its existing product. Drug prices were average wholesale prices from the Drug Topics Red Book. The relationship between product-line extension and market success was examined using a logistic regression analysis. The price rigidity to entry was tested using a panel regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27 drug brands lost their patents between 1987 and 1992. Drug brands that achieved market success were 16 times more likely to be extended than were those that did not (OR=16, 95% confidence interval, 2.12-120.65). The price rigidity to entry existed in drug brands with extensions (beta=2.65%, P <0.033), but not in those brands without extensions (beta=-2.40%, P <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided some support for the alternative explanation to brand loyalty that a new product-line extension introduced for an original brand helps the original price be rigid despite the entry of generic drugs facilitated by the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. hongsonghee@uams.edu
authors.forename: Song Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Marvin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scoones
authors.forename: Thomas T H
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics*; D004465:Economic Competition; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic