title: Depression predicts mortality and hospitalization in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate whether depressive symptoms are independently predictive of mortality and hospitalization among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EPHESUS trial enrolled patients with AMI complicated by heart failure. Patients from Canada, the UK, and the United States completed a Medical Outcomes Study-Depression questionnaire at baseline in addition to a comprehensive clinical examination. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and outcomes, including 2-year all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death or hospitalization, adjusting for baseline clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 143 of 634 patients (22.6%) had significant depressive symptoms at baseline (Medical Outcomes Study-Depression score > or = 0.06). Depressed patients had higher 2-year mortality (29% vs 18%; P = .004) and cardiovascular death or hospitalization (42% vs 33%; P = .016). After risk adjustment, depressive symptoms remained significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.15-2.68, P = .01) and cardiovascular death or hospitalization (hazard ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.93, P = .03). Results were consistent across demographic and clinical subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death or hospitalization after AMI complicated by heart failure. Although many factors may mediate outcomes in patients with AMI, studies are warranted to evaluate whether a depression intervention can improve survival and/or reduce hospitalizations.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220, USA. john.rumsfeld@med.va.gov
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rumsfeld
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis