title: Recent developments in targeting access to high cost medicines in Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Australia, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) has developed a set of arrangements to control access to high-cost medicines to ensure their use is cost-effective. These medicines include the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNFIs) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this first phase of a qualitative study was to explore basic views on the restricted access to TNFIs in order to confirm where further investigation should take place in the next phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2004 with a member of the four relevant stakeholder groups. Participants were asked their opinions about features of the establishment, process and effects of the system of restricted access to TNFIs. Views on the collaboration between stakeholder groups in the decision-making process were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The principle of 'controlled access' to TNFIs was supported in general. There were concerns regarding some of the specific eligibility criteria. Wider and more transparent stakeholder consultation was judged desirable. Some flexibility around prescribing of TNFIs by physicians, and regular review of the arrangements were proposed. These themes will inform the next phase of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first phase highlighted a range of issues associated with the PBS arrangements restricting access to TNFIs. Timely review and report of issues and concerns associated with such policy developments that arose in practice are essential. There is a need for a more comprehensive exploration across a wide range of stakeholders with different perspectives that will in turn be helpful in guiding policy and practice around national arrangements to manage access to high-cost medicines.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. christine.lu@student.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Christine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Richard O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Day