Nonepileptic disorders imitating generalized idiopathic epilepsies.
Differential diagnosis between epileptic and nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders is fundamental not only to allow correct management of patients but also to avoid the burden of unnecessary antiepileptic medication. The focus of this chapter is limited to imitators of idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) which are expressed through myoclonic, tonic-clonic, tonic, atonic, and absence seizures. Apparent losses of consciousness and drop attacks also have to be considered. Benign myoclonus of early infancy is the main nonepileptic disorder in the differential diagnosis of infantile spasms, but is not dealt with here because West syndrome is not an IGE. Hyperekplexia, metabolic disorders, hypnagogic myoclonus, and disturbed responsiveness caused by the use of drugs are listed in Table 1. Other conditions that may imitate more focal epileptic seizures are omitted. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus, apnea and apparent life-threatening events in infants, cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells, syncope, staring spells, psychogenic seizures, hyperventilation syndrome, and narcolepsy have been selected based on frequency or difficulties in differential diagnosis with the intention to cover the most conspicuous imitators of IGE in different ages.
Fejerman
Natalio
N
Department of Neurology, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina. natalio@fejerman.com
D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000175:diagnosis; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis