title: Concentrations of selected persistent organochlorine contaminants in store-bought foods from northern Alaska.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We address marine and terrestrial mammal blubber, liver, muscle, kidney, heart, tongue, maktak and maktaaq (epidermis and blubber from bowhead, beluga whales, respectively), and fish muscle and livers, as commonly consumed tissues in subsistence communities across northern Alaska in the context of organochlorine (OC) contamination of store-bought foods. Human exposure to contaminants from biota, as part of a subsistence diet, has been superficially evaluated in numerous studies (focused on liver and blubber), but are limited in the type of tissues analyzed, and rarely consider the contaminants in the alternatives (i.e., store-bought foods).
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations from published literature on selected persistent organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in eight tissues of the bowhead whale and other biota (1) were compared to store-bought foods evaluated in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, store-bought foods had lower concentrations of OCs than some tissues of the marine mammals (especially blubber, maktak, and maktaaq). However, blubber is rarely eaten alone and should not be used to give consumption advice unless considered as a portion of the food item (i.e., maktak). This study indicates that the store-bought food alternatives have detectable OC concentrations (e.g., < 0.01 to 22.5 ng/g w.w. for hexachlorobenzene) and, in many cases, have greater OC concentrations than some subsistence food items. Many wildlife tissues had OC concentrations similar to those quantified in local store-bought food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Switching from the traditional diet to western store-bought foods will not always reduce exposure to OCs. However, raw blubber-based products are clearly more contaminated with OCs due to lipid content. A detailed profile of traditional/country foods and western foods consumed by subsistence communities of northern Alaska is required to address chronic exposure in more detail for the diverse sources of foods (subsistence use and commercially available) and the widely varying concentrations of contaminants reported therein. This should be combined with biomonitoring people dependent upon subsistence foods. Further assessment of essential and non-essential elements, emerging contaminants (e.g. brominated flame retardants), etc. should be conducted in order to improve our understanding of the differences and similarities between wildlife and store-bought foods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, USA. fftmo@uaf.edu
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Cyd
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanns
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Backus
authors.forename: Derek C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated