title: Education and occupations preceding Parkinson disease: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of Parkinson disease (PD) with education and occupations using a case-control study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used the medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify all subjects who developed PD in Olmsted County, MN, from 1976 through 1995. Each incident case was matched by age (+/-1 year) and sex to a general population control. The authors collected information about education and occupations using two independent sources of data: a review of the complete medical records in the system and a telephone interview. Occupations were coded using the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with 9 or more years of education were at increased risk of PD (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.6; p = 0.02), and there was a trend of increasing risk with increasing education (test for linear trend, p = 0.02; medical records data). Physicians were at significantly increased risk of PD using both sources of occupational data. By contrast, four occupational groups showed a significantly decreased risk of PD using one source of data: construction and extractive workers (e.g., miners, oil well drillers), production workers (e.g., machine operators, fabricators), metal workers, and engineers. These associations with increased or decreased risk did not change noticeably after adjustment for education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with higher education and physicians have an increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD), while subjects with some occupations presumed to involve high physical activity have a decreased risk of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frigerio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elbaz
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sanft
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ahlskog
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Grossardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maraganore
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rocca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology