title: Time-course of cardiac remodeling following transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right chamber dilatation and right-to-left volumetric unbalance are well-known cardiac consequences of atrial septal defect (ASD) shunt, accounting for most of its long-term complications. Thus, cardiac volumetric unloading is a major aim of ASD closure. Different from surgery, transcatheter option might be considered as an "unbiased" tool to evaluate the cardiac geometric remodeling following ASD closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extent and time-course of cardiac geometric changes were assessed by echocardiography 24 h, 1 and 6 months after percutaneous closure of large ASD (mean diameter 17+/-6 mm, QP/QS 2.2+/-0.9) in 42 asymptomatic patients (age 22+/-18 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcatheter closure was accomplished using the Amplatzer Septal Occluder device (mean 23+/-7 mm, median 24 mm), achieving a complete occlusion in all patients at the 6-month follow-up control. After ASD closure, right atrial (RA) volume reduced from 45+/-24 to 28+/-12 ml (-37.8%, p<0.001), while left atrial (LA) volume did not significantly change. Inlet and infundibulum right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic diameters reduced by 23+/-2% and 23+/-3%, respectively (p<0.001 for both measurements), although with a different time-course of changes. Finally, transverse left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter increased from 39+/-7 to 44+/-5 mm (+11.4%, p<0.01). These geometric changes resulted in an RV/LV diameter ratio decrease by 34+/-3% (p<0.001). Nearly 90% of cardiac remodeling ensued within 1 month from shunt disappearance (50% within 24 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous ASD closure results in early and striking cardiac geometric changes that almost completely revert the right-to-left volumetric unbalance. Most of this geometric remodeling ensues within a few weeks from ASD closure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, A.O. Monaldi, 2nd University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascotto
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerrato
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Maurizio Cappelli
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bigazzi
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrozza
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caianiello
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013997:Time Factors; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling