title: Cutaneous immunological activation elicited by a low-fluence pulsed dye laser.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three years ago, the nonablative wrinkle reduction laser (a 585-nm laser, Chromogenex V3; Chromogenex Light Technologies, Llanelli, U.K.) was developed, and there have already been several reports about its clinical effectiveness. The Chromogenex V3 laser has also been reported to be effective in treating acne and atopic dermatitis. These results suggest that the Chromogenex V3 laser has some immunological role. In this study, we investigated immunological changes elicited by laser irradiation at the ultrastructural level and by analysis of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 mRNA in skin homing T lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy adult volunteers (mean age 56.3 years, range 25-66 years) were recruited for this study. Ultrastructural analysis was done 3 h after the laser irradiation, as well as 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 5 weeks later. IL-2 and IL-4 mRNAs in skin homing T cells cultured for 6 weeks were semiquantitatively measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrastructural observations revealed that at 3 h after laser therapy, neutrophils, monocytes and mast cells could already be seen in the extravascular dermis. These dermal acute inflammatory changes were observed also at 1 week after laser treatment. Two weeks after laser treatment, the capillaries showed an almost normal structure. Four weeks after laser treatment, many lymphocytes and fibroblasts were observed. The numbers of these lymphocytes increased further at 5 weeks after the laser treatment. One week after the laser irradiation, all subjects were positive for IL-2 mRNA and for IL-4 mRNA. The level of IL-4 mRNA was larger compared with that of IL-2 mRNA in all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Chromogenex V3 is a 585-nm visible light laser, and it may affect the skin not only by selective photothermolysis but also by direct cutaneous immunological activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Queen's Square Medical Centre, Yokohama, Japan. tomi@olive.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takezaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bjerring
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thestrup-Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002196:Capillaries / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002452:Cell Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4