title: The cost effectiveness of occupational health interventions: prevention of silicosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The failure to recognize occupational health as an economic phenomenon limits the effectiveness of interventions ostensibly designed to prevent disease and injury. Hence, consideration of economic efficiency is essential in the evaluations of interventions to reduce hazardous working conditions. In this paper, we present an analysis of the cost effectiveness of alternative means of preventing silicosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the cost effectiveness of specific interventions for the prevention of occupationally induced silicosis, we have used the simulation models based on the generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA) developed by the WHO-CHOICE initiative for two representative subregions namely AMROA (Canada, United States of America), and WPROB1 (China, Korea, Mongolia).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both of the two subregions, engineering controls are the most cost effective with ratios varying from 105.89 dollars per healthy year or disability adjusted life year saved in AMROA to approximately 109 dollars in WPROB1. In the two subregions, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of engineering controls (EC) looks most attractive. Although dust masks (DM) look attractive in terms of cost, the total efficacy is extremely limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the extent that this analysis can be generalized across other subregions, it suggests that engineering control programs would be cost effective in both developed and developing countries for reducing silica exposure to save lives. Note that this analysis understates health benefits since only silicosis and not all silica-related diseases are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA. Supriya.Lahiri@uml.edu
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levenstein
authors.forename: Deborah Imel
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Beth J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000191:economics; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide