title: Clinical use of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: is increased efficiency possible? A post hoc comparison of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Maier and Bech subscales, Clinical Global Impression, and Symptom Checklist-90 scores.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) is used as a semi-gold standard in research. In treatment guidelines, the HDRS measurements serve to determine response and remission and guide clinical decision making for nonresponders. However, its use in clinical practice is limited, possibly because the HDRS is time consuming. In addition, the multidimensional HDRS is criticized for not measuring a unidimensional aspect as depression severity. The Maier and the Bech, two 6-item severity subscales extracted from the HDRS, are relatively unknown. This paper investigates whether the measurements obtained with these subscales are comparable with the original HDRS measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 2 randomized controlled trials in 482 male and female patients, diagnosed with a major depression (with or without dysthymia) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, of whom 219 participated in the trials, were reanalyzed. A standardized stepwise psychopharmacological treatment was compared with a combination of pharmacotherapy with Short Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy in a psychiatric outpatient department. Outcome measures were internal consistency and concurrent validity of HDRS, Maier, Bech, Clinical Global Impression scales, and Symptom Checklist depression subscale. Effect sizes of HDRS, Maier, and Bech were used to compare measured treatment effects for the randomized subjects participating in the trials. Item Response Theory was used to obtain conversion tables for the HDRS, Maier, Bech, and Symptom Checklist depression subscale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found moderate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha approximately 0.6-0.7) and high correlations of the Maier and Bech subscales with overall HDRS scores. Overall, there were no clinically relevant differences in effect sizes between Maier, Bech, and HDRS, although some differences were statistically significant. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed no difference between Maier and Bech to define remission but showed the Clinical Global Impression ratings to be unreliable. A cutoff < or =4 corresponded with an HDRS < or =7 criterion in both subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In clinical practice, both Maier and Bech scales can be used as equivalents of the HDRS, but will be more efficient.
authors.affiliation: Mentrum, Depression Research Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.g.ruhe@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Henricus G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ruhé
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peen
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Jonghe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents