title: Oral forms of tetracycline and doxycycline are effective in producing pleurodesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether oral tetracyclines could produce an efficient and safe pleurodesis as does parenteral doxycycline, which is currently unavailable in many countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parenteral doxycycline (10 mg/kg), oral tetracycline (35 mg/kg), or doxycycline (10 mg/kg) was injected intrapleurally through a right chest tube in rabbits. The oral forms were dissolved in saline solution and passed through a sterile membrane filter. When daily aspirated pleural fluid was < 5 mL/24 h, the chest tube was removed. Fluid WBC, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and protein levels were measured 24 h after the injection. After the death of the animals on day 14, pleurodesis was graded from 1 (none) to 8 (> 50% symphysis) by two observers blinded to treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The right pleurodesis score of the combined oral groups (median, 7.0; interquartile range [IQR], 4.0; n = 26) did not differ significantly (p = 0.349) from that of the parenteral group (median, 7.5; IQR, 6.0; n = 10). Oral tetracycline (capsule or tablet, n = 6 in each group) and doxycycline (capsule or tablet, n = 7 in each group) were as effective as parenteral doxycycline in producing pleurodesis: tetracycline capsule (median, 7.50; IQR, 6.00); tetracycline tablet (median, 6.50; IQR, 6.00); doxycycline capsule (median, 4.00; IQR, 1.00); doxycycline tablet (median, 8.00; IQR, 5.00), and parenteral doxycycline (median, 7.50; IQR, 6.00) [p = 0.235]. The left pleurodesis scores were 1.00 in all 36 rabbits. Fluid total volume, WBC, LDH, and protein levels were comparable between each oral and parenteral group, excluding WBCs in the tetracycline tablet group (p = 0.047). The complications were nonfatal (right hemothorax: tetracycline capsule [n = 3]/tetracycline tablet [n = 2], doxycycline tablet [n = 2], parenteral doxycycline [n = 2]; left hemothorax: tetracycline capsule [n = 1]; ascites: parenteral doxycycline [n = 1]). There was no growth on all filtrate cultures. Oral forms cost less than parenteral doxycycline (<1 US dollar vs 4.72 US dollars per rabbit). Filtering costs were 1.12 US dollars per rabbit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral tetracycline or doxycycline is as effective and safe as parenteral doxycycline in producing pleurodesis in rabbits; thus, they may also be used in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Izmir Training and Research Hospital for Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Turkey. semrab@superonline.com
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilaceroglu
authors.forename: Yubiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.forename: Zhiwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Georgios T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Stathopoulos
authors.forename: Kirk B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D010996:Pleural Effusion; D018700:Pleurodesis / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D013752:Tetracycline; D004318:Doxycycline