title: Gender of the care environment: influence on recovery in women with heart disease.
abstract: Women experience higher levels of distress than men (depression, anxiety, poor quality of life) after a first myocardial infarction. Sex differences in distress are not present in predominantly female diseases such as arthritis. This study explored the possibility that the predominantly male treatment environment for heart disease accounted for some of the sex differences in distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women who had experienced a first-MI were asked to complete the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), a modified version of the Moos Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and measures of illness intrusiveness, depression, anxiety and quality of life. Gender syntony was defined as a match between patient gender (BSRI) and the perceived gender of the treatment environment (WAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women experienced higher levels of distress than men and were more likely to experience discordance between their gender and the perceived gender of the care environment (73% of women versus 32% of men). The presence of gender dystony (a mismatch between gender and treatment environment) was related to higher levels of illness intrusiveness and overall distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modification of the heart disease treatment environment so that it better meets the needs of women may reduce sex differences in distress.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Ottawa, Ontario. kwoodend@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: A Kirsten
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Woodend
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Devins
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003289:Convalescence / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006272:Health Facility Environment / Q000592:standards*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009864:Ontario; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*; D016387:Women's Health