title: Design and evaluation of a coupled monolithic pre-concentrator-capillary zone electrophoresis system for the extraction of immunoglobulin G from human serum.
abstract: The analysis of proteins in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is of interest in clinical chemistry. However, due to low analyte concentrations and poor concentration limits of detection (CLOD), protein analysis by this technique is frequently challenging. Coupling preconcentration techniques with CE greatly improves the CLOD. An on-line preconcentration-CE method that can selectively pre-concentrate any protein for which an antibody is available would be very useful for the analysis of low abundance proteins and would establish CE as a major tool in biomarker discovery. To accomplish this, the development of an on-line protein G monolithic pre-concentrator-CE device is proposed. To generate active groups for protein immobilization, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was used to prepare polymer monoliths. A 1.5-2 cm monolith was cast inside a 75 microm I.D. fused silica capillary that had previously been coated with alternating layers of negatively (dextran) and positively (polybrene) charged polymers. Protein G was covalently bound to GMA. Monoliths from different formulations were prepared and evaluated for binding capacity to optimize the monolith formulation for protein preconcentration. The physical properties of the column considered best for preconcentration were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. The total pore area was 4.8m(2)/g, the average pore diameter was 3.3 microm and the porosity was 82%. The monolith had a low flow resistance and was macroscopically homogeneous. The effectiveness of the monolith to rapidly pre-concentrate proteins at flow rates as high as 10 microL/min was demonstrated using a 1.8 microM IgG solution. This system proved effective for on-line sample extraction, clean-up, preconcentration, and CE of IgG in human serum. IgG from diluted (500 and 65,000 times) human serum samples was successfully analyzed using this system. The approach can be applied to the on-line preconcentration and analysis of any protein for which an antibody is available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C267 Benson Science Building, Brigham Young University, P.O. Box 25700, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA.
authors.forename: Jenny M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Armenta
authors.forename: Binghe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Humble
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Thulin
authors.forename: Milton L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000737:chemistry; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D011485:Protein Binding; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D003511:Cyclohexanols; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; C029152:G-substrate; D006586:Hexanes; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008689:Methacrylates; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C007870:glycidyl methacrylate; D000432:Methanol