title: Strong association between infection with human papillomavirus and oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based case-control study in southern Sweden.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate a strong association between infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC), suggesting that high-risk HPV types play a key role in carcinogenesis. The estimated proportion of OOSCC cases attributable to HPV infection was 35%.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  HPV appears to have an aetiological role in OOSCC, despite the fact that the reported prevalences of HPV in both OOSCC patients and healthy individuals have varied widely. We aimed to investigate the presence and spectrum of both high- and low-risk HPVs in all consecutive cases of OOSCC in a Swedish healthcare region over a 3-year period and in population-based, matched healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 131 patients with OOSCC were studied. Samples taken from the surface of the tumour and from the tonsillar fossa using cotton-tipped swabs were investigated, together with exfoliated cells collected using a mouthwash. Tonsillar fossa and mouthwash specimens were collected in the same way from 320 matched controls. All samples were tested for HPV DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction using the primer pairs MY09/MY11 and GP5 + /GP6+, and in positive cases the HPV type was determined by DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection with high-risk HPV was shown to be a strong risk factor for OOSCC (OR = 63; 95% CI 14-480). Forty-seven (36%) of the cancer patients had > or =1 specimen that was positive for a high-risk HPV type (81% of which were HPV 16), while only 3 (0.94%) of the controls were positive for a high-risk HPV type. Seven (5.3%) of the cancer patients and 13 (4.1%) of the controls were positive for any of the mucosal, mucocutaneous or cutaneous low-risk HPV types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. bengt-goran.hansson@mikrobiol.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: Bengt Göran
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosenquist
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonsson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
authors.forename: Elsy-Britt
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schildt
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bladström
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral