Social inequality in perceived environmental exposures in relation to housing conditions in Germany.
In Germany the impact of socioeconomic factors on environmental exposures and adverse housing conditions has been rarely studied up to now. The aim of our study was to assess whether and, if yes, how perceived exposure to noise and air pollution is influenced by socioeconomic status in Germany. We used data from a large-scale population-based survey. In this survey, data on perceived exposure to noise and air pollution and on socioeconomic status and housing conditions were collected on an individual basis. The study population consisted of 7,275 adults aged 17-98 years (40% women), each representing the head of one household. For the association between perceived environmental exposure and social factors confounder-adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated by binary or ordinal logistic regression. In bivariate analyses subjects with non-German nationality, East Germans, respondents with low income, those with lower educational and occupational status, and subjects living in adverse housing conditions were more likely to report being highly exposed. In multivariate analyses high perceived exposure to noise was associated with low household income (OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.13-2.05] lowest versus highest income group). Perceived air pollution exposure was also related to household income (1.67 [1.14-2.44] lower middle versus highest income group). Further associated variables were need for renovation of the house, type of house, and type of neighborhood. This study shows that in Germany, as in other industrial countries, environmental exposures are distributed unequally and that especially economic differences play important roles.
Kohlhuber
Martina
M
Department of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany. martina.kohlhuber@lgl.bayern.de
Mielck
Andreas
A
Weiland
Stephan K
SK
Bolte
Gabriele
G
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012935:Social Justice