title: Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus: the effect and problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In spite of the success of hepatitis B immunization, still a significant proportion of childhood hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) failed to be prevented by the hepatitis B immunization program. This study is aimed to investigate the problems in the HCC prevention in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  All HCC children ages 6 to 14 diagnosed between 1981 and 2000 in Taiwan were collected from two national childhood HCC registry systems. We analyzed the causes of HCC prevention failure and the risk ratio of HCC among hepatitis B carriers born before versus after the vaccination program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of HCC per 100,000 children declined from 0.54 to 0.20 in those born before versus after the vaccination program (risk ratio, 0.36). Vaccine failure (33.3-51.4%) and failure to receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth (42.4-57.5%) were the main causes of HCC prevention failure. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection is an important risk factor of HCC development. This is evidenced by the very high hepatitis B surface antigen seropositive rate in our HCC children (97%) and their mothers (96%). Hepatitis B carrier children born after the vaccination program had a higher risk of developing HCC than those born before the program (risk ratio, 2.3-4.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccine failure and failure to receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin are the main problems preventing eradication of HCC. Hepatitis B carrier children born after the immunization program have a higher risk of developing HCC than those born before.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital. mhchang@ha.mc.ntu.edu
authors.forename: Mei-Hwei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tony Hsiu-Hsi
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hsu-Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Tzee-Chung
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Man-Shan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Der-Cherng
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Yen-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Chien-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ding-Shinn
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000737:chemistry*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000737:chemistry; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000473:pathology; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D007136:Immunoglobulins