title: Antiphospholipid antibodies in pediatric patients with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time during infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the close association between different antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) caused by infection and their appearance together with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from 122 children were evaluated in this study. Thirty-seven children with mild to medium prolonged aPTT (>37.2s) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels during various forms of infections (group 2), 18 children without infections (group 3) but with mild to medium prolonged aPTT and 13 children with infections (group 4) and with elevated CRP-level as well as a control group (group 1) of 54 patients without any infection and normal aPTT and negative CRP levels were investigated with commercially available ELISA tests (AESKU.Diagnostics, Wendelsheim, Germany) for the presence of antibodies directed against cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS) and beta2-glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI). The cutoff for positive results was defined with the healthy, aged matched control group (group 1) using the mean OD values plus 2 standard deviations. The lupus anticoagulant (dilute Russell's Viper Venom time, dRVVT) and coagulation Factor XII were determined with routine tests (Dade Behring).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detection of at least one antibody to phospholipids was possible in 89.2% of group 2. It could be shown that IgM anti-beta 2GPI antibodies were found in 27 (59.5%) of group 2, but only in 1 (5.6%) of group 3 (p=0.024) and only in 4 (7.4%) of the controls (p=0.014). The presence of IgG-anti-beta 2GPI antibodies showed no significant difference in the different groups. Furthermore, children of groups 2, 3 and 4 had statistically significant higher levels of antibodies against PS IgG and PS IgM than controls. Also, antibodies to CL of the IgG-type were more frequently detected in children of group 2 than in controls (p=0.038). Detection of CL-IgM antibodies did not reach a significant level in the comparison of the different groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During commonly acquired infections elevation of aPL of nearly all types seems to be a common process. Mild prolongation of aPTT might reflect this presence of aPL in the course of the infectious disease. Our data suggest that there exists no differences in specificity in comparison to the "pathogenic" aPL but the presence over time might be the trigger for the autoimmune activity to begin.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frauenknecht
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lackner
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: von Landenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000276:immunology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D002097:C-Reactive Protein