title: Behavioral insomnia therapy for fibromyalgia patients: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insomnia is common and debilitating to fibromyalgia (FM) patients. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for many types of patients with insomnia, but has yet to be tested with FM patients. This study compared CBT with an alternate behavioral therapy and usual care for improving sleep and other FM symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized clinical trial enrolled 47 FM patients with chronic insomnia complaints. The study compared CBT, sleep hygiene (SH) instructions, and usual FM care alone. Outcome measures were subjective (sleep logs) and objective (actigraphy) total sleep time, sleep efficiency, total wake time, sleep latency, wake time after sleep onset, and questionnaire measures of global insomnia symptoms, pain, mood, and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two patients completed baseline and continued into treatment. Sleep logs showed CBT-treated patients achieved nearly a 50% reduction in their nocturnal wake time by study completion, whereas SH therapy- and usual care-treated patients achieved only 20% and 3.5% reductions on this measure, respectively. In addition, 8 (57%) of 14 CBT recipients met strict subjective sleep improvement criteria by the end of treatment compared with 2 (17%) of 12 SH therapy recipients and 0% of the usual care group. Comparable findings were noted for similar actigraphic improvement criteria. The SH therapy patients showed favorable outcomes on measures of pain and mental well-being. This finding was most notable in an SH therapy subgroup that self-elected to implement selected CBT strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive-behavioral therapy represents a promising intervention for sleep disturbance in FM patients. Larger clinical trials of this intervention with FM patients seem warranted.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. jack.edinger@duke.edu
authors.forename: Jack D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Edinger
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017286:Polysomnography; D011788:Quality of Life; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome