title: Long-term follow-up of patients with high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent advances including prenatal diagnosis, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, and nitric oxide inhalation therapy have gradually improved the survival of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. However, the factors affecting the long-term outcome of these patients have not been well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three children with ages 4.1 +/- 2.5 years underwent clinical examination including growth measurements, echocardiography, ventilation, and perfusion scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No late death was observed. Common complications were frequent respiratory tract infection (13 patients) and bowel obstruction (5 patients underwent surgery). Although frequent respiratory tract infection decreased with increasing age, patients with frequent respiratory tract infection had a decreased uptake of lung ventilation and perfusion scintigraphy on the affected side and had a decreased height for age and weight for height. No significant difference in lung ventilation and perfusion scintigraphy was observed between patients treated with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, those requiring oxygen more than 1 month, and between those with and without prenatal diagnosis. Patients with a patch repair had decreased uptake on lung perfusion scintigraphy. Although frequent respiratory tract infection may be owing to hypoplasia of the ipsilateral lung, it may impair recovery of the hypoplastic lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that monitoring for respiratory tract infection in addition to nutritional assessment should be required in the follow-up of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia at high risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. kamata@pedsurg.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinkichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Masahumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamiyama
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tazuke
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nose
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawai
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuzawa
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors