title: Intermittent hypoxia causes REM sleep deficits and decreases EEG delta power in NREM sleep in the C57BL/6J mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severely impairs sleep architecture. We hypothesized that both intermittent hypoxia (IH) and non-hypoxic arousals of OSA result in significant disruption of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Polysomnography was performed in C57BL/6J mice (n=5) exposed to IH (cycling of FIO2 from 20.9 to 5.0%) or sleep fragmentation (SF: high flow air blasts) throughout the 12-h light phase over 5 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both IH and SF induced arousals from sleep. On Day 1 of exposure, total NREMS during the light phase decreased comparably during IH (44.1+/-7.8%/12h, P<0.05) and SF (43.7+/-3.3%/12h, P<0.05) but returned to baseline levels of 62.0+/-7.8%/12h by Day 5 of exposure under both conditions. During IH, however, the electroencephalographic (EEG) delta power of NREMS remained impaired throughout the 5-day period of IH with a nadir of 65.4+/-5.6% relative to baseline (P=0.01), and REMS was effectively abolished during the light phase. In contrast, SF did not cause a significant reduction in either EEG delta power or REMS during the light phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, hypoxic exposure, but not arousals, caused overall deficits in the EEG delta power of NREMS and marked deficits in the total amount of REMS. We propose that hypoxic arousals may have a more severe impact on sleep architecture in patients with OSA than non-hypoxic arousals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. vpolots1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Vsevolod Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Polotsky
authors.forename: Arnon E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balbir
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003700:Delta Rhythm; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017286:Polysomnography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*