title: The management of inappropriate vocalisation in dementia: a hierarchical approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with dementia can demonstrate noisy behaviours such as screaming, repetitive speech, moaning and singing. Such behaviours can be grouped under the title of "Inappropriate Vocalisation" which is used in this article to describe any noise making which impacts detrimentally upon patients, families or those in a caring role. Inappropriate vocalisation is notoriously difficult to treat and clinicians may have to rely on a "trial and error" approach when attempting to limit the distress it causes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper applies a hierarchical approach to Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in attempting to tackle inappropriate vocalisation systematically. Nine steps are ranked within three stages, with evidence for each intervention being considered sequentially in terms of the likelihood for success as the authors attempt to review the relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a search of the medline database using the key words "screaming," "shouting," "persistent vocalisation" and "inappropriate vocalisation" combined with the key word "dementia". Further searches of the references of medline generated articles revealed a second group of articles of use in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search generated 53 reviews, research papers, case studies or letters, 36 of which are referenced in this article and the remaining references drawn from reading by the authors around the subject and related problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions for inappropriate vocalisation in dementia are not limited to medication. Environmental factors and behavioural approaches are considered ahead of pharmacotherapy as the concepts of Underlying Illness, Hidden Meaning and Empirical Treatments are used to structure consideration of important, and sometimes overlooked, issues including pain, depression and overall level of stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Old Age Psychiatry, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. sue.barton@gpct.grampian.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Blake
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014705:Verbal Behavior
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs