title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of actinic keratoses and squamous cell cancers of the skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although animal studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, may protect against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic keratoses (AKs), possible effects on keratinocytic cancers in humans are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine the relationship between ingestion of NSAIDs and the risk of SCC and AKs in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study nested within a community-based cohort of 1621 people in southern Queensland, Australia. Eighty-six persons with SCC were compared with 187 age- and sex-matched control subjects randomly selected from within the cohort. NSAID use was captured through face-to-face interviews with study participants, supplemented by color photographs of product packaging. We defined regular use of NSAIDs as consumption of at least two tablets per week (low frequency) or at least 8 tablets per week (high frequency) for at least 1 year. AKs were counted on the face, ears, right hand, and right forearm by a single physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with SCC were significantly less likely than control subjects to have used any NSAIDs 8 or more times per week for more than 1 year (multivariate odds ratio [OR] 0.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.71) and to have used full-dose NSAIDs 2 or more times per week for more than 5 years (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04-0. 96). Among participants without SCC, current regular users of NSAIDs (> or =2 times per week) had significantly lower counts of AKs than nonusers (rate ratio [RR], 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of NSAID use were based on self-reported data. Statistical power to detect associations was limited by the number of cases with SCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular users of NSAIDs appear to have lower risks of SCC and lower counts of AKs than nonusers.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: Adèle C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandeya
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Whiteman
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007642:Keratosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal