title: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) modulates neuronal death, axonal plasticity, and learning and memory.
abstract: The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) belongs to a family of multifunctional proteins that inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), but also regulate cell growth, proliferation, migration and apoptosis in non-nervous tissues. We had previously reported that kainate (KA)-mediated excitotoxic seizures induce the expression of TIMP-1 in resistant neurons and reactive astrocytes of the rat CNS, but the functional implications of these changes had not been elucidated. In the present work we used a targeted gene null mutation in mice to investigate in vivo the involvement of TIMP-1 in neuronal death and axonal sprouting following KA. We found no differences in seizure behaviour between the wild-type (WT) and the TIMP-1 knock-out (KO) mice, without any compensation by other TIMPs, at least at the mRNA level. However, the TIMP-1 KO mice were resistant to excitotoxicity and did not undergo the typical mossy fibre sprouting observed in WT mice. The lack of TIMP-1 paradoxically hampered the increase in the activity of MMPs observed in the seizing WT mice. In addition, we demonstrate that learning and memory are impaired in untreated KO mice. In conclusion, this study provides the first in vivo evidence for the implication of TIMP-1 in neuronal death and axonal sprouting in a pathological situation, but also suggests the involvement of TIMP-1 in the synaptic mechanisms underlying learning and memory in physiological conditions. More generally, these data support the idea that the control of proteolysis is instrumental for pathological and physiological processes in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, UMR 6184, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR Jean Roche, 51 boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13 916 Marseille cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jourquin
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charton
authors.forename: Franck A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chaillan
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: François S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dive
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yiotakis
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khrestchatisky
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019599:Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D007608:Kainic Acid