title: Prognostic significance of the polymorphisms in thymidylate synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thymidylate synthase (TS) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) play important roles in folate metabolism. Previous studies have suggested that TS expression is a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The TS gene has a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5'-untranslated region, which are associated with TS expression. This association suggests that the TS polymorphism is a novel prognostic factor in NSCLC. In the present study, multiple genetic polymorphisms, TS VNTR, TS SNP and MTHFR C677T, were analyzed in NSCLC and compared with clinicopathological features and patients' prognoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was isolated from 294 surgically resected NSCLC tissues. The genotypes were determined by PCR and PCR-RFLP. The TS VNTR and SNP were combined, followed by functional stratification of H/H (3G/3G), H/L (2R/3G, 3G/3C) and L/L (2R/2R, 2R/3C, 3C/3C). Patients' prognoses were compared with TS and/or MTHFR genotype groups. TS was divided into the H- (H/H, H/L) and L-groups (L/L) according to functional stratification and MTHFR C677T was divided into C- (C/C) and T-groups (C/T, T/T).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TS VNTR, the SNP and the TS functional type, along with MTHFR C677T, showed no significant association with clinicopathological factors. There were no differences in prognosis between each genotype or functional group when the TS and MTHFR groups were considered separately. However, we found a unique association between prognosis and the TS functional group in stage I NSCLC, taking both TS and MTHFR groups into consideration. The patients in the TS L-group survived longer than those in the H-group when limited to stage I and MTHFR C-group (p = 0.086). This relationship between the TS genotype group and prognosis was statistically significant in the subgroup of stage IB and MTHFR C-group (p = 0.030). In contrast, the patients in the TS H-group survived longer than those in the L-group when limited to stage I and MTHFR T-group (p = 0.052).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TS and MTHFR genotypes can be prognostic factors in NSCLC, where gene-gene interactions between the genotypes may occur. Further validation and investigation of the involvement of genotypes of folate metabolizing enzymes in the prognosis of NSCLC patients are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Kaeko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D013940:Thymidylate Synthase