title: Ultrasound mapping of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma: results of a prospective multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound (sonography, B-mode sonography, ultrasonography) examination improves the sensitivity in more than 25% compared to the clinical palpation, especially after surgery on the regional lymph node area.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the distribution of metastases during follow-up in the draining lymph node areas from the scar of primary to regional lymph nodes (head and neck, supraclavicular, axilla, infraclavicular, groin) in patients with cutaneous melanoma with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or former elective or consecutive complete lymph node dissection in case of positive sentinel lymph node (CLND). cv: Prospective multicenter study of the Departments of Dermatology of the Universities of Homburg/Saar, Tubingen and Munich (Germany) in which the distribution of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases were mapped from the scar of primary to the lymphatic drainage region in 53 melanoma patients (23 women, 30 men; median age: 64 years; median tumor thickness: 1.99 mm) with known primary, visible lymph nodes or subcutaneous metastases proven by ultrasound and histopathology during the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Especially in the axilla, infraclavicular region and groin the metastases were not limited to the anatomic lymph node regions. In 5 patients (9.4%) (4 of them were in stage IV) lymph node metastases were not located in the corresponding lymph node area. 32 patients without former SLNB had a time range between melanoma excision and lymph node metastases of 31 months (median), 21 patients with SLNB had 18 months (p < 0.005). In 11 patients with positive SLNB the time range was 17 months, in 10 patients with negative SLNB 21 months (p < 0.005); in 32 patients with CLND the time range was 31 months and in 21 patients without CLND 18 months (p<0.005). In thinner melanomas lymph node metastases occurred later (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After surgery of cutaneous melanoma, SLNB and CLND the lymphatic drainage can show significant changes which should be considered in clinical and ultrasound follow-up examinations. Especially for high-risk melanoma patients follow-up examinations should be performed at intervals of 3 months in the first years. Patients at stage IV should be examined in all regional lynph node areas clinically and by ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. a.blum@derma.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Monika-Hildegard
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmid-Wendtner
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mauss-Kiefer
authors.forename: Julia Yvonne
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuchelmeister
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dill-Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography