title: Upper extremity stress fractures.
abstract: Although less common than lower-extremity stress fractures, upper-extremity stress fractures are becoming recognized much more frequently. A majority of these fractures are caused by overuse and fatigue of the surrounding musculature and, as a result, may be prevented by appropriate training and conditioning. Diagnosis is made by history and physical examination with the aid of plain radiographs, bone scans, and MRI. Most of these fractures heal with a period of relative rest followed by a structured rehabilitation program. A small percentage of these fractures, however, may require surgical fixation. The present article reviews the different types of upper extremity and torso stress fractures seen in athletes, starting with the sternum and extending outward to the fingers. The presentation, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, treatment, prevention, and prognosis for each of these injuries will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University Sports Medicine Center, Columbus, OH 43221, USA. gjones1@columbus.rr.com
authors.forename: Grant Lloyd
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001133:Bones of Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000293:injuries; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000293:injuries; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012272:Ribs / Q000293:injuries; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000293:injuries; D012540:Scapula / Q000293:injuries; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods; D013249:Sternum / Q000293:injuries; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000092464:Elbow Injuries