title: Physiologically precise simulation of multiple lung gas exchange during anaesthesia by simultaneous gas infusion and extraction.
abstract: A lung gas exchange simulator was tested which produces simultaneous uptake and/or elimination of multiple gases by an artificial test lung with physiologically realistic gas expired and exhaust gas flows, using a combination of infusion of diluting/enriching gases into the lung with lung gas extraction. A deterministic algorithm is incorporated which calculates required gas infusion and extraction flow rates for any set of possible target gas exchange values with any given set of fresh gas flows and concentrations. Six different scenarios were simulated, comprising a range of gas exchange values for each gas species which lie within a physiologically realistic range for anaesthetized patients. For each of these experiments the system was tested for 15 consecutive measurements over 25 min by measurement of gas exchange in the system using the Haldane transformation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the mean bias and standard error of the mean bias (SE, in parentheses) relative to the target value was: +0.001 (0.002) l min(-1) for O(2) uptake, -0.002 (0.005) l min(-1) for CO(2) production, -0.001 (0.002) l min(-1) for uptake of nitrous oxide and +0.3 (0.1) ml min(-1) for uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent (isoflurane). The confidence limits of the mean bias were within 5% of the target value for all gases and scenarios with the exception of those where a low uptake of anaesthetic gas was specified. The confidence limits of the mean bias for the lower uptakes of isoflurane were within 10% of the target value for these scenarios and within 15% for the low uptake of N(2)O. Good accuracy and precision of this approach to lung gas exchange simulation were demonstrated, resulting in a versatile simulator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, The Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia. phil.peyton@austin.org.au
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peyton
authors.forename: Pradip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramani
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stuart-Andrews
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Junor
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007530:Isoflurane; D010100:Oxygen