title: Non-invasive detection of c-myc p64, c-myc p67 and c-erbb-2 in colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality in the industrialized nations in the West. Because mortality is closely related to the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, detection at an early stage is likely to result in improved recovery rates. Since current diagnostic procedures such as colonoscopy are invasive and the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) lacks sensitivity and specificity for the detection of early lesions, the development of non-invasive methods based on molecular markers of neoplasia can lead to earlier diagnosis and more favorable outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer. Recent advances in the technology for isolating colonocytes from stool (SCSR (somatic cell sampling and recovery)) provide a non-invasive tool for the study of biomarkers expressed in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to detect mRNA expression of three biomarkers: (c-erbb-2 and two forms of c-myc: p64 and p67) in fecal colonocytes and to evaluate its use in diagnosing colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonocytes (SCSR cells) were isolated from stools from 30 subjects: 15 colorectal cancer patients and 15 normal controls. One cancer patient was excluded from the final data analysis because the tumor was a gastrointestinal lymphoma. Each sample yielded two fractions: a pellet and an interphase. Expression of c-myc p64, c-myc p67 and c-erbb-2 mRNA was evaluated in each of the fractions by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A marker was considered positive upon detecting an amplicon of the expected size in agarose gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  c-myc p64 mRNA expression was observed in both fractions in 78.5% of colorectal cancer patients, compared with 13.3% in the control group (p=0.009). For c-myc p67, 78.6% of the colorectal cancer patients showed mRNA expression in both fractions in comparison with only 13.3% of the controls (p=0.003). C-erbb-2 showed no significant difference in mRNA expression between colorectal cancer and controls. When the data were analyzed for co-expression of c-myc p64 and c-myc p67, in both pellet and interphase, sensitivity was 64% and specificity was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fecal colonocytes isolated by somatic cell sampling and recovery (SCSR) technology could be used for the non-invasive assessment of the expression of biomarkers of colon cancer such as c-myc p64, c-myc p67 and c-erbb-2. The expression of c-myc p64 and c-myc p67 in colonocytes showed a significant association with colorectal cancer and may be helpful as a biomarker for the non-invasive detection of colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Non-Invasive Technologies, 8170 Lark Brown Road, Ste. 101, Elkridge, MD 21075, USA.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lagerholm
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lagerholm
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Padmanabhan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018734:Genes, erbB-2; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D026362:Serum Response Factor