title: Gastrointestinal infections in immunocompromised hosts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastrointestinal infections in the immunocompromised host continue to have significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. They all have similar exposures to viruses, bacteria and parasites and respond to these infections in a similar way. This review will summarize the latest reports on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of known and emerging infections over the last 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced esophageal opportunistic infections in HIV patients compared to patients who are not taking this therapy. Esophageal candidiasis responds to escalating doses of micafungin as effectively as fluconazole. HIV-infected patients with untreated Mycobacterium avium-complex diarrhea are associated with a wasting syndrome that disrupts the somatostatin axis. Polymerase chain reaction testing has improved diagnosis of microsporidial infections. Cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction of tissue may improve the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease of the gastrointestinal tract in organ-transplant recipients. The treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia in transplant recipients with recurrent cytomegalovirus gastrointestinal disease may resolve their symptoms. Community viruses are an emerging threat to transplant recipients and may affect drug levels. Lastly, anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in the treatment of inflammatory conditions may cause Listeria monocytogenes to disseminate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunocompromised hosts remain at risk for severe gastrointestinal and even disseminated infections. Management includes an early rapid diagnosis with rapid restoration of the immune system and appropriate anti-infective therapy. With the immunocompromised population rapidly increasing, prevention of these infections remains the greatest challenge.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents