title: Farfield tracing of a point source discharge plume in the coastal ocean using sulfur hexafluoride.
abstract: Pathways and dilution of a point source ocean discharge in the farfield (approximately to 10-66 km) were measured using the deliberate tracer sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The injection of SF6 was performed by bubbling the gas over a period of 6 days into an ocean outfall pipe discharging into the southeast Florida coastal ocean. The surface SF6 concentrations show that the discharged water flowed northward parallel to the coast with a broadening of the width of the plume to about 3 km at the farthest point sampled, 66 km from the outfall. The discharge was fully mixed throughout the water column within 13 km of the outfall terminus. In the first 20 km from the outfall, SF6 surface concentrations were highly variable, while beyond this the SF6 concentrations decreased monotonically going northward. The currents were measured during the study with a bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) located 5.5 km from the outfall. Velocities were variable in magnitude and direction but showed a net northward flow during the 6-day study. Maximum concentrations decreased by about 200-fold per kilometer from the outfall to the northern end of the study area. The study shows that SF6 is an effective method to trace point source releases far from their origin.
authors.affiliation: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA. rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanninkhof
authors.forename: Kevin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: W Paul
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Dammann
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Proni
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bloetscher
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Soloviev
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Carsey
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014872:Water Movements; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride