title: Time course and morphology of vascular effects associated with photodynamic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the time course and morphologic features of verteporfin therapy-induced vascular effects using 3-dimensional topographic angiography (TAG) in patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three eyes of 53 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy/Verteporfin in Photodynamic Therapy characteristics were treated with verteporfin therapy using standard parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment effects were evaluated before and at 5 hours, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 months after treatment by serial confocal fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). The axial distribution of fluorescence at each x-position and y-position within a tomographic scan of 32 images over a depth of 4 mm was analyzed, and a 3-dimensional profile was generated. Changes at the level of the CNV lesion and the collateral choroid were documented over time with respect to vascular closure, leakage resulting from vascular barrier breakdown, and alteration of physiologic perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional imaging of exudation and nonperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 3-dimensional FA and ICGA imaging demonstrated a well-defined prominent CNV complex. At 5 hours after verteporfin therapy, 3-dimensional FA identified an extensive increase in hyperfluorescent prominence as well as lesion extension in most verteporfin-treated eyes (65%), resulting from increased permeability and leakage due to a vascular barrier breakdown in the collateral choroid. Massive exudation throughout the entire light-exposed area was still noted in most eyes 1 day after treatment. At 1 week, the exudative response, seen in 3-dimensional imaging, had diminished substantially. Simultaneously, documented best by 3-dimensional ICGA, TAG demonstrated perfusion defects within the adjacent choroid, which started as early as 1 day after verteporfin therapy and persisted during extended follow-up. Three-dimensional angiography identified the morphologic features of hyperfluorescence and hypofluorescence more realistically than conventional angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional angiography demonstrates a characteristic sequence of changes in the vascular architecture of the CNV lesion and the collateral choroid after verteporfin therapy. Choroidal neovascularization occlusion is associated with immediate massive exudation and is followed by occlusive effects within the collateral choroid. Knowledge of the time course and mechanisms of phototoxic events should help to develop appropriate combination treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Erfurth
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemeyer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geitzenauer
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michels
mesh_terms: D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D000077362:Verteporfin; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; D000077362:Verteporfin; D007208:Indocyanine Green