title: A conserved histidine-aspartate pair is required for exovinyl reduction of biliverdin by a cyanobacterial phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase.
abstract: Phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase is a member of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase family and catalyzes two vinyl reductions of biliverdin IXalpha to produce phycocyanobilin, the pigment precursor of both phytochrome and phycobiliprotein chromophores in cyanobacteria. Atypically for ferredoxin-dependent enzymes, phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase mediates direct electron transfers from reduced ferredoxin to its tetrapyrrole substrate without metal ion or organic cofactors. We previously showed that bound bilin radical intermediates could be detected by low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance and absorption spectroscopies (Tu, S., Gunn, A., Toney, M. D., Britt, R. D., and Lagarias, J. C. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8682-8693). On the basis of these studies, a mechanism involving sequential electron-coupled proton transfers to protonated bilin substrates buried within the phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase protein scaffold was proposed. The present investigation was undertaken to identify catalytic residues in phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC7120 through site-specific chemical modification and mutagenesis of candidate proton-donating residues. These studies identified conserved histidine and aspartate residues essential for the catalytic activity of phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of stable enzyme-bound biliverdin radicals for the H85Q and D102N mutants support their role as a "coupled" proton-donating pair during the reduction of the biliverdin exovinyl group.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Shih-Long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Wesley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sughrue
authors.forename: R David
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Britt
authors.forename: J Clark
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lagarias
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001654:Bile Pigments / Q000737:chemistry; D001664:Biliverdine / Q000737:chemistry*; D001671:Biochemistry / Q000379:methods; D002384:Catalysis; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004583:Electrons; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011522:Protons; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001654:Bile Pigments; D011522:Protons; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D006639:Histidine; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C442236:phycocyanobilin ferredoxin oxidoreductase, Synechocystis; D001664:Biliverdine