title: Increased vulnerability of newly forming beta cells to cytokine-induced cell death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes is apparently mediated by the release of cytokines. We questioned whether cytokine-induced apoptosis preferentially kills replicating beta cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, rat insulinoma (RIN) cells were studied for 36 h by time-lapse video microscopy. Cells were exposed to three doses of a cytokine mixture (maximal concentration: IL-1beta 50 U/ml; TNF-alpha 1,000 U/ml; IFN-gamma 1,000 U/ml) or vehicle and analysed for the total cell number (2-h intervals) and timing of each cell death and division. In the second experiment, isolated human islets were incubated with the same cytokine mixture for 24 h and examined for replication and paired (postmitotic) apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first experiment, after application of cytokines, apoptosis occurred most frequently immediately after the next or subsequent cell mitosis (p<0.05). In the second experiment, cytokines caused increased apoptosis in human islets, with an increase in the proportion of postmitotic apoptotic pairs (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokine-induced beta cell death preferentially affects newly forming beta cells, which implies that replicating beta cells might be more vulnerable to cytokine destruction. Efforts to expand beta cell mass in type 1 diabetes by fostering beta cell replication are likely to fail unless cytokine-induced apoptosis is concurrently suppressed.
authors.affiliation: Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 24-130 Warren Hall, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7073, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ritzel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maedler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gurlo
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D008875:Middle Aged; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines