title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa: absolute risk versus blood pressure level.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other cardiovascular risk factor. Guidelines based on blood pressure level for initiation of treatment of hypertension may be too costly compared with an approach based on absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, especially in developing countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a Markov CVD model, we compared 6 strategies for initiation of drug treatment--2 different blood pressure levels (160/95 and 140/90 mm Hg) and 4 different levels of absolute CVD risk over 10 years (40%, 30%, 20%, and 15%)--with one of no treatment. We modeled a hypothetical cohort of all adults without CVD in South Africa, a multiethnic developing country, over 10 years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for treating those with 10-year absolute risk for CVD >40%, 30%, 20%, and 15% were 700 dollars, 1600 dollars, 4900 dollars, and 11,000 dollars per quality-adjusted life-year gained, respectively. Strategies based on a target blood pressure level were both more expensive and less effective than treatment decisions based on the strategy that used absolute CVD risk of >15%. Sensitivity analysis of cost of treatments, prevalence estimates of risk factors, and benefits expected from treatment did not change the ranking of the strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In South Africa, current guidelines based on blood pressure levels are both more expensive and less effective than guidelines based on absolute risk of cardiovascular disease. The use of quantitative risk-based guidelines for treatment of hypertension could free up major resources for other pressing needs, especially in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. tgaziano@partners.org
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: Krisela
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Milton C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Lionel H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Opie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012306:Risk; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology