title: Clinical features in hepatocellular carcinoma and the impact of autopsy on diagnosis. A study of 530 cases from a low-endemicity area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) had been one of the malignancies with the highest reported increase of incidence in Sweden, but during the late 20-year period the incidence has been decreasing. The aims of our study were to state the impact of autopsy on diagnosis and to identify clinical characteristics in HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was performed in Göteborg, Sweden and included all cases with a diagnosis of liver cancer from a period with a high autopsy frequency (1958-1979). The cases were reevaluated histopathologically and the autopsy records as well as the case files were scrutinized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (63%) of the 530 biopsy verified cases of HCC were diagnosed unexpectedly at autopsy. Cirrhosis of the liver could be established in 71% of the cases, but was diagnosed or at least clinically suspected before the diagnosis of the tumor only in a minority (19%) of all HCC patients. At presentation, malaise (85%), weight loss (78%), anorexia (67%) and hepatomegaly (84%) were common. The median survival time from diagnosis was one month. In most cases (92%) the cause of death was either directly or indirectly related to HCC and/or underlying liver disease such as advanced tumor disease, hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding. Spontaneous rupture of HCC was the cause of death in 17 cases (3%)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an unselected population in a low incidence area of HCC, most patients have clinically unknown cirrhosis of the liver and present with vague general paramalignant symptoms. HCC has an extremely poor prognosis. Since HCC, in a majority of cases, remains undiagnosed before death, the autopsy has great impact on the diagnosis. This should be considered in interpretation of results from epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Göteborg University, Sahlgren's University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaczynski
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallerstedt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology