title: Testicular torsion and risk factors for orchiectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for testicular loss due to testicular torsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of patients aged 1 to 25 years with a principal diagnosis of testicular torsion were extracted from the 1998 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Population-based rates of testicular torsion and orchiectomy were determined. Logistic regression was used to create a predictive model for orchiectomy. For comparison, medical records of patients aged 1 to 25 years with a principal diagnosis of testicular neoplasm were extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample comprised 436 participants. The estimated incidence of testicular torsion for males aged 1 to 25 years in the United States is 4.5 cases per 100,000 male subjects per year, and the estimated incidence of benign and malignant testicular tumors is 1.2 cases per 100,000. Of the estimated 2248 males diagnosed nationally in 1998 with testicular torsion, 762 (34%) had an orchiectomy. In the final multivariate model estimating the probability of orchiectomy, only age was significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For males aged 1 to 25 years, testicular torsion is more common than testicular tumors, and increasing age is the sole identifiable risk factor for orchiectomy. We suggest that health care professionals educate prepubertal male patients about testicular torsion and the necessity of seeking timely care to reduce the risk of orchiectomy and of possible subsequent reduced fertility.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. Jonathan.Mansbach@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mansbach
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology