title: Quality of care and outcomes of older patients with heart failure hospitalized in the United States and Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care expenditure per person is significantly higher in the United States compared with Canada, but whether there are differences in quality of care of many conditions is unknown. We compared the process of care and outcomes of patients with heart failure, the most common cause of hospitalization for individuals 65 years and older in both countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared processes of care and 30-day and 1-year risk-standardized mortality rates among 28,521 US Medicare beneficiaries and 8180 similarly aged patients in Ontario, Canada, hospitalized with heart failure from 1998 to 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More US patients underwent left ventricular ejection fraction assessment during hospitalization compared with Canadian patients (61.2% vs 41.7%, P<.001). At discharge, patients in the United States were prescribed beta-blockers more frequently (28.7% vs 25.4%, P<.001) but angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors less frequently (54.3% vs 63.4%, P<.001). Among ideal candidates, prescription of beta-blockers (32.5% vs 29.7%, P = .08) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (78.3% vs 77.6%, P = .68) was not significantly different between the 2 countries. The US patients had lower risk characteristics on admission and lower crude mortality rates at 30 days and 1 year. Thirty-day risk-standardized mortality was significantly lower for the US patients (8.9% vs 10.7%, P<.001), but 1-year risk-standardized mortality was no longer significantly different (32.2% vs 32.3%, P = .98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with heart failure who are hospitalized in the United States had lower short-term mortality at 30 days, but 1-year mortality rates were not significantly different between the United States and Canada.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Masoudi
authors.forename: Yongfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Havranek
authors.forename: Saif S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: JoAnne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Foody
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology