title: Use of cholinesterase activity as an indicator for the effects of combinations of organophosphorus pesticides in water from environmental sources.
abstract: Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are commonly detected in agricultural products, animal-derived foodstuffs, and environmental samples. Until now, the focus of research has been to evaluate the adverse effect of a single OP. While each OP may be present at concentrations under recognized as "no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)", the combined effects of multiple OPs present at these low concentrations have not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, we developed an in vitro testing method to evaluate the toxicity of multiple OPs based on the degree of inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity. This method requires only 10 min to complete and no specialized technology. We examined 15 OPs by this method and categorized them into three groups according to the degree of ChE inhibition. A relationship between the OPs' chemical structures and the degree of ChE inhibition emerged with the moiety -P-O-CN- showing the strongest action. The degree of ChE inhibition increased with multiple OPs, and the degree of inhibition seemed to be additive. These results demonstrate that the combined toxicity of multiple OPs present in food or environmental samples is an easily determined and toxicologically relevant measure of overall toxicity of complex OPs mixtures. It is possible to apply this testing method as a monitoring technique in water quality management in order to control OPs. As a result, this method can play the role for the potential risk reduction to the ecosystem and may contribute to the preservation of the environment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tahara
authors.forename: Reiji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000737:chemistry*; D004228:Dithionitrobenzoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013860:Thiocholine / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013860:Thiocholine; D004228:Dithionitrobenzoic Acid; D002802:Cholinesterases