title: Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Schwann cells after gradual elongation of rat sciatic nerve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although limb lengthening has become a common treatment, the biochemical responses underlying the adaptation of elongated nerves are unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether expression of cytokines and neurotrophins is altered in gradually elongated peripheral nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left sciatic nerves of adult rats were elongated by lengthening the femur up to 20 mm at a rate of 1, 2, or 20 mm/day. The ipsilateral and contralateral sciatic nerves of each group were resected 1, 4, 8, and 16 days after 20 mm of lengthening. mRNAs for interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 were semiquantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Histological changes were assessed by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of TNFalpha mRNA was markedly induced in the ipsilateral sciatic nerves of the gradually elongated, 1 mm/day and 2 mm/day groups, although to a lesser extent than in the acutely elongated, 20 mm/day group. In contrast, mRNAs for other factors remained undetectable. The mRNA level for TNFalpha in each group was highest 1 day after 20 mm of lengthening. The highly up-regulated level in the acute group declined rapidly within 4 days and slowly thereafter; in contrast, the decrease in the gradual groups was always slow. Even 16 days later, the levels in all groups remained significantly elevated. Unexpectedly, TNFalpha mRNA expression was also induced in the contralateral side of all groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TNFalpha-immunoreactive cells in gradually elongated nerves were also positive for S-100 protein but negative for proliferating nuclear cell antigen, indicating that TNFalpha was produced by nonproliferating Schwann cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gradual nerve elongation by limb lengthening induces production of TNFalpha in Schwann cells. Presumably, TNFalpha plays a critical role in the adaptation of peripheral nerves to elongation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Haruhiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higashida
authors.forename: Katsuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001852:Bone Lengthening; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016267:External Fixators; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020933:Neurotrophin 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D020933:Neurotrophin 3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C071951:neurotrophin 5; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; C073922:neurotrophin 4