title: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) proved to be effective in the prevention of sudden cardiac death in adults. In children, the experience of ICD therapy is limited. This retrospective study was undertaken to review our experience with ICD implantation in children with special consideration of psychosocial impact of this therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen children (f:5, m:11, median age 12.2 years, range 4-15.9 years) received an ICD. Eleven patients had survived sudden cardiac death with documented ventricular fibrillation (VF) and five patients had sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) with hemodynamic significance. The underlying heart disease was congenital in 5, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2, myocarditis in 2 and primary electrical in 7 patients. All leads were implanted transvenously. Mean follow up was 43.1 months (range 1-105 months). All patients are alive. In 7 patients, a total of 387 sustained VT episodes were detected by the ICD. At follow-up, 10 inappropriate shocks were delivered in four patients. One early and six late lead revisions were done in seven patients. 12/16 (75%) patients had concomitant antiarrhythmic drug therapy. About half of the adolescents showed signs of depression and/or anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICD therapy via transvenous access for prevention of sudden cardiac death is feasible and effective even in small children. However, the occurrence of lead complications is significant. Since about half of the adolescents showed signs of depression and/or anxiety, professional psychological surveillance should be considered in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Lazarettstr. 36, D-80636 München, Germany. eicken@dhm.mhn.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eicken
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brodherr-Heberlein
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zrenner
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000517:prevention & control*