title: Blood concentrations of methionine, selenium, beta-carotene, and other micronutrients in a case-control study of arsenic-induced skin lesions in West Bengal, India.
abstract: Previous studies have suggested that susceptibility to arsenic toxicity could be influenced by micronutrients, in particular selenium, methionine, and beta-carotene. A case-control study was conducted in West Bengal, India, in a region known to have groundwater arsenic contamination, to determine whether differences in micronutrient status contribute to susceptibility to arsenic-induced skin lesions. Micronutrient status was assessed by blood levels of specific micronutrients and metabolic indicators. Blood was obtained from 180 cases with skin lesions and 192 controls. Blood assays measured micronutrients and carotenoids (folate, selenium, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin) and metabolic indicators such as glucose, cholesterol, transthyretin, amino acids, and proteins potentially associated with methylation (cysteine, homocysteine, methionine, glutathione). The distributions of nutrient concentrations were similar in cases and controls. The median selenium concentrations in cases and controls were both 1.15 micromol/L, and there was little evidence of differences in other micronutrients. Odds ratios (ORs) for arsenic-induced skin lesions were estimated for each quartile of nutrient concentrations, using the quartile with the highest nutrient level as the referent group. There were no clear trends associated with deficiencies of any micronutrient or metabolic indicator. For decreasing quartiles of selenium, the OR estimates were 1.00, 0.67, 0.99, 0.80; P=0.81; for methionine, the OR estimates were 1.00, 0.83, 0.78, 0.72; P=0.29. For beta-carotene, the ORs were 1.00, 0.53, 0.51, 0.96, demonstrating no increased risk at the lower quartiles. The measured micronutrients and metabolic indicators investigated do not appear to modify the risk of developing arsenic-induced skin lesions. The lack of any trend of increasing risk with lower selenium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene concentrations has important implications for proposed therapeutic interventions. The emphasis of interventions should be on reducing arsenic exposure.
authors.affiliation: Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Guha Mazumder
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Nilima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Sambit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.forename: Soma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Meera M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hira-Smith
authors.forename: Ondine
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von Ehrenstein
authors.forename: Arindam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Allan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008715:Methionine / Q000097:blood*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000097:blood*; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D019207:beta Carotene; D008715:Methionine; D012643:Selenium; D001151:Arsenic