title: Human factors in matching images to standards: assimilation and time order error.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines recognition performance to depend on image context and time order error. Recognition of standard images is a basic process in medical image analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the presentation of a standard square, 20 subjects identified the standard within a variety of 7 squares. The choice was between the standard and either 3 smaller and 3 larger squares, 5 smaller and 1 larger square, or 5 larger and 1 smaller square (context conditions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multilevel regression analysis showed large individual differences in judgments (P < .001). Context induced assimilation of judgments to the medium-sized square within response options (P < .001). Negative time order error in rapid judgments caused an underestimation of the standard (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assimilation of judgments and time order error might be a threat to the reliability of medical image analysis. Some procedural recommendations are derived to reduce bias and increase patient safety in radiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Berne, Switzerland. achim.elfering@psy.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elfering
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011336:Probability; D011930:Reaction Time; D012015:Reference Standards; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012449:Safety; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis