title: Relation of childhood socioeconomic status and family environment to adult metabolic functioning in the CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low SES and a conflict-ridden, neglectful, or harsh family environment in childhood have been linked to a high rate of physical health disorders in adulthood. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate a model of the pathways that may help to explain these links and to relate them to metabolic functioning (MF) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) dataset.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 3225) in the year 15 assessment of CARDIA, age 33 to 45 years, completed measures of childhood socioeconomic status (SES), risky early family environment (RF), adult psychosocial functioning (PsyF, a latent factor measured by depression, hostility, positive and negative social contacts), and adult SES. Indicators of the latent factor MF were assessed, specifically, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and waist circumference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 9.7%. Structural equation modeling indicated that childhood SES and RF are associated with MF via their association with PsyF (standardized path coefficients: childhood SES to RF -0.13, RF to PsyF 0.44, PsyF to MF 0.09, all p < .05), but also directly (coefficient from childhood SES to MF -0.12, p < .05), with good overall model fit. When this model was tested separately for race-sex subgroups, it fit best for white women, fit well for African-American women and white men, but did not fit well for African-American men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that childhood SES and early family environment contribute to metabolic functioning through pathways of depression, hostility, and poor quality of social contacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Shelley E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Catarina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kiefe
authors.forename: Teresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Seeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American