title: The use of virtual reality and audiovisual eyeglass systems as adjunct analgesic techniques: a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review focuses on the application of technologically advanced methods of audiovisual distraction as adjunct analgesic techniques; more specifically, (a) virtual reality (VR) and (b) audiovisual (A/V) eyeglass systems (A/V distraction).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It is assumed that distraction taxes the patient's limited attention capacity, resulting in the withdrawal of attention from the noxious stimulus with a subsequent reduction in pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty studies evaluating the analgesic potential of both methods in different patient groups and in healthy volunteers were identified in the scientific literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the majority of these studies are hampered by serious methodological drawbacks, particularly a small number of participants, the results nevertheless strongly suggest that both VR and A/V distraction can be a very promising analgesic technique that may be used safely and effectively for the reduction of pain and discomfort during medical procedures. An additional important aspect is that few negative side effects have been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Directions for future research are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology and Social Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. andreas.wismeijer@uab.es
authors.forename: Andreas A J
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wismeijer
authors.forename: Ad J J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vingerhoets
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D001297:Audioanalgesia / Q000379:methods; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D014584:User-Computer Interface