title: Homocysteine levels are not associated with cardiovascular autonomic function in elderly Caucasian subjects without or with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Hoorn Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Homocysteine and cardiovascular autonomic function are both predictors of cardiovascular disease and death, particularly in patients with diabetes. The mechanism by which homocysteine causes disease is unknown. The objective of our study was to determine whether hyperhomocysteinaemia is associated with impaired cardiovascular autonomic function in an age-, sex-, and glucose tolerance-stratified sample of an elderly Caucasian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 609 subjects, 252 with normal glucose metabolism, 173 with impaired glucose metabolism, and 184 with type 2 diabetes. Cardiac cycle duration (RR interval) and continuous finger arterial pressure were measured under three conditions: during (i) spontaneous breathing, (ii) six deep breaths over 1 min, and (iii) an active change in position from lying to standing. From these readings, 10 parameters of autonomic function were assessed (three Ewing tests, six heart rate variability tests and one test of baroreflex sensitivity). These 10 measurements were summarized in a single cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction score (CADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing values of autonomic function measures in the lowest versus the highest quartile of homocysteine revealed no significant association between homocysteine level and autonomic function in the whole study group, nor in the individual glucose tolerance groups. Multiple adjustment for age, sex, waist-to-hip ratio, serum creatinine, use of antihypertensives and fasting insulin, confirmed this result. We found no evidence of effect modification of glucose tolerance status on the association between homocysteine and autonomic dysfunction (P for interaction for CADS = 0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence for an association between homocysteine levels and cardiovascular autonomic function in either diabetic or nondiabetic subjects. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction does not help explain why hyperhomocysteinaemia is related to cardiovascular mortality.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M E
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spoelstra-De Man
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Smulders
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: C D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007328:Insulin; D006710:Homocysteine; D003404:Creatinine; D005947:Glucose