title: Presence of 14Hz spindle oscillations in the human EEG during deep anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on presence of human EEG spindle oscillations on the cortical level within flat periods of the burst-suppression pattern during propofol-induced anesthesia; to search for corresponding oscillations and possible functional connections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Artefact-free epochs of spindle activation were selected from the electroencephalograms of opiate-dependent patients undergoing rapid opiate detoxification. Power spectral analysis and source localization using low-resolution-brain-electromagnetic-tomography (LORETA(Key)) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sinusoidal rhythms with waxing and waning amplitudes appeared after propofol-induced narcosis but no direct correlations could be determined between individual dosage and characteristic spindle attributes. The power maximum stood midline over the cortical areas, especially around C(z). We calculated a peak frequency of 14(+/-1.2) Hz. Motor fields, particularly in the frontal, parietal, and various cingulate areas, were found to be the primary sources of spindle oscillations in the cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequent occurrence of these localized spindle sources demonstrates the preference for motor fields. Spindle oscillations observed during propofol-induced narcosis were similar in frequency and shape to those observed in natural sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results lend support to models that postulate a close link between the motor system and the organization of behavior. In addition, spindle rhythms under propofol bore some resemblance to spindle types which occur during sleep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine of the Charité (CCM)- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany. simone.wolter@charite.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friedel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Böhler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hensel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010507:Periodicity; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol