title: The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application to maize and sorghum on the bionomics of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).
abstract: Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant species (maize, sorghum), plant age (young, middle, old) and four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3) on the bionomics of the invasive crambid Chilo partellus and the performance of its braconid larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1-N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant. Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments. On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased. Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize. On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants: on maize, it was highest on young plants and on sorghum on old plants. Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source. Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants. The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus. Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species. Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant. It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum and an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes.
authors.affiliation: Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. njiang@icipe.org
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schulthess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces; D005308:Fertilizers; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000187:drug effects; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012744:Sex Ratio; D045868:Sorghum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*; D014863:Wasps / Q000254:growth & development*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen; D011188:Potassium