title: Contamination of Caribbean coastal waters by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051.
abstract: Irgarol 1051 is a s-triazine herbicide used in popular slime-resistant antifouling paints. It has been shown to be acutely toxic to corals, mangroves and sea grasses, inhibiting photosynthesis at low concentrations (>50 ng l(-1)). We present the first data describing the occurrence of Irgarol 1051 in coastal waters of the Northeastern Caribbean (Puerto Rico (PR) and the US Virgin Islands (USVI)). Low level contamination of coastal waters by Irgarol 1051 is reported, the herbicide being present in 85% of the 31 sites sampled. It was not detected in water from two oceanic reference sites. In general, Irgarol 1051was present at concentrations below 100 ng l(-1), although far higher concentrations were reported at three locations within Benner Bay, USVI (223-1,300 ng l(-1)). The known toxicity of Irgarol 1051 to corals and sea grasses and our findings of significant contamination of the Northeastern Caribbean marine environment by this herbicide underscore the importance of understanding, more fully, local and regional exposure of reef and sea grass habitats to Irgarol 1051 and, where necessary, implementing actions to ensure adequate protection of these important ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Isla Magueyes Laboratories, Lajas, 00667 PR, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carbery
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Trish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frickers
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Readman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D017691:Caribbean Region; D017753:Ecosystem; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C103341:irgarol 1051