title: Simple PCR heteroduplex, SSCP mutation screening methods for the detection of novel catalase mutations in Hungarian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The enzyme catalase is the main regulator of hydrogen peroxide metabolism. Deficiency of catalase may cause high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and increase the risk of the development of pathologies for which oxidative stress is a contributing factor, for example, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Catalase deficiency has been reported to be associated with increased frequency of diabetes mellitus in a cohort of patients in Hungary. In this cohort, the majority of mutations in the catalase gene occur in exon 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic patients (n=308) were evaluated for mutations in intron 1 (81 bp), exon 2 (172 bp) and intron 2 (13 bp) of the catalase gene. Screening for mutations utilized PCR single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and PCR heteroduplex methods. Verification of detected mutations was by nucleotide sequence analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11 catalase gene mutations were detected in the 308 subjects (3.57%, p<0.001). Five of the 11 were at two previously reported mutation sites: exon 2 (79) G insertion and (138) GA insertion. Six of the 11 were at five previously unreported catalase mutation sites: intron 1 (60) G-->T; intron 2 (7) G-->A and (5) G-->C; exon 2 (96) T-->A; and exon 2 (135) T-->A. The novel missense mutations on exon 2 (96 and 135) are associated with 59% and 48% decreased catalase activity, respectively; the novel G-->C mutation on intron 2 (5) is associated with a 62% decrease in catalase activity. Mutations detected on intron 1 (60) and intron 2 (7) showed no change in catalase activity. The G-->C mutation on intron 2 (5) might be a splicing mutation. The two missense mutations on exon 2 (96) and (135) cause substitutions of amino acids 53 (Asp-->Glu) and 66 (Glu-->Cys) of the catalase protein. These are close to amino acids that are important for the binding of heme to catalase, 44 (Val) and 72-75 (Arg, Val, Val, His). Changes in heme binding may be responsible for the activity losses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations that cause decreased catalase activity may contribute to susceptibility to inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exon 2 and neighboring introns of the catalase gene may be minor hot spots for type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility mutations.
authors.affiliation: DRC Ltd, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitai
authors.forename: Szabolcs
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fátrai
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rass
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Csordás
authors.forename: Ildikó
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tarnai
mesh_terms: D020642:Acatalasia / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
chemical_list: D006418:Heme; D002374:Catalase