title: Indian ethnic populations characterized by dopamine (D4) receptor VNTR polymorphism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) contains a 48-bp tandem repeat in exon 3 and shows alleles varying between repeats 2 and 11. The gene shows a high level of expression in the prefrontal cortex of the brain and association of particular alleles of this locus with various neuropsychiatric and personality disorders have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study reports allele frequency distribution at the DRD4 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) locus among five ethnic populations of India. This background information is fundamental to the field of pharmacogenetics for disease susceptibility and association studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and thirty two healthy unrelated adult individuals belonging to five ethnic groups: Konkanastha Brahmins, Marathas, Ezhavas, Nairs and Muslims, have been typed. Genomic DNA, extracted from peripheral blood, was PCR amplified using a two-enzyme system. The use of ALF Express DNA sequencer was found to be helpful for large-scale population genotyping. Statistical analysis was performed using the POPGENE and DISPAN programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of eight alleles ranging from repeat 2 to repeat 9 were observed. Allele 4 was the predominant allele among all the five populations, consistent with the data on other world populations. A rare allele 9 was detected exclusively among Marathas. The observed heterozygosity was low, ranging from 0.38 to 0.54 while other parameters like Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) and Power of Discrimination (PD) showed moderate values. The populations were in genetic equilibrium when tested under Hardy-Weinberg expectations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The allele frequency estimates for DRD4 provided here will contribute towards developing an informative database for this functionally relevant locus. This will prove useful when studying the association between genetic factors and pathogenesis of disease in Indian populations and will address the concern of biased results of association due to population admixtures.
authors.affiliation: Low Level Radiation Studies Section, Biosciences Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India. anugh@magnum.barc.ernet.in
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seshadri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4