title: Articular / epiphyseal osteochondrosis in Thoroughbred foals at 5 months of age: influences of growth of the foal and prenatal copper supplementation of the dam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of copper (Cu) supplementation by injection of mares in late gestation on the frequency and severity of osteochondrosis (OC) lesions in their foals at around 160 days of age. To determine if there was any influence of the concentration of Cu in the liver, growth rate, birthweight, weight at 160 days of age, fatness, sex, or year of birth of the foal on the frequency and severity of OC lesions. To determine the influence of dam's age, and sex and birthweight of the foal on the growth rate from birth to 160 days of age, and weight at 160 days of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three Thoroughbred foals, born in two consecutive years, were weighed every 2 weeks from birth. The dams had been supplemented with parenteral Cu or saline during late gestation, and the supplementation regimens were different in each year. Foals had liver biopsies harvested at birth for determination of Cu concentration. Pasture samples were collected every 4-8 weeks for analysis of concentration of Cu and zinc (Zn). At 160 days of age, articular cartilage of long bones was examined. Gross lesions were counted and scored, then sawn and radiographed, and processed for histopathology. Lesions were given radiographic scores and histopathological scores. Maximum scores for each lesion were combined to give a total OC score for each joint and each foal. The fatness of 20 foals (10 each from Years 1 and 2) at 160 days of age was determined chemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation of dams with Cu had no significant effect on the concentration of Cu in the liver of foals at birth, or on the frequency or severity of lesions in articular cartilage at 160 days of age. The Cu and Zn concentrations of pasture were similar in Years 1 and 2, and were lower than current recommendations. All foals in Year 2, and 9/10 foals in Year 1 had irregularities in cartilage that was confirmed histologically to be indicative of OC. The average number of lesions per foal was 4.7 (SD 1.1) and 5.7 (SD 1.1) in Years 1 and 2, respectively. However, the severity of the lesions was considered mild, and no foals showed any clinical evidence of OC while alive. The number of lesions in the tarsocrural (TC) joint and the TC OC score at 160 days were positively associated with average daily weight gain (ADG) in the previous 4 weeks (p=0.005 and p=0.001, respectively). There was no significant effect of sex, fatness, birthweight, weight at 160 days of age, or year of birth of the foal on the frequency and severity of OC lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many of the lesions classified as OC, using classification systems described by other authors, were likely to be normal variations of the process of endochondral ossification. Despite the high frequency of such lesions, they were considered to be of minor significance and none were clinically evident. The distribution of lesions was not typical, and most probably reflected the subtlety of the lesions. These results support the hypothesis that Cu is an over-emphasised factor in the aetiopathogenesis of OC. The relationship between subtle macroscopic lesions and lesions resulting in clinical signs of disease requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. E.K.Gee@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: P C H
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Fennessy
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Mogg
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010007:Osteochondritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011859:Radiography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D003300:Copper