title: Treatment of stress fractures: the fundamentals.
abstract: This article is an introduction to the fundamentals of stress fracture management. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors, that may play a role in the development of stress fractures, are discussed and incorporated as possible treatment options. Different treatment modalities including ultrasound and electromagnetic fields are addressed, with an emphasis on literature support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. wengel@mcw.edu
authors.forename: William Glenn
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Raasch
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hergan
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D042341:Gonadal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000077268:Pamidronate; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012775:Shoes; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D042341:Gonadal Hormones; D000077268:Pamidronate