Treatment of stress fractures: the fundamentals.
This article is an introduction to the fundamentals of stress fracture management. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors, that may play a role in the development of stress fractures, are discussed and incorporated as possible treatment options. Different treatment modalities including ultrasound and electromagnetic fields are addressed, with an emphasis on literature support.
Raasch
William Glenn
WG
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. wengel@mcw.edu
Hergan
David J
DJ
D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D042341:Gonadal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000077268:Pamidronate; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012775:Shoes; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods
D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D042341:Gonadal Hormones; D000077268:Pamidronate