title: Induction of protective genes by cobalt ameliorates tubulointerstitial injury in the progressive Thy1 nephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously demonstrated that chronic hypoxia has pivotal roles in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury from the early stage of the uninephrectomized Thy1 nephritis model. We have also shown that pretreatment of cobalt confers renoprotection in the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, in association with the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-regulated genes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cobalt administration not only attenuates acute ischemic insult, but also ameliorates tubulointerstitial injury secondary to chronic hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied sustained cobalt treatment to the uninephrectomized Thy1 nephritis model at 3 to 5 weeks, when tubular hypoxia appeared. Histologic evaluation, including glomerular and peritubular capillary networks, was made at 8 weeks. HIF activation was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses for HIF-regulated genes, such as erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Up-regulation of HIF-1alpha and HIF-regulated genes was also verified by Western blotting analysis. To elucidate responsible mechanisms of cobalt in the amelioration of tubuloniterstitial injury, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was conducted at 5 weeks. A combination therapy with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), olmesartan, was also challenged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the intervention did not change glomerular structural damage or urinary protein excretion rate, tubulointerstitial injury was improved in cobalt-treated animals when compared with the vehicle-treated group. The amelioration was associated with the parallel up-regulation of renoprotective, HIF-regulated gene expression. TUNEL staining revealed that the number of apoptotic cells was reduced in the cortex by cobalt administration, suggesting that renoprotection was achieved partly through its antiapoptotic properties. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cobalt treatment exerts additional renoprotective effects with the ARB treatment in this model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maneuvers to activate HIF in the ischemic tubulointerstitium will be a new direction to future therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inagi
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Takamoto
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohse
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nangaku
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007518:Isoantibodies; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D007518:Isoantibodies; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C035678:anti-Thy antibody; D004921:Erythropoietin; D003035:Cobalt; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C018021:cobaltous chloride