title: Agrarian diet and diseases of affluence--do evolutionary novel dietary lectins cause leptin resistance?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global pattern of varying prevalence of diseases of affluence, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggests that some environmental factor specific to agrarian societies could initiate these diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We propose that a cereal-based diet could be such an environmental factor. Through previous studies in archaeology and molecular evolution we conclude that humans and the human leptin system are not specifically adapted to a cereal-based diet, and that leptin resistance associated with diseases of affluence could be a sign of insufficient adaptation to such a diet. We further propose lectins as a cereal constituent with sufficient properties to cause leptin resistance, either through effects on metabolism central to the proper functions of the leptin system, and/or directly through binding to human leptin or human leptin receptor, thereby affecting the function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary interventions should compare effects of agrarian and non-agrarian diets on incidence of diseases of affluence, related risk factors and leptin resistance. A non-significant (p = 0.10) increase of cardiovascular mortality was noted in patients advised to eat more whole-grain cereals. Our lab conducted a study on 24 domestic pigs in which a cereal-free hunter-gatherer diet promoted significantly higher insulin sensitivity, lower diastolic blood pressure and lower C-reactive protein as compared to a cereal-based swine feed. Testing should also evaluate the effects of grass lectins on the leptin system in vivo by diet interventions, and in vitro in various leptin and leptin receptor models. Our group currently conducts such studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If an agrarian diet initiates diseases of affluence it should be possible to identify the responsible constituents and modify or remove them so as to make an agrarian diet healthier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Tommy.Jonsson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrén
authors.forename: Thorkild C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bøg-Hansen
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dole
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindeberg