title: Serological survey of pre-weaned New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) for brucellosis and leptospirosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a longitudinal serological survey for evidence of Brucella spp and Leptospira spp infection of pre-weaned New Zealand fur seals in a colony on the Otago Peninsula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seal pups were repeatedly captured on a monthly basis from February through to July 2001. Pups were tagged at first capture and a blood sample was taken at each capture event. A total of 163 sera were collected from 118 seal pups. Where sufficient volume was collected, the sera were tested for leptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and for brucellosis using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Brucella abortus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of 128 sera from 101 seals tested positive to the ELISA for B. abortus. All tests for Leptospira interrogans serovars Grippotyphosa, Copenhageni, Bratislava and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Ballum were negative at a cut-off of <1/100 dilution. Positive or suspicious titres were found to L. interrogans serovars Canicola and Pomona and L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. The highest titres (12,800) were found to serovar Pomona. The titre to serovar Pomona in one seal rose from <1/50 in March to 12,800 in April and was <1/50 when re-sampled in July. The titre to serovar Pomona in another seal dropped from 12,800 in May to <1/50 in June. These seals also had titres to serovar Hardjo, which rose or fell in the same manner. All suspicious or positive titres occurred in late April and early May, when the pups were approximately 4-5 months old. In June and July, all seals tested were negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no serological evidence of Brucella infection in the pre-weaned fur seals at the colony. Positive titres to serovars Pomona, Hardjo, or Canicola suggest that a Leptospira species was present at the colony, however isolation or visualisation of the organism is required to confirm this. Care should be exercised when handling New Zealand fur seals to prevent human infection or inadvertent transfer of leptospirosis to another marine mammal species.
authors.affiliation: Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt, New Zealand. Mackerethg@MAF.govt.nz
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mackereth
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: O'keefe
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Duignan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kittelberger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002003:Brucella abortus / Q000276:immunology*; D002006:Brucellosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D046069:Fur Seals / Q000382:microbiology*; D007919:Leptospira / Q000276:immunology; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial