title: Effects of cold stimulation on secondary hyperalgesia (HA) induced by capsaicin in healthy volunteers.
abstract: Little is known about the sensory characteristics and underlying mechanisms behind secondary hyperalgesia (HA) (2 degrees HA). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between two different noxious stimuli, mechanical and cold on capsaicin-induced 2 degrees HA. Fourteen healthy volunteers were exposed to three different cold stimuli (20, 10, 0 degrees C) 30 s each, on both forearms. The cold stimuli were applied before (baseline) and 8 min after intradermal administration of 50-microg capsaicin to the forearm, distally to the injection site in the inspected area of 2 degrees HA. Pain intensities were assessed immediately after each cold stimulus by means of a visual analogue scale (cold-VAS). Additionally, areas of mechanical HA (cm(2)) were assessed distally and proximally to the injection site at three different time points: 5, 8 (right after the second series of cold stimuli), and 30 min after the injection. No significant differences in cold-VAS were found between pre- and post-capsaicin injection at the tested forearm (P= 0.334), whereas significant reduction from pre- to post-injection was found in cold-VAS in the control forearm (P= 0.024). Further, 8 min after the injection, the cold stimulation led to an expansion of 2 degrees HA area (from 5.1+/-1.38 to 11.4+/-1.72 cm(2)) to punctuate stimuli distally but not proximally to the injection site (P<0.05). It is concluded that there is no HA to cold stimuli within the area of mechanical 2 degrees HA. However, cooling acts as a conditioning stimulus and expands the area of capsaicin-induced punctuate HA.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, 31905, Haifa, Israel. doritpud@research.haifa.ac.il
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pud
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yarnitsky
authors.forename: Elon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Ole Kaeseler
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014953:Wrist / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002211:Capsaicin