title: Cytologic diagnosis of pulmonary nocardiosis: a report of 3 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocardiosis is an uncommon infection and presents as an opportunistic infection in an immunocompromised host. Pulmonary infection by Nocardia may be difficult to diagnose based on clinical and radiologic features, as these are not specific. Sputum examination, bronchoalveolar lavage and transthoracic ultrasound/computed tomography-guided fine needle aspiration cytology offer a simple means of procuring material for diagnostic evaluation. Very few articles have described the morphologic appearance of this uncommon pathogen in cytologic material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cases occurred in patients with an underlying immunocompromised state. Patient 1 was on steroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome, patient 2 was on immunosuppressant therapy after renal transplantation, and patient 3 was HIV positive. A diagnosis of pulmonary nocardiosis was suspected on Papanicolaou stain. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and silver methanamine stains were useful in confirming the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high index of suspicion for nocardiosis must be maintained while assessing cytologic material in immunosuppressed individuals as it may be masked by the intense inflammatory exudate associated with this infection. A meticulous search may reveal the presence of delicate, thin, faintly stained, branching filaments of Nocardia on routine Papanicolaou stain. Special stains and culture studies are useful in confirming the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aron
authors.forename: Venkateswaran K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Kusum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009615:Nocardia / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D009617:Nocardia Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents