title: Cardiac three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and fluoroscopy merging: a new approach for electroanatomic mapping to assist catheter ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern nonfluoroscopic mapping systems construct 3D electroanatomic maps by tracking intracardiac catheters. They require specialized catheters and/or dedicated hardware. We developed a new method for electroanatomic mapping by merging detailed 3D models of the endocardial cavities with fluoroscopic images without the need for specialized hardware. This developmental work focused on the right atrium because of the difficulties in visualizing its anatomic landmarks in 3D with current approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac MRI images were acquired in 39 patients referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation using balanced steady state free-precession sequences. We optimized acquisition and developed software for construction of detailed 3D models, after contouring of endocardial cavities with cross-checking of different imaging planes. 3D models were then merged with biplane fluoroscopic images by methods for image calibration and registration implemented in a custom software application. The feasibility and accuracy of this merging process were determined in heart-cast experiments and electroanatomic mapping in patients. Right atrial dimensions and relevant anatomic landmarks could be identified and measured in all 3D models. Cephalocaudal, posteroanterior, and lateroseptal diameters were, respectively, 65+/-11, 54+/-11, and 57+/-9 mm; posterior isthmus length was 26+/-6 mm; Eustachian valve height was 5+/-5 mm; and coronary sinus ostium height and width were 16+/-3 and 12+/-3 mm, respectively (n=39). The average alignment error was 0.2+/-0.3 mm in heart casts (n=40) and 1.9 to 2.5 mm in patient experiments (n=9), ie, acceptable for clinical use. In 11 patients, reliable catheter positioning and projection of activation times resulted in 3D electroanatomic maps with an unprecedented level of anatomic detail, which assisted ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new approach allows activation visualization in a highly detailed 3D anatomic environment without the need for a specialized nonfluoroscopic mapping system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ector
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Buck
authors.forename: Jef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dymarkowski
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogaert
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidbüchel
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012984:Software; D016896:Treatment Outcome