title: Characterization of male killer whale (Orcinus orca) sexual maturation and reproductive seasonality.
abstract: Longitudinal serum testosterone concentrations (n=10 males) and semen production (n=2 males) in killer whales were evaluated to: (1) characterize fluctuations in serum testosterone concentrations with respect to reproductive maturity and season; (2) compare morphologic changes to estimated age of sexual maturity, based on changes in serum testosterone concentrations; and (3) evaluate seasonal changes in sperm production. Classification of reproductive status and age class was based on differences (P < 0.05) in serum testosterone concentrations according to age; juvenile males ranged from 1 to 7 years (mean+/-S.D. testosterone, 0.13+/-0.20 ng/mL), pubertal males from 8 to 12 years (2.88+/-3.20 ng/mL), and sexually mature animals were 13 years and older (5.57+/-2.90 ng/mL). For captive-born males, serum testosterone concentrations, total body length and height to width ratio of the dorsal fin were 0.7+/-0.7 ng/mL, 495.6+/-17.5 cm and 1.14+/-0.13c m, respectively, at puberty; at sexual maturity, these end points were 6.0+/-3.3 ng/mL, 548+/-20 cm and 1.36+/-0.1cm. Serum testosterone concentrations were higher (P<0.05) from March to June than from December to February in pubertal animals (4.2+/-3.4 ng/mL versus 1.4+/-2.6 ng/mL) and than from September to December in sexually mature animals (7.2+/-3.3 ng/mL versus 4.0+/-2.0 ng/mL). Ejaculates (n = 90) collected from two males had similar (P > 0.05) sperm concentrations across all months. These data represent the first comprehensive study on male testosterone concentrations during and after sexual maturation, and on reproductive seasonality in the killer whale.
authors.affiliation: Sea World and Busch Gardens' Reproductive Research Center, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92019, USA. Todd.Robeck@SeaWorld.com
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Robeck
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Monfort
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D050685:Whale, Killer / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone