title: Cartap-induced cytotoxicity in mouse C2C12 myoblast cell line and the roles of calcium ion and oxidative stress on the toxic effects.
abstract: Our previous study has demonstrated that instead of neuromuscular blockage cartap, an organonitrogen insecticide, could cause a marked irreversible Ca2+-dependent contracture in both isolated mouse and rabbit phrenic nerve-diaphragms. We further examined the potential of direct myocytotoxicity of cartap and the possible roles of calcium ion and oxidative stress on cartap-induced muscle cell injury using the mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12. Cartap exerted a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect in C2C12 cells measured by MTT colorimetric assay and trypan blue dye exclusion. The extracellular activities of both creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were elevated in the cartap-treated groups at or greater than 100 microM. The isoenzymatic profiles showed that the elevations were mainly due to CK-3, LDH-3, and LDH-4. Following the addition of 0.5-2.5mM EGTA, a Ca2+ chelator, or 30-100 microM verapamil, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, the cartap-induced reduction in MTT metabolic rate of C2C12 cells was significantly restored in a dose-dependent manner in both EGTA and verapamil-treated cells. Furthermore, EGTA could significantly reduce the cartap-induced elevation in the levels of total extracellular CK and LDH activities. Additionally, cartap significantly increased the level of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C2C12 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cartap-induced ROS generation could be significantly inhibited by antioxidants, including Vitamins C and E, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, with catalase the most effective. EGTA could significantly inhibit cartap-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggested that cartap could induce ROS generation in C2C12 cells via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism resulting in subsequent cytotoxicity, at least partially, to C2C12 cells. It is speculated that both Ca2+ and Ca2+-induced ROS may also play the central role on the myogenic contracture and myofiber injury of the diaphragm leading to respiratory failure and subsequent death in rabbits exposed ocularly to cartap.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, ROC. jwliao@dragon.edu.tw
authors.forename: Jiunn-Wang
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Jaw-Jou
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Chian-Ren
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Shao-Kuang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ming-Jang
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Shun-Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael R S
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Victor Fei
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D014343:Trypan Blue
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007306:Insecticides; D007527:Isoenzymes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D014343:Trypan Blue; D002118:Calcium; C032761:carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester