title: Technical note: out-of-plane angular correction based on a trigonometric function for use in two-dimensional kinematic studies.
abstract: In two-dimensional (2D) kinematic studies, limb positions in three-dimensional (3D) space observed in lateral view are projected onto a 2D film plane. Elbow and knee-joint angles that are less than 20 degrees out-of-plane of lateral-view cameras generally exhibit very little measurable difference from their 3D counterparts (Plagenhoef 1979 Environment, Behavior, and Morphology; New York: Gustav Fisher, p. 95-118). However, when limb segment angles are more than 20 degrees out-of-plane, as is often the case in locomotor studies of arboreal primates, elbow and knee angles can appear significantly more extended than they actually are. For this reason, a methodology is described that corrects 2D out-of-plane angular estimates using a series of trigonometric transformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA. stevensn@ohio.edu
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Lap-Ki
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods*; D005121:Extremities; D008433:Mathematics; D008962:Models, Theoretical