title: Ultrasonographic examination of important aspects of the bovine shoulder--physiological findings.
abstract: The left and right shoulder region of 19 healthy cattle and the left and right shoulders of six bovine cadavers were examined ultrasonographically using a 7.5 MHz linear and a 3.5 MHz convex transducer. The lateral shoulder muscles were successfully imaged in all cases; the joint space appeared as a funnel shaped interruption of the hyperechoic bone surfaces of the distal part of the scapula and the proximal and lateral part of the humeral head. In healthy cattle, the synovial cavities of the scapulohumeral joint, the bicipital bursa and the infraspinous bursa could not be clearly defined. After experimental filling with water, the synovial cavities could be differentiated as discrete anechoic zones. In this study, the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the soft tissue structures and bone surfaces of the scapula and proximal humerus is presented, providing basic reference data for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the bovine shoulder region.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic for Orthopaedics in Large Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. Birgit.altenbrunner-martinek@vu-wien.ac.uk
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Altenbrunner-Martinek
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grubelnik
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kofler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography