title: A study on reproductive performance and related factors of zebu cows in pastoral herds in a semi-arid area of Tanzania.
abstract: A prospective longitudinal study was carried out from September 2001 to June 2004 in three adjacent villages in a semi-arid area of Tanzania. The objectives of this study were to measure the intervals between calving and either resumption of cyclical activity or confirmation of pregnancy, to estimate calving intervals, and to investigate the effect of factors assumed to be related to postpartum reproductive performance. A total of 275 lactation periods from 177 Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu cows managed in a traditional pastoral system in 46 households were initially included. Animals were initially screened for brucelosis and thereafter examined by palpation per rectum at 2-week intervals. Body condition score (scale 1 to 5) was assessed and girth measurement (cm) taken. Occurrence of other reproductive events such as calving, abortion, death of calf, culling and reason for culling were recorded. In a subset of 98 lactation periods from 91 cows milk samples for progesterone (P4) determination were collected twice per week from day 7 after calving to the time of confirmed pregnancy or until milk production ceased before pregnancy. The data were analysed both univariately and in multivariable Cox proportional hazard (frailty) models. The mean (+/-S.E.M.) calving interval was 500+/-13.6 days. Positive reactors in the brucellosis test were 15.6% of the tested animals. Milk P4 analysis showed the rate of abortion/late embryo loss to be 14.3%. Calf mortality rates varied between 14.6 and 17.4%. A positive relationship was found between the outcome variables likelihood of cyclical activity and likelihood of pregnancy in the Cox model, and the explanatory variables: parity and body condition score (BCS) at calving. A negative relationship was found between the outcome variables, and the explanatory variables: maximum BCS loss and calf survival/mortality. Calving in the rainy season was associated with an increased likelihood of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery & Theriogenology, P.O. Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania. nkanuya@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Kanuya
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Matiko
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kessy
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Mgongo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ropstad
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reksen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002980:Climate; D030762:Estrous Cycle; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D010298:Parity; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013636:Tanzania; D013997:Time Factors