title: Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya.
abstract: In April 2004, one of the largest aflatoxicosis outbreaks occurred in rural Kenya, resulting in 317 cases and 125 deaths. Aflatoxin-contaminated homegrown maize was the source of the outbreak, but the extent of regional contamination and status of maize in commercial markets (market maize) were unknown. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the extent of market maize contamination and evaluate the relationship between market maize aflatoxin and the aflatoxicosis outbreak. We surveyed 65 markets and 243 maize vendors and collected 350 maize products in the most affected districts. Fifty-five percent of maize products had aflatoxin levels greater than the Kenyan regulatory limit of 20 ppb, 35% had levels > 100 ppb, and 7% had levels > 1,000 ppb. Makueni, the district with the most aflatoxicosis case-patients, had significantly higher market maize aflatoxin than did Thika, the study district with fewest case-patients (geometric mean aflatoxin = 52.91 ppb vs. 7.52 ppb, p = 0.0004). Maize obtained from local farms in the affected area was significantly more likely to have aflatoxin levels > 20 ppb compared with maize bought from other regions of Kenya or other countries (odds ratio = 2.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-6.59). Contaminated homegrown maize bought from local farms in the affected area entered the distribution system, resulting in widespread aflatoxin contamination of market maize. Contaminated market maize, purchased by farmers after their homegrown supplies are exhausted, may represent a source of continued exposure to aflatoxin. Efforts to successfully interrupt exposure to aflatoxin during an outbreak must consider the potential role of the market system in sustaining exposure.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA. lwb6@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onsongo
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Njapau
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schurz-Rogers
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luber
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kieszak
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyamongo
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: Abdikher Mohamud
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dahiye
authors.forename: Ambrose
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misore
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: DeCock
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D003313:Zea mays; D000096702:Aflatoxin Poisoning
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins