title: Nicotine does not affect vascularization but inhibits growth of freely transplanted ovarian follicles by inducing granulosa cell apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is clear support for an association between smoking and decreased female fecundity and fertility. Cigarette smoke appears to have adverse effects along a continuum of reproductive processes. We therefore studied the effect of nicotine on follicular growth and vascularization of freely transplanted ovarian follicles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the skinfold chamber model in Syrian golden hamsters, which allows the in vivo microscopy of follicular grafts. Animals were treated daily with nicotine at doses mimicking low-rate and high-rate smokers (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously). Saline-treated animals served as controls. To further evaluate the effect of nicotine on angiogenesis, an in vitro aortic ring assay was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The re-vascularisation rate of follicles was similar in nicotine-treated animals and controls. During the 7 days after transplantation, nicotine further caused a dose-dependent inhibition of follicular growth. In contrast, the vascularized area and microvessel density were not affected by the nicotine exposure. In vitro aortic ring assays confirmed that nicotine does not influence sprouting and microvessel formation. However, immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 revealed a large extent of granulosa cell apoptosis within transplanted follicles of high-dose nicotine-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine as one toxic component of cigarette smoke does not affect vascularization, but adversely influences follicular growth by an increase in apoptotic cell death. As follicular growth is a crucial step in normal ovulation and fertilization, nicotine-induced cell apoptosis may represent one of the mechanisms underlying the well-established link between smoking and fertility disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bordel
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Laschke
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine