title: Closure of atrial septal defects: is there still a place for surgery?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to assess the current management of atrial septal defect closure in an era of increasing feasibility of transcatheter device occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atrial septal defect (ASD) closure was performed surgically through complete sternotomy in 165 patients (group 1) and through partial inferior sternotomy in 53 patients (group 2). Transcatheter device occlusion was achieved in 82 patients with only ASD type II and patent foramen ovale (group 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall complications were minor and more frequent in group 1: 26.7% versus 13.2% in group 2 and 14.6% in group 3 (p = 0.04). Compared to complete sternotomy, a partial sternotomy led to less chest tube loss (7.1 +/- 2.9 versus 11.6 +/- 14.5 ml/kg) (p < 0.05) and less postoperative pericardial effusion (11.3% versus 13.5%)(p = 0.55). ASD closure was effective in 99.4% in group 1, 100% in group 2 but only in 86.6% in group 3 (p < 0.05). Two major complications of device implantation required early surgery: 1 femoral arteriovenous fistula and 1 device embolization. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in group 3, as well as in group 2 compared to group 1 (8.3 +/- 4.2 versus 5.9 +/- 1.1 versus 2.1 +/- 7.3 days) (p < 0.05). Midterm results were excellent, with only 1 non-cardiac death and 1 re-operation for residual shunt in group 1, and 1 device removal for thrombosis in group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter device occlusion has become an established treatment for ASD closure, achieving optimal results in older children and adults with anatomically suited ASD type II and PFO. However, a partial inferior sternotomy offers a valuable and complementary operative approach for all ASD variants, maintaining the predictable success of surgery, with the obvious advantages of minimal access in terms of morbidity, cosmetics and hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. thierry.bove@ugent.be
authors.forename: Th
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bové
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Groote
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Suys
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeWolf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Nooten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery