title: Characterization of free-floating spheres from human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cell culture in vitro.
abstract: It has been observed in several tissues that direct isolation of cells in serum-free media and on nonadhesive substrates results in the formation of spherical clusters of cells known as free-floating spheres. Such free-floating spheres have been hypothesized to contain undifferentiated multipotent progenitor cells. Our goal was to isolate and characterize such free-floating spheres from HTM cell primary cultures. For this purpose, HTM cells were incubated in serum-free media and on a nonadhesive substrate. Individual free-floating spheres generated in these conditions were isolated in 96-well plates, and their proliferative capacity was evaluated by monitoring their size increase over time. The expression of the TM markers, MGP and CHI3L1, was examined using recombinant adenoviruses containing the respective promoters. Morphology of the free-floating spheres was analysed in semithin sections, and the gene expression profile was obtained using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Affymetrix microarrays. HTM cells incubated in serum-free media and on nonadhesive substrate generated free-floating spheres that could be grown for more than 3 months. Addition of serum to the culture media promoted the attachment of the spheres to the substrate, migration of cells from the spheres, and differentiation into cells phenotypically similar to normal TM cells. Gene profiling analysis demonstrated strong similarities between the gene expression profiles of the spheres and HTM cell monolayers. Both infection with the recombinant adenoviruses and gene array analysis demonstrated the expression of CHI3L1 and MGP, indicating that free-floating spheres likely originate from HTM cells. Gene array analysis also showed expression of the marker for neural precursor cells nestin, as well as leukemia inhibitory factor, a gene involved in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of progenitor cells. Analysis of semithin sections indicated that these TM free-floating spheres were highly dynamic structures demonstrating a distinct radial gradient of cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Extensive up- and down-regulation of gene expression was associated with the processes of sphere attachment and cell migration after the addition of serum. These results suggest that HTM primary cultures might contain relatively undifferentiated or progenitor cells. The availability of TM progenitor cell cultures could constitute a useful tool to investigate cell therapy approaches targeting the TM in glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Erwin Road, Box 3802, Durham NC 27710, USA. pedro.gonzalez@duke.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Liton
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D037102:Lectins; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D064231:Nestin; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000166:cytology*; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D037102:Lectins; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D064231:Nestin; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein; C084533:CHI3L1 protein, human; C507837:LIF protein, human; C577484:NES protein, human