title: Cardioprotection with adenosine A2 receptor activation at reperfusion.
abstract: Pre-ischemic treatment is seldom possible in the clinical setting of acute myocardial infarction. Thus, to successfully save myocardium from infarction, it is required that protective interventions must be effective when applied after ischemia has begun or at the onset of reperfusion. Unfortunately, in spite of a large body of experimental data showing that various interventions are cardioprotective at reperfusion, no specific therapy has yet been established to be clinically applicable. However, recent data from several laboratories have shown that adenosine and its analogues given at reperfusion can markedly protect the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. While the experimental data suggest that factors such as adenosine A2 receptor activation, anti-neutrophil effect, attenuation of free radical generation, increased nitric oxide (NO) availability, activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and ERK, prevention of mitochondrial damage, and anti-apoptotic effects may be involved in the protective effect of adenosine or its analogues, the exact receptor subtype(s), the detailed signaling mechanisms, and interaction between those individual factors are still unknown. A definite answer to these unsolved problems will offer insights into the mechanisms of cardioprotection at reperfusion, and will be critical for developing a successful therapeutic strategy to salvage ischemic myocardium in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. zxu@aims.unc.edu
authors.forename: Zhelong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Sung-Sik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Boysen
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Downey
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D043683:Receptors, Adenosine A2 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C113971:4-(7-((2-3-chloro-2-thienyl)-1-methyl-propylamino)-3H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridyl-3-yl)cyclopentane carboxamide; D005609:Free Radicals; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D043683:Receptors, Adenosine A2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000241:Adenosine; D002118:Calcium