title: Early paranodal myelin swellings (tomacula) in an avian riboflavin deficiency model of demyelinating neuropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disruption of the complex architectural and molecular organization of the paranodal region of myelinated peripheral nerve fiber may initiate the evolving time dependent process of segmental demyelination. In support of this notion was the finding of focal paranodal myelin swellings (tomacula) due to redundant folding of myelin sheaths, early in the time course of an avian riboflavin deficiency model of demyelinating neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn broiler meat chickens were maintained either on a routine diet containing 5.0 mg/kg riboflavin (control group) or a riboflavin-deficient diet containing 1.8 mg/kg riboflavin. Riboflavin concentrations in the liver were measured at postnatal day 11. Peripheral nerves were morphologically examined at days 6, 11, 16 and 21 using light and electron microscopy and teased nerve fiber techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Riboflavin-deficient chickens showed signs of a neuropathy from days 8 and pathological examination of peripheral nerves revealed a demyelinating neuropathy with paranodal tomacula formation starting on day 11. Paranodal tomacula consisted of redundant myelin infoldings or outfoldings, increased in size and frequency after day 11. After day 16, the paranodal swellings showed prominent degenerative changes accompanied by an increased frequency of myelinated fibers showing demyelination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tomacula due to redundant myelin folds are generally considered a remyelination phenomenon, yet in this avian riboflavin deficiency model of demyelination, the paranodal tomacula occurred early in the course of demyelination.
authors.affiliation: Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Finnie
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Blumbergs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manavis
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ghabriel
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002645:Chickens; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012257:Riboflavin Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
chemical_list: D014048:Tolonium Chloride