title: Field and laboratory studies on water conditions affecting the potency of VectoBac (Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14) against larvae of the blackfly, Simulium damnosum.
abstract: River water conditions that might influence the efficacy of VectoBac, a formulation of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 Berliner against Simulium damnosum sensu lato Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae were investigated. A standard formulation was assayed 130 times over 15 months using a mini-gutter system at a field station beside the River Pra in Ghana. The lethal concentration (LC) values, river temperature, conductivity, turbidity and pH were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistics to identify which of these parameters influenced its performance. River temperature, conductivity and turbidity (in that order) were identified as having direct effects on the potency of VectoBac. Water temperature and conductivity were negatively correlated, whereas turbidity and pH were positively correlated with LC values. Analyses of river water samples revealed that despite observed differences in total solids, sodium and potassium cations and chloride concentrations, all the parameters measured did not differ significantly between wet and dry seasons. A simple method for rearing S. damnosum s.l. in the laboratory was then adopted to study the effect of conductivity on potency of VectoBac under controlled conditions. Increasing the conductivity of the water medium up to 3,000 microS enhanced potency by about 42%, whereas increasing that of the insecticide alone raised it by 37%. The results obtained suggest that for effective use of VectoBac for blackfly control in West Africa, river temperature, conductivity and turbidity should be taken into consideration, perhaps by only selecting rivers with optimal conditions for treatment. The laboratory-based system developed for assaying the product overcomes the vagaries associated with field conditions and also the demand for huge logistic requirements of the mini-gutter system, which has to be sited near rivers.
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon. mwilson@noguchi.mimcom.net
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Akpabey
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Osei-Atweneboana
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boakye
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocran
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kurtak
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cheke
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Birkhold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cibulsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D005869:Ghana; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009026:Mortality; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D045483:Rivers; D012621:Seasons; D012843:Simuliidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature