title: Randomized clinical trial of behavioral and nutrition treatment to improve energy intake and growth in toddlers and preschoolers with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a randomized clinical trial comparing a behavioral and nutrition intervention (BEH) with a usual care control condition (CTL) for children (ages 18 months to 4 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency. This trial was designed to (1) evaluate a randomized comparison of BEH with CTL over 8 weeks, (2) provide a replication of the impact of BEH by inviting the CTL group to receive BEH after 8 weeks, and (3) examine the maintenance of BEH at 3- and 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 14 eligible children, 10 were randomly assigned and initiated treatment (71% recruitment rate). Four participants were randomly assigned to BEH, and 6 were assigned to CTL (5 of whom chose to crossover to BEH). BEH included nutrition counseling to increase energy intake (via types of foods and addables/spreadables) and child behavioral management training to teach parents differential attention and contingency management skills. CTL was consistent with the 2002 CF Foundation Consensus Conference Guidelines for nutritional care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BEH led to greater increases in energy intake pre- to posttreatment than CTL as measured by calories per day (842 kcal/day vs -131 kcal/day change). On receiving BEH, the change in energy intake was replicated with the CTL group (892 kcal/day change). At 3- and 12-month follow-up, energy intake was maintained (672 kcal/day increase from baseline and 750 kcal/day increase from baseline, respectively). Children in this study met or exceeded normal weight and height velocities from pretreatment to the 3-month follow-up (mean weight: 1.4 kg/6 months; mean height: 5.1 cm/6 months) and from posttreatment to the 12-month follow-up (mean weight: 2.5 kg/12 months; mean height: 8.3 cm/12 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toddlers and preschoolers who have CF and received BEH were able to meet the energy intake recommendations for this disease and maintain these gains up to 12 months after treatment. In addition, these children demonstrated weight and height velocities from pretreatment to 12-month follow-up, consistent with the goal of normal growth. BEH is a promising, evidence-based, early nutritional intervention for children with CF. An upcoming multisite clinical trial will test BEH versus an attention control condition using a larger sample (N = 100), providing additional evidence about the efficacy of this treatment for energy intake and growth in young children with CF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. Scott.Powers@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kathleen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piazza-Waggoner
authors.forename: Cori
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daines
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Acton
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male