title: Characterisation of the mulibrey nanism-associated TRIM37 gene: transcription initiation, promoter region and alternative splicing.
abstract: The TRIM37 gene encodes a peroxisomal protein of unknown function. Mutations in TRIM37 underlie mulibrey nanism, a rare autosomal recessively inherited disorder with severe growth failure of prenatal onset, constrictive pericardium, hepatomegaly and characteristic dysmorphic features. Eleven mulibrey nanism-associated mutations have been identified. We here characterised TRIM37 further by mapping the transcription initiation site and promoter region as well as by analysing splice variants. By primer extension analysis, several transcription initiation sites were localised to a region between -246 and -373 relative to the ATG codon for translation initiation. Basal promoter activity was mapped within 600 nucleotides upstream from the translation initiation site using promoter-luciferase reporter constructs. Several alternative splice variants of TRIM37 exist in databases. Most of these predict non-functional protein products, are expressed at low levels and are thus likely to be targets for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. A novel splice variant, TRIM37b, with an alternative termination codon and 3'untranslated region (UTR) transcribed from an exon 16 kb downstream from exon 24, predicts an identical protein product with the previously identified transcript, TRIM37a. As seen by Northern blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, both transcripts are highly expressed in testis, whereas in other tissues TRIM37a is prominent. The 3'UTR of the PPM1E gene in the opposite strand overlaps TRIM37b. These data suggest that TRIM37 expression is regulated by several mechanisms: through nonsense surveillance of non-functional transcripts, as well as through 3'UTR regulatory sequences and/or naturally occurring antisense RNAs especially in testis.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Neuroscience Center and Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Riikka H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joensuu
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kallijärvi
authors.forename: Anna-Elina
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lehesjoki
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D018387:Codon, Initiator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018388:Codon, Terminator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050336:Mulibrey Nanism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D018387:Codon, Initiator; D018388:Codon, Terminator; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; C411745:TRIM37 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases