title: Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A consensus has emerged that angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) have specific renoprotective effects. Guidelines specify that these are the drugs of choice for the treatment of hypertension in patients with renal disease. We sought to determine to what extent this consensus is supported by the available evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases were searched up to January, 2005, for randomised trials assessing antihypertensive drugs and progression of renal disease. Effects on primary discrete endpoints (doubling of creatinine and end-stage renal disease) and secondary continuous markers of renal outcomes (creatinine, albuminuria, and glomerular filtration rate) were calculated with random-effect models. The effects of ACE inhibitors or ARBs in placebo-controlled trials were compared with the effects seen in trials that used an active comparator drug.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparisons of ACE inhibitors or ARBs with other antihypertensive drugs yielded a relative risk of 0.71 (95% CI 0.49-1.04) for doubling of creatinine and a small benefit on end-stage renal disease (relative risk 0.87, 0.75-0.99). Analyses of the results by study size showed a smaller benefit in large studies. In patients with diabetic nephropathy, no benefit was seen in comparative trials of ACE inhibitors or ARBs on the doubling of creatinine (1.09, 0.55-2.15), end-stage renal disease (0.89, 0.74-1.07), glomerular filtration rate, or creatinine amounts. Placebo-controlled trials of ACE inhibitors or ARBs showed greater benefits than comparative trials on all renal outcomes, but were accompanied by substantial reductions in blood pressure in favour of ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of ACE inhibitors or ARBs on renal outcomes in placebo-controlled trials probably result from a blood-pressure-lowering effect. In patients with diabetes, additional renoprotective actions of these substances beyond lowering blood pressure remain unproven, and there is uncertainty about the greater renoprotection seen in non-diabetic renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, BHF laboratories at University College London, London, UK. juan.pablo-casas@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Weiliang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loukogeorgakis
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vallance
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeeth
authors.forename: Aroon D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: MacAllister
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents