title: Vertebral endplate architecture and vascularization: application of micro-computerized tomography, a vascular tracer, and immunocytochemistry in analyses of disc degeneration in the aging sand rat.
abstract: METHODS
  Lower lumbar vertebral endplates from young and old sand rats were assessed in an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved study for architectural endplate features using micro-computerized tomography (CT) 3-dimensional (3D) models and vascularization studies by an in vivo vascular tracer or immunocytochemical identification of blood vessels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess endplate porosity and vascularization using microCT architectural analysis, an in vivo vascular tracer, and immunocytochemical identification of blood vessels in the endplate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The vertebral endplates, also called cartilage endplates, form the superior and inferior, or cranial and caudal, boundaries of the disc. In the human being and sand rat, the cartilaginous endplate undergoes calcification with aging and is replaced by bone. Endplate sclerosis has long been thought to play a role in disc degeneration by decreasing nutrient availability to the disc, but this is still poorly understood. Previous work has identified increasing bone mineral density with aging and disc degeneration in the sand rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  microCT models of the lower lumbar endplates of vertebrae at L5-6 and L6-7 were constructed from 6 younger (mean age 11 months) and 21 older (mean age 25.6 months) sand rats. Architectural features were scored on a semiquantitative scale for smoothness of the endplate face, irregularities on the endplate margin, and endplate thickness. There were 2 smaller sets of animals (n = 18) evaluated for endplate vascularity following in vivo injection of a fluorescent vascular tracer or by the use of immunocytochemistry to identify blood vessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  microCT revealed a solid bony surface to the endplate, which was not penetrated by vasculature; with aging/disc degeneration, there was roughening and pitting of the plate surface, and the development of irregular margins. In L5-6 and L6-7, sites of prominent disc degeneration evident on radiographs, the proportion of abnormalities in surface smoothness, margin irregularity, and endplate thickening were all statistically significant in both younger and older animals (P < or = 0.0027). More severe changes were evident in the caudal versus cranial endplate surfaces. Histologic study of vascular tracer showed that there was no penetration of the disc by vascular supply from the endplate; this was verified by immunocytochemical identification of blood vessels. The canal system within the endplate was a complex 3D interconnected network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show that disc degeneration in the sand rat occurs concomitantly with marked architectural bony changes on the endplate face, including loss of smoothness and development of irregular bony margins. Vascular connections were not present between the endplate and disc; this was verified with microCT studies, in vivo vascular tracers, and traditional immunocytochemistry. The canal system within the imaged endplate was revealed to consist of a complex 3D interconnected network.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA. hgruber@carolinas.org
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Nomaan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kilburn
authors.forename: Cliff
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: H James
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D019793:Fluorescein; D005849:Gerbillinae; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008852:Microradiography; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019793:Fluorescein