title: Different breathing patterns in healthy and asthmatic children: responses to an arithmetic task.
abstract: Asthma patients have been reported to be sensitive to breathlessness, independent of the degree of airway obstruction. Paying attention and task performance may induce changes in breathing pattern and these in turn may mediate such a feeling. The present experiment investigates whether strained breathing induced by an arithmetic task was different in children with asthma compared to healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven healthy and eight asthmatic but symptom-free school children were equipped with electrodes for surface electromyographic (EMG) measurements of diaphragm, abdominal and intercostal (IC) muscles and with a strain gauge to monitor the pattern of breathing at rest and during an arithmetic task. The relative duration of exhalation and the relative speed of exhalation are used as measures of straining. The phase angle of maximal respiratory muscle activities relative to the maximal chest extension (MCE) are additional discriminating parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asthmatic children breathed more slowly and already at rest the phase of their respiratory muscle activity appears to be different. While in healthy children the maximal activity of the (left)abdominal muscles occurred 5+/-29% later than the MCE, in children with asthma the maximal activity occurred 26+/-30% of the cycle earlier than MCE. In children with asthma the activity of the IC muscles starts weaning already at 10+/-30% before MCE, in contrast to the healthy children in which intercostal muscle weaning starts only at 1+/-24% after MCE. During arithmetic, the significant difference between the groups in this respect disappeared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with asthma show, even at rest, signs of respiratory muscle straining, probably in order to keep close control over the airflow in a similar way as healthy children during mental tasks. Such a 'careful' breathing pattern may work to prevent airway irritation also when they are free of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. fokkema@amazed.nl
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fokkema
authors.forename: E J W
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Maarsingh
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: van Eykern
authors.forename: W M C
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van Aalderen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D011340:Problem Solving; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012146:Rest