title: Role of coordinated molecular alterations in the development of androgen-independent prostate cancer: an in vitro model that corroborates clinical observations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of potential downstream targets of HER-2/neu, including the cell-cycle regulator p27, proliferation-associated protein Ki-67, apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2, and signal-transduction molecule Akt (which is associated with cell survival), as the development of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) in patients who are initially responsive to androgen-ablation therapy (AAT) is a significant clinical problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Earlier studies showed that high levels of HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase receptor expression as assessed by immunohistochemistry were significantly associated with the development of AIPC, and we hypothesised that HER-2/neu overexpression provides an alternative proliferative stimulus upon androgen depletion. We established a unique clinical model system, comprising patients who received no AAT, or who had preoperative AAT, or those with advanced tumours resistant to AAT. To test our hypothesis in vitro, we stably transfected full-length HER-2/neu cDNA in androgen-responsive LNCaP cells and examined the effects of HER-2/neu overexpression on cell proliferation, apoptosis, androgen-receptor activation, and Akt phosphorylation upon androgen deprivation by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p27 expression was initially induced on exposure to AAT, and significantly decreased in AIPC (P < 0.001). There was also a significant increase in the Ki-67 index in AIPC (P = 0.001). Elevated Bcl-2 expression was closely associated with AAT (P = 0.002), suggesting that Bcl-2 expression is induced on initial exposure to AAT. Further, Bcl-2 expression was highest in hormone-resistant cancers (P < 0.001). Using the HER-2/neu transfected cell-line model, we confirmed the mechanistic basis of the clinical observations which elucidate the pathway leading to HER-2/neu-mediated androgen independence. On androgen deprivation, the HER-2/neu transfected cells had higher proliferation rates, lower G1 arrest, inhibited p27 up-regulation, a lower apoptotic index, and higher Bcl-2, prostate-specific antigen and phosphorylated Akt expression than the mock-transfected LNCaP cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that prostate cancer cells undergo a series of coordinated changes after exposure to AAT, which eventually result in the development of androgen independence. Further, in support of previous results, it appears that a major factor in this process is the induction of HER-2/neu overexpression, which occurs after initial exposure to AAT. HER-2/neu may contribute to the development of androgen independence through: (i) maintaining cell proliferation; (ii) inhibiting apoptosis; and/or (iii) inducing AR activation in a ligand-independent fashion. These effects may be mediated, at least in part, through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Sunanda J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.forename: Shan-Rong
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Llana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pootrakul
authors.forename: Clive R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Datar
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cote
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000378:metabolism*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011944:Receptors, Androgen