title: The World Bank, pharmaceutical policies, and health reforms in Latin America.
abstract: Health care systems spend a relatively high percentage of their resources on the purchase of medicines, and the poor spend a disproportionate amount of their income on pharmaceuticals. There is ample evidence in the literature that drugs are very poorly used. World Bank-led health reforms aim at improving equity, efficiency, quality, and users' satisfaction, and it will be difficult to achieve these goals without making medicines accessible and affordable. The purpose of this article is to examine the adequacy of World Bank pharmaceutical policies, as recommended in various Bank documents, for Latin America and to examine the implementation of the policy recommendations. The authors found that the World Bank identified and recommended a set of pharmaceutical policies that matched the needs of the region. But, as revealed through fieldwork and a review of the literature, the recommended pharmaceutical interventions were left out of the health reforms, and most of the loans that included pharmaceutical interventions allocated funds only to the purchase of drugs. The authors formulate four hypotheses that may explain the lack of congruence between the recommended policies and the strategies financed by World Bank health reform loans to the Latin American region.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health. nhomedes@utep.edu
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Homedes
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugalde
authors.forename: Joan Rovira
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Forns
mesh_terms: D016527:Drug Costs; D004345:Drug Industry; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005378:Financial Support; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D016134:Organizational Policy; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014480:United Nations
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations