title: Religion and spirituality: a discussion paper about negativity, reductionism and differentiation in nursing texts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The last 30 years have seen a proliferation of literature about spirituality in the nursing press. A dominant theme has been the need to differentiate spirituality from religion and this has provoked a number of authors to attempt to define and describe religion. As nursing advocates respect for the person's religious beliefs the way in which it is portrayed is very relevant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work explores how religion is defined and discussed in the nursing literature about spirituality to consider whether the way religion is portrayed could be said to demonstrate 'respect' for religious beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Texts about religion were examined in relation to theories of religion from anthropology, sociology and religious studies. These disciplines have produced substantive or irreducible accounts in contrast to functional and reductive theories about religion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result of this analysis is that there appears to be a tendency to talk about religion without using sources which itself suggests a lack of respect as well as an inclination to view it only in reductive and functional terms. This is proved by the similarity of ideas in the nursing literature to the functionalist and reductionist theories of Frazer, Tylor, Marx, Durkheim and Freud. This approach is criticised with reference to the work of Otto, Bellah, Berger and Pals who suggest that religion should be seen as irreducibly to do with the sacred. It is proposed that this is a more appropriate outlook to take for an occupation which professes to respect the religious beliefs of all individuals. However, viewing religion in this more meaningful way, acknowledging their spirituality has implications for attempts to differentiate religion and spirituality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductive accounts of religion imply, probably inadvertently but nevertheless negative, attitudes towards religious belief. A more serious and deeper exploration of the meaning of religion from the standpoint of irreducibility might be more respectful and tolerant of religious belief. This is particularly salient in a society where religious practice is increasing both in the indigenous population and as a result of immigration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Social Care, University College, Worcester WR26AJ, UK. janice.clarke@worc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000850:Anomie; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003148:Communism; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005239:Fear; D005619:Freudian Theory; D006801:Humans; D016294:Models, Nursing; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D009341:Negativism; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing; D011287:Prejudice; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012961:Sociology; D029181:Spirituality; D016746:Transcultural Nursing