title: The roles of immunity and autoimmunity in chronic heart failure.
abstract: Chronic heart failure (CHF) represents a major public health burden in developed countries. The introduction of new treatments has helped to improve its prognosis in recent years. However, it is still not possible to directly target the immunological aspects of the disease. In fact, chronic immune activation with the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory substances in the plasma remains an important feature of the disease, independently of its aetiology. Autoimmune mechanisms play a significant role in a subgroup of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The interplay between the two systems has not been established so far. This review briefly summarizes immune and autoimmune mechanisms in CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Cardiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK. stephan.von.haehling@web.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Haehling
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doehner
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha