title: Frozen section of lung specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frozen section of lung tissue is performed to guide the surgeon in subsequent therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Practical experience in frozen section of the lung was reviewed in the medical literature and from the records of several academic hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most frozen sections of the lung are performed for evaluation of a solitary nodule, a mass, or the surgical margins of a resection. Frozen section may also be used to assess the adequacy of a lung wedge biopsy taken for later diagnosis of a condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathologic evaluation of intraoperative pulmonary lesions is indicated for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and masses, both neoplastic and nonneoplastic, surgical resection margins, and mediastinal lymph nodes. The most worrisome pitfalls involve differentiating benign reactive atypia from malignancy on frozen section.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. asienko@tmh.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sienko
authors.forename: Timothy Craig
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Dani S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zander
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cagle
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010340:Pathology, Surgical / Q000379:methods*