title: Toward refinement of the colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage clonogenic assay: inclusion of a metabolic system.
abstract: This work represents a first attempt to refine the colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) clonogenic assay by incorporating liver microsomes and co-factors as a metabolic system into the in vitro test system in response to an ECVAM recommendation. From the comparison of results obtained with the CFU-GM clonogenic assay currently used and with the new experimental protocol, different toxicity on granulocyte/macrophage precursors was demonstrated, when drugs with a known metabolism in vivo were tested.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline S.p.A., Medicines Research Centre, Via A. Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy. gdn9073@gsk.com
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dal Negro
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vandin
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonato
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sciuscio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002437:Cefazolin / Q000633:toxicity; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000633:toxicity; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000633:toxicity; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015215:Zidovudine; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D014635:Valproic Acid; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002437:Cefazolin; D002439:Cefotaxime