Botulinum toxin in ophthalmic plastic surgery.
Botulinum toxin chemodenervation has evolved greatly over the past 30 years since its introduction in the 1970s for the management of strabismus. Among ophthalmic plastic surgeons, botulinum toxins are often used as the first line treatment for facial dystonias. These toxins are also efficacious for the temporary management of various other conditions including keratopathies (through so called chemo-tarsorraphy), upper eyelid retraction, orbicularis overaction-induced lower eyelid entropion, gustatory epiphora, Frey's syndrome, and dynamic facial rhytids such as lateral canthal wrinkles (crow's feet), glabellar creases and horizontal forehead lines. This article describes the pharmacology, reconstitution techniques and common current applications of botulinum toxins in ophthalmic plastic surgery.
Naik
Milind N
MN
Division of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India. milind@lvpei.org
Soparkar
Charles Ns
CN
Murthy
R
R
Honavar
S G
SG
D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures
D001905:Botulinum Toxins