title: An economic evaluation of operative compared with nonoperative management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The choice of therapy for a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture has long been a source of uncertainty in orthopaedic surgery, both in terms of the impact of the therapy on clinical outcomes and on health-care and non-health-care costs. We performed an economic evaluation, based on the results of a randomized clinical trial, to evaluate the economic implications of operative compared with nonoperative management of this fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  An economic evaluation was performed, with use of a four-year time horizon, to determine the effect on costs and health benefits of operative compared with nonoperative management for a group of patients with displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus. The complication rate, arthrodesis rate, survival data, and health-outcome data were estimated prospectively from a recent randomized clinical trial. Direct health-care costs and indirect costs (the cost of time lost from work) were estimated retrospectively from the center treating the majority of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operative management resulted in a lower rate of subtalar arthrodesis and a shorter time off from work compared with nonoperative treatment. When indirect costs, such as the time lost from work, were included in the analysis, operative management was less costly (an average savings of Can$19,000 per patient) and more effective, thus making it the preferred strategy. The result was most sensitive to the estimates of the costs of time lost from work. When these costs were excluded, operative treatment remained more effective, but with an increased average cost of Can$2800 per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcaneal fractures have been recognized as having relatively poor clinical outcomes and a major socioeconomic impact with regard to time lost from work and recreation. Our analysis suggests that operative management of displaced intra-articular fractures is economically attractive. However, further exploration of the impact and valuation of time lost from work and patient outcomes is required.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. cbrauer@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Carmen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.
authors.forename: Braden J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.affiliation: Queen's University School of Medicine, 68 Barrie Street, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 21 Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buckley
mesh_terms: D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D011788:Quality of Life