title: Diaphragmatic paralysis: the use of M mode ultrasound for diagnosis in adults.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective, case series.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of M mode ultrasonography in the evaluation of diaphragmatic paralysis in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiology department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients who were referred for evaluation of suspected diaphragmatic paralysis were evaluated using M mode ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the patients who were scanned demonstrated normal diaphragmatic movement. The M mode trace demonstrated normal movement of the diaphragm bilaterally with quiet respiration and a sharp upstroke on the sniff test (indicating normal caudal movement of the diaphragm). Six patients were found to have a unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Four of these patients were noted to have a raised hemi-diaphragm on chest radiography. Of the two who did not have a raised hemi-diaphragm on chest radiography, one was permanently ventilated. The M mode trace of the paralyzed side showed no active caudal movement of the diaphragm with inspiration and abnormal paradoxical movement (ie cranial movement on inspiration) particularly with the sniff test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M mode ultrasonography is a relatively simple and accurate test for diagnosing paralysis of the diaphragm, in the adult population. It can be performed, if necessary, at the bedside and can be easily repeated if paralysis is not thought to be permanent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Philips ATL Sono CT 5000 using a 2-5 MHz curved linear transducer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Wooloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Y-M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*