title: Phosphorylation of galectin-3 contributes to malignant transformation of human epithelial cells via modulation of unique sets of genes.
abstract: Galectin-3 is a multifunctional beta-galactoside-binding protein implicated in apoptosis, malignant transformation, and tumor progression. The mechanisms by which galectin-3 contributes to malignant progression are not fully understood. In this study, we found that the introduction of wild-type galectin-3 into nontumorigenic, galectin-3-null BT549 human breast epithelial cells conferred tumorigenicity and metastatic potential in nude mice, and that galectin-3 expressed by the cells was phosphorylated. In contrast, BT549 cells expressing galectin-3 incapable of being phosphorylated (Ser6-->Glu Ser6-->Ala) were nontumorigenic. A microarray analysis of 10,000 human genes, comparing BT549 transfectants expressing wild-type and those expressing phosphomutant galectin-3, identified 188 genes that were differentially expressed (>2.5-fold). Genes affected by introduction of wild-type phosphorylated but not phosphomutant galectin-3 included those involved in oxidative stress, a novel noncaspase lysosomal apoptotic pathway, cell cycle regulation, transcriptional activation, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, and tumor invasion. The reliability of the microarray data was validated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and by Western blot analysis, and clinical relevance was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR screening of a panel of matched pairs of breast tumors. Differentially regulated genes in breast cancers that are also predicted to be associated with phospho-galectin-3 in transformed BT549 cells include C-type lectin 2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5, cathepsins L2, and cyclin D1. These data show the functional diversity of galectin-3 and suggest that phosphorylation of the protein is necessary for regulation (directly or indirectly) of unique sets of genes that play a role in malignant transformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Nachman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mazurek
authors.forename: Yun Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramdas
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nangia-Makker
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bresalier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D037502:Galectin 3