Interactions between family members and staff in intensive care units--an observation and interview study.
BACKGROUND
Research about interactions between family members and staff are sparse, although family members' needs and experiences in intensive care units are well researched areas.


OBJECTIVE
The aim was to describe and interpret interactions between family members and staff in intensive care units.


METHODS
Interviews (n=24) with family members and repeated observations of interactions of family members and staff in intensive care units were performed and analysed together by means of content analysis.


RESULTS
The initial interactions between staff and family members had a substantial effect on family members and influenced their further interactions with the staff. Two kinds of interactions were revealed; mutual understanding and mutual misunderstanding. Family members, who understood the explicit information and the implicit messages were open in communication with the staff, adjusted well to the system, were acknowledged by the staff and sometimes consoled. Family members, who had difficulties understanding information and implicit messages drew back from communication with staff, did not adjust to the system and were sometimes insulted by the staff.


CONCLUSIONS
Unambiguous information from the staff is important for developing interactions of mutual understanding. The results may be a starting point for intensive care unit staff to reflect on how all family members are initially met and further informed and treated. Further research of family members' experiences of interactions with staff in a longitudinal perspective and the influence of critical illness on families are needed.
Söderström
Ing-Mari
IM
Department of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Kalmar University, S-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden. ing-marie.soderstrom@hik.se
Saveman
Britt-Inger
BI
Benzein
Eva
E
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D004645:Empathy; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014789:Visitors to Patients / Q000523:psychology