title: Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on paediatric metabolite levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended survival of HIV-infected children into adulthood, raising concerns about long-term metabolic changes in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study of metabolite levels in paediatric HIV-infected patients before and after starting HAART (January 2000 to June 2003). The effects of HAART on nonfasting blood levels of total (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, cholesterol ratio and lactate were analysed using mixed-effects regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 146 children attended 1208 appointments (median 6.7/child). Of these, 99 (68%) were African. At baseline, 75 (51%) were on HAART and had higher TC (4.19 vs 3.49 mmol/L, P<0.0001), HDL (1.03 vs 0.82 mmol/L, P<0.0001), and LDL (2.54 vs 2.11 mmol/L, P=0.0003) than those not on HAART. Metabolites increased with time on HAART exposure and then stabilized. At 2 years, TC had increased by 0.93 mmol/L (P<0.0001), with 29 children (20%) having repeated TC levels above the 95th centile. LDL and HDL had increased by 0.69 and 0.31 mmol/L at 2 years, respectively (both P<0.0001). Lactates declined with increasing age (-0.06 mmol/L/year, P=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first cohort study to demonstrate significant elevations of HDL as well as LDL in children on HAART. This rise in cardio-protective HDL may represent a positive effect of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, London. margaret.rhoads@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rhoads
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tudor-Williams
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kyd
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: E G H
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Lyall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D019344:Lactic Acid