title: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and AP-1 mediate the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by PDGF in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have been shown to communicate with each other via cytokine signaling during neovascularization. In this study, we investigated the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a cytokine released from tumors and ECs, on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human VSMCs and underlying signal transduction pathways. PDGF induced VEGF expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PDGF induced the activation of extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2), but not the activation of c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-1 was found to suppress VEGF expression and promoter activity. The expression of vectors encoding a mutated-type MEK-1 decreased the VEGF promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that PDGF dose-dependently increased the DNA binding activity of AP-1. Transient transfection studies using an AP-1 decoy oligonucleotide confirmed that the activation of AP-1 is involved in PDGF-induced VEGF upregulation. Conditioned media from the human VSMCs pretreated with PDGF could remarkably stimulate the in vitro growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and this effect was partially abrogated by VEGF neutralizing antibodies. The above results suggest that ERK-1/2 and AP-1 signaling pathways are involved in the PDGF-induced VEGF expression in human VSMCs and that these paracrine signaling pathways induce endothelial cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Chonnam University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju 501-190, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jung S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mi H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Ki M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Boo A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Bong W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Young D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation; D042783:Endothelial Cells; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases