title: DNA-based immunotherapy to treat atopic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current literature regarding DNA-based immunotherapy with respect to signaling mechanisms, cytokine profiles, and the applicability and success of this strategy to treat allergic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language articles were identified from the PubMed database using both standard and clinical queries. Search terms included CpG, allergy, atopic disease, immunotherapy, DNA vaccination, immunomodulation, and immunostimulatory DNA. Other sources included bibliographies from relevant articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent studies that provide information about the mechanisms or applications of DNA-based immunotherapy with respect to atopic disease are included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA-based immunotherapy composed of unmethylated CpG repeats is capable of inducing a shift in the cytokine profile and immune response that favors the T(H)1 arm. This observation makes DNA-based immunotherapy a promising candidate for the treatment of atopic diseases, which are known to be mediated by T(H)2-based responses. Early animal and human trials of DNA-based immunotherapy have shown the strategy to be both safe and effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA-based immunotherapy, although still in the early stages of development, has thus far been shown to be both safe and effective for a variety of atopic diseases and offers the potential for significant improvements over current immunotherapy protocols.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA. e.t@duke.edu
authors.forename: Ephraim L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tsalik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019444:Vaccines, DNA