title: [Clinical features & diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of congenital absence of the vas deferens].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We summarized the clinical data of 81 cases of CAVD and investigated clinical features, diagnosis and management of the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine cases of infertility were diagnosed as CAVD at the clinic, and 2 were diagnosed during surgical exploration. The population consisted of 40 cases of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), 25 cases of congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens (CUAVD), and 16 cases of segmental agenesis of the vas deferens. Seventy-four spouses received the treatment of assisted reproductive techniques, including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in 12 cases, and 4 of them achieved pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAVD frequently presents with infertility. CBAVD may manifest as obstructive azoospermia, and CUAVD and segmental vasal agenesis as oligospermia, asthenospermia, or obstructive azoospermia. CAVD is usually not difficult to diagnose, but may be missed due to careless examination. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) plays a key role in the management of CAVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Hong-Fei
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Ning-Hong
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ning-Han
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000002:abnormalities*