title: Role for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in cystitis-induced plasticity of micturition reflexes.
abstract: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) peptides are expressed and regulated in sensory afferents of the micturition pathway. Although these studies have implicated PACAP in bladder control, the physiological significance of these observations has not been firmly established. To clarify these issues, the roles of PACAP and PACAP signaling in micturition and cystitis were examined in receptor characterization and physiological assays. PACAP receptors were identified in various tissues of the micturition pathway, including bladder detrusor smooth muscle and urothelium. Bladder smooth muscle expressed heterogeneously PAC(1)null, PAC(1)HOP1, and VPAC(2) receptors; the urothelium was more restricted in expressing preferentially the PAC(1) receptor subtype only. Immunocytochemical studies for PAC(1) receptors were consistent with these tissue distributions. Furthermore, the addition of 50-100 nM PACAP27 or PACAP38 to isolated bladder strips elicited transient contractions and sustained increases in the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contractions. Treatment of the bladder strips with tetrodotoxin (1 muM) did not alter the spontaneous phasic contractions suggesting direct PACAP effects on bladder smooth muscle. PACAP also increased the amplitude of nerve-evoked contractions. By contrast, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide had no direct effects on bladder smooth muscle. In a rat cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis paradigm, intrathecal or intravesical administration of PAC(1) receptor antagonist, PACAP6-38, reduced cystitis-induced bladder overactivity. In summary, these studies support roles for PACAP in micturition and suggest that inflammation-induced plasticity in PACAP expression in peripheral and central micturition pathways contribute to bladder dysfunction with cystitis.
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Braas
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zvara
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nausch
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kliment
authors.forename: J Dana
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dunleavy
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vizzard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003556:Cystitis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D054641:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 2; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D012018:Reflex; D013575:Syncope; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; C075647:pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating-peptide (6-38); D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D054641:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 2; C517034:Dusp2 protein, rat; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases