title: Frequency of spousal interaction and 3-year progression of carotid artery intima medial thickness: the Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We employed Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) real-time recording in the natural setting to determine whether spousal interaction frequency predicts 3-year progression of carotid artery intima medial thickening (IMT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 250 healthy, older adults (M age = 61, 48% female) who, at baseline, underwent 6 days of ambulatory monitoring using electronic diaries to collect data on mood, activity, and posture, as well as current or recent (past 10 minutes) social interactions. Participants also underwent ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Spousal interaction frequency was computed as the sum of total interactions with only the spouse during the 6 days of monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spousal interaction frequency did not predict IMT change in the sample as a whole (p = .87). However, a sex by spousal interaction by marital adjustment interaction (p = .02) indicated that more frequent spousal interaction was associated with less IMT progression among men with better marital adjustment (p = .03). In contrast, frequent spousal interaction predicted greater IMT progression among women with better martial adjustment (p < .01). This effect lost significance when women's total social interactions (sum of all interactions) were included in the model. Total social interaction frequency was an independent predictor of IMT among women but not men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings extend those of previous research by suggesting that frequent spousal interactions may be associated with long-term cardiovascular health among happily married older men and demonstrate how sampling daily experience may enhance our understanding of the possible health benefits of marriage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. dlj25@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Denise L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Janicki
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kamarck
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gwaltney
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000473:pathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012923:Social Class; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography