title: R(+)-methanandamide and other cannabinoids induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases in human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells.
abstract: Prostaglandins (PGs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) by facilitating aqueous humor outflow. A possible role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in this process was emphasized by findings showing an impaired COX-2 expression in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium (NPE) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Using human NPE cells, the present study therefore investigated the effect of the IOP-lowering cannabinoid R(+)-methanandamide [R(+)-MA] on the expression of COX-2 and different MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). R(+)-MA led to a concentration- and time-dependent increase of COX-2 mRNA expression. R(+)-MA-induced COX-2 expression was accompanied by time-dependent phosphorylations of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p42/44 MAPK and was abrogated by inhibitors of both pathways. Moreover, R(+)-MA increased the mRNA and protein expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 but not that of MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Inhibition of COX-2 activity with NS-398 [N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide] was associated with a virtually complete suppression of R(+)-MA-induced MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression. Consistent with these data, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression was also induced by PGE2, a major COX-2 product. Two other COX-2-inducing cannabinoids, anandamide and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, caused the same pattern of MMP and TIMP expression as R(+)-MA both in the absence and presence of NS-398. Altogether, cannabinoids induce the production of several outflow-facilitating mediators in the human NPE. Our results further imply an involvement of COX-2-dependent PGs in MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression. In conclusion, stimulation of intraocular COX-2 and MMP expression may represent a potential mechanism contributing to the IOP-lowering action of different cannabinoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramer
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hinz
mesh_terms: D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics*; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; C088155:methanandamide; D013759:Dronabinol; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D015232:Dinoprostone