title: Maternal anthropometric and metabolic factors in the first half of pregnancy and risk of neonatal macrosomia in term pregnancies. A prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of maternal overweight and fetal macrosomia is increasing. Fetal macrosomia is associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. The objective of the present study was to investigate if maternal metabolic parameters associated with maternal overweight were independent determinants of macrosomia (birth weight > 4500 g or above the 95 percentile of the z-score for standardized birth weight).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population based cohort study of 2050 pregnancies and nested case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome measures were adjusted risks for macrosomia in relation to early second trimester maternal serum lipids, glucose and insulin (cohort study) and leptin and insulin-like growth factor (73 cases and 146 matched controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational diabetes was not independently associated with fetal macrosomia. First trimester body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain and placental weight were associated with macrosomia. High serum insulin and non-high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low serum HDL-cholesterol were associated with increased risk of macrosomia independent of BMI, weight gain, placental weight and gestational diabetes. Slim women with macrosomic infants had higher insulin compared with those with normal weight infants. This relation was not found among obese women. Leptin was not associated with macrosomia after adjusting for maternal BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood parameters known to be associated with the metabolic syndrome were risk factors for macrosomia independent of maternal BMI.
authors.affiliation: Woman and Child Division, Ullevål University Hospital, University of Bergen, 5025 bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Burski
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Øyen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bollerslev
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin