title: Male erectile dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review sexuality in persons with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), and to report the effectiveness of erectile interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports from six databases (1966-2003), selected annual proceedings (1997-2002) and manufacturer's information were screened against eligibility criteria. Included reports were abstracted and data pooled from case-series reports regarding intracavernous injections and sildenafil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2127 unique reports evaluated, 49 were included. Male sexual dysfunction was addressed in these reports of several interventions (behavioural therapy, topical agents, intraurethral alprosatadil, intracavernous injections, vacuum tumescence devices, penile implants, sacral stimulators and oral medication). Penile injections resulted in successful erectile function in 90% (95% CI: 83%, 97%) of men. Sildenafil resulted in 79% (95% CI: 68%, 90%) success; the difference in efficacy was not statistically significant. Five case-series reports involving 363 participants with penile implants demonstrated a high satisfaction rate, but a 10% complication rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large body of evidence addressing sexuality in males focuses on erection. Penile injection, sildenafil and vacuum devices generally obviate the need for penile implants to address erectile dysfunction. Interventions may positively affect sexual activity in the short term. Long-term sexual adjustment and holistic approaches beyond erections remain to be studied. Rigorous study design and reporting, using common outcome measures, will facilitate higher quality research. This will positively impact patient care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2101 East Jefferson Street, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
authors.affiliation: The Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deforge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blackmer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garritty
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barrowman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mamaladze
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moher
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome