title: Cross-sectional relations of peripheral microvascular function, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and aortic stiffness: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aortic stiffness and small-artery structure and function share various risk factors; however, relations between these 2 measures of vascular function are complex and incompletely understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined hyperemic forearm blood flow, an indicator of microvascular structure and function, and aortic stiffness in 2045 participants (1107 women, mean age 61+/-9 years) in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. Using arterial tonometry, we evaluated 3 measures of aortic stiffness: brachial pulse pressure; carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV), which is related directly to aortic wall stiffness; and forward pressure wave amplitude (Pf), which is related directly to aortic wall stiffness and inversely to aortic diameter. Using high-resolution ultrasound and Doppler, we evaluated brachial artery diameter, blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) at baseline and during reactive hyperemia after 5 minutes of forearm ischemia. In multivariable models that adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors, local brachial pulse pressure, CFPWV, and Pf, considered separately, were associated with increased baseline and hyperemic FVR (P<0.001). In models that further adjusted for mean arterial pressure, each measure of aortic stiffness was associated with reduced hyperemic flow (P<0.001). In risk factor-adjusted models that simultaneously considered CFPWV and Pf, both were associated with increased FVR at baseline (P<0.01) and during hyperemia (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that abnormal aortic stiffness and increased pressure pulsatility are associated with blunted microvascular reactivity to ischemic stress that is in excess of changes attributable to conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors alone, including mean arterial pressure.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Engineering, Inc, Waltham, MA 02453, USA. GaryFMitchell@mindspring.com
authors.forename: Gary F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parise
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia; D007511:Ischemia; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012307:Risk Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance