title: Severity categories of the International Prostate Symptom Score before, and urinary morbidity after, permanent prostate brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before seed implantation, stratified into mild (0-7), moderate (8-19) and severe (>20) categories, predicts brachytherapy-related morbidity in terms of IPSS resolution, catheter dependency and the need for surgical intervention after brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1998 to September 2003, 1034 consecutive patients had permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinical stage T1b-T3a NXM0 (2002 system) prostate cancer. Of the 1034 patients, 739 (71.5%) presented with an IPSS of 0-7, 287 (27.7%) of 8-19, and eight (0.8%) of > or = 20. The IPSS 8-19 cohort was further stratified into 8-14 (237 men) and 15-19 (50 men) subgroups. The median follow-up was 38.2 months. In all patients, an alpha-blocker was initiated before brachytherapy and continued at least until the IPSS normalized, the latter defined as a return to within 1 point of that before implantation. A median of 21 IPSS questionnaires were obtained per patient. Several clinical, treatment and dosimetric variables were evaluated as predictors of urinary morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire cohort, the IPSS peaked at a mean of 0.5 months after implantation and resolved at a mean of 1.7 months. At 5 years after brachytherapy, 90.1% of patients at risk (88.8%, 95.5%, and four of eight patients with a pre-implant IPSS of 0-7, 8-19 and > or = 20, respectively) were within the IPSS 0-7 category. Compared to the pre-implant IPSS, 13 patients (8%) were assigned to a higher IPSS severity category. Neither prolonged urinary catheter dependency (>5 days; 16 patients, 1.5%) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP, 17 patients, 1.6%) depended on the pre-implant IPSS subgroup. In Cox regression analysis, IPSS resolution was best predicted by pre-implant IPSS, prolonged catheter dependency by patient age, and TURP by any catheter dependency, the maximum IPSS increase and the maximum urethral dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IPSS before implantation predicted the resolution of IPSS after brachytherapy, but did not correlate with substantial urinary morbidity, including catheter dependency or the need for TURP. At 5 years after brachytherapy, 90.1% of patients at risk were assigned to the IPSS 0-7 category.
authors.affiliation: Schiffler Cancer Center, Wheeling Hospital, Wheeling, WV 26003, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: Zachariah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Galbreath
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adamovich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate / Q000379:methods*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D010165:Palladium