title: Prophylactic fluconazole is effective in preventing fungal colonization and fungal systemic infections in preterm neonates: a single-center, 6-year, retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the promising preliminary results observed in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) populations, the use of fluconazole to prevent fungal colonization and infection in preterm neonates in the NICU is still an open question and not yet recommended as a standard of care. We have reviewed our 6-year series to assess the effectiveness and safety of this form of prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study consisted of 465 neonates who weighed < 1500 g at birth and were admitted to our NICU in the period 1998-2003. Those who were born between 1998 and 2000 and did not receive fluconazole prophylaxis (group A, n = 240) were compared with those who were born between 2001 and 2003 and treated with fluconazole until the 30th day of life (45th for neonates < 1000 g at birth; group B, n = 225). Weekly surveillance cultures were obtained from all patients. Incidence of fungal colonization, incidence of systemic fungal infection (SFI), rate of progression from colonization to infection, and mortality rates attributable to fungi were calculated for both groups and separately for neonates who were < 1000 g (ELBW) and were 1001 to 1500 g (NE-VLBW) at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall fungal colonization was significantly lower in group B (24.0%) than in group A (43.8%; relative risk [RR]: 0.406; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.273-0.605). The same was true of neonates with colonization in multiple sites (2.6% vs 5.8%) and of those with colonization from high-risk sites (5.8% vs 19.2%). SFI incidence was significantly lower in group B (10 of 225 cases; 4.4%) than in group A (40 of 240 cases; 16.7%; RR: 0.233; 95% CI: 0.113-0.447). Reduction of both colonization and SFI in group B was greater in the ELBW neonates and also significant in the NE-VLBW neonates. Rate of progression from colonization to infection was significantly lower in group B (0.17 vs 0.38; RR: 0.369; 95% CI: 0.159-0.815). Crude mortality rate attributable to Candida species was 1.7% (4 of 240) in group A vs 0% (0 of 225) in group B. Overall mortality rate (any cause before hospital discharge) was similar in the two groups (11.2% vs 10.6%), but in colonized infants (n = 159), it was significantly lower in group B (3.7% vs 18.1%; RR: 0.174; 95% CI: 0.039-0.778). The incidence of natively fluconazole-resistant fungal species did not increase over the years, and patterns of sensitivity to fluconazole remained the same. No adverse reaction related to fluconazole occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic fluconazole significantly reduces the incidence of colonization and systemic infection by Candida species in both ELBW and NE-VLBW neonates and decreases the rates of progression from initial colonization to massive colonization and to systemic infection. All VLBW neonates may benefit from fluconazole prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Neonatology and Hospital NICU, Azienda Ospedaliera Regina Margherita-S. Anna, Turin, Italy. paolomanzoni@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arisio
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mostert
authors.forename: MariaLisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leonessa
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Maria Agnese
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latino
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gomirato
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole