title: Calcium extrusion is critical for cardiac morphogenesis and rhythm in embryonic zebrafish hearts.
abstract: Calcium entry into myocytes drives contraction of the embryonic heart. To prepare for the next contraction, myocytes must extrude calcium from intracellular space via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) or sequester it into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, via the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase2 (SERCA2). In mammals, defective calcium extrusion correlates with increased intracellular calcium levels and may be relevant to heart failure and sarcoplasmic dysfunction in adults. We report here that mutation of the cardiac-specific NCX1 (NCX1h) gene causes embryonic lethal cardiac arrhythmia in zebrafish tremblor (tre) embryos. The tre ventricle is nearly silent, whereas the atrium manifests a variety of arrhythmias including fibrillation. Calcium extrusion defects in tre mutants correlate with severe disruptions in sarcomere assembly, whereas mutations in the L-type calcium channel that abort calcium entry do not produce this phenotype. Knockdown of SERCA2 activity by morpholino-mediated translational inhibition or pharmacological inhibition causes embryonic lethality due to defects in cardiac contractility and morphology but, in contrast to tre mutation, does not produce arrhythmia. Analysis of intracellular calcium levels indicates that homozygous tre embryos develop calcium overload, which may contribute to the degeneration of cardiac function in this mutant. Thus, the inhibition of NCX1h versus SERCA2 activity differentially affects the pathophysiology of rhythm in the developing heart and suggests that relative levels of NCX1 and SERCA2 function are essential for normal development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hume
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohideen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siegal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yelon
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Garrity
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C110374:sodium-calcium exchanger 1; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; C506946:ATP2A2 protein, human; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D002118:Calcium