title: [Hepatic hydrothorax].
abstract: Hepatic hydrothorax is a rare complication of portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis affecting approximately 5-10% of cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatic hydrothorax results from an accumulation of fluid migrating through a diaphragmatic defect from the abdominal cavity into the pleural cavities. The effusion of hepatic hydrothorax is typically transudative whereas the effusion of spontaneous bacterial empyema (SBEM) is exudative. The clinical management of hepatic hydrothorax is equivalent to that of ascites. Patients with persistent hepatic hydrothorax despite fluid and sodium restriction as well as the use of maximally tolerable doses of diuretics and repeated thoracentesis are considered to have refractory hepatic hydrothorax. SBEM is a frequent underlying condition. SBEM occurs in up to 13% of patients with hepatic hydrothorax and should be treated by antibiotic therapy. Refractory hydrothorax is observed in 10% of patients with hepatic hydrothorax. These patients should be considered for transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt (TIPS) placement which is the most effective option for refractory hepatic hydrothorax with response rates ranging up to 80% in most studies. Suitable patients with hepatic hydrothorax should be considered as candidates for liver transplantation. TIPS may help to bridge the time to liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik I-ZAFES, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teuber
mesh_terms: D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D011167:Portacaval Shunt, Surgical; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome