Effect of low-dose ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on the activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 in healthy volunteers.
OBJECTIVE
In the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection, the protease inhibitor ritonavir is used in a low dose (100 mg twice daily) to inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and thereby increase plasma concentrations of coadministered protease inhibitors. When applied in a therapeutic dose (600 mg twice daily), ritonavir also inhibits CYP2D6. The effect of low-dose ritonavir on CYP2D6 is unknown and was investigated in this study.


METHODS
This was a 1-arm, 2-period, fixed-order study in 13 healthy male volunteers who were extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6. The first period examined baseline CYP2D6 activity by evaluating the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of desipramine and by metabolic phenotyping with dextromethorphan. During the second period, participants took ritonavir, 100 mg twice daily, for 2 weeks, followed by repeat assessment of desipramine pharmacokinetics and the dextromethorphan metabolic phenotype in the presence of ritonavir.


RESULTS
Low-dose ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) significantly increased the exposure to single-dose desipramine, as reflected in a geometric mean ratio (with ritonavir/without ritonavir) of 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.40) for the desipramine area under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to infinity (P < .001). Coadministration of low-dose ritonavir did not significantly affect the dextromethorphan/dextrorphan urinary metabolic ratio and did not convert any extensive metabolizer to a poor metabolizer.


CONCLUSIONS
Low-dose ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) exerts a modest inhibitory effect on the activity of CYP2D6 in extensive metabolizers, as assessed with desipramine as the index substrate. This effect was not apparent with the dextromethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratio as an indicator for CYP2D6 activity. It is expected that the effect of low-dose ritonavir on CYP2D6 will not require standard dose reductions for CYP2D6 substrates.
Aarnoutse
Rob E
RE
Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and General Internal Medicine, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands. R.Aarnoutse@akf.umcn.nl
Kleinnijenhuis
Johanneke
J
Koopmans
Peter P
PP
Touw
Daan J
DJ
Wieling
Jaap
J
Hekster
Yechiel A
YA
Burger
David M
DM
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D065690:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors; D003891:Desipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000652:urine; D003917:Dextrorphan / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors
D065690:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D003917:Dextrorphan; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D019438:Ritonavir; D003891:Desipramine