title: Can St John's wort (hypericin) ingestion enhance the erythemal response during high-dose ultraviolet A1 therapy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  St John's wort (SJW) is widely used as a treatment for depression. A phototoxic reaction, due to its content of hypericin, can occur in animals and in cell culture, and has been reported in humans. Hypericin displays absorption within the ultraviolet (UV) A1 spectrum and there may therefore be a potential for phototoxicity if taken during high-dose UVA1 therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the phototoxicity risk of SJW ingestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adult volunteers of skin types I and II were exposed to a geometric dose series of UVA1 irradiation from a high-output source (Dermalight Ultra 1; Dr Hönle, Martinsreid, Germany; irradiance 70-77 mW cm(-2)) on the photoprotected lower back skin at eight 1.5-cm(2) test areas. Irradiation was carried out at baseline and after 10 days of SJW extract 1020 mg (equivalent to 3000 microg of hypericin) daily. Four, 8, 24 and 48 h after each exposure, the minimal erythema dose (MED) and the presence or absence of pigmentation were recorded visually and erythema was assessed objectively with an erythema meter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median MED and D(0.025), an objective measure of MED, were lower at all time-points after SJW ingestion. The visual erythemal peak (lowest median MED), which was seen at 8 h postirradiation, was lower after SJW (median 14 J cm(-2), range 10-56) than at baseline (median 20 J cm(-2), range 14-56) (P = 0.047). Similarly, the median D(0.025) at 8 h postirradiation was lower after SJW (median 22.0 J cm(-2), range 15.2-53.9) than at baseline (median 33.7 J cm(-2), range 22.9-136.0) (P = 0.014). The MED and D(0.025) were also significantly different at the 48-h and 4-h time-points, respectively. Significance was not reached at the 24-h time-point. Median intensity of postirradiation erythema increased at all time-points after ingestion of SJW. Despite these differences, the maximum slope of the dose-response curve was not increased after SJW ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that SJW extract has the potential to lower the erythemal threshold to UVA1 irradiation in a significant proportion of individuals and highlight the importance of ascertaining a full drug history, including herbal remedies, before initiating UVA1 phototherapy.
authors.affiliation: Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Department, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, U.K. paula_e_beattie@hotmail.com
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dawe
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Traynor
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ibbotson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000873:Anthracenes; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014467:Ultraviolet Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010569:Perylene; C004965:hypericin