title: Supercritical CO2 extraction of beta-carotene from a marine strain of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus species.
abstract: Dynamic extraction of carotenoids from a marine strain of Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyceae) with supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was investigated with regard to operation pressure and temperature effects on extraction efficiency. Extraction yield (milligrams of pigment per gram of dry weight) for SC-CO2) was compared with the extraction yield for dimethylformamide (DMF). Carotenoids extracted with SC-CO2 were beta-carotene (Ct), zeaxanthin (Z), beta-cryptoxanthin (Cr), and equinenone; chlorophyll a was poorly extracted, whereas myxoxanthophyll, another major carotenoid, was not extracted under any experimental condition. The highest relative yield, which is defined here as y(r) = [(mg of pigment(SC-CO2)/mg of pigment(DMF))] x 100, was 76.1 +/- 8.6% for Ct, but it rose to 87.0 +/- 3.4% when 15% ethanol was used as cosolvent. The pressure effect on y(r) was found to be significant (p < 0.05) for both Cr and Z, along with total carotenoids, whereas the effect of square T (TT) was significant for only Ct. From empirical correlations, pairwise pressure (bar) and temperature (degrees C), respectively, for optimal extraction were determined to be (358, 50) for Ct, (454, 59) for Cr, and (500, 60) for Z. Cell disruption by sonication or detergent treatment of the biomass did not improve the extraction efficiency. Matrix structure together with material state could explain the low carotenoid extraction yield obtained with SC-CO2 as compared to DMF in Synechococcus sp. However, the process can be applied to selective extraction of different carotenoids.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine Sciences of Andalucia (CSIC), Avenida República Saharaui 2, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain. olimpio.montero@icman.csic.es
authors.forename: Olimpio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Maria Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Macías-Sánchez
authors.forename: Carmen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lama
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lubián
authors.forename: Casimiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mantell
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Enrique M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de la Ossa
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; D007700:Kinetics; D011312:Pressure; D046940:Synechococcus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002338:Carotenoids