title: Regional anesthesia in hip surgery.
abstract: Historically, general anesthesia has been the "gold standard" for surgeons and patients when major hip surgery is being done. The recent introductions of improved techniques and catheters for continuous peripheral nerve blocks have made regional anesthesia more attractive to patients and surgeons. We focus on current trends and future directions in perioperative pain management for major orthopaedic procedures done on the hip. The use of epidural or spinal anesthesia during major hip surgery has been linked to a reduced risk of perioperative complications like deep venous thrombosis, less deterioration of cerebral and pulmonary functions in patients who are at high risk for complications, and overall reduced blood loss. In addition, continuous peripheral nerve blocks showed effective and safe postoperative pain control, allowing for lower opioids consumption, improved and earlier rehabilitation, and high patient satisfaction. Accurate patient selection and patient education are fundamental for the success of any regional anesthesia technique. Modern regional anesthesia for major hip surgery includes the use of a single shot and continuous epidural injections, single-shot and continuous spinal injection, continuous lumbar plexus blockade, and continuous peripheral blockade of the femoral and sciatic nerves. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks represent an adjunctive, effective, and safe technique for postoperative pain control after total hip arthroplasty. Future directions in postoperative pain control include the creation of a comprehensive system that supervises the use of continuous peripheral nerve blocks outside the acute inpatient setting for few days following the surgical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic study, Level V (expert opinion). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Pier Francesco
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Indelli
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Thomas Parker
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Vail
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000639:trends*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000639:trends*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*