title: Fish consumption in pregnancy and omega-3 status after birth are not associated with postnatal depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research to date suggests a relationship between fish consumption, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and depression. However, interpretation of this research is difficult due to methodological limitations. Postpartum women provide an excellent opportunity to examine these relationships because omega-3s are transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy and from mother to child after birth through breast milk. Hence new mothers are more likely to be depleted in omega-3s. Our aim was to determine whether prenatal fish consumption and omega-3 status after birth were associated with postnatal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty first-time mothers were recruited; 41 who scored on or over the cut-off on one of two depression-screening instruments, and 39 in the control group. Depression was diagnosed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Fish consumption was measured during pregnancy, and depression and omega-3 status were determined postnatally. Logistic regression and t-tests were used to examine relationships between fish consumption, omega-3 status, and postnatal depression, while controlling for known covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal fish consumption was not predictive of postnatal depression, and postnatal omega-3 status was not associated with postnatal depression. However, prenatal fish consumption did predict omega-3 status after birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal fish consumption was measured using only a food frequency questionnaire, and no participants consumed oily fish (rich in omega-3s) regularly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no association between postnatal depression and either fish consumption in early pregnancy, or omega-3 status after birth. Our findings make it difficult to justify trials of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of postnatal depression.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Joanna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Silvers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology; D015930:Diet Records; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3