title: Male contraception: expanding reproductive choice.
abstract: The development of steroid-based oral contraceptives had revolutionized the availability of contraceptive choice for women. In order to expand the contraceptive options for couples by developing an acceptable, safe and effective male contraceptive, scientists have been experimenting with various steroidal/non-steroidal regimens to suppress testicular sperm production. The non-availability of a long-acting androgen was a limiting factor in the development of a male contraceptive regimen since all currently tested anti-spermatogenic agents also concurrently decrease circulating testosterone levels. A combination regimen of long-acting progestogen and androgen would have advantage over an androgen-alone modality since the dose of androgen required would be much smaller in the combination regimen, thereby decreasing the adverse effects of high steroid load. The progestogen in the combination regimen would act as the primary anti-spermatogenic agent. Currently, a number of combination regimens using progestogen or GnRH analogues combined with androgen are undergoing trials. The side effects of long-term use of androgens and progestogens have also undergone evaluation in primate models and the results of these studies need to be kept in view, while considering steroidal regimens for contraceptive use in men. Efforts are also being made to popularize non-scalpel vasectomy and to develop condoms of greater acceptability. The development of contraceptive vaccines for men, using sperm surface epitopes not expressed in female reproductive tract as source, still requires considerable research efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India. Profraj@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajalakshmi
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D017280:Condoms; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000494:pharmacology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003282:Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal / Q000737:chemistry; D003534:Cyproterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000494:pharmacology; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000939:Epitopes; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003282:Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal; D000939:Epitopes; D004967:Estrogens; D006728:Hormones; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D013739:Testosterone; C064709:trestolone; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D009277:Nandrolone; D017135:Desogestrel; D003534:Cyproterone