title: Evidence for a common process in gait initiation and stepping on to a new level to reach gait velocity.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the adaptability of the gait initiation process when confronted with stepping on (SO) to a new level. Eight young adults performed gait initiation at two different speed conditions in a level walking (LW) situation and in a SO situation aimed at walking on an elevated (16 cm) level surface. As in a previous study using a single step, we found in SO a contradiction between the characteristics of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) and gait velocity, i.e. the peak of anteroposterior velocity of the body's centre of gravity (CG) reached at the end of the first step. In normal and fast gaits, gait velocity was similar in both situations, whereas the duration and amplitude of the APA were smaller in SO than in LW. The reduction of APA in SO allowed the forward velocity of CG at the time of foot contact of the stepping limb to be lower than in LW. This is explained by the fact that the majority of body lift, beginning at this time, required a greater increase in forward velocity than in LW. Thus, with lower APA in SO, the gait velocity could be similar in both situations. From LW to SO, the spatio-temporal patterns in the forward velocity of CG varied within characteristic phases of the movement, but in a predictable way as gait velocity changed. These results gave evidence of an adaptation of the gait initiation process for the new constraints, despite the contradiction between APA and gait velocity. The spatio-temporal parameters of the anticipation phase in SO were pre-set according to the new requirements of the task: reaching gait velocity with a body lift. Furthermore, the time for reaching gait velocity was independent of both the amplitude of this velocity and the situation. This expressed the capacity of the subjects to use in SO the same optimal conditions to reach gait velocity as in LW, i.e. essentially in a ballistic manner.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire "Sport et Culture", EA 2931, Equipe Physiologie et Biomécanique des Mouvements Naturels et des Gestes Sportifs, UFR STAPS Paris X Nanterre, France. thierry.gelat@u-paris10.fr
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gélat
authors.forename: Armande Le
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pellec
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Brenière
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*