title: Kidney stone disease and risk factors for coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a case-control study to examine the impact of coronal heart disease (CHD) risk factors on calcium oxalate (CaOX) stone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variables included body mass index (BMI), current alcohol use, smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and hyperuricemia. Data suf fi cient for analysis were obtained for 181 CaOX stone formers and 187 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven of 181 stone formers (3.9%) had a history of CHD compared with none of 187 control subjects (P = 0.007). In univariate logistic regression analysis, smoking habit (OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.85-6.84, P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR 4.24, 95% CI 2.61-6.91, P < 0.0001), hypercholesterolemia (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.77-5.20, P < 0.0001) and BMI (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17, P = 0.007) reached statistical signi fi cance. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoking habit (OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.68-6.86, P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.11-6.07, P < 0.0001), and hypercholesterolemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.51-5.00, P = 0.001) reached statistical signi fi cance, while BMI (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.12, P = 0.09) did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CaOX stone formers are signi fi cantly associated with several CHD risk factors, including smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi-city, Chiba, Japan. shammer@d3.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamano
authors.forename: Hiroomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsu
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomioka
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murakami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D003404:Creatinine