title: The use of novel foods enriched with long-chain n-3 fatty acids to increase dietary intake: a comparison of methodologies assessing nutrient intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of consuming a variety of foods enriched in long-chain n-3 fatty acids in low fish eaters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of reported dietary intakes in a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, controlled parallel design trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five men and women with overweight and mildly elevated triglyceride levels who have a low habitual intake of fish.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomized to consume foods either enriched in long-chain n-3 fats or control foods (not enriched). Subjects were asked to consume eight portions per day (equivalent to approximately 1 g/day long-chain n-3 fatty acid if randomized to the intervention).
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported energy, macronutrient, and fatty acid intakes were measured by diet history, 3-day food records, and body weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures analysis of variance, Kruskall-Wallis test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups did not differ in mean dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake at baseline (258 mg and 313 mg for the intervention and control groups, respectively). At 6 months the intervention group members increased their intake of long-chain n-3 fats 4.5-fold compared with baseline and with the control group (P<.001). The data from the diet histories correlated well with the food records for all reported macronutrient and fatty acid values. Food pattern analysis showed that milk (13.8%), cereal (12.1%), and bread (11.3%) contributed the most to the overall long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This long-term study in free-living subjects indicates that population intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids could be substantially increased through the availability of a variety of n-3 fatty acid-enriched processed foods.
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. cpatch@nceff.com.au
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Patch
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tapsell
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Manny
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Puddey
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Annison
authors.forename: Peter R C
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Howe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015930:Diet Records; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid