title: Biomechanics of changes in lumbar posture in static lifting.
abstract: METHODS
  In vivo measurements and model studies are combined to investigate the role of lumbar posture in static lifting tasks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identification of the role of changes in the lumbar posture on muscle forces, internal loads, and system stability in static lifting tasks with and without load in hands.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite the recognition of the causal role of lifting in spinal injuries, the advantages of preservation or flattening of the lumbar lordosis while performing lifting tasks is not yet clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematics of the spine and surface EMG activity of selected muscles were measured in 15 healthy subjects under different forward trunk flexion angles and load cases. Apart from the freestyle lumbar posture, subjects were instructed to take either lordotic or kyphotic posture as well. A kinematics-based method along with a nonlinear finite element model were interactively used to compute muscle forces, internal loads and system stability margin under postures, and loads considered in in vivo investigations. RESULTS.: In comparison with the kyphotic postures, the lordotic postures increased the pelvic rotation, active component of extensor muscle forces, segmental axial compression and shear forces at L5-S1, and spinal stability margin while decreasing the passive muscle forces and segmental flexion moments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in the lumbar lordosis in lifting resulted in significant changes in the muscle forces and internal spinal loads. Spinal shear forces at different segmental levels were influenced by changes in both the disc inclinations and extensor muscle lines of action as the posture altered. Considering internal spinal loads and active-passive muscle forces, the current study supports the freestyle posture or a posture with moderate flexion as the posture of choice in static lifting tasks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Navid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arjmand
authors.forename: Aboulfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirazi-Adl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*