title: Does dexmedetomidine prevent emergence delirium in children after sevoflurane-based general anesthesia?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergence agitation or delirium (ED) is a frequent phenomenon in children recovering from general anesthesia (GA). Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2 receptor agonist, has analgesic and sedative properties that might be helpful in the management of ED. We studied the effects of a continuous perioperative infusion of 0.2 microg.kg(-1).h(-1) dexmedetomidine on the incidence of ED in 50 children aged 1-10 years scheduled for sevoflurane-based GA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following inhalation induction of GA, the children were randomly assigned into dexmedetomidine or placebo Groups D and S, respectively. The infusion of 0.2 microg.kg(-1).h(-1) dexmedetomidine or equal volume of saline was started after securing the airway. Depth of anesthesia was maintained by adjusting the concentration of sevoflurane to achieve a Bispectral Index Score of 40-60. Intraoperative hemodynamics were recorded every 5 min and the trachea was extubated at the end of the procedure. Perioperative pain management was determined by the blinded anesthesia team, and the study drug infusion was maintained for 15 min following the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) admission. ED and pain scores were evaluated by a blinded observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ED was statistically significantly different between the two groups, 26% in Group D Vs 60.8% in Group S (P = 0.036). Additionally, the number of episodes of ED was lower in Group D (P < 0.017). Pain scores and the times to extubate and discharge from PACU were the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perioperative infusion of 0.2 microg.kg(-1).h(-1) dexmedetomidine decreases the incidence and frequency of ED in children after sevoflurane-based GA without prolonging the time to extubate or discharge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. mohanad-shukry@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Mohanad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shukry
authors.forename: Mathison C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Clyde
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kalarickal
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramadhyani
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003693:Delirium / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D020927:Dexmedetomidine