title: Categorical and continuous models of liability to externalizing disorders: a direct comparison in NESARC.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patterns of genetic, environmental, and phenotypic relationships among antisocial behavior and substance use disorders indicate the presence of a common externalizing liability. However, whether this liability is relatively continuous and graded, or categorical and class-like, has not been well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the fit of categorical and continuous models of externalizing liability in a large, nationally representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Categorical and continuous models of externalizing liability were compared using interview data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face interviews conducted in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of 43 093 noninstitutionalized adult civilians living in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime and current (past 12 months) diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence, cocaine dependence, and other substance dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the entire sample, as well as for males and females separately, using either lifetime or current diagnoses, the best-fitting model of externalizing liability was a continuous normal model. Moreover, there was a general trend toward latent trait models fitting better than latent class models, indicating that externalizing liability was continuous and graded, rather than categorical and class-like.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liability to externalizing spectrum disorders is graded and continuous normal in distribution. Research regarding etiology, assessment, and treatment of externalizing disorders should target externalizing liability over a range of severity. Current diagnoses represent extremes of this continuous liability distribution, indicating that conditions currently classified as subthreshold are likely to provide important information regarding liability to externalizing phenomena.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Ekkiott Hall, 75 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. mark0060@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: Kristian E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Markon
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology