title: Intraoperative computed tomography in otorhinolaryngology.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative CT surgery provides the surgeon with additional information about the altered surgical site in difficult anatomical situations. The skull base and lamina papyracea may be revealed by means of intraoperative CT, which may be beneficial in endonasal sinus surgery involving difficult surgical sites, although individual ethmoid cells cannot be assessed owing to blood artefacts. This provides the surgeon with valuable information that may facilitate the procedure considerably. In soft-tissue surgery it is advisable to apply a contrast agent in order to achieve good soft-tissue contrast, thus allowing the tumour to be adequately distinguished from benign tissue. The intraoperative application of CT is a fairly time-consuming procedure, partly owing to the preparation time (set-up of the appliance; 10-min warming-up phase) and partly due to the length of time required to calculate each image (15 s).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  CT is a well-established imaging method for the assessment of osseous and soft-tissue structures in the head and neck region. Saving information and transferring it to the intraoperative site may, however, be problematic. Computer-assisted navigation systems are now able to assist difficult surgical procedures in the field of otolaryngology. To investigate the indications for intraoperative CT, we used it in various surgical procedures in the head and neck region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative CT was applied using the Tomoscan M in 46 cases in order to demonstrate the surgical benefit of the following procedures: endonasal surgical procedures on the paranasal sinuses (maxillary and ethmoidal sinusitis, anterior fracture of the sphenoidal sinus); tumour removal by means of laser surgery (carcinomas of the hypopharynx and larynx); and cochlear implantation (to verify the electrode position). After positioning the patient on the CT table, the workstation was set up in the operating theatre. If necessary, the gantry could be moved over the patient's head without repositioning the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative CT was used to assist in the exposure of the skull base and lamina papyracea in endonasal surgery of the paranasal sinuses. Individual ethmoidal sinuses could not be evaluated owing to blood artefacts. Intraoperative imaging proved particularly helpful in revision surgery for chronic sinusitis in cases with missing anatomical landmarks owing to previous surgeries, where there is an increased risk of inflicting damage to the skull base or orbita. The resection margins can be determined in craniofacial resections. In soft-tissue procedures, such as tumour removal by means of laser surgery, it proved possible to visualize the resection borders of malignant tumours. Assessment of the electrode position in cochlear implantation is particularly useful in revision cases and in cases of cochlear obliteration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany. Stieve.Martin@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stieve
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bisdas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heermann
authors.forename: Th
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenarz
mesh_terms: D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*