title: Sustained and therapeutic levels of human factor IX in hemophilia B mice implanted with microcapsules: key role of encapsulated cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A gene therapy delivery system based on microcapsules enclosing recombinant cells engineered to secrete a therapeutic protein was explored in this study. In order to prevent immune rejection of the delivered cells, they were enclosed in non-antigenic biocompatible alginate microcapsules prior to being implanted intraperitoneally into mice. We have shown that encapsulated C2C12 myoblasts can temporarily deliver therapeutic levels of factor IX (FIX) in mice, but the C2C12 myoblasts elicited an immune response to FIX. In this study we report the use of mouse fetal G8 myoblasts secreting hFIX in hemophilia mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse G8 myoblasts were transduced with MFG-FIX vector. A pool of recombinant G8 myoblasts secreting approximately 1500 ng hFIX/10(6) cells/24 h in vitro were enclosed in biocompatible alginate microcapsules and implanted intraperitoneally into immunocompetent C57BL/6 and hemophilic mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating levels of hFIX in treated mice reached approximately 400 ng/ml for at least 120 days (end of experiment). Interestingly, mice treated with encapsulated G8 myoblasts did not develop anti-hFIX antibodies. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of plasmas obtained from treated hemophilic mice was reduced from 107 to 82 sec on day 60 post-treatment, and whole blood clotting time (WBCT) was also corrected from 7-9 min before treatment to 3-5 min following microcapsule implantation. Further, mice were protected against bleeding following major trauma. Thus, the FIX delivery in vivo was biologically active.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the type of cells encapsulated play a key role in the generation of immune responses against the transgene. Further, a judicious selection of encapsulated cells is critical for achieving sustained gene expression. Our findings support the feasibility of encapsulated G8 myoblasts as a gene therapy approach for hemophilia B.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Andrew Gómez
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ofosu
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hortelano
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002214:Capsules; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005164:Factor IX / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005333:Fetus; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000637:transplantation*; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002214:Capsules; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005164:Factor IX