title: Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a benign metaplastic lesion of the urothelium and is attributed to chronic irritation of the mucosa, by injury, infection, stone disease or intravesical instrumentations. We present our experience on this morbid entity, its clinical appearance in the urinary bladder, its frequency and relapses. Furthermore we reviewed the related recent literature and focused on its potential to neoplastic degeneration and the value of the new diagnostic modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with NA of the urinary bladder are presented. The papilloid or polypoid formations observed by the cystoscopy were identified after the TUR, as NA of the urinary bladder. Their mean follow-up was 3.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remission of the symptoms was observed after TUR in all patients. Three out of four patients presented 1-7 relapses, while in one case, after seven NA relapses, a urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike histological features, the clinical - endoscopic characteristics of NA are non-specific. Even if it is not definitely considered like a premalignant condition, NA has to be followed up frequently and long lasting, because of its high recurrence rate. The combination of Cytology, Flow cytometry, DNA image analysis and Fluorescence in situ hybridization of bladder washings or voided urine, are of high value in monitoring NA of the urothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, General Hospital of Rhodes, Rhodes-island, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zougkas
authors.forename: Marinos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalafatis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalafatis
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000368:Aged; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*