title: Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of preincisional infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation of levobupivacaine 0.25%.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to test the use of preincisional and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine (L-B) 0.25% in laparoscopic cholecystectomies for postoperative analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 108 patients under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive preincisional local infiltration of 20 ml solution and intraperitoneal instillation of another 20 ml solution. Group A received for local infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation normal saline (NS). Group B received for local infiltration L-B 0.25% and for intraperitoneal instillation NS. Group C received for local infiltration NS and for intraperitoneal instillation L-B 0.25%. Group D received both for local infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation L-B 0.25%. Abdominal and right shoulder pain were recorded for 24 h postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain scores were lower in group D than in the other groups during rest, cough, and movement (p < 0.05). Rescue analgesic treatment was significantly lower in patients of group D (35%) as compared with that of group A (84%) (p < 0.05). The incidence of right shoulder pain was significantly lower in groups C (22%) and D (18%) than in any of the other groups (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of preincisional local infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation of L-B 0.25% shows an advantage for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia Department, Hippocration General Hospital, 108 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece. louizos@ath.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Louizos
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hadzilia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leandros
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kouroukli
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bramis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine