title: Excretion of urinary cadmium, copper, and zinc in cadmium-exposed and nonexposed subjects, with special reference to urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin and metallothionein.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine the association between urinary excretion of cadmium (U-Cd), copper (U-Cu), and zinc (U-Zn) and the severity of two different indicators of renal toxicity (urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin [U-beta2-MG] and metallothionein [U-MT]) in Cd-exposed subjects compared to controls, and to assess the physiologic mechanisms by which the exposure to environmental Cd affects U-Cd, U-Cu, and U-Zn. The target population included 3508 Cd-exposed and 294 nonexposed participants who received a health survey conducted among the population of the Kakehashi River basin. Increases of U-Cd, U-beta2-MG, and U-MT in the Cd-exposed population were observed relative to excretion of these substances in controls. Regression analysis using a general linear model revealed that the correlations between U-Cd or U-Cu, and U-beta2-MG and between U-Cd, U-Cu or U-Zn, and U-MT were statistically significant in both sexes, but the correlation between U-Zn and U-beta2-MG excretion was significant only in men. These results suggest U-Cd and U-Cu is affected by dysfunction in renal tubular absorption (indicated by U-beta2-MG), whereas not only U-Cd and U-Cu but also U-Zn appear to be a function of renal cellular desquamation (indicated by U-MT).
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuohku 260-8670 Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.forename: Mirei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uetani
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Takeya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Zahir A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine*; D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D015032:Zinc / Q000652:urine*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein; D015032:Zinc