title: Enlarged parietal foramina caused by mutations in the homeobox genes ALX4 and MSX2: from genotype to phenotype.
abstract: Heterozygous mutations of the homeobox genes ALX4 and MSX2 cause skull defects termed enlarged parietal foramina (PFM) and cranium bifidum (CB); a single MSX2 mutation has been documented in a unique craniosynostosis (CRS) family. However, the relative mutational contribution of these genes to PFM/CB and CRS is not known and information on genotype-phenotype correlations is incomplete. We analysed ALX4 and MSX2 in 11 new unrelated cases or families with PFM/CB, 181 cases of CRS, and a single family segregating a submicroscopic deletion of 11p11.2, including ALX4. We explored the correlations between skull defect size and age, gene, and mutation type, and reviewed additional phenotypic manifestations. Four PFM cases had mutations in either ALX4 or MSX2; including previous families, we have identified six ALX4 and six MSX2 mutations, accounting for 11/13 familial, but only 1/6 sporadic cases. The deletion family confirms the delineation of a mental retardation locus to within 1.1 Mb region of 11p11.2. Overall, no significant size difference was found between ALX4- and MSX2-related skull defects, but the ALX4 mutation p.R218Q tends to result in persistent CB and is associated with anatomical abnormalities of the posterior fossa. We conclude that PFM caused by mutations in ALX4 and MSX2 have a similar prevalence and are usually clinically indistinguishable. Mutation screening has a high pickup rate in PFM, especially in familial cases, but is not indicated in CRS.
authors.affiliation: Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Lampros A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mavrogiannis
authors.forename: Indira B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Sally J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Feliciano J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: Andrew O M
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Wilkie
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities*; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C416676:ALX4 protein, human; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C084119:MSX2 protein; D014157:Transcription Factors