title: Ocular manifestations of crush head injury in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the ocular manifestations of crush head injuries in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective clinical and pathological reviews. Group 1: A total of 16 children admitted with crush head injuries from television tip over. Group 2: Nine autopsy findings in crush head injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1: A total of 11 children had fundus examination: three by neurosurgeons, eight by ophthalmologists. Scattered posterior pole preretinal and blot haemorrhages extending to mid equator region observed in one child. No evidence of traumatic retinoschisis or retinal folds in any patient. Group 2: All with multiple skull fractures and six with subdural haemorrhage. Posterior pole retinal haemorrhages in four children, extending to the ora serrata in one after motor vehicle accident. No child had retinal folds. Subinternal limiting membrane haemorrhages in three children. Optic nerve sheath haemorrhage in three children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraretinal and preretinal haemorrhages, predominantly in the posterior pole, can occur in crush injury to the paediatric head. Haemorrhage under the internal limiting membrane or extending to the ora serrata were only seen in situations where crush injury was part of a fatal trauma scenario related to motor vehicles. Retinal folds and the typical macular retinoschisis associated with abusive head injury were not observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gnanaraj
authors.forename: M G F
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Yahya
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dirks
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000061:Accidents, Home; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries*; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D041441:Retinoschisis / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000209:etiology*