title: Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer: implications of race/ethnicity, age, and differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 1990 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference recommended that patients with stage III colon cancer receive adjuvant chemotherapy because survival was improved in clinical trials in patients who received a 5-fluorouracil-based regimen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy is used in the community as a standard of practice that improves outcome and whether it failed to benefit any specific sets of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data from 85 934 patients with stage III colon cancer from 560 hospital cancer registries were entered into the National Cancer Data Base between 1990 and 2002 and included standard clinical, pathological, and first course of treatment variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of adjuvant chemotherapy usage and 5-year survival in patients treated in US hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjuvant chemotherapy use increased from 39% in 1991 to 64% in 2002 but was lower in black, female, and elderly patients. It improved 5-year survival from almost 8% in 1991 to more than 16% in 1997 compared with surgery alone. Adjuvant chemotherapy increases survival in elderly patients as much as it does in younger patients. However, the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in blacks and those with high-grade cancers is not as great.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjuvant chemotherapy use has increased from 1990 to 2002 for patients with stage III colon cancer with an associated increase in 5-year survival of 16%. The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy seems to be lower in black patients and high-grade cancers. Women have the same benefit but are less often treated. Elderly patients have the same benefit as younger patients but are less frequently treated. New options for adjuvant therapy in 2004-2005 may further improve the outcome of patients with stage III colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. jessupj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: J Milburn
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jessup
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Minsky
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007978:Levamisole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D007978:Levamisole; D005472:Fluorouracil