title: Ground crew injuries and fatalities in U.S. commercial aviation, 1983-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ground crew services are an essential part of airport operations. Injury hazards to ground crewmembers who are in close proximity to aircraft have not been well studied. The objective of this paper was to examine airport ground crew injuries and fatalities involving aircraft of commuter air carriers and major airlines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigation reports for all ground crew injuries involving commuter and major airline aircraft that occurred at United States airports between 1983 and 2004 were obtained from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and analyzed to describe the immediate cause and pattern of injury occurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 22-yr study period, the NTSB recorded a total of 80 ground crew accidents involving landing, taxiing, or standing commercial airline aircraft, yielding an overall rate of 0.47 ground crew related accidents per 1 million aircraft departures. These accidents resulted in injuries to 98 ground crewmembers, including 21 fatalities. Two-thirds of the accidents took place as the aircraft was departing. Vehicular collisions with an aircraft made up 43% of accidents, 34% were caused by moving aircraft equipment such as propellers or nose gear, and 11% resulted from jet blasts or fires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  intervention programs for airport ground personnel should emphasize the safe operation of the aircraft equipment and ground vehicles. Some of the injuries to ground crewmembers might be avoided through improved design of commonly used equipment.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ggrabows@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Jurek G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*