title: Dietary intake and nutritional status of Turkish pregnant women during Ramadan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of Ramadan fasting on dietary intakes, nutritional status and biochemical parameters of Turkish pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out this study at Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey from October 15th to November 13th 2004. Forty-nine fasting group and 49 non-fasting group (control group) voluntarily enrolled for the study. We analyzed the blood biochemical parameters of pregnant women and obtained the dietary intakes from the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, weight gain and energy intake (p<0.05 for second and third trimesters) was less in the fasting group. The percentage of protein (p<0.05 for first and second trimesters) and carbohydrates (p<0.05 for all trimesters) from total energy was higher in the fasting group than in the control group. We noticed a slight increase in the fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides (p<0.05 for first trimester) concentrations in the fasting group during Ramadan. However, we found decreased levels in the plasma urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total protein and albumin levels of the fasting group in comparison with the control group. Dietary mineral and vitamin intakes were lower than the recommended daily allowance, except vitamin A and vitamin C in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of the present study, Ramadan fasting had no significant adverse effect on the health of pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Baskent University, Dr. Zehai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. gkizilta@baskent.edu.tr
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiziltan
authors.forename: Efsun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karabudak
authors.forename: Gorkem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tuncay
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Avsar
authors.forename: Piril
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tuncay
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mungan
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meral
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014421:Turkey; D015431:Weight Loss