title: A survey of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage and a preliminary treatment trial.
abstract: This paper demonstrates that synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g. bisphenol-A) and natural EDCs (e.g. estrone and 17beta-estradiol) were found in the crude sewage from two sewage treatment works. Conventional biological processes can lower EDC concentrations to several hundred nanograms per litre. Because natural EDCs (e.g. estrone and 17beta1-estradiol) have biological activity and an adverse impact on the environment at extremely low concentrations (several tens of nanograms per litre), and because the existing wastewater/sewage treatment processes are not adequate to reduce natural EDC concentrations lower than 100 ng L(-1), further treatment after conventional biological processes is required. Preliminary trials with ferrate (VI) and electrochemical oxidation processes demonstrated that the former is more effective than the latter in reducing EDC concentrations, and that both the processes can effectively reduce EDCs to very low levels, ranging between 20 and 100 ng L(-1).
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. J.Jiang@surrey.ac.uk
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004958:Estradiol; D004970:Estrone; D007501:Iron; D010636:Phenols; D012722:Sewage; C017311:ferrate ion; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds