title: Effect of repeated exposures to cold on cognitive performance in humans.
abstract: The effects of repeated exposure to cold temperature on cognitive performance were examined in 10 male subjects who were exposed to control (25 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) conditions on 10 successive days. A cognitive test battery (ANAM-ICE) was administered each day to assess complex and simple cognitive functioning accuracy, efficiency and response time. Rectal (T(rect)) and skin temperatures, thermal sensations, metabolic rate (M) and cardiovascular reactivity were also recorded. With the used cold exposure, inducing cold sensations and discomfort, superficial skin cooling (6-7 degrees C) and a slightly lowered T(rect) (0.4 degrees C) we observed three distinct patterns of cognitive performance: 1) negative, reflected in increased response times and decreased accuracy and efficiency; 2) positive, reflected in decreased response time and increased efficiency; and 3) mixed, reflected in a pattern of increases in both accuracy and response time and decreases in efficiency, and a pattern of decreases in both accuracy and response time. T(rect), thermal sensations, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were independent predictors of decreased accuracy, but also decreased response time. Cognitive performance efficiency was significantly improved and response times shorter over the 10-d period both under control and cold exposures suggesting a learning effect. However, the changes in cognitive performance over the 10-d period did not differ markedly between control and cold, indicating that the changes in the thermal responses did not improve performance. The results suggest that cold affects cognitive performance negatively through the mechanisms of distraction and both positively and negatively through the mechanism of arousal.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014, Finland. tiina.makinen@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Tiina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pääkkönen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rintamäki
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppäluoto
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hassi
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*