title: 6-Benzylthioinosine analogues: promising anti-toxoplasmic agents as inhibitors of the mammalian nucleoside transporter ENT1 (es).
abstract: Certain 6-benzylthioinosine analogues have been identified as potential chemotherapeutic agents against Toxoplasma gondii in cell culture and animal models. These compounds are selectively transported and metabolized by toxoplasma infected, but not uninfected, cells. In sharp contrast to mammalian nucleoside transporters, the toxoplasma adenosine/purine transporter (TgAT) allows the transport of these 6-benzylthioinosine analogues into infected cells. After entering the infected cell, these compounds act as subversive substrates for toxoplasma, but not the host, adenosine kinase (EC.2.7.1.20). Hence, 6-benzylthioinosine analogues become toxic to toxoplasma infected cells, but not uninfected host cells or animals. The basis for the lack of uptake of the anti-toxoplasmic 6-benzylthioinosines by uninfected host cells is currently unknown. These anti-toxoplasmic 6-benzylthioinosines may not be substrates for the mammalian nucleoside transporters or they may act as inhibitors of these transporters. Previous studies have shown that some 6-benzylthioinosines are inhibitors of the mammalian nucleoside transporter ENT1 (es). Therefore, we examined the efficacy of promising anti-toxoplasmic 6-benzylthioinosines as inhibitors of ENT1 (es) in an effort to elucidate the basis for the lack of uptake of anti-toxoplasmic 6-benzylthioinosines by uninfected host cells. The results showed that these compounds are inhibitors of ENT1 (es). In general, electron-withdrawing substituents at the ortho, meta or para positions of the benzyl ring improved binding. The most potent inhibitors identified were m- and p-nitro-6-benzylthioinosine, which had K(i) values in the subnanomolar range. Therefore, anti-toxoplasmic 6-benzylthioinosines are not only selectively toxic to parasites and parasite infected cells, they are also inhibitors of nucleoside transport in host cells. This inhibition of the host nucleoside transport is an added advantage for these 6-benzylthioinosine analogues as anti-toxoplasmic agents. Inhibitors of nucleoside transport in mammalian cells can selectively protect the host from the toxicity of toxic purine nucleosides that may be used in future combination therapy against toxoplasmosis or from metabolites of the 6-benzylthioinosine analogues that may be released by the destruction of infected cells. These findings further advance the rationale for developing 6-benzylthioinosine analogues as selective therapeutic agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Amol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buolamwini
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Chung K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Fardos N M
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.forename: Mahmoud H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: el Kouni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D033721:Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D033721:Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1; C438649:SLC29A1 protein, human