title: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in infants and toddlers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this report is to assess the technique and outcome of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in infants and toddlers.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2001 to January 2005, 7 consecutive patients, ages 5 to 15 months, underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomies. All patients had duplicated systems associated with ureteroceles (5), severe reflux (1), ectopic ureter (1), and nonfunctioning systems. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 51 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were completed successfully using 4 ports (2 x 5 and 2 x 3 mm) except one, which required an additional port. The distal ureter, renal parenchyma, and hilar vessels were all transected using the harmonic scalpel. The mean operating time was 179 minutes with minimal blood loss in each case. The average hospital stay was 2.4 days (range, 1-5 days). The first case in the series, initially attempted retroperitoneally, was converted to a transabdominal approach because of lack of space. All subsequent approaches were transabdominal. One patient required ureteral stump reexcision because of frequent urinary tract infections associated with a distal ureteral diverticulum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy can be performed safely. The harmonic scalpel divides the parenchyma bloodlessly. The cosmetic result is excellent. A transabdominal approach with division of the ureteral cuff flush with the bladder is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: Roman M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sydorak
authors.forename: Donald B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Shaul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013523:Surgical Equipment; D016896:Treatment Outcome