title: Ret deficiency in mice impairs the development of A5 and A6 neurons and the functional maturation of the respiratory rhythm.
abstract: Although a normal respiratory rhythm is vital at birth, little is known about the genetic factors controlling the prenatal maturation of the respiratory network in mammals. In Phox2a mutant mice, which do not express A6 neurons, we previously hypothesized that the release of endogenous norepinephrine by A6 neurons is required for a normal respiratory rhythm to occur at birth. Here we investigated the role of the Ret gene, which encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, in the maturation of norepinephrine and respiratory systems. As Ret-null mutants (Ret-/-) did not survive after birth, our experiments were performed in wild-type (wt) and Ret-/- fetuses exteriorized from pregnant heterozygous mice at gestational day 18. First, in wt fetuses, quantitative in situ hybridization revealed high levels of Ret transcripts in the pontine A5 and A6 areas. Second, in Ret-/- fetuses, high-pressure liquid chromatography showed significantly reduced norepinephrine contents in the pons but not the medulla. Third, tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry revealed a significantly reduced number of pontine A5 and A6 neurons but not medullary norepinephrine neurons in Ret-/- fetuses. Finally, electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments performed on brainstem 'en bloc' preparations demonstrated impaired resting respiratory activity and abnormal responses to central hypoxia and norepinephrine application in Ret-/- fetuses. To conclude, our results show that Ret gene contributes to the prenatal maturation of A6 and A5 neurons and respiratory system. They support the hypothesis that the normal maturation of the respiratory network requires afferent activity corresponding to the A6 excitatory and A5 inhibitory input balance.
authors.affiliation: FRE CNRS 2722, 280 Boulevard Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Viemari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maussion
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bévengut
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burnet
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pequignot
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Népote
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pachnis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonneau
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hilaire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D011149:Pons / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000294:innervation*; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C491060:Phox2a protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C494999:Ret protein, mouse; D009638:Norepinephrine