Nitrative stress through formation of 8-nitroguanosine: insights into microbial pathogenesis.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, respectively, mediate oxidative and nitrative stresses by means of oxidation and nitration of various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. We have observed nitric oxide (NO)-dependent formation of 8-nitroguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine during microbial infection, and we determined that both 8-nitroguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine are useful biomarkers of nitrative stress. Of importance, however, is the great difference in biological characteristics of these two nitrated compounds. 8-Nitroguanosine has unique biochemical and pharmacological properties such as redox activity and mutagenic potential, which 3-nitrotyrosine does not. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of nitrative stress occurring during microbial infections, with special emphasis on biological functions of 8-nitroguanosine formed via NO during the host response to pathogens. These findings provide insights into NO-mediated pathogenesis not only of viral infections but also of many other diseases.
Akuta
Teruo
T
Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
Zaki
Mohammad Hasan
MH
Yoshitake
Jun
J
Okamoto
Tatsuya
T
Akaike
Takaaki
T
D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D006151:Guanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
C481144:8-nitroguanosine; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D006151:Guanosine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D012313:RNA