title: Molecular pathogenesis of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
abstract: Molecular mimicry between streptococcal and human proteins has been proposed as the triggering factor leading to autoimmunity in rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). This article summarises studies on genetic susceptibility markers involved in the development of RF/RHD. It also focuses on the molecular mimicry in RHD mediated by the responses of B and T cells of peripheral blood, and T cells infiltrating heart lesions, against streptococcal antigens and human tissue proteins. The molecular basis of T-cell recognition is assessed through the definition of heart-crossreactive antigens. The production of cytokines from peripheral and heart-infiltrating mononuclear cells suggests that T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines are the mediators of RHD heart lesions. An insufficiency of interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing cells in the valvular tissue might contribute to the maintenance and progression of valve lesions.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000 SP, Brazil. luizagui@usp.br
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guilherme
authors.forename: Kellen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faé
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D012213:Rheumatic Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000276:immunology