title: Five-year survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with laparoscopic microwave coagulation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) that are located near the liver surface are difficult to treat with percutaneous locoregional therapies, so we have performed laparoscopic microwave coagulation therapy (LMCT) for these HCCs. We assessed the long-term survival of patients with HCCs treated with LMCT, the factors related to their survival, and the rates and causes of local and distant recurrences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 68 patients with HCC treated in the past 8 years with LMCT under local or general anesthesia. LMCT was done using microwave electrodes with tips ranging from 15 to 45 mm in length; the effectiveness of LMCT was confirmed using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) within 2 weeks of the LMCT procedure while patients were still in hospital, and within 1-3 months after the procedure in an outpatient setting; and the follow-up study was performed periodically by CT, ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to estimation of alpha fetoprotein. Factors contributing to survival were analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean lengths of the major and minor axes of the 71 HCC nodules in 68 patients were 20 mm and 18 mm, respectively, and the mean lengths of the major and minor axes of the coagulated areas were 43 mm and 29 mm, respectively. At dynamic CT after the LMCT procedure, treatment in 62 of the 68 patients (91%) was judged to have been completely effective; the remaining six patients underwent additional therapy while still in hospital. Eight of the 68 patients (12%) had local recurrences, 39 of them (57%) had distant recurrences, and 21 of them (31%) had no recurrence up to December 31, 2003. A total of 14 patients (21%) died during the 16-56 months after LMCT. When the survival rate was assessed for all patients treated with LMCT, 1-year survival was 97 %, 3-year survival was 81%, and 5-year survival was 43%. Whether the therapy was for primary or secondary HCC strongly influenced survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LMCT is a useful modality in clinical practice for treatment of HCC nodules located near the liver surface, and it can be safely performed, in its entirety, under direct visual guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. s.seki@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kadoya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome