title: Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird.
abstract: Timing of reproduction has major fitness consequences, which can only be understood when the phenology of the food for the offspring is quantified. For insectivorous birds, like great tits (Parus major), synchronisation of their offspring needs and abundance of caterpillars is the main selection pressure. We measured caterpillar biomass over a 20-year period and showed that the annual peak date is correlated with temperatures from 8 March to 17 May. Laying dates also correlate with temperatures, but over an earlier period (16 March-20 April). However, as we would predict from a reliable cue used by birds to time their reproduction, also the food peak correlates with these temperatures. Moreover, the slopes of the phenology of the birds and caterpillar biomass, when regressed against the temperatures in this earlier period, do not differ. The major difference is that due to climate change, the relationship between the timing of the food peak and the temperatures over the 16 March-20 April period is changing, while this is not so for great tit laying dates. As a consequence, the synchrony between offspring needs and the caterpillar biomass has been disrupted in the recent warm decades. This may have severe consequences as we show that both the number of fledglings as well as their fledging weight is affected by this synchrony. We use the descriptive models for both the caterpillar biomass peak as for the great tit laying dates to predict shifts in caterpillar and bird phenology 2005-2100, using an IPCC climate scenario. The birds will start breeding earlier and this advancement is predicted to be at the same rate as the advancement of the food peak, and hence they will not reduce the amount of the current mistiming of about 10 days.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG, Heteren, The Netherlands. m.visser@nioo.knaw.nl
authors.forename: Marcel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Leonard J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Holleman
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gienapp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors