title: Emergence of disseminated infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV-infected patients, including immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients in a university hospital in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although disseminated nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection has been increasingly reported in patients with AIDS, this condition is still considered rare in non-HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of non-HIV-infected patients treated at National Taiwan University Hospital from January 1997 to December 2004 to search for epidemiological trends in disseminated NTM infection. Data analyzed included etiology, demographic characteristics, underlying disease, initial symptoms and signs, treatment, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disseminated NTM infections occurred in 15 non-HIV-infected patients during the study period. The mean age of these patients was 51 years (range 13-80). Among these patients, eight were males, and eight had various immunocompromised conditions. Fever was an initial presentation in 12 patients (80%). Diagnosis was made by positive blood (seven patients) or bone marrow culture (five patients) in the majority (73%) of patients. Infectious etiologies included Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in eight, rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) in four and Mycobacterium kansasii in three. The mean time from initial presentation to initiation of anti-NTM therapy was 130 days (ranged from 9 days to 17 months). Mortality was highest in patients with M. kansasii (100%), followed by RGM (25%) and MAC (12.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although disseminated NTM infection is an emerging condition among patients without HIV infection, it is a condition which is associated with immune deficiency. A high level of clinical suspicion should be maintained for avoiding delayed diagnosis, especially in patients with underlying immunosuppression. Blood culture might play an important role in the early diagnosis of disseminated NTM disease. Early diagnosis can lead to appropriate diagnosis and reduce mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Li-Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Liang-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Chong-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Po-Ren
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: Pan-Chyr
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents