title: Comparison of secondary metabolite production by Penicillium crustosum strains, isolated from Arctic and other various ecological niches.
abstract: Penicillium crustosum is common in food and feed both in subtropical and temperate regions. Recently, it has also been found occurring frequently in glacier ice, sea ice and sea water of Arctic regions of Svalbard. The aim of the study was to compare isolates of the same fungal species from widely different habitats and geographic regions to see if the nutritional physiology and the profile of secondary metabolites were consistent or depended on the isolation source. All 121 strains examined produced the following families of secondary metabolites: penitrems (100%), roquefortines (100%), terrestric acids (99.2%) and viridicatols (100%), whereas 81 of 83 Arctic isolates additionally produced andrastin A. However, only 8 of 38 non-Arctic isolates produced detectable andrastin A. The quantitative profiles of 96 strains were compared using cluster, principal component and correspondence analyses. There was no clear grouping of Arctic versus non-Arctic, creatine positive versus creatine negative strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. silva.sonjak@bf.uni-lj.si
authors.forename: Silva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonjak
authors.forename: Jens Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gunde-Cimerman
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000378:metabolism; D001110:Arctic Regions; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004777:Environment; D005843:Geography; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000378:metabolism; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015363:Quinolones / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; D007211:Indoles; D009183:Mycotoxins; D010879:Piperazines; D015363:Quinolones; C100395:andrastin A; C003626:tremortin; C108793:viridicatol; C012536:roquefortine