title: Fibrate prevents cisplatin-induced proximal tubule cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies we have shown that cisplatin inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) activity and consequently fatty acid oxidation, and these events precede proximal tubule cell death. In addition the use of fibrate class of PPAR-alpha ligands ameliorate renal function by preventing both inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and proximal tubule cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  LLC-PK1 cells were treated with cisplatin and apoptosis was established by the presence of nuclear fragmentation and by cell cycle analysis. Proximal tubular cells treated with cisplatin and bezafibrate were subjected to sub cellular fractionation and the presence of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and active caspase-3 in the cytosolic and mitochondrial membrane fractions was determined by Western blot analysis. PPAR-alpha activity was measured by determining luciferase activity after transfection of LLC-PK1 cells with TK-Luc 3x PPAR response elements (PPRE), and the accumulation of nonesterified free fatty acids was measured in lysates obtained from cells treated with cisplatin and bezafibrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of LLC-PK1 cells with 25 micromol/L cisplatin for 18 hours induced 41.5% apoptosis measured by cell cycle analysis. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis was significantly suppressed by bezafibrate, a fibrate class of PPAR-alpha ligand. Bezafibrate treatment of LLC-PK1 cells prevented cisplatin-induced translocation of proapoptotic Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondrial fraction, and increased the expression of antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2. Cisplatin-induced inhibition of PPAR-alpha activity was accompanied by increased accumulation of nonesterified free fatty acids. Pretreatment with bezafibrate prevented both the inhibition of PPAR-alpha activity and the accumulation of nonesterified free fatty acids induced by cisplatin. Finally, bezafibrate prevented cisplatin-induced release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and the cleavage of procaspase-3 to active caspase-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bezafibrate treatment inhibits cisplatin-mediated tubular injury by preventing the activation of various cellular mechanisms that lead to proximal tubule cell death. These findings support our previous observations where the use of fibrates represents a novel strategy to ameliorate proximal tubule cell death in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Kiran K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nagothu
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Gur P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Portilla
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000633:toxicity*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells; D008024:Ligands; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008024:Ligands; D047493:PPAR alpha; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D002945:Cisplatin; D001629:Bezafibrate