title: Risk factors for group B streptococcal genitourinary tract colonization in pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization in pregnancy, hypothesizing that health care workers may have increased risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, case-control study comparing 40,459 cases of GBS colonization, identified from Washington State birth certificate data linked to hospital discharge data for live births between 1997 and 2002, with 84,268 controls matched by year of delivery by multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounders, the following characteristics were independently associated with increased maternal GBS colonization: health care occupation (odds ratio [OR] 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.38), black race (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.36-1.74), overweight (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), obesity (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.28), severe obesity (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.28-1.63), median income greater than lowest quintile (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.39 for fifth versus first quintile), some high school education (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.40), high school graduate (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.16-1.56), and adequate prenatal care (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06-1.24). Hispanic women (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.96) and smokers (OR for 1-10 cigarettes per day 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.97) had a decreased odds of colonization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care workers, black women, and women with high body mass index may be at greater risk of GBS colonization in pregnancy. However, any increases in risk are modest and the association between a health care occupation and GBS colonization needs to be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. rstaplet@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Cathy W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Critchlow
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gardella
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008423:Maternal Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000382:microbiology*; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology