title: Cost of tracheoesophageal prostheses in developing countries. Facing the problem from an internal perspective.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  All the discussants of our questionnaire agreed that the price of tracheoesophageal (TE) prostheses was too expensive for developing countries. The problem could be addressed in terms of international laws regarding companies' patent rights. TE prosthesis manufacturers from rich countries could move their manufacturing in part to developing countries. High production standards could allow TE prostheses to be exported to developed countries. Another approach to the problem may be based on a partnership between non-profit-making Western laryngological societies with specific medical and technical prosthetic know-how and local manufacturers. The aim of this cooperation could be the low-cost production of advanced TE prostheses in the developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In communities in the developing world, most laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas are diagnosed at advanced stages and require total laryngectomy. Prosthetic TE voice restoration is the method of choice for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy in developed countries. Unacceptably high costs are a significant limitation to Third World use of TE voice prostheses. The aims of this paper are to discuss the consequences of the high costs of TE prostheses in developing countries with head and neck surgeons working in Third World hospitals and to propose how European and American laryngological societies can promote TE speech in the developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was given to a group of expert head and neck surgeons working in developing countries and their answers and suggestions discussed.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staffieri
authors.forename: Badr E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Mostafea
authors.forename: Bipin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: Emmanuel D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kitcher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jalisi
authors.forename: Johannes J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staffieri
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marioni
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007825:Laryngectomy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007831:Larynx, Artificial / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires