title: Association of subclinical hypercortisolism with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Subclinical hypercortisolism (SH) may play a role in several metabolic disorders, including diabetes. No data are available on the relative prevalence of SH in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In order to compare the prevalence of SH in T2D and matched non-diabetic control individuals, we performed a case-controlled, multicenter, 12-month study, enrolling 294 consecutive T2D inpatients (1.7% dropped out the study) with no evidence of clinical hypercortisolism and 189 consecutive age- and body mass index-matched non-diabetic inpatients (none of whom dropped out).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ascertained SH (ASH) was diagnosed in individuals (i) with plasma cortisol after 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression >1.8 microg/dl (50 nmol/l), (ii) with more than one of the following: (a) urinary free cortisol >60.0 microg/24 h (165.6 nmol/24 h), (b) plasma ACTH <10.0 pg/ml (2.2 pmol/l) or (c) plasma cortisol >7.5 microg/dl (207 nmol/l) at 24:00 h or >1.4 microg/dl (38.6 nmol/l) after dexamethasone-CRH (serum cortisol after corticotrophin-releasing hormone stimulus during dexamethasone administration) test, and (iii) in whom the source of glucocorticoid excess was suggested by imaging and by additional biochemical tests (for ACTH-dependent ASH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of ASH was higher in diabetic individuals than in controls (9.4 versus 2.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-14.1; P = 0.004). In our population the proportion of T2D which is statistically attributable to ASH was approx. 7%. Among diabetic patients, the presence of severe diabetes (as defined by the coexistence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin treatment) was significantly associated with SH (adjusted odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-10.2; P = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hospitalized patients, SH is associated with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Endocrinology San Giuseppe-Fatebenefratelli Hospital, A.Fa.R. Milano, via San Vittore 12 20123 Milan, Italy. ichiodini@katamail.com
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torlontano
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scillitani
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arosio
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bacci
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Lembo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Epaminonda
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Augello
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enrini
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ambrosi
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adda
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trischitta
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone