title: [Determinants of late-onset heart failure in myocardial infarction survivors: GISSI Prevenzione trial results].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improvement in the early phase of myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with a higher rate of late complications, including late-onset heart failure (LHF). The factors predicting LHF are not well understood. Our aims were to identify the factors predicting LHF and to determine the survival rate in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GISSI-Prevenzione trial involved 11,323 low-risk patients (NYHA class < or = II) who had had a recent MI (< 3 months). It was a multicenter, open-label, clinical trial of the efficacy of treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, both, or neither. Patients with heart failure at baseline and those whose ejection fraction was unknown (n = 2908) were excluded from the present analysis. Late-onset heart failure was defined prospectively as hospital admission due to heart failure. A Cox regression model adjusted for major covariates was used for risk analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 8415 patients. During 3.5 years of follow-up, 192 (2.3%) developed LHF. The risk of LHF could be predicted from readily available parameters: age (per year; RR=1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.09), ejection fraction (per 1% increment; RR=0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.97), heart rate (> or = 74 beats/min; RR=1.62; 95% CI, 1.21-2.16), white blood cell count (> or = 8900 per ml; RR=1.42; 95% CI, 1.05-1.94), diabetes (RR=1.62; 95% CI, 1.17-2.24), hypertension (RR=1.76; 95% CI, 1.33-2.34), peripheral artery disease (RR=2.11; 95% CI, 1.32-3.37), and reinfarction (RR=2.09; 95% CI, 1.28-3.39). LHF was associated with poor survival: (RR=2.34; 95% CI, 1.63-3.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of LHF in post-MI patients can be predicted from readily available parameters. LHF was associated with a poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología Clínica y Epidemiología, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italia.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macchia
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levantesi
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marfisi
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Franzosi
authors.forename: Aldo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: Gian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Nicolosi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tognoni
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valagussa
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchioli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors