title: Intersex conditions in children and adolescents: surgical, ethical, and legal considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately one in 2000 children globally is born with an intersex condition. There is unfortunately a relative paucity of data on the choices and the surgical and psychosocial outcomes in patients who undergo genital surgery for intersex conditions and ambiguous genitalia, especially in developing countries. Specialists in these and other countries, where patient follow-up is generally poor, are faced with the daunting task of offering the appropriate medical and surgical management, in the absence of guidelines or recommendations.
  A surgical procedure in these patients sometimes involves clitoral recession, reduction, vaginoplasty, and gonadectomy. The best surgical outcome is likely to be achieved with a multidisciplinary surgical team; however, the choice of surgery and appropriate timing remains controversial. Some authors have suggested delaying surgery until the child becomes competent to make his/her own decisions.
  All procedures should conform to an ethical code of practice and be in the interest of the child. Exhaustive counseling of all parties and informed consent is of paramount importance, as is adherence to laws that protect the rights of the child as outlined in respective constitutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations in this article, which have been put together from the combined input of three departments, are broad-based. They emphasize the need for extensive counseling, informed consent, adherence to ethical and legal norms, a multidisciplinary input and a shift away from a paternalistic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Maharaj
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiersma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D019529:Sexuality