title: An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traffic congestion is rapidly becoming the most important obstacle to urban development. In addition, traffic creates major health, environmental, and economical problems. Nonetheless, automobiles are crucial for the functions of the modern society. Most proposals for sustainable traffic solutions face major political opposition, economical consequences, or technical problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a decision analysis in a poorly studied area, trip aggregation, and studied decisions from the perspective of two different stakeholders, the passenger and society. We modelled the impact and potential of composite traffic, a hypothetical large-scale demand-responsive public transport system for the Helsinki metropolitan area, where a centralised system would collect the information on all trip demands online, would merge the trips with the same origin and destination into public vehicles with eight or four seats, and then would transmit the trip instructions to the passengers' mobile phones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show here that in an urban area with one million inhabitants, trip aggregation could reduce the health, environmental, and other detrimental impacts of car traffic typically by 50-70%, and if implemented could attract about half of the car passengers, and within a broad operational range would require no public subsidies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Composite traffic provides new degrees of freedom in urban decision-making in identifying novel solutions to the problems of urban traffic.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Health Risk Analysis, National Public Health Institute (KTL), PO Box 95, FI-70701, Finland. jouni.tuomisto@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Jouni T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tuomisto
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tainio
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002958:City Planning / Q000191:economics*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004779:Environment Design / Q000191:economics*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D014186:Transportation / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*