title: Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism and metabolism of sulforaphane from standard and high-glucosinolate broccoli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Broccoli consumption is associated with a reduction in the risk of cancer, particularly in persons with a functional glutathione S-transferase M1 allele, as opposed rotrose whose GSTM1 gene has been deleted. Sulforaphane, the major isothiocyanate derived from 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate, is thought to be the main agent conferring protection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared sulforaphane metabolism in GSTM1-null and GSTM1-positive subjects after they consumed standard broccoli and high-glucosinolate broccoli (super broccoli).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen subjects were recruited into a randomized, 3-phase crossover dietary trial of standard broccoli, super broccoli, and water. Liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify sulforaphane and its thiol conjugates in plasma and urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSTM1-null subjects had slightly higher, but statistically significant, areas under the curve for sulforaphane metabolite concentrations in plasma, a greater rate of urinary excretion of sulforaphane metabolites during the first 6 h after broccoli consumption, and a higher percentage of sulforaphane excretion 24 h after ingestion than did GSTM1-positive subjects. Consumption of high-glucosinolate broccoli led to a 3-fold greater increase in the areas under the curve and maximum concentrations of sulforaphane metabolites in plasma, a greater rate of urinary excretion of sulforaphane metabolites during the first 6 h after consumption, and a lower percentage of sulforaphane excretion after its ingestion than did the consumption of standard broccoli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSTM1 genotypes have a significant effect on the metabolism of sulforaphane derived from standard or high-glucosinolate broccoli. It is possible that the difference in metabolism may explain the greater protection that GSTM1-positive persons gain from consuming broccoli. The potential consequences of consuming glucosinolate-enriched broccoli for GSTM1-null and -positive persons are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Phytochemicals and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amy V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gasper
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Janobi
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fortun
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: Moira A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hawkey
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Mithen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D005961:Glucosinolates; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates; C016766:sulforaphane