title: Life in hot carbon monoxide: the complete genome sequence of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901.
abstract: We report here the sequencing and analysis of the genome of the thermophilic bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901. This species is a model for studies of hydrogenogens, which are diverse bacteria and archaea that grow anaerobically utilizing carbon monoxide (CO) as their sole carbon source and water as an electron acceptor, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen as waste products. Organisms that make use of CO do so through carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complexes. Remarkably, analysis of the genome of C. hydrogenoformans reveals the presence of at least five highly differentiated anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complexes, which may in part explain how this species is able to grow so much more rapidly on CO than many other species. Analysis of the genome also has provided many general insights into the metabolism of this organism which should make it easier to use it as a source of biologically produced hydrogen gas. One surprising finding is the presence of many genes previously found only in sporulating species in the Firmicutes Phylum. Although this species is also a Firmicutes, it was not known to sporulate previously. Here we show that it does sporulate and because it is missing many of the genes involved in sporulation in other species, this organism may serve as a "minimal" model for sporulation studies. In addition, using phylogenetic profile analysis, we have identified many uncharacterized gene families found in all known sporulating Firmicutes, but not in any non-sporulating bacteria, including a sigma factor not known to be involved in sporulation previously.
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Qinghu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: A Scott
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: Sean C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brinkac
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.forename: Ramana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madupu
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kolonay
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Haft
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Luke J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tallon
authors.forename: Kristine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Luke E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Igor B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Zhulin
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010459:Peptococcaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide