title: Administration of Lispro insulin with meals improves glycemic control, increases circulating leptin, and suppresses ghrelin, compared with regular/NPH insulin in female patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overweight and obesity are overrepresented in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Exogenous insulin administration often poorly reproduces normal insulin patterns and may less effectively regulate leptin and ghrelin, two hormones involved in the control of appetite and adiposity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine whether insulin regimens that better replicate normal insulin patterns and augment postprandial nutrient disposal may help normalize leptin and ghrelin and improve body weight regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten young women with T1DM were studied in this 2-wk prospective, balanced crossover-design study at the University of California, Davis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received either a single injection of regular + NPH insulin (R+N) or two mealtime injections of Lispro insulin in randomized order on 2 separate days. Meal composition and total insulin administered were the same on both treatment days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin concentrations were monitored over the 10-h study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lispro produced two distinct mealtime peaks of insulin, compared with one prolonged rise with R+N. Lispro reduced postprandial hyperglycemia and total glucose area under the curve. Leptin increased more on the Lispro (2.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, P = 0.02). Ghrelin was more suppressed after lunch with Lispro (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of Lispro insulin with meals produces more physiological insulin patterns, better glucose control, and improved leptin and ghrelin regulation than R+N. More closely mimicking normal insulin, leptin, and ghrelin responses to meals with fast-acting insulin may have implications for body weight regulation in T1DM.
authors.affiliation: Medical Center, Patient Support and Services Building Suite G-400, University of California-Davis, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. scgriffen@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Griffen
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oostema
authors.forename: Kimber L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stanhope
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Styne
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Havel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D007336:Insulin, Isophane