title: Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to secondhand smoke causes lung cancer; however, there are little data in the open literature on the in vivo toxicology of fresh sidestream cigarette smoke to guide the debate about smoke-free workplaces and public places.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the unpublished in vivo research on sidestream cigarette smoke done by Philip Morris Tobacco Company during the 1980s at its Institut für Biologische Forschung (INBIFO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents now available at the University of California San Francisco Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and other websites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhaled fresh sidestream cigarette smoke is approximately four times more toxic per gram total particulate matter (TPM) than mainstream cigarette smoke. Sidestream condensate is approximately three times more toxic per gram and two to six times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate by dermal application. The gas/vapour phase of sidestream smoke is responsible for most of the sensory irritation and respiratory tract epithelium damage. Fresh sidestream smoke inhibits normal weight gain in developing animals. In a 21 day exposure, fresh sidestream smoke can cause damage to the respiratory epithelium at concentrations of 2 microg/l TPM. Damage to the respiratory epithelium increases with longer exposures. The toxicity of whole sidestream smoke is higher than the sum of the toxicities of its major constituents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fresh sidestream smoke at concentrations commonly encountered indoors is well above a 2 microg/m3 reference concentration (the level at which acute effects are unlikely to occur), calculated from the results of the INBIFO studies, that defines acute toxicity to humans. Smoke-free public places and workplaces are the only practical way to protect the public health from the toxins in sidestream smoke.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. suzaynn.schick@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glantz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D051381:Rats; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution