Cost-effectiveness of improving primary care treatment of late-life depression.
BACKGROUND
Depression is a leading cause of functional impairment in elderly individuals and is associated with high medical costs, but there are large gaps in quality of treatment in primary care.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of the Improving Mood Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) collaborative care management program for late-life depression.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trial with recruitment from July 1999 to August 2001.


METHODS
Eighteen primary care clinics from 8 health care organizations in 5 states.


METHODS
A total of 1801 patients 60 years or older with major depression (17%), dysthymic disorder (30%), or both (53%).


METHODS
Patients were randomly assigned to the IMPACT intervention (n = 906) or to usual primary care (n = 895). Intervention patients were provided access to a depression care manager supervised by a psychiatrist and primary care physician. Depression care managers offered education, support of antidepressant medications prescribed in primary care, and problem-solving treatment in primary care (a brief psychotherapy).


METHODS
Total outpatient costs, depression-free days, and quality-adjusted life-years.


RESULTS
Relative to usual care, intervention patients experienced 107 (95% confidence interval [CI], 86 to 128) more depression-free days over 24 months. Total outpatient costs were USD $295 (95% CI, -$525 to $1115) higher during this period. The incremental outpatient cost per depression-free day was USD $2.76 (95% CI, -$4.95 to $10.47) and incremental outpatient costs per quality-adjusted life-year ranged from USD $2519 (95% CI, -$4517 to $9554) to USD $5037 (95% CI, -$9034 to $19 108). Results of a bootstrap analysis suggested a 25% probability that the IMPACT intervention was "dominant" (ie, lower costs and greater effectiveness).


CONCLUSIONS
The IMPACT intervention is a high-value investment for older adults; it is associated with high clinical benefits at a low increment in health care costs.
Katon
Wayne J
WJ
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. wkaton@u.washington.edu
Schoenbaum
Michael
M
Fan
Ming-Yu
MY
Callahan
Christopher M
CM
Williams
John
J
Hunkeler
Enid
E
Harpole
Linda
L
Zhou
Xiao-Hua Andrew
XH
Langston
Christopher
C
Unützer
Jürgen
J
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome