title: Bone marrow suppression and severe anaemia associated with persistent Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children with microscopically undetectable parasitaemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe anaemia can develop in the aftermath of Plasmodium falciparum malaria because of protracted bone marrow suppression, possibly due to residual subpatent parasites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from patients with recent malaria and negative malaria microscopy. Detection of the Plasmodium antigens, lactate dehydrogenase (Optimal), aldolase and histidine rich protein 2 (Now malaria) were used to differentiate between patients with (1) no malaria, (2) recent cleared malaria, (3) persistent P. falciparum infection. Red cell distribution width (RDW), plasma levels of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and erythropoietin (EPO) were measured as markers of erythropoiesis. Interleukin (IL) 10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were used as inflammation markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPO was correlated with haemoglobin, irrespective of malaria (R = -0.36, P < 0.001). Persistent P. falciparum infection, but not recent malaria without residual parasites, was associated with bone marrow suppression i.e., low RDW (P < 0.001 vs. P = 0.56) and sTfR (P = 0.02 vs. P = 0.36). TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels were not associated with bone marrow suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the treatment of malaria, complete eradication of parasites may prevent subsequent development of anaemia. Severely anaemic children may benefit from antimalarial treatment if antigen tests are positive, even when no parasites can be demonstrated by microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology 7602, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. mariehelleberg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helleberg
authors.forename: Bamenla Q
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Goka
authors.forename: Bartholomew D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Akanmori
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Obeng-Adjei
authors.forename: Onike
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rodriques
authors.forename: Jorgen A L
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kurtzhals
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000097:blood*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D000099053:Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D011506:Proteins; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099053:Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein; D004921:Erythropoietin; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase