title: Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defects and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries: unifocalization brings no long-term benefits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the contribution of unifocalization procedures in the management of patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1975 through 1995, 82 consecutive patients were entered in a multistage approach and had 189 sternotomies and thoracotomies to perform 119 shunts, 130 major aortopulmonary collateral artery transplantations, and 76 major aortopulmonary collateral artery ligations. The serial angiographies and the follow-up of these patients were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concurrent follow-up rate was 80%. The hospital mortality of the preliminary procedures was 4% (7/189). Fifty-three (65%) patients had a complete repair. The hospital mortality of the repair was 8% (4/53), and 9 late deaths occurred after repair, all of which were cardiac related. The overall survival of all patients to the age of 30 years was 58% +/- 7%. Survival 12 years after complete repair was 51% +/- 14%. On angiography, central shunts promoted growth of central pulmonary arteries in all cases (29 patients). Sixty unifocalized major aortopulmonary collateral arteries were identified in 31 patients. After a mean of 3.2 +/- 4 years, 26 thrombosed, and 12 presented with a stenosis of greater than 50%. Serial measurements of 29 major aortopulmonary collateral arteries showed no signs of growth (P = .25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term survival into adulthood of patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries has been achieved with a multistage approach. However, late survival depends exclusively on the growth of the native pulmonary circulation. The few unifocalized major aortopulmonary collateral arteries that did not thrombose failed to grow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. yves.dudekem@rch.org.au
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: d'Udekem
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alphonso
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: Leeanne E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Grigg
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Brizard
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods