title: Symbiotic association in Chlorella culture.
abstract: Chlorella sorokiniana IAM C-212 has long been maintained in slant culture as a mixed strain, representing an associated natural microbial consortium. In this study, the consortium was separated and five nonalgal constituents, a fungal strain (CSSF-1), and four bacterial strains (CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4) were isolated and identified. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strains CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4 were close to Ralstonia pickettii (99.8% identity), Sphingomonas sp. DD38 (99.4% identity), Microbacterium trichotecenolyticum (98.6% identity), and Micrococcus luteus (98.6% identity) respectively. 18S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain CSSF-1 resembled Acremonium-like hyphomycete KR21-2 (98.8%). The fungal strain CSSF-1 and one of the bacterial strains, CSSB-3, were found to promote the growth of Chlorella while the presence of bacterial strains CSSB-1 and CSSB-2 had no effect. Strain CSSB-4 could not be subcultured so its role was not elucidated. These results show that the interaction between Chlorella and its symbionts under photoautotrophic conditions involved both mutualism and commensalisms. The chlorophyll content of mixed strain was stable in long-term cultivation (7 months) while the chlorophyll content of a pure culture showed a marked decline. Electron microscopic analysis showed the two bacterial strains CSSB-2 and CSSB-3 were harbored on the sheath excreted by Chlorella, while the fungal strain CSSF-1 and the bacterial strain CSSB-1 directly adhered to the Chlorella cell surface. This report is the first observation of a symbiotic relationship among fungus, bacteria, and Chlorella, and the first observation of direct adhesion of fungus and bacteria to Chlorella in a consortium.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Noritaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takihana
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: Yoshitomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohmura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saiki
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002708:Chlorella / Q000145:classification* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010802:Phylogeny; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S