title: An investigation of some food-approved polymers as agents to inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution.
abstract: Dental erosion involves dissolution of the hydroxyapatite fraction of enamel and dentine, so agents that reduce the dissolution rate of hydroxyapatite could find application in food products aimed at reducing erosion. This study was performed to test some common food ingredients and additives for their effect on the dissolution rate of hydroxyapatite in a citric acid solution representative of soft drinks. Pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate and a linear chain polyphosphate (average 25 phosphate units) significantly reduced the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate by 35, 46 and 64%, respectively. Xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose significantly reduced the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate by 29 and 16%, respectively. The protective effect may be ascribed to the binding of condensed phosphate or to the formation of an adsorbed layer of gum at the hydroxyapatite surface. Several other common food additives had no statistically significant effect on the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate. Polyphosphate exhibited a considerable persistence of action, causing a reduction in the dissolution rate for 3 h after treatment. Tripolyphosphate was slightly persistent, and pyrophosphate and xanthan gum did not exhibit a substantial persistence of action. A solution containing polyphosphate and xanthan gum reduced the hydroxyapatite dissolution rate by 70% and exhibited a similar persistence of action to the solution containing only polyphosphate. These compounds are suggested to have potential as erosion-reducing agents in soft drinks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. m.e.barbour@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Barbour
authors.forename: R Peter
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Shellis
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Geoff C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addy
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005503:Food Additives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005503:Food Additives; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D011108:Polymers; D011122:Polyphosphates; D020011:Protective Agents