title: Direct analysis of human blood (mothers and newborns) by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence.
abstract: This work is an application of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) as analytical technique for trace element determination in human tissues. Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), bromine (Br), rubidium (Rb) and lead (Pb) were determined directly in blood samples from 66 mothers at delivery after full-term pregnancies. The corresponding 66 cord-blood samples of the newborns were also analysed, in order to find element correlations between maternal and newborn blood at birth. The studied samples were obtained from mothers aged between 15 and 39 years old, the gestational age being between 35 and 41 weeks and the newborns' weight between 2.310 and 4.310 kg. Samples were lyophilised and analysed without any chemical treatment. Very low levels of Pb were found both in maternal and fetal cord blood samples. Cu values ranged from 3 to 13 microg g-1, both for mothers and children. A correlation between Cu and Fe concentrations in maternal and fetal cord blood was found. Zn is considered as one of the key elements in newborn health. Concentrations between 10 and 40 microg g-1 were measured. A positive correlation between Br levels in mothers and children was observed. Positive correlations for mothers were observed between Zn and Rb as well as K and Fe. The corresponding correlations in fetal cord blood samples were not observed, however positive correlations were found between Ca and K; Cu and Fe. The mean concentrations for each element were similar in maternal and in fetal cord blood, except for Cu and Zn, being higher in maternal samples. No correlations between element concentrations and pathologies of the mothers were observed.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Física Atómica, Faculdade de Ciências, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Custódio
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pedroso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001835:Body Weight; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014131:Trace Elements; D014965:X-Rays; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc