title: Stress fractures in adolescent competitive athletes with open physis.
abstract: There have been no studies devoted exclusively to stress fractures in competitive athletes with immature skeletal systems so far. The object of this case series was to describe special features of stress fractures in athletes with immature skeletal systems, with special reference to sport-specific strain, diagnosis and treatment results. The study population was made up of 19 children and adolescents with a total of 21 stress fractures. The average observation period was 4.83 years [standard deviation (SD) 2.69] and the average age at diagnosis, 14.04 years (SD 4.7). The lower extremity was affected in most of our cases. In adolescent athletes, endurance sports appear to lead preferentially to stress fractures in the region of the metatarsal bones, while sports requiring sudden stops at high speed appear to increase the risk of fractures in the region of the tibial diaphysis (P=0.0322). Most (20 of 21) of the fractures in this study were treated conservatively with refraining from athletic activity and reduction of stress/weight-bearing for an average of 6.73 weeks (SD 2.91). In five cases the extremity was in addition immobilized in a plaster cast for 5.32 weeks (SD 2.21). Complete healing was achieved in 14 cases. In seven cases, however, the treatment did not lead to a satisfactory outcome. Most of the patients whose symptoms persisted over a long period had fractures in the tibia and were engaged in sports requiring frequent sudden stops. Our data suggest that stress fractures in athletes, whose skeletal systems are still immature, lead to a clinical picture that does not always culminate in a good outcome of treatment. We therefore recommend a thorough and early diagnostic investigation (including MRI) and consistent treatment whenever a patient's history and clinical picture give any indication that a stress fracture might be present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niemeyer
authors.forename: Annelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Peter Cornelius
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kreuz
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ewerbeck
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kasten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D050281:Bones of Lower Extremity / Q000293:injuries; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006132:Growth Plate; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000145:classification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires