title: Trace and mineral elements in royal jelly and homeostatic effects.
abstract: Royal jelly from Apis mellifera is a highly active natural biological substance and is probably one of the most interesting raw substances in natural product chemistry. Trace elements play a key role in the biomedical activities associated with royal jelly, as these elements have a multitude of known and unknown biological functions. For this reason concentrations of 28 trace (Al, Ba, Sr, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, Te, Tl, W, Sb, Cr, Ni, Ti, V, Co, Mo) and mineral (P, S, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) elements were systematically investigated in botanically and geologically defined royal jelly samples. In addition, concentrations of 14 trace elements were measured in the associated honey samples--honey being the precursor of royal jelly. Concentrations of K, Na, Mg, Ca, P, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, Ba and Sr in royal jelly were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), while concentrations of Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, Te, Tl, W, Sb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ti, V, Co and Mo in royal jelly were determined by double focusing magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). In the honey samples, trace and mineral element concentrations strongly depended on botanical and geological origin, and substantial variation was found. In contrast, the concentrations of trace and mineral elements were highly constant in the associated royal jelly samples. The most important results were the homeostatic adjustments of trace and mineral element concentrations in royal jelly. This effect was evidently produced in the endocrine glands of nurse bees, which are adapted for needs of bee larvae. In conclusion, this research yielded a surprising and completely new finding--that royal jelly, as a form of lactation on the insect level, shows the same homeostatic adjustment as mammalian and human breast milk.
authors.affiliation: GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany and Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, University of Orléans, INSERM, F-45071 Orléans cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schramel
authors.forename: Antonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettrup
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bengsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000378:metabolism; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D004602:Elements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D014131:Trace Elements; D000099219:Royal Jelly
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008903:Minerals; D014131:Trace Elements; D000099219:Royal Jelly