title: Frozen section diagnosis in pediatric surgical pathology: a decade's experience in a children's hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative consultations, including frozen sections (FSs), are essential for patient care and are a key quality component in anatomic pathology. Little data exists about the use, frequency, and type of discrepancies and deferral rates of FS diagnoses in pediatric and adolescent surgical pathology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze indications, discrepancies, and deferrals for all FSs performed at a children's hospital during a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All FSs for 1995-2004 were reviewed for indications, discrepancies, deferred diagnoses, and turnaround time. Discrepancies were categorized into major and minor subtypes according to potential impact on patient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35,611 surgical pathology cases were accessioned, with 2839 intraoperative consultations, which included 2783 FSs and 56 nonmicroscopic consultations. Most frequent indications included questions related to neoplasms (tumor detection, specimen adequacy, triage, classification, and margins) and suspected Hirschsprung disease. In these consultations, 115 discrepancies (4%) were identified, of which 7 (0.2%) were major, with potentially significant clinical impact, and 108 (3.9%) were minor. The major discrepancies included tumor, ganglion cell, or organism detection. The minor discrepancies involved sampling error, reclassification of benign or malignant neoplasms without clinical consequences, tumor typing or grading, and ganglion cell identification without clinical impact. Deferrals in 718 FSs (25% deferral rate) included tumor classification from generic to specific, identification of organisms, and evaluation of lymph node biopsies for lymphoma. Turnaround time exceeded 20 minutes in 403 cases (14%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FS rate of 7.8% overall and 5% of surgical pathology cases is similar in children's and general hospitals. The major discrepancy (discordance) rate is lower, which may reflect the different indications for FS in children and adolescents. Evaluation of colonic biopsies for ganglion cells is a diagnostic pitfall. The deferral rate of 25% reflects the definition of a deferred diagnosis. Traditional definitions of deferred and discordant FS diagnoses should be refined to reflect the increasing use of adjunct techniques, especially in tumor classification. These findings emphasize that, in children and adolescents, most FSs are performed for tumor classification, triage, detection, and specimen adequacy, and for possible Hirschsprung disease. In children and adolescents, FSs are used infrequently to identify normal or unknown tissue, to analyze a lesion in a radiographically directed specimen, or to detect lymph node metastases. The differences in pediatric and adolescent FS indications and use underscore the importance of focused education in pediatric surgical pathology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. cheryl.coffin@ihc.com
authors.forename: Cheryl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Coffin
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spilker
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lowichik
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Pysher
mesh_terms: D005629:Frozen Sections / Q000379:methods*; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D010340:Pathology, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics; D012017:Referral and Consultation