title: Dynamics of the circadian blood pressure profiles after renal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormalities of diurnal blood pressure (BP) rhythm ("nondipping") are well-described in dialysis patients, and have prognostic importance. It is controversial whether successful renal transplantation (RTx) improves diurnal BP rhythm. To date, no study has attempted to define and model the evolution of diurnal BP rhythm profiles from dialysis to engraftment, focusing on the immediate (4-6 weeks) and medium-term (>1 year) postengraftment periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test if kidney transplantation normalizes the BP profile, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed in 20 living related transplants (age, 30.3+/-5.1 years; 11 males, on dialysis for 25.6 months) 1 month preRTx and repeated 1 month and >1 year (ABPM3) after successful RTx. Dipping was defined as a sleep-to-awake ratio>0.92 (for systolic BP) and >0.90 (for diastolic BP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PreRTx only 15% patients were dippers. At 1 month postRTx (creatinine clearance, 65.8 ml/min), all patients were complete nondippers. However, after >1 year postRTx (creatinine clearance, 70.4 ml/min), 40% were now dippers. Most importantly, overall, 30% of the patients improved significantly their circadian rhythm (35.3% of the initial preRTx nondippers). Despite successful renal transplantation, 55% patients maintained unchanged their nondipping profile throughout all three ABPM recordings. The only determinants of "long-term" postRTx circadian rhythm are the contemporary level of the renal function and the baseline, dialysis dipping profile: SBP3 sleep-to-awake ratio is related with serum creatinine3 (r=0.58, P=0.001), creatinine clearance (r=-0.41, P=0.036) and SBP1 sleep-to-awake ratio (r=0.48, P=0.034); similarly DBP3 sleep-to-awake ratio is related with serum creatinine3 (r=0.63, P=0.001), creatinine clearance (r=-0.471, P=0.036) and SBP1 sleep-to-awake ratio (r=0.53, P=0.016). In all, 57% of the variance in dipping status can be attributed and explained by the contribution of renal function and initial circadian variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of the nondipper dialysis patients maintain a permanently abnormal circadian rhythm, despite successful RTx. In the short term, RTx is associated with a highly abnormal diurnal profile, exclusively related to ciclosporin dose and levels. However, in the longer term, renal transplantation leads to a significant improvement of the circadian blood pressure profile, influenced by the renal function level and by the pretransplantation dipping profile.
authors.affiliation: Dialysis and Transplantation Center, C.I. Parhon University Hospital, Iasi, Romania. acovicxnet.ro
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gusbeth-Tatomir
authors.forename: Nicoleta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mardare
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buhaescu
authors.forename: David J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012890:Sleep; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine