title: Assessing early to late stage dementia: the TSI and BANS-S scales in the nursing-home.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The traditional assessment tools for dementia, such as the MMSE, have only limited ability to follow subjects with severe dementia because they show a floor effect. Specific observational and performance-based instruments were recently developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To directly compare an observational scale to a performance-based instrument in moderate to severe dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared a slightly modified version of the performance-based Test for Severe Impairment (mTSI) to the observer-based Bedford Alzheimer Nursing Severity Scale (BANS-S). Both scales were administered, together with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR), to a nursing-home sample of 130 women suffering from different types of dementia (CDR range:1-4; MMSE range:0-18), defined according to DSM-IV criteria. Mean age was 86.9 +/- 7.3 years and mean education was 2.7 +/- 1.1 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BANS-S could be applied to all patients, the mTSI to 87 subjects (66.9%). Mean mTSI score decreased progressively from CDR stage 2 to CDR stage 4, whereas no difference was detectable between CDR stages 1 and 2. By contrast, the BANS-S was not significantly different for CDR stages 1 to 3, and the mean BANS-S score worsened only in CDR stage 4. Results were similar for AD and non AD dementia. Both scales were independent from age and education and their test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities were satisfactory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mTSI looks promising in the moderate-to-severe range, whereas the BANS-S seems more useful in the very late stage of dementia. However, neither scale was optimal and additional instruments should be tested in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Mons. L.Biraghi Nursing-home, Cernusco s/N (MI), Italy. ildebrando.appollonio@unimib.it
authors.forename: Ildebrando
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Appollonio
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiga
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrarese
authors.forename: Lodovico
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frattola
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results