title: Microbiology profile in women with pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to IUD use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the microbial characteristics of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and the possible impact of an intrauterine device (IUD) on the microbial environment in women presenting with PID.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study, investigating 51 women with acute PID and 50 healthy women. Endocervical specimens for microbiological investigation were obtained at gynaecological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IUD users with PID had significantly more Fusobacteria spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. than non-IUD users with PID. The finding of combinations of several anaerobic or aerobic microbes was associated with a significantly increased risk of PID and with complicated PID. In IUD users, the combinations of several anaerobic/aerobic microbes were associated with an increased risk of PID, irrespective of duration of IUD use. Long-term IUD use appeared to be associated with an increased risk of a PID being complicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of several anaerobic or aerobic microbes appears to be associated with PID in users of IUD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health. i.viberga@apollo.lv
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viberga
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Odlind
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazdane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kroica
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olofsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health