title: The catalytic subunit alpha' gene of human protein kinase CK2 (CSNK2A2): genomic organization, promoter identification and determination of Ets1 as a key regulator.
abstract: The human genome contains four protein kinase CK2 loci, enclosing three active genes coding for the catalytic subunits alpha and alpha' and the regulatory subunit beta, and a processed alpha subunit pseudogene. Extensive structure and transcriptional control data of the genes are available, except for the CK2alpha' gene (CSNK2A2). Using in silico and experimental approaches, we find CSNK2A2 to be located on the long arm of chromosome 16 (in contrast to published data), to span 40kb and to consist of 12 exons, with the translational start in Exon 1 and the stop in Exon 11. Exon/intron boundaries conform to the gt/ag rule, and various potential polyadenylation signals determine transcript species with lengths of 1.7-5.7 kb. The upstream region of the gene displays housekeeping characteristics, lacking a TATA box and possessing several GC boxes as well as a CpG island around Exon 1. According to reporter gene assay results, the promoter activity ranges from -1308 to 197 with the highest activity in region -396 to -129. This region contains binding motifs for various transcription factors, including NFkappaB, Sp and Ets family members. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that the Ets motifs play, in cooperation with Sp motif clusters, a central role in regulating CK2alpha' gene transcription. A similar control has been described for the transcription of the CK2alpha and CK2beta genes so that the presented data are compatible with the assumption of a coordinate transcriptional regulation of all three active human CK2 genes decisively determined by Ets family members.
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Cell Physiology (A135), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. k.ackermann@dkfz.de
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neidhart
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waxmann
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pyerin
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000235:genetics*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D016385:TATA Box
chemical_list: D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D047390:Casein Kinase II