title: Surface expression and cytolytic function of natural killer cell receptors is altered in chronic hepatitis C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired activity of natural killer (NK) cells has been proposed as a mechanism contributing to viral persistence in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. As the function of NK cells is primarily regulated by NK cell receptors (NKR), we analysed whether decreased NK cell function in hepatitis C may be related to dysregulated NKR expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of NK cell was analysed by flow cytometry on lymphocytes from HCV(+) subjects (n = 30), patients who became HCV(-) after antiviral therapy (n = 10), healthy individuals (n = 10), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients (n = 9). Cytolytic function of lymphocytes was studied in a redirected lysis assay and in a standard 51chromium release cytotoxicity assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with chronic hepatitis C, we found a significantly reduced proportion of NKp46 and NKp30 expressing NK cells compared with healthy and HBV infected subjects. Low expression of natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) was also confirmed in in vitro activated NK cell populations derived from HCV patients compared with uninfected donors. In contrast, patients who cleared HCV under antiviral therapy showed normal expression of NKp44, NKp30, and NKp46. Reduced NCR expression in chronic hepatitis C was associated with a parallel decrease in NCR mediated target cell killing. Furthermore, we found a significantly increased proportion of NKG2A expressing NK cells and CD8+ T cells in HCV positive patients, resulting in a reduced cytolytic activity against cells incubated with the HLA-E stabilising peptide HCV core35-44.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that defective expression of NKR represents a novel mechanism contributing to impaired function of NK cells and CD8+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet, Germany. Jacob.Nattermann@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nattermann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahlenstiel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langhans
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauerbruch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Spengler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D055627:Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1; D055629:Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2; D055628:Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C112260:NCR1 protein, human; C112837:NCR2 protein, human; C431710:NCR3 protein, human; D055627:Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1; D055629:Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2; D055628:Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic