title: Phosphodiesterase inhibition by sildenafil citrate attenuates a maze learning impairment in rats induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signal transduction pathway has been implicated in some forms of learning and memory. Recent findings suggest that inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes that degrade cGMP may have memory-enhancing effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether treatment with sildenafil citrate, a PDE type 5 inhibitor, would attenuate a learning impairment induced by inhibition of NO synthase [60 mg/kg N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), i.p.].
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were pretrained in a one-way active avoidance of foot shock in a straight runway and, on the next day, received 15 training trials in a 14-unit T-maze, a task that has been shown to be sensitive to aging and impairment of central NO signaling systems. Combined treatments of L-NAME or saline and sildenafil (1.0, 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle were given 30 and 15 min before training, respectively. Behavioral measures of performance included entries into incorrect maze sections (errors), run time from start to goal (latency), shock frequency, and shock duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis revealed that L-NAME impaired maze performance and that sildenafil (1.5 mg/kg) significantly attenuated this impairment. Control experiments revealed that administration of L-NAME alone did not significantly increase latencies in a one-way active avoidance test and that different doses of sildenafil alone did not significantly alter complex maze performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that sildenafil may improve learning by modulating NO-cGMP signal transduction, a pathway implicated in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. DevanBr@grc.nia.nih.gov
authors.forename: Bryan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Devan
authors.forename: Jonna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bowker
authors.forename: Kara B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Ila S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Bharati
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Demetrio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sierra-Mercado
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Spangler
authors.forename: Donald K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ingram
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000502:physiology; D004597:Electroshock; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011687:Purines; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester