title: Low incidence of sepsis due to viridans streptococci in a ten-year retrospective study of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and particularly viridans group streptococci (VGS) sepsis. The present study, conducted between 1993 and 2003 in children with AML, sought to assess the frequency and characteristics of infectious complications (ICs), the incidence of VGS sepsis, the interest of preventive decontamination, and a possible cytarabine dose-effect on the occurrence of ICs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical charts of 78 children treated according to the EORTC 58921 clinical trial were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were isolated in laminar air flow rooms, received non-absorbable gut decontamination, gum decontamination with vancomycin mouthwash, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole. ICs were categorized as microbiologically documented infections (MDI), clinically documented infections (CDI), or fever of unknown origin (FUO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 268 ICs occurred: 57.5% FUO, 8.5% CDI, and 34% MDI. Bloodstream infections occurred in 58 febrile episodes: Gram-positive bacteria represented 83% of the pathogens including 66.1% Staphylococcus species and 8.5% Streptococcus species (6.8% VGS), Gram-negative bacteria represented 13.5% of the pathogens and yeasts 3.5%. Five patients died of infection (6.4%). None died from bacterial infection and no case of VGS sepsis required intensive care. Invasive fungal infection was proven in four patients. Number of ICs was significantly different according to gum and gut decontamination status, and according to the cytarabine dose during the first intensification. No resistant strains were detected in spite of the use of local antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low rate of VGS and enterobacteriaceae sepsis was probably due to the effective decontamination. Our supportive care strategy could potentially help enhance overall survival in children with AML.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department, Debrousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ploton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galambrun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pondarré
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pages
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bleyzac
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Freydière
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbé
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bertrand
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017053:Infection Control; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034363:Viridans Streptococci / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine