title: Understanding results from randomized trials: use of program- and client-level data to study medical and nonmedical treatment programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address unanticipated results from randomized trials, researchers often focus on client-level data about services received during treatment. Program-level observations can also be helpful, especially in understanding treatment delivered in groups. Using both approaches, this article strives to better understand inconsistent results from a trial comparing medical and nonmedical group-format day treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dependent treatment seekers were randomized to a hospital-based medical day-treatment program or to one of two community-based nonmedical day treatment programs. Services received during treatment were captured from clients using the Treatment Services Review (N = 230 subjects; 78 women), and group sessions were observed to measure therapeutic style using an Event Form (N = 48 observations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trial had found better medical outcomes at the hospital than at either nonmedical program, but most other tests had demonstrated similar outcomes at day hospital and one of the nonmedical sites and worse outcomes (psychiatric, family/social and employment) at the other nonmedical study site. Our analysis of services reported by study participants found a pattern of fewer substance misuse-oriented groups and less serious discussions about medical, psychiatric and family/social problems at the same nonmedical site that had worse outcomes. The way that services were delivered at that site further helped to explain the poorer outcomes there: Groups tended to be more didactic, classroom-like and less discussion-oriented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although services received are helpful in explaining treatment outcome, treatment observation adds explanatory value. Without increasing the cost of service provision, programs that rely heavily on didactic approaches might improve their outcomes simply by encouraging more interactive discussions that engage the clients.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Research Group, Berkeley, California 94709, USA. lkaskutas@arg.org
authors.forename: Lee Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kaskutas
authors.forename: Lyndsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ammon
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Witbrodt
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zemore
authors.forename: Thomasina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borkman
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weisner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002140:California; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003631:Day Care, Medical / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017050:Episode of Care; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012008:Recurrence