title: Anesthetic management of the neonate with congenital complete heart block: a 16-year review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthesia for patients with complete heart block can be associated with significant hemodynamic instability. The aim of this study is to review our anesthetic experience of neonates with congenital complete heart block (CCHB) who underwent placement of either a temporary epicardial pacing system or a permanent epicardial pacemaker.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anesthetic management of neonates with CCHB who underwent pacemaker placement at a single institution over a 16-year period was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four neonates were identified, 17 with a structurally normal heart (NL) and seven with associated congenital heart defects (CHD). Median (range) gestational age was 36.9 (26-41) weeks, birth weight 2.9 (1.0-4.1) kg, and baseline heart rate 47 (38-80) b.min(-1). A temporary epicardial pacing system was placed in six patients (four CHD, two NL; P = 0.003) following institution of mechanical ventilation and inotropic support for a low cardiac output state, and a permanent epicardial pacemaker was placed in 18 patients. Atropine 0.02 mg.kg(-1) IV prior to induction (n = 5) increased heart rate less than 20%. Intraoperative hypotension was documented in nine neonates, five of seven with CHD and four of 17 with NL (P = 0.02). In four patients (44%) hypotension occurred despite concurrent inotropic support. Intraoperative cardiac arrest occurred in one neonate, necessitating institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Two patients (8.3%) died in hospital from complex CHD and complications of prematurity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early institution of mechanical ventilation, inotropic support and pacing are necessary in the neonate with CCHB and poor hemodynamic function, particularly with coexisting CHD or prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA. barry.kussman@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kussman
authors.forename: Danielle R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Madril
authors.forename: Ravi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital* / Q000628:therapy*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications