title: Role of the alkali labile sites, reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in DNA damage induced by methylated trivalent metabolites of inorganic arsenic.
abstract: In the last decade arsenic metabolism has become an important matter of discussion. Methylation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) is considered to decrease arsenic toxicity. However, in addition to these pentavalent metabolites, the trivalent metabolites monomethylarsonous (MMA(III)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) have been identified recently as intermediates in the metabolic pathway of arsenic in cultured human cells. To examine the role of oxidative damage in the generation of DNA strand breaks by methylated trivalent arsenic metabolites, we treated human lymphocytes with both metabolites at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We further tested whether these effects are sensitive to modulation by the antioxidants ascorbate (Vitamin C) and selenomethionine (Se-Met). Both trivalent metabolites produced oxidative stress related DNA damage, consisting of single strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, with MMA(III) being more potent at low concentrations than DMA(III). Neither MMA(III) nor DMA(III) induced DNA-double strand breaks. The oxidative stress response profiles of the metabolites were parallel as determined by lipid peroxidation induction. MMA(III) induced peroxidation from the lowest concentration tested, while effects of DMA(III) were apparent only at concentrations above 10 muM. The antioxidant Se-Met exhibited a more pronounced inhibition of trivalent arsenic metabolite-induced oxidative-DNA damage than did vitamin C. The present findings suggest that DNA damage by methylated trivalent metabolites at non-cytotoxic concentrations may be mediated by a mix of reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxidized species.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70228, D.F., 04510 México, México. emilior@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soto-Reyes
authors.forename: Luz María
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Del Razo
authors.forename: Mahara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rojas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002101:Cacodylic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008745:Methylation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D012645:Selenomethionine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D000975:Antioxidants; D001152:Arsenicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004247:DNA; D012645:Selenomethionine; D002101:Cacodylic Acid; C020300:monomethylarsonic acid; D001151:Arsenic; D001205:Ascorbic Acid