title: Current issues in organophosphate toxicology.
abstract: Organophosphates (OPs) are one of the main classes of insecticides, in use since the mid 1940s. OPs can exert significant adverse effects in non-target species including humans. Because of the phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase, they exert primarily a cholinergic toxicity, however, some can also cause a delayed polyneuropathy. Currently debated and investigated issues in the toxicology of OPs are presented in this review. These include: 1) possible long-term effects of chronic low-level exposures; 2) genetic susceptibility to OP toxicity; 3) developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity; 4) common mechanism of action; 5) mechanisms of delayed neurotoxicity; and 6) possible additional OP targets. Continuing and recent debates, and molecular advances in these areas, and their contributions to our understanding of the toxicology of OPs are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100 Seattle, WA 98105, USA. lgcosta@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Lucio G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000109:Acetylcholine