title: Frozen section of thyroid and parathyroid specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative fine-needle aspiration of thyroid lesions has greatly diminished the need for surgical evaluation. However, because thyroid nodules are common lesions, many still require surgical intervention and represent a substantial number of cases that the pathologist encounters in the frozen section laboratory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comprehensive reviews of frozen section indications, as well as gross, cytologic, and histologic features of the most common and diagnostically important thyroid and parathyroid lesions, are presented to provide a guideline for proper triage and management of these cases in the frozen section laboratory. The most common pitfalls are discussed in an attempt to avoid discordant diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid lobectomy, subtotal or total thyroidectomy, and parathyroid biopsy or parathyroidectomy cases are included in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frozen section evaluation of thyroid and parathyroid lesions remains a highly accurate procedure with a low false-positive rate. Gross inspection, complemented by cytologic and histologic review, provides the surgeon with the rapid, reliable, cost-effective information necessary for optimum patient care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030-2707, USA. ranton@tmh.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Rose C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D010279:Parathyroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010340:Pathology, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery