title: EGF receptor-targeted synthetic double-stranded RNA eliminates glioblastoma, breast cancer, and adenocarcinoma tumors in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal form of brain cancer. With the available treatments, survival does not exceed 12-14 mo from the time of diagnosis. We describe a novel strategy to selectively induce the death of glioblastoma cells and other cancer cells that over-express the EGF receptor. Using a non-viral delivery vector that homes to the EGF receptor, we target synthetic anti-proliferative dsRNA (polyinosine-cytosine [poly IC]), a strong activator of apoptosis, selectively to cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poly IC was delivered by means of a non-viral vector: 25kDa polyethylenimine-polyethyleneglycol-EGF (PEI25-PEG-EGF). EGFR-targeted poly IC induced rapid apoptosis in the target cells in vitro and in vivo. Expression of several cytokines and "bystander killing" of untransfected tumor cells was detected in vitro and in vivo. Intra-tumoral delivery of the EGFR-targeted poly IC induced the complete regression of pre-established intracranial tumors in nude mice, with no obvious adverse toxic effects on normal brain tissue. A year after treatment completion the treated mice remain cancer-free and healthy. Similarly, non-viral delivery of poly IC completely eliminated pre-established breast cancer and adenocarcinoma xenografts derived from EGFR over-expressing cancer cell lines, suggesting that the strategy is applicable to other EGFR-over-expressing tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strategy described has yielded an effective treatment of EGFR over-expressing GBM in an animal model. If this strategy is translated successfully to the clinical setting, it may actually offer help to GBM patients. Moreover the elimination of two additional EGFR over-expressing cancers in vivo suggests that in principle this strategy can be applied to treat other tumors that over-express EGFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shir
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogris
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levitzki
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D024201:Bystander Effect; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007097:Imines; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011095:Polyethylenes; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007097:Imines; D011095:Polyethylenes; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; C505405:poly(ethylene imine); D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; D011070:Poly I-C