title: Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of total sleep deprivation on adolescent sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and to study aspects of sleep homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were studied during baseline and recovery sleep after 36 hours of wakefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-bed sleep research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven prepubertal or early pubertal children (pubertal stage Tanner 1 or 2 = Tanner 1/2; mean age 11.9 years, SD +/- 0.8, 2 boys) and 6 mature adolescents (Tanner 5; 14.2 years, +/- 1.4, 2 boys).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six hours of sleep deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-night polysomnography was performed. EEG power spectra (C3/A2) were calculated using a Fast Fourier transform routine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, sleep latency was shorter, sleep efficiency was higher, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stage 4 was increased, and waking after sleep onset was reduced in recovery relative to baseline sleep. Spectral power of the NREM sleep EEG was enhanced after sleep deprivation in the low-frequency range (1.6-3.6 Hz in Tanner 1/2; 0.8-6.0 Hz in Tanner 5) and reduced in the sigma range (11-15 Hz). Sleep deprivation resulted in a stronger increase of slow-wave activity (EEG power 0.6-4.6 Hz, marker for sleep homeostatic pressure) in Tanner 5 (39% above baseline) than in Tanner 1/2 adolescents (18% above baseline). Sleep homeostasis was modeled according to the two-process model of sleep regulation. The build-up of homeostatic sleep pressure during wakefulness was slower in Tanner 5 adolescents (time constant of exponential saturating function 15.4 +/- 2.5 hours) compared with Tanner 1/2 children (8.9 +/- 1.2 hours). In contrast, the decline of the homeostatic process was similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maturational changes of homeostatic sleep regulation are permissive of the sleep phase delay in the course of adolescence.
authors.affiliation: E P Bradley Hospital Chronobiology and Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA. Oskar.Jenni@kispi.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Oskar G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Jenni
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Achermann
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carskadon
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology