Long-term outcome after stroke: evaluating health-related quality of life using utility measurements.
OBJECTIVE
As stroke mortality rates decline, individuals are increasingly likely to live with their residual impairments and disabilities. Therefore, the quality of poststroke life is 1 of the pivotal topics that have to be considered beneath the functional outcome. However, data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) have been infrequently used in stroke trials. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term outcome (4 years after stroke) of HRQoL and to identify the determinants of HRQoL in stroke survivors.


METHODS
Seventy-seven patients were included who were admitted to the Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, after experiencing an ischemic stroke, a transient ischemic attack, or a hemorrhagic stroke. All patients were examined by a physician, and assessment was performed using a standardized questionnaire. HRQoL was assessed using the German version of the EuroQoL Index (EQ-5D) and the Health Utility Index 2 and 3 (HUI2/3).


RESULTS
Four years after stroke, besides physical functioning, neuropsychological sequelae such as depression and cognitive impairment contributed to a reduced HRQoL. In addition, the incidence of incontinence proved to be an important factor for HRQoL. Explained variances in regression analysis models were high (R2=0.802 for HUI and 0.633 for EQ-5D--visual analogue scale) and were based on a few important determinants, including physical state, depression, cognitive impairment, and incontinence.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results underscore the importance of nonmotor symptoms on HRQoL in patients with stroke.
Haacke
Caroline
C
Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
Althaus
Astrid
A
Spottke
Annika
A
Siebert
Uwe
U
Back
Tobias
T
Dodel
Richard
R
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome