title: Bradyphrenia and bradykinesia both contribute to altered speech in schizophrenia: a quantitative acoustic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative contributions of motor and cognitive symptoms on speech output in persons with schizophrenia (SZ).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies of speech production in SZ suggest that atypical prosody (eg, pause) is related to clinical symptoms manifest in flat affect and alogia. Others have suggested that a more general motor slowing, bradykinesia, leads to measurable speech changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen participants with SZ and age-matched control subjects were included for between-group and by-task comparisons. Two levels of task complexity were analyzed acoustically to determine distinct and overlapping features of speech pause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the free-speech task, group differences were found on measures of average pause duration, pause variability, percent pause, and cumulative pause time. Conversely, for the rote-speech task, group differences were found only on measures of average pause duration and pause variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In persons with SZ, differences in the average and variability of pause duration may be reflected in speech motor slowing, whereas more global measures (eg, percentage pause) may better reflect a paucity of thought and idea generation related to the cognitive-linguistic aspects of free speech. These findings corroborate and extend the paucity of thought hypothesis in SZ to include an influence of motor slowing on speech production.
authors.affiliation: Voice Acoustics Laboratory, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, CN, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cannizzaro
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rappard
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior