title: Transdermal delivery of heparin using pulsed current iontophoresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In clinical practice heparin has to be administered by injection with obvious disadvantages; thus, transdermal delivery by electrically assisted methods have been studied. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of a Food and Drug Administration-approved pulsed current iontophoresis system in delivering heparin through living rat skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescent and radioactive heparin as well as a commercial heparin preparation were delivered through rat skin via a pulsed current iontophoresis system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulsed current iontophoresis allowed fluorescent heparin to cross the stratum corneum localizing in epidermis and dermis. Unfractionated, high-, and low molecular weight fraction pools, obtained by fractionating [35S]-unfractionated heparin on a molecular weight sieve, were then separately tested. Pulsed current iontophoresis elicited the transdermal delivery of low molecular weight heparin, but not that of high molecular weight heparin. Finally, pulsed current iontophoresis of an unfractionated pharmaceutical heparin preparation significantly decreased plasmatic factor Xa activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that this technique could be used to administer low molecular weight heparin in a cost-efficient and safe manner without the need for syringes and needles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Punzi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gulisano
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cecchi
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vannucchi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008970:Molecular Weight; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes; D006493:Heparin; D015951:Factor Xa