title: Inappropriate use of intravenous pantoprazole: extent of the problem and successful solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indications for intravenous proton pump inhibitors (IV PPI) include upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) from peptic ulcer disease with high-risk stigmata and patients receiving nothing by mouth (NPO). The objectives were to assess the extent of errors in indications for IV PPI use and to determine whether multidisciplinary interventions could improve IV PPI use and costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part 1: Patients prescribed IV PPI during a period of 4 months were divided into 2 settings, UGIB or non-UGIB. The setting-specific appropriateness of the IV PPI indication and dosing regimen was determined. Part 2: Patients prescribed IV PPI before and after multidisciplinary interventions (educating physicians, a computerized dose template, pharmacists altering IV PPI orders in non-UGIB patients who were not NPO, and recommending a GI consult when a continuous infusion was ordered) were studied. Incidence of prescribing errors, IV PPI costs, and potential confounders were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Part 1: Only 50% of UGIB (n = 145) patients received IV PPI for an appropriate indication. Both indication and dosing regimen were appropriate in 21%. In the non-UGIB group (n = 95), 33% were truly NPO; 51% had a correct dosing frequency. Part 2: The postintervention (n = 105) group (vs the preintervention group, n = 113) showed a significant absolute reduction in the degree of inappropriate indication in the UGIB (26%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-42%; P < .0001) and in the non-UGIB (41%; 95% CI, 24%-58%; P < .0001) subgroups. However, a greater improvement in underspending than overspending meant that overall costs were unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IV PPI was frequently prescribed inappropriately and incorrectly; simple maneuvers resulted in reductions in errors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Gilaad G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panaccione
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romagnuolo
mesh_terms: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D000368:Aged; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013454:Sulfoxides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D013454:Sulfoxides; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D009853:Omeprazole