title: Univentricular repair in children under 2 years of age: early and midterm results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Encouraging results have been obtained from early univentricular repair. Our study was designed to assess the impact of young age (less than 2 years) on the outcome of univentricular repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1992 and December 1998, 65 out of 311 patients undergoing univentricular repair at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, were less than 2 years of age. We compared these 65 carefully selected patients (group 1) with the 246 patients who were more than 2 years of age (group 2). Since 1994, all patients of both groups had a fenestration of the intra-atrial baffle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early mortality rate was 9.2% in group 1 and 7.7% in group 2. The overall Fontan failure rate was 12.3% in group 1 and 12.2% in group 2. In group 1, a higher incidence of Fontan failure was noted in patients with suboptimal weight, non-tricuspid atresia morphology, nonfenestrated Fontan and those who did not comply with more than two of Choussat's criteria, but the values were not statistically significant. Aortic cross-clamp time of more than 60 min was the only and highly significant predictor of Fontan failure (P < 0.01). The overall effusion rate was 24.05% in group 1 and 27.98% in group 2. In group 1, patients weighing less than 10 kg (P = 0.0007), without fenestration of the atrial baffle (P < 0.05) and with systemic ventricular dysfunction (P < 0.001), systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure of more than 12 mmHg (P < 0.001), mean pulmonary artery pressure of more than 15 mmHg (P < 0.001) and aortic crossclamp time of more than 60 min (P < 0.01), were all found to be significant risk factors of pleural effusion. Pulmonary artery distortion needing reconstruction did not increase the Fontan failure or effusion rates. Oxygen saturation ranged from 85 to 94% (mean 89%) in patients having a functioning fenestration at a mean follow-up period of 30 months. The actuarial survival at 84 months was 90 +/- 0.04% in group 1 and 88 +/- 0.02% in group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that carefully selected patients under 2 years of age are suitable candidates for one-stage univentricular repair and that survival is not significantly different from that of older patients. Routine fenestration of the intra-atrial baffle is an option available to ameliorate morbidity and obviate mortality. Non-compliance with more than two of Choussat's criteria appears to be additive in unsatisfactory outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Cardiothoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Airan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhan
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venugopal