title: Premature coronary heart disease, cigarette smoking, and the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome and cigarette smoking each increase the risk of a recurrent event in patients with premature coronary heart disease. We explored the association between cigarette smoking and the metabolic syndrome by examining 705 men aged < 55 years and 296 women < 65 years within 6 to 12 months of a major coronary heart disease event. Most were taking statins (96%) and antihypertensive drugs (88%). Nearly 1/3 of the subjects had the full metabolic syndrome, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. These subjects were less likely to be nonsmokers than were those with < or = 2 components of the metabolic syndrome (13.2% vs 24.2%, p < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, educational attendance, and alcohol consumption, the odds ratio (OR) for the metabolic syndrome was doubled in men who smoked cigarettes daily (OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 3.7) or who were ex-smokers (OR 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 3.9) compared with nonsmokers. Female ex-smokers had an increased risk compared with nonsmokers (OR 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 3.9). Ex-smokers were more likely to meet the metabolic syndrome cutoff levels for waist circumference and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < or = 0.01) than were nonsmokers. Also, male ex-smokers were more likely to exceed the cutoff level for triglycerides (p = 0.004). These findings indicate that although smoking cessation is imperative for patients with premature CHD, the metabolic risks associated with overweight and obesity after cessation need to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. serena.tonstad@uus.no
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonstad
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svendsen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology