title: Visual impairment and eye abnormalities in Oklahoma Indians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of visual impairment and eye abnormalities in Oklahoma Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study included 1019 Oklahoma Indians, aged 48 to 82 years; 60.2% were women. All participants gave a personal interview, and all underwent an eye examination, including the determination of best-corrected visual acuity and an ophthalmoscopic examination. In addition, two 45 degrees fundus photographs were taken of each eye, and these photographs were graded by the Fundus Photography Reading Center at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 1019 participants, 77.4% had a visual acuity of 20/20 or better, 19.5% and 2.5% had visual acuities of between 20/25 and 20/40 and between 20/50 and 20/190, respectively; and 0.6% were legally blind, all in the better eye. Cataract was the most frequent contributing cause and age-related macular degeneration the second most frequent contributing cause of visual impairment. The overall prevalence proportions of age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and definite glaucoma were 33.6%, 39.6%, 20.1%, and 5.6%, respectively. Most of the other eye abnormalities were rare in the study participants, except for pinguecula (42.4%) and dermatochalasis (30.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oklahoma Indians have a higher prevalence of visual impairment, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy than other ethnic groups. The implementation of adequate treatment and prevention programs for eye diseases is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Health Research and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warn
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ogola
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009825:Oklahoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*