title: Multicellular organization in a degradative biofilm community.
abstract: Diclofop methyl, a commercial herbicide, was used as the sole carbon source to cultivate diclofop-degrading biofilms in continuous-flow slide culture. The biofilms were analyzed by using scanning confocal laser microscopy and image analysis. Spatial relationships among members of the community were distinctive to diclofop-grown biofilms. These relationships did not develop when the biofilms were grown on more labile substrates but were conserved when the biofilms were cultivated with other chlorinated ring compounds. The structures included conical bacterial consortia rising to 30 mum above the surrounding biofilm, grape-like clusters of cocci embedded in a matrix of perpendicularly oriented bacilli, and other highly specific patterns of intra- and intergeneric cellular coaggregation and growth. These unique consortial relationships indicated that syntrophic interactions may be necessary for optimal degradation of diclofop methyl and other chlorinated ring compounds.
authors.affiliation: National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wolfaardt
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Robarts
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Caldwell