title: Serum hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type I (HAI-I) and type 2 (HAI-2) in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2) are Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors for hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA). We attempted to clarify whether serum levels of HAI-1 and HAI-2 could be a useful marker in patients with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of HAI-1 and HAI-2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 27 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 118 patients with prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum levels of HAI-1 in patients with prostate cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with BPH. Furthermore, the serum HAI-1 levels in patients with distant metastasis and hormone resistant prostate cancer were significantly elevated compared with those in patients with organ-confined diseases. There were no significant differences in serum HAI-2 levels among prostate cancer subgroups according to clinical stage. Significantly elevated levels of HAI-1 were detected in 38 patients with prostate cancer before any treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAI-1 may be a potential tumor marker for prostate cancer. Further studies in large groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of HAI-1.
authors.affiliation: Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Department of Urology, Toyama, Japan. nagakawa@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nagakawa
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akashi
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagaike
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fuse
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014360:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; C109149:SPINT1 protein, human; C109148:SPINT2 protein, human; D014360:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean