title: An active surveillance study of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the rate of faecal vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonisation in high-risk patients in a regional hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational surveillance study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2001 to December 2002, stool samples from patients in the intensive care unit and patients in whom Clostridium difficile testing was requested were used for study using a broth enrichment method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of faecal vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2414 cultures from 1792 patients were tested for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus using a broth enrichment method. Only one (0.06%) patient was found to harbour a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in the gastro-intestinal tract. Surveillance cultures from contacts of the case revealed another six with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis was also later reported from a clinical specimen (catheterized urine) of another patient. They were all epidemiologically linked to the index case. Mean inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined to be higher than 256 and 0.5 microgram/mL, respectively by E-test for all the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates. Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the presence of vanB genes and the result was in line with the phenotype. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed a monoclonal vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus outbreak. Strict infection control measures recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were followed and the outbreak was successfully controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonisation is rare, but present among high-risk patients in our hospital. A routine surveillance programme should be implemented that will enable early case detection and prompt initiation of infection control measures to prevent the emergence of an endemic situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong. vivien_chuang@yahoo.com.hk
authors.forename: V W M
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: D N C
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: J K S
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: R K W
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance