title: The impact of ethnicity on glucose regulation and the metabolic syndrome following gestational diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the impact of ethnic origin on metabolism in women following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Glucose regulation and other features of the metabolic syndrome were studied at 20.0 (18.2-22.1) months (geometric mean [95% CI]) post-partum in women with previous GDM (185 European, 103 Asian-Indian, 80 African-Caribbean). They were compared with the same features in 482 normal control subjects who had normal glucose regulation during and following pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impaired glucose regulation or diabetes by WHO criteria were present in 37% of women with previous GDM (diabetes in 17%), especially in those of African-Caribbean and Asian-Indian origin (50 and 44%, respectively vs 28% in European, p=0.009). BMI, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, fasting triglyceride and insulin levels, and insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), were increased following GDM (p<0.001 for all, vs control subjects). Where glucose regulation was normal following GDM, basal insulin secretion (by HOMA) was high (p<0.001 vs control subjects). Irrespective of glucose regulation in pregnancy, Asian-Indian origin was associated with high triglyceride and low HDL cholesterol levels, and African-Caribbean with increased waist circumference, blood pressure, and insulin levels, together with insulin resistance and low triglyceride concentrations. Nonetheless, the GDM-associated features were consistent within each ethnic group. The metabolic syndrome by International Diabetes Federation criteria was present in 37% of women with previous GDM, especially in non-Europeans (Asian-Indian 49%, African-Caribbean 43%, European 28%, p=0.001), and in 10% of controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following GDM, abnormal glucose regulation and the metabolic syndrome are common, especially in non-European women, indicating a need for diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kousta
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Efstathiadou
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: J A R
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jeffs
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Godsland
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Doré
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penny
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anyaoku
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Millauer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cela
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000145:classification*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids