title: Meat consumption reduces the risk of nutritional rickets and osteomalacia.
abstract: Endogenous vitamin D deficiency (low serum 25(OH)D3) is a necessary but insufficient requirement for the genesis of vitamin D-deficiency rickets and osteomalacia. The magnitude of the independent contributions of dietary factors to rachitic and osteomalacic risk remains uncertain. We reanalysed two weighed dietary surveys of sixty-two cases of rickets and osteomalacia and 113 normal women and children. The independent associations of four dietary variables (vitamin D, Ca, fibre and meat intakes) and daylight outdoor exposure with rachitic and osteomalacic relative risk were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Meat and fibre intakes showed significant negative and positive associations respectively with rachitic and osteomalacic relative risk (RR; zero meat intake: RR 29.8 (95 % CI 4.96, 181), P<0.001; fibre intake: RR 1.53 (95 % CI 1.01, 2.32), P=0.043). The negative association of meat intakes with rachitic and osteomalacic relative risk was curvilinear; relative risk did not fall further at meat intakes above 60 g daily. Daylight outdoor exposure showed a significant negative association with combined relative risk (RR 0.33 (95 % CI 0.17, 0.66), P<0.001). Operation of the meat and fibre risk factors was related to sex, age and dietary pattern (omnivore/lactovegetarian), mainly determined by religious affiliation. The mechanism by which meat reduces rachitic and osteomalacic risk is uncertain and appears independent of revised estimates of meat vitamin D content. The meat content of the omnivore Western diet may explain its high degree of protection against nutritional rickets and osteomalacia from infancy to old age in the presence of endogenous vitamin D deficiency.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dunnigan
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hole
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barbara Mawer
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D010018:Osteomalacia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012279:Rickets / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D