title: Aerodynamics of the human larynx during vocal fold vibration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : The goal of this study was to comprehensively analyze the influence of aerodynamics on laryngeal function. Three specific aspects were considered: 1) a multidimensional comparison of the interaction of subglottic pressure, sound intensity, and fundamental frequency; 2) examination of instantaneous changes in subglottic pressure during each glottic cycle; and 3) determination of the threshold subglottic pressure for vocal fold vibration and its dependence on other aerodynamic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Prospective study with six healthy individuals without history of voice disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  : The subjects vocalized the vowel sound /i/ with a variety of different intensities, pitch, and sound intensity. Subglottic air pressure, fundamental frequency, sound intensity, and the electroglottography signal were simultaneously measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Linear relationships were seen in all subjects between subglottic air pressure and sound intensity, although there were large variations in the slopes of these relationships. Rapid variations in subglottic pressure during each glottic cycle were detected, corresponding to the opening of the vocal folds with each individual vibration. Threshold pressures for vocal fold vibration were dependent primarily on sound intensity and fundamental frequency and tended to be higher at vibration onset than at offset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : The larynx responded in a predictable pattern to general aerodynamic forces, but there was tremendous variability in its specific behavior. Fundamental frequency and sound intensity tended to increase with subglottic air pressure, but that relationship was not seen consistently in all subjects. The relationship between subglottic air pressure and sound intensity was usually linear, unlike the exponential relationship seen in previous studies. Subglottic pressure was noted to undergo rapid change with each glottic cycle in some, but not all, subjects and was most strongly affected by average subglottic pressure. Phonation threshold air pressure was influenced by the sound intensity and, to a smaller extent, by the fundamental frequency of the voiced sound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, AK Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA. rlplant@anmc.org
authors.forename: Randall L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Plant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D014732:Vibration; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*