title: Development of a total colonoscopy rat model with endoscopic submucosal injection of the cecal wall.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental models of colorectal tumor require either laparotomy for induction or anastomosis following resection. The long murine cecum avoids the need for an anastomosis, making the cecum the preferred site for induction. This study aimed to evaluate total colonoscopy with submucosal injection of cecal wall (TCWI) in rats in terms of failure rate (FR), complication rate (CR), and reproducibility (R).
  
  
  METHODS
  A bolus of bowel prep was given. Anesthesia was injected intraperitoneally. A video fiberscope (5.9 mm outer diameter, 180/90 degrees up/down bending, 100/100 degrees right/left bending, 103 cm working length, 120 degrees view field, and 2.0 mm channel) allowed for irrigation and suction. Saline 1 ml was injected in the cecal wall through a 4-mm-long, 23-gauge needle placed on a 3-mm wire, resulting in a blister. FR was a failure to reach and inject the cecum. Rats were allowed to recover. CR was measured at necropsy. R was assessed by comparing TCWI time, FR, and CR for three investigators. Sample size of 120 (type I error, 0.05; power, 80%) was based on a pilot study. Data are presented as median (range).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of two of 122 rats (1.6%) died after prep or anesthesia. Bowel prep resulted in 99.1% evacuation of solid feces. A total of 120 male Sprague-Dawley retired breeders weighing 592 g (range, 349-780) underwent TCWI. Scope depth was 28 cm (range, 20-36). Irrigating fluid was 290 ml (range, 100-600). TCWI time was 7 min (range, 4-28). FR was 4%. In three failed cases, the scope reached the ascending colon. CR was 2%. There were two perforations in the ascending colon. All three operators had similar TCWI time (p = 0.673), FR (p > 0.1), and CR (p > 0.1). A total of 98.3% of rats survived to planned sacrifice. At 48-h necropsy, the injection site was macroscopically identified in 118 rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A safe and reproducible TCWI rat model has been achieved, which may provide a valuable tool in the future for studies of solid colorectal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haughn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchal
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Raftopoulos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torpey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollice
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yavuz
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yavus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marvik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergamaschi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000601:surgery*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D003113:Colonoscopy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley