title: Baby food production chain: pesticide residues in fresh apples and products.
abstract: During 3 years of a monitoring programme, 522 samples of fresh apples, six brands of fruit purées and various types of fruit baby food prepared from these materials were analysed. Each sample was examined for the presence of 86 GC amenable pesticide residues. The reporting limits of the procedure employed for sample analyses were in the range 0.003-0.01 mg kg(-1). Pesticide residues were detected in 59.5% of the samples of fresh apples. However, maximum residue levels (European Union MRLs) were exceeded only in 1.4% of samples. The levels of residues in 'positive' fruit purées were substantially lower, overall with residues detected in 33% of samples. Fruit baby food represented the commodity with the lowest incidence of residues being detected in only 16% of samples. The 0.01 mg kg(-1) MRL was exceeded in 9% of these products. Multiple residues were found in 25% of fresh apples and in 10% of fruit purées. None of fruit baby food samples contained more than a single residue. Organophosphorus insecticides and fungicides representing phtalimides, sulphamides and dicarboximides were the most frequently found residues. To obtain more knowledge on the fate of residues during fruit baby food production, processing experiments employing apples with incurred residues (fenitrothion, phosalone and tolylfluanid) were conducted. Washing of apples did not significantly reduce the content of pesticides. Steam boiling followed by removal of peels/stems was identified as the most efficient steps in terms of residues decrease (phosalone) or complete elimination (fenitrothion and tolylfluanid).
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stepán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tichá
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hajslová
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kovalczuk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kocourek
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D005278:Fenitrothion / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D027845:Malus; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis; D014052:Toluidines
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014052:Toluidines; C070021:N-dichlorofluoromethylthio-N',N'-dimethyl-N-p-tolylsulfamide; C003117:phosalone; D005278:Fenitrothion