title: Off-pump myocardial revascularization: critical analysis of 23 years' experience in 3,866 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is not new, with the first consecutive series of patients appearing in the early eighties. There has been increased interest in this alternative approach, especially in patients with comorbidities. There is controversy regarding advantages, risks, and usefulness of this method of myocardial revascularization. We herein report a consecutive series of 3,866 patients, from the first case in September 1981 to the last in November 2004, analyzing applicability, mortality, morbidity, and surgical technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1981 to November 2004, 3,866 consecutive patients were revascularized without CPB. This figure represents an overall applicability of 30.8% considering a total of 12,553 revascularization procedures performed during this time. There were 2,822 males (73%) with ages from 12 to 93 years (median, 62 +/- 14). Mean grafts per patient was 1.9, and the internal mammary artery was used in 87.3% of cases. The main indications for surgery were chronic coronary insufficiency (89% of cases) and failure of angioplasty or stenting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital mortality was 1.9%, with low incidence of cerebrovascular accident (5 cases in the entire series). Morbidity, considering major postoperative complications, occurred in 12.5% of the patients. The applicability of the off-pump technique was 18% of cases in the beginning of our experience, increasing to 49% in the last 5 years with the use of stabilizers and maneuvers to expose posterior coronary branches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-pump coronary surgery is an alternative method of myocardial revascularization that should be considered for every patient. The preference of this technique over conventional revascularization should be based on the surgeon's own experience, on the patient's preoperative condition and on the coronary anatomy. Off-pump myocardial revascularization represents an important development in coronary artery surgery. Over the years it has evolved into a valid form of surgery with the same safety as the conventional operation and with more advantages in high risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. enio.buffolo@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Enio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buffolo
authors.forename: João Nelson R
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: Luis Roberto
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gerola
authors.forename: Luciano F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: José Honório
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome