title: Local perspective of the impact of the HIPAA privacy rule on research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The operational and economic impact of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was evaluated. The setting was a natural experiment which involved a single-site, clinical research study that was initiated before the enactment of HIPAA and subsequently modified to be compliant with the new policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A formative assessment was conducted of the recruitment process to a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of an educational strategy to inform Veterans about the National Cancer Institute/Department of Veterans Affairs cosponsored Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Personnel time and costs were determined based on weekly accrual for study periods before and after the implementation of HIPAA. Root cause analysis was used to assess the recruitment protocol and to identify areas for improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implementation of HIPAA resulted in a 72.9% decrease in patient accrual (7.0 patients/wk vs. 1.9 patients/wk, P < 0.001), and a threefold increase in mean personnel time spent recruiting (4.1 hrs/patient vs. 14.1 hrs/patient, P < 0.001) and mean recruitment costs (49 US dollars/patient vs. 169 US dollars/patient, P < 0.001). Upon review of the modified HIPAA-compliant protocol, revisions in the recruitment procedure were adopted. The revised protocol improved weekly accrual by 73% (1.9 patients/wk vs. 7.1 patients/wk, P < 0.001) and resulted in improvements in personnel time (5.4 hrs/patient) and recruitment costs (65 US dollars/patient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enactment of HIPAA initially placed a considerable burden on research time and costs. Establishing HIPAA-compliant recruitment policies can overcome some of these obstacles, although recruitment costs and time are likely to be greater than those observed before HIPAA.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Services Research and Policy Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. mswolf@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D003219:Confidentiality; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D020408:Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000191:economics; D018579:Patient Selection; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States