title: Intensive insulin therapy does not alter the inflammatory response in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN95608630].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strict control of plasma glucose in diabetic and non-diabetic patients has been shown to improve outcome in several clinical settings. There is extensive evidence that glucose can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-6, with no effect on the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. We hypothesized that strict glucose regulation results in a change in cytokine balance from a pro-inflammatory state to a more balanced anti-inflammatory condition. In a randomized controlled trial we studied the effect of strict glycemic control on the local and systemic pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance in non-diabetic patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgery patients were randomly assigned to intensive insulin therapy (blood glucose between 80 and 110 mg/dl) or conventional insulin therapy (blood glucose less than 200 mg/dl). At 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 hours after admission to the intensive care unit, plasma samples and samples from the mediastinal drains were obtained. We measured the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patient groups were comparable in demographics, clinical characteristics and peri-operative data. In the intensive treatment group, glucose levels were significantly lower than in the conventionally treated group. No differences were found between both groups in the concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 in plasma samples or in fluid draining the mediastinal cavity. Levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in mediastinal fluid samples than in plasma samples, suggesting a compartmentalized production of cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of intensive insulin therapy in patients after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is not related to a change in cytokine balance from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory pattern. Systemic cytokine levels are not representative of the local inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. C.Hoedemaekers@ic.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Cornelia W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hoedemaekers
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Deuren
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van der Hoeven
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10