title: Activity of bleach, ethanol and two commercial disinfectants against spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
abstract: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a small protist parasite in the phylum Microspora. Hosts are infected by ingestion or inhalation of spores passed in the urine or feces. Infection with E. cuniculi is usually asymptomatic, except in young or immunocompromised hosts. This study examined the effects of various disinfectants on in vitro infectivity of E. cuniculi spores. Spores of E. cuniculi were exposed to several dilutions of commercial bleach, 70% ethanol and dilutions of commercial disinfectants HiTor and Roccal for 10 min and then loaded onto human fibroblast cells (Hs68 cells). Ten minutes of exposure to these disinfectants was lethal to E. cuniculi spores. Additional exposure time studies were done using dilutions of bleach at 0.1, 1 and 10%, and 70% ethanol. Exposure of E. cuniculi spores to 1 or 10% bleach for 30s rendered them non-infectious for Hs68 cells. Growth of E. cuniculi was observed in Hs68 cells inoculated with spores treated with 0.1% bleach for 30s or 1, 3 and 5 min, but not with spores treated for 7 min or longer. Exposure of E. cuniculi spores to 70% ethanol for 30s rendered them non-infectious for Hs68 cells. Spores of E. cuniculi are more sensitive to disinfectants than are coccidial oocysts and other parasite cysts. The relatively short contact time needed to kill spores indicates that disinfection of animal housing may be a viable means to reduce exposure of animals to E. cuniculi spores.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061-0342, USA.
authors.forename: Carly N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dicristina
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lindsay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D009670:Encephalitozoon cuniculi / Q000187:drug effects*; D016890:Encephalitozoonosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D000431:Ethanol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide