title: Copine A, a calcium-dependent membrane-binding protein, transiently localizes to the plasma membrane and intracellular vacuoles in Dictyostelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Copines are soluble, calcium-dependent membrane binding proteins found in a variety of organisms. Copines are characterized as having two C2 domains at the N-terminal region followed by an "A domain" at the C-terminal region. The "A domain" is similar in sequence to the von Willebrand A (VWA) domain found in integrins. The presence of C2 domains suggests that copines may be involved in cell signaling and/or membrane trafficking pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified six copines genes in the Dictyostelium discoideum genome, cpnA-cpnF, and have focused our studies on cpnA. CpnA is expressed throughout development and was shown to be capable of binding to membranes in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. A GFP-tagged CpnA was also capable of binding to membranes in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. In live wildtype Dictyostelium cells expressing GFP-CpnA, GFP-CpnA was typically found in the cytoplasm without any specific localization to membranes. However, in a small subset of starved cells, GFP-CpnA was observed to bind transiently (typically approximately 1-10 s) to the plasma membrane and intracellular vacuoles. In some cells, the transient membrane localization of GFP-CpnA was observed to occur multiple times in an oscillatory manner over several minutes. In plasma membrane disrupted cells, GFP-CpnA was observed to associate with the plasma membrane and intracellular vacuoles in a calcium-dependent manner. In fixed cells, GFP-CpnA labeled the plasma membrane and intracellular vacuoles, including contractile vacuoles, organelles of the endolysosomal pathway, and phagosomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that Dictyostelium has multiple copine homologs and provides an excellent system in which to study copine function. The localization of a GFP-tagged CpnA to the plasma membrane, contractile vacuoles, organelles of the endolysosomal pathway, and phagosomes suggests that CpnA may have a role in the function of these organelles or the trafficking to and from them. In addition, we hypothesize that the observed transient oscillatory membrane localization of GFP-CpnA in a small subset of starved cells is caused by fast calcium waves and speculate that CpnA may have a role in development, particularly in the differentiation of stalk cells.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA. cydamer@vassar.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Damer
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayeva
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Catherine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Socec
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C110203:copine; D002118:Calcium