title: Induction of hypothermia in patients with various types of neurologic injury with use of large volumes of ice-cold intravenous fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mounting evidence suggests that mild to moderate hypothermia can mitigate neurologic and myocardial injury. The speed of induction appears to be a key factor in determining its efficacy. However, even when the fastest currently available cooling techniques are used, reaching target temperatures takes at least 2 hrs and usually longer. We hypothesized that infusion of refrigerated fluids could be a safe accessory method to increase cooling speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-four patients with various types of neurologic injury (postanoxic encephalopathy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or traumatic brain injury).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypothermia was induced in 134 patients with various types of neurologic injury, by means ice-water cooling blankets and infusion of refrigerated (4 degrees C) saline (110 patients) or saline and colloids (24 patients). An average volume of 2340 +/- 890 mL of refrigerated fluids was infused in 50 mins. Core temperatures decreased from 36.9 +/- 1.9 degrees C to 34.6 +/- 1.5 degrees C at t = 30 mins and to 32.9 +/- 0.9 degrees C at t = 60 mins (target temperature: 32 degrees C-33 degrees C). Monitoring of blood pressure, heart rhythm, central venous pressure, blood gasses, electrolyte and glucose levels, and platelet and white blood cell count revealed no additional adverse effects. Mean arterial pressure increased by 15 mm Hg, with larger increases in blood pressure occurring in hemodynamically unstable patients. No patient developed pulmonary edema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction of hypothermia by means of cold-fluid infusion combined with ice-water cooling blankets is safe, efficacious, and quick. Because the speed of cooling is important to increase its protective effects, we recommend that cold-fluid infusion be used in all patients treated with induced hypothermia. This should be combined with another method to safely and accurately maintain hypothermia once target temperatures have been reached.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Polderman
authors.forename: Emmy R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Rijnsburger
authors.forename: Saskia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peerdeman
authors.forename: Armand R J
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Girbes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003422:Critical Care; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013696:Temperature; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride