title: Antitumor effects of etodolac, a selective cyclooxygenase-II inhibitor, against human prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor etodolac on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo and on E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the cytotoxicity of etodolac on the three prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, C4-2, and PC-3. We also performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure the mRNA expression of COX-2, Bcl-2, and E-cadherin in these cell lines after etodolac treatment. In addition, we investigated the in vivo antitumor effects of etodolac on a human prostate cancer xenograft model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etodolac exhibited significant antitumor effect in vivo and in vitro. The cytotoxicity of etodolac in LNCaP and C4-2 was markedly increased at a dose of 1000 nM in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. In the in vivo tumor growth study, the etodolac-treated mice exhibited more significant cytotoxicity than the phosphate-buffered saline-treated mice. Expression of E-cadherin after etodolac treatment tended to increase and that of Bcl-2 to decrease, but the expression of COX-2 had no definite tendency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The COX-2 inhibitor etodolac exhibited an antitumor effect on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, and it might be useful for the treatment of hormone-resistant prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigemura
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamidono
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gotoh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017308:Etodolac / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D017308:Etodolac