The cardiometabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular risk factor.
The cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and includes a constellation of risk factors such as central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, and hypercoagulability. Collectively, these risk factors increase CVD endpoints such as stroke, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and overall mortality. The CMS is associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, abnormal thrombolysis, and increased oxidative stress that accentuate progression of CVD. We will review how the varying components of the CMS relate to an increased CVD and renal disease risk.
Govindarajan
Gurushankar
G
University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
Whaley-Connell
Adam
A
Mugo
Maryann
M
Stump
Craig
C
Sowers
James R
JR
D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality