title: Estimated daily intakes of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants in Korea.
abstract: The study was conducted to establish the estimated daily intake (EDI) of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in Korea. The EDIs were obtained from two sources. One of the estimations was based on the analytical determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in 12 food categories (ten food categories for TBHQ) and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). The other EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ were based on the maximum permitted levels specified in national food standards in Korea and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). To establish the EDIs based on the analytical determination and on individual dietary intake data, 133 food samples in 12 food categories were selected from the foods considered to be representative sources of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in the Korean diet. Selected samples were analysed by GC with FID. BHA was not detected in any of the samples analysed. BHT and TBHQ were detected in the samples, but the levels were significantly lower than their maximum limits. The EDIs1 of BHT, and TBHQ for average consumers were 0.0156(-3), and 0.0012(-3) mg kg(-1) body weight bw day(-1) and as a proportion of the ADI were 0.0052 and 0.0002%, respectively. For 95th percentile consumers, the EDIs of BHT and TBHQ were 0.0080 and 0.0006 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), and as a proportion of the ADI were 2.67 and 0.09%, respectively. EDIs for BHA, BHT and TBHQ based on the maximum permitted levels and on individual dietary intake data were 0.04, 0.04 and 0.04 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. The EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ for average consumers ranged from 6.00 to 14.42% of the ADI of each antioxidant. According to these results, the EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in Korea were significantly lower than ADI of these antioxidants established by the JECFA.
authors.affiliation: Korea Health Industry Development Institute, 57-1 Noryangjin-Dong, Seoul 156-800, Korea.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: J-W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D-H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002083:Butylated Hydroxyanisole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004032:Diet; D005503:Food Additives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007723:Korea; D009749:Nutrition Surveys
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005503:Food Additives; D006873:Hydroquinones; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; D002083:Butylated Hydroxyanisole; C018855:2-tert-butylhydroquinone