title: Dose rate dependence of the relative biological effectiveness of 103Pd for continuous low dose rate irradiation of BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro relative to acute exposures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of continuous low dose rate irradiation (CLDRI) using 103Pd sources relative to acute high dose rate irradiations (AHDRI) from a 250 kVp x-ray beam and an x-ray beam having an equivalent mono-energetic photon energy equal to the average energy of the 103Pd source for BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A customized 103Pd irradiator was built to provide CLDRI using 103Pd at different dose rates relevant to clinical interstitial brachytherapy to BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma cells growing in exponential phase in culture. A special x-ray beam that simulates the photon energies emitted by the 103Pd source was also developed to provide acute high dose rate irradiation at those energies. Cell survival curves from different irradiation conditions were measured. The RBE with respect to AHDRI using standard 250 kVp x-rays was determined from the doses required to achieve a cell surviving faction of 0.01.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For acute irradiation, the RBE of the x-rays simulating (103)Pd was 1.24 relative to 250 kVp x-rays. A profound dose rate effect was observed at low dose rates in the range of 6.8 - 14.4 cGy/h that are typical of permanent interstitial brachytherapy. At cell-surviving fraction of 0.01, the RBE of CLDRI at 6.8 and 14.4 cGy/h using 103Pd sources was reduced by a factor of 3 and 2, respectively, relative to the acute exposure. This observation is in good agreement with recent in vivo tumor cure studies performed on BA1112 tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative biological effectiveness of the photons emitted by 103Pd depends on both the linear energy transfer (LET) of the low energy photons and the dose rate of the irradiation. The higher LET of 103Pd photons is biologically more effective in killing BA1112 tumor cells compared to conventional 250 kVp x-rays when both are delivered at the same dose rate. But the gain in RBE that results from the higher LET can be quickly negated by the reduced dose rate of the irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. ravinder.nath@yale.edu
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bongiorni
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jillian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gragnano
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rockwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D010165:Palladium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D051381:Rats; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D010165:Palladium