title: Effect of ambient humidity on light transmittance through skin phantoms during cryogen spray cooling.
abstract: Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is a technique employed to reduce the risk of epidermal damage during dermatologic laser surgery. However, while CSC protects the epidermis from non-specific thermal damage, it might reduce the effective fluence reaching the target chromophore due to scattering of light by the spray droplets and subsequent water condensation/freezing on the skin surface. The objective of this work was to study the effect of ambient humidity (omega) on light transmittance during CSC. An integrating sphere was employed to measure the dynamics of light transmittance through a deformable agar phantom during CSC. The study included two representative CSC spurt patterns studied using four omega: 57, 40, 20 and 12%. Results show that during CSC, as omega increased, light transmittance decreased. For the highest humidity level (57%) studied, light transmittance reached a minimum of 55% approximately 30 ms after spurt termination. In a controlled environment with omega = 12%, light transmittance reached a minimum of 87% approximately 30 ms after spurt termination. The reduced light transmittance immediately after spurt termination was most likely because of scattering of light caused by condensation of water vapour due to aggressive cooling of ambient air in the wake of the cryogen spurt.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ramirez-San-Juan
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Walfre
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguilar
mesh_terms: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010789:Phototherapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants