title: Effects of additional milk replacer feeding on calf health, growth, and selected blood metabolites in calves.
abstract: The objective of the experiment was to evaluate effects of increased milk replacer feeding on growth, intake, feed efficiency, and health parameters in stressed calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 120; approximately 3 to 8 d of age) were purchased from sale barns and dairy farms and housed in fiberglass hutches. In addition, wood shavings contaminated with coronavirus were mixed with clean shavings and added to each hutch before the start of the experiment. Calves were fed either a fixed amount (454 g/d) of a 20% crude protein (CP), 20% fat milk replacer to weaning at 28 d or a variable amount (454, 681, 908, and 454 g/d on d 0 to 7, 8 to 14, 15 to 31, and 32 to 41, respectively) of a milk replacer containing 28% CP and 17% fat without or with added dietary supplement containing bovine serum. Calves were also fed commercial calf starter and water ad libitum. Plasma IgG concentration in most calves on arrival at the facility was < 10 g/L. Intake, change in body weight, feed efficiency, morbidity and mortality, and selected plasma metabolites were determined. Body weight at 28 d, 56 d, daily body weight gain, intake of milk replacer, fecal scores, days with diarrhea, and days treated with antibiotics were increased with feeding variable amount of milk replacer over the 56-d study. Starter intake from d 1 to 56 was reduced from 919 to 717 g/d in calves fed fixed and variable amounts of milk replacer, respectively. Morbidity, measured as the number of days that calves had diarrhea, was increased by 53% when a variable amount of milk replacer was fed. Calves fed variable milk replacer were treated with antibiotics for 3.1 d compared with 1.9 d for calves fed 454 g of milk replacer/d. Concentrations of plasma glucose, urea N, and insulin-like growth factor-I were increased when calves were fed variable amount of milk replacer. Dietary supplement containing bovine serum had no effect on any parameter measured. There was no effect of milk replacer feeding on concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, total protein, or growth hormone concentrations. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha was highest in calves with the highest plasma IgG concentrations on the day of arrival and might be related to the calf's ability to identify pathogens in the environment. Under conditions of this study, calves fed variable amount of milk replacer and exposed to immunological challenge before weaning had greater BW gain, but also increased incidence of diarrhea that required added veterinary treatments.
authors.affiliation: APC, Inc., Ankeny, IA 50021, USA. jquigley@diamondv.com
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Elsasser
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007239:Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D041941:Milk Substitutes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014886:Weaning; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I