title: Two different transposable elements inserted in flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase gene contribute to pink flower coloration in Gentiana scabra.
abstract: Pink-flowered gentian plants (Gentiana scabra) have been bred from spontaneous mutations of blue-flowered gentian plants, but the formation mechanism(s) is unknown so far. To investigate the process, two independent pink-flowered gentian plant lines were analyzed by a molecular biological approach. HPLC analysis showed that petals of the blue-flowered cultivar contained a small amount of cyanidin derivatives and major delphinidin derivatives, whereas pink petals had only a small amount of cyanidin derivatives. To find the causal factor(s) of this change, we focused on flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3',5'H), which is a key enzyme for delphinidin biosynthesis in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Molecular analyses confirmed that the loss of delphinidin synthesis could be attributed to the insertions of different transposable elements in the F3',5'H gene in each independent pink-flowered gentian plant. Sequence analysis showed that these transposable elements were classified into an hAT superfamily and terminal-repeat retrotransposon in miniature (TRIM), by which normal F3',5'H transcripts were interrupted. Southern blot analysis indicated that they belong to high copy number elements and are also found in a related gentian species (G. triflora). These results suggest that the transposable elements inserted in F3',5'H are the source of the mutations and may also play a substantial role in the genomic evolution of the genus Gentiana.
authors.affiliation: Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003 Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mishiba
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Saburo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamura
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant; D030012:Gentiana / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C084258:flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase