title: Tracing from fat tissue, liver, and pancreas: a neuroanatomical framework for the role of the brain in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: The hypothalamus uses hormones and the autonomic nervous system to balance energy fluxes in the body. Here we show that the autonomic nervous system has a distinct organization in different body compartments. The same neurons control intraabdominal organs (intraabdominal fat, liver, and pancreas), whereas sc adipose tissue located outside the abdominal compartment receives input from another set of autonomic neurons. This differentiation persists up to preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamus, including the biological clock, that have a distinct organization depending on the body compartment they command. Moreover, we demonstrate a neuronal feedback from adipose tissue that reaches the brainstem. We propose that this compartment-specific organization offers a neuroanatomical perspective for the regional malfunction of organs in type 2 diabetes, where increased insulin secretion by the pancreas and disturbed glucose metabolism in the liver coincide with an augmented metabolic activity of visceral compared with sc adipose tissue.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.kreier@nih.knaw.nl
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kreier
authors.forename: Yolanda S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kap
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mettenleiter
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Heijningen
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Vliet
authors.forename: Andries
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalsbeek
authors.forename: Hans P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fliers
authors.forename: Johannes A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: Ruud M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Buijs
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006706:Homeostasis; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin