title: Immunological consequences of thalidomide treatment in Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the immunological consequences of systemic thalidomide treatment in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin (IL) 6) and soluble receptor (sIL2R) levels were measured in patient and control plasma (n = 7), before and after thalidomide treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined by FACS analysis for potential changes in specific cell populations (T cells, B cells, monocytes), and for the expression of activation markers (CD25, HLA-DR), costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L), TNF receptors, chemokine receptors, and adhesion molecules (L-selectin (L-sel)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Owing to adverse effects of thalidomide, the treatment interval was limited. None the less, statistically significant changes in markers of cell activation were recorded in the four treated patients. Before treatment, HLA-DR, TNFRI, CXCRI, and CXCRII were raised in the patients compared with healthy controls (p<0.05) and their expression was down regulated after treatment. B cell numbers and expression of the adhesion molecule L-sel also declined with thalidomide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant changes in measures of cell activation were detected during thalidomide treatment within this limited study, which upon further investigation may offer insight into the underlying immunoregulatory pathways of thalidomide.
authors.affiliation: Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Moutsopoulos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angelov
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Leakan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pillemer
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013792:Thalidomide