title: Urea as an endogenous surrogate in human microdialysis to determine relative recovery of drugs: analytics and applications.
abstract: During in vivo microdialysis studies time-consuming and laborious bedside calibration methods, e.g. retrodialysis, have to be performed. To reduce the burden on the patient it would be desirable to establish a reliable, time-saving calibration technique to obtain the in vivo recovery describing the relative drug transfer across the membrane of the microdialysis probe. The performed study aimed to evaluate and validate the use of urea as an endogenous reference compound to determine relative in vivo recovery of anti-infectives, e.g. linezolid used herein as model drug. In order to meet the special requirements imposed by microdialysis to measure urea concentrations in very small sample volumes ( approximately 10 microL) a photometric assay in 96-well microtiter plates was established based on the method of Berthelot. Subsequently, concentration- and flow rate-dependence were evaluated in vitro to determine the relative recovery (RR) of urea. Finally, urea and linezolid concentrations in human microdialysis samples were measured. The developed assay was validated according to international guidelines and met all requirements. Relative in vitro recovery was found to be independent from concentration and dependent on flow rate. Subsequently, relative in vivo recovery of urea was correlated with relative in vivo recovery of linezolid obtained by the traditional retrodialysis method. In healthy volunteers, the mean ratio of the relative recovery of linezolid to the relative recovery of urea was 0.6 for the subcutaneous (s.c.: CV 33.4%, n = 48) and 0.7 for the intramuscular probe (i.m.: CV 18.8%, n = 40), respectively. In critically ill patients this ratio was 0.7 for both tissues (s.c.: CV 32.8%, n = 18; i.m.: CV 22.1%, n = 17). Successful calibration of the urea reference technique without the need to use in vitro data will further promote the application of microdialysis in clinical studies especially in critically ill patients, as it reduces the imposed burden to a minimum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schwalbe
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buerger
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plock
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joukhadar
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kloft
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D002138:Calibration; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069349:Linezolid; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D015415:Biomarkers; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D014508:Urea; D000069349:Linezolid