title: Differences in the peripheral levels of beta-endorphin in response to alcohol and stress as a function of alcohol dependence and family history of alcoholism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence indicates that both genetic and environmental factors, such as stress, may play an important role for the development of alcoholism, while beta-endorphin may be implicated in the control of alcohol consumption. The objective of the present studies was to test the hypothesis that there are differences in the response of the pituitary beta-endorphin system to stress as a function of family history of alcoholism and alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The response of the pituitary beta-endorphin to a placebo or an alcohol (0.50 g ethanol/kg) drink and to a stress task performed 30 min following ingestion of either the placebo or the alcohol drink was measured in social and heavy drinkers with [high risk (HR)] and without [low risk (LR)] a family history of alcoholism. Thus, each subject participated in 4 experimental sessions given on different days in a randomized order. Four groups of subjects were investigated: 1) low risk nonalcoholics (LRNA); 2) high risk nonalcoholics (HRNA), 3) low risk alcoholics (LRA); and 4) high risk alcoholics (HRA). Plasma beta-endorphin was estimated prior to and for 3.5 hr post-stress. Changes in the concentration of plasma beta-endorphin following ingestion of either the placebo or alcohol drink without performance of the stress task served as controls to compare the stress-induced changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal plasma beta-endorphin levels were higher in LRNA than LRA, HRNA and HRA participants, while basal plasma beta-endorphin levels were higher in LRA than those in HRNA and HRA participants. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the plasma beta-endorphin levels between HRNA and HRA participants. Stress, induced a significant increase in plasma beta-endorphin concentration in all four groups of participants. However, the stress-induced increase in plasma beta-endorphin levels was more pronounced in LRNA than HRNA, LRA and HRA participants. Thus, alcohol dependence decreased the basal plasma beta-endorphin levels in LR only, as well as the stress induced increase in plasma beta-endorphin levels of participants without, but not of those with, a family history of alcoholism. Alcohol prior to stress attenuated the stress-induced increase in plasma beta-endorphin levels of all four groups of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data indicates that there are differences in both, the basal plasma beta-endorphin levels as well as the response of the pituitary beta-endorphin to stress as a function of family history of alcoholism and alcohol dependence. Thus, in HR individuals a dysfunction in the activity of the pituitary beta-endorphin system predates the development of alcoholism, while in LR individuals it develops following alcohol dependence. Furthermore, alcohol dependence did not alter the alcohol-induced attenuation of beta-endorphin response to stress.
authors.affiliation: Douglas Hospital Research Centre and the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thavundayil
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianoulakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D000431:Ethanol; D001615:beta-Endorphin