title: Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of anesthetics.
abstract: In this article we review how population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling has evolved in the specialty of anesthesiology, how anesthesiology benefited from the mixed-effects approach, and which features of modeling need careful attention. Key articles from the anesthesiology literature are selected to discuss the modeling of typical anesthesiological PD end points, such as level of consciousness and analgesia, interactions between hypnotics and analgesics, estimation with poor and sometimes rich data sets from populations of various sizes, covariate detection, covariances between random effects, and Bayesian forecasting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. e.olofsen@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olofsen
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahan
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics