title: Evaluation of the safety and durability of low-cost nonprogrammable electric powered wheelchairs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether a selection of low-cost, nonprogrammable electric-powered wheelchairs (EPWs) meets the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) Wheelchair Standards requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Objective comparison tests of various aspects of power wheelchair design and performance of 4 EPW types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three of each of the following EPWs: Pride Mobility Jet 10 (Pride), Invacare Pronto M50 (Invacare), Electric Mobility Rascal 250PC (Electric Mobility), and the Golden Technologies Alanté GP-201-F (Golden).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation engineering research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static tipping angle; dynamic tipping score; braking distance; energy consumption; climatic conditioning; power and control systems integrity and safety; and static, impact, and fatigue life (equivalent cycles).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Static tipping angle and dynamic tipping score were significantly different across manufacturers for each tipping direction (range, 6.6 degrees-35.6 degrees). Braking distances were significantly different across manufacturers (range, 7.4-117.3 cm). Significant differences among groups were found with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Energy consumption results show that all EPWs can travel over 17 km before the battery is expected to be exhausted under idealized conditions (range, 18.2-32.0 km). Significant differences among groups were found with ANOVA. All EPWs passed the climatic conditioning tests. Several adverse responses were found during the power and control systems testing, including motors smoking during the stalling condition (Electric Mobility), charger safety issues (Electric Mobility, Invacare), and controller failures (Golden). All EPWs passed static and impact testing; 9 of 12 failed fatigue testing (3 Invacare, 3 Golden, 1 Electric Mobility, 2 Pride). Equivalent cycles did not differ statistically across manufacturers (range, 9759-824,628 cycles).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large variability in the results, especially with respect to static tipping, power and control system failures, and fatigue life suggest design improvements must be made to make these low-cost, nonprogrammable EPWs safe and reliable for the consumer. Based on our results, these EPWs do not, in general, meet the ANSI/RESNA Wheelchair Standards requirements.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare Systems, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pearlman
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jaideep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karnawat
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014481:United States; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000592:standards*