title: Use of ultrasonic energy in assessing microbial contamination on surfaces.
abstract: Ultrasonic tanks were evaluated for their ability to remove viable microorganisms from various surfaces for subsequent enumeration. Test surfaces were polished stainless steel, smooth glass, frosted glass, and electronic components. The position of contaminated surfaces in relation to the ultrasonic energy source, distance of the ultrasonic source from the test surfaces, and temperature of the rinse fluid were some of the factors which influenced recovery. Experimental systems included both naturally occurring microbial contamination and artificial contamination with spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger. The results showed that ultrasonic energy was more reliable and efficient than mechanical agitation for recovering surface contaminants. Conditions which increased the number and percentage of microorganisms recovered by ultrasonic energy were: using a cold rinse fluid, placing the sample bottle on the bottom of the ultrasonic tank, and facing the contaminated surfaces toward the energy source. It was also demonstrated that ultrasonic energy could be effectively used for eluting microorganisms from cotton swabs.
authors.affiliation: Planetary Quarantine Unit, Phoenix Field Station Section, Ecological Investigations Program, National Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control, Public Health Service, Phoenix, Arizona 85014.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Puleo
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Favero
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Petersen