title: Longitudinal study of urinary phenanthrene metabolite ratios: effect of smoking on the diol epoxide pathway.
abstract: We have proposed that urinary phenanthrene metabolites could be used in a carcinogen metabolite phenotyping approach to identify individuals who may be susceptible to cancer induction by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In support of this proposal, we have developed methods for quantitation of r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT) and phenanthrols (HOPhe) in human urine. PheT is the end product of the diol epoxide metabolic activation pathway of PAH, whereas HOPhe are considered as detoxification products. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal consistency of these metabolites over time in smokers and nonsmokers and compared their levels. Twelve smokers and 10 nonsmokers provided urine samples daily for 7 days, then weekly for 6 weeks. Levels of PheT, HOPhe, and PheT/HOPhe ratios were relatively constant in most individuals, with mean coefficients of variation ranging from 29.3% to 45.7%. There were no significant changes over time in levels of the metabolites or in ratios. These results indicate that a single urine sample should be sufficient when comparing phenanthrene metabolites in different groups. PheT/HOPhe ratios were significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers, showing that smoking induces the diol epoxide metabolic activation pathway of phenanthrene. This finding is consistent with previous studies indicating that inducibility of PAH metabolism contributes to cancer risk in smokers.
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. hecht002@umn.edu
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: Menglan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: Joni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.forename: Chap
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carmella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000652:urine*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine*; D012907:Smoking; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons