title: Cartilage tissue engineering: its potential and uses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalent nature of osteoarthritis, a cartilage degenerative disease that results in the erosion of joint surfaces and loss of mobility, underscores the importance of developing functional articular cartilage replacement. Recent research efforts have focused on tissue engineering as a promising approach for cartilage regeneration and repair. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary research area that incorporates both biological and engineering principles for the purpose of generating new, living tissues to replace the diseased/damaged tissue and restore tissue/organ function. This review surveys and highlights the current concepts and recent progress in cartilage tissue engineering, and discusses the challenges and potential of this rapidly advancing field of biomedical research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cartilage tissue engineering is critically dependent on selection of appropriate cells (differentiated or progenitor cells); fabrication and utilization of biocompatible and mechanically suitable scaffolds for cell delivery; stimulation with chondrogenically bioactive molecules introduced in the form of recombinant proteins or via gene transfer; and application of dynamic, mechanical loading regimens for conditioning of the engineered tissue constructs, including the design of specialized biomechanically active bioreactors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell selection, scaffold design and biological stimulation remain the challenges of function tissue engineering. Successful regeneration or replacement of damaged or diseased cartilage will depend on future advances in our understanding of the biology of cartilage and stem cells and technological development in engineering.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8022, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Wan-Ju
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mauck
authors.forename: Rocky S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tuan
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019149:Bioreactors; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000628:therapy; D012038:Regeneration; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials