title: Influence of visible light and ultraviolet irradiation on motility and fertility of mammalian and fish sperm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of visible light irradiation on sperm motility, fertility, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were investigated and compared in ram and fish (tilapia).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Low-energy visible light has previously been found to modulate various processes in different biological systems. In the literature, it is accepted that the first step following visible light irradiation is the formation of ROS by endogenous cellular photosensitizers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm of ram and tilapia were irradiated with various light sources (400-800 nm white light, 660 nm red light, 360 nm blue light, 294 nm UV), and their motility and fertility rates were measured. The amount of ROS generated by irradiation was estimated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sperm taken from tilapia showed higher motility and fertility following red and white light irradiation. In contrast, the motility and fertility of ram sperm were slightly increased only by red light. A negative effect on motility and fertility of sperm of both species was obtained following irradiation with UV and blue light. The amount of ROS produced in irradiated tilapia sperm was much higher than that of ram sperm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that different wavelengths differentially affect tilapia and ram sperm motility and fertilization. The difference in response to the various light sources might be explained by the different amounts of ROS formation by ram and tilapia, which are in agreement with the physiology of fertilization appropriate to each of these species. Based on these results, it is suggested that in vitro fertilization in mammals should be performed in darkness or at least under red light.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zan-Bar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bartoov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yehuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lavi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lubart
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Avtalion
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005298:Fertility; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013081:Sperm Motility; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species