title: Extraocular muscle imaging in complex strabismus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abnormalities of extraocular muscle are an unusual cause of complex strabismus. The traditional evaluation based on clinical examinations is insufficient for the interpretation of incomitant motility disorders resulting from extraocular muscle anomalies. Extraocular muscle imaging by computed x-ray tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide useful information for diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of complex strabismus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cases of complex strabismus resulting from congenital anomalies of the extraocular muscles and their successful evaluation using extraocular muscle imaging are described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orbital CT or MRI scan was obtained in five patients who had unusual incomitant strabismus. It confirmed the diagnosis of the absence of the medial rectus muscle, accessory lateral rectus muscle, atrophy of the inferior or both superior and medial rectus muscles, and abnormal thickening of the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extraocular muscle imaging is a useful technique for evaluating anatomic abnormalities. It should be considered when evaluating patients with atypical strabismus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sa
authors.forename: Sung-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kyung
authors.forename: Sei Yeul
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed