title: Examination of the influence of personal traits and habituation on the reporting of complaints at experimental exposure to ammonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to examine the impact of personal traits and habituation on the intensity of self reported health symptoms and complaints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three healthy male volunteers were exposed to ammonia vapours in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 20/40, and 50 ppm on five consecutive days. To explore a possible influence of habituation on the perception of symptoms, the study group was divided into 30 men who were not familiar with the smell of ammonia, and ten participants regularly exposed to ammonia at the workplace. The perceived acute health symptoms and self-reported changes of well-being were assessed by the German version of a questionnaire of the Swedish Performance Evaluation System (SPES). Personal traits were ascertained with the positive and negative affectivity schedule (PANAS) and the Freiburger Persönlichkeits Inventar (FPI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are significant associations between personal traits and the amount of complaints. Subjects with high positive affectivity report less respiratory and irritative complaints, whereas persons with negative affectivity report significantly more olfactory and respiratory symptoms. In general, the strength of these correlations decreases with higher exposure levels. At ammonia concentration above 20 ppm, these associations were no more statistically significant. During the daily exposures, the score of symptoms did not vary significantly. The perceived intensity of health symptoms and annoyance increased with the concentration of ammonia, while the self-reported dimensions of well-being decreased. Workers familiar with the smell of ammonia vapours reported less symptoms compared to naïve subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habituation to ammonia vapours as well as personal traits influence the reporting of complaints particularly at low exposure. Both factors should be considered in the examination of chemosensory irritative compounds.
authors.affiliation: Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Hospitalstrasse 1, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany. aihrig@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ihrig
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Triebig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007509:Irritants; D000641:Ammonia