Visceral pain and public speaking stress: neuroendocrine and immune cell responses in healthy subjects.
Whereas responses to psychological stressors are well-characterized, little is known regarding responses to painful visceral stimuli. We analyzed the emotional, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and cellular immune responses to painful rectal stimulation and psychological stress in healthy individuals. Eleven healthy subjects were studied in three conditions on separate days: painful rectal distension, public speaking stress, and rest. Blood was drawn for endocrinological and immunological analyses; heart rate and blood pressure were measured continuously; state anxiety was assessed with a questionnaire (STAI-S). Anxiety scores were highest in the rectal distension condition. This was evident following rectal distension (mean STAI-S scores: 44.2+/-3.5 post-distension vs. 36.6+/-3.8 post-speech, p<.05), but anxiety was also elevated at baseline (41.6+/-3.9 vs. 32+/-3.2 recovery, p<.01). This anticipatory effect was reflected by elevated baseline cortisol (p<.05) and baseline ACTH (p<.01) levels, as well as circulating lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets, including decreased basal CD3+CD4+ cells (p<.05) and increased CD16+CD56+ cells (p=.06) compared to rest. Both public speech and rectal distension induced cardiovascular activation, but the effect was more pronounced following rectal distension (+63.8+/-9.4 mmHg in response to distension vs. +36.4+/-6.2 mmHg in response to speech for systolic BP, p<.05). Different response patterns were also observed in the distribution of circulating leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets, including CD16+CD56+ cells (p<.05). An acute visceral pain stimulus causes profound emotional, neuroendocrine, and immune cell responses, which are markedly affected by anticipatory anxiety. These findings may have implications for conditions associated with visceral hyperalgesia.
Lucas
A
A
Department of Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Essen, Germany.
Holtmann
G
G
Gerken
G
G
Pietsch
A
A
Braun-Lang
U
U
Gilani
K
K
Strassburger
K
K
Gesing
S
S
Janssen
O E
OE
Kavelaars
A
A
Heijnen
C J
CJ
Schedlowski
M
M
Elsenbruch
S
S
D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012007:Rectum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013060:Speech; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D014781:Viscera / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology