title: Insulin gel as an alternate to parenteral insulin: formulation, preclinical, and clinical studies.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to formulate insulin gel for intranasal administration and to evaluate with respect to in vitro release studies and hypoglycemic activity in animal model and healthy human volunteers. The insulin gel was formulated using the combination of carbopol and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as gelling agent. The in vivo efficacy of insulin gel administered intranasally was assessed by measuring the blood glucose levels and serum insulin levels at specified time intervals in rats and humans. The use of bioadhesive nasal gel containing insulin not only promoted the prolonged contact between the drug and the absorptive sites in the nasal cavity but also facilitated direct absorption of medicament through the nasal mucosa. Absorption of the drug through the nasal mucosa was high in the first 0.5 to 1.5 hours of the study with a sharp decline in blood sugar and rise in insulin values corresponding to that decline in blood sugar. This study further demonstrates that administration of insulin intranasally in gel form is a pleasant and painless alternative to injectable insulin.
authors.affiliation: Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutalik
authors.forename: Madhavacharya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vidyasagar
authors.forename: Nayanabhirama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Udupa
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005782:Gels; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000379:methods; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005782:Gels; D007328:Insulin