title: Benign essential blepharospasm: risk factors with reference to hemifacial spasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To identify risk factors associated with benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) with reference to hemifacial spasm (HFS). Persons with BEB and HFS experience similar physical symptoms, yet the two disorders have different etiologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with BEB (n = 159) or HFS (n = 91) were identified from two large neuro-ophthalmology clinics. Demographic, medical, behavioral, and psychological characteristics were obtained from chart review and a telephonic survey questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of BEB and HFS was 66 years. Most patients in both groups were retired, white, and female. BEB patients were more than two times as likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder than HFS patients (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.72). There was no difference between the two groups regarding demographics, smoking, a family history of dystonia, Parkinson disease, Bell palsy, Tourette disorder, obsessive compulsive symptoms, history of head trauma, alcohol use, or caffeine consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As compared to HFS, BEB was significantly more often associated with generalized anxiety disorder. Given the similarity of other clinical features of these two disorders, it is reasonable to conclude that anxiety is a cause not a consequence of BEB. Contrary to previous studies, BEB was not associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, head trauma, Parkinson disease, Bell palsy, Tourette disorder, or lack of smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0009, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Searcey
authors.forename: Aiyuan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Saunders L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hupp
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Owsley
authors.forename: Lanning B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kline
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires