title: Gaseous microemboli and the influence of microporous membrane oxygenators.
abstract: Gaseous microemboli (GME) are still an unsolved problem of extracorporeal circuits. They are associated with organ injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. Microbubbles of different sizes and number are generated in the blood as the result of different components of the extracorporeal circuit as well as surgical maneuvers. The aim of our study was to observe the behavior of microporous membrane oxygenators to GME in the daily use and in an in vitro model. For the detection of microbubbles, we used a two-channel ultrasonic bubble counter based on 2-MHz Doppler-System with special ultrasound probes. The amount and size of GME were monitored before and after membrane. In 28 scheduled cases with 3 different oxygenators and variability of surgical procedures, we observed the bubble activity in the extracorporeal circuit. In addition, we used an in-vitro model to study the ability of six different oxygenators by removing air in various tests. The oxygenators tested were manufactured with different membrane technologies. The results of our investigations showed varying membrane design lead to a partial removal of GME as well as a change in size and numbers of microbubbles.
authors.affiliation: Heart-Center of North-Rhine Westphalia, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bad Oeynhausen, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Weitkemper
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oppermann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spilker
authors.forename: Hermann-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Knobl
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Körfer
mesh_terms: D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology*; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D010107:Oxygenators, Membrane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors