title: Detection and initial characterization of synovial lining fragments in synovial fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Free fragments of synovium have occasionally been seen in synovial fluid but have not been studied systematically. We wished to establish a method for the reliable detection of these fragments in joint and bursa effusions and begin to characterize them by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell smears, wet drop preparations and cytospins were prepared from 39 consecutive joint and bursa effusions. Paraffin cell blocks were prepared from a subset. Analysis encompassed standard and polarized light microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (EM). Synovial biopsy tissue from one different patient was examined for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue fragments were not seen in Wright-stained cell smears and only rarely in wet drop preparations. In contrast, variously sized fragments with the histological appearance of hyperplastic synovial lining were detected in ethanol-fixed, haematoxylin/eosin-stained cytospins from bursitis and all arthropathies studied [17/24 (71%) of non-inflammatory and 12/15 (80%) of inflammatory specimens]. Immunostaining revealed CD68 expression in a subset of cells in a pattern characteristic of hyperplastic synovial lining. Juxtaposed cells with morphological features of macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes were seen by EM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synovial lining fragments can be detected in effusions from diverse arthropathies and bursitis. They maintain important properties of the synovial lining and can be analysed by immunohistochemistry. They may afford the opportunity to study a relatively pure preparation of synovial lining cells without the need for cell culture, and to evaluate their possible role in augmenting or perpetuating synovitis or joint damage.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, USA. liedai2004@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pessler
authors.forename: L X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clayburne
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Schumacher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule