title: Loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue increases transforming growth factor beta-mediated invasion with enhanced SMAD3 transcriptional activity.
abstract: In normal epithelial tissues, the multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) acts as a tumor suppressor through growth inhibition and induction of differentiation whereas in advanced cancers, TGF-beta promotes tumor progression through induction of tumor invasion, neoangiogenesis, and immunosuppression. The molecular mechanisms through which TGF-beta shifts from a tumor suppressor to a tumor enhancer are poorly understood. We now show a role for the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in repressing the protumorigenic effects of TGF-beta. The TGF-beta effector SMAD3 inducibly interacts with PTEN on TGF-beta treatment under endogenous conditions. RNA interference (RNAi) suppression of PTEN expression enhances SMAD3 transcriptional activity and TGF-beta-mediated induction of SMAD3 target genes whereas reconstitution of PTEN in a null cancer cell line represses the expression of TGF-beta-regulated target genes. Targeting PTEN expression through RNAi in a PTEN wild-type cell line increases TGF-beta-mediated invasion but does not affect TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. Reconstitution of PTEN expression in a PTEN-null cell line blocks TGF-beta-induced invasion but does not modulate TGF-beta-mediated growth regulation. These effects are distinct from Akt and Forkhead family members that also interact with SMAD3 to regulate apoptosis or proliferation, respectively. Pharmacologic inhibitors targeting TGF-beta receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling downstream from PTEN cooperate to block TGF-beta-mediated invasion. Thus, the loss of PTEN expression in human cancers may contribute to a role for TGF-beta as a tumor enhancer with specific effects on cellular motility and invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Anita B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Hjelmeland
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hjelmeland
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Darell D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bigner
authors.forename: Xiao-Fan
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070876:Tensins; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D000070876:Tensins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; C494929:PTEN protein, human