title: Detection of neurovascular structures using injection pressure in blockade of brachial plexus in rat.
abstract: In the last few decades there has been a great development of regional anesthesia; all the postulates are defined and all the techniques of usage are perfected. However, like any other medical procedure, the block of brachial plexus carries a risk of certain unwanted complications, like possible intraneural and intravascular injections. The reason for great discrepancy between the injury of brachial plexus and other periphery nerves while performing the nerve blockade is the frequent usage of this block, but also the specific proximity of neurovascular structures in axilla. The purpose of this work is to determine the values of pressures which appear in para-neural, intraneural and intravascular injection applications of local anesthetic, and to compare those values in order to avoid cases of intraneural and intravascular injections in clinical practice with consequential complications. In experimental study there have been used 12 Wistar rats of both genders. After anesthesia with ether and mid-humoral access to the neurovascular structures in axilla, the injection of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine was performed with the help of automatic syringe charge. The needle was at first placed para-neural, and then also intraneural and intravascular. During every application the pressure values were monitored using the manometer, and then they were analyzed by special software program. All para-neural injections resulted with the pressure between 13,96-27,92 kPa. The majority of intraneural injections were combined with the injection pressure greater than 69,8 kPa, while the intravascular injections were combined with injection pressure less than 6,98 kPa. Based on the available data it can be noticed that so far none of the methods of prevention from unwanted complications of regional anesthesia can insure the avoidance of intraneural and intravascular injection of local anesthetic. Based on our research it is obvious that the measuring of pressure during the nerve blockade is very important in order to decrease the risk of neurological and possible systematic complications. It is also clear that a small, mobile, and financially quite available apparatus for pressure measurement can help in differentiation between para-neural, intraneural and intravascular injection. Avoiding high injection pressure prevents from lodging the needle into intraneural space, while avoiding a very low injection pressure prevents from lodging the needle into intravascular space followed by consequential complications. The usage of this apparatus can find its application in other blockades of periphery nerves, and in other branches of medicine as well.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Cekalusa 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Ilvana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vucković
authors.forename: Admir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadzić
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dilberović
authors.forename: Amela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulenović
authors.forename: Zakira
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mornjaković
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zulić
authors.forename: Kucuk-Alija
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Divanović
authors.forename: Eldan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: Esad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cosović
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voljevica
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001366:Axillary Artery; D001367:Axillary Vein; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D009407:Nerve Block; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine