title: Gender-specific mortality associated with alcohol consumption in Poland in transition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To show the impact of rapid political and economic transitions on alcohol consumption and associated mortality in different socio-demographic segments of the Polish society, with particular focus on gender differences. Two causes of death associated with drinking (liver diseases and alcohol poisoning) are investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality time series 1986-2002 are analysed against consumption estimates and population drinking survey data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poland 1986-2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  General adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-standardized annual and 3-year death rates were calculated for age, gender and place of residence subgroups. For education, age-standardized relative frequency of deaths or proportional mortality in four basic educational levels was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol-related mortality shows great variability in response to substantial changes in alcohol consumption. Patterns of mortality and their magnitude of change correspond with average alcohol consumption and are therefore different for men and women, for different age and educational groups and in urban and rural areas. Level of education, however, may affect alcohol-related mortality more strongly than overall alcohol intake, particularly with regard to acute consequences of drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Polish experience illustrates that the impact of rapid political and economic transitions on alcohol consumption and associated mortality is highly differentiated and specific to gender and social class.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wojtyniak
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moskalewicz
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stokwiszewski
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rabczenko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality* / Q000639:trends; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012922:Social Change