title: Coracohumeral interval imaging in subcoracoid impingement syndrome on MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The coracohumeral interval previously has been described as predictive of subcoracoid impingement on dynamic screening. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a coracohumeral interval acquired from routinely performed MRI can reliably diagnose subcoracoid impingement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative MRI examinations of 19 patients (16 males, three females) with subsequent surgical confirmation of subcoracoid impingement were reviewed retrospectively and compared with MRI studies of 41 control subjects (22 males, 19 females). Axial and oblique sagittal coracohumeral interval measurements were taken. The morphology of the coracoid process and lesser tuberosity was assessed. Postanalysis application of the data to two smaller groups of patients was performed. The first group consisted of nine subjects (three males, six females) for whom subcoracoid impingement was diagnosed prospectively on the basis of abnormalities found by MRI. The second group consisted of seven patients (two males, five females) who were referred for MRI evaluation because of clinically suspected subcoracoid impingement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average coracohumeral interval for females was 3 mm smaller than that for males. Using sex-adjusted data, we found a statistically significant difference between individuals with or without subcoracoid impingement in the axial coracohumeral interval (p = 0.01). This value, however, was poorly predictive (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.73). An 11.5-mm axial coracohumeral interval had 84% sensitivity but only 44% specificity. A 10.5-mm axial coracohumeral interval had 79% sensitivity and 59% specificity. The shoulder morphologic features assessed and intraarticular contrast use were not statistically significantly related to the coracohumeral interval. In postanalysis application of data, in the group of nine subjects without clinical diagnosis of subcoracoid impingement, all prospective MRI subcoracoid impingement diagnoses were falsely positive. However, if subcoracoid impingement was the referring diagnosis, prospective MRI evaluation more often was correct (n = 7 [three true-negatives, two true-positives, two false-negatives]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A sex-adjusted coracohumeral interval of 10.5-11.5 mm, although statistically significantly related to subcoracoid impingement, is poorly predictive of this diagnosis when acquired via routinely performed MRI. Subcoracoid impingement is primarily a clinical diagnosis that may be supported, but not established, by this means.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Eddie L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giaroli
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: Doug E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lemley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology