Endocrine disorders associated with holoprosencephaly.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the incidence of endocrinopathies in holoprosencephaly (HPE) and correlate the severity of the endocrinopathies with the neuroanatomic abnormalities.


METHODS
We reviewed the histories and medical records of 117 children with HPE for endocrinopathies and related treatments. Neuroimaging studies were graded for severity of HPE, hypothalamus non-separation, and pituitary abnormalities.


RESULTS
Diabetes insipidus (DI) occurred in 70% of patients with classic HPE. The severity of the DI correlated with the grade of HPE and hypothalamic non-separation (p < 0.0001). Anterior pituitary dysfunctions were much less common. Hypothyroidism was identified in 11% of patients, hypocorticism in 7%, and growth hormone deficiency in 5%. Only one patient with middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly (MIH) had any of these disorders.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with HPE have a high incidence of DI that may be related to the failure of cleavage of hypothalamic nuclei. Anterior pituitary dysfunctions are much less common than DI.
Hahn
Jin S
JS
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5235, USA. jhahn@stanford.edu
Hahn
Sara M
SM
Kammann
Heather
H
Barkovich
A James
AJ
Clegg
Nancy J
NJ
Delgado
Mauricio R
MR
Levey
Eric
E
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology