title: Tolerability of ramipril 10 mg daily in high-risk cardiovascular patients in Taiwan: experience from Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital.
abstract: The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study demonstrated that the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, significantly reduces mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke in high-risk cardiovascular patients, beyond the benefits from blood pressure lowering. The tolerability of ramipril 10 mg/day has been an important concern when applying these results. Following the same criteria as the HOPE study, we investigated the adverse effects profile and tolerability of 10 mg ramipril in high-risk patients at our institution. In total, 92 patients with high cardiovascular risk were eligible for this study. Initially, ramipril was prescribed 2.5 mg orally once daily, and then titrated up to 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/day at 1-month intervals. The target maintenance dose was 10 mg/day. All adverse events were recorded during at least 3 months of follow-up. After 4-6 months of the titration protocol, only 18 patients (25.3%) reached and remained on ramipril 10 mg/day; 11 (15.5%), 22 (30.9%), and 20 patients (28.2%) remained on 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/day, respectively. Twenty-one patients (22.6%) had at least one adverse event. Twelve patients (13.0%) stopped treatment because of adverse effects. A total of 23 episodes of adverse events were reported, including cough (15.1%), dizziness (6.0%), and hypotension (2.4%). Ramipril was relatively well tolerated in our study population. However, only one-quarter of our patients reached the target maintenance dose of 10 mg/day. Dry cough, dizziness, and hypotension were the major side effects. About 15% of our patients discontinued ramipril treatment, which is comparable with previous reports.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Kai-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Kun-Tai
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tsung-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shuo-Tsan
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ho-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Wen-Choi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Voon
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsiung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Wen-Ter
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017257:Ramipril / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017257:Ramipril