title: Use of health care services among persons who screen positive for bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined patterns of diagnosis, consultation, and treatment of persons who screened positive for bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  An impact survey was mailed to a representative subset of 3,059 individuals from a large U.S.-population-based study that utilized the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents who screened positive on the MDQ (reported the presence of seven of 13 symptoms of bipolar disorder, the co-occurrence of at least two symptoms, and moderate or severe symptom-related impairment) (N=1,167) had consulted a health care provider more often in the previous year than those who screened negative (reported six or fewer symptoms regardless of symptom co-occurrence or impairment) (N=1,283). Psychiatrists and primary care physicians failed to detect or misdiagnosed bipolar disorder among 53 percent and 78 percent of patients, respectively, who screened positive for bipolar disorder. The most commonly used psychotropic medications during the previous 12 months among those who screened positive were antidepressants alone (32 percent), followed by lithium and anticonvulsant mood stabilizers (20 percent), antidepressants in combination with other psychotropics (19 percent), hypnotics (19 percent), and antipsychotics (9 percent). In the preceding 12 months, respondents who screened positive on the MDQ had greater use of psychiatric hospitals, emergency departments, and urgent care centers and also had more outpatient visits to primary care physicians, psychiatrists, and alcohol treatment centers than those who screened negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that bipolar disorder is an underdiagnosed and often inappropriately treated illness associated with significant use of health care resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 1544, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. mfrye@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Karen Dineen
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: Robert M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs