title: Radiopacity of dental materials using a digital X-ray system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiopacity is a desirable property for most intra-oral materials. There are established ISO and ANSI/ADA protocols for determining radiopacity using film-based radiography. However, these methods are not always followed by researchers. This study aims to adapt those procedures by using digital radiography, a simplified stepwedge, and examine the effects of target distance and exposure time choice.
  
  
  METHODS
  One millimetre thick samples of three dental materials were prepared by placing the materials into a 1.00 mm thick washer sandwiched between two glass slides. The samples were digitally radiographed alongside a stepwedge of aluminum alloy 1100 with an X-ray unit at 70 kVp using five different target distance/exposure time combinations. For each combination, the grey scale values of various thicknesses of the stepwedge were converted into absorbencies and plotted against their thickness. These plots were then linearly regressed in order to correlate absorbance with a thickness of aluminum for each target distance/exposure time combination. The absorbencies of each sample were then converted into radiopacities using these correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations between the absorbance of the stepwedge and its thickness were highly linear. This linearity allows the correlation to be accurately deduced from fewer data points than required by the ISO and ANSI/ADA protocols. Varying exposure time did not significantly affect the mean radiopacity measured at a target distance of 30 cm. Varying the target distance did not significantly affect the measured radiopacity as long as the samples were properly exposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simplified, consistent digital method for determining radiopacity is presented.
authors.affiliation: Essential Dental Laboratories, 89 Leuning Street, South Hackensack, NJ 07606, USA. sgu@edsdental.com
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rasimick
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Barry Lee
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Musikant
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000497:Alloys; D000535:Aluminum; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003287:Contrast Media; D003738:Dental Cements; C483701:Rely X Unicem; D019279:Resin Cements; C465381:roeko seal; D000535:Aluminum