title: Insulin resistance causes increased beta-cell mass but defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a murine model of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although insulin resistance induces compensatory increases in beta cell mass and function to maintain normoglycaemia, it is not clear whether insulin resistance can precipitate beta cell dysfunction and hyperglycaemia without a pre-existing beta cell susceptibility. We therefore examined the beta cell phenotype in the MKR mouse, a model in which expression of a dominant-negative IGF 1 receptor (IGF1R) in skeletal muscle leads to systemic insulin resistance and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured. Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and insulin release in vivo were assessed by i.p. insulin and glucose tolerance tests. Beta cell function was assessed via insulin secretion from isolated islets and the glucose gradient in the perfused pancreas. Beta cell morphology was examined via immunohistochemistry. MKR mice were fed a high-fat diet containing sucrose (HFSD) to test metabolic capacity and beta cell function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin-resistant MKR mice developed hyperglycaemia and a loss of insulin responsiveness in vivo. Basal insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas was elevated, with no response to glucose. Despite the demand on insulin secretion, MKR mice had increased pancreatic insulin content and beta cell mass mediated through hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The HFSD worsened hyperglycaemia in MKR mice but, despite increased food intake in these mice, failed to induce the obesity observed in wild-type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies demonstrate that insulin resistance of sufficient severity can impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, thereby undermining beta cell compensation and leading to hyperglycaemia. Moreover, because insulin stores were intact, the secretory defects reflect an early stage of beta cell dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle Room 3352, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leroith
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D005947:Glucose