title: Hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term efficacy of hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial reconstruction, specifically examining the role (if any) of radiation, implant location, and cement type.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients presenting to the senior surgeon (Y.D.) for craniofacial reconstruction from September 1997 to April 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected including type of cement used, size of defect, complications, need for removal of cement, reason for defect, and pathologic results of examination of removed cements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred two patients were identified who underwent craniofacial reconstruction with hydroxyapatite cements, 7 of whom required complete implant removal (6 Norian and 1 Mimix), and 4 (2 Norian and 2 Bone source) of whom required partial implant removal for foreign body reaction. Five of the removals were in patients who underwent postoperative radiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxyapatite cements are safe in craniofacial reconstruction. The highest risk of implant infection comes from reconstruction in the area of the frontal sinus, immediately beneath coronal incisions, and in patients who receive postoperative radiation treatment. Based on our results, there does appear to be a statistically significant difference in rates of infection and foreign body reaction between the different types of hydroxyapatite cement. We would not recommend implantation of this material in contact with the frontal sinus. Caution should be exercised when it is placed directly beneath an incision or in patients receiving postoperative radiation, particularly if a boost dose is given.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Verret
authors.forename: Yadranko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ducic
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oxford
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012888:Skull Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; C475044:hydroxyapatite cement