title: Clothing size as an indicator of adiposity, ischaemic heart disease and cardiovascular risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To relate subjects' clothing sizes to waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) and to the risks of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and to derive cut-off levels of clothing size that correspond to increased health risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Setting Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified subsample of 201 men and 161 women aged 27-67 years from the Glasgow monitoring coronary (MONICA) risk factor survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measured waist, weight and height, blood pressure and history of ischaemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction or angioplasty), hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 15.5% of men and 11.2% of women with ischaemic heart disease, 14.9% of men and 12.4% of women with hypertension, and 4.5% of men and 3.1% of women with diabetes mellitus. Age and smoking adjusted prevalences of these cardiovascular risks, as well as increased adiposity (waist circumference > or =102 cm in men, > or =88 cm in women or BMI > or = 30 kg m(-2)) rose with increasing clothing size. Clothing size correlated (P < 0.001) linearly with indices of adiposity. Clothing sizes which correspond to waist circumference action level 1 (94 cm in men, 80 cm in women) and action level 2 (102 cm in men, 88 cm in women) or to standardized BMI cut-offs (25 and 30 kg m(-2)) were estimated. Height has minimal influences on clothing size. Compared with men with trouser waist below 36 inches or women with UK dress size below 16, the age and smoking adjusted odds ratios for the risk of having at least one of the major health problems (ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes mellitus) were 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8-8.3) in men and 7.0 (95% CI: 2.5-19.4) in women who had trouser size > or =38 inches or UK dress size > or =18, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that men and women with large clothing size are at increased risk of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Men's trouser size equal or larger than 38 in the UK and USA or 97 in Europe and women's dress size equal or larger than 18 in the UK or 16 in the USA or 48 in Europe could be used to promote self-awareness of increased health risks by the general public.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Middlesex Hospital, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Truscott
authors.forename: M E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lean
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003020:Clothing; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio