title: Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis occurs in over a quarter of patients with this disease. Stenosis of the primary and secondary branches of the aorta may cause claudication and tissue gangrene, whereas aortitis may lead to aneurysm formation and dissection, often many years after the initial diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subsets of giant cell arteritis are probably caused by variations in the pathobiology of the disease. Radiographic imaging with some form of angiography is essential to reach a proper diagnosis. Although survival in giant cell arteritis is generally good, subsets of patients with aneurysm formation have a markedly diminished life expectancy. Glucocorticosteroids continue to be the mainstay of treatment for giant cell arteritis and its complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in diagnostic techniques including proteomic and genomic approaches should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis as well as the assessment of disease activity and extent. We provide a suggested algorithm for the evaluation of patients with large-vessel disease in giant cell arteritis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bongartz
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Matteson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001014:Aortic Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D001025:Aortitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans