title: Fear of pain and fear of falling among younger and older adults with musculoskeletal pain conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fear-avoidance model of pain accounts for the debilitating consequences of strong fear as a component of reactions to painful conditions (eg, movements become anxiety-provoking because they cause pain). The model, which is supported in the literature, posits that fear of pain interferes with recovery because it leads to avoidance of beneficial activity. Despite the high prevalence of pain among the elderly, investigations of fear of pain in this population are scarce. A related construct, fear of falling, has been studied among elderly (but not younger) adults as an age-specific concern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between fear of pain and fear of falling. Specifically, it is hypothesized that fear of pain and fear of falling are distinct constructs. Moreover, the authors investigated whether fear of falling becomes more relevant with increasing age in a sample of seniors and younger adults with musculoskeletal conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of younger and older adult physiotherapy outpatients (n=226) receiving treatment for musculoskeletal conditions were recruited for the study. Fear of pain and fear of falling were assessed using self-report measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no age differences with respect to fear of pain and fear of falling. Regression analyses showed that fear of pain measures contribute substantial unique variance to the prediction of each other; however, they only make minor unique contributions to the prediction of fear of falling. Similar results were obtained through confirmatory analyses using structural modelling techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analyses supported the distinctiveness of fear of pain and fear of falling. Moreover, among physiotherapy outpatients with musculoskeletal pain conditions, fear of falling and fear of pain are distinct constructs that appear to represent the concerns of both seniors and younger pain patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronald R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadjistavropoulos
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCreary
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires