title: Oral contraceptives and skin cancer: is there a link?
abstract: The skin expresses estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors. In the presence of steroid hormones, such as those contained in oral contraceptives, the skin likely responds to hormonal signals that control the cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA replication, and other cellular functions. Some estrogen-responsive pathways have the potential to promote tumor development, including the augmentation of epidermal growth factor signaling, the expression of proto-oncogenes, and inhibition of apoptosis. The question of whether oral contraceptives increase the risk for the development of skin cancer, particularly melanoma, is still an area of concern. This paper reviews the available evidence, the bulk of which suggests that while the skin responds to estrogens, progestins, and androgens, these responses do not significantly increase the risk of developing skin cancer when estrogen exposure is not excessive.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. kleslie@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Kimberly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Espey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D011987:Receptors, Steroid