title: Ethanol induction of complete heart block in swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A method for the induction of complete heart block (CHB) by ethanol injection and its success rate in a pig model of acute right ventricular failure is reported. Additionally, a review of the literature for the induction of CHB in laboratory animals is detailed. The literature review was undertaken to both compare our rate of success with other methods and provide insight into our technique and refine its implementation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Animal models of CHB have facilitated the understanding of therapeutics for various cardiac pathologies in humans. In our laboratory, CHB in pigs is used for complete control of heart rhythm in studies of biventricular pacing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments carried out on pigs in our laboratory that required the induction of CHB were reviewed retrospectively. In addition, review of the literature for creating CHB in animals was undertaken. Our success rate was compared to that of other groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our success rate (93%) is similar to other models of CHB, in general, and to those models that used the injection of caustic substances with thoracotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Review of the literature indicates that our success rate is comparable to other groups and that, although many approaches have been described in both open- and closed-chest models, success is likely dependent on the practice and skill of the experimenter. In addition, review of the literature has afforded us new perspectives on the experimental induction of CHB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 W 168th St, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Jon-Emile S
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berberian
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: Santos E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cabreriza
authors.forename: T Alexander
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Spotnitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004562:Electrocardiography; D000431:Ethanol; D006327:Heart Block / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol