title: Development of immunoaffinity solid phase microextraction probes for analysis of sub ng/mL concentrations of 7-aminoflunitrazepam in urine.
abstract: We report on the development of solid phase microextraction probes for drug analysis, prepared with antibodies specific for benzodiazepines covalently immobilized to the surface. In the technique, immobilized antibody probes are exposed to a sample containing the drug for 30 min. Extracted drugs are subsequently desorbed from the probes in 500 microL of methanolic desorption solution, which is dried, reconstituted in a small volume of injection solution and analysed by LC-MS/MS. The antibodies were characterized both before and after immobilization, to facilitate the rational selection of antibodies for such analyses. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were compared as was the impact of affinity purification of the polyclonal antibody to isolate the drug-specific fraction. The probes were evaluated for utility in analyzing 7-aminoflunitrazepam at sub ng/mL concentrations in urine, which is expected to be found several days after a single oral dose of 2 mg of flunitrazepam. Such analyses are required in monitoring for abuse of this drug, both in terms of 'club drug' use and in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault. In these cases drug concentrations in blood and urine are much lower than in chronic abuse cases and are difficult to analyse by conventional methods. The method developed has a limit of detection of 0.02 ng/mL, with accuracy ranging from 1% to 27% and precision (% R.S.D.) ranging from 2% to 10% between the lower and upper limits of quantitation for the analysis of 7-aminoflunitrazepam in urine. The dynamic range of the method is from 0.02 ng/mL, which is limited by the instrument sensitivity, to 0.5 ng/mL, which is approaching the capacity of the probes. This would allow for quantitative analysis of samples at concentrations below that measurable by many other methods for general benzodiazepines analysis from urine, and a highly selective screen for samples at higher concentrations. The method has similar limits of detection to the most sensitive literature methods specifically designed for such analysis but with the advantage of significantly simplified sample preparation. This simplification makes the technique more amenable for use by both professionals and non-professionals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajabi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawliszyn
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002021:Buffers; D002138:Calibration; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine*; D007120:Immunochemistry; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010076:Oxazepam / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002021:Buffers; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D010076:Oxazepam; C036343:7-aminoflunitrazepam