title: Neutrophil apoptosis, activation and anti-inflammatory cytokine response in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-treated patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite antibiotic treatment, the mortality of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), especially in patients with severe comorbidity, remains high. Innate defense mechanisms including polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation and survival, orchestrated by cytokines, are primarily responsible for the elimination of bacterial organisms from the alveolus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on PMN activation, apoptosis and cytokine response in patients with CAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received a single dose of G-CSF (1 x 300 or 480 microg s.c.) prior to standard antibiotic treatment (n=8) or standard treatment only (n=8). Apoptosis rate and expression of CD11b, CD66b, CD64 and CD114 surface molecules on systemic PMN were assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Levels of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 RA), the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor inhibitor (sTNF-p55) and G-CSF were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the treatment group, 12 h after G-CSF application, neutrophil count increased, neutrophil activation marker CD11b was stimulated (CD11b: 48.6+/-9.7 vs. 71.2+/-17.7, p<0.01), neutrophil apoptosis decreased (apoptosis: 1.36+/-0.27 vs. 0.2+/-0.12%, p <.01) and the concentration of IL-1RA and sTNF-p55 increased (IL-1RA 136.4+/-72.2 vs. 340.1+/-194.6 ng/ml, p<0.01; sTNF-p55,382+/-4,243 vs. 632+/-4,714 ng/ml, p<0.01; control group nonsignificant). These effects were not seen in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of a single dose of G-CSF in patients with CAP caused a prolonged survival and increased activation of neutrophils combined with a sustained release of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Droemann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Aries
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zabel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalhoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaaf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor