title: Intra-operative 3D ultrasound in neurosurgery.
abstract: In recent years there has been a considerable improvement in the quality of ultrasound (US) imaging. The integration of 3D US with neuronavigation technology has created an efficient and inexpensive tool for intra-operative imaging in neurosurgery. In this review we present the technological background and an overview of the wide range of different applications. The technology has so far mostly been applied to improve surgery of tumours in brain tissue, but it has also been found to be useful in other procedures such as operations for cavernous haemangiomas, skull base tumours, syringomyelia, medulla tumours, aneurysms, AVMs and endoscopy guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. geirmund.unsgard@ntnu.no
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unsgaard
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Rygh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selbekk
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kolstad
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindseth
authors.forename: T A Nagelhus
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hernes
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*