title: Central nervous system complications during pediatric extracorporeal life support: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identify the incidence and risk factors for development of acute, severe central nervous system (CNS) complications of pediatric extracorporeal life support (ECLS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care units of 115 tertiary centers internationally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric patients, 1 month to 18 yrs of age, who had ECLS between the years 1981-2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data concerning 4,942 patients who underwent one run of ECLS were analyzed. Six hundred thirty-six patients (12.9%) developed acute, severe CNS complications. Patients who required ECLS during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 161; 3.3%) were more likely to develop CNS complications (n = 42; 26.1%) than patients who did not have extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (p < .001; odds ratio [OR], 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73-3.57). Stepwise logistic regression analysis of therapies patients received before initiation of ECLS showed that the use of a left ventricular assist device (p = .001; OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.64-7.22), bicarbonate (p < .001; OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.26-2.05), and vasopressor/inotropic medications (p = .035; OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.01-1.48) were significant independent predictors of development of CNS complications. Among patients who had pulmonary failure as an indication for ECLS, the CNS complication rate was significantly higher for those treated with venoarterial ECLS than those who had venovenous ECLS (13.5% vs. 5.7%; p < .001; OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.34-0.67). Multiple logistic regression analysis of the complications other than CNS complications associated with the use of ECLS showed that pH <7.20, creatinine concentration >3.0 mg/dL, use of inotropes, presence of myocardial stun, and requirement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during ECLS independently predicted development of CNS complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who have metabolic acidosis, a bicarbonate or inotrope/vasopressor requirement, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or a left ventricular assist device before initiation of ECLS are at greater risk for development of CNS complications. After initiation of ECLS, patients who develop renal failure or metabolic acidosis or undergo venoarterial ECLS should be closely monitored for development of CNS complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Pelin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cengiz
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Rycus
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D001926:Brain Death; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008020:Life Support Care; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents