title: Current density imaging and electrically induced skin burns under surface electrodes.
abstract: The origin of electrical burns under gel-type surface electrodes is a controversial topic that is not well understood. To investigate the phenomenon, we have developed an excised porcine skin-gel model, and used low-frequency current density imaging (LFCDI) to determine the current density (CD) distribution through the skin before and after burns were induced by application of electrical current (200 Hz, 70% duty cycle, 20-35 mA monophasic square waveform applied to the electrodes for 30-135 min). The regions of increased CD correlate well with the gross morphological changes (burns) observed. The measurement is sensitive enough to show regions of high current densities in the pre-burn skin, that correlate with areas were burn welts were produced, thus predicting areas where burns are likely to occur. Statistics performed on 28 skin patches revealed a charge dependency of the burn areas and a relatively uniform distribution. The results do not support a thermal origin of the burns but rather electro-chemical mechanisms. We found a statistically significant difference between burn area coverage during anodic and cathodic experiments.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark. ap@smi.auc.dk
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patriciu
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Johannes J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Struijk
authors.forename: Tim P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: DeMonte
authors.forename: Michael L G
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stødkilde-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine