title: [The three Rs: looking back ... and forward].
abstract: Personal experiences at FRAME and ECVAM are recalled, alongside the evolutionary progress of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement,) approach to animal experimentation, described in great decades analogous to the Great Ages of Western Civilisation.
authors.affiliation: FRAME, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balls
mesh_terms: D017087:Animal Rights; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000639:trends*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans