title: Delayed embryonic development in the Indian short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx.
abstract: The unusual feature of the breeding cycle of Cynopterus sphinx at Varanasi is the significant variation in gestation length of the two successive pregnancies of the year. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the prolongation of the first pregnancy in C. sphinx is due to delayed embryonic development. The first (winter) pregnancy commences in late October and lasts until late March and has a gestation period of about 150 days. The second (summer) pregnancy commences in April and lasts until the end of July or early August with a gestation period of about 125 days. Changes in the size and weight of uterine cornua during the two successive pregnancies suggest retarded embryonic growth during November and December. Histological analysis during the period of retarded embryonic development in November and December showed a slow gastrulation process. The process of amniogenesis was particularly slow. When the embryos attained the early primitive streak stage, their developmental rate suddenly increased considerably. During the summer pregnancy, on the other hand, the process of gastrulation was much faster and proceeded quickly. A comparison of the pattern of embryonic development for 4 consecutive years consistently showed retarded or delayed embryonic development during November and December. The time of parturition and post-partum oestrus showed only a limited variation from 1 year to another. This suggests that delayed embryonic development in C. sphinx may function to synchronize parturition among females. The period of delayed embryonic development in this species clearly coincides with the period of fat deposition. The significance of this correlation warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
authors.forename: Karukayil J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meenakumari
authors.forename: Amitabh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishna
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000650:Amnion / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000196:embryology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005775:Gastrula / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007194:India; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014599:Uterus / Q000502:physiology*