title: Laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral groin in pediatric inguinal hernia patients: a comparison of 70- and 120-degree endoscopes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transinguinal laparoscopic groin evaluation using a 70-degree endoscope can obviate the need for a second incision when attempting to identify a contralateral patent processus vaginalis (PPV) during open repair of a symptomatic pediatric inguinal hernia. This technique can be technically unsatisfactory when a medial veil of peritoneum obscures adequate visualization of the internal inguinal ring. This study compared 70- degree and 120-degree endoscopes in identification of a contralateral PPV in the same patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2000 to October 2003, 81 patients with known inguinal hernias underwent open hernia repair and transinguinal laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral side. The patients were 62 male, 19 female; mean age 26 months (range, 1 month-10 years); mean weight 11.7 kg (range, 2-33 kg). There were 53 right side hernias and 28 left side. Mean operative time was 43 minutes. Fifty seven patients (70%) had one or more risk factors for developing a contralateral inguinal hernia (49 were younger than 1 year old and 19 were ex-premature). Nineteen patients underwent concurrent procedures (7 circumcisions, 10 hydrocelectomies, 1 orchidopexy, 1 appendectomy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the 70-degree endoscope, a medial veil of peritoneum made visualization of the internal inguinal ring impossible in 14 patients (17%) and difficult in an additional 5 patients (6%). Visualization with the 120-degree endoscope was deemed to be superior in 46 (57%), equal in 35 patients (43%), and inferior in none. Overall, contralateral PPVs were detected in 31 patients (38%) with the 120-degree endoscope and in only 23 patients (28%) with the 70-degree endoscope. Had we used only the 70-degree endoscope, 8 PPVs (10%) would have been missed. None of the negative 120-degree endoscope evaluations have developed symptomatic contralateral inguinal hernias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial, transinguinal laparoscopic evaluation using the 120-degree endoscope provided superior visualization and identification of contralateral PPVs. This new technique obviates the need for a separate abdominal wall puncture, reduces missed contralateral PPVs, and should be considered for use during pediatric inguinal hernia repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7223, USA.
authors.forename: Houman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamaddon
authors.forename: J Duncan
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Don K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019723:Endoscopes; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007264:Inguinal Canal; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome