title: Influence of phosphate and copper on reductive dechlorination of thiobencarb in California rice field soils.
abstract: The potential for reductive dechlorination of the herbicide thiobencarb (TB) by microbes and its prevention in saturated anaerobic rice field soils was examined in laboratory microcosms. TB is effective in controlling both annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. In anoxic microcosms, TB was effectively degraded within 30 days to its dechlorinated product, deschlorothiobencarb (DTB), in two Sacramento Valley rice field soils. TB dechlorination, and subsequent degradation, followed pseudo-zero- (lag phase) and first-order (degradation phase) kinetics. Logistic regression analysis (r2 > 0.841) produced a half-life (t(1/2)) in nonsterile soils ranging from 10 to 15 days, which was also observed when microcosms were amended with low concentrations (<3 mg L(-1)) of copper (Cu2+; as the fungicides Cu(OH)2 and CuSO4.5H2O). High Cu2+ concentrations (>40 mg L(-1)) were added to the microcosms to determine if copper toxicity to dechlorinating microbes is concentration dependent within the range used. After 30 days, the low-copper-amended soils closely resembled the nonsterile experiments to which no Cu2+ was added while the high-copper-amended microcosms were similar to the sterile experiment. Microcosms were also separately amended with 5.7 g L(-1) phosphate (PO4(2-); as KH2PO4), a nutrient regularly applied to rice fields. Phosphate-amended experiments also showed TB degradation, but no DTB formation, indicating the phosphate played a role, possibly as a microbial inhibitor or an alternative electron acceptor, in limiting the dechlorination of TB. In summary, TB dechlorination was inhibited at high Cu(OH)2, CuSO4.5H2O, and KH2PO4 concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8588, USA.
authors.forename: Amrith S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gunasekara
authors.forename: Patti L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tenbrook
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Catherine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D002140:California; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012275:Oryza; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D006540:Herbicides; D010710:Phosphates; D012987:Soil; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D003300:Copper; C037925:benthiocarb