title: "Point of no return (PNR)" in progressive IgA nephropathy: significance of blood pressure and proteinuria management up to PNR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on observations of the clinical course in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), D'Amico et al proposed the concept of the "point of no return (PNR)", after which progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) becomes inevitable. They reported that the approximate PNR is serum creatinine (sCr) 3.0 mg/dL.
  
  
  METHODS
  To confirm the PNR and to clarify the factors affecting renal function deterioration in IgAN patients, we analyzed the sequential data of those with 1.2 <or= sCr <2.0 mg/dL at renal biopsy. Forty-seven patients with moderate to severe histological lesions and whose 36-month follow-up did not require renal replacement therapy were enrolled in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the patients who once exceeded sCr 2.0 mg/dL could return to <2.0 mg/dL during the observation period (103.3 +/- 54.3 (36-237) months). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the renal outcome of patients with average mean blood pressure (MBP) >or= 102 mmHg and/or urinary protein (UP) score >or= 2.0 with sCr up to 2.0 mg/dL was significantly poor. Multivariate analysis using the Cox's proportional hazards model, identified only MBP and UP during the course until sCr reached 2.0 mg/dl as independent prognostic factors for ESRD, having hazard ratios of 2.56 (per 10 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.08-6.05) and 4.37 (per 0.5 point; 95% CI 1.36-14.1), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed PNR as a sCr level of 2.0 mg/dL (equivalent to estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30-35 mL/min/1.73m2) during the course of IgAN in Japan. Proper management of both BP and UP until sCr has reached PNR is essential to arrest the progression to ESRD in IgAN.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki - Japan. hkomatsu@fc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Shouichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Tanenao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine