title: Influences on the feeding behavior of three mammals in the Maruyama Zoo: bears, elephants, and chimpanzees.
abstract: Modifications of feeding conditions are essential to the establishment of environmental enrichment in zoos. In this study, we attempted to increase the duration of feeding by varying feeding conditions, such as the spatial or temporal distribution of foods, while keeping the sorts and amounts of food the same. Subjects included nonhuman animals reared at the Maruyama Zoo in Sapporo, Japan: 3 bears (Ursus arctos), 2 elephants (Elephas maximus), and 5 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Considering that the feeding ecologies of these animals differed a great deal from those in the wild, we used the focal animal sampling method. Consisting of the spatial dispersive and massed feeding conditions, the experiment with bears found feeding time increased more in the dispersive condition. In addition, the behavioral rhythm of alternate feeding and sleeping appeared. The experiment with elephants, consisting of the temporal dispersive and massed condition, increased feeding time under the massed condition. The experiment using chimpanzees reversed conditions used in the elephant study and increased feeding time under the dispersive condition. Results indicated that these simple modifications both influenced an increasing duration of feeding and affected behavioral patterns in a day.
authors.affiliation: Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences, Okayama, Japan. narukim@rc4.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morimura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno