title: [Ifosfamide induced encephalopathy: 15 observations].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of germ-cell tumors, sarcomas and lymphomas. One of its main side effects is the encephalopathy of which the incidence may reach 30% in the literature, in adults and children just as well.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Based on both our experience and a review of the literature, we propose some recommendations for the management of this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report 15 encephalopathy cases in non-brain tumor patients, which occurred between January 1987 and March 2002 in children from 2 to 17 years old, treated for solid tumors at the Institut Gustave Roussy. Ifosfamide was administered at a posology between 5.4 and 15 g/m(2)/course, associated with other antimitotics such as actinomycin D, etoposide or vincristine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients experienced a grade III neurological toxicity according to the NCI classification, which developed as excess drowsiness lasting up to 36 hours. Six other patients developed grade IV neurotoxicity, including two comas resolving within 4 days and four short generalized convulsions. Three other children experienced grade II drowsiness. Brain MRIs were normal and EEG showed an aspecific encephalopathy tracing. This early central neurotoxicity appeared right from the first administration, and occurred immediately after the first injection or during the second or third day of treatment. It was most often reversible, usually 3 to 5 days after the last ifosfamide administration. Five patients were administered a treatment with Methylene Blue with a demonstrable efficacy in only one case. No death or neurological sequelae have been noted. Ifosfamide has been renewed after the neurological accident in 7 of those patients. Only 1 of those 7 patients developed grade IV neurotoxicity during the next course of treatment. In 2 of those 7 children, Methylene Blue was used in a prophylactic way. No neurological disorders have been noted during the next courses of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the literature, the following are described as risk factors for ifosfamide encephalopathy: advanced pelvic disease, previous cisplatyl treatment and renal failure. We have not found any of these predisposing factors in our series, but three of the fifteen patients had severe neurotoxicity associated with Vincristin during previous treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facing a clinical diagnosis of ifosfamide encephalopathy, it is recommended to discontinue administration of ifosfamide and inject by intravenous route 50 mg Methylene Blue every 4 hours until the symptomatology recedes. The re-challenge of Ifosfamide is not contra-indicated and should be performed under prophylactic treatment with Methylene Blue by intravenous route at the dose of 50 mg every 6 hours.
authors.affiliation: Service de pédiatrie A, hôpital américain, CHU de Reims, 49, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France. cdufour@chu-reims.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sabouraud
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munzer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Motte
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oberlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paci
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hartmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000139:chemically induced; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008751:Methylene Blue; D007069:Ifosfamide