title: Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances.
abstract: To evaluate the role of fluid and Na+ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na+ concentrations ([Na+]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na+]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na+] between 129-135 mmol/liter, and 11% a serum [Na+] of <129 mmol/liter. Serum [Na+] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na+] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na+ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na+] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na+], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na+ (>500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na+ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na+ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985.
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town/Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa. tdnoakes@sports.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharwood
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Speedy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hew
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dugas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Almond
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weschler
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D003681:Dehydration; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium