title: Accuracy of GDx variable corneal compensation polarization measurements in normal human eyes: effect of accommodation, cycloplegia, focus, pupil size, and eye selection on reproducibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reproducibility of variable corneal compensation (VCC) and the effect of accommodation, cycloplegia, eye selection, focus, and pupil size on this measurement of polarization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a GDx scanning laser polarimeter, multiple measurements of the VCC were obtained from each eye of 33 healthy, young adults under differing conditions. Pupil size and refraction were independently measured with a pupillometer and an autorefractometer. The effects of eye, instrument focus, pupil diameter, cycloplegia, and accommodation were statistically assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reproducibility of a single retardation measurement and its axis, as determined by the standard deviations (SD) of repeated measurements, is +/-1.58 nm and 2.10 degrees , respectively. There is a difference in retardation between right and left eyes, of 5.26+/-9 nm, P=0.002. Increasing pupil size increases retardation. Cycloplegia or defocusing decreases retardation, and pharmacologically induced accommodation has no effect on retardation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retardation and its axis are highly reproducible measurements when the pupil is of physiologic size and the GDx is properly focused. There is a consistent difference in VCC retardation between the paired right and left eyes. This difference may reflect equipment-induced measurement artefact and/or an anatomic asymmetry between the paired eyes of the subjects studied. Clinicians should be cautious when comparing interocular VCC measurements between paired right and left eyes and using data pooled from both eyes for age-adjusted, normalized standards.
authors.affiliation: Florida Ophthalmic Institute, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA. afn22025@afn.org
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Schachar
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000295:instrumentation; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012160:Retina; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D010656:Phenylephrine