title: Tissue engineering of cardiac valves: re-seeding of acellular porcine aortic valve matrices with human mesenchymal progenitor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue-engineered heart valves have the potential to overcome the limitations of present heart valve replacements. This study investigated the potential for re-seeding an acellular porcine heart valve matrix using human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  MPC were isolated from the bone marrow of patients undergoing hip replacement operations. Putative MPC were then cultured in several differentiation media in order to determine the multipotential differentiation capacity of the cells. The MPC were also characterized by FACS analysis. Cells at passage 8 were then seeded at between 1 x 10(4) and 1 x 10(5) cells/cm2 onto a decellularized porcine aortic valve matrix, and recellularization of the matrix was assessed. The phenotype of the re-seeded cells and re-seeded cell density was then determined by histology and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Putative MPC were successfully isolated and differentiated into cells of the adipogenic, neurogenic, and myogenic lineages. FACS analysis showed the cells to have a similar phenotype to those isolated by others (CD45-, CD13+, D7FIB+, CD105+, CD10+/-, LNGFR+/-, CD55+, BMP- and AP+/-). Cells seeded onto an acellular valve matrix penetrated the center of the tissue after four weeks to 2% of homograft cell density. Phenotypic analysis of the cells in the re-seeded matrix revealed the cells to have a similar phenotype to native valve interstitial cells (vimentin+, alpha-smooth muscle actin+, heavy chain myosin slow-, desmin-). However, re-seeded cells also expressed osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, and osteopontin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown, for the first time, that human MPC have the capacity to infiltrate an acellular porcine valve matrix under static conditions in vitro. Future studies will comprise culture under pulsatile flow in a physiological heart valve bioreactor to maintain the desired cell phenotype and increase cell density.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. r.l.knight@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000166:cytology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010641:Phenotype; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering