title: Reproductive outcomes in men with prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in relation to male reproductive outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were identified through record review, clinical trial participation, or an obstetrics clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,085 DES-exposed and 1,047 unexposed men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were exposed prenatally to DES through the mother's obstetrics care or clinical trial participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infertility; never fathering a pregnancy or live birth; number of pregnancies or live births fathered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found little evidence that prenatal DES exposure affects the likelihood of never fathering a pregnancy or live birth, or influences the mean number of fathered pregnancies or live births. Our data suggest that DES-exposed men are slightly more likely to experience infertility (relative risk [RR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-1.6). The DES dose and gestational timing did not influence infertility or the number of pregnancies or live births fathered, but results were inconsistent for dose effects on the likelihood of never fathering a pregnancy or a live birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal DES exposure may be associated with a slightly increased risk of having an infertility experience, but does not increase the likelihood of never fathering a pregnancy or a live birth, or the number of pregnancies or live births fathered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Buffalo, State of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titus-Ernstoff
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troisi
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wactawski-Wende
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noller
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol