title: Novel targeting of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pre-mRNA using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides directed to the 3' acceptor and 5' donor splice sites of exon 4: suppression of COX-2 activity in human amnion-derived WISH and myometrial cells.
abstract: Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in the onset of both term and preterm labor. In this context, both selective and nonselective COX-2 inhibitors have been used in clinical trials to determine their efficacy in delaying preterm labor. However, recent evidence indicates that these tocolytics may have potentially adverse fetal and maternal side effects. Therefore, the development of more specific and nontoxic agents to inhibit COX-2 needs to be considered. We have evaluated whether antisense morpholino oligonucleotides have therapeutic potential in inhibiting COX-2 by specifically targeting both the 3' and 5' acceptor and donor sites of exon 4 of COX-2's pre-mRNA sequence. Confocal microscopy on "live" cells illustrated high levels of penetrance of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides using the Endo-Porter formula (Gene-Tools, LLC, Philomath, OR), with delivery efficiencies of 82 and 78%, respectively, in amnion-derived WISH and myometrial cells. Substantial inhibition by the morpholino oligonucleotides of COX-2 expression, induced by lipopolysaccharide administration, was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels. Loss of enzymic activity of COX-2 was confirmed using a sensitive COX enzyme activity assay, which reflects the rate of conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2. Our results indicate that antisense morpholino oligonucleotides significantly inhibit expression and activity of this enzyme in in vitro cultures of amnion-WISH and myometrial cells. The potential thus exists that a similar approach can be mimicked in vivo to produce a highly specific and nontoxic strategy to inhibit COX-2 activity with its subsequent effects on the better management of preterm labor and other inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, 3rd Floor, William Leech Building, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. a.j.tysoncapper@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tyson-Capper
authors.forename: G Nicholas
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Europe-Finner
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005091:Exons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009215:Myometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D022821:RNA Splice Sites / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D012322:RNA Precursors; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2