title: Neuromelanin induces oxidative stress in mitochondria through release of iron: mechanism behind the inhibition of 26S proteasome.
abstract: Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective depletion of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, particular those containing neuromelanin. Involvement of neuromelanin in the pathogenesis may be either cytotoxic or protective. Recently we found that neuromelanin reduces the activity of 26S proteasome. In this paper, the detailed mechanisms behind the reduced activity were studied using neuromelanin isolated from the human brain. Neuromelanin increased the oxidative stress, but synthetic melanin did not. Superoxide dismutase and deferoxamine completely suppressed the increase, indicating that superoxide produced by an iron-mediated reaction plays a central role. Iron was shown to reduce in situ 26S proteasome activity in SH-SY5Y cells and the reduction was protected by antioxidants. These results suggest that iron released from neuromelanin increases oxidative stress in mitochondria, and then causes mitochondrial dysfunction and reduces proteasome function. The role of neuromelanin is discussed in relation to the selective vulnerability of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamoto-Nagai
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akao
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tribl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naoi
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008543:Melanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017262:Siderophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008543:Melanins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017262:Siderophores; C014121:neuromelanin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000171:Acrolein; D007501:Iron; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease; D003676:Deferoxamine