title: Concepts, facts and artifacts in electron microscopy.
abstract: This communication illustrates how the electron microscope has contributed to biochemistry by revealing how multienzyme systems in mitochondria are structurally organized to secure high speed ATP synthesis and has extended physiology to the molecular level. Ribonucleoprotein complexes form a gel in the cytoplasm determining the conditions for translation... Photoreceptor stimulation involves two phases, trapping of light by a light reflecting cylinder formed by the outer segment disks and energy transduction by bleaching of photopigment molecules changing the charge of the outer segment disks driving the photoreceptor toward hyperpolarization. Revealing the synaptic connections between retinal neurons extends neurophysiology to the level of information processing by neural circuits, which are designed for high speed processing. Spatial brightness contrast enhancement is eliminated in connection with macular degeneration, which leads to partial blindness, revealing the importance of contrast enhancement for vision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of California, Box 951361, Los Angeles, CA 900095-1361, USA. fsjostra@ucla.edu
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Sjöstrand
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005614:Freeze Fracturing / Q000379:methods; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate