title: Influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body composition and diet during early-mid pregnancy on cardiovascular function and nephron number in juvenile sheep.
abstract: The prenatal diet can program an individual's cardiovascular system towards later higher resting blood pressure and kidney dysfunction, but the extent to which these programmed responses are directly determined by the timing of maternal nutritional manipulation is unknown. In the present study we examined whether maternal nutrient restriction targeted over the period of maximal placental growth, i.e. days 28-80 of gestation, resulted in altered blood pressure or kidney development in the juvenile offspring. This was undertaken in 6-month-old sheep born to mothers fed control (100-150 % of the recommended metabolisable energy (ME) intake for that stage of gestation) or nutrient-restricted (NR; 50 % ME; n 6) diets between days 28 and 80 of gestation. Controls were additionally grouped according to normal (>3, n 7) or low body condition score (LBCS; <2, n 6), thereby enabling us to examine the effect of maternal body composition on later cardiovascular function. From day 80 to term (approximately 147 d) all sheep were fed to 100 % ME. Offspring were weaned at 12 weeks and pasture-reared until 6 months of age when cardiovascular function was determined. Both LBCS and NR sheep tended to have lower resting systolic (control, 85 (se 2); LBCS, 77 (se 3); NR, 77 (se 3) mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure relative to controls. Total nephron count was markedly lower in both LBCS and NR relative to controls (LBCS, 59 (se 6); NR, 56 (se 12) %). Our data suggest that maternal body composition around conception is as important as the level of nutrient intake during early pregnancy in programming later cardiovascular health.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dandrea
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Langley-Evans
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Kurlak
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Seetho
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Keisler
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Symonds
mesh_terms: D043209:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D009399:Nephrons / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D043209:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2; D006854:Hydrocortisone