title: Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postpartum depressive symptoms negatively affect the quality of life and daily functioning of mothers and infants. Little research has examined the impact of situational factors such as physical symptom burden and function on early postpartum depressive symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between situational factors and early postpartum depressive symptoms. To predict correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional telephone survey of 720 mothers between 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Mothers reported on demographic factors, physical and psychological symptoms, daily function, infant behaviors, social support, and skills in managing infant and household. The association between these factors and postpartum depressive symptoms were investigated with bivariate and multivariable analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly, 39% of patients screened positive for depressive symptoms. Bivariate analyses showed symptomatic patients were more likely to be nonwhite, have lower incomes, less education, a past history of depression, have higher physical symptom burdens, more physical functional limitations, more infant colic, receive less social support, and have lower-self-efficacy scores as compared with patients without symptoms of depression. In a multivariable model predicting depressive symptoms, nonwhite race (odds ratio (OR) of 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.38, 2.78), more physical symptoms (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.32), infant colic (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.29, 2.50) lack of social support (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86, 0.95), and lower self-efficacy scores (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86, 0.94) were associated with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonwhite race, physical symptom burden, infant colic, lack of social support, and lower self-efficacy scores are associated with early postpartum depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to investigate whether providing social support and teaching skills to enhance self-efficacy will reduce the incidence of early postpartum symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, New York 10029, USA. elizabeth.howell@msnyuhealth.org
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011788:Quality of Life; D020377:Self Efficacy; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors