title: Palsies of the fifth cervical nerve root after cervical decompression: prevention using continuous intraoperative electromyography monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A desire to prevent complications resulting from spinal surgery led to the development of intraoperative monitoring. Intraoperative electromyography (EMG) provides useful diagnostic information regarding nerve root function during spinal and peripheral nerve surgeries. The C-5 nerve root is considered particularly vulnerable to injury during cervical surgery. Despite advances in techniques, the incidence of postoperative C-5 palsy has not changed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed prospectively collected data obtained in 161 patients who underwent 171 cervical procedures. In 116 procedures, operative monitoring was modified to include continuous C-5 EMG from the deltoid muscle. In cases in which spontaneous C-5 activity occurred, an appropriate change in operative manipulation was made. A historical control group consisted of a retrospective review of 55 procedures that were monitored using conventional techniques. In the retrospective cohort, four (7.3%) of 55 patients presented after undergoing surgery for C-5 nerve root palsy. In each patient conventional monitoring revealed unremarkable findings. In the prospective cohort, intraoperative spontaneous EMG activity necessitated a change in either positioning or operative technique in three cases. Only one patient (0.9%) experienced postoperative C-5 palsy. Postoperative C-5 palsy occurred in no patient in whom there was no intra-operative evidence of root irritation (p < 0.03, chi-square test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of postoperative C-5 palsies was reduced from 7.3% to 0.9% due to intraoperative continuous EMG monitoring. No patient suffered a postoperative C-5 palsy when intraoperative evidence of root irritation was absent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery and Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Sepehr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.forename: Berton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.forename: Harel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000503:physiopathology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology