title: Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of postprandial blood glucose on diabetes complications is intensively debated. We aimed to evaluate the predictive role of both fasting and postprandial blood glucose on cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes and the influence of gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population of 529 (284 men and 245 women) consecutive type 2 diabetic patients attending our diabetes clinic, we evaluated the relationships, corrected for cardiovascular risk factors and type of treatment, between cardiovascular events in a 5-yr follow-up and baseline values of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood glucose measured: 1) after an overnight fast, 2) after breakfast, 3) after lunch, and 4) before dinner. Continuous variables were categorized into tertiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recorded cardiovascular events in 77 subjects: 54 of 284 men (19%) and 23 of 245 women (9.4%). Univariate analysis indicated that cardiovascular events were associated with increasing age, longer diabetes duration, and higher HbA1c and fibrinogen in men, and higher systolic blood pressure, albumin excretion rate, HbA1c, and all blood glucose values in women. Smoking was more frequent in subjects with events. When all blood glucose values and HbA1c were introduced simultaneously in the models, only blood glucose after lunch predicted cardiovascular events, with hazard ratio of the third tertile vs. the first and the second tertiles greater in women (5.54; confidence interval, 1.45-21.20) than in men (2.12; confidence interval, 1.04-4.32; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postprandial, but not fasting, blood glucose is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes, with a stronger predictive power in women than in men, suggesting that more attention should be paid to postprandial hyperglycemia, particularly in women.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavalot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traversa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bonomo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fiora
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anfossi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trovati
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose