title: Development of the Qualeffo-31, an osteoporosis-specific quality-of-life questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vertebral deformities are a common consequence of osteoporosis and are known to decrease quality of life. The Qualeffo-41 is a quality-of-life questionnaire especially developed for measuring quality of life in patients with vertebral deformities. It consists of 41 questions arranged in five domains: pain, physical function, social function, general health perception, and mental function. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop a shorter version of the Qualeffo-41 by removing redundant questions; and (2) to investigate the scale characteristics, reliability, and validity of this shorter version.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed using data from the Qualeffo validation study and the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) study. The analyses were performed in patients with vertebral deformities (n=579). Factor analysis on polychoric correlations and an item response theory (IRT) model, i.e., the generalized partial credit model (GPCM), were used to create a shorter version of Qualeffo-41. Using GPCM, scoring weights were computed for all items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three items were removed from the data set because of too many missing values. Factor analysis identified three instead of five domains: (1) pain, (2) physical function, and (3) mental function. Five items had factor loadings <0.4 and were not included in the GPCM. After excluding several items, the domains pain (four items), physical function (18 items), and mental function (nine items) showed a good, reasonable, and excellent fit, respectively. This indicates that the mental function domain and the pain domain are more unidimensional than the physical function domain. All three domains showed a very high correlation (r > or =0.95) with the corresponding domains of the Qualeffo-41.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualeffo-31 was developed, consisting of three domains with a reasonable to excellent fit to the GPCM. Although the fit to the GPCM supports the construct validity of the Qualeffo-31, validation in a new study should be performed before using it in practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van Schoor
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: C A W
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Glas
authors.forename: R W J G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ostelo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leplège
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johnell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lips
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*