title: Patterns of opioid and cocaine co-use: a descriptive study in a Canadian sample of untreated opioid-dependent individuals.
abstract: This study examined prevalence and patterns of co-use of opioids and cocaine in regular users of illicit opioids (N = 729) recruited from 5 Canadian cities. Fifty-seven percent (n = 417) reported having used both opioids and cocaine in the month and week preceding the interview; of these, 73% (n = 304) were able to identify a typical pattern of daily co-use. In a typical day, injectors of opioids and cocaine (n = 119) and injectors of opioids who inhaled cocaine (n = 111) showed stable opioid use but variable cocaine use, which peaked at 21 hr. Overall, 30% of the individuals used both drugs exclusively in a sequential fashion, 35% reported taking opioids and cocaine within the same hour, and 35% reported taking them together at the same time or mixing them. These findings indicate that different individuals display different patterns of opioids and cocaine co-use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Social and Applied Human Sciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada. fleri@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leri
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Rehm
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jürgen
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brissette
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruneau
authors.forename: Nady
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Guebaly
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: T Cameron
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012646:Self Administration / Q000379:methods; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine