title: Development and face validity of explicit indicators of appropriateness of long term prescribing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a set of explicit and operationalisable indicators of appropriate prescribing and assess their face validity using clinical pharmacists practising in secondary and primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Appropriateness indicators were derived from the literature, applied to data in the hospital clinical records of all newly prescribed long-term drugs for 50 randomly selected patients, further refined and then applied to another 25 randomly selected patients. A pre-piloted postal questionnaire was sent to 200 hospitals and primary care pharmacists, asking them to assess the indicators as to their importance for the assessment of appropriateness of long-term prescribing initiated in hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen indicators were developed and piloted. Of the 16 original indicators, 5 were discarded, as they were unable to be operationalised, and 2 were subdivided to reflect the routinely available data. Eighty-six pharmacists with individual patient-focussed clinical duties took part in the assessment of the face validity (response rate 43%). Eleven indicators achieved a median importance rating of 1 (very important), and three indicators a median importance rating of 2 on a 5-point scale. The three most important indicators overall were "indication included in discharge summary", "questionable high-risk therapeutic combination" and "hazardous drug-drug combination".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to develop and operationalise 14 indicators of the appropriateness of long-term prescribing commenced in hospital practice, all of which were considered to have face validity by an expert panel of clinical pharmacists. The development of these explicit indicators highlighted the incompleteness of the patient's record. Further work is needed to assess their validity and reliability, before their use in research or audit can be recommended.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. mary.tully@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.forename: Najma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cantrill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom