title: Genetic and enzymatic analysis for two Japanese patients with idiopathic infantile arterial calcification.
abstract: Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) is a life-threatening disorder in young infants. Cardiovascular symptoms are usually apparent within the first month of life. The symptoms are caused by calcification of large and medium-sized arteries, including the aorta, coronary arteries, and renal arteries. Most of the patients die by 6 months of age because of heart failure. Recently, homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations for the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene were reported as causative for the disorder. ENPP1 regulates extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a major inhibiter of extracellular matrix calcification. Two Japanese patients with IIAC were studied. One, from first-cousin parents, showed a typical clinical course. The onset in the second patient was late. Both of the patients were clinically compatible for IIAC; arterial calcification was shown, and hypertension was prominent. We sequenced all the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the gene and measured nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase (NPPH) activity of ENPP1. Homozygous Arg730Stop was detected in the typical IIAC patient. The mutation was a novel nonsense mutation and not detected in 60 healthy controls. His NPPH activity was 4% of normal. On the other hand, the late-onset patient was not shown to have any mutations. NPPH activity in this patient was 70% of normal. We confirmed that ENPP1 was also responsible for the Japanese patient with IIAC. The atypical late-onset phenotype may not be associated with ENPP1 abnormalities. IIAC is considered to be a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Tokyo Metropolitan Kiyose Children's Hospital, Kiyose, Japan. cnumakur@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Chikahiko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Numakura
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ariyasu
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maesaka
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases