title: Effects of estrogens on cognition and brain morphology: involvement of the cerebellum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex steroid hormones are implicated in the cognitive processes of the adult brain. Among studies reporting a positive effect of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on cognition, the most consistent evidence is that it enhances verbal memory and visuospatial functions. In the present study we investigated the effect of ERT on cognition and on brain morphology in healthy postmenopausal women, taking into account the distinction in current and past ERT users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were postmenopausal nondemented women recruited from the community: ERT users were 40 (23 current users, 17 past users), while never users were 43. Forty of recruited subjects gave consent to undergo 3D high resolution MRI (16 current users, 7 past users and 17 never users). Participants underwent MMSE and a battery of neuropsychological tests measuring memory, language, intelligence, attention and visuo-spatial abilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The past users group outperformed the never users in four tests: Token test, WCST categories, attentional matrices and Rey's delayed list; the current users group outperformed the never users in the Rey's list test. ERT users had greater grey matter volumes mainly in the cerebellum, but an increase was observed also in the parietal and occipital cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERT use appears to improve linguistic, attentive and planning abilities. Interestingly, the beneficial effects on cognition were detected mainly in the past users subgroup. Here we propose that the trophic effect of estrogens on cerebellum might account for the observed improvement in cognition.
authors.affiliation: NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghidoni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccardi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benussi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pievani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gigola
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sabattoli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barbiero
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Frisoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Binetti
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017698:Postmenopause