title: Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric condition, with 6.6% of the adult population in the United States experiencing a major depressive episode during any given year. Depressed patients must receive adequate treatment to maximize the likelihood of clinical success. Bupropion hydrochloride, a noradrenergic/dopaminergic antidepressant, is available in 3 oral formulations: immediate release (IR) (given TID), sustained release (SR) (given BID), and extended release (XL) (given QD). Understanding the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and formulations of bupropion can help optimize clinical use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  : The aims of this article were to provide a review of the PK properties of bupropion and identify its various formulations and clinical applications to help optimize treatment of MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  : In this review, data concerning PK trials/reports were collected from articles identified using a PubMed search. The search was conducted without date limitations and using the search terms bupropion, bupropion SR, bupropion XL, bupropion pharmacokinetics, bupropion metabolism, and bupropion drug interactions. Additional reports were selected from references that appeared in articles identified in the original search. In addition, data from studies summarized in product information and labeling were obtained. All available information, concentrating on studies in humans, pertinent to bupropion PK properties and/or formulations was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Bupropion is extensively metabolized by the liver (t(1/2), approximately 21 hours). Hydroxybupropion, the primary active metabolite (t(1/2), approximately 20 hours), is formed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6. At steady state, C(max) of hydroxybupropion is 4- to 7-fold higher, and the AUC is approximately 10-fold greater, compared with those of the parent drug. Threohydrobupropion and erythrohydrobupropion (mean [SD] t(1/2) values, approximately 37 [13] and approximately 33 [10] hours, respectively), the other active metabolites of bupropion, are formed via nonmicrosomal pathways. Relative to bupropion, the C(max) values are approximately 5-fold greater for threohydrobupropion and similar for erythrohydrobupropion. Based on a mouse antitetrabenazine model, hydroxybupropion is approximately 50% as active as bupropion, and threohydrobupropion and erythrohydrobupropion are approximately 20% as active as bupropion. Bupropion lowers the seizure threshold and, therefore, concurrent administration with other agents that lower the seizure threshold should be undertaken cautiously. Potential interactions with other agents that are metabolized by CYP2B6 should be considered. In addition, bupropion inhibits CYP2D6 and may reduce clearance of agents metabolized by this enzyme. Absorption of the XL formulation is prolonged compared with the IR and SR formulations (T(max), approximately 5 hours vs approximately 1.5 and approximately 3 hours, respectively). Bupropion is dosed without regard to food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Understanding the PK profile and formulations of bupropion can help optimize clinical use. Bupropion is metabolized extensively, resulting in 3 active metabolites. This metabolic profile, various patient factors (eg, age, medical illnesses), and potential drug interactions should be considered when prescribing bupropion. The 3 formulations-bupropion, bupropion SR, and bupropion XL-are bioequivalent and offer options to optimize treatment for patients with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Madison Institute of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 7617 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53717, USA. jjefferson@healthtechsys.com
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pradko
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D016642:Bupropion / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016642:Bupropion; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585599:CYP2B6 protein, human; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating