title: Investigation of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a pharmacokinetic model for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and Poicephalus parrots via comparison of the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous injection of oxytetracycline hydrochloride.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) would serve as a pharmacokinetic animal model for two small companion parrots: cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and Poicephalus parrots. Oxytetracycline (OTC) was the pharmacologic agent chosen for this study as it is eliminated primarily by renal glomerular filtration and undergoes minimal metabolism. A single intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg oxytetracycline hydrochloride was administered to the three study groups and blood samples were obtained at 5, 10, 15, and 30 min post-OTC injection as well as 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-OTC injection. Quantification of plasma OTC was accomplished using a standardized microbial inhibition assay. Naïve-pooled data (NPD) analysis of the plasma concentration-time profile of OTC best fit a two-compartment open model for all three avian species. Noncompartmental analysis of the mean data yielded the following parameters for quail, cockatiels and Poicephalus parrots respectively: lambda(z) = 3.14, 4.57, 3.71 h; AUC = 38.9, 42.7, 49.6 microg x h/mL; and Cl = 514, 468, 403 mL/h/kg. Based on the similarity of these pharmacokinetic parameters, it appears that quail could be used as a model species to predict the appropriate OTC dosing regimen for small psittacine birds. A bootstrap procedure was also applied to these sparse data sets for both compartmental and noncompartmental analysis. The bootstrap procedure allowed for the calculation of variability of parameters; however, the estimates of the parameters were very similar to those calculated using the NPD and the data mean values.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osofsky
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wetzlich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nugent-Deal
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Craigmill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D019540:Area Under Curve; D046410:Cockatoos / Q000378:metabolism; D003370:Coturnix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D010311:Parrots / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010118:Oxytetracycline