title: Analysis of the regulation of viral transcription.
abstract: Despite the small genomes and number of genes of papillomaviruses, regulation of their transcription is very complex and governed by numerous transcription factors, cis-responsive elements, and epigenetic phenomena. This chapter describes the strategies of how one can approach a systematic analysis of these factors, elements, and mechanisms. From the numerous different techniques useful for studying transcription, we describe in detail three selected protocols of approaches that have been relevant in shaping our knowledge of human papillomavirus transcription. These are DNAse I protection ("footprinting") for location of transcription-factor binding sites, electrophoretic mobility shifts ("gelshifts") for analysis of bound transcription factors, and bisulfite sequencing for analysis of DNA methylation as a prerequisite for epigenetic transcriptional regulation.
authors.affiliation: Neurotransgenic Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gloss
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalantari
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018983:DNA Footprinting / Q000379:methods; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I