title: Tibolone metabolism in human liver is catalyzed by 3alpha/3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of the four isoforms of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C subfamily.
abstract: Tibolone [[7alpha,17alpha]-17-hydroxy-7-methyl-19-norpregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one] is used to treat climacteric symptoms and prevent osteoporosis. It exerts tissue-selective effects via site-specific metabolism into 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxymetabolites and a Delta4-isomer. Recombinant human cytosolic aldo-keto reductases 1C1 and 1C2 (AKR1C1 and AKR1C2) produce 3beta-hydroxytibolone, and the liver-specific AKR1C4 produces predominantly 3alpha-hydroxytibolone. These observations may account for the appearance of 3beta-hydroxytibolone in target tissues and 3alpha-hydroxytibolone in the circulation. Using liver autopsy samples (which express AKR1C1-AKR1C4), tibolone was reduced via 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity. 3beta-Hydroxytibolone was exclusively formed in the cytosol and was inhibited by the AKR1C2-specific inhibitor 5beta-cholanic acid-3alpha, 7alpha-diol. The cytosolic formation of 3alpha-hydroxytibolone was inhibited by an AKR1C4-selective inhibitor, phenolphthalein. The ratio of these stereoisomers was 4:1 in favor of 3beta-hydroxytibolone. In HepG2 cell cytosol and intact cells (which do not express AKR1C4), tibolone was exclusively reduced to 3beta-hydroxytibolone and was blocked by the AKR1C1-AKR1C3 inhibitor flufenamic acid. In primary hepatocytes (which express AKR1C1-AKR1C4), time-dependent reduction of tibolone into 3beta- and 3alpha-hydroxytibolone was observed again in a 4:1 ratio. 3beta-HSD activity was inhibited by both 5beta-cholanic acid-3alpha,7alpha-diol and flufenamic acid, implicating a role for AKR1C2 and AKR1C1. By contrast, the formation of 3alpha-hydroxytibolone was exclusively inhibited by phenolphthalein implicating AKR1C4 in this reaction. 3beta- and 3alpha-Hydroxytibolone were rapidly metabolized into polar metabolites (>85%). The formation of minor amounts of tibolone was also observed followed by AKR1C-catalyzed epimerization. The low hepatic formation of 3alpha-hydroxytibolone suggests that AKR1C4 is not the primary source of this metabolite and instead it maybe formed by an intestinal or enterobacterial 3alpha-HSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steckelbroeck
authors.forename: Busola
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oyesanmi
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Seon-Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Helenius J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kloosterboer
authors.forename: Trevor M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Penning
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000502:physiology*; D015089:20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000502:physiology*; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000502:physiology*; D000074425:Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D002384:Catalysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005439:Flufenamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases / Q000502:physiology*; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000502:physiology*; D020113:Phenolphthalein / Q000494:pharmacology; D045002:3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)
chemical_list: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015089:20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D000074425:Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D005439:Flufenamic Acid; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D009652:Norpregnenes; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D020113:Phenolphthalein; C115140:3 alpha-beta, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; C435496:AKR1C2 protein, human; D045002:3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific); C487341:AKR1C3 protein, human; C044256:3 (or 17)-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; C048338:trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase; C027385:tibolone