title: Modern biologics used in orthopaedic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review we summarize some of the most recent research in the area of local bone regeneration. These innovations may be relevant in the orthopaedic treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, or other inflammatory arthridities, as such patients often present with inadequate bone stock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone grafting remains the standard treatment for bone deficiency. Several new approaches, such as the use of concentrated blood products or osteoprogenitor cells in conjunction with grafts, have been developed but remain to be tested clinically. Experimental studies have elucidated important aspects of the biology of bone graft remodeling and osteoprogenitor cell differentiation. Materials that can serve as graft alternatives continue to be developed. Positive experimental findings have resulted from combinations of such materials with osteoprogenitor cells or osteoinductive factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While few studies to date have examined the specific use of these new strategies in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis, many hold promise for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory and metabolic conditions that affect bone quality and quantity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA. hidakac@hss.edu
authors.forename: Chisa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rodeo
authors.forename: Suzanne A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D001168:Arthritis / Q000628:therapy; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000628:therapy; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018786:Bone Substitutes