title: Porcine skin ED50 damage thresholds for 2,000 nm laser irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gain refinement in safe-exposure limits, indicated by the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits, the minimum visible lesion thresholds for three spot sizes (5-15 mm) and four exposure durations (0.25-2.5 seconds) were determined for the skin at 2,000 nm continuous wave laser irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of experiments were conducted in vivo on female Yucatan mini-pigs to determine the ED50 damage thresholds for 2,000 nm continuous wave laser irradiation. The study employed Gaussian laser beam exposures with spot diameters (1/e2) of 4.83, 9.65, and 14.65 mm and exposure durations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 seconds as a function of laser power. The effect of each irradiation was evaluated within 1 minute after irradiation and the final determination was made at 48 hours post-exposure. Probit analysis was conducted to estimate the dose for 50% probability of laser-induced damage (ED50), defined as persistent redness at the site of irradiation for the mini-pig skin after 48 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MPE spot size and exposure duration trends for 2,000 nm laser exposure is consistent for exposure diameters less than 3.5 mm. However, for larger exposure diameters of 4.83, 9.65, and 14.65 mm and exposure duration longer than 0.25 second, the current MPEs are bigger than one tenth of our damage thresholds. For Gaussian laser profile, which is common for many laser output irradiance distributions, lower energy is required to generate a lesion on skin for smaller spot sizes and shorter exposure duration. On the other hand, for spot sizes greater than 4.83 mm and exposure duration over 0.25 second, the average radiant exposure at threshold is inversely proportional to spot size. The irradiance-time and temperature-time power law at the threshold were investigated as well and showed that the irradiance-time power law was a close approximation to estimate laser irradiance at ED50 damage threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thresholds study shows that consideration for lowering the MPE standards should be explored as the laser beam diameter becomes larger than 3.5 mm. Based on the limited experimental data, the duration and size dependences of the ED50 damage thresholds could be described by an empirical equation: Irradiance at the threshold = (5.669-1.81xspot diameter)xexposure duration -0.794.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Laser Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. chenbo@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: O'Dell
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rockwell
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D053685:Laser Therapy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature