title: An empirical comparison of Maslow's and Murray's needs systems.
abstract: The Work Motivation Inventory (WMI), a measure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), a measure of Murray's manifest needs, were administered to 372 undergraduates. The two instruments were compared using canonical analysis. The analysis revealed three significant relationships between components of the two instruments. The first relationship supported Maslow's need hierarchy in general and its measurement by the WMI. The second suggested a fluctuating relationship between giving and receiving help and the levels of Maslow's hierarchy. The third relationship suggested that need for Achievement is associated with the intermediate levels of Maslow's hierarchy.
authors.affiliation: Houston Independent School District, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ward