title: Validation of a pre-coded food diary with energy expenditure, comparison of under-reporters v. acceptable reporters.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to compare energy intake (EI) assessed from a pre-coded food diary (PFD) with energy expenditure (EE) measured by a validated position-and-movement monitor (ActiReg); PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway) in a group of Norwegian 9-year-olds. Moreover, we examined whether and how under-reporters (UR), identified with ActiReg), differed from acceptable reporters (AR) according to food intake and BMI. A total of fifty-one 9-year-olds completed PFD and ActiReg. The present study showed that on average EI was underestimated by 18 % compared with EE measured by ActiReg. The 95 % confidence limits of agreement in a Bland-Altman plot for EI and EE varied from 1.97 MJ to -4.23 MJ (sd 2) among the girls and from 0.74 MJ to -5.26 MJ (sd 2) among the boys. The Pearson correlation coefficient between EI and EE was 0.28 (P=0.05) for males and females combined. Fifty-seven per cent of the participants were classified as AR, 39 % as UR and 4 % as over-reporters with the PFD. Under-reporting of energy remains a problem with the PFD method used in a group of 9-year-olds, especially among boys. However, UR and AR did not show a systematic misreporting related to macronutrients, unhealthy foods or BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. i.t.lillegaard@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: I T L
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Lillegaard
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors