title: Stromal mesenchyme cell genes of the human prostate and bladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stromal mesenchyme cells play an important role in epithelial differentiation and likely in cancer as well. Induction of epithelial differentiation is organ-specific, and the genes responsible could be identified through a comparative genomic analysis of the stromal cells from two different organs. These genes might be aberrantly expressed in cancer since cancer could be viewed as due to a defect in stromal signaling. We propose to identify the prostate stromal genes by analysis of differentially expressed genes between prostate and bladder stromal cells, and to examine their expression in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to cluster designation (CD) cell surface antigens was first used to characterize the stromas of the prostate and bladder. Stromal cells were prepared from either prostate or bladder tissue for cell culture. RNA was isolated from the cultured cells and analyzed by DNA microarrays. Expression of candidate genes in normal prostate and prostate cancer was examined by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bladder stroma was phenotypically different from that of the prostate. Most notable was the presence of a layer of CD13+ cells adjacent to the urothelium. This structural feature was also seen in the mouse bladder. The prostate stroma was uniformly CD13-. A number of differentially expressed genes between prostate and bladder stromal cells were identified. One prostate gene, proenkephalin (PENK), was of interest because it encodes a hormone. Secreted proteins such as hormones and bioactive peptides are known to mediate cell-cell signaling. Prostate stromal expression of PENK was verified by an antibody raised against a PENK peptide, by RT-PCR analysis of laser-capture microdissected stromal cells, and by database analysis. Gene expression analysis showed that PENK expression was down-regulated in prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that the histologically similar stromas of the prostate and bladder are phenotypically different, and express organ-specific genes. The importance of these genes in epithelial development is suggested by their abnormal expression in cancer. Among the candidates is the hormone PENK and the down-regulation of PENK expression in cancer suggests a possible association with cancer development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. youngah@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Young Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Goo
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Goodlett
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pascal
authors.forename: Kelsey D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Worthington
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vessella
authors.forename: Lawrence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: True
authors.forename: Alvin Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D017154:Stromal Cells; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology*