title: SNARE-mediated lipid mixing depends on the physical state of the vesicles.
abstract: Reconstitution experiments have suggested that N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins constitute a minimal membrane fusion machinery but have yielded contradictory results, and it is unclear whether the mechanism of membrane merger is related to the stalk mechanism that underlies physiological membrane fusion. Here we show that reconstitution of solubilized neuronal SNAREs into preformed 100 nm liposomes (direct method) yields proteoliposomes with more homogeneous sizes and protein densities than the standard reconstitution method involving detergent cosolubilization of proteins and lipids. Standard reconstitutions yield slow but efficient lipid mixing at high protein densities and variable amounts of lipid mixing at moderate protein densities. However, the larger, more homogenous proteoliposomes prepared by the direct method yield almost no lipid mixing at moderate protein densities. These results suggest that the lipid mixing observed for standard reconstitutions is dominated by the physical state of the membrane, perhaps due to populations of small vesicles (or micelles) with high protein densities and curvature stress created upon reconstitution. Accordingly, changing membrane spontaneous curvature by adding lysophospholipids inhibits the lipid mixing observed for standard reconstitutions. Our data indicate that the lipid mixing caused by high SNARE densities and/or curvature stress occurs by a stalk mechanism resembling the mechanism of fusion between biological membranes, but the neuronal SNAREs are largely unable to induce lipid mixing at physiological protein densities and limited curvature stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaocheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Demet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Araç
authors.forename: Tzu-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmerberg
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rizo
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D044367:Phase Transition; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008081:Liposomes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D012996:Solutions; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25