title: Ambient monitoring and biomonitoring of workers exposed to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in an industrial facility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The exposure of seven workers and three on-site study examiners to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was studied in an adhesive bonding compound and glue production facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Airborne NMP was analysed by personal and stationary sampling on activated charcoal tubes. NMP and its main metabolites, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI), were analysed in pre-shift and post-shift spot urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The workers were examined with respect to irritation of the eyes, the mucous membranes and the skin, and health complaints before and after the work-shift were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time-weighted average concentration of NMP in most work areas varied between 0.2 and 3.0 mg/m3. During the manual cleaning of stirring vessels, valves and tools, 8-h TWA exposures of up to 15.5 mg/m3 and single peak exposures of up to 85 mg/m3) were observed. NMP and its metabolites were detected in two pre-shift urine specimens. NMP and 5-HNMP concentrations in post-shift urine samples of five workers and three on-site study examiners were below 125 microg/g creatinine and 15 mg/g creatinine, respectively, while two vessel-cleaning workers showed significantly higher urinary NMP concentrations of 472 and 711 microg/g creatinine and 5-HNMP concentrations of 33.5 and 124 mg/g creatinine. 2-HMSI was detectable in four post-shift samples (range: 1.6-14.7 mg/g creatinine). The vessel cleaner with the highest NMP exposure reported irritation of the eyes, the upper respiratory tract and headaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate a relatively low overall exposure to NMP in the facility. An increased uptake of NMP occurred only during extensive manual vessel cleaning. Health complaints associated with NMP exposure were recorded in one case and might be related to an excessive dermal exposure due to infrequent and inadequate use of personal protective equipment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. bader.michael@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rosenberger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rebe
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Keener
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hemmerling
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wrbitzky
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; C038678:N-methylpyrrolidone