title: Comparison of the epidemiology of human bites evaluated at three US pediatric emergency departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) Using clearly defined methods, provide a current assessment of the epidemiology of human bites sustained by pediatric patients evaluated at a pediatric ED; (2) Compare the frequency, demography, locations, and management of these injuries from the results of the current study to the 2 prior ED studies on pediatric human bites; and (3) Determine if the frequency of these injuries varies by year, gender, or body location.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study involved a retrospective analysis of all visits to an urban, northeastern, United States pediatric ED from 1995 to 2001. Visits for human bites were identified by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes using 2 separate computerized billing databases. Data were extracted from 2 prior published studies for the comparative portion of the study. Frequency estimates and 95% confidence intervals were created using STATA7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the current study, there were 115 visits for human bites, which comprised 0.04% [0.03-0.05] of total visits to this pediatric ED. Bite visits as a percentage of pediatric ED visits remained the same during the 7 years of the current study. For all 3 pediatric EDs, human bites consisted of much less than 1% of the overall patient volume. The majority (65% [55.8-73.9]) of the patients in the current study were male. When adjusted for the frequency of all patient visits by gender, there was no statistically significant difference in percentage of visits for human bites between males and females (0.05% [0.039-0.063] vs. 0.03% [0.023-0.044]) in the current study. Prior studies did not reveal a statistically significant predominance of males presenting for human bites. As a percentage of visits by age group, human bites were more frequent among adolescents in the current study. Altercations and child play were reported approximately equally as the circumstances contributing to the bites in the current study, although altercations were reported more often in older age groups. In all 3 studies, fewer than 14% of patients were admitted and over 80% presented within 12 or 24 hours after the bite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric ED visits for human bites are infrequent and from the current study data, the frequency of visits for these injuries appears to be currently stable. Altercations may not be the main circumstances surrounding all pediatric human bites, yet altercations and human bites might be jointly associated with adolescence. The current study results suggest that most pediatric ED human bite patients are male, although males may not necessarily sustain human bites more frequently than females. Visits for human bite injuries may increase in frequency with age, in comparison to visits for other medical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. rmerchant@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Roland C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Janene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuerch
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001734:Bites, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology