title: Ingrowth of osteochondral grafts under the influence of growth factors: 6-month results of an animal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the age of growth factors and gene therapy, the induction of cartilage healing remains an unsolved problem. Even in autologous grafting, one of the preferred methods of treatment for focal osteochondral lesions, chondral integration remains difficult. This study aims to define a possible positive influence of growth factor augmentation on the ingrowth of these transplants.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an ovine model, questions regarding the healing of osteochondral transplants under the influence of two different growth factors were to be addressed. Two osteochondral autologous transplantations (OAT), one in the weight-bearing surface of each femoral condyle, were performed on the ovine knee using the standard operative protocol. One of the grafts was bathed in augmented PBS containing 50 microg bFGF or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 directly prior to implantation, while the other condyle served as the control. Two groups, consisting of eight sheep each, were evaluated for each growth factor after 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the evaluation of all the specimens, neither osteophytes nor synovial changes were observed. The mechanical consistency of the cartilaginous tissue began to reach a level equivalent to the surrounding tissue at 6 months, independent of the use of growth factor. Macroscopically, the superficial border of the transplanted osteochondral plug could easily be outlined in all groups, while the cartilage interface of the bFGF specimens was determined to be less demarcated than the BMP augmented plugs or the controls. Radiographically, a solid osteointegration of the graft could be documented at 6 months in the native and augmented groups. In contrast, integration of the chondral surface of the OAT was not seen macro- or microscopically in any specimen, even though cartilage surfaces remained viable. A firm physical interdigitation of the reconstructed joint surface could not be demonstrated in either of the two augmented groups or the control population. The augmentation with bFGF and BMP-2 stimulated the osseous ingrowth and seems to expedite the remodelling process, but was not able to improve chondral healing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of integration of the cartilaginous portion of the transplanted plugs into the reconstructed joint surface, even following the augmentation with bFGF and BMP-2, does not bode well for the long-term survival of the joint itself.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. chsiebert@annastift.de
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sopka
authors.forename: Ture
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wahner
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miltner
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niedhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000637:transplantation; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2