title: A link between translation of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein and polymerase function; possible consequences for hyperphosphorylation of NS5A.
abstract: Hyperphosphorylation of NS5A is thought to play a key role in controlling hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication. Using a tetracycline-regulable baculovirus delivery system to introduce non-culture-adapted HCV replicons into HepG2 cells, we found that a point mutation in the active site of the viral polymerase, NS5B, led to an increase in NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Although replicon transcripts lacking elements downstream of NS5A also had altered NS5A hyperphosphorylation, this did not explain the changes resulting from polymerase inactivation. Instead, two additional findings may be related to the link between polymerase activity and NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Firstly, we found that disabling polymerase activity, either by targeted mutation of the polymerase active site or by use of a synthetic inhibitor, stimulated translation from the replicon transcript. Secondly, when the rate of translation of non-structural proteins from replicon transcripts was reduced by use of a defective encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site, there was a substantial decrease in NS5A hyperphosphorylation, but this was not observed when non-structural protein expression was reduced by simply lowering replicon transcript levels using tetracycline. Therefore, one possibility is that the point mutation within the active site of NS5B causes an increase in NS5A hyperphosphorylation because of an increase in translation from each viral transcript. These findings represent the first demonstration that NS5A hyperphosphorylation can be modulated without use of kinase inhibitors or mutations within non-structural proteins and, as such, provide an insight into a possible means by which HCV replication is controlled during a natural infection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Challinor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012093:Replicon / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C087036:NS-5 protein, hepatitis C virus; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase