title: Fungal contamination of bedding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is currently believed that most fungal exposure occurs external to the home.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To enumerate the fungal flora of used synthetic and feather pillows and the dust vacuumed from them, in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 pillows aged between 1.5 and >20 years in regular use were collected and quantitatively cultured for fungi. Swatches were taken from nine sections of the pillow and dust was also collected by vacuum from five pillows. Pillow vacuuming was carried out prior to pillow culture. All were cultured at room temperature, 30 and 37 degrees C for 7 days in broth before plating, and a subset were also cultured for 24 h in broth and then plated. Fungi were identified by standard morphological methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The commonest three species isolated were Aspergillus fumigatus (n = 10), Aureobasidium pullulans (n = 6) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (n = 6). Another 47 species were isolated from pillows and vacuum dust. The number of species isolated per pillow varied from 4 to 16, with a higher number from synthetic pillows. Compared with the nonallergenic A. pullulans, more A. fumigatus was found in synthetic than feather pillows.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have examined pillows for fungal contamination, and show that the typical used pillow contains a substantial load of many species of fungi, particularly A. fumigatus. Given the time spent sleeping, and the proximity of the pillow to the airway, synthetic and feather pillows could be the primary source of fungi and fungal products. This has important implications for patients with respiratory disease, and especially asthma and sinusitis.
authors.affiliation: North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Custovic
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005658:Fungi / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006794:Household Articles; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D008422:Materials Testing; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens