title: Diagnostic and prognostic value of angiogenesis-modulating genes in malignant thyroid neoplasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is an essential biologic event in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. We postulated that expression analysis of genes that modulate angiogenesis would identify differentially expressed genes that would help to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms and serve as markers of aggressive differentiated thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A complementary DNA (cDNA) array with 96 genes that modulate angiogenesis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (2-fold higher or lower) in malignant versus benign thyroid neoplasms. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm cDNA array expression data in 123 patients (4 normal thyroid, 26 hyperplastic nodules, 27 follicular adenomas, 23 follicular cancers, 18 follicular variant of papillary cancers, 25 papillary cancers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two genes were upregulated in malignant thyroid neoplasms by cDNA array analysis, but only 13 genes had higher messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in malignant than in benign thyroid neoplasms by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (P < or = .04). Of the 13 differentially expressed genes, the combined use of angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) mRNA expression levels was best for distinguishing malignant from benign thyroid neoplasms, with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 85%, positive predictive value of 75%, and negative predictive value of 94%. Epidermal growth factor receptor and ephrin B2 mRNA expression was elevated in higher TNM stage neoplasms and in patients with high-risk AMES (Age, distant Metastasis, Extrathyroidal invasion, and tumor Size) differentiated thyroid cancers (P < or = .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiopoietin 2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 are diagnostic markers of malignant thyroid nodules and could improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNA biopsy. Epidermal growth factor receptor and ephrin B2 are markers of aggressive differentiated thyroid cancer.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Surgery and Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, CA 94143-1674, USA. kebebewe@surgery.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Electron
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kebebew
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reiff
authors.forename: Quan-Yang
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Duh
authors.forename: Orlo H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMillan
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins