title: A useful new classification of dysmorphic urinary erythrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among dysmorphic urinary erythrocytes (D cells), G1 cells or doughnut-shaped erythrocytes with one or more blebs are considered to be reliable markers for glomerular diseases. However, although there are many D cells with cytoplasmic color loss and without blebs in the urinary sediment, the significance of these cells is not clear. In this study, we devised a classification system for D cells and examined the relation between these cell types and urinalysis data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We classified D cells into three types (D1, D2, and D3 cells): D1 cells showed a ring-like shape and severe loss of cytoplasmic color with protrusions or blebs; D2 cells showed a doughnut-like shape and moderate cytoplasmic color loss with protrusions or blebs; and D3 cells showed a doughnut-like shape and mild cytoplasmic color loss without protrusions or blebs. We calculated the numbers of D cells of each type in 45 patients with glomerular diseases and in 303 general outpatients. This was done by bright-field microscopy modified for the analysis of urinary sediment, and we also examined the significance of these cell types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 45 patients with glomerular diseases, the numbers of D1, D2, and D3 cells correlated with urine levels of proteinuria and hematuria and numbers of cellular and fatty casts. Numbers of D1 and D2 cells correlated with urine concentrations of albumin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and the proportions of D1 and D2 cells in D cells increased with the activity of glomerular diseases classified by urinalysis data. Only the number of D1 cells correlated with the urine concentration of potassium, which may increase in hemolysis. In the 303 outpatients, the sensitivity of D3 cells and D1 and/or D2 cells (G1 cells) was 73% and 46%, respectively, for the detection of glomerular diseases and the specificity was 93% and 99%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that the D3 cell is a sensitive marker for glomerular diseases, and that D1 and/or D2 cells are markers for severe glomerular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan. nagahama@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.|Division of Biomedical Informatics, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. nagahama@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nagahama
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshiko
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Informatics, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Informatics, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwatani
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D000050:Acanthocytes / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D048430:Cell Shape; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000473:pathology*; D006417:Hematuria / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers