title: Apoptosis of macrophages induced by Trichomonas vaginalis through the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that locates at downstream of mitochondria-dependent caspase activation.
abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan parasite, is the causative organism of trichomoniasis. We have recently demonstrated that T. vaginalis induces apoptotic cell death via a Bcl-x(L)-dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. In this study, we attempted to characterize in detail the signaling cascades resulting in T. vaginalis-induced macrophage apoptosis, focusing particularly on mitochondrial changes and the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation. We found that T. vaginalis induced mitochondrial changes including the release of cytochrome c and the serial activation of caspases, leading to the activation of p38 MAPK in macrophages. These biochemical changes culminated in the apoptosis of the host cells. Caspase inhibitors induced a significant inhibition of T. vaginalis-induced nuclear damage, as well as the activation of p38 MAPK. Treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or the overexpression of kinase-inactive p38 MAPK, induced an attenuation of T. vaginalis-induced apoptosis but not cytochrome c release, the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, or PARP cleavage. Furthermore, SB203580 treatment to human macrophages consistently blocked T. vaginalis-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings indicate that p38 MAPK signaling cascade is requisite to apoptosis of T. vaginalis-infected macrophage, and this apoptotic process occurs via the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which is located downstream of mitochondria-dependent caspase activation, conferring insight into the plausible molecular mechanism of T. vaginalis-immune evasion from macrophage attack.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Soo-Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Hong
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sang-Kyou
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morio
authors.forename: Eun-Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000201:enzymology*; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D045304:Cytochromes c; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; C506434:Casp9 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases