title: Multi-level analysis of alcohol-related injury among emergency department patients: a cross-national study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this analysis was to examine the average rate and variation of alcohol-related injury across emergency department (ED) studies, the effect of usual drinking on likelihood of alcohol-related injury, whether cross-study variation in rate of alcohol-related injury can be explained by between-study difference in usual consumption and whether social-cultural contextual variables help explain cross-study variations, after between-study difference in usual consumption has been controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were merged from the Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP) and the WHO Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injuries, together representing 28 studies in 16 countries, and include 8423 (drinking) injury patients who arrived in the ED within 6 hours after injury. Alcohol-related injury was based, separately, on a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and self-reported drinking within 6 hours prior to injury. A multi-level design and hierarchical generalized linear models were used for analysis in which patients were nested within studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall prevalence of alcohol-related injury was 24% and 29% for positive BAC and self-report, respectively. At the patient level, log-transformed alcohol consumption in the last 12 months was a significant predictor of alcohol-related injury. At the study level significant variation in rates of alcohol-related injury was observed; studies with higher overall average consumption reported a higher rate of alcohol-related injury. When volume was controlled, societies with higher detrimental drinking pattern and higher legal level for intoxication while driving were more likely to have an increased rate of alcohol-related injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol-related injury varies across EDs and countries. While it is associated with an individual's usual alcohol consumption, it is also affected by a number of societal drinking characteristics including the aggregate volume of consumption, overall drinking pattern and legislative policies to control drinking and related harms.
authors.affiliation: Acohol Research Group, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA. ccherpitel@arg.org
authors.forename: Cheryl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cherpitel
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poznyak
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stafström
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*