title: Repolarization of the action potential enabled by Na+ channel deactivation in PSpice simulation of cardiac muscle propagation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies on propagation of simulated action potentials (APs) in cardiac muscle using PSpice modeling, we reported that a second black-box (BB) could not be inserted into the K+ leg of the basic membrane unit because that caused the PSpice program to become very unstable. Therefore, only the rising phase of the APs could be simulated. This restriction was acceptable since only the mechanism of transmission of excitation from one cell to the next was being investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have now been able to repolarize the AP by inserting a second BB into the Na+ leg of the basic units. This second BB effectively mimicked deactivation of the Na+ channel conductance. This produced repolarization of the AP, not by activation of K+ conductance, but by deactivation of the Na+ conductance. The propagation of complete APs was studied in a chain (strand) of 10 cardiac muscle cells, in which various numbers of gap-junction (gj) channels (assumed to be 100 pS each) were inserted across the cell junctions. The shunt resistance across the junctions produced by the gj-channels (Rgj) was varied from 100,000 M? (0 gj-channels) to 10,000 M? (1 gj-channel), to 1,000 M? (10 channels), to 100 M? (100 channels), and 10 M? (1000 channels). The velocity of propagation (theta, in cm/s) was calculated from the measured total propagation time (TPT, the time difference between when the AP rising phase of the first cell and the last cell crossed -20 mV, assuming a cell length of 150 microm. When there were no gj-channels, or only a few, the transmission of excitation between cells was produced by the electric field (EF), i.e. the negative junctional cleft potential, that is generated in the narrow junctional clefts (e.g. 100 A) when the prejunctional membrane fires an AP. When there were many gj-channels (e.g. 1000 or 10,000), the transmission of excitation was produced by local-circuit current flow from one cell to the next through the gj-channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have now been able to simulate complete APs in cardiac muscle cells that could propagate along a single chain of 10 cells, even when there were no gj-channels between the cells.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA. laksnarayana@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Lakshminarayanan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sperelakis
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D015222:Sodium Channels