title: Evaluation of factors affecting awareness of and willingness to participate in cancer clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Annually, only 3% of patients participate in cancer clinical trials (CCTs). Barriers to accrual include lack of CCT awareness and uncertain third-party payer coverage. In January 2002, a California law (Senate Bill 37 [SB37]) required all third-party payers to reimburse patient care costs related to CCTs. We evaluated the level of awareness of patients and/or their family members/friends regarding CCTs and SB37.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used both a written survey for patients and/or their family members and friends seen in oncology clinics, and a verbal telephone version for Cancer Information Service callers. We tested for correlations between CCT awareness and SB37 knowledge, and willingness to participate in CCTs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,188 respondents, 59% were aware of CCTs, 19% knew of SB37, and 36% were very likely to consider a CCT. There were significant positive correlations between CCT awareness and willingness to participate (P < .001, Spearman), and between SB37 knowledge and willingness to participate (P = .001, Pearson chi2). Reduced awareness was seen in respondents who were either black or African American (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; P = .004), Hispanic (OR, 0.56; P = .03), had an annual income less than 25,000 dollars (OR, 0.38; P < .001), or had less than a college degree (OR, 0.12 to 0.53; P < .001 to .013). Reduced willingness to participate in CCTs was seen in black or African American participants (OR, 0.38; P < .001), Asians (OR, 0.44; P < .006), or respondents aged 18 to 24 years (OR, 0.35; P = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that improving CCT awareness and SB37 knowledge especially among lower income, less educated, and minority patients, may potentially overcome barriers to participation and subsequently increase accrual in California.
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. primo.lara@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Primo N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Debora A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Paterniti
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiechi
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turrell
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morain
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montell
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umutyan
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gandara
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wun
authors.forename: Laurel A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: Moon S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D019359:Knowledge; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D010358:Patient Participation; D018579:Patient Selection