title: Socio-economic inequity in demand for insecticide-treated nets, in-door residual house spraying, larviciding and fogging in Sudan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to optimally prioritize and use public and private budgets for equitable malaria vector control, there is a need to determine the level and determinants of consumer demand for different vector control tools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the demand from people of different socio-economic groups for indoor residual house-spraying (IRHS), insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), larviciding with chemicals (LWC), and space spraying/fogging (SS) and the disease control implications of the result.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ratings and levels of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the vector control tools were determined using a random cross-sectional sample of 720 householdes drawn from two states. WTP was elicited using the bidding game. An asset-based socio-economic status (SES) index was used to explore whether WTP was related to SES of the respondents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IRHS received the highest proportion of highest preferred rating (41.0%) followed by ITNs (23.1%). However, ITNs had the highest mean WTP followed by IRHS, while LWC had the least. The regression analysis showed that SES was positively and statistically significantly related to WTP across the four vector control tools and that the respondents' rating of IRHS and ITNs significantly explained their levels of WTP for the two tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People were willing to pay for all the vector-control tools, but the demand for the vector control tools was related to the SES of the respondents. Hence, it is vital that there are public policies and financing mechanisms to ensure equitable provision and utilisation of vector control tools, as well as protecting the poor from cost-sharing arrangements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria. onwujekwe@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Obinna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Onwujekwe
authors.forename: El-Fatih Mohamed
authors.initials: el-FM
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Sara Hassan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mnzava
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003710:Demography; D006078:Government Programs / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D008288:Malaria / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018803:Models, Economic; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013397:Sudan; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides