Residues of spiroxamine in grapes following field application and their fate from vine to wine.
Dissipation of the fungicide spiroxamine in grapes of two vine varieties, Roditis and Cabernet Sauvignon, exposed to field treatments was evaluated. Vines of a grape vineyard located in central Greece were sprayed once or twice with a commercial formulation of the fungicide at 30 g a.i./hL. Residues in grapes, must, and wine were determined by gas chromatography/IT-MS after extraction with cyclohexane-dichloromethane (9:1), with a limit of quantitation 0.02 mg/kg in grapes and 0.012 mg/kg in wine. Under field conditions, spiroxamine dissipation on grapes was faster during the first 2 weeks and then slower to the sixth week. About 7 days after application, half of the initial spiroxamine concentration remained on the grapes; the respective proportion at 42 days was about 10%. At 14 and 35 days, residues were lower than 0.44 and 0.22 mg/kg, respectively, values below the maximum residue levels set by the European Union (1 mg/kg). Spiroxamine residues transferred from grapes into the must and through the vinification process into the wine were also studied. Mean transfer factors of 0.26 and 0.55 were found from grapes into wine for the wines obtained without maceration and with maceration, respectively. Residues in wine, prepared from grapes with a spiroxamine content of 0.11-0.20 mg/kg, varied from <0.026 to 0.09 mg/kg. Spiroxamine diastereomer B was found to dissipate slower than diastereomer A in the field as well as during the vinification process.
Tsiropoulos
Nicholas G
NG
Analytical Chemistry and Pesticides Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 384 46, Nea Ionia, Volos, Greece. ntsirop@uth.gr
Miliadis
George E
GE
Likas
Dimitrios T
DT
Liapis
Konstantinos
K
D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D006115:Greece; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D013141:Spiro Compounds