title: A prospective three-dimensional analysis about the impact of differences in the clinical target volume in prostate cancer irradiation on normal-tissue exposure. A potential for increasing the benefit/risk ratio.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rectal toxicity following external-beam irradiation of prostate cancer correlates with the exposed percentage of rectal volume. Recently, it has been recommended to reduce the volume of the seminal vesicles that should be included in the clinical target volume (CTV). The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the impact of this CTV reduction on the expected rectal and bladder dose sparing.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing external-beam radiotherapy were investigated. The prostate, the prostate + entire seminal vesicles, or the prostate + proximal seminal vesicles were delineated as CTV. Treatment plans were generated and compared concerning rectum and bladder dose-volume histograms (DVHs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exposure of rectum and bladder volume was significantly lower in case of irradiation of the prostate only compared to inclusion of the proximal or entire seminal vesicles into the CTV. The reduction of the CTV from prostate + entire seminal vesicles to prostate + proximal seminal vesicles led to a significant reduction of the rectal and bladder dose exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction of the CTV to the prostate only, or to the prostate + proximal seminal vesicles led to significant rectal and bladder dose sparing compared to irradiation of the prostate + entire seminal vesicles. In patients with a higher risk for seminal vesicles involvement, irradiation of the prostate + proximal seminal vesicles should be preferred. In case of a need for irradiation of the entire seminal vesicles, patients should be informed about a higher risk for chronic rectal toxicity and, possibly, for bladder complications.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. ahille@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hille
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Töws
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidberger
authors.forename: Clemens F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012007:Rectum / Q000293:injuries* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries* / Q000528:radiation effects