title: In vivo delivery of fluoresceinated dextrans to the murine growth plate: imaging of three vascular routes by multiphoton microscopy.
abstract: Bone elongation by endochondral ossification occurs through the differentiation cascade of chondrocytes of cartilaginous growth plates. Molecules from the systemic vasculature reach the growth plate from three different directions: epiphyseal, metaphyseal, and a ring vessel and plexus associated with the perichondrium. This study is an analysis of the real-time dynamics of entrance of fluoresceinated tracers of different molecular weights into the growth plate from the systemic vasculature and tests the hypothesis that molecular weight is a key variable in the determination of both the directionality and the extent of tracer movement into the growth plate. Multiphoton microscopy was used for direct in vivo imaging of the murine proximal tibial growth plate in anesthetized 4- to 5-week-old transgenic mice with green fluorescent protein linked to the collagen II promoter. Mice were given an intracardiac injection of either fluorescein (332.3 Da) or fluoresceinated dextrans of 3, 10, 40, 70 kDa, singly or sequentially. For each tracer, directionality and rate of arrival, together with extent of movement within the growth plate, were imaged in real time. For small molecules (up to 10 kDa), vascular access from all three directions was observed and entrance was equally permissive from the metaphyseal and the epiphyseal sides. Within our detection limit (a few percent of vascular concentration), 40 kDa and larger dextrans did not enter. These results have implications both for understanding systemic and paracrine regulation of growth plate chondrocytic differentiation, as well as variables associated with effective drug delivery to growth plate chondrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. cef2@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Cornelia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Farnum
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenox
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zipfel
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019902:Chondrocytes; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation; D051379:Mice; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D008970:Molecular Weight
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes