title: Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics.
abstract: Flavonoids from fruits and vegetables probably reduce risks of diseases associated with oxidative stress, including cancer. Apples contain significant amounts of flavonoids with antioxidative potential. The objectives of this study were to investigate such compounds for properties associated with reduction of cancer risks. We report herein that apple flavonoids from an apple extract (AE) inhibit colon cancer cell growth and significantly modulate expression of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism. HT29 cells were treated with AE at concentrations delivering 5-50 microM of one of the major ingredients, phloridzin ("phloridzin-equivalents," Ph.E), to the cell culture medium, with a synthetic flavonoid mixture mimicking the composition of the AE or with 5-100 microM individual flavonoids. HT29 cell growth was inhibited by the complex extract and by the mixture. HT29 cells were treated with nontoxic doses of the AE (30 microM, Ph.E) and after 24 h total RNA was isolated to elucidate patterns of gene expression using a human cDNA-microarray (SuperArray) spotted with 96 genes of drug metabolism. Treatment with AE resulted in an upregulation of several genes (GSTP1, GSSTT2, MGST2, CYCP4F3, CHST5, CHST6, and CHST7) and downregulation of EPHX1, in comparison to the medium controls. The enhanced transcriptional activity of GSTP1 and GSTT2 genes was confirmed with real-time qRT-PCR. On the basis of the pattern of differential gene expression found here, we conclude that apple flavonoids modulate toxicological defense against colon cancer risk factors. In addition to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, this could be a mechanism of cancer risk reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Selvaraju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veeriah
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kautenburger
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Will
authors.forename: Beatrice Louise
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Pool-Zobel
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus; D008517:Phytotherapy; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015262:Xenobiotics