title: Genetic signature consistent with selection against the CYP3A4*1B allele in non-African populations.
abstract: Cytochrome P450 3A enzymes (CYP3A) play a major role in the metabolism of steroid hormones, drugs and other chemicals, including many carcinogens. The individually variable CYP3A expression, which remains mostly unexplained, has been suggested to affect clinical phenotypes. We investigated the CYP3A locus in five ethnic groups. The degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) differed among ethnic groups, but the most common alleles of the conserved LD regions were remarkably similar. Non-African haplotypes are few; for example, only four haplotypes account for 80% of common European Caucasian alleles. Large LD blocks of high frequencies were suggestive of selection. Accordingly, European Caucasian and Asian cohorts each contained a block of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with very high P excess values. The overlap between these blocks in these two groups contained only two of the investigated 26 SNPs and one of them was the CYP3A4*1B allele. The region centromeric of CYP3A4*1B exhibited high haplotype homozygosity in European Caucasians as opposed to African-Americans. CYP3A4*1B showed a moderate effect on CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression, as well as on CYP3A activity assessed as Vmax of testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation in a liver bank. Our data are consistent with a functional relevance of CYP3A4*1B and with selection against this allele in non-African populations. The elimination of CYP3A4*1B involved different parts of the CYP3A locus in European Caucasians and Asians. Because CYP3A4 is involved in the vitamin D metabolism, rickets may have been the underlying selecting factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Toliat
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberl
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suk
authors.forename: Landry K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kamdem
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: Ulrich M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Zanger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wojnowski
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human