Transglutaminases in mineralized tissues.
Bone development and formation during embryogenesis as well as postnatally during bone remodeling is a complex process controlled systemically and locally by hormones, growth factors and matrix molecules. Transglutaminases (TGases) are the protein cross-linking enzymes, which have long been implicated in bone development and formation. Two members of TGase family, TG2 (also called tissue transglutaminase) and FXIIIA (the enzymatic A subunit of coagulation factor XIII), are expressed in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The results of analyses in vivo and in vitro accumulated to date indicate an important role of these enzymes in promoting chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. These effects could be mediated by protein cross-linking activity of TGases, by GTPase activity of TG2 or via non-catalytic signaling effects. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data regarding the expression, localization and activity of TG2 and FXIIIA in mineralizing tissues and to discuss a number of mechanisms by which TGases could exert their promineralizing effects.
Nurminskaya
Maria
M
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA. maria.nourminskaia@tufts.edu
Kaartinen
Mari T
MT
D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000201:enzymology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D026122:Factor XIIIa / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000737:chemistry; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016622:Silver Staining; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*
D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005353:Fibronectins; C000717609:Tgm2 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D003094:Collagen; D026122:Factor XIIIa; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases