title: Error or "act of God"? A study of patients' and operating room team members' perceptions of error definition, reporting, and disclosure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calls abound for a culture change in health care to improve patient safety. However, effective change cannot proceed without a clear understanding of perceptions and beliefs about error. In this study, we describe and compare operative team members' and patients' perceptions of error, reporting of error, and disclosure of error.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine interviews of team members (9 surgeons, 9 nurses, 10 anesthesiologists) and patients (11) were conducted at 2 teaching hospitals using 4 scenarios as prompts. Transcribed responses to open questions were analyzed by 2 researchers for recurrent themes using the grounded-theory method. Yes/no answers were compared across groups using chi-square analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Team members and patients agreed on what constitutes an error. Deviation from standards and negative outcome were emphasized as definitive features. Patients and nurse professionals differed significantly in their perception of whether errors should be reported. Nurses were willing to report only events within their disciplinary scope of practice. Although most patients strongly advocated full disclosure of errors (what happened and how), team members preferred to disclose only what happened. When patients did support partial disclosure, their rationales varied from that of team members.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both operative teams and patients define error in terms of breaking the rules and the concept of "no harm no foul." These concepts pose challenges for treating errors as system failures. A strong culture of individualism pervades nurses' perception of error reporting, suggesting that interventions are needed to foster collective responsibility and a constructive approach to error identification.
authors.affiliation: Donald R. Wilson Centre for Research in Education, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. sespin@ryerson.ca
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espin
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Regehr
authors.forename: G Ross
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Lorelei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lingard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D030881:Disclosure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D012941:Social Responsibility; D009626:Terminology as Topic