title: Detection of royal jelly adulteration using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis.
abstract: Stable isotope ratios ((13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N) were measured in royal jelly (RJ) samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to evaluate authenticity and adulteration. Carbon and nitrogen isotope contents (given as delta values relative to a standard, delta(13)C, delta(15)N) of RJ samples from various European origins and samples from commercial sources were analyzed. Uniform delta(13)C values from -26.7 to -24.9 per thousand were observed for authentic RJ from European origins. Values of delta(15)N ranged from -1.1 to 5.8 per thousand depending on the plant sources of nectars and pollen. High delta(13)C values of several commercial RJ samples from -20.8 to -13.3 per thousand indicated adulteration with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a sugar source. Use of biotechnologically produced yeast powder as protein source for the adulterated samples was assumed as delta(15)N values were lower, as described for C(4) or CAM plant sources. RJ samples from authentic and from adulterated production were distinguished. The rapid and reliable method is suitable for urgent actual requirements in food monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Biologische Chemie, Fachgebiet Physikalische Biochemie, TU München-Weihenstephan, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettrup
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bengsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000737:chemistry*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000099219:Royal Jelly
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D000099219:Royal Jelly