title: Expanded motor and psychiatric phenotype in autosomal dominant Segawa syndrome due to GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Segawa syndrome due to GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression, that is clinically characterised by l-dopa responsive, diurnally fluctuating dystonia and parkinsonian symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To delineate the neurological and psychiatric phenotype in all affected individuals of three extended families.
  
  
  METHODS
  GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency was documented by biochemical analyses, enzymatic measurements in fibroblasts, and molecular investigations. All affected individuals were examined neurologically, and psychiatric data were systematically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen affected patients from three families with proven GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency were identified. Eight patients presenting at less than 20 years of age had typical motor symptoms of dystonia with diurnal variation. Five family members had late-presenting mild dopa-responsive symptoms of rigidity, frequent falls, and tendonitis. Among mutation carriers older than 20 years of age, major depressive disorder, often recurrent, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were strikingly more frequent than observed in the general population. Patients responded well to medication increasing serotonergic neurotransmission and to l-dopa substitution. Sleep disorders including difficulty in sleep onset and maintenance, excessive sleepiness, and frequent disturbing nightmares were present in 55% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should be aware of this expanded phenotype in affected members of families with GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA. Johan.Vanhove@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: J L K
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Van Hove
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steyaert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matthijs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Legius
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Theys
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wevers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romstad
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedrich
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goriounov
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casaer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004421:Dystonia / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology; D006136:GTP Cyclohydrolase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020336:Paraparesis, Spastic / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D013577:Syndrome; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000150:complications; D014202:Tremor / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010649:Phenylalanine; D006136:GTP Cyclohydrolase