title: Safety of inhaled corticosteroids: room for improvement.
abstract: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the standard of care in asthma and are widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. High-dose regimens and long-term use of ICS in predisposed individuals may be associated with a variety of side effects, similar to those observed with systemic corticosteroid therapy. Side effects associated with long-term ICS use include reduction in growth velocity, cataracts, glaucoma, osteoporosis, and fractures. Fear of unwanted complications may be of concern in all patients using ICS, particularly in age- and gender-specific populations that are more prone to develop side effects or to reduce treatment adherence because of physical, behavioral, or psychological problems. In addition to concerns about ICS safety, dosing regimens that are difficult to follow may further reduce a patient's ability to comply with treatment. Ciclesonide, a new-generation ICS with unique pharmacokinetic properties, was developed to provide effective anti-inflammatory control for asthma with once-daily administration to improve patient adherence and a high safety profile to reduce the occurrence of local and systemic side effects.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Diseases Unit, G. Gaslini Research Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerasoli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cazzola
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D011282:Pregnenediones; C120481:ciclesonide