title: Osmophobia in primary headaches.
abstract: This study evaluates osmophobia (defined as an unpleasant perception, during a headache attack, of odours that are non-aversive or even pleasurable outside the attacks) in connection with the diagnosis of primary headaches. We recruited 775 patients from our Headache Centre (566 females, 209 males; age 38+/-12 years), of whom 477 were migraineurs without aura (MO), 92 with aura (MA), 135 had episodic tension-type headache (ETTH), 44 episodic cluster headache (ECH), 2 chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) and 25 other primary headaches (OPHs: 12 primary stabbing headaches, 2 primary cough headaches, 3 primary exertional headaches, 2 primary headaches associated with sexual activity, 3 hypnic headaches, 2 primary thunderclap headaches and 1 hemicrania continua). Among them, 43% with MO (205/477), 39% with MA (36/92), and 7% with CH (3/44) reported osmophobia during the attacks; none of the 135 ETTH and 25 OPH patients suffered this symptom. We conclude that osmophobia is a very specific marker to discriminate adequately between migraine (MO and MA) and ETTH; moreover, from this limited series it seems to be a good discriminant also for OPHs, and for CH patients not sharing neurovegetative symptoms with migraine. Therefore, osmophobia should be considered a good candidate as a new criterion for the diagnosis of migraine.
authors.affiliation: Headache Centre, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. giorgio.zanchin@unipd.it
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zanchin
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dainese
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mainardi
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mampreso
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perin
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maggioni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D051270:Headache Disorders, Primary / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000150:complications; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000150:complications; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000150:complications