title: Effect of hoof pathologies on subjective assessments of dairy cow gait.
abstract: To explore how hoof pathologies affect dairy cattle gait, we studied cows with sole hemorrhages (n = 14), sole ulcers (n = 7), and those with no visible injuries (n = 17). Overall gait assessments, scored from video using a 1 to 5 numerical rating system (1 = sound, 5 = severely lame) and a continuous 100-unit visual analog scale, found cows having sole ulcers had poorer gait than healthy cows (mean +/- SEM: 4.0 +/- 0.13 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.08, and 59 +/- 3 vs. 46 +/- 2, respectively). Six gait attributes (back arch, head bob, tracking-up, joint flexion, asymmetric gait, and reluctance to bear weight) were also assessed using continuous 100-unit scales. Compared with healthy cows, those having sole ulcers walked with a more pronounced back arch (12 +/- 3 vs. 28 +/- 4), more jerky head movement (2 +/- 2 vs. 10 +/- 3), shortened strides (7 +/- 2 vs. 26 +/- 4), and more uneven weighting among the limbs (16 +/- 2 vs. 32 +/- 3). Of all measures, the numerical rating system most effectively discriminated healthy cows from those with sole ulcers (R2 = 0.73), classifying 92% of animals correctly. No differences were detected among cows with and without sole hemorrhages. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities were reasonable for all measures (R2 > or = 0.64) except joint flexion and asymmetric gait. In summary, subjective assessments of dairy cattle gait provide valid and reliable approaches to identifying cattle with sole ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Food and Land Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. fcf@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Flower
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D005684:Gait; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000473:pathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014741:Video Recording