title: Long-term outcomes of a telephone intervention after an ICD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term benefits of participating in a structured, 8-week educational telephone intervention delivered by expert cardiovascular nurses post-ICD. The intervention was aimed to (1) increase physical functioning, (2) increase psychological adjustment, (3) improve self-efficacy in managing the challenges of ICD recovery, and (4) lower levels of health care utilization over usual care in the first 12 months post-ICD. This article reports on the 6- and 12-month outcomes of the nursing intervention trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-group (N = 168) randomized control group design was used to evaluate intervention efficacy with persons receiving an ICD for the secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. Measures were obtained at baseline, 6 and 12 months post hospitalization. Outcomes included (1) physical functioning (Patient Concerns Assessment [PCA], Short Form Health Survey [SF-12], ICD shocks), (2) psychological adjustment (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI], Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression [CES-D], fear of dying), (3) self-efficacy (Sudden Cardiac Arrest-Self-Efficacy [SCA-SE], Sudden Cardiac Arrest-Behavior [SCA-B], Sudden Cardiac Arrest-Knowledge [SCA-K]), and (4) health care utilization (emergency room [ER] visits, outpatient visits, hospitalizations). Using repeated measures ANOVA, the 6- and 12-month benefits of the intervention over usual care were in reductions in physical concerns (P = 0.006), anxiety (P = 0.04), and fear of dying (P = 0.01), with enhanced self-confidence (P = 0.04) and knowledge (P = 0.001) to manage ICD recovery. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on total outpatient visits, hospitalizations, or ER visits over 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A structured 8-week post-hospital telephone nursing intervention after an ICD had sustained 12-month improvements on patient concerns, anxiety, fear of dying, self-efficacy, and knowledge. Results may not apply to individuals with congestive heart failure who receive an ICD for primary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. cindyd@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Elaine Adams
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Frances Marcus
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013689:Telephone; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology