title: Is intraoperative frozen section analysis an efficient way to reduce positive surgical margins?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy and efficiency of frozen section analysis to detect positive surgical margins (+SMs) during radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a consecutive series of 760 patients treated with radical prostatectomy from 1998 to 2002, areas suspicious for +SMs on the surface of the removed prostate were examined by frozen section analysis. In a subset of 520 patients, the surgeon's level of suspicion for +SMs was scored and recorded during radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 259 patients underwent frozen section examination. Of these, 55 patients (21%) had +SMs on permanent section examination compared with 50 (10%) of 501 patients with no frozen section analysis (P <0.005). Cancer was present in 23 (8.9%) frozen section specimens, all of which were confirmed on permanent section analysis. Frozen section examination missed 32 +SMs in 236 patients with negative frozen section results. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of frozen section analysis to identify +SMs was 42%, 100%, 100%, and 86%, respectively. However, the sensitivity of frozen section analysis was much lower (23 of 105, 22%) when analyzed for the entire population, including those who did not have frozen section analysis. Among the subset of 520 patients with the level of suspicion recorded, 79 had a +SM on permanent section examination. However, 51 (64%) of these were in patients with no suspicious area in the prostatectomy specimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the positive predictive value of frozen section analysis for +SMs is high, the sensitivity is too low to expect that a policy of routine frozen section analysis of suspicious areas will reduce the rate of +SMs substantially.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohori
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
authors.forename: Victor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity