title: Clinical manifestations of noncoronary atherosclerotic vascular disease after moderate dose irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accelerated atherosclerosis and carotid stenosis are well-established risks occurring after high radiation doses that are used to treat cancers of the head and neck. Noncoronary vascular disease has been observed and may relate to more moderate dose irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of patients treated for Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or seminoma was performed to identify cases with noncoronary vascular complications after irradiation. These three groups were chosen because of the use of intermediate dose radiation and prevalence of long-term survivors. Individual patient records were reviewed to document the type and presentation of the stenosis and the clinical factors that may have contributed to this risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients were identified who developed disease in noncoronary arteries after treatment. The median time from irradiation to diagnosis of vascular stenosis was 15 years. Antecedent risk factors for vascular disease were prevalent. Five patients had disease identified by auscultation of bruits before an adverse clinical event occurred. Five patients died from complications related to their vascular disease, which included three deaths after stroke and two after small bowel infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve cases arose at an atypically young age for atherosclerotic vascular disease and featured unusual clinical presentations. Nine cases identified occurred at an advanced aged and at a shorter median interval, making a causal relation to irradiation uncertain. Incorporating careful auscultation for bruits in followup evaluation of irradiated patients may identify individuals who are at risk for adverse vascular events. The potential for early vasculopathy in individuals exposed to intermediate dose irradiation suggests a need to manage dyslipidemia and reduce vascular risk factors throughout the posttreatment period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine 94305-5152, and VA Palo Alto Medical Center, California, USA.
authors.forename: Deep A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kochanski
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fajardo
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Knox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018239:Seminoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D013997:Time Factors