title: Pre-emptive antibiotic treatment vs 'standard' treatment in patients with elevated serum procalcitonin levels after elective colorectal surgery: a prospective randomised pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Procalcitonin (PCT) is regarded as a specific indicator of bacterial infection. Infectious complications in patients after colorectal surgery are a common cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate (a) whether PCT could serve as a negative predictive marker for postoperative complications and (b) whether, in patients with elevated PCT levels, a pre-emptive treatment with the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone is superior to an antibiotic treatment starting later on the appearance of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  By screening 250 patients with colorectal surgery, we identified 20 patients with PCT serum levels more than 1.5 ng/ml on at least 2 of the first 3 postoperative days. The remaining 230 patients were followed-up for the occurrence of infectious complications. The 20 patients with elevated PCT were included in a prospective randomised pilot study comparing pre-emptive antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone vs standard treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The negative predictive value of PCT for systemic infectious complications was 98.3%. In patients receiving pre-emptive antibiotic treatment (ceftriaxone), both the incidence and the severity of postoperative systemic infections were significantly lower compared to those in a control group (Pearson's chi(2) test; p=0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). Major differences were also observed with respect to duration of antibiotic treatment and length of hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCT is an early marker for systemic infectious complications after colorectal surgery with a high negative predictive value. A significant reduction in the rate of postoperative infections in patients with elevated PCT serum concentrations was achieved by means of pre-emptive antibiotic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Ansgar Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chromik
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Endter
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiede
authors.forename: Hans Bernd
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mittelkötter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D002116:Calcitonin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide