title: Water-soluble amphotericin B-polyvinylpyrrolidone complexes with maintained antifungal activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. and reduced haemolytic and cytotoxic effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor solubility and toxicity severely hinder the clinical use of amphotericin B (AmB), in spite of its attractive chemotherapeutic properties. Water-soluble complexes of AmB and polyvinylpyrrolidone (AmB-PVP) could display lower cytotoxicity while maintaining antifungal activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  AmB-PVP [with PVP of 10, 24 and 40 kDa (AC1, AC2 and AC4)] were compared with free AmB for (i) activity against Candida spp. (five albicans; nine non-albicans) and Aspergillus spp. (four strains), (ii) haemolysis of sheep red blood cells, and (iii) release of lactate dehydrogenase from J774 macrophages [with further comparison with free PVP and a liposomal formulation of amphotericin (AmBisome)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  MICs and MFCs of AC1, AC2 and AC4 against Candida spp. and of AC2 and AC4 against Aspergillus spp. were similar to those of AmB (and even lower for some Candida strains). Killing kinetics (24 h) were also similar. Haemolytic activity of AC2 and AC4 was 2-fold lower than that of free AmB. Cytotoxicity of AC2 towards J774 macrophages was 8-fold lower, and that of AC4 5-fold lower than that of AmB and not significantly different from that of AmBisome. The lower cytotoxicity of AC2, AC4 was correlated with a lower cellular accumulation of amphotericin. Spectroscopic analysis shows that the lower toxicity of AmB-PVP was not owing to significant change in the monomeric/polymeric forms ratio of the drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AmB-PVP complexes compared favourably with AmB for antifungal activity, were less haemolytic and cytotoxic than AmB, and show a similar cytotoxicity profile to AmBisome.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Pallikaridou 1, GR-122 10 Aegaleo, Greece.
authors.forename: Ekatherina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charvalos
authors.forename: Manolis N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Bambeke
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Tulkens
authors.forename: Aristidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Tzanakakis
authors.forename: Marie-Paule
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mingeot-Leclercq
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005079:Excipients; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008081:Liposomes; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011205:Povidone; D012756:Sheep; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005079:Excipients; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008081:Liposomes; D000666:Amphotericin B; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011205:Povidone