title: Fate of the chemical warfare agent VX in asphalt: a novel approach for the quantitation of VX in organic surfaces.
abstract: VX is one of the most toxic chemical warfare agents. Its low volatility and its persistence in the environment raise the issue of long-term exposure risks, either by inhalation or by transdermal penetration. Therefore, a topic of acute interest is the fate of VX in preservative environmental surfaces. In this work, the fate of VX in asphalt pavement, a suspected preservative matrix, was explored, by applying a novel quantitative method for the extraction of trapped VX from "digested" asphalt. It is based on dissolution of asphalt in toluene, precipitation of the heavy components by basic methanol followed by GC-NPD analysis. This method is complementary to methanol extraction of VX from the outer surface of asphalt, and enabled us to explore the total amount of viable VX both on and inside the matrix. Using this method, bis-diisopropylaminoethyl-disulfide [(DES)2], a degradation product of VX, was also assayed. Small chunks of Asphalt were spiked with VX, sealed and analyzed after various aging periods up to 425 days. The level of VX on the outer surface of the asphalt was found to be diminishing with time following a single-exponential decay. The level inside the asphalt increases during the first day, decays steeply to a level of about 5% during the following two weeks, and declines moderately during all the period up to 425 days following a bi-exponential decay. The total recovery of VX from the asphalt declined from almost 100% after 30 minutes to about 2% after 425 days, with a half-life of about 14 days.
authors.affiliation: Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona, Israel. gura@iibr.gov.il
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tzanani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hershkovitz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dagan
mesh_terms: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D003666:Decontamination; D004220:Disulfides / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D004220:Disulfides; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D000432:Methanol; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; C480701:bis(diisopropylaminoethyl)disulfide; C006647:asphalt; C009680:VX-agent