title: Phage Resistance in a Phage-Insensitive Strain of Streptococcus lactis: Temperature-Dependent Phage Development and Host-Controlled Phage Replication.
abstract: Streptococcus lactis ME2 is a dairy starter strain that is insensitive to a variety of phage, including phi18. The efficiency of plating of phi18 on ME2 and N1 could be increased from <1 x 10 to 5.0 x 10 and from 7.6 x 10 to 2.1 x 10, respectively, when the host strains were subcultured at 40 degrees C before plating the phage and the phage assay plates were incubated at 40 degrees C. Host-dependent replication was demonstrated in N1 at 30 degrees C and in N1 and ME2 at 40 degrees C, suggesting the operation of a temperature-sensitive restriction and modification system in ME2 and N1. The increased sensitivity of ME2 and N1 to phi18 at 40 degrees C was also demonstrated by lysis of broth cultures and increased plaque size. ME2 grown at 40 degrees C showed an increased ability to adsorb phi18, indicating a second target for temperature-dependent phage sensitivity in ME2. Challenge of N1 with a phi18 preparation that had been previously modified for growth on N1 indicated that at 40 degrees C phage development was characterized by a shorter latent period and larger burst size than at 30 degrees C. The evidence presented suggests that the high degree of phage insensitivity expressed by ME2 consists of a variety of temperature-sensitive mechanisms, including (i) the prevention of phage adsorption, (ii) host-controlled restriction of phage, and (iii) suppression of phage development. At 30 degrees C these factors appear to act cooperatively to prevent the successful emergence of lytic phage active against S. lactis ME2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Klaenhammer