title: Cyclosporine for severe ulcerative colitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate evidence for the use of cyclosporine in treating patients with severe ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, and ISI Web of Knowledge (1966-November 2005) with the search terms cyclosporine, cyclosporin A, CsA, ulcerative colitis, UC, inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, steroid-refractory, and immunosuppression. Additional papers were located by hand-searching relevant references. Only human studies in adults and literature published in English were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous cyclosporine has been evaluated for the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis in 4 randomized, controlled trials, as well as in many open-label and retrospective studies. Studies that evaluated cyclosporine for severe ulcerative colitis were reviewed. All 4 controlled trials showed an initial positive clinical response as defined by the Crohn's Activity Index when intravenous cyclosporine 4 mg/kg/day was administered as monotherapy or combined with intravenous corticosteroids. One of the 4 trials indicated that high-dose cyclosporine (4 mg/kg/day) has no additional clinical benefit over the low-dose (2 mg/kg/day) and that the lower dose may improve safety related to dose-dependent adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence to support the use of intravenous cyclosporine for patients with severe ulcerative colitis who are refractory to corticosteroid therapy. Because most of the adverse effects associated with cyclosporine are dose dependent, therapy should be initiated with the lower 2 mg/kg/day dose. Subsequent doses should be adjusted based on cyclosporine blood concentrations of 150-250 ng/mL. Cyclosporine should be used only to induce remission and serve as a "bridge" to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine maintenance therapy. At this time, there are insufficient data to support the long-term use of cyclosporine monotherapy for avoidance of surgery or maintenance of remission.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
authors.forename: Co Q D
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Carly B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Efros
authors.forename: Rosemary R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Berardi
mesh_terms: D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004346:Drug Information Services; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine