title: Differences in bone size and bone mass between black and white 10-year-old South African children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Black and white South Africans hail from vastly disparate cultural and socio-economic backgrounds the result of which exposes black children to numerous factors known to impact negatively on bone mass. Thus, we studied ethnic differences in bone size and bone mass between 476 10-year-old black and white South African girls and boys (black boys n=182, white boys n=72, black girls n=158, white girls n=64) who formed part of a longitudinal cohort of children born in Johannesburg, South Africa, during 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured at the whole body, total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine (L1-L4) and mid- and distal radii by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vertebral heights and metacarpal indices were measured. Anthropometry, skeletal maturity and pubertal development were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After correction for height, weight, gender and puberty, black children had greater BMC at the femoral neck (P<0.0001), total hip (P<0.05) and mid-radius (P<0.001) than white children.. At the whole body, lumbar spine, and distal one-third of the radius, there were no differences in BMC between black and white children after correction for differences in body size. After correction for height and puberty, vertebral heights were less in black children than white children, and cortical areas at the second metacarpal were greater in black children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that, at the femoral neck, total hip and mid-radius, these differences are not a result of differences in anthropometry, bone age or pubertal stage, or environmental factors but are most likely to result from genetic differences.
authors.affiliation: MRC Mineral Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. linda.vanderlingen@altanamadauscr.co.za
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidulich
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pettifor
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D044383:Black People; D001827:Body Height; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011627:Puberty; D013019:South Africa; D044465:White People