title: Genetic relatedness of a rarely isolated Salmonella: Salmonella enterica serotype Niakhar from NARMS animal isolates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, Salmonella enterica serotype Niakhar is infrequently isolated. Between 1997 and 2000, the animal arm of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System-Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) assayed a total of 22,383 Salmonella isolates from various animal sources (swine, cattle, chickens, turkeys, cats, horses, exotics and dogs) for antimicrobial susceptibility. Isolates originated from diagnostic and non-diagnostic submissions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Salmonella Niakhar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only five (0.02%) of the 22,383 isolates were identified as Salmonella Niakhar. Antimicrobial resistance testing indicated that three isolates were pan-susceptible, one isolate was resistant to ampicillin and one isolate was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. RAPD-PCR analysis, PFGE and ribotyping indicated that two pan-susceptible isolates were genetically similar, whereas the three remaining isolates were genetically different. The one Salmonella Niakhar isolate that was multiresistant harboured a class I integron, intI1 and two large plasmids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study represents the first report of a ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella isolate from the animal arm of NARMS.
authors.affiliation: USDA/Agricultural Research Services, Bacterial and Epidemiology Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tankson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fedorka-Cray
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Headrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005838:Genotype; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011159:Population Surveillance; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021521:Ribotyping; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D002939:Ciprofloxacin