title: Hepatolithiasis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: carcinogenesis based on molecular mechanisms.
abstract: Hepatolithiasis is more frequently seen in East Asian countries than in Western countries, and it is well known to represent a high-risk state for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive tumor that shows a dismal outcome even after resection. Cancer results from multistep carcinogenesis; however, the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the genetic alterations in cancer remain unknown. The accumulation of alterations in cancer-related genes leads to disruptions in cell-cycle regulation and also to continuous cell proliferation. The present review provides an overview of cancer-related genes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis arising in hepatolithiasis. Further study of molecular mechanisms in hepatolithiasis-related intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and the delineation of the influence of the genes involved should lead to our understanding of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation and Digestive Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.forename: Yoshitsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanematsu
mesh_terms: D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000502:physiology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000502:physiology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D019942:Genes, p16 / Q000502:physiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; C491270:CDX2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D015232:Dinoprostone