title: Correlating diet and digestive tract specialization: examples from the lizard family Liolaemidae.
abstract: A range of digestive tract specializations were compared among dietary categories in the family Liolaemidae to test the hypothesis that herbivores require greater gut complexity to process plant matter. Additionally, the hypothesis that herbivory favors the evolution of larger body size was tested. Lastly, the association between diet and hindgut nematodes was explored. Herbivorous liolaemids were larger relative to omnivorous and insectivorous congeners and consequently had larger guts. In addition, small intestine length of herbivorous liolaemids was disproportionately longer than that of congeners. Significant interaction effects between diet and body size among organ dimensions indicate that increases in organ size occur to a greater extent in herbivores than other diet categories. For species with plant matter in their guts, there was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of plant matter consumed and small intestine length. Herbivorous liolaemids examined in this study lacked the gross morphological specializations (cecum and colonic valves) found in herbivores in the families Iguanidae and Agamidae. A significantly greater percentage of herbivorous species had nematodes in their gut. Of the species with nematodes, over 95% of herbivores had nematodes only in the hindgut. Prevalence of nematodes in the hindgut of herbivores was 2 x that of omnivores and 4 x that of insectivores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ogrady@biology.utah.edu
authors.forename: Shannon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morando
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: M Denise
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dearing
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D049628:Body Size; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008116:Lizards / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size