title: Pharmacoepidemiology of antihypertensive drugs in primary care setting of Bahrain between 1998 and 2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare pattern of antihypertensive drug utilization in 1998 with 2000 following the: (a) publication of 1999 World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) guidelines for drug management of hypertension; and (b) introducing new antihypertensives to the essential drug list, in primary care, Bahrain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective prescription-based survey carried out in seven out of 20 primary care health centers in Bahrain. A total of 9272 patients comprising 6543 with uncomplicated hypertension and 2729 with diabetic hypertension were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1998 and 2000, the prescription rate of beta-blockers and methyldopa significantly declined (p < 0.0001) while the rate of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) increased (p < 0.0001) in uncomplicated hypertension. However, in diabetic hypertension there was a non-significant decline in utilization of beta-blockers, CCBs, methyldopa, and diuretics whereas a significant increase in prescribing of ACE inhibitors (p < 0.0001). Inclusion of Perindopril into the essential drug list resulted in an overall increase in utilization of ACE inhibitors: use of captopril and enalapril declined while lisinopril and perindopril increased. Substitution of immediate-release (IR) indapamide by sustained-release (SR) formulation did not change the overall utilization of diuretics; however, intra-class changes were evident with a significant decline in use of thiazide diuretics and concomitant increase in use of SR indapamide by 2000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antihypertensive prescribing pattern is influenced by WHO/ISH guidelines as well as by introduction of new antihypertensives to primary care essential drug list in primary care. The choice of a drug is also influenced by presence of co-morbidity with diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain. khlidj@agu.edu.bh
authors.forename: K A Jassim
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Al Khaja
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sequeira
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001445:Bahrain; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003151:Community Health Centers; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018954:Drugs, Essential; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D018954:Drugs, Essential; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D002752:Chlorthalidone