Regulation of protein 4.1R interactions with membrane proteins by Ca2+ and calmodulin.
Red blood cell protein 4.1 (4.1R) is essential for maintaining erythrocyte shape and controlling membrane mechanical properties, such as deformability and stability. The importance of 4.1R has been demonstrated by the dramatic erythrocyte alterations observed in patients lacking this protein. Indeed, 4.1R null red blood cells adopt an elliptical shape and are characterized by unstable membranes. The key role of 4.1R likely results from multiple protein-protein interactions: lateral interactions with the spectrin/actin network and vertical interactions with the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane proteins glycophorin C (GPC), Band 3 (anion exchanger 1, AE1), and CD44. 4.1R promotes the formation of a ternary complex with GPC and p55 through its 30 kDa membrane-binding domain. Based on the primary structure of the prototypical 80 kDa isoform of 4.1R, functional domains and sites for binding partners have been identified. The others and we have been focusing on the structure and function of the 30 kDa NH2-terminal domain of 4.1R, which is responsible for 4.1R interaction with the transmembrane proteins described above. A major finding is that Ca2+, in association with calmodulin (CaM), plays a critical role in regulation of the interaction of the 30 kDa domain with its various binding partners. This review is a detailed report of our current knowledge regarding 4.1R, and more specifically, 4.1R 30 kDa domain: its primary structure, functions and modulation by Ca2+ and CaM. Emphasis is given on the relationships between structure and function that we have been able to establish through X-ray crystal structure analysis of the 30 kDa membrane-binding domain in 4.1R. Finally, we give insights into the potential roles of 4.1R in the dynamic organization of the membrane skeleton viewed as a complex system.
Nunomura
Wataru
W
Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
Takakuwa
Yuichi
Y
D017398:Alternative Splicing; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D017487:Ankyrins / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006021:Glycophorins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008024:Ligands; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D013049:Spectrin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
D017487:Ankyrins; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002147:Calmodulin; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D006021:Glycophorins; D008024:Ligands; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; C028841:erythrocyte membrane band 4.1 protein; D013049:Spectrin; D002118:Calcium