title: Formation of phenytoin nanoparticles using rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) process.
abstract: Nanoparticles are of significant importance in drug delivery. Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process can produce pure and high-quality drug particles. However, due to extremely low solubility of polar drugs in supercritical CO(2) (sc CO(2)), RESS has limited commercial applicability. To overcome this major limitation, a modified process rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) is proposed which uses a solid cosolvent. Here, the new process is tested for phenytoin drug using menthol solid cosolvent. Phenytoin solubility in pure sc CO(2) is only 3 micromol/mol but when menthol solid cosolvent is used the solubility is enhanced to 1,302 micromol/mol, at 196 bar and 45 degrees C. This 400-fold increase in the solubility can be attributed to the interaction between phenytoin and menthol. Particle agglomeration in expansion zone is another major issue with conventional RESS process. In proposed RESS-SC process solid cosolvent hinders the particle growth resulting in the formation of small nanoparticles. For example, the average particle size of phenytoin in conventional RESS process is 200 nm whereas, with RESS-SC process, the average particle size is 120 nm, at 96 bar and 45 degrees C. Similarly at 196 bar and 45 degrees C, 105 nm average particles were obtained by RESS and 75 nm average particles were obtained in RESS-SC process. The particles obtained were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) analyses. Phenytoin nanoparticle production rate in RESS-SC is about 400-fold more in comparison to that in RESS process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, AL 36849-5127, USA.
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Ram B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D008610:Menthol / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures; D010316:Particle Size; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000737:chemistry*; D011312:Pressure; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D012997:Solvents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008610:Menthol; D010672:Phenytoin