title: The dazzling array of basal branches in the mtDNA macrohaplogroup M from India as inferred from complete genomes.
abstract: Many efforts based on complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes have been made to depict the global mtDNA landscape, but the phylogeny of Indian macrohaplogroup M has not yet been resolved in detail. To fill this lacuna, we took the same strategy as in our recent analysis of Indian mtDNA macrohaplogroup N and selected 56 mtDNAs from over 1,200 samples across India for complete sequencing, with the intention to cover all Indian autochthonous M lineages. As a result, the phylogenetic status of previously identified haplogroups based on control-region and/or partial coding-region information, such as M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M30, and M33, was solidified or redefined here. Moreover, seven novel basal M haplogroups (viz., M34-M40) were identified, and yet another five singular branches of the M phylogeny were discovered in the present study. The comparison of matrilineal components among India, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania at the deepest level yielded a star-like and nonoverlapping pattern, reflecting a rapid mode of modern human dispersal along the Asian coast after the initial "out-of-Africa" event.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Qing-Peng
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Malliya Gounder
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Palanichamy
authors.forename: Suraksha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bandelt
authors.forename: Yong-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Chun-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Tapas Kumar
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial