title: Light-curing time reduction with a new high-power halogen lamp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthodontic brackets are routinely bonded with light-cured adhesives. Conventional halogen lights used in bonding have the disadvantage of a long curing time, and the available alternatives (laser and plasma lights) are expensive. Our aim was to investigate the minimum time necessary to bond brackets with a new, relatively low-priced, high-power halogen light.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups of 15 deciduous bovine incisors were bonded with stainless steel brackets (Mini Diamond Twin, Ormco, Orange, Calif) by using different lamps and curing times. Three of the groups were bonded by using a high-power halogen light (Swiss Master Light, Electro Medical Systems, Nyon, Switzerland) for 2, 3, and 6 seconds, respectively. The fourth group, bonded with a fast halogen light (Optilux 501, Sybron Dental Specialties, Danbury, Conn) for 40 seconds, served as the positive control group. The fifth group, the comparison group, was bonded with a plasma light (Remecure, Remedent, Deurle, Belgium) for 4 seconds. After storage for 24 hours in the dark at 37 degrees C in water, shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A curing time of 2 seconds with the high-power halogen light negatively affected the bond strength and the probability of bond survival. The adhesive remnant index scores were not significantly different among the groups. Most failures (> 60%) occurred at the bracket base/adhesive interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high-power halogen light seems to be a cost-effective solution to reducing curing time. The recommended curing times to bond stainless steel brackets are 6 seconds and, with caution, even 3 seconds.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Orthodontia, University of Geneva, 19 rue Barthélemy-Menn, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. christine.staudt@medecine.unige.ch
authors.forename: Christine Bettina
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Staudt
authors.forename: Anestis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mavropoulos
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouillaguet
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiliaridis
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krejci
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003748:Dental Equipment; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006219:Halogens; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D044367:Phase Transition; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000528:radiation effects*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013193:Stainless Steel; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006219:Halogens; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; D013193:Stainless Steel