title: New-onset gout after kidney transplantation: incidence, risk factors and implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cyclosporine use has been associated with an increased risk of new-onset gout after renal transplantation, the incidence and risk factors for new-onset gout have not been reported in the era of modern immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare primary renal transplant patients reported in the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), using Medicare claims data to determine the incidence of new-onset gout. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) for cyclosporine (including separate analysis of Neoral) compared directly with tacrolimus, for the risk of new-onset gout, adjusted for baseline demographic factors and posttransplant renal function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidence of new-onset gout was 7.6% at 3 years posttransplant. The following factors were independently associated with an increased risk of new-onset gout: use of Neoral (vs. tacrolimus, AHR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07-1.47) at discharge, recipient male sex (AHR 1.44, 95% CI 1.25-1.67), older age, higher body mass index, and more recent year of transplant. No other immunosuppressive medications were associated with new-onset gout. Diabetes was associated with a significantly lower risk of new-onset gout. The development of new-onset gout was independently associated with decreased patient survival (AHR 1.26, 95% CI 1.08-1.47) as well as death-censored graft survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclosporine is an independent risk factor for new-onset gout after transplantation. The incidence of new-onset gout appears to be increasing even while the use of cyclosporine is decreasing, and the development of new-onset gout was an independent predictor for death and graft loss in this population.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. kevin.abbott@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dharnidharka
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oglesby
authors.forename: Lawrence Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Agodoa
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caillard
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus