title: Molecular characterization and mapping of ALMT1, the aluminium-tolerance gene of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
abstract: The major aluminum (Al) tolerance gene in wheat ALMT1 confers. An Al-activated efflux of malate from root apices. We determined the genomic structure of the ALMT1 gene and found it consists of 6 exons interrupted by 5 introns. Sequencing a range of wheat genotypes identified 3 alleles for ALMT1, 1 of which was identical to the ALMT1 gene from an Aegilops tauschii accession. The ALMT1 gene was mapped to chromosome 4DL using 'Chinese Spring' deletion lines, and loss of ALMT1 coincided with the loss of both Al tolerance and Al-activated malate efflux. Aluminium tolerance in each of 5 different doubled-haploid populations was found to be conditioned by a single major gene. When ALMT1 was polymorphic between the parental lines, QTL and linkage analyses indicated that ALMT1 mapped to chromosome 4DL and cosegregated with Al tolerance. In 2 populations examined, Al tolerance also segregated with a greater capacity for Al-activated malate efflux. Aluminium tolerance was not associated with a particular coding allele for ALMT1, but was significantly correlated with the relative level of ALMT1 expression. These findings suggest that the Al tolerance in a diverse range of wheat genotypes is primarily conditioned by ALMT1.
authors.affiliation: NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Kerong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Appels
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Garvin
authors.forename: Lyza G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.forename: Leon V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Kochian
authors.forename: J Sergio
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: Rosy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imtiaz
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drake-Brockman
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hebb
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delhaize
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D001483:Base Sequence; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005787:Gene Frequency; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006238:Haploidy; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008293:Malates; C030298:malic acid; D000535:Aluminum