title: Depictions of substance use in reality television: a content analysis of The Osbournes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the source and slant of messages in a reality television programme that may promote or inhibit health related or risky behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coding visual and verbal references to alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use in The Osbournes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers watched all 10 episodes of the first season and coded incidents of substance use according to the substance used (alcohol, tobacco, or drugs), the way use was portrayed (visually or verbally), the source of the message (the character in the show involved in the incident), and the slant of the incident (endorsement or rejection).
  
  
  METHODS
  The variation in number of messages in an average episode, the slant of messages, and message source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of messages per episode was 9.1 (range 2-17). Most drug use messages (15, 54%) implied rejection of drugs, but most alcohol messages (30, 64%) and tobacco messages (12, 75%) implied endorsements for using these substances. Most rejections (34, 94%) were conveyed verbally, but most endorsements (36, 65%) were conveyed visually. Messages varied in frequency and slant by source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reality television show analysed in this study contains numerous messages on substance use that imply both rejection and endorsement of use. The juxtaposition of verbal rejection messages and visual endorsement messages, and the depiction of contradictory messages about substance use from show characters, may send mixed messages to viewers about substance use.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. nblair@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: So Kuen
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Ranbir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jay M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D006801:Humans; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D013690:Television