title: Streptococcus A in paediatric accident and emergency: are rapid streptococcal tests and clinical examination of any help?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid streptococcal tests (RSTs) for streptococcal pharyngitis have made diagnosis at once simpler and more complicated. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all RSTs be confirmed by a follow up throat culture unless local validation has proved the RST to be equally sensitive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate (a) RST as a single diagnostic tool, compared with RST with or without throat culture; (b) clinical diagnosis and the relative contribution of different symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 213 patients with clinical signs of pharyngitis. Throat swabs were analysed using Quickvue+ Strep A Test; negative RSTs were backed up by throat culture. Thirteen clinical features commonly associated with strep throat were analysed using backward stepwise logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive results (RST or throat culture) were obtained in 33 patients; RST correctly identified 21. Eleven samples were false negative on RST. At a strep throat prevalence of 15.9%, sensitivity of RST was 65.6% (95% CI 46.8% to 81.4%) and specificity 99.4% (96.7% to 99.9%). Sensitivity of clinical diagnosis alone was 57% (34% to 78%) and specificity 71% (61% to 80%). Clinically, only history of sore throat, rash, and pyrexia contributed to the diagnosis of strep throat (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high specificity of RST facilitates early diagnosis of strep throat. However, the low sensitivity of RST does not support its use as a single diagnostic tool. The sensitivity in the present study is markedly different from that reported by the manufacturer. Clinical examination is of limited value in the diagnosis of strep throat. It is important to audit the performance of new diagnostic tests, previously validated in different settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Emergency Care, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK. johanvanlimbergen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Limbergen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Beattie
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic