title: Anorectal malformations and their impact on survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence, types and the effect on outcome of associated anomalies in neonates with anorectal malformations (ARM).
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was carried out on all neonates with ARM admitted to the neonatal surgical intensive care unit (NSICU) from 1998 through 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 754 neonates admitted to the NSICU during the study period of 6 years, there were 124 (16.4%) neonates with anorectal malformations. Of these 110 were included in the study. 73 % were male and 27% female. 86% of these were high ARM (HARM) while only 14% were low ARM (LARM). Associated anomalies were seen in 68% of patients. The incidence was 72% for HARM and 50% for LARM. The major associated anomalies consisted of esophageal (13%), gastrointestinal (GIT) (11%), genitourinary (GUT) (32%), skeletal (26%), cardiac (33%) and miscellaneous 26%. The overall survival rate was 84% (82% for HARM and 94% for LARM). The survival among those with associated esophageal anomalies was 43%, GIT 67%, GUT 80%, cardiac 61%, skeletal 76% and miscellaneous 79% respectively. This difference in survival was significant only for those with esophageal (p=0.004) and cardiac anomalies (p=0.0026). The survival rates among those with one, two or more than two organ systems involved with associated anomalies were 88%, 82% and 58% respectively. This difference was significant only for more than two organ systems involvement (p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associated anomalies are common in neonates with ARM, the incidence being similar for HARM and LARM. The survival depends upon the number and severity of associated anomalies both in patients with LARM and HARM. Neonates with more number of organ systems involved have a poorer survival specially when associated with esophageal and cardiac anomalies. All neonates with ARM merit a meticulous search for associated anomalies so that the management can be tailored for each baby.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bajpai
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome