title: Epimerase-deficiency galactosemia is not a binary condition.
abstract: Epimerase-deficiency galactosemia results from the impairment of UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (GALE), the third enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. Originally identified as a clinically benign "peripheral" condition with enzyme impairment restricted to circulating blood cells, GALE deficiency was later demonstrated also to exist in a rare but clinically severe "generalized" form, with enzyme impairment affecting a range of tissues. Isolated cases of clinically and/or biochemically intermediate cases of epimerase deficiency have also been reported. We report here studies of 10 patients who, in the neonatal period, received the diagnosis of hemolysate epimerase deficiency. We have characterized these patients with regard to three parameters: (1) GALE activity in transformed lymphoblasts, representing a "nonperipheral" tissue, (2) metabolic sensitivity of those lymphoblasts to galactose challenge in culture, and (3) evidence of normal versus abnormal galactose metabolism in the patients themselves. Our results demonstrate two important points. First, whereas some of the patients studied exhibited near-normal levels of GALE activity in lymphoblasts, consistent with a diagnosis of peripheral epimerase deficiency, many did not. We detected a spectrum of GALE activity levels ranging from 15%-64% of control levels, demonstrating that epimerase deficiency is not a binary condition; it is a continuum disorder. Second, lymphoblasts demonstrating the most severe reduction in GALE activity also demonstrated abnormal metabolite levels in the presence of external galactose and, in some cases, also in the absence of galactose. These abnormalities included elevated galactose-1P, elevated UDP-galactose, and deficient UDP-glucose. Moreover, some of the patients themselves also demonstrated metabolic abnormalities, both on and off galactose-restricted diet. Long-term follow-up studies of these and other patients will be required to elucidate the clinical significance of these biochemical abnormalities and the potential impact of dietary intervention on outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Openo
authors.forename: Jenny M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Corey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Orton
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Rhonda E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schnur
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scaglia
authors.forename: Gerard T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ficicioglu
authors.forename: Alfred E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Slonim
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schroer
authors.forename: Chunli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Vanessa E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lamance
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fridovich-Keil
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005693:Galactosemias / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014534:UDPglucose 4-Epimerase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase; D014534:UDPglucose 4-Epimerase; D005690:Galactose