title: Concentrations of betaxolol in ocular tissues of patients with glaucoma and normal monkeys after 1 month of topical ocular administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the concentration of betaxolol in tissues of humans with glaucoma and normal monkeys after topical administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enucleated eyes (n = 7) of patients with glaucoma (age range, 27-79 years), without apparent anatomic disruption that would be likely to influence betaxolol absorption and intraocular distribution (exceptions: one pseudophakic, one aphakic) or other disease, were analyzed for betaxolol concentrations after self-administration of 0.25% betaxolol twice daily for 28 days or longer. The last instillation was made within 6 hours of surgery. Cynomolgus monkeys (n = 3) received 0.25% betaxolol twice daily unilaterally for 30 days. Betaxolol was measured by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in plasma and ocular tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In humans, mean betaxolol concentrations (excluding the aphakic patient) were 71.4 +/- 41.8 ng/g in the retina, 31.2 +/- 14.8 ng/g in the optic nerve head, and 1290 +/- 1170 ng/g in the choroid. Mean concentrations in the iris and ciliary body were 73,200 +/- 89,600 and 4,250 +/- 3,020 ng/g, respectively. Betaxolol concentration was higher in all ocular tissues than in the plasma (0.59 +/- 0.32 ng/mL). In the monkeys the concentrations in the posterior tissues of the treated eyes were higher than in the untreated eyes, with mean differences in the retina and optic nerve head of 121 and 130 ng/g, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topically applied betaxolol was bioavailable to posterior ocular tissues, including the retina and optic nerve head, of patients with glaucoma and of normal cynomolgus monkeys. The higher betaxolol levels in the treated versus untreated monkey eyes are consistent with betaxolol's reaching posterior tissues by local absorption and distribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. hg@szem1.sote.hu
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holló
authors.forename: Jess T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Whitson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: Bette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCue
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chastain
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeSantis
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Przydryga
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Dahlin
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015784:Betaxolol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000378:metabolism*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015784:Betaxolol