title: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid potentiates apoptosis, inhibits invasion, and abolishes osteoclastogenesis by suppressing nuclear factor-kappaB activation.
abstract: Because of its ability to suppress tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation, the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is currently in clinical trials. How SAHA mediates its effects is poorly understood. We found that in several human cancer cell lines, SAHA potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemotherapeutic agents and inhibited TNF-induced invasion and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis, all of which are known to require NF-kappaB activation. These observations corresponded with the down-regulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic (IAP1, IAP2, X chromosome-linked IAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), TRAF1, FLIP, and survivin), proliferative (cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase 2, and c-Myc), and angiogenic (ICAM-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor) gene products. Because several of these genes are regulated by NF-kappaB, we postulated that SAHA mediates its effects by modulating NF-kappaB and found that SAHA suppressed NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF, IL-1beta, okadaic acid, doxorubicin, lipopolysaccharide, H(2)O(2), phorbol myristate acetate, and cigarette smoke; the suppression was not cell type-specific because both inducible and constitutive NF-kappaB activation was inhibited. We also found that SAHA had no effect on direct binding of NF-kappaB to the DNA but inhibited sequentially the TNF-induced activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha ubiquitination, IkappaBalpha degradation, p65 phosphorylation, and p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, SAHA inhibited the NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression activated by TNF, TNFR1, TRADD, TRAF2, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, IkappaBalpha kinase, and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Overall, our results indicated that NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression inhibited by SAHA can enhance apoptosis and inhibit invasion and osteoclastogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillenwater
authors.forename: Haruyo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D024161:Collagen Type XI / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C499319:COL11A2 protein, human; D002273:Carcinogens; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D024161:Collagen Type XI; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D000077337:Vorinostat; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide