title: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with preterm parturition and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has emerged as an important mediator of septic shock. The administration of MIF increases lethality during endotoxemia, whereas neutralization of this cytokine prevents endotoxic shock and death associated with bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a change in the amniotic fluid concentration of MIF in intra-amniotic infection and human parturition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in women in the following categories: (1) mid-trimester (n = 84); (2) preterm labor and intact membranes who delivered at term (n = 33), who delivered preterm (n = 53) and preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection (n = 23); (3) preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) with (n = 25) and without intra-amniotic infection (n = 26); and (4) term with intact membranes, in labor (n = 52) and not in labor (n = 31). MIF concentrations in amniotic fluid were determined using a sensitive and specific immunoassay. MIF concentrations in maternal plasma were also determined in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Immunohistochemistry was conducted in chorioamniotic membranes obtained from a different set of patients presenting with preterm labor with (n = 18) and without (n = 20) histologic chorioamnionitis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure MIF mRNA expression in chorioamniotic membranes of patients with preterm labor with (n = 13) and without (n = 13) histologic chorioamnionitis. Parametric and non-parametric, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, survival analysis, and Cox regression model were used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactive MIF was detectable in 96% (313/327) of amniotic fluid samples. The concentration of amniotic fluid MIF at term was higher than that in the mid-trimester (p = 0.004). Intra-amniotic infection in women with preterm labor and preterm PROM was associated with a significant increase in median amniotic fluid MIF concentration (p < 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Patients with preterm labor with sterile amniotic fluid who delivered preterm had a significantly higher median amniotic fluid MIF concentration than those who delivered at term (p = 0.007). Among patients with preterm labor with intact membranes, survival analysis indicated that the median amniocentesis-to-delivery interval was significantly shorter in patients whose amniotic fluid concentrations of MIF were above 302 ng/ml than those below this cutoff value (p < 0.001). Human parturition at term was not associated with changes in the amniotic fluid MIF concentrations (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in median maternal plasma MIF concentrations among patients with preterm labor and intact membranes who delivered at term, those who delivered preterm, and those who had intra-amniotic infection (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that MIF protein was present in amniotic epithelial cells, and the mean percentage of immunoreactive MIF-staining cells was higher in patients with histologic chorioamnionitis than in those without this lesion (p = 0.03). Similarly, the mean MIF mRNA expression was higher in chorioamniotic membranes obtained from patients with histologic chorioamnionitis than in those without this lesion (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-amniotic infection and preterm parturition, but not term parturition, are associated with a significant increase in amniotic fluid MIF concentrations. Among patients with preterm labor with intact membranes, elevated amniotic fluid concentrations of MIF are associated with intra-amniotic inflammation, histologic chorioamnionitis, and shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval. These changes in amniotic fluid were not reflected in maternal plasma. An increased expression of MIF protein and mRNA in chorioamniotic membranes was observed in patients with histologic choricamnionitis.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Tinnakorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Yeon Mee
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bujold
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuivaniemi
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D023082:Defensins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012372:ROC Curve
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D023082:Defensins; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors