title: Echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage spontaneous echocontrast in patients with stroke and atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of spontaneous echocontrast (SEC) in the left atrium (LA) or LA appendage (LAA) has been associated with a higher risk of thromboembolism and cerebrovascular accidents. The purpose of this study was to define the new transesophageal echocardiographic predictors of SEC for patients with stroke and atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 47 patients with stroke and atrial fibrillation who were undergoing transesophageal echocardiography for the evaluation of source of cardiac emboli. Patients were divided into two groups based on the absence (group 1) or presence (group 2) of SEC in the LAA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with group 1, group 2 had larger LA, larger LAA minimum and maximum areas, and decreased LAA flow velocity, LAA wall velocity, LAA tissue intensity, and intensity ratio. In the stepwise discriminate analysis tissue intensity of LAA, minimum LAA area, LAA flow velocity, and LAA wall velocity were found as independent predictors of LAA SEC. LAA wall velocity had the greatest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, indicating that the most powerful parameter for SEC is LAA wall velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased LAA flow velocity and LA wall velocity, increased LAA size, and less negative LAA tissue intensity are associated with SEC in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Strain and strain measurements of LAA give no more benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. neclaozer@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Necla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiliç
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: Enver
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atalar
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksöyek
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ovünç
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: Ergun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karaagaoglu
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tokgozoglu
authors.forename: Sirri S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology