title: Evidence for onward transmission of HIV-1 non-B subtype strains in the United Kingdom.
abstract: An increasing proportion of new HIV diagnoses in the United Kingdom and other European countries are attributable to non-B subtype infections, mainly among black Africans with infections heterosexually acquired in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined whether there was evidence for onward transmission of non-B subtypes within an ethnically diverse HIV-1-infected cohort in South London. Three hundred eighty-four HIV-1-infected patients attending Kings College Hospital were subtyped using an in-house enzyme-linked immunoassay and env sequencing. Epidemiologic data were obtained from medical chart review and the patients' physician and were used to establish the most likely source and country of infection. Overall, 344 patients (154 black African, 148 white UK-born, and 42 black Caribbean) had an identifiable subtype. The prevalence of non-B subtypes among the black African, white, and black Caribbean patients was 96.8%, 14.2%, and 31%, respectively. Most non-B subtype infections were identified in black Africans (149 of 183 cases) and were mainly acquired in sub-Saharan Africa, but 22.9% (42 of 183 cases) of all non-B infections were probably acquired in the United Kingdom. Among the 21 white UK-born patients infected with a non-B subtype, 15 probably acquired the infection in the United Kingdom and only 6 of these patients reported a source sexual partner from an HIV endemic area. All 13 black Caribbean patients with a non-B infection most likely acquired their infection in the United Kingdom, most of whom (8 of 13 patients) were probably infected by a partner from an HIV endemic area. Potential acquisition of HIV infection in the United Kingdom was lowest among black African patients with a non-B infection, and most of these infections were probably acquired from a partner originating from an HIV endemic area. This study provides the first evidence for onward transmission of non-B subtypes in the United Kingdom, particularly among the black Caribbean population.
authors.affiliation: Department of HIV/GU Medicine, Kings College London School of Medicine at Guy's, Kings College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, West Education Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ila
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Iain D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Tatt
authors.forename: Shahed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osner
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Geretti
authors.forename: Philippa J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Easterbrook
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D044383:Black People; D017691:Caribbean Region; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral