title: The anatomical study of transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate internal fixation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study relevant anatomical features of the structures involved in transoral atlanto-axial reduction plate (TARP) internal fixation through transoral approach for treating irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation and providing anatomical basis for the clinical application of TARP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten fresh craniocervical specimens were microsurgically dissected layer by layer through transoral approach. The stratification of the posterior pharyngeal wall, the course of the vertebral artery, anatomical relationships of the adjacent structures of the atlas and axis, and the closely relevant anatomical parameters for TARP internal fixation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The posterior pharyngeal wall consisted of two layers and two interspaces: the mucosa, prevertebral fascia, retropharyngeal space, and prevertebral space. The range from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum to C(3) could be exposed by this approach. The thickness of the posterior pharyngeal wall was (3.6+/-0.3) mm (ranging 2.9-4.3 mm) at the anterior tubercle of C1, (6.1+/-0.4) mm (ranging 5.2-7.1 mm) at the lateral mass of C(1) and (5.5+/-0.4) mm (ranging 4.3-6.5 mm) at the central part of C(2), respectively. The distance from the incisor tooth to the anterior tubercle of C(1), C(1) screw entry point, and C(2)screw entry point was (82.5+/-7.8) mm (ranging 71.4-96.2 mm), (90.1+/-3.8) mm (ranging 82.2-96.3 mm), and (89.0+/-4.1) mm (ranging 81.3-95.3 mm), respectively. The distance between the vertebral artery at the atlas and the midline was (25.2+/- 2.3) mm (ranging 20.4-29.7 mm) and that between the vertebral artery at the axis and the midline was (18.4+/- 2.6) mm (ranging 13.1-23.0 mm). The allowed width of the atlas and axis for exposure was (39.4+/-2.2) mm (ranging 36.2-42.7 mm) and (39.0+/-2.1) mm (ranging 35.8-42.3 mm), respectively. The distance (a) between the two atlas screw insertion points (center of anterior aspect of C(1) lateral mass) was (31.4+/-3.3) mm (ranging 25.4-36.6 mm). The vertical distance (b) between the line connecting the two C(1) screw entry points and that connecting the two C(2) screw entry points (at the central part of the vertebrae, namely 3-4 mm lateral to the midline of C(2) vertebrae) was (21.3+/-2.7) mm (ranging 19.4-24.3 mm), with an a/b ratio of 1.3-1.5. The screws of TARP had a lateral tilt of 12.2 degrees+/-0.4 degrees(ranging 10.2 degrees-14.6 degrees) at C(1) and a medial tilt of 7.3 degrees+/-0.3 degrees (ranging 5.1 degrees-9.4 degrees) at C(2) relative to the coronal plane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An atlanto-axial surgery through transoral approach is safe and feasible. This approach is suitable for an anterior TARP internal fixation, and the design of the internal fixation system should be based on the above anatomical data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Liuhuaqiao Hospital, Guangzhou 510010, China. aifz@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fu-zhi
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Qing-shui
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Zhi-yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Yun-bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Zeng-hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jing-fa
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000601:surgery*; D009055:Mouth / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology