title: Both arginine and fructose stimulate pH-independent resistance in the wine bacteria Oenococcus oeni.
abstract: The wine bacteria Oenococcus oeni has to cope with harsh environmental conditions including an acidic pH, a high alcoholic content, and growth inhibitory compounds such as fatty acids, phenolic acids and tannins. So how can O. oeni bacteria naturally present on the surface of grape berries acquire a natural resistance that will alleviate the effect of wine stresses? One mechanism displayed by O. oeni and many other bacteria against the damaging effects of acid environments is arginine consumption through the arginine deiminase pathway. Various studies have shown that the bacterial protection conferred by arginine depends on the rise in pH associated with ammonia production. However, many experimental results disagree with this point of view. The aim of this study was to clarify the protective effect of arginine on O. oeni stress adaptation. Is it only by increasing the pH through ammonia production that this effect is triggered, or does stimulation of appropriate cellular responses play an additional role? This study shows that: (a) arginine in combination with fructose triggers the expression of a subset of genes which are also stress-responsive; (b) cultivation of O. oeni in a fructose- and arginine-supplemented medium prior to wine exposure protects bacteria against subsequent wine shock, and (c) this acquired stress resistance is independent of pH.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et Ecotoxicologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, CNRS (UMR EPOC 5805), Université de Bordeaux I, Place du Docteur Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France. jp.bourdineaud@epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bourdineaud
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007934:Leuconostoc / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D005632:Fructose; D001120:Arginine