title: Epileptogenesis and reduced inward rectifier potassium current in tuberous sclerosis complex-1-deficient astrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) frequently have intractable epilepsy. To gain insights into mechanisms of epileptogenesis in TSC, we previously developed a mouse model of TSC with conditional inactivation of the Tsc1 gene in glia (Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice). These mice develop progressive seizures, suggesting that glial dysfunction may be involved in epileptogenesis in TSC. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that impairment of potassium uptake through astrocyte inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels may contribute to epileptogenesis in Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kir channel function and expression were examined in cultured Tsc1-deficient astrocytes. Kir mRNA expression was analyzed in astrocytes microdissected from neocortical sections of Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice. Physiological assays of astrocyte Kir currents and susceptibility to epileptiform activity induced by increased extracellular potassium were further studied in situ in hippocampal slices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cultured Tsc1-deficient astrocytes exhibited reduced Kir currents and decreased expression of specific Kir channel protein subunits, Kir2.1 and Kir6.1. mRNA expression of the same Kir subunits also was reduced in astrocytes from neocortex of Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice. By using pharmacologic modulators of signalling pathways implicated in TSC, we showed that the impairment in Kir channel function was not affected by rapamycin inhibition of the mTOR/S6K pathway, but was reversed by decreasing CDK2 activity with roscovitine or retinoic acid. Last, hippocampal slices from Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice exhibited decreased astrocytic Kir currents, as well as increased susceptibility to potassium-induced epileptiform activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired extracellular potassium uptake by astrocytes through Kir channels may contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis in a mouse model of TSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Uhlmann
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Crino
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; C000624650:TSC1 protein, human; C000624651:Tsc1 protein, mouse; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D011188:Potassium