title: Obstetric factors associated with levator ani muscle injury after vaginal birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify obstetric factors associated with development of levator ani injury after vaginal birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images were taken of the pelvic floor of 160 women 9 to 12 months after first term vaginal delivery. Half the women had de novo stress incontinence and half were continent controls. Abnormalities of the pubovisceral portion were identified on magnetic resonance as present or absent. Defect severity was further scored in each muscle from 0 (no defect) to 3 (complete muscle loss). A summed score for the 2 sides (0 to 6) was assigned and grouped as minor (0-3) or major (4-6). Obstetric details were collected. The association between obstetric variables and muscle injury were analyzed using Fisher exact test and t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following increased odds ratios for levator defect were found: forceps use 14.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9-44.3), anal sphincter rupture 8.1 (95% CI 3.3-19.5) and episiotomy 3.1 (95% CI 1.4-7.2) but not vacuum delivery 0.9 (95% CI 0.19-4.3), epidural use 0.9 (95% CI 0.4-2.0), or oxytocin use 0.8 (95% CI 0.3-1.8). Women with levator injury were 3.5 years older and had a 78-minute longer second stage of labor. Differences in gestational age, birth weight, and head circumference were not statistically significant. A major defect in the pubovisceral muscle was seen in 22 women and a minor defect in 7 women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injuries to the levator ani muscles in women after their first vaginal delivery are associated with several obstetric factors indicating difficult vaginal birth and with older age.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-3.
authors.affiliation: University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom. rkearney@doctors.net.uk
authors.forename: Rohna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Janis M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ashton-Miller
authors.forename: John O L
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: DeLancey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment