title: The effects of lumbar massage on muscle fatigue, muscle oxygenation, low back discomfort, and driver performance during prolonged driving.
abstract: An increasing dependence of society on automobiles for both work and leisure and the corresponding increase in time spent seated in the car has been correlated with a greater risk of low back pain and absence from work (Porter and Gyi 2002). This study examined the effects of three types of lumbar massage units on seating comfort, muscle fatigue, muscle oxygenation, muscle blood flow and driving performance during a 1 h simulated driving task. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the right and left thoracic and lumbar erector spinae musculature. Average EMG (AEMG), mean power frequency (MPF), gaps and amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) parameters were analysed from the three massage seats and compared to a control seat. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and skin temperature from the right thoracic and lumbar erector spinae were used as an indication of muscle oxygenation and blood flow throughout the driving task. Ratings of perceived discomfort were used to assess driver discomfort, and driving performance was assessed by calculating mean lap times for the duration of each driving trial. The results showed statistically significant increases in skin temperature compared with the control seat after 60 min of driving. The NIRS results reflected these trends although the results were not statistically significant. AEMG and MPF measures showed no significant differences between the seats. MPF measures were found to increase over time, effects attributed to increases in muscle temperature. Gaps and APDF analyses revealed greater rest times and lower activation levels, respectively, with the control seat, which could result in increased loading of passive structures. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of lumbar massage systems in increasing muscle blood flow and oxygenation. Although EMG parameters were not significantly different, the trends support the significant blood flow results. Future research should include longer driving times and adjustments in EMG measures to account for the effects of increasing muscle temperature on AEMG and MPF measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. durkinjl@healthy.uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hughson
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000295:instrumentation; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013131:Spine; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis