title: Compression therapy: effects of posture and application techniques on initial pressures delivered by bandages of different physical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the pressures and gradients achieved by different bandages when applied by alternative bandaging techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experienced bandager applied six bandages to the same leg of a volunteer using three application techniques. Pressure measurements were taken at the ankle, gaiter, calf and upper calf in three postures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All bandages gave consistent pressures with all standard deviations falling below 7 mmHg. The percentage increase in pressure from resting leg to standing was inversely related to bandage elasticity. Pressures were similar at the upper calf among the bandages for each application technique in each posture (differences <10 mmHg). Small differences in pressure among the bandages (4-15 mmHg) occurred at the ankle for the resting leg with a reduction in pressure between 6 and 63% at the upper calf compared to the ankle. These differences in ankle pressure were more marked on sitting (differences 15-18 mmHg) and standing (differences 15-27 mmHg), which resulted in substantial differences in gradients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Striking variations in pressures and gradients were observed between bandages of different physical properties applied using alternative application techniques. In order to achieve clinical benefits without tissue damage, it is essential that the therapist appreciates how a bandage will react with a specific application technique.
authors.affiliation: Medical Statistics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. mandy.lee@whpct.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ruckley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001458:Bandages; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D011187:Posture; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values