title: Tackling alcohol related violence in city centres: effect of emergency medicine and police intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify correlates of alcohol related assault injury in the city centre of a European capital city, with particular reference to emergency department (ED) and police interventions, and number and capacity of licensed premises.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assaults resulting in ED treatment were studied using a longitudinal controlled intervention, a three stage design during a three year period of rapid expansion in the night-time economy, when ED initiated targeted police interventions were delivered. A controlled ED intervention targeted at high risk night-clubs was carried out. Main outcome measure was ED treatment after assault in licensed premises and the street.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Targeted police intervention was associated with substantial reductions in assaults in licensed premises but unexpected increases in street assault were also observed (34% overall: 105% in the principal entertainment thoroughfare). Combined police/ED intervention was associated with a significantly greater reduction compared with police intervention alone (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.91). Street assault correlated significantly with numbers and capacity of premises. Risk of assault was 50% greater in and around licensed premises in the city centre compared with those in the suburbs, although dispersion of violence to more licensed premises was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked decreases in licensed premises assaults resulting from targeted policing were enhanced by the intervention of ED and maxillofacial consultants. Capacity of licensed premises was a major predictor of assaults in the city centre street in which they are clustered. City centre assault injury prevention can be achieved through police/ED interventions targeted at high risk licensed premises, which should also target the streets around which these premises are clustered.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Womens' Mental Health Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Warburton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002947:Cities; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008004:Licensure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008499:Medical Records; D016495:Police / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*