title: Anti-inflammatory activity of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol: enhanced heme oxygenase 1 expression in RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the metabolites of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. In this study, we demonstrate that PPD inhibits the increase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB by preventing degradation of inhibitory factor-kappaBalpha. PPD also induces heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in RAW 264.7 cells, at the mRNA and protein levels, in the presence and absence of LPS. This effect is associated with suppression of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS expression. The HO-1 inducer hemin is associated with the suppression of LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner, and the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin attenuates the inhibitory activity of PPD on LPS-induced NO production. These results provide evidence for the role of HO-1 in the inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by PPD.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Medicinal Resources Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Geom Seog
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Geonil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Jae Baek
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong Hwan
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sohn
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012502:Sapogenins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012502:Sapogenins; D014315:Triterpenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C062916:protopanaxadiol