title: Effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on human retinal circulation: an investigation using blue field simulation and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the quantitative response of retinal circulation in normal human eyes to oxygen and carbon dioxide provocation and to gain more information about retinal mean transit time (MTT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy subjects were studied while breathing: room air (O(2) baseline); pure O(2); room air (CO(2) baseline), and CO(2) in room air. The CO(2) level was brought to 30% above individual baseline level. During each gas exposure, blue field simulation was used to estimate the velocity of macular leucocytes and fluorescein angiography was used to determine MTT, arteriovenous passage time (AVP) and vessel diameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breathing pure O(2) caused a reduction in macular leucocyte velocity of about 13%, a non-significant change in MTT and AVP from baseline, and a 10% reduction in the diameter of temporal retinal arteries and veins. Breathing CO(2) caused an increase in macular leucocyte velocity of 21%, a non-significant change in MTT and AVP, and no change in retinal vascular diameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both O(2) and CO(2) had the expected effects on retinal blood flow, as judged by leucocyte velocity in the macular capillaries, but little effect on retinal MTT, indicating concomitant changes in flow and retinal vascular volume. Measuring the diameter of retinal vessels before and during pure O(2) breathing is a simple and effective way of determining the reactivity of retinal vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomic
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjärnhall
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mäepea
authors.forename: Göran O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Sperber
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen