title: Lung and heart volumes by three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses at 12-32 weeks' gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish reference intervals for the fetal right, left and total lung volumes and heart volume between 12 and 32 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal lung and heart volumes were measured using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in 650 normal singleton pregnancies at 12-32 weeks. The VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis) technique was used to obtain a sequence of six sections of each lung and the heart around a fixed axis, each after a 30 degrees rotation from the previous one. The rotation axis for the lungs extended from the apex to the upper limit of the diaphragm dome, and the rotation axis for the heart extended from its apex to its connection to the great vessels. The contour of each of these organs was drawn manually in the six different rotation planes to obtain the 3D volume measurement. In 60 cases the fetal lungs and heart volumes were measured by the same sonographer twice and also by a second sonographer once in order to compare the measurements and calculate intra- and interobserver agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total lung volume and heart volume increased with gestation, from respective mean values of 1.6 and 0.6 mL at 12 weeks to 10.9 and 4.3 mL at 20 weeks and 49.3 and 26.6 mL at 32 weeks. The right to left lung volume ratio did not change significantly with gestation (median, 0.7), whereas the heart to total lung volume ratio increased with gestation from about 0.3 at 12 weeks to 0.5 at 32 weeks. In the Bland-Altman plot, the difference between paired measurements by two sonographers was, in 95% of the cases, less than 0.05, 0.5 and 1.9 mL for each lung at 12-13, 19-22 and 29-32 weeks, respectively, and the corresponding values for the heart volumes were 0.04, 0.4 and 2.3 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normal fetuses the lung and heart volumes increase between 12 and 32 weeks of gestation. The extent to which in pathological pregnancies possible deviations in these measurements from normal prove to be useful in the prediction of outcome remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: C F A
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavoretto
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Csapo
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Falcon
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012016:Reference Values; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*