title: Comparisons of causes of death and mortality rates among HIV-infected persons: analysis of the pre-, early, and late HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) eras.
abstract: METHODS
  Comparisons of death-related variables during the 3 eras were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of deaths declined over the study period, with 987 deaths in the pre-HAART era, 159 deaths in the early HAART era (1997-1999), and 78 deaths in the late HAART era (2000-2003) (P < 0.01). The annual death rate peaked in 1995 (10.3 per 100 patients) and then declined to <2 deaths per 100 persons in the late HAART era (P < 0.01). The proportion of deaths attributable to infection decreased, but infection remained the leading cause of death in our cohort, followed by cancer. Of those who died, there was an increasing proportion of non-HIV-related deaths (32% vs. 9%; P < 0.01), including cardiac disease (22% vs. 8%; P < 0.01) and trauma (8% vs. 2%; P = 0.01) in the post-HAART versus pre-HAART era. Despite the absence of intravenous drug use and the low prevalence of hepatitis C coinfection in our cohort, an increasing proportion of deaths in the HAART era were attributable to liver disease, although the numbers are small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite increasing concerns regarding antiretroviral resistance, the death rate among HIV-infected persons in our cohort continues to decline. Our data show a lower death rate than that reported among many other US HIV-infected populations; this may be the result of open access to health care. A shift in the causes of death toward non-HIV-related causes suggests that a more comprehensive health care approach may be needed for optimal life expectancy; this may include enhanced screening for malignancy and heart disease as well as preventive measures for liver disease and accidents.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Clinical Investigation Department, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134-1005, USA. nfcrum@nmcsd.med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Riffenburgh
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Agan
authors.forename: Sybil A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tasker
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: Adam W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents