title: Mineralogy of air-pollution-control residues from a secondary lead smelter: environmental implications.
abstract: The mineralogy and solubility of air-pollution-control (APC) residues from a secondary lead (Pb) smelter have been studied on samples from the Príbram smelter, Czech Republic, recycling car batteries, with the emphasis on their potential environmental effect. The presence of dominant anglesite (PbSO4) and laurionite (Pb(OH)Cl) was observed in a sintered residue from after-burning chambers (800-1000 degrees C). In contrast, low-temperature Pb-bearing phases, such as KCl x 2PbCl2 and caracolite (Na3Pb2(SO4)3Cl), were detected in the major APC residue from bag-type fabric filters. Metallic elements, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and tin (Sn) were found homogeneously distributed within this residue. The formation of anglesite, cotunnite (PbCl2), (Zn,Cd)2SnO4, and (Sb,As)2O3 was observed during the sintering of this APC residue at 500 degrees C in a rotary furnace. The 168 h leaching test on filter residue, representing the fraction that may escape the flue gas treatment system, indicated rapid release of Pb and other contaminants. Caracolite and KCl x 2PbCl2 are significantly dissolved, and anglesite and cotunnite form the alteration products, as was confirmed by mineralogical analysis and PHREEQC-2 modeling. The observed Pb-bearing chlorides have significantly higher solubility than anglesite and, following emission from the smelter stack, can readily dissolve, transferring Pb into the environmental milieu (soils, water, inhabited areas).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University, Czech Republic. ettler@natur.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ettler
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Johan
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baronnet
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jankovsky
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilles
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mihaljevic
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sebek
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strnad
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bezdicka
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D018153:Czech Republic; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D007221:Industry; D007854:Lead; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007854:Lead