title: Negative perceived paternal parenting is associated with dopamine D2 receptor exon 8 and GABA(A) alpha 6 receptor variants: an explorative study.
abstract: Twin studies suggest a genetic influence upon perceived parenting. The D(2) dopaminergic receptor is involved in the modulation of social behaviors, and might influence parenting and its perception. A polymorphism (E8) in exon 8 of the D(2) receptor gene (DRD2) has been previously associated with alcoholism-related phenotypes. Similarly, the Pro385Ser variant of GABRA6, the polymorphic gene for GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit, has been associated with alcohol- and depression-related traits; and rat pups maintained a more immature GABAR phenotype after brief separation distress. The relationships among DRD2 (E8) and GABRA6 (Pro385Ser) polymorphisms, and perceived parenting were studied here. The association of DRD2 (E8) and GABRA6 (Pro385Ser) genotypes and perceived parental rearing behavior (short-EMBU; questionnaire concerning own memories concerning upbringing) were determined in 207 unrelated adults using multivariate analysis of variance. Temperaments (Temperament and Character Inventory; TCI) were included as covariates. Probands with DRD2 (E8) A/A genotype showed higher scores for father rejection (P = 0.011), parents overprotection (P = 0.021), and father overprotection (P = 0.016) in the total group. An interaction between DRD2 and GABRA6 genotypes on father rejection (P = 0.010) and parents rejection (P = 0.030) was also observed. Further analyses showed that these associations were restricted to the female subgroup only; however, secondary gender-specific analyses were not corrected for multiple testing. Our findings support a role for DRD2 (E8) and GABRA6 (Pro385Ser) in perceived parenting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Stralsund, Germany. lucht@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucht
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barnow
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Hans Joergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Grabe
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Finckh
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Harald J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Freyberger
authors.forename: Falko H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C546171:GABRA6 protein, human; C546173:Gabra6 protein, rat; D021122:Protein Subunits; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A