title: Pelvic angiography for recurrent traumatic pelvic arterial hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic arterial hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures. In most cases, a single angiogram with embolization is adequate to control pelvic arterial hemorrhage. However, a small subset of patients, require repeat pelvic angiogram to evaluate and treat recurrent hemorrhage. This study seeks to define this population and determine clinical predictors of recurrent hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective case control study comparing patients with traumatic pelvic fracture undergoing repeated pelvic angiogram versus a single angiogram between the years 1995 and 2000. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictors of recurrent hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the years studied, 556 patients underwent a pelvic angiogram to evaluate for pelvic arterial hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures. Among these, 42 (7.5%) patients underwent a second angiogram for suspected recurrent hemorrhage. In comparison to the initial angiogram, the source of bleeding on the repeat angiogram occurred at a new bleeding site in 68%, at a previously embolized site in 18%, and both in 14%. Significant risk factors for recurrent pelvic arterial hemorrhage included hypotension or transfusion of >2 U of blood per hour before the initial angiogram, pubic symphysis widening, and more than two injured arteries requiring embolization (p < 0.05). Of these, more than two injured arteries requiring embolization (odds ratio, 16.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-88) and transfusion of >2 U of blood per hour (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval,1.9-25) were independent predictors of recurrent hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiographic control of traumatic pelvic arterial hemorrhage is highly successful. However, recurrent pelvic arterial hemorrhage does occur. We identified a subgroup of patients with pelvic fractures who are at increased risk of recurrent pelvic arterial hemorrhage and should be considered for early repeat angiography for signs of ongoing hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gourlay
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffer
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Routt
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bulger
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011630:Pubic Bone / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors