title: Holmium laser cystolithotripsy in children: initial experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of vesical calculi in children poses an interesting challenge to the urologist. The treatment options currently available include open surgery, transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy, percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotomy and shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). Holmium: YAG (Ho: YAG) laser cystolithotripsy represents a novel modality of treatment that is minimally invasive.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 1999 to January 2003 we treated 23 children with vesical calculi using transurethral Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy. The indications for cystolithotripsy were stone size < or = 4 cm (N=19), or multiple stones with combined stone burden < or = 4 cm (N=4). The mean patient age was 7.8 (range 2-12) years and the mean stone size was 2.7 (range 0.9-4) cm. Access was obtained with an 8F ureteroscope and holmium laser energy (0.6-1.8 J/pulse at 5-12 Hz) was applied through a 550-mum. end-firing fibre under video guidance. The calculi were pulverized to tiny fragments about 2-3 mm in size. An 8F urinary catheter was placed for one night in all patients. Post-operatively the children were evaluated at 3 and 18 months with radiological imaging and uroflowmetry to confirm stone-free status and exclude urethral stricture formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of the endoscopic procedure was 38 (range 19-62) minutes while the mean length of hospital stay was 2.2 (range 2-3) days. All the children were rendered stone-free following a single operative session. Laser-induced major complications were not observed in any of the children. At the mean follow-up of 42 (range 26-69) months none of the children developed stone recurrence, urinary tract infections or urethral strictures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transurethral Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy was found to be an efficient and safe modality for the treatment of vesical calculi in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Prem A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medhat
authors.forename: Younis H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Al-Bulushi
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Gopakumar
authors.forename: Venkat P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sampige
authors.forename: Salim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Al-Busaidy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000628:therapy*