title: Doses of levonorgestrel comparable to that delivered by the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system can modify the in vitro expression of zona binding sites of human spermatozoa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) exerts its contraceptive effect by interfering with sperm transport through the female genital tract and with ovulation. However, the possibility cannot be discarded that the device exerts a direct effect on sperm function, thus, helping prevent fertilization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether LNG at doses comparable to that measured in the uterus during the use of the LNG-IUS affects the detection of D-mannose binding sites or zona pellucida (ZP) receptors on human spermatozoa. The association with acrosomal status was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen semen samples from fertile men were used, and spermatozoa were separated using a Percoll gradient and incubated for 22 h at 37 degrees C under 5% CO(2) in air. Capacitated spermatozoa were exposed for 30 min to 1,000 or 10,000 ng/mL of LNG or control medium. D-Mannose binding sites were detected using commercial D-mannosylated bovine serum albumin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and the percentage of specific patterns (II and III) was recorded. The acrosome reaction was evaluated using the Pisum sativum technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levonorgestrel releasing significantly increased (p < .001) the percentage of spermatozoa with D-mannose receptors localized in pattern III, and this increase was dose dependent and a significant increase (p < .001) in the percentage of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. Double staining confirmed an association between the location of the zona receptor and acrosomal status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro exposure of capacitated spermatozoa to the assayed doses of LNG increased the proportion of spermatozoa with fewer chances of interacting with the ZP. Further studies should be carried out to confirm whether this mechanism is part of the contraceptive action of the LNG-IUS.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Reproductive Studies, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Munuce
authors.forename: Josiane A A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosano
authors.forename: Anibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faundes
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahamondes
mesh_terms: D020101:Acrosome Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008358:Mannose / Q000378:metabolism; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D013075:Sperm Capacitation; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects*; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C039217:fluorescein isothiocyanate bovine serum albumin; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D008358:Mannose