title: Pair of unusual GCN5 histone acetyltransferases and ADA2 homologues in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: GCN5 is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) essential for development in mammals and critical to stress responses in yeast. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a serious opportunistic pathogen. The study of epigenetics and gene expression in this ancient eukaryote has pharmacological relevance and may facilitate the understanding of these processes in higher eukaryotes. Here we show that the disruption of T. gondii GCN5 yields viable parasites, which were subsequently employed in a proteomics study to identify gene products affected by its loss. Promoter analysis of these TgGCN5-dependent genes, which were mostly parasite specific, reveals a conserved T-rich element. The loss of TgGCN5 does not attenuate virulence in an in vivo mouse model. We also discovered that T. gondii is the only invertebrate reported to date possessing a second GCN5 (TgGCN5-B). TgGCN5-B harbors a strikingly divergent N-terminal domain required for nuclear localization. Despite high homology between the HAT domains, the two TgGCN5s exhibit differing substrate specificities. In contrast to TgGCN5-A, which exclusively targets lysine 18 of H3, TgGCN5-B acetylates multiple lysines in the H3 tail. We also identify two ADA2 homologues that interact differently with the TgGCN5s. TgGCN5-B has the potential to compensate for TgGCN5-A, which probably arose from a gene duplication unique to T. gondii. Our work reveals an unexpected complexity in the GCN5 machinery of this primitive eukaryote.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Medical Sciences Building, Room A-525, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA.
authors.forename: Micah M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mullapudi
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor
chemical_list: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C402103:GCN5 protein, Toxoplasma gondii; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor