title: Prediction of Lyme meningitis in children from a Lyme disease-endemic region: a logistic-regression model using history, physical, and laboratory findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differentiating Lyme meningitis (LM) from other forms of aseptic meningitis (AM) in children is a common diagnostic dilemma in Lyme disease-endemic regions. Prior studies have compared clinical characteristics of patients with LM versus patients with documented enteroviral infections. No large studies have compared patients with LM to all patients presenting with AM and attempted to define a clinical prediction model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a statistical model to predict LM versus AM in children based on history, physical, and laboratory findings during the initial presentation of meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children older than 2 years presenting to the Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children between October 1999 and September 2004 were identified if both Lyme serology and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected during the same hospital encounter. Patients were considered to have Lyme disease only if they met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria (documented erythema migrans and/or positive Lyme serology). Patients were eligible for study inclusion if they had documented meningitis (CSF white blood cell count: >8 per mm3). Retrospective chart review abstracted duration of headache and cranial neuritis (papilledema or cranial nerve palsy) on physical examination and percent CSF mononuclear cells. Using logistic-regression analysis, the type of meningitis (LM versus AM) was simultaneously regressed on these 3 variables. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was performed and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 175 children with meningitis were included in the final statistical model. Logistic-regression analysis included 27 patients with LM and 148 patients classified as having AM. Duration of headache, cranial neuritis, and percent CSF mononuclear cells independently predicted LM. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test revealed a good fit for the model, and the Nagelkerke R2 effect size demonstrated good predictive efficacy. Odds ratios based on the logistic-regression results were calculated for these variables. The final model was transformed into a clinical prediction model that allows practitioners to calculate the probability of a child having LM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer duration of headache, presence of cranial neuritis, and predominance of CSF mononuclear cells are predictive of LM in children presenting with meningitis in a Lyme disease-endemic region. The clinical prediction model can help guide the clinician about the need for parenteral antibiotics while awaiting serology results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. averyr@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Glutting
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Eppes
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003691:Delaware / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008582:Meningitis, Aseptic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012698:Serologic Tests