title: Controlled in vivo release of nicorandil from a carvone-based transdermal therapeutic system in human volunteers.
abstract: The aim of our present study was to prepare and evaluate a carvone-based transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) of nicorandil to find its ability in providing the desired in vivo controlled release profile on dermal application to human volunteers. The effect of EVA 2825, and adhesive-coated EVA 2825, and adhesive-coated EVA 2825-rat skin composite on the in vitro permeation of nicorandil from a carvone-based HPMC gel drug reservoir was studied against a control (rat abdominal skin alone). The carvone-based drug reservoir system was sandwiched between adhesive-coated EVA 2825-release liner composite and a backing membrane. The resultant drug reservoir sandwich was heat-sealed to produce a circle-shaped TTS (20 cm(2)) that was subjected to in vivo evaluation on dermal application to human volunteers against oral administration of immediate-release tablets of nicorandil. The carvone-based TTS provided a steady-state plasma concentration of 20.5 ng/ml for approximately 24 hr in human volunteers. We concluded that the carvone-based TTS of nicorandil provided the desired in vivo controlled-release profile of the drug for the predetermined period of time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. ysrkrishnaiah@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: Y S R
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Saidan
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Chandrasekhar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005079:Excipients; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D020108:Nicorandil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010078:Oxazines; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014753:Vinyl Compounds
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005079:Excipients; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010078:Oxazines; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D020108:Nicorandil; C006923:carvone; D008747:Methylcellulose; C071191:MK 458; D007785:Lactose; C011566:vinyl acetate