title: Effects of empowerment on pharmacists' organizational behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of power factors, need for achievement, and empowerment on commitment, loyalty, identification, and job turnover intention among pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  447 licensed pharmacists nationwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equation modeling was used to assess the fit of the theoretical model and examine the effects of empowerment on pharmacists' behaviors within their organizations using pharmacists' self-reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall response rate of 42.2% was obtained. The test of the hypothesized model using structural equation modeling resulted in a satisfactory fit. The effects of power factors and need for achievement on psychological empowerment (gamma11 = .75, gamma12 = .27) and structural empowerment (gamma21 = .81, gamma22 = .20) were examined. Also, the effects of psychological empowerment and structural empowerment on loyalty (beta31 = .05, beta32 = .69), commitment (beta41 = - .09, beta42 = .92), and identification (beta51 = .05, beta52 = .78) were analyzed. Finally, the effects of loyalty (beta63 = -.24), commitment (beta64 = -.74), and identification (beta65 = .35) on job turnover intention were assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kanter's theory, which maintains that structures within organizations have an impact on organizational behaviors, was supported by our findings. Pharmacists' organizational behaviors such as commitment, loyalty, identification, and job turnover intention are influenced by structural empowerment. Given the pharmacist supply-and-demand imbalances of the past few years, organizations should make every effort to retain the pharmacists currently in their employ.
authors.affiliation: The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio, USA. a-kahaleh@onu.edu
authors.forename: Abir Abby
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kahaleh
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gaither
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010558:Personnel Loyalty; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011361:Professional Competence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States