title: Crediting care or marriage? Reforming Social Security family benefits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For more than 20 years policy advocates and policymakers have argued that Social Security should reward women for raising children. Current family benefits, which only benefit women who marry, are thought to be outdated and unable to protect the neediest women. Thus, would Black and poor women fare better if family benefits were linked to parenthood, as opposed to marriage? I examined three care credit proposals that reflect the most common proposals put forth in the United States and the most common designs in other countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  I used the 1992 Health and Retirement Study and the Current Population Survey to create a policy simulation that estimates how women reaching age 62 from 2020 to 2030 would be affected by care credits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black and poor women fared best with benefits linked to parenthood. The specific proposal allowed parents, from the 35 earnings years used to calculate their benefit, to substitute $15,000 for up to 9 earnings' years that fell below this level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The poorest women fare better with family benefits linked to parenthood instead of marital status. Moreover, they fare best when working women can benefit from care credits, but the care credit's value is not linked to earnings.
authors.affiliation: LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas, Austin, USA. pherd@Lafollette.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herd
mesh_terms: D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017533:Marital Status; D009035:Mothers; D012943:Social Security / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States