title: Plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in Louisiana.
abstract: The sale of small turtles is banned by the Food and Drug Administration from the U.S. market due to concerns about their excretion of Salmonella spp. To produce a safe pet for the export market, the Louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. In 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, were resistant to high concentrations of gentamicin (>2,000 microg/ml) and to other aminoglycosides. The goal of this study was to identify the gene(s) which contributes to the high-level gentamicin resistance phenotype observed in bacteria from environmental samples with turtle farming activity, particularly the salmonellae, and to estimate the incidence of such genes in these bacteria. R plasmids from gentamicin-resistant strains were transferred by conjugation and transformation to naive Escherichia coli cells. Cloning and sequencing of the gentamicin resistance determinants on these plasmids revealed the presence of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes aac(3)-IIa and aac(3)-VIa; the latter was present as a gene cassette of a class 1 integron. Multiplex PCR assays showed that every gentamicin-resistant isolate carried one of these acetyltransferase genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme digestion analysis of R plasmids carrying these genes revealed different restriction profiles and sizes, indicating a dissemination of the gentamicin resistance genes through mobile molecular elements. The data presented highlight the need to develop an alternate method for the eradication of Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, 107 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. mdiaz3@lsu.edu
authors.forename: María Alejandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Richard Kent
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cloeckaert
authors.forename: Ronald John
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Siebeling
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000382:microbiology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011815:R Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014426:Turtles / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D000123:Acetyltransferases; C019681:aminoglycoside acetyltransferase