The clients' perspective on change during treatment for an alcohol problem: qualitative analysis of follow-up interviews in the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial.
OBJECTIVE
To develop a model of change during and following professional treatment for drinking problems, grounded in clients' accounts.


METHODS
Subsets of consecutively selected clients of the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial (UKATT), followed-up at 3 months (n = 211) and 12 months (n = 198) after randomization. Location Five statutory and non-statutory alcohol problems treatment agencies in three areas of England and Wales. Data Open-ended interviews conducted according to a brief interview guide, leading to 400-800-word post-interview reports used for analysis (tape-recordings used for auditing purposes).


METHODS
Reports analysed by a team according to grounded theory principles, involving an iterative process with successive refinement of interviewing and analysis with each successive batch of data.


RESULTS
A model of change from the clients' perspective was developed. Treatment was seen by clients as facilitating various changes in ways of thinking and/or increased support of various kinds from family and friends, along with new ways of acting in relation to drinking or more generally. For many those changes had led to an appreciation of the benefits accruing to them. Treatment was seen as part of a broader treatment system which included pretreatment assessment, forms of help additional to the trial treatment, plus an element of self-directed change during and following treatment. Taken with awareness of worsening alcohol-related harms, triggering events and external influence to seek treatment (the catalyst system), to which clients continued to refer following treatment, the change process is depicted as a complex, ongoing set of systems in which a trial treatment is embedded.


CONCLUSIONS
Models of change should be broadened so that treatment is seen as a complex system of parts, facilitating a nexus of cognitive, social and behavioural changes, embedded within a broader system of events and processes catalysing change. Such a model helps explain the relative absence of between-treatments outcome differences in UKATT and in the alcohol problems treatment and more general psychotherapy research literatures.
Orford
Jim
J
School of Psychology, The University of Birmingham/Birmingham & Solihull Mental Health NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. j.f.orford@bham.ac.uk
Hodgson
Ray
R
Copello
Alex
A
John
Bev
B
Smith
Melanie
M
Black
Rachel
R
Fryer
Kate
K
Handforth
Linda
L
Alwyn
Tina
T
Kerr
Cicely
C
Thistlethwaite
Gill
G
Slegg
Gary
G
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D013850:Thinking