title: Evaluation and optimization of the conditions for an improved ferulic acid intercalation into a synthetic lamellar anionic clay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to optimize the intercalation conditions of ferulic acid (FERH), an antioxidant compound, into Mg-Al-hydrotalcite for a safe skin photoprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intercalation products were prepared incubating hydrotalcite (HTlc) in aqueous solutions of FERH sodium salt at different temperatures over 4 and 8 days. Quantitative determination of intercalated FERH was performed by thermogravimetric analysis and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FERH stability study was carried out at different pHs and temperatures. FERH was analyzed by reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography. Response surface methods (RSMs) were used to assess optimal intercalation conditions and FERH stability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all intercalation products, FERH content was found to be about 48% w/w except when the intercalation process was carried out at 52 degrees C for 8 days and at 60 degrees C for both 4 and 8 days, which resulted to be 40.39, 39.99, and 34.99%, respectively. The RSM designs showed that intercalation improvement can be achieved by working at pH 6, at temperatures below 40 degrees C, and over 4 days of incubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal conditions for a proper FERH intercalation were assessed. The development of a new optimized protocol may improve HTlc-FER complex performances and safety by augmenting dosage and reducing the presence of harmful reactive species in the final formulation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schoubben
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blasi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giovagnoli
authors.forename: Morena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nocchetti
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perioli
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005079:Excipients; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; C010467:hydrotalcite; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; C004999:ferulic acid; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide