title: Enantiomeric separation and quantification of ephedrine-type alkaloids in herbal materials by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.
abstract: The separation of ephedrine-type alkaloids and their enantiomers in raw herbs and commercial herbal products was investigated by carrying out enantioselective separation in the first-dimension column (containing beta-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector) of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) system, whereas a polar polyethylene glycol capillary column was used for separation in the second dimension. Naturally occurring ephedrine-type alkaloids and their synthetic analogues (enantiomeric counterparts) were adequately resolved from each other, as well as from potential interference species in the sample matrix using GC x GC, whereas single column GC analysis was unable to separate all the alkaloids of interest. Detection limits in the order of 0.1-1.3 microg/mL and linearity of calibration with R(2)>or=0.999 over approximately the range of 0.5-100 microg/mL for the quantitative determination of various ephedrine-type alkaloids were obtained. The commercial herbal products tested contained mostly (-)-ephedrine, (+)-pseudoephedrine, (-)-N-methylephedrine and (-)-norephedrine, with concentrations in the range of 40-2100, 0-1,300, 15-300 and 0-30 microg/g of the product, respectively, and repeatability of analysis was generally in the range of 1-5%. The present GCxGC method is effective and useful for the determination of the dosage levels of the principle ephedrine-type alkaloids in commercial health supplements and complex raw herb formulations, as well the differentiation of ephedrine-containing products that were derived from natural plant or synthetic sources, e.g., simply by visualizing the presence or absence of the enantiomeric pairs of (+/-) ephedrine and (+/-)-N-methylephedrine in the GC x GC chromatograms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and The Central Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.forename: Wing-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Albert W M
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Carmen W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Huie
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D029789:Ephedra / Q000737:chemistry; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D004809:Ephedrine