title: Learned helplessness in children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine a learned helplessness conceptualization of psychological sequela in children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatic diseases (JRD) via an experimental procedure utilizing behavior-outcome contingent and noncontingent feedback.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight children and adolescents with JRD completed measures of transient affect, self-efficacy for functional ability, and causal attributions prior to and immediately following a computerized learned helplessness induction procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children across contingent and noncontingent feedback conditions experienced decreased positive affect with a slightly more pronounced decline in the noncontingent condition. Noncontingent feedback resulted in poorer internalization of success for problem solving, while contingent feedback resulted in greater internalization of success for problem solving. Additionally, posttreatment control self-efficacy was significantly greater for children in the contingent condition that initially endorsed higher levels of internal task attributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with JRD who experience behavior-outcome contingency in their environment may develop increased perceptions of control over functional ability. Furthermore, environmental noncontingency may result in poorer internalization of success, whereas contingent reinforcement may enhance cognitive appraisal mechanisms (i.e., causal attributions) associated with favorable disease outcome. Despite a modest decline in positive affect for children in the noncontingent condition, mood dysfunction is not entirely explicable within the context of noncontingent reinforcement.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, United States. hommel@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hommel
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chaney
authors.forename: Janelle L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires