title: Effects of different insulin regimes on postprandial myocardial perfusion defects in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postprandial glycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease that is more powerful than fasting glycemia and determines myocardial perfusion defects in type 2 diabetes. We examined the efficacy of two different insulin regimes (regular insulin and insulin analog) in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and in preventing myocardial perfusion abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients and 20 control subjects were enrolled in this randomized, three-way, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in fasting and postprandial (120 min) state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin analog was associated with lower, but not statistically significant, postprandial glycemia than regular insulin (glucose increase: 116 +/- 8 vs. 136 +/- 5%, P = NS). However, the area under the curve following insulin analog was significantly lower than regular insulin (18,354 +/- 702 vs. 20,757 +/- 738 mg per 120 min, P = 0.032). Fasting myocardial flow velocity (beta), myocardial blood volume (MBV), and myocardial blood flow (MBF) did not differ between control and type 2 diabetic subjects. Postprandial beta (0.67 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.92 +/- 0.25, P < 0.01), MBV (8.4 +/- 2 vs. 10.9 +/- 1.2, P < 0.01), and MBF (5.6 +/- 2 vs. 9.9 +/- 2.8, P < 0.01) increased significantly in control subjects. In type 2 diabetes, during placebo in the postprandial state, beta increased (0.65 +/- 0.27 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.24, P < 0.01), while MBV (8.34 +/- 1.2 vs. 4.3 +/- 1.3, P < 0.01) and MBF (5.4 +/- 1.5 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.9, P < 0.01) decreased. Similar changes in MCE variables were observed after regular insulin: beta increased (0.65 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.92 +/- 0.12, P < 0.01) and MBV (8.2 +/- 2 vs. 5.2 +/- 1.16, P < 0.01) and MBF (5.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.86, P < 0.01) were reduced. After insulin analog, postprandial beta (0.66 +/- 0.18 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.18, P < 0.01), MBV (8.2 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.6 +/- 1.2, P < 0.01), and MBF (5.4 +/- 2 vs. 7.2 +/- 1.9, P < 0.01) increased. Values of postprandial MBV and MBF were higher after insulin analog than regular insulin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin analog partially reversed myocardial perfusion abnormalities observed in postprandial state by improving glucose control.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Cardiology, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova Medical School, Padua, Italy. r.scognamiglio@unipd.it
authors.forename: Roldano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scognamiglio
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Negut
authors.forename: Saula Vigili
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: de Kreutzenberg
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiengo
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avogaro
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007700:Kinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010919:Placebos