title: Assessment of Canadian provincial expenditures in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine XR versus SSRIs: the APEX Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empirical studies of antidepressant cost-effectiveness suggest that the use of venlafaxine may be no more costly than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of depression. The objectives of this study were to identify patients' characteristics and factors associated with the choice of antidepressant and to assess differences in persistence, healthcare utilization and direct medical costs associated with venlafaxine and SSRIs pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined demographic and clinical characteristics of patients (n = 17 144) who received both a diagnosis of depression and a prescription for venlafaxine or an SSRI between 1996 and 2004 using the Quebec health administrative databases. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors independently associated with the choice of antidepressant. Persistence to treatment and overall direct medical costs during 12 months after initiation of therapy were assessed using Cox proportional hazard and GLM models, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, sex, provider specialty, and prior 12-month healthcare utilization significantly influenced initial antidepressant choice. Fewer venlafaxine-treated patients discontinued their initial therapy relative to SSRIs' (persistence to initial treatment: 38.4% vs. 29.4% and 24.4% vs. 15.8% at 6 and 12 months, respectively; p < 0.0001), and they were less likely to require treatment switching. Overall 12-month direct medical costs for SSRI- and venlafaxine-treated patients were Can$2759 and Can$2604, respectively. Patients treated with SSRIs had significantly higher expenditures in a univariate analysis (cost ratio: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.10]). However, after controlling for potential confounding factors such as patients' characteristics, prior healthcare utilization, and comorbid conditions in multivariate analyses, the overall expenditures were similar in both groups (cost ratio: 1.03 [95% CI: 0.99, 1.07]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct medical costs were generally similar among patients with depression treated with venlafaxine and SSRIs. In a 'real world' setting, the higher acquisition cost of venlafaxine is offset by savings due to fewer hospitalizations and fewer outpatient medical visits. Differences in treatment persistence may also, in part, explain the observed differences in average direct medical costs between venlafaxine and SSRIs.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: A A Tahami
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Monfared
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sheehy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bexton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lelorier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride