title: Anti-interleukin 2 receptor antibodies and mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of steroid-resistant rejection in adult liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Steroid-resistant rejection (SRR) results in significant morbidity and mortality from the adverse effects of rescue therapy and in graft loss from chronic rejection. In our knowledge, the efficacy and safety of anti-interleukin (IL) 2r antibodies (daclizumab and basiliximab) for the treatment of SRR in adult liver transplantation has not previously been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients received either daclizumab or basiliximab as rescue therapy for SRR. Outcome and biochemical parameters were recorded before and after treatment with an anti-IL-2r antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time from transplantation to SRR was 25 days. Secondary immunosuppression included mycophenolate mofetil in 18 patients. Twelve patients (48%) had complete resolution of SRR. Aspartate transaminase levels normalized at a median of 37 days (range, 1-168 days). In 13 patients (52%) progressive hepatic dysfunction developed. Four of these patients received another transplant, and 6 patients had chronic rejection. Three patients died with graft failure. Of 16 patients with acute cellular rejection, 12 (75%) had resolution, 2 had chronic rejection, 1 required a repeat transplantation, and 1 died with graft failure. In contrast, all 9 patients with established chronic rejection in their pretreatment biopsy continued to have significant graft dysfunction, with 4 having persistent chronic graft dysfunction, 3 requiring repeat transplantation, and 2 dying with graft failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve (48%) of 25 patients who received an anti-IL-2r antibody because of SRR were successfully treated. All successfully treated patients had ongoing acute cellular rejection at liver biopsy (75%), whereas patients with histologic evidence of chronic rejection responded poorly.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, Institute of Liver Studies, London, England. david.orr@kingsch.nhs.uk
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Portmann
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Knisely
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rela
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muiesan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Heneghan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000077552:Basiliximab; D000077561:Daclizumab; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000077552:Basiliximab; D000077561:Daclizumab; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid