title: The representation of multiplication facts: developmental changes in the problem size, five, and tie effects.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the development of basic effects that have been found in single-digit multiplication arithmetic: the problem size, five, and tie effects. Participants (9-, 10-, and 11-year-olds and adults) performed a production task on simple multiplication. The procedure replicated study [Canadian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 39, pp. 338-366], but the results show that the gradual decrease of the problem size effect ends in sixth grade. We report analyses on raw latencies and state trace analyses that take into account reaction time scaling as a function of age. The results show that 11-year-olds do not differ significantly from adults on any of the three effects. Before 11 years of age, interesting developmental changes occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. jolien.debrauwer@ugent.be
authors.forename: Jolien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Brauwer
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verguts
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D011930:Reaction Time