title: Synergistic affective analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine.
abstract: Evidence for an analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) and morphine was sought using an experimental pain model applied to normal volunteers. The study incorporated a double blinded, four treatment, four period, four sequence, crossover design. Subjects received Delta(9)-THC 5 mg orally or placebo and 90 min later morphine 0.02 mg/kg intravenously or placebo. Fifteen minutes later subjects rated the pain associated with the application of thermal stimuli to skin using two visual analog scales, one for the sensory and one for the affective aspects of pain. Among sensory responses, neither morphine nor Delta(9)-THC had a significant effect at the doses used, and there was no significant interaction between the two. Among affective responses, although neither morphine nor Delta(9)-THC had a significant effect, there was a positive analgesic interaction between the two (p = 0.012), indicating that the combination had a synergistic affective analgesic effect. The surprisingly limited reported experimental experience in humans does not support a role for Delta(9)-THC as an analgesic or as an adjunct to cannabinoid analgesia, except for our finding of synergy limited to the affective component of pain. Comparison of our results with those of others suggests that extrapolation from experimental pain models to the clinic is not likely to be a straight-forward process. Future studies of Delta(9)-THC or other cannabinoids in combination with opiates should focus upon clinical rather than experimental pain.
authors.affiliation: Massey Cancer Center and the Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23298, USA. john.d.roberts@vcu.edu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gennings
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009020:Morphine; D013759:Dronabinol