title: Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. A review.
abstract: This review discusses the literature on B. burgdorferi infections in view of the rising incidence of this infection in general and the increasing concerns of horse owners and equine practitioners. Lyme disease, the clinical expression of Borrelia infections in man is an important health problem. The geographic distribution of B. burgdorferi infections in equidae should resemble that of human cases because the vector tick involved, Ixodes ricinus, feeds on both species and, indeed, the infection has been established many times in horses. However, a definite diagnosis of the disease "Lyme borreliosis" in human beings as well as in horses and other animals is often difficult to accomplish. Although a broad spectrum of clinical signs has been attributed to B. burgdorferi infections in horses, indisputable cases of equine Lyme borreliosis are extremely rare so far, if they exist at all.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. c.m.butler@vet.uu.nl
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Houwers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jongejan
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Kolk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006736:Horses; D018884:Ixodes / Q000382:microbiology*; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011379:Prognosis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology