title: Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and long-chain sulfophenyl carboxylates using antibodies generated by pseudoheterologous immunization.
abstract: ELISA methods have been developed for screening contamination of water resources by linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) or the most immediate degradation products, the long chain sulfophenyl carboxylates, SPCs. The assay uses antibodies raised through pseudoheterologous immunization strategies using an equimolar mixture of two immunogens (SFA-KLH and 13C(13)-SPC-KLH) prepared by coupling N-(4-alkylphenyl)sulfonyl-3-aminopropanoic acid (SFA) and p-(1-carboxy-13-tridecyl)phenylsulfonic acid (13C(13)-SPC) to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The immunizing haptens have been designed to address recognition versus two different epitopes of the molecule. The SFA hapten maximizes recognition of the alkyl moiety while preserving the complexity of the different alkyl chains present in the LAS technical mixture. The 13C(13)-SPC hapten addresses recognition of the common and highly antigenic phenylsulfonic group. The antisera raised using this strategy have been shown to be superior to those obtained through homologous immunization procedures using a single substance. By using an indirect ELISA format, LAS and long-chain SPCs can be detected down to 1.8 and 0.2 microg L(-1), respectively. Coefficients of variation of 6 and 12% within and between assays, respectively, demonstrate immunoassay reproducibility. The assay can be used in media with a wide range of pH and ionic strength values. Preliminary experiments performed to assess matrix effects have demonstrated the potential applicability of the method as a screening tool to assess contamination by these types of surfactants in natural water samples.
authors.affiliation: Applied Molecular Receptors Group, Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramón-Azcón
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galve
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Baeza
authors.forename: M-Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marco
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006241:Haptens / Q000276:immunology*; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000276:immunology; D007106:Immune Sera; D007114:Immunization; D007118:Immunoassay; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology*; D011817:Rabbits; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D006241:Haptens; D007106:Immune Sera; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030641:alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin