title: Ultrasound measurements of torsions in the tibia and femur.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity and reliability of using ultrasound to measure tibial and femoral torsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro ultrasound measurements of torsion in 118 matched dried tibiae and femora were compared with direct anatomical measurements with use of simple regression. The second part of the study involved repeated in vivo ultrasound measurements made on twenty adult limbs to determine the clinical reliability of our methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro ultrasound measurements of femoral and tibial torsion were significantly related to the anatomical measurements (p < 0.001 for both). The inter-rater correlation coefficients between three examiners were 0.84 for both the tibial and femoral measurements, and the intra-rater correlation coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.98. The in vivo measurements were similar to the in vitro measurements, and the intra-rater correlation coefficients for repeated measures were 0.91 and 0.93 for femoral and tibial torsion, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound is a viable tool for measuring torsion of the tibia and femur. In order to minimize measurement errors, the ultrasound measurement should be used to calculate the predicted value of torsion with use of the regression equation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, University of Delaware, 150 Rust Arena, 541 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716, USA. dhudson@udel.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005270:Femur Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010781:Photography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography