title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with antiplatelet drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of major upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with various antiplatelet drugs and the protection conferred by gastroprotective agents are not well defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the use of antiplatelet drugs and its prevention by gastroprotective agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, we compared all cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from a gastric or duodenal lesion in patients over 18 years of age (2813 cases), with 7193 matched controls. Odds ratios of upper gastrointestinal bleeding for individual antiplatelet drugs with adjustment for potential confounders were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The individual risks of upper gastrointestinal bleeding were cardiovascular acetylsalicylic acid 4.0 (3.2-4.9), clopidogrel 2.3 (0.9-6.0), dipyridamole 0.9 (0.4-2.0), indobufen 3.8 (1.2-12.2), ticlopidine 3.1 (1.8-5.1) and triflusal 1.6 (0.9-2.7). Concomitant proton pump inhibitors decreased all risk estimates. For acetylsalicylic acid plus a proton pump inhibitor, the odds ratio was 1.1 (0.5-2.6). As a group, antiplatelet drugs accounted for 14.5% of all cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, i.e. 58 per million per year (334 per million per year among those older than 70 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is substantially decreased by the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors. The risk of acetylsalicylic acid plus a proton pump inhibitor seems lower than that of ticlopidine or clopidogrel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vendrell
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Laporte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000863:Antacids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin