title: Molecular and phenotypic description of the widespread root symbiont Acephala applanata gen. et sp. nov., formerly known as dark-septate endophyte type 1.
abstract: Acephala applanata gen. et sp. nov. is described. A. applanata is a dark-septate endophyte (DSE) of conifer roots and belongs to the Phialocephala fortinii species complex. Several genetic markers, including isozymes, inter-simple-sequence-repeat (ISSR) fingerprints, single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), let us unambiguously separate isolates of A. applanata from isolates of P. fortinii s.l. and other dark-septate endophytes. Alleles at four RFLP loci and two fixed nucleotides in the ITS region were diagnostic for A. applanata. One of the fixed nucleotides resulted in the addition of an Afa I restriction site. PCR amplification with primers prITS4 and the newly developed primer PF-ITS_F (ACT CTG AAT GTT AGT GAT GTC TGA GT) and restriction digestion with Afa I yielded three fragments (203 bp, 117 bp, 56 bp) in A. applanata but only two (260 bp and 117 bp) in P. fortinii s.l. Population differentiation (GST) between A. applanata and other cryptic species of P fortinii was pronounced, and the index of association (IA) did not deviate significantly from zero, showing that recombination occurs or had occurred in A. applanata. Although isolates of A. applanata never were observed to sporulate, it can be distinguished morphologically from P fortinii s.l. by the scarcity of aerial mycelium, significantly slower growth and denser mycelium on cellophane overlaid on water agar. These phenotypic characteristics, combined with diagnostic RFLP alleles and/or PCR-RFLP of the ITS fragment with the fixed Afa I restriction site, unequivocally allow identification of A. applanata.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Grünig
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Sieber
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D005787:Gene Frequency; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis; D025282:Mycelium / Q000254:growth & development; D010802:Phylogeny; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D007527:Isoenzymes; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; C040158:GTAC-specific type II deoxyribonucleases