title: Dual-color imaging of nuclear-cytoplasmic dynamics, viability, and proliferation of cancer cells in the portal vein area.
abstract: We used dual-color in vivo cellular imaging to visualize trafficking, nuclear-cytoplasmic dynamics, and the viability of cancer cells after their injection into the portal vein of mice. For these studies, we used dual-color fluorescent cancer cells that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to histone H2B in the nucleus and retroviral red fluorescent protein (RFP) in the cytoplasm. Human HCT-116-GFP-RFP colon cancer and mouse mammary tumor (MMT) cells were HCT-116-GFP-RFP in the portal vein of nude mice. The cells were observed intravitally in the liver at the single-cell level using the Olympus OV100 whole-mouse imaging system. Most HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells remained in sinusoids near peripheral portal veins. Only a small fraction of the cancer cells invaded the lobular area. Extensive clasmocytosis (destruction of the cytoplasm) of the HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells occurred within 6 hours. The number of apoptotic cells rapidly increased within the portal vein within 12 hours of injection. Apoptosis was readily visualized in the dual-color cells by their altered nuclear morphology. The data suggest rapid death of HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells in the portal vein. In contrast, dual-color MMT-GFP-RFP cells injected into the portal vein mostly survived in the liver of nude mice 24 hours after injection. Many surviving MMT-GFP-RFP cells showed invasive figures with cytoplasmic protrusions. The cells grew aggressively and formed colonies in the liver. However, when the host mice were pretreated with cyclophosphamide, the HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells also survived and formed colonies in the liver after portal vein injection. These results suggest that a cyclophosphamide-sensitive host cellular system attacked the HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells but could not effectively kill the MMT-GFP-RFP cells.
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California 92111, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouvet
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Yoshikatsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Abdool R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moossa
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000556:secondary; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011169:Portal Vein; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein