title: Dual-energy digital mammography for calcification imaging: scatter and nonuniformity corrections.
abstract: Mammographic images of small calcifications, which are often the earliest signs of breast cancer, can be obscured by overlapping fibroglandular tissue. We have developed and implemented a dual-energy digital mammography (DEDM) technique for calcification imaging under full-field imaging conditions using a commercially available aSi:H/CsI:Tl flat-panel based digital mammography system. The low- and high-energy images were combined using a nonlinear mapping function to cancel the tissue structures and generate the dual-energy (DE) calcification images. The total entrance-skin exposure and mean-glandular dose from the low- and high-energy images were constrained so that they were similar to screening-examination levels. To evaluate the DE calcification image, we designed a phantom using calcium carbonate crystals to simulate calcifications of various sizes (212-425 microm) overlaid with breast-tissue-equivalent material 5 cm thick with a continuously varying glandular-tissue ratio from 0% to 100%. We report on the effects of scatter radiation and nonuniformity in x-ray intensity and detector response on the DE calcification images. The nonuniformity was corrected by normalizing the low- and high-energy images with full-field reference images. Correction of scatter in the low- and high-energy images significantly reduced the background signal in the DE calcification image. Under the current implementation of DEDM, utilizing the mammography system and dose level tested, calcifications in the 300-355 microm size range were clearly visible in DE calcification images. Calcification threshold sizes decreased to the 250-280 microm size range when the visibility criteria were lowered to barely visible. Calcifications smaller than approximately 250 microm were usually not visible in most cases. The visibility of calcifications with our DEDM imaging technique was limited by quantum noise, not system noise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. skappadath@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: S Cheenu
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kappadath
authors.forename: Chris C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens; D014965:X-Rays