title: Design of near-optimal waveforms for chest and abdominal compression and decompression in CPR using computer-simulated evolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discover design principles underlying the optimal waveforms for external chest and abdominal compression and decompression during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 14-compartment mathematical model of the human cardiopulmonary system is used to test successive generations of randomly mutated external compression waveforms during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Mutated waveforms that produced superior mean perfusion pressure became parents for the next generation. Selection was based upon either systemic perfusion pressure (SPP = thoracic aortic minus right atrial pressure) or upon coronary perfusion pressure (CPP = thoracic aortic pressure minus myocardial wall pressure). After simulations of 64,414 individual CPR episodes, 40 highly evolved waveforms were characterized in terms of frequency, duty cycle, and phase. A simple, practical compression technique was then designed by combining evolved features with a constant rate of 80 min(-1) and duty cycle of 50%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All ultimate surviving waveforms included reciprocal compression and decompression of the chest and the abdomen to the maximum allowable extent. The evolved waveforms produced 1.5-3 times the mean perfusion pressure of standard CPR and greater perfusion pressure than other forms of modified CPR reported heretofore, including active compression-decompression (ACD)+ITV and interposed abdominal compression (IAC)-CPR. When SPP was maximized by evolution, the chest compression/abdominal decompression phase was near 70% of cycle time. When CPP was maximized, the abdominal compression/chest decompression phase was near 30% of cycle time. Near-maximal SPP/CPP of 60/21 mmHg (forward flow 3.8 L/min) occurred at a compromise compression frequency of 80 min(-1) and duty cycle for chest compression of 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimized waveforms for thoraco-abdominal compression and decompression include previously discovered features of active decompression and interposed abdominal compression. These waveforms can be used by manual (Lifestick-like) and mechanical (vest-like) devices to achieve short periods of near normal blood perfusion non-invasively during cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, 1246 Lynn Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1246, USA. babbs@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Babbs
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003664:Decompression / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013909:Thorax