title: Lung cancer mortality among workers at a nuclear materials fabrication plant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Oak Ridge, Tennessee Y-12 plant has operated as a nuclear materials fabrication plant since the 1940s. Given the work environment, and prior findings that lung cancer mortality was elevated among white male Y-12 workers relative to US white males, we investigated whether lung cancer mortality was associated with occupational radiation exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 3,864 workers hired between 1947 and 1974 who had been monitored for internal radiation exposure was identified. Vital status was ascertained through 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period 111 lung cancer deaths were observed. Cumulative external radiation dose under a 5-year lag assumption was positively associated with lung cancer mortality (0.54% increase in lung cancer mortality per 10 mSv, se=0.16, likelihood ratio test (LRT)=5.84, 1 degree of freedom [df]); cumulative internal radiation dose exhibited a highly-imprecise negative association with lung cancer mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive association between external radiation dose and lung cancer mortality was primarily due to exposure occurring in the period 5-14 years after exposure (0.97% increase in lung cancer mortality rate per 10 mSv, se=0.28, LRT=6.35, 1 df). The association between external radiation dose and lung cancer mortality was negative for exposures occurring at ages<35 years and positive for exposures occurring at ages 35-50 and 50+years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of a positive association between cumulative external radiation dose and lung cancer mortality in this population. However, a causal interpretation of this association is constrained by the uncertainties in external and internal radiation dose estimates, the lack of information about exposures to other lung carcinogens, and the limited statistical power of the study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7435, USA. david.richardson@unc.edu
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000401:mortality*; D009678:Nuclear Energy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011210:Power Plants; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D014501:Uranium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014501:Uranium