title: Late onset neonatal Gram-negative bacillary infection in Australia and New Zealand: 1992-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late onset neonatal Gram-negative bacillary infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and mortality from late onset Gram-negative bacillary infections in neonatal units.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-year longitudinal prospective surveillance study. Clinicians in 20 neonatal units in Australia and New Zealand collected data. Late onset sepsis was defined as clinical signs of infection starting more than 48 hours after birth, with laboratory evidence supporting sepsis and pure growth of a pathogen from blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 702 of 3113 (22.5%) episodes of late onset sepsis in 681 infants were from Gram-negative bacilli. Overall mortality was 20.8% (142 of 681 infants) and significantly related to maturity, birth weight and infecting organism. Mortality was 25% for infants <30 weeks compared with 11.5% for infants > or =30 weeks gestation (P < 0.0001) and 24.2% for infants with birth weights <1500 g versus 12.7% if > or =1500 g (P < 0.0001). Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was associated with 52.3% mortality (46 of 88 infants), significantly higher than the 13.7% to 23.8% fatality from other Gram-negative bacilli (P < 0.0001). During the surveillance, the late onset Gram-negative bacillary infection rate remained stable at 1.14 per 1000 live births (range 0.87-1.5). Similarly, mortality was unchanged, being 0.25 per 1000 live births (range 0.12-0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gram-negative bacilli remain important causes of late onset neonatal sepsis, especially among very low birth weight infants, and result in a high mortality, particularly with P. aeruginosa infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. adrienne.gordon@email.cs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isaacs
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality