title: In vitro estimations of in vivo jet nebulizer efficiency using actual and simulated tidal breathing patterns.
abstract: In vivo aerosol delivery efficiency was estimated in vitro for two jet nebulizers using a breath monitor (Breathe!; Pari GmbH, Germany) and breath simulator (COMPAS; Pari GmbH) to reproduce subject tidal breathing patterns. The AeroEclipse (Trudell Medical International, Canada), a breath-actuated nebulizer, and the LC Star (Pari GmbH), a breath-enhanced nebulizer, were filled with levalbuterol HCl solution (Sepracor, USA) and operated with compressed O(2) at 8 lpm. Tidal breathing patterns of 20 adult subjects were digitally recorded with the Breathe! Breath Monitor. Subjects then breathed tidally from each nebulizer separately for 1 minute and to nebulizer dryness. Levalbuterol aerosol collected on filters placed between the nebulizer and mouth was chemically assayed to determine the inspired mass (IM), wasted mass (WM) and total emitted mass (TM). Measurements were repeated using the COMPAS Breath Simulator to simulate each subject's tidal breathing pattern. IM, WM, and TM measurements using actual versus simulated tidal breathing were highly comparable for each nebulizer, except the IM (p < 0.05) from LC Star measured at nebulizer dryness. Breath simulation was an inaccurate tool for estimating the time to nebulizer dryness as simulated measurements to nebulizer dryness took significantly longer than measurements preformed with actual tidal breathing (p < 0.001). While breath simulation provides an accurate in vitro tool for estimating in vivo aerosol delivery, it should not completely replace in vivo measurements until inherent limitations in simulator operation can be overcome to provide a more clinically realistic simulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: Rod G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rhem
authors.forename: Myrna B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dolovich
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D012119:Respiration; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000420:Albuterol