title: Association of dietary and biochemical measures of vitamin K with quantitative ultrasound of the heel in men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low vitamin K nutritional status is associated with increased fracture risk but is inconsistently related to bone mineral density (BMD), suggesting that vitamin K may affect components of bone strength not measured by BMD, such as microarchitecture. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) may assess trabecular orientation, providing information on the mechanical properties of bone and may serve as a potential alternative to BMD for gaining insight to the relation between vitamin K and bone strength. We therefore examined the association of vitamin K nutritional status measured in several different ways with QUS in men and women who participated in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1996 to 2001, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) of the calcaneus (heel) were measured in 583 men and 768 women (mean age 59 years). Vitamin K nutritional status was assessed between 1995 and 1998 by three separate measures: plasma phylloquinone concentration, serum percent undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC) and dietary vitamin K intake. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to calculate regression coefficients in order to evaluate the associations between both measures of QUS and each measure of vitamin K nutritional status. Regression analyses were conducted separately for subgroups of participants defined by gender, menopause status and current use of estrogen replacement medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the men, plasma phylloquinone concentration was positively associated with both BUA (P<0.01) and SOS (P=0.02) of the heel. Neither serum %ucOC nor dietary vitamin K intake, however, was associated with QUS measures. Among women, none of the three measures of vitamin K nutritional status were associated with either BUA or SOS, regardless of menopause status or use of estrogen. Although QUS is associated with vitamin K nutritional status in men, the observed relation was not consistent among subgroups of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that QUS may not be the best method for elucidating the role of vitamin K on the skeleton.
authors.affiliation: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA. rmclean@hrca.harvard.edu
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kiel
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Broe
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hannan
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin; D010837:Vitamin K 1