title: Use of prenatal care by Hispanic women after welfare reform.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 1996 Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA, "welfare reform") changed immigrants' eligibility for publicly funded services such as Medicaid. However, implementation of the PRWORA varied by state. Florida implemented the eligibility restrictions, while California and New York preserved eligibility. Our objective was to compare the effect of state of residence and immigration status on use of prenatal care among Hispanic women in the period following the enactment of PRWORA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1999-2001, we interviewed 3,242 postpartum Hispanic women in California, Florida, and New York. The dependent variable was use of prenatal care, dichotomized as adequate (initiated during the first trimester and > or = 6 visits, referent) or inadequate (initiated during the first trimester and < 6 prenatal visits or initiated after the first trimester). The primary independent variables were state of residence and maternal immigration status (U.S.-born citizens in New York, reference group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen percent of women were U.S.-born citizens, 8% were foreign-born citizens, 15% were documented immigrants, and 64% were undocumented immigrants. In Florida, women in all immigration subgroups were 2-4 times more likely to make inadequate use of prenatal care than U.S.-born citizens in New York. Documented immigrant women in New York were 90% more likely to make inadequate use of prenatal care than U.S.-born citizens in New York.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among Hispanic women in California, Florida, and New York, the state of residence, a measure of PRWORA policy changes, was associated with use of prenatal care.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94410, USA. elenaf@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Afflick
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hessol
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gomez-Lobo
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Tracey E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minkoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002140:California; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends; D009519:New York City; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome