title: Thyroxine affects expression of KSPG-related genes, the carbonic anhydrase II gene, and KS sulfation in the embryonic chicken cornea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opaque chick corneas become thin and transparent from embryonic day (E)9 to E20 of incubation. Thyroxine (T4) injected in ovo on E9 induces precocious transparency by E12. The present study was conducted to determine whether corneal cells differentially express genes for T4 regulation, keratan sulfate proteoglycan (KSPG) synthesis, crystallins, and endothelial cell ion transporters during transparency development and whether these expressions are altered when E9 embryos are treated with T4.
  
  
  METHODS
  E9 eggs received T4 or buffer; corneas were dissected on E12. Corneal transparency was measured digitally and thickness was determined from cryostat cross sections. mRNA expressions were determined by real-time PCR using cDNA synthesized from whole-cell RNA, cells expressing T4 receptor mRNAs assessed by in situ hybridization, and KS disaccharide sulfation measured by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All corneal layers expressed T4 receptor alpha (THRA) mRNA; keratocytes and endothelial cells expressed T4 receptor beta (THRB) mRNA. During normal development, THRB expression increased 20-fold from E12 to E20; THRA expression remained constant. Expressions of most genes involved in KS synthesis increased from E9 to E16, and then decreased from E16 to E20. From E9 to E20, expressions of crystallin genes increased; T4/3-deiodinase DIII (DIO3) increased 10-fold; and sodium-potassium ATPase transporter (ATP1A1), sodium-bicarbonate transporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) increased 5- to 10-fold. E9 T4 administration decreased corneal thickness by E12; increased DIO3, THRB, and CA2 expressions 5- to 20-fold; decreased KSPG core protein genes and galactose sulfotransferase CHST1 expressions 2-fold; and reduced KS disulfated/monosulfated disaccharide (DSD/MSD) ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thyroxine modifies expressions of KSPG synthesis and carbonic anhydrase genes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901, USA. aconrad@ksu.edu
authors.forename: Abigail H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Yuntao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Olberding
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanzlick
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morffi
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Conrad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024402:Carbonic Anhydrase II / Q000235:genetics*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics*; D003315:Cornea / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003459:Crystallins / Q000235:genetics; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007632:Keratan Sulfate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071234:Lumican; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha / Q000235:genetics; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta / Q000235:genetics; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D003459:Crystallins; D000071234:Lumican; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta; D007632:Keratan Sulfate; D024402:Carbonic Anhydrase II; D013974:Thyroxine