title: Influence of sleep stages on esophago-upper esophageal sphincter contractile reflex and secondary esophageal peristalsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Airways are most vulnerable to aspiration during sleep. Esophago-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) contractile reflex (EUCR) and secondary peristalsis (2P) have been proposed to protect the airway by reflexively contracting the UES and clearing the esophagus of refluxate, respectively. Our aim was to study EUCR and 2P elicitation in "awake" state, stage II, slow-wave (stage III/IV), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen healthy volunteers were studied in the supine position using concurrent UES and esophageal manometry and polysomnography. Threshold volume (Tvol) to trigger EUCR and 2P and changes in sleep stages were recorded during injection of 2.7 mL/min water into the proximal esophagus after sleep stages were confirmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UES pressure progressively declined with deeper stages of sleep. Tvol for EUCR and 2P elicitation was not significantly different between the stage II and "awake" state (EUCR: 4.0 +/- 1.8 mL vs 6.1 +/- 3.6 mL stage II; 2P: 5.8 +/- 2.2 mL vs 8.0 +/- 4.0 mL stage II). Tvol for EUCR and 2P elicitation during REM sleep were significantly lower than during the stage II and "awake" state (REM EUCR: 2.2 +/- 1.1 mL; 2P: 3.5 +/- 1.2 mL). Arousal and cough preempted development of EUCR and 2P during slow-wave sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) EUCR/2P can be elicited in stage II and REM but is preempted by arousal in slow-wave sleep. (2) Tvol for EUCR/2P elicitation is significantly lower in REM, compared with the stage II and "awake" state, suggesting a heightened sensitivity of these reflexes during REM sleep. (3) Although UES pressure progressively declines with deeper stages of sleep, it can still reflexively contract during REM sleep, despite generalized hypotonia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Jasmohan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Shailesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Kulwinder S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.forename: Safwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaradeh
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rittmann
authors.forename: Candy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000502:physiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010528:Peristalsis; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep