title: Perivascular treatment with azathioprine reduces neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug, and it has been shown to induce apoptosis in human T-lymphocytes. We investigated whether local treatment with azathioprine can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6J mice underwent interposition of the inferior vena cava from isogenic donor mice into the common carotid artery using a cuff technique. In the treatment group azathioprine was perivascularly applied. The control group did not receive local treatment. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively and underwent morphometric analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis for apoptosis (TUNEL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In grafted veins without treatment (controls), neointimal thickness was 10 microm (range, 6-29 microm), and 12 microm (range, 8-40 microm) at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively, respectively. In azathioprine-treated grafts, the neointimal thickness was 2 microm (range, 1-5 microm) and 4 microm (range, 3-11 microm) at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively, respectively. This reduction of neointimal thickness was significant at 1 week (P = .001) and 2 weeks (P = .016) postoperatively. Azathioprine-treated vein grafts showed an increased rate of apoptosis in the vascular wall as compared with controls (593 [range, 26-783] versus 45 [range, 0-106] apoptotic cells/mm(2) at 1 week, P = .063; and 656 [range, 327-1270] versus 19 [range, 0-79] apoptotic cells/mm(2) at 2 weeks, P = .016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that treatment of experimental vein grafts with azathioprine is associated with a reduction of neointimal hyperplasia and an increased apoptosis rate in the vascular wall. These results suggest that azathioprine may be useful for the prevention of vein graft disease after coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. Thomas.Schachner@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schachner
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zipponi
authors.forename: Alexandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tzankov
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernecker
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroell
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonatti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D001379:Azathioprine