title: Characterization of flavonoids and pectins from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a major byproduct of essential oil extraction.
abstract: Bergamot peel is an underutilized byproduct of the essential oil and juice-processing industry. As with other Citrus peels, it still contains exploitable components, such as pectins and flavonoids. Commercial glycoside hydrolases, specifically a combination of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, solubilized a high percentage of the material (81.94%). The flavonoid profile of the peel consisted of characteristic Citrus species flavanone rutinosides and neohesperosides derived from naringenin, eriodictyol, and hesperetin. In addition, a number of minor flavanone and flavone glycosides, not found in orange and lemon peels, were identified. The majority of flavonoids were extracted in the two 70% v/v EtOH extractions. Processing this material clearly has economic potential leading to low environmental impact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Messina, Vill. SS. Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandalari
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisignano
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saija
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dugo
authors.forename: Rosario B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lo Curto
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Faulds
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Waldron
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D011564:Furocoumarins / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry*; D010368:Pectins / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D005419:Flavonoids; D011564:Furocoumarins; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010368:Pectins