title: Increased expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products by synovial tissue macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), S100A12, and high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 has been associated with joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to determine the induction of the receptor for these proteins, termed receptor for AGEs (RAGE), in synovial tissue (ST) macrophages from RA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAGE and CD68 expression in ST were determined by 2-color immunofluorescence labeling. Cell surface and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of RAGE were examined by flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD68+ lining macrophages, like the vasculature, expressed high levels of RAGE in inflamed ST from RA patients. RAGE mRNA expression was significantly higher in RA ST than in ST from patients with osteoarthritis. RAGE mRNA levels were significantly higher in ST macrophages and normal endothelial cells than in ST CD4+ T cells and synovial fibroblasts stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Cell surface RAGE was highly induced on normal monocytes after a 24-hour incubation with a 20% concentration of RA ST cell culture supernatants. RAGE mRNA expression in adherent monocytes was augmented by various cytokines, most potently by IL-1beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that RAGE overexpression in lining macrophages may be induced, at least in part, by cytokines such as IL-1, leading to the amplification of inflammatory responses mediated by RAGE ligands that are abundant in RA joints.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunahori
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamana
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takasugi
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic