title: An investigation of nebulized bronchodilator delivery using a pediatric lung model of spontaneous breathing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature lacks comparative data on nebulizer aerosol delivered via mask versus T-piece, to spontaneously breathing pediatric subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare total inhaled drug mass delivered via standard pediatric aerosol mask versus via T-piece, with increasing distance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a sample of 5 nebulizers, operated under manufacturers' conditions, with a standard pediatric aerosol mask and with a T-piece capped at one end, at 0 cm, 1 cm, and 2 cm from an inhalation filter placed at the inlet of a pediatric test lung. Inhaled drug mass was analyzed with spectrophotometry. Aerosol particle size was measured separately from the breathing simulations, using a laser particle sizer to determine fine-particle mass (particles < 4.7 mum) and fine-particle fraction as percent of total mass. The fine-particle fraction was used to estimate the fine-particle mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean + SD values for inhaled drug mass as a percentage of nominal dose, at 0 cm, 1 cm, and 2 cm, with the mask were 2.88 + 0.79%, 1.61 + 0.65%, and 1.3 + 0.42%, respectively, and with the T-piece were 4.14 + 1.37%, 3.77 + 1.04%, and 3.47 + 0.64%, respectively. There was a statistically greater inhaled drug mass with T-piece than with mask, overall (p < 0.01), and a significant decrease with mask or T-piece as distance increased (p < 0.01). The difference between mask and T-piece for inhaled drug mass at 2 cm was statistically significant (p < 0.018). The mean + SD values for fine-particle mass estimated as a percentage of total drug mass at 0, 1, and 2 cm, with the mask were 1.39 + 0.36%, 0.78 + 0.29%, and 0.64 + 0.20%, respectively, and with the T-piece were 2.1 + 0.63%, 1.84 + 0.45%, and 1.71 + 0.27%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled drug mass was greater with T-piece than with a standard pediatric aerosol mask under the conditions studied.
authors.affiliation: Cardiopulmonary Care Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. restrepor@uthscsa.edu.au
authors.forename: Ruben D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gardenhire
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents