title: Left atrial appendage flow velocity as a quantitative surrogate parameter for thromboembolic risk: determinants and relationship to spontaneous echocontrast and thrombus formation--a transesophageal echocardiographic study in 500 patients with cerebral ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemostasis in the left atrial (LA) appendage (LAA) is an important cause in the formation of thrombi. Determination of the LAA flow velocity (LAAV) could be a quantitative parameter for estimating thromboembolic risk. The objective of this study was to: (1) determine the relationship between LAAV and qualitative parameters with elevated thromboembolic risk (thrombus/spontaneous echocontrast [SEC]); and (2) define factors that influence LAAV.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 500 patients with stroke were examined consecutively by transesophageal echocardiography. In addition to measurement of the LAAV, the atrial appendage was examined for the presence of thrombi or SEC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LAAV differed significantly among patients with sinus rhythm (71 +/- 16 cm/s), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and in sinus rhythm during transesophageal echocardiography (46 +/- 13 cm/s), paroxysmal AF and AF during transesophageal echocardiography (32 +/- 12 cm/s), and chronic AF (27 +/- 9 cm/s, P < .001). Independent of the rhythm, the risk of thrombus/SEC increased significantly at an LAAV less than 55 cm/s. At an LAAV 55 cm/s or more there is only a minimal risk of thrombus/SEC (negative predictive value 100% and 99%, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that LAAV is the strongest predictor for the occurrence of thrombus/SEC (P < .0001). Further multivariate analysis showed that left ventricular ejection fraction, LA size, (paroxysmal) AF, age, and sex are independent parameters influencing LAAV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent of the basic rhythm, there is a close relationship between LAAV and qualitative parameters of elevated thromboembolic risk. LAAV could, therefore, be a quantitative surrogate parameter for risk stratification. It is influenced by both cardiac and extracardiac factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. handke@mm31.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Handke
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harloff
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hetzel
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olschewski
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geibel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology