title: Molecular characterization of the duplicated meristem identity genes HvAP1a and HvAP1b in barley.
abstract: The vernalization gene VRN-1 has been identified as a MADS-box transcription factor orthologous to the meristem identity gene APETALA1 (AP1). A single copy of this gene was found in diploid wheat, but 2 copies were reported in barley. In this study, we present a detailed characterization of these 2 copies to understand their respective roles in the vernalization response. We identified 2 groups of barley bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), each containing 1 AP1 copy designated hereafter as HvAP1a and HvAP1b. A physical map of the VRN-H1 region showed that the HvAP1a BACs were part of the VRN-H1 region but that the HvAP1b BACs were not. Numerous structural changes were observed between the barley and wheat VRN-1 physical maps. In a population segregating for VRN-H1, the HvAP1a gene cosegregated with growth habit, suggesting that HvAP1a is the barley vernalization gene VRN-H1. The other copy, HvAP1b, was mapped on the centromeric region of chromosome 1H, the chromosome where vernalization gene VRN-H3 was previously mapped. We developed a mapping population segregating for VRN-H3 and showed that 2 molecular makers flanking HvAP1b locus were not linked to growth habit. The HvAP1b copy has a complete deletion of the first 2 exons, suggesting that it is a truncated pseudogene and not a candidate for VRN-H3. In summary, this study contributed a detailed physical map of the barley VRN-H1 region, showed several structural differences with the orthologous wheat region, and clarified the identity of the barley VRN-H1 gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Liuling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jarislav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Zitzewitz
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubcovsky
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics*; D018519:Meristem / Q000235:genetics*; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins