title: Multiple-electrode radiofrequency ablation: simultaneous production of separate zones of coagulation in an in vivo porcine liver model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A multiple-electrode radiofrequency (RF) system was developed based on switching between electrodes that allows for the simultaneous use of as many as three electrically independent electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine if each multiple-electrode ablation zone is identical to an ablation zone created with conventional single-electrode mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine female domestic pigs (mean weight, 90 kg) were used for this study. A prototype monopolar multiple-electrode RF ablation system was created with use of an RF generator and an electronic switching algorithm. A maximum of three electrodes can be used simultaneously by switching between electrodes at each impedance spike (30 omega greater than baseline levels). A total of 39 zones of ablation were created at open laparotomy in pig livers with use of a conventional single electrode (n = 9), two single electrodes simultaneously (n = 6 ablations; 12 ablation zones), or three single electrodes simultaneously (n = 6 ablations; 18 ablation zones). RF electrodes were spaced in separate lobes of the liver when multiple zones of coagulation were created simultaneously. Animals were euthanized after RF ablation, livers were removed, and ablation zones were sectioned and measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zones of coagulation created simultaneously with two or three electrodes were equivalent to ablation zones created with use of conventional single-electrode ablation. No significant differences were observed among control animals treated with a single electrode, those with two separate zones of ablation created simultaneously, and those with three simultaneously created ablation zones in terms of mean (+/-SD) minimum diameter (1.6 cm +/- 0.6, 1.6 cm +/- 0.5, and 1.7 cm +/- 0.4, respectively), maximum diameter (2.0 cm +/- 0.5, 2.3 cm +/- 0.5, 2.2 cm +/- 0.5, respectively), and volume (6.7 cm3 +/- 3.7, 7.4 cm3 +/- 3.8, and 7.8 cm3 +/- 3.9; P > .30, analysis of variance, pairwise t-test comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rapid-switching multiple-electrode RF system was able to simultaneously create as many as three separate ablation zones of equivalent size compared with single-electrode controls. This system would allow physicians to simultaneously treat multiple tumors, substantially reducing procedure time and anesthesia risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792-3252, USA.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Laeseke
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haemmerich
authors.forename: Chris L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brace
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Tina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Fred T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine