Comparative analysis of chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes unveils complex evolutionary pathway.
The mammalian Y chromosome has unique characteristics compared with the autosomes or X chromosomes. Here we report the finished sequence of the chimpanzee Y chromosome (PTRY), including 271 kb of the Y-specific pseudoautosomal region 1 and 12.7 Mb of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. Greater sequence divergence between the human Y chromosome (HSAY) and PTRY (1.78%) than between their respective whole genomes (1.23%) confirmed the accelerated evolutionary rate of the Y chromosome. Each of the 19 PTRY protein-coding genes analyzed had at least one nonsynonymous substitution, and 11 genes had higher nonsynonymous substitution rates than synonymous ones, suggesting relaxation of selective constraint, positive selection or both. We also identified lineage-specific changes, including deletion of a 200-kb fragment from the pericentromeric region of HSAY, expansion of young Alu families in HSAY and accumulation of young L1 elements and long terminal repeat retrotransposons in PTRY. Reconstruction of the common ancestral Y chromosome reflects the dynamic changes in our genomes in the 5-6 million years since speciation.
Kuroki
Yoko
Y
RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
Toyoda
Atsushi
A
Noguchi
Hideki
H
Taylor
Todd D
TD
Itoh
Takehiko
T
Kim
Dae-Soo
DS
Kim
Dae-Won
DW
Choi
Sang-Haeng
SH
Kim
Il-Chul
IC
Choi
Han Ho
HH
Kim
Yong Sung
YS
Satta
Yoko
Y
Saitou
Naruya
N
Yamada
Tomoyuki
T
Morishita
Shinichi
S
Hattori
Masahira
M
Sakaki
Yoshiyuki
Y
Park
Hong-Seog
HS
Fujiyama
Asao
A
D000818:Animals; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*