title: Near infrared thoracoscopy of tumoral protease activity for improved detection of peripheral lung cancer.
abstract: Improvement in tumor detection using "smart" probes in combination with microcatheter fluorescence thoracoscopy was evaluated in a mouse model. These imaging probes increase in fluorescence intensity after protease activation; cathepsin B is a major activator of the probes used in this study. Lewis lung carcinoma cells were orthotopically implanted in the subpleural lung parenchyma. Two activatable near infrared (NIR) probes with different excitation and emission wavelength were administered intravenously to determine whether wavelength would modulate target to background ratio (TBR). Mice were selectively intubated and thoracoscopy performed. A 0.8 mm outer diameter imaging catheter was used to record simultaneous white-light (anatomic) and NIR (protease expression) images. At both wavelength pairs evaluated (680/700 and 750/780 nm excitation/emission), the intrinsic luminosity differences between tumors and normal lung in uninjected animals was low (p > 0.3 and p = 0.4, respectively and TBR near 1). In mice receiving protease probes IV, tumors were significantly more fluorescent than adjacent lung (p < 0.0005 for 680/700 and p < 0.006 for 750/780) and TBR increased to approximately 9-fold. Confirmatory fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were similar and revealed that normal lung had very low levels when compared to tumors of cathepsin B and probe fluorescence. In conclusion, protease sensitive imaging probes selective for cathepsin B, imaged with NIR microcatheters, significantly increase the TBR, making small peripheral lung tumors more readily apparent. Such an approach may be a useful adjunct in staging or restaging patients with lung cancer to find minimal disease in the pleural and subpleural space.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jose-Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Herlen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alencar
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissleder
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahmood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002401:Cathepsin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D002401:Cathepsin B