title: Shape characteristics of the foot arch: dynamics in the pregnancy period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is data detection and finding some load consequences generated by various mechanical or physiological changes in the interaction of the end segment of the body--the foot--and the environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shape instability of the foot caused by e.g. loading of the foot by long-term frequency loads--walking, by extreme loads--sport, by hormonal changes--pregnancy, by aging, by pathologies, etc. The footprint surface was numerically described in 3D by means of stereo-photo-gram-metrical method--DMR digital relief model. Density of discrete points--250-400 per one print.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed DMR was constructed by means of triangular web including contour picture with the use of Atlas program. The specified generated web is characterized by triangles with a cca 1 mm side in the number of up to 4,500 elements per one footprint model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results enable us to deduce shape characteristics of DMR--the shape of the interactive boundary of the foot--the rest surface, to solve foot arch straining, to solve issues of discomfort and distribution of the pressure at the boundary of the foot--the rest surface, the shoe, etc. The gained findings can be interpreted in the field of prevention, therapy, orthopedics, podology, and enable us to come up with recommendations for the orthopedic practice and industrial use in the footwear production, etc. THE MAIN FINDINGS: The difference between volume reductions of the space under the foot arch characterizes the level of "fall" of the arch. This criterion is independent of the foot size, and is in 3D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shape characteristics of footprints in pregnant women and in the period after childbirth were calculated on the basis of the defined criterion. The results of the group of four women tested in three periods suggest that there is no clear tendency towards the foot arch falling/increasing of the foot arch "fall" during the pregnancy period.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Extreme Loads Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. jelen@ftvs.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jelen
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tetkova
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halounova
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pavelka
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koudelka
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruzicka
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing