title: Neonatal porencephaly and adult stroke related to mutations in collagen IV A1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe leukoencephalopathy, lacunar infarcts, microbleeds and macrobleeds in the context of a collagen IV A1 mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a family with autosomal dominant porencephaly, in whom a defect in collagen IV A1 was detected recently. The patients underwent neurological, ophthalmological, and cardiological examinations and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Electron microscopy of a skin biopsy was performed. Extensive laboratory screening was performed for thrombophilia and increased bleeding tendency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The porencephaly was symptomatic in the infantile period in two patients, whereas it led to only minor neurological dysfunction in their affected mother. However, she experienced development of recurrent strokes in her 40s. In addition to the porencephaly, all patients had a leukoencephalopathy, which was most severe in the mother. Her magnetic resonance imaging results also showed lacunar infarcts, macrobleeds and a multitude of microbleeds. No other risk factors for recurrent stroke were found. Electron microscopy showed interruptions of the basement membrane of skin capillaries and inhomogeneous thickening of the basement membrane with pools of basement membrane fragments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leukoencephalopathy, ischemic infarcts, microbleeds, and macrobleeds are indicative of an underlying microangiopathy, of which the best-known causes are hypertension, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Mutations in collagen IV A1, a major component of the vascular basement membrane, appear to be another risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ms.vanderknaap@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Marjo S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: van der Knaap
authors.forename: Leo M E
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Yolande A L
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Pijnenburg
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zweegman
authors.forename: Hans W M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Niessen
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imhof
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heutink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D046589:CADASIL / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D024141:Collagen Type IV