title: Serum homocysteine concentration of US adults associated with fortified cereal consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated serum total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration is implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A significant food source of B-vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism is ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) in the U.S.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that tHcy concentration is inversely associated with RTEC intake and blood B-vitamin levels in the U.S. general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000). Data were stratified according to age and gender. Men and women > or = 19 y (n = 4,218) were classified as RTEC consumers (RTEC-C; n = 824) and RTEC non-consumers (RTEC-NC; n = 3,394) based on 24-hr dietary recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty nine percent of participants showed folate intake with below the estimated average requirements (EARS). Serum folate and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations were increased with age in both genders, and significantly higher among RTEC-C than RTEC-NC (p < 0.05). Mean tHcy concentration increased with age, and was significantly lower among both men and women RTEC-C than among RTEC-NC. In multivariate linear regression analyses, RTEC consumption strongly predicted serum folate and tHcy concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  tHcy concentrations were significantly lower in RTEC-C among the majority of age/gender groups than in RTEC-NC. RTEC consumption may potentially reduce the risk for CVD, mediated through tHcy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. song@msu.edu
authors.forename: Won O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Chin-Eun
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ock Kyoung
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002523:Edible Grain; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid