title: Role of estrogen deficiency in the formation and progression of cerebral aneurysms. Part II: experimental study of the effects of hormone replacement therapy in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased incidence of cerebral aneurysms in postmenopausal women appears to be related to low levels of circulating estrogen. Using a rat model of aneurysm induction, the authors found that oophorectomy increased the incidence of experimental cerebral aneurysms (Part I in this issue). In the current study they examined the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the formation of cerebral aneurysms in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three equal groups. The animals in Groups A and B were subjected to a cerebral aneurysm induction procedure (renal hypertension and right common carotid artery ligation) followed 1 month later by bilateral oophorectomy. After an additional week the rats in Group A received 17beta estradiol continuous-release pellets. The rats in Group C served as controls. Three months after the aneurysm induction procedure, all the rats were killed and vascular corrosion casts of their cerebral arteries were prepared and checked for aneurysmal changes. Using a scanning electron microscope, the authors recorded aneurysmal changes as endothelial changes alone (Stage I), endothelial changes with intimal pad elevation (Stage II), and saccular aneurysm formation (Stage III). Aneurysmal changes (Stages I, II, and III) occurred in one third of rats that had undergone oophorectomy and were receiving HRT (Group A), compared with 87% of the rats that had undergone oophorectomy but did not receive HRT (Group B). Although most of the aneurysmal changes identified in Group A rats were limited to Stage I or II, most changes in Group B animals were identified as saccular dilation (Stage III).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrated the significant protective role of estrogen against the formation and progression of cerebral aneurysms. It appears to be related to the beneficial effects of estrogen on the function and growth of endothelial cells, which play a major role in preserving the integrity of the vascular wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jamous
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagahiro
authors.forename: Keiko T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kitazato
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwayama
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common; D018450:Disease Progression; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008026:Ligation; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012077:Renal Artery
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol