title: Laparoscopic surgery may be associated with severe pain and high analgesia requirements in the immediate postoperative period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the immediate (0-4 hours) postoperative pain level in patients after laparoscopy and laparotomy whose analgesic requirement in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) exceeds standard morphine therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical observation has raised the suspicion that laparoscopic surgery may be associated with more intense immediate postoperative pain than expected.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study assessed the 24-hour pain intensity and analgesia requirements in patients who underwent similar abdominal surgery via laparoscopy or laparotomy under standardized general anesthesia and whose pain in the PACU was resistant to 120 microg/kg intravenous morphine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 145 sampled PACU patients, 67 were in pain (> or =6 of 10 VAS) within a 30-minute postoperative period. They were then given up to 4 intravenous boluses of 15 microg/kg morphine + 250 microg/kg ketamine. The pain VAS of 36 laparotomy patients was 4.14 +/- 2.14 (SD) and 1.39 +/- 0.55 at 10 and 120 minutes, respectively, after 1.33 +/- 0.59 doses of morphine + ketamine; the pain VAS of 31 laparoscopy patient was 6.06 +/- 1.75 and 2.81 +/- 1.14, respectively (P < 0.0005) following 2.0 +/- 0.53 doses (P = 0.0005). Diclofenac 75 mg intramuscular usage was similar (P = 0.43) between the groups up to 9 hours after surgery but was higher in the laparotomy group by 24 hours (P = 0.01). Pain scores at 24 hours after surgery were lower for the laparoscopy patients (3.01 +/- 0.87) compared with their laparotomy counterparts (4.45 +/- 0.98, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients after abdominal surgery with severe immediate (0-4 hours) postoperative pain, laparoscopic patients are a significant (46%) proportion, and their pain is more intense, requiring more analgesics than painful patients (54%) do after laparotomy. By 24 hours, the former are in less pain than the latter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Perla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ekstein
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szold
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sagie
authors.forename: Nachum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Werbin
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: Avi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Weinbroum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine