title: Evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for cholera: does the skill level of the technician matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate SMART, Medicos Dip Stick and an Institut Pasteur (IP) cholera dipstick tests for accuracy and ease of use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Every 50th patient presenting with diarrhoea at ICDDR,B between 1 April 2003 and 30 November 2003 was enrolled. The rapid diagnostic tests were performed by field and laboratory technicians, and sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We isolated Vibrio cholerae O1 from 116 (38%) of 304 patients. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the SMART test were 58%, 95%, 84% and 84% for field technicians, and 83%, 88%, 83% and 88% for laboratory technicians. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the IP dipstick test were 93%, 67%, 63% and 94% for field technicians, and 94%, 76%, 70% and 95% for laboratory technicians. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the Medicos test were 84%, 79%, 71% and 90% for field technicians, and 88%, 80%, 72% and 92% for laboratory technicians. A high proportion of indeterminates (30%) hampered the performance of the SMART test. The IP dipstick had the highest Se, irrespective of technician skill level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IP dipstick is the most appropriate rapid diagnostic assay for the detection of V. cholerae O1 in locations where the skill level of personnel may be low, such as remote areas or refugee camp settings. High cost may limit the utility of any diagnostic test in the developing world.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. pkram@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Pavani
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalluri
authors.forename: Aliya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naheed
authors.forename: Saifur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ansaruzzaman
authors.forename: Abu Syed Golam
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Faruque
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Fatema
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khatun
authors.forename: Nurul Amin
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.forename: Farida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nato
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Breiman
authors.forename: Gopinath Balakrish
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Mintz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial