title: Depolarization-induced slow Ca2+ transients stimulate transcription of IL-6 gene in skeletal muscle cells.
abstract: Contracting skeletal muscle produces and releases interleukin-6 (IL-6) in high amounts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying IL-6 expression are not understood. Because inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-mediated slow Ca(2+) signals evoked by depolarization of skeletal myotubes appears to play a role in the regulation of gene expression, we examined its involvement on IL-6 transcription. With the use of semiquantitative RT-PCR, we have shown that K(+) depolarization of myotubes induces a transient increase in IL-6 mRNA level, which peaks at 3-4 h and is independent of extracellular Ca(2+). Inhibitors of IP(3)-dependent Ca(2+) signals, like 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and U-73122, decreased activation of IL-6 gene expression as did Ca(2+) signals inhibitor BAPTA-AM, whereas ryanodine, a fast Ca(2+) transient inhibitor, had no effect on IL-6 induction. Depolarization of myotubes transiently transfected with a reporter gene construct, containing 651 bp of IL-6 promoter, induced a twofold increase in promoter activity, which was abolished by either 2-APB or U-73122 and remained unaffected after ryanodine treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis of parental construct allowed us to identify activator protein-1 and NF-kappaB sequences as regulatory elements involved in IL-6 upregulation. Our results provide evidence for involvement of IP(3)-mediated Ca(2+) signals on IL-6 transcription in skeletal muscle cells.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70086 Santiago-7, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Nevenka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juretić
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-Huidobro
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Iturrieta
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaimovich
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riveros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6