title: Nitric oxide induced by ketamine/xylazine anesthesia maintains hepatic blood flow during hypothermia.
abstract: Among the anesthetics influencing the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, ketamine is widely reported in the literature. We researched the variations in blood physiological parameters following ketamine/xylazine- or pentobarbital-induced anesthesia, with particular emphasis on plasmatic NO levels and oxidative stress-related factors. The effects of ketamine on hepatic blood flow during deep hypothermia were also examined. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with ketamine/xylazine or with sodium pentobarbital. Animals underwent serial blood extraction to analyze acid-base balance and lactate levels in blood, as well as NO, MDA, SH groups, and AST levels in plasma samples. We demonstrated that ketamine leads to increased plasmatic NO levels, induces metabolic acidosis, and causes oxidative damage, though without reaching hepatic toxicity. When experimental hypothermia was induced, ketamine affected hepatic blood flow. Based on these results, we suggest that studies on physiological processes involving NO should exercise caution if anesthesia is induced by ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Department de Fisiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palomeque
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carbonell
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000138:Acidosis / Q000378:metabolism; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014991:Xylazine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007649:Ketamine; D010424:Pentobarbital