title: Depression in African Americans: breaking barriers to detection and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies in primary care settings indicate that African Americans face health disparities in the treatment of major depression. We reviewed the literature to find evidence of specific patient, physician, and practice-setting factors related to such barriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for and retrieved articles in Medline (1966-2004) and hand-checked bibliographies to find additional articles that were relevant to the evaluation and treatment of African Americans with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two investigators (AKD, MO) independently examined the abstracts retrieved from the literature search, and excluded articles that did not match a predefined search strategy. Two other investigators (HLC, MMW) identified potential articles through bibliographic review. In the extracted set articles, we examined cited barriers to diagnosis and effective management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 24 articles that fulfilled our criteria. These studies indicate that African Americans face a number of barriers in the recognition and treatment of major depression including clinical presentation with somatization, stigma about diagnosis, competing clinical demands of comorbid general medical problems, problems with the physician-patient relationship, and lack of comprehensive primary care services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research indicates that African Americans who have depression may be frequently under diagnosed and inadequately managed in primary care as a result of patient, physician, and treatment-setting factors. Our systematic review can assist family physicians in understanding how to overcome such barriers to the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders in African American patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Amar K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olfson
authors.forename: Henry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McCurtis
authors.forename: Myrna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weissman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care