title: Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a complex phenotype resulting from underlying kidney diseases of different etiologies as well as from environmental and genetic factors. The responsible genes influencing the development and rate of progression to ESRD have yet to be defined. We examined an association of the three renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms with renal disease and progression to ESRD in dialyzed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotyping was performed in 745 ESRD patients and 520 control subjects for the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D, angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C gene polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction and gel analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allele and genotype frequencies of the ACE polymorphism did not differ significantly between ESRD patients and controls. The patient group showed an increased frequency of the T allele of the AGT polymorphism (P = 0.02) and the C allele and CC genotype of the AT1R polymorphism (P<0.01). There was an association of the AT1R gene polymorphism with the progression of renal disease to end-stage failure. The time from diagnosis to the onset of ESRD was significantly shorter in patients carrying the C allele than in subjects with the homozygous AA genotype (4.7 years vs 12.6 years, P<0.001). The observed effect was not associated with hypertension in studied subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study demonstrate the association between the AT1R A/C polymorphism and renal disease progression. The CC/AC genotype of this polymorphism might serve as a predictor for early ESRD and might be useful in planning therapeutic strategies for individual patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Multifactorial Diseases, Department of Nephrology, University Medical School, Dr K. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland. monika.buraczynska@am.lublin.pl
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buraczynska
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ksiazek
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drop
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zaluska
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spasiewicz
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ksiazek
mesh_terms: D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A