title: Determination of acaricide residues in saudi arabian honey and beeswax using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography.
abstract: Determination of acaricide residues of flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, coumaphos, and amitraz in honey and beeswax was carried out using a rapid extraction method utilizing C-18 SPE cartridges and an analytical method utilizing GC with ECD, NPD, and MSD detectors for the four acaricides. Recovery percentages from the extraction method ranged from 90-102%, while the minimum detection levels ranged from 0.01-0.05 mg/kg for the acaricides. Nine of the 21 analyzed samples were found to be contaminated with the acaricides tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos. Neither flumethrin nor amitraz was detected in any of the honey or wax samples. Coumaphos was found only in honey samples in which two samples exceeded the tolerance levels set by EPA and EC regulations. It has not been detected in beeswax. Five honey samples and eight beeswax samples were found to be contaminated with tau-fluvalinate. One of the wax samples was contaminated with a relatively high residue of tau-fluvalinate and contained above 10 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Analytical Chemistry Branch, Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Fort Meade, Maryland 20755, USA. kamel.alaa@epa.gov
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ghamdi
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D003372:Coumaphos / Q000032:analysis; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014052:Toluidines / Q000032:analysis; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014052:Toluidines; D014885:Waxes; C041392:flumethrin; C038228:beeswax; C014983:amitraz; C034227:fluvalinate; D003372:Coumaphos