title: Chronic fetal hypoxia increases activin A concentrations in the late-pregnant sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether activin A concentrations are altered in chronic fetal hypoxemia and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo animal experimental model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Physiology, Monash University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronically catherised fetal sheep in late pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic fetal hypoxia and IUGR were experimentally induced by single umbilical artery ligation (SUAL) in catheterised fetal sheep. Maternal and fetal blood samples and amniotic fluid (AF) samples were collected during surgery and thereafter on alternate days, until the time of delivery for analyte measurement. Fetal blood gas parameters were measured daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and AF was used to analyse activin A, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cortisol and fetal blood gas analysis was undertaken in whole blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SUAL produced asymmetric IUGR and non-acidaemic chronic fetal hypoxia and resulted in preterm labour (129 [3] days). AF activin A concentrations were 10-fold higher in the SUAL group than in controls whereas levels in the fetal and maternal circulations were similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SUAL-induced IUGR and fetal hypoxaemia increases AF activin A. This may be an important adaptive or protective response to IUGR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Supramaniam
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenkin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loose
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000097:blood*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000378:metabolism; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000097:blood*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits / Q000097:blood*; D008026:Ligation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014469:Umbilical Arteries
chemical_list: C422405:activin A; D028341:Activins; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits; D015232:Dinoprostone; D006854:Hydrocortisone