title: Awareness and behavioral problems in dementia patients: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of studies of the association between awareness and clinical correlates in patients with dementia are inconclusive. The aims of this study were to investigate whether awareness changed during the course of dementia and to determine whether awareness was associated with certain behavioral symptoms. Specifically, it was hypothesized that relatively intact awareness was related to affective disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-nine patients with dementia were included in a prospective 18-month follow-up study. Behavioral problems were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Awareness was assessed by means of the Guidelines for the Rating of Awareness Deficits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectional analyses showed awareness to be positively associated with age, gender, education and socioeconomic status, and negatively associated with psychosis, apathy, and overall behavioral disorders at baseline. After 1 year, a higher level of awareness was related to depression and anxiety. The level of awareness at baseline also predicted depression and anxiety after 1 year. Awareness decreased during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher level of awareness is associated with subsyndromal depression and anxiety, whereas lack of awareness is associated with psychosis and apathy. The level of awareness decreases as dementia progresses. Clinicians should be more alert to changes in awareness in patients with dementia because psychosocial support might help to prevent the development of affective symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Brain and Behavior Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands. paalten@np.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aalten
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Valen
authors.forename: Marjolein E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Vugt
authors.forename: Richel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lousberg
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolles
authors.forename: Frans R J
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies