title: NSAID-analgesia, pain control and morbidity in cardiothoracic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While narcotics remain the backbone of perioperative analgesia, the adjunctive role of other analgesics, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is being recognized increasingly. This meta-analysis sought to determine whether adjunctive NSAIDs improve postoperative analgesia and reduce cumulative narcotic requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search was undertaken to identify all randomized trials, in cardiothoracic patients, of NSAIDs plus narcotics vs narcotics without NSAIDs. Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and abstract databases were searched up to September 2005. The primary outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. Secondary outcomes included 24-hr cumulative morphine-equivalents, rescue medications required, mortality, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, renal failure, hospital readmissions, and in-hospital costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty randomized trials involving 1,065 patients were included. A significant reduction in 24-hr VAS pain score was found in patients receiving NSAIDs [weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.91 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.48 to -0.34 points]. In addition, patients required significantly less morphine-equivalents in the first 24 hr (WMD -7.67 mg, 95% CI -8.97 to -6.38 mg). No significant difference was found with respect to mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.19, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.22], myocardial infarction (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.09 to 5.71), renal dysfunction (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.46), or gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.13 to 7.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients less than 70 yr of age undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, the adjunctive use of NSAIDs with narcotic analgesia reduces 24-hr VAS pain score and narcotic requirements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, University Hospital, Main Building, Room C3-172, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bainbridge
authors.forename: Davy C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novick
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal