title: Benzene exposure on a crude oil production vessel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to describe the personal exposure to benzene on a typical crude oil production vessel and to identify factors influencing the exposure level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included process operators, deck workers, mechanics and contractors on a production vessel in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The personal exposure to benzene during ordinary activity, during a short shutdown and during tank work was monitored using organic vapour passive dosimeter badges (3M 3500). Information on the tasks performed on the day of sampling was recorded. Exposure was assessed by grouping the measurements according to job category, mode of operation and the tasks performed on the sampling day. Univariate analysis of variance was used to test the differences between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two workers participated in the exposure assessment, comprising a total of 139 measurements. The arithmetic and geometric mean of benzene exposure for all measurements was 0.43 and 0.02 p.p.m., respectively. Twenty-five measurements (18%) were below the limit of detection (0.001 p.p.m.), while ten samples (7%) exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 0.6 p.p.m. The geometric mean exposure was 0.004 p.p.m. (95% CI 0.003-0.006) during ordinary activity, 0.01 p.p.m. (95% CI 0.005-0.02) during shutdown and 0.28 p.p.m. (95% CI 0.16-0.49) during tank work. Workers performing annual cleaning and maintenance of tanks containing crude oil or residues of crude oil had higher levels of exposure than workers performing other tasks, including work near open hydrocarbon-transport systems (all P < 0.001). However, because of the mandatory use of respirators, the actual personal benzene exposure was lower. The job categories explained only 5% of the variance in exposure, whereas grouping by mode of operation explained 54% of the variance and grouping by task 68%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that, although benzene exposure during ordinary and high activity seems to be low in the processing area on the production vessel, cleaning of tanks and performing maintenance work in a cleaned tank have a potential for high exposure.
authors.affiliation: Section for Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018 Bergen, Norway. Jorunn.Kirkeleit@isf.uib.no
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirkeleit
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riise
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bråtveit
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Moen
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009659:North Sea; D009664:Norway; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009790:Occupations; D010578:Petroleum; D012767:Ships
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D010578:Petroleum; D001554:Benzene