title: What do patients consider when making decisions about treatment for hepatitis C?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are few data describing decision-making in chronic hepatitis C infection from the patient's perspective. In this study, we sought to investigate the factors that influence patients' decisions as they consider treatment for hepatitis C infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients attending outpatient liver clinics were recruited. Purposeful sampling was employed to include patients who were currently being treated or had recently been treated for chronic hepatitis C infection with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin as well as patients who had refused therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted focus groups until thematic saturation was reached. All focus groups were facilitated by the same PhD-level senior research scientist, and constant comparative methods were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 40 patients (80% male) participated in 8 focus groups. The factors influencing patients' decision-making that emerged most frequently during the focus groups were consideration of risk benefit tradeoffs, protected values, heuristics, participants' conceptualization of hepatitis C infection, social issues, and physicians' recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ideally, complex decision-making is based on careful consideration of the tradeoffs related to available options. Our findings suggest that patients' treatment decisions are influenced by multiple factors besides the risks and benefits of interferon and ribavirin. By being aware of these factors physicians can improve decision-making in hepatitis C infection by 1) determining whether patients' decisions are biased by heuristics or protect values, 2) understanding how patients' conceptualization of their illness influences their attitudes toward therapy, and by 3) ensuring that patients understand that social responsibilities need not necessarily preclude treatment because therapy can be discontinued if adverse effects become intolerable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn, USA. liana.fraenkel@yale.edu
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fraenkel
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGraw
authors.forename: Suchat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wongcharatrawee
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia-Tsao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D016312:Treatment Refusal
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012254:Ribavirin; C100416:peginterferon alfa-2a