title: Preparation of bupleurum nasal spray and evaluation on its safety and efficacy.
abstract: Radix Bupleuri is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of fever, pain, and inflammation associated with influenza or the common cold. The essential oil extracted from the herb is generally claimed to play the major role in the efficacious treatment of fever. The purpose of the present study was to formulate an intranasal delivery system for the essential oil in an aqueous solution used in the form of nasal spray. From 450 g Radix Bupleuri was extracted the essential oil in the amount of about 0.2 ml, which was slightly water-soluble and viscous with low-fluidity. In order to dissolve the essential oil evenly in the aqueous solution, tween-80 (TW-80, used in 10% (w/v) solution), propylene glycol (PG) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (TC) were selected as the favorable solubilizing agents, whose amount was respectively determined by L16(4(5)) orthogonal design. An aqueous solution with clarity and no ciliotoxicity was prepared when TW-80 8% (v/v), PG 14.4% (v/v) and TC 14.4% (v/v) were added. Employed to evaluate the acute toxicity, the rats grew well and were kept active and healthy within 14 d after an intranasal administration of this preparation at the dose of oil from 10 g Bupleuri/kg (50-fold higher than the clinical dose), indicating that there would be no serious toxicity at the normal dose. Intranasal administration of this preparation to 2 kg rabbits with fever induced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine decreased body temperature markedly (0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 degrees C respectively at the dose of oil from 1, 2 and 4 g Bupleuri/body). In addition, the administration significantly reduced fever in 200 g rats induced by intramuscular injection of colicine suspension (0.6 degrees C at the dose of oil from 0.8 g Bupleuri/body). The results suggest that the formulation of nasal spray for the essential oil from Radix Bupleuri can be potentially effective in the treatment of fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Yueling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shilei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xinguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Wenlu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000336:Aerosols; D000465:Algorithms; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D029972:Bupleurum / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005079:Excipients; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011749:Pyrogens; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents; D014425:Turpentine
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D005079:Excipients; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D011749:Pyrogens; D012997:Solvents; D014425:Turpentine