title: A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors, including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects (e.g. fatigue, nausea), and improving overall well-being and quality of life. The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible participants (per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X) were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n=20) or control group (n=18). All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessments immediately before and after the yoga program, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The yoga program participants (M age=51.18 (10.33); 92% female) included primarily breast cancer survivors, on average 55.95 (54.39) months post-diagnosis. Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial (i.e. global quality of life, emotional function, and diarrhea) variables (all p's <0.05). There were also trends for group differences, in the hypothesized directions, for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability, gastrointestinal symptoms, cognitive disorganization, mood disturbance, tension, depression, and confusion (all p's <0.10). Finally, there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors. Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants (e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses, male subjects), a larger sample size, and a longer program duration in an RCT.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. nculosre@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: S Nicole
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Culos-Reed
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Daroux
authors.forename: Susi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hately-Aldous
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D015013:Yoga