title: Initial experience with fenoldopam after cardiac surgery in neonates with an insufficient response to conventional diuretics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist, causes systemic vasodilation and increased renal blood flow and tubular sodium excretion. We hypothesized that urine output would improve when fenoldopam was added to conventional diuretic therapy after neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using a time-series design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  All neonates who received fenoldopam to promote diuresis after cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass from February 2002 through December 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fenoldopam infusion for inadequate urine output despite conventional diuretics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographics, diagnostic information, and surgical procedures were recorded. Urine output, fluid balance, inotrope scores, diuretic doses, and other clinical variables that may influence diuresis were recorded for the 24-hr period immediately preceding fenoldopam initiation and during the initial 24 hrs of drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 neonates received fenoldopam to promote diuresis after the modified Norwood (n = 14), arterial switch (n = 4), or other operations (n = 7). Heart rate, conventional diuretic dosing, and fluid intake were similar during the 24-hr periods of conventional therapy and fenoldopam use (p = not significant for all), whereas inotrope scores decreased during the study (p = .021). There was a small but statistically significant increase in blood pressure during the 48-hr study period. Median urine output was 3.6 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1) (range, 0.2-7.2 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1)) during the 24-hr period of conventional therapy and 5.8 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1) (range, 1.6-11.7 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1)) during the initial 24 hrs of fenoldopam administration (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, p = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fenoldopam may improve urine output in neonates who are failing to achieve an adequate negative fluid balance despite conventional diuretic therapy after cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. This study is limited by its retrospective design and the possibility that urine output improved spontaneously during the treatment period. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial will be required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Intensive Care, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Ravi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dionne
authors.forename: Catherine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burmester
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004231:Diuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D018818:Fenoldopam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D018818:Fenoldopam