title: World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants.
abstract: These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides (excluding vaccines and other bio-control agents) against single and multi-host ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. The use of pen facilities is advocated for dose determination and confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. A minimum of two studies per tick species for which claims are sought is recommended for each dose determination and dose confirmation investigation. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate greater than 95% efficacy the sponsor may proceed to field studies, where a minimum of two studies per geographical location is preferred to confirm the therapeutic and persistent efficacy under field conditions. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate less than 95% efficacy then longer-term field studies can be conducted over two tick seasons with a minimum of two studies per geographical location. These studies can incorporate other control methods such as tick vaccines, to demonstrate stable long-term tick management. Specific advice is also given on conducting studies with paralysis ticks. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new acaricides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.
authors.affiliation: Avcare Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia. peter.holdsworth@avcare.org.au
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Bruin
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Letonja
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehbein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vercruysse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D007306:Insecticides / Q000592:standards*; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D012418:Ruminants / Q000469:parasitology*; D013983:Tick Control / Q000592:standards; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides