title: Comparative genomic and expression analysis of the conserved NTPDase gene family in Xenopus.
abstract: The purines, ATP and adenosine, are important signaling molecules in the nervous system. ATP is sequentially degraded to adenosine by the ectonucleotidase proteins. The NTPDase (or CD39) family is a subfamily of these enzymes, which consists of nine members in mammals. In Xenopus embryos, we have shown that ATP, and its antagonist adenosine, regulate the rundown of swimming and we therefore proposed that ectonucleotidase proteins are key regulators of locomotor activity. Here, we report the cloning of all nine members of the NTPDase family in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that this family is highly conserved between the frog species and also during vertebrate evolution. In the adult frog, NTPDase genes are broadly expressed. During development, all NTPDase genes, except for NTPDase8, are expressed and display a distinct specific expression pattern, suggesting potentially different functions of these proteins during embryogenesis of X. laevis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Massé
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eason
authors.forename: Surinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhamra
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics*; D001081:Apyrase / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013997:Time Factors; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007527:Isoenzymes; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D001081:Apyrase; C067869:CD39 antigen