title: Robotic surgery training and performance: identifying objective variables for quantifying the extent of proficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To understand the process of skill acquisition in robotic surgery and to allow useful real-time feedback to surgeons and trainees in future generations of robotic surgical systems, robotic surgical skills should be determined with objective variables. The aim of this study was to assess skill acquisition through a training protocol, and to identify variables for the quantification of proficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven novice users of the da Vinci Surgical System engaged in 4 weeks of training that involved practicing three bimanual tasks with the system. Seven variables were determined for assessing speed of performance, bimanual coordination, and muscular activation. These values were compared before and after training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements were observed through training in five variables. Bimanual coordination showed differences between the surgical tasks used, whereas muscular activation patterns showed better muscle use through training. The subjects also performed the surgical tasks considerably faster within the first two to three training sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study objectively demonstrated that the novice users could learn to perform surgical tasks faster and with more consistency, better bimanual dexterity, and better muscular activity utilization. The variables examined showed great promise as objective indicators of proficiency and skill acquisition in robotic surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narazaki
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oleynikov
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stergiou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004501:Education, Medical; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D012371:Robotics; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors