title: Prostaglandin E2 stimulates angiogenesis by activating the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
abstract: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a major product of cyclooxygenase, has been implicated in modulating angiogenesis, vascular function, and inflammatory processes, but the underlying mechanism is not clearly elucidated. We here investigated the molecular mechanism by which PGE2 regulates angiogenesis. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with PGE2 increased angiogenesis. PGE2 increased phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), eNOS activity, and nitric oxide (NO) production by the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Dibutyryl cAMP (DB-cAMP) mimicked the role of PGE2 in angiogenesis and the signaling pathway, suggesting that cAMP is a down-stream mediator of PGE2. Furthermore, PGE2 increased endothelial cell sprouting from normal murine aortic segments, but not from eNOS-deficient ones, on Matrigel. The angiogenic effects of PGE2 were inhibited by the inhibitors of PKA, PI3K, eNOS, and soluble guanylate cyclase, but not by phospholipase C inhibitor. These results clearly show that PGE2 increased angiogenesis by activating the NO/cGMP signaling pathway through PKA/PI3K/Akt-dependent increase in eNOS activity.
authors.affiliation: Vascular System Research Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namkoong
authors.forename: Seon Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chun Ki
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hun Taeg
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hansoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeong A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Kwon Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Young Guen
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Young Myeong
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D015232:Dinoprostone