title: The astroglial-derived S100beta protein stimulates the expression of nitric oxide synthase in rodent macrophages through p38 MAP kinase activation.
abstract: S100beta is an astroglial-derived Ca2+ -binding protein having neurotrophic role on neurons and glial cells. An aberrant S100beta production has been observed in neurodegenerative disease, as Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. S100beta is responsible to start up a gliotic reaction by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines from microglia and astrocytes, which are, in turn, deleterious for neurons. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory effect of S100beta seems not be restricted into the brain. Macrophages play a pivotal role in inflammatory diseases, occurring both in the brain and in the periphery. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that S100beta may affect macrophage functions, amplifying thus the inflammatory process. Our results demonstrate that S100beta stimulates both NO production and iNOS protein transcription and expression in J774 and rat peritoneal macrophages. NO production was concentration and time-dependently inhibited by two iNOS inhibitors, L-NAME and SMT. We also demonstrated that S100beta induced oxidative stress by increasing H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation of cell membrane in both macrophage types. The pro-oxidant potential of S100beta activates p38 MAP kinase (MAPK), which has been described to directly activate NF-kappaB. In our study, SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, and two NF-kappaB inhibitors, TLCK and BAY 11-7082, decreased both NO production and iNOS protein transcription and expression in S100beta-stimulated J774 and peritoneal rat macrophages. Moreover, additional studies demonstrated that S100beta affected also TNF-alpha protein expression in J774 macrophages. In conclusion, our results highlight the potential role of S100beta during an inflammatory scenario identifying macrophages as a novel S100beta-responsive cell-type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Filippis
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cirillo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarnelli
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iuvone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal; D051379:Mice; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D007550:Isothiuronium; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C027744:S-methylisothiopseudouronium; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester