title: Circulating cytokines, chemokines, and stress hormones are increased in patients with organ dysfunction following liver resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Humoral mediators are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of postoperative complications following surgery. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the postoperative responses of circulating cytokines, chemokines, and stress hormones following liver resection, and their effects on postoperative infectious complications and organ dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perioperative plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-4, IL-8, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, cortisol, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and leptin were measured by immunoassays in 128 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients had postoperative infection and 11 had infection-related organ dysfunction. Plasma levels of all mediators except for IL-4 increased postoperatively. Postoperative levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, MCP-1, cortisol, and leptin were significantly higher in patients with organ dysfunction than in those without organ dysfunction (P < 0.05). However, postoperative MIF levels were not affected by postoperative infection or organ dysfunction. Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1 were positively correlated with operation time (P < 0.0001) or blood loss (P < 0.0001), and higher in patients with jaundiced liver (P < 0.05). In univariate logistic regression analyses, elevated IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1, advanced age, large volume of blood loss, long operation time, long hepatic ischemia time, and major liver resection were significantly correlated with postoperative infection (P < 0.05). In multivariate analyses, IL-6 and IL-10 were significant predisposing factors for postoperative infection (P < 0.05), and blood loss and IL-6 for organ dysfunction (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, MCP-1, cortisol, and leptin are released after liver resection in response to surgical stress and correlated with postoperative infection and organ dysfunction, and that of these circulating mediators, IL-6 and IL-10, have a close relationship to the complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chiba, Japan. kimura-f@faculty.chiba-u.jp
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshidome
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshitomi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambiru
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007239:Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D020738:Leptin; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D006854:Hydrocortisone