title: Daily monitoring of nucleated red blood cells in the blood of surgical intensive care patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In intensive care patients the appearance of nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) in blood is associated with a variety of severe diseases. Generally, when NRBCs are detected in the patients' blood the prognosis is poor.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study the detection of NRBCs was used for a day-to-day monitoring of 284 surgical intensive care patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NRBCs were found at least once in 32.0% of all patients. The mortality of NRBC-positive patients was 44.0% (40/91); this was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the mortality of NRBC-negative patients (4.2%, 8/193). With regard to intensive care mortality, NRBCs in blood showed sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 78.9%, respectively. The area under curve (C-statistic) was 0.86. Mortality increased with increasing NRBC concentration. All patients with more than 2000 NRBCs/microl died. Moreover, mortality increased with increasing frequency of occurrence. When after first detection of NRBCs in blood, during the further course of intensive care treatment the NRBCs have disappeared from the circulation, the mortality again decreased to values of NRBC-negative patients. The detection of NRBCs is associated with an increased mortality rate, the odds ratio after adjustment for other laboratory prognostic indicators being 1.8 (P<0.001) for each increase in the NRBC category (1-40/microl; 41-80/microl; 81-240/microl, >240/microl). NRBCs were detected for the first time, on average, 9 days (median 5 days) before death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The routine analysis of NRBC in blood is of potential prognostic power with regard to mortality of critically ill patients. Therefore, this parameter could possibly serve as a daily indicator of patients at high mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stachon
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holland-Letz
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krieg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors