title: First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac arrests in adults are often due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), which are associated with better outcomes than asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Cardiac arrests in children are typically asystole or PEA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that children have relatively fewer in-hospital cardiac arrests associated with VF or pulseless VT compared with adults and, therefore, worse survival outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study from a multicenter registry (National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) of cardiac arrests in 253 US and Canadian hospitals between January 1, 2000, and March 30, 2004. A total of 36,902 adults (> or =18 years) and 880 children (<18 years) with pulseless cardiac arrests requiring chest compressions, defibrillation, or both were assessed. Cardiac arrests occurring in the delivery department, neonatal intensive care unit, and in the out-of-hospital setting were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival to hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of survival to hospital discharge following pulseless cardiac arrest was higher in children than adults (27% [236/880] vs 18% [6485/36,902]; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.95-2.68). Of these survivors, 65% (154/236) of children and 73% (4737/6485) of adults had good neurological outcome. The prevalence of VF or pulseless VT as the first documented pulseless rhythm was 14% (120/880) in children and 23% (8361/36,902) in adults (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.65; P<.001). The prevalence of asystole was 40% (350) in children and 35% (13 024) in adults (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.40; P = .006), whereas the prevalence of PEA was 24% (213) in children and 32% (11,963) in adults (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57-0.78; P<.001). After adjustment for differences in preexisting conditions, interventions in place at time of arrest, witnessed and/or monitored status, time to defibrillation of VF or pulseless VT, intensive care unit location of arrest, and duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, only first documented pulseless arrest rhythm remained significantly associated with differential survival to discharge (24% [135/563] in children vs 11% [2719/24,987] in adults with asystole and PEA; adjusted OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 2.23-3.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this multicenter registry of in-hospital cardiac arrest, the first documented pulseless arrest rhythm was typically asystole or PEA in both children and adults. Because of better survival after asystole and PEA, children had better outcomes than adults despite fewer cardiac arrests due to VF or pulseless VT.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-4399, USA. nadkarni@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Gregory Luke
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peberdy
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lane-Truitt
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ornato
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology