title: Diabetes-enhanced inflammation and apoptosis--impact on periodontal pathology.
abstract: Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a looming health issue with many ramifications. Because diabetes alters the cellular microenvironment in many different types of tissues, it causes myriad untoward effects, collectively referred to as 'diabetic complications'. Two cellular processes affected by diabetes are inflammation and apoptosis. This review discusses how diabetes-enhanced inflammation and apoptosis may affect the oral environment. In particular, dysregulation of tumor necrosis factor and the formation of advanced glycation products, both of which occur at higher levels in diabetic humans and animal models, potentiate inflammatory responses and induce apoptosis of matrix-producing cells. The enhanced loss of fibroblasts and osteoblasts through apoptosis in diabetics could contribute to limited repair of injured tissue, particularly when combined with other known deficits in diabetic wound-healing. These findings may shed light on diabetes-enhanced risk of periodontal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, W-202 D, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. dgraves@bu.edu
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alikhani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Mashat
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Trackman
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha