title: The effect of carbamide peroxide treatment on metal ion release from dental amalgam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is concern that hydrogen peroxide generated by tooth bleaching agents may cause enhanced metal ion release (including mercury) from dental amalgam following contact. The aim of this in vitro study was therefore to investigate the effect of a carbamide peroxide (CP) based tooth bleaching gel on metal ion release from dental amalgam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental amalgam discs were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. These were treated with either a 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel or a 0% CP gel for 24h. Discs were carefully wiped with cotton wool before immersion in distilled water (20 ml) for 24h at 37 degrees C. Following immersion, water samples were taken for metal ion release determination (Ag, Cu, Hg and Sn) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods. The specimens were further evaluated for surface changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Talysurf surface roughness measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The differences in concentration of metal ions released after treatment with the 10% CP gel and a placebo gel treatment were not statistically significant (p>0.05). For example, mercury release following treatment with the 10% CP gel and the 0% CP gel was found to be 1.17(0.5) and 0.57(0.1)microgcm(-2), respectively. Roughness measurements for samples treated with the 10% CP gel and 0% CP gel were 2.23(0.47) and 1.74(0.16)microm, respectively, again showing no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). SEM images of the amalgam surfaces showed no apparent differences between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with a 10% CP gel did not significantly enhance subsequent metal ion release from dental amalgams compared to a control gel, contradicting previously published studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, Department of Adult Dental Care, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, UK. s.k.al-salehi@sheffield.ac.uk <s.k.al-salehi@sheffield.ac.uk>
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Al-Salehi
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Hatton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mcleod
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joiner
mesh_terms: D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014073:Tooth Bleaching; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; C031360:Sybraloy; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D014508:Urea