title: Potentially protective factors associated with healthful body mass index in adolescents with obese and nonobese parents: a secondary data analysis of the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors potentially protective against obesity in 12- to 16-year-olds with one or two obese parents, and those with no obese parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of healthful weight, at-risk, or overweight adolescents with measured heights and weights (n=1,890). Subsamples with any obese parent (body mass index > or =30) and no obese parents (both with body mass index <25) were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bivariate analyses examined the association of predictor variables (demographics, nutrient intake, and physical activity) on the outcome. Logistic regressions examined the likelihood of being healthful weight. SUDAAN software (release 7.5, 1997, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) was used to account for the sample design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 71% of subjects had a healthful weight, 29% were at risk or overweight. Factors associated with healthful weight included having two nonobese parents (odds ratio [OR]=5.4), only father obese (OR=4.9), only mother obese (OR=3.3), higher reading scores (OR=1.02), lower water consumption (OR=1.8), more exercise programs (OR=2.8), and higher energy intake (OR=2.0). For adolescents with any obese parent, factors potentially protective against obesity included being female (OR=2.2), higher household education (OR=1.1), lower water consumption (OR=2.0), and eating breakfast some days (OR=3.1) or everyday (OR=4.0). For adolescents with no obese parents, potentially protective factors included older age (OR=1.2), not having asthma (OR=2.6), more exercise programs (OR=6.1), and higher energy intake (OR=2.9). All P<.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions targeted at adolescents who are at risk because they have parents with obesity should employ a family approach focused on regular breakfast consumption.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Specialist, Pediatric Endocrinology, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 777, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. heather_fiore@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auinger
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology