title: Latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears remains controversial. Latissimus dorsi transfer to the greater tuberosity has been proposed for the treatment of irreparable tears associated with severe functional impairment and chronic, disabling pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven patients with sixty-nine irreparable, full-thickness tears of at least two complete tendons were managed with latissimus dorsi transfer and were reviewed clinically and radiographically after an average of fifty-three months. The study group included fifty-two men and fifteen women, with an average age of sixty-one years. Thirteen patients also had deficient subscapularis function preoperatively. Outcome measures included the Constant and Murley score and the Subjective Shoulder Value. Osteoarthritis and acromiohumeral distance were measured on standardized radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Subjective Shoulder Value increased from 28% preoperatively to 66% at the time of follow-up (p < 0.0001). The mean age and gender-matched Constant and Murley score improved from 55% to 73% (p < 0.0001). The pain score improved from 6 to 12 points (of a possible 15 points) (p < 0.0001). Flexion increased from 104 degrees to 123 degrees , abduction increased from 101 degrees to 119 degrees , and external rotation increased from 22 degrees to 29 degrees (p < 0.05). Abduction strength increased from 0.9 to 1.8 kg (p < 0.0001). There was a slight but significant increase in osteoarthritic changes (from stage 0.8 to stage 1.3; p = 0.0002). In shoulders with a negative preoperative lift-off test, significant improvements were observed in terms of both function and pain, and strength doubled from 1.0 to 2.0 kg (p = 0.0001), but osteoarthritic changes progressed from stage 0.7 to stage 1.1 (p = 0.0006). In shoulders with poor subscapularis function, no improvement in these parameters was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Latissimus dorsi transfer durably and substantially improves chronically painful, dysfunctional shoulders with irreparable rotator cuff tears, especially if the subscapularis is intact. If subscapularis function is deficient, the procedure is of questionable benefit and probably should not be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland. christian.gerber@balgrist.ch
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maquieira
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Espinosa
mesh_terms: D000174:Acromion / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D001415:Back; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000145:classification; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome