title: Randomized consent designs in randomized controlled trials: systematic literature search.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three types of randomized consent designs are distinguished and ranked according to the extent to which participants are informed about treatment options: single-consent (those in the experimental group learn about their assigned treatment), incomplete-double-consent (all participants learn about their assigned treatment), and complete-double-consent (all participants learn about all treatments studied). All are methodologically, ethically, and judicially controversial. Even so, their use is justified if blinding is deemed necessary, but impossible to achieve by sham procedures (placebo), and experimental treatment seems attractive to potential participants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to give a comprehensive overview of the use of randomized consent designs. Data sources are MEDLINE (1/1977-2/2003), EMBASE (1/1984-2/2003), PsycINFO (1/1996-2/2003), the Cochrane Library, and the Science Citation Index database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible were studies using a randomized consent design. Cluster randomized trials were excluded. One reviewer selected and data-extracted eligible papers. A second reviewer independently data-extracted 10% of the papers. Data on country of study conduct, year of commencement, area of medicine, type of design, reason(s) for use, details on approval by a research ethics committee, the index and reference intervention, nature of endpoints, and details on collection of data were extracted. Furthermore, for each trial, the rates of non-compliance and loss to follow-up were registered by treatment arm. The three types of randomized consent designs were compared as to differences between the rates of non-compliance and loss to follow-up in the separate trial arms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomized consent designs are seldom used (n=50). When used, they have often been used in the wrong circumstances (misuse). In 65% of the studies the non-compliance in the index group is larger than in the reference group. Contrary to expectation, trials using the incomplete-double design were associated with significantly higher rates of non-compliance and loss to follow-up in the reference groups than trials employing the other two versions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trialists and physicians should be aware of the proper indication for the use of randomized consent designs.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Supervisory Service of the Netherlands, the Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, P.O. Box 90137 5200 MA Den Bosch, The Netherlands. ag.schellings@igz.nl
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schellings
authors.forename: Alfons G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: Gerben
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: ter Riet
authors.forename: J André
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
authors.forename: Ferd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sturmans
mesh_terms: D032962:Consent Forms; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*