title: Interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 selectively inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) has antitumor effects in various murine models. The IP-10 receptor has two distinct splice variants, CXCR3A and CXCR3B, that have paradoxical effects after ligand-receptor interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize the putative antiangiogenic effects of IP-10, we measured proliferation rates and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), fibroblasts, and A375 melanoma or WIDR adenocarcinoma cell lines after exposure to the recombinant protein. CXCR3A (activating) and CXCR3B (inhibitory/proapoptotic) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in fibroblasts, 2 human tumor cell lines, T lymphocytes, and HUVECs of varying cell densities were characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IP-10 resulted in dose-dependent and selective inhibition of proliferation and countered the proliferative effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in HUVECs but did not affect fibroblasts or 2 human tumor cell lines. In addition, IP-10 resulted in potent and selective induction of apoptosis in HUVECS but had no effect on fibroblasts or A375 melanoma. Confluent HUVECs had a predominance of mRNA for the CXCR3B splice variant by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and the ratio of CXCR3B to CXCR3A mRNA was >40 in HUVECs, compared with </=10 in the other cell types. Moreover, CXCR3B mRNA levels were significantly higher in proliferating compared with confluent HUVECs. In vivo, systemic IP-10 administration resulted in slower A375 xenograft growth rates compared with control-treated animals, and immunohistochemical staining showed decreased microvessel density in xenografts of IP-10-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IP-10 has antiangiogenic properties and selective effects on endothelial tissue that may be secondary to higher levels of the CXCR3B inhibitory/proapoptotic receptor in that cell type, particularly in its actively proliferating state.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Metabolism Section, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2B07, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weinreich
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Monika L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Burness
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: H Richard
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A