title: Dynamically spreading frontal and cingulate deficits mapped in adolescents with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously detected a dynamic wave of gray matter loss in childhood-onset schizophrenia that started in parietal association cortices and proceeded frontally to envelop dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal cortices, including superior temporal gyri.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To map gray matter loss rates across the medial hemispheric surface, including the cingulate and medial frontal cortex, in the same cohort studied previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-year longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md. Subjects Twelve subjects with childhood-onset schizophrenia, 12 healthy controls, and 9 medication- and IQ-matched subjects with psychosis not otherwise specified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gyral pattern and shape variations encoded by means of high-dimensional elastic deformation mappings driving each subject's cortical anatomy onto a group average; changes in cortical gray matter mapped by computing warping fields that matched sulcal patterns across hemispheres, subjects, and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selective, severe frontal gray matter loss occurred bilaterally in a dorsal-to-ventral pattern across the medial hemispheric surfaces in the schizophrenic subjects. A sharp boundary in the pattern of gray matter loss separated frontal regions and cingulate-limbic areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal and limbic regions may not be equally vulnerable to gray matter attrition, which is consistent with the cognitive, metabolic, and functional vulnerability of the frontal cortices in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Brain Mapping Division, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 90095-1769, USA.
authors.forename: Christine N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: Kiralee M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Geaga
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: McLemore
authors.forename: Yasaman
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alaghband
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gochman
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gogtay
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Toga
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001284:Atrophy; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors