title: Evolutionary programming as a platform for in silico metabolic engineering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Through genetic engineering it is possible to introduce targeted genetic changes and hereby engineer the metabolism of microbial cells with the objective to obtain desirable phenotypes. However, owing to the complexity of metabolic networks, both in terms of structure and regulation, it is often difficult to predict the effects of genetic modifications on the resulting phenotype. Recently genome-scale metabolic models have been compiled for several different microorganisms where structural and stoichiometric complexity is inherently accounted for. New algorithms are being developed by using genome-scale metabolic models that enable identification of gene knockout strategies for obtaining improved phenotypes. However, the problem of finding optimal gene deletion strategy is combinatorial and consequently the computational time increases exponentially with the size of the problem, and it is therefore interesting to develop new faster algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we report an evolutionary programming based method to rapidly identify gene deletion strategies for optimization of a desired phenotypic objective function. We illustrate the proposed method for two important design parameters in industrial fermentations, one linear and other non-linear, by using a genome-scale model of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Potential metabolic engineering targets for improved production of succinic acid, glycerol and vanillin are identified and underlying flux changes for the predicted mutants are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that evolutionary programming enables solving large gene knockout problems in relatively short computational time. The proposed algorithm also allows the optimization of non-linear objective functions or incorporation of non-linear constraints and additionally provides a family of close to optimal solutions. The identified metabolic engineering strategies suggest that non-intuitive genetic modifications span several different pathways and may be necessary for solving challenging metabolic engineering problems.
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 223, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark. krp@biocentrum.dtu.dk
authors.forename: Kiran Raosaheb
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Förster
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D019802:Succinic Acid; C100058:vanillin; D005990:Glycerol