Understanding recent increases in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in men having sex with men: changes in risk behavior from risk avoidance to risk reduction.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to explore risk behavior and routes of transmission in men having sex with men (MSM) with newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infections (STIs).


METHODS
A questionnaire on clinical diagnosis and manifestation site for acute STIs was completed by physicians participating in a sentinel study. Patients contributed information on sexual risk behavior and the likely route of STI transmission.


RESULTS
Three hundred fifty-six diagnosis forms and 169 matching patient questionnaires could be analyzed. The most frequent diagnosis was syphilis (n = 147; 33% primary syphilis with ulcer localization 71% genital, 22% anorectal, and 8% oral; 67% secondary syphilis), followed by gonorrhea (n = 136; 59% genital, 34% rectal, 7% pharyngeal) and Chlamydia trachomatis infection (n = 51; 48% genital, 48% rectal, 4% pharyngeal). In 12 patients, more than one infection was diagnosed, and 2 or 3 sites were affected in 11 patients. Approximately 60% of infections were acquired by genital-oral and oral-anal practices. Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) was reported more often by HIV-positive men (mostly receptive) and men with high partner numbers.


CONCLUSIONS
High partner numbers, an important role of genital-oral sexual practices for the transmission of STIs, and relatively high frequencies of mostly receptive UAI in HIV-positive men are all contributing to increasing STI incidences among MSM.
Marcus
Ulrich
U
Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany. marcusu@rki.de
Bremer
Viviane
V
Hamouda
Osamah
O
Kramer
Michael H
MH
Freiwald
Matthias
M
Jessen
Heiko
H
Rausch
Michael
M
Reinhardt
Bernd
B
Rothaar
Alex
A
Schmidt
Wolfgang
W
Zimmer
Yves
Y
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D021841:Safe Sex; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires