title: Alcohol-induced impulsivity in rats: an effect of cue salience?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a common assumption that alcohol produces impulsive behaviors, thereby increasing the preference for immediate over delayed rewards. An alternative explanation, provided by alcohol myopia theory, is that alcohol alters attentional processes such that intoxicated individuals respond exclusively to the most salient cues in their environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested these two hypotheses in rats using standard (impulsivity) and modified (cue salience) versions of the delayed reinforcement task.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the impulsivity paradigm, rats were trained to choose between a small immediate reward (2 sucrose pellets) and a large delayed reward (12 sucrose pellets after 10 s) in a T-maze. In the cue salience paradigm, a light in one arm predicted either the small or the large reward, but the arm paired with the light varied across trials. In separate experiments, we examined how changes in delay to the large reward, alcohol administration, or alcohol combined with either a serotonin agonist [para-chloroamphetamine (pCA) at doses of 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 mg/kg, s.c.)] or a dopamine antagonist [cis-(Z)-flupenthixol dihydrochloride (alpha-flupenthixol) at doses of 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.] affected performance in each task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing the delay to the large reward increased impulsivity in both paradigms, but it had no effect on responding to a salient cue. Alcohol (0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.8 g/kg, i.p.) increased the choice of the immediate reward and increased the choice of the lit arm, regardless of whether it signaled the small or the large reward. pCA selectively reduced alcohol-induced impulsivity, whereas alpha-flupenthixol selectively reduced responding to a salient cue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rats, like humans, are influenced by cue salience when intoxicated. Although this alcohol myopia effect could explain alcohol-induced impulsivity, the two processes are probably distinct because they are mediated by dissociable pharmacological mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6. olmstead@post.queensu.ca
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.forename: Kim G C
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hellemans
authors.forename: Tracie A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Paine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003463:Cues; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005475:Flupenthixol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012201:Reward; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D010133:p-Chloroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D012701:Serotonin; D000431:Ethanol; D010133:p-Chloroamphetamine; D005475:Flupenthixol; D004298:Dopamine