title: Biphasic chromatin structure and FISH signals in reflect intranuclear order.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the two parental allelic genes may selectively be expressed, regulated by imprinting, X-inactivation or by other less known mechanisms. This study aims to reflect on such genetic mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Slides from short term cultures or direct smears of blood, bone marrow and amniotic fluids were hybridized with FISH probes singly, combined or sequentially. Two to three hundred cells were examined from each preparation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small number of cells (up to about 5%), more frequent in leukemia cases, showed the twin features: (1) nuclei with biphasic chromatin, one part decondensed and the other condensed; and (2) homologous FISH signals distributed equitably in those two regions. The biphasic chromatin structure with equitable distribution of the homologous FISH signals may correspond to the two sets of chromosomes, supporting observations on ploidywise intranuclear order. The decondensed chromatin may relate to enhanced transcriptions or advanced replications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcriptions of only one of the two parental genomes cause allelic exclusion. Genomes may switch with alternating monoallelic expression of biallelic genes as an efficient genetic mechanism. If genomes fail to switch, allelic exclusion may lead to malignancy. Similarly, a genome-wide monoallelic replication may tilt the balance of heterozygosity resulting in aneusomy, initiating early events in malignant transformation and in predicting cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Tumour Cytogenetic Unit, Kinderklinik, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany. Jyoti7777@aol.com
authors.forename: Jyoti P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasprzycki
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brøgger
authors.forename: Joachim-U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D016678:Genome; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes