title: Analysis of pain resolution after surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the short- and long-term effects of surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations on preoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 2003, 53 intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations were surgically managed. A retrospective analysis of this cohort revealed 23 (43%) patients who presented with pain as a clinically relevant feature. Long-term evaluation of pain outcomes was available in 21 patients. Pain outcomes were characterized as improved, unchanged, or worse compared with preoperative and immediate postoperative status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients presented with radiculopathy, 12 with central pain, and four with both. Immediately after surgery, pain symptoms improved in 18 (78%) patients, were unchanged in 5 (22%), and were worse in none compared with the patients' preoperative status (n = 23). During the follow-up period, 11 (52%) patients improved, nine (43%) remained at their preoperative baseline, and one (5%) was worse compared with their preoperative levels of pain. The difference in postoperative and long-term pain status was statistically significant (P = 0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical efficacy for improving pain related to intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations may be worse than implied in the literature. Although pain relief immediately after surgery is good, we found that recurrence is common and that only approximately 50% of patients report long-term benefit. Despite the significant limitations of this retrospective study, these data may serve as a guide when counseling patients preoperatively to help them to maintain realistic expectations about outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klopfenstein
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zabramski
authors.forename: Volker K H
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sonntag
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010166:Palliative Care; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome