title: UVA photoirradiation of retinyl palmitate--formation of singlet oxygen and superoxide, and their role in induction of lipid peroxidation.
abstract: We have previously reported that photoirradiation of retinyl palmitate (RP) in ethanol with UVA light results in the formation of photodecomposition products, including 5,6-epoxy-RP and anhydroretinol (AR). Photoirradiation in the presence of a lipid, methyl linoleate, induced lipid peroxidation, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed. In the present study, we employ an electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trap technique to provide direct evidence as to whether or not photoirradiation of RP by UVA light produces ROS. Photoirradiation of RP by UVA in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP), a specific probe for singlet oxygen, resulted in the formation of TEMPO, indicating that singlet oxygen was generated. Both 5,5-dimethyl N-oxide pyrroline (DMPO) and 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl 5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO) are specific probes for superoxide. When photoirradiation of RP was conducted in the presence of the DMPO or BMPO, ESR signals for DMPO-*OOH or BMPO-*OOH were obtained. These results unambiguously confirmed the formation of superoxide radical anion. Consistent with a free radical mechanism, there was a near complete and time-dependent photodecomposition of RP and its photodecomposition products. ESR studies on the photoirradiation of 5,6-epoxy-RP and AR indicate that these compounds exhibit similar photosensitizing activities as RP under UVA light.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Biochemical Toxicology, HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
authors.forename: Qingsu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Jun Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Shu-Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cherng
authors.forename: Wayne G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Wamer
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boudreau
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants; D004224:Diterpenes; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004224:Diterpenes; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D013481:Superoxides; D014801:Vitamin A; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; C014794:retinol palmitate; C031469:anhydrovitamin A; C005575:methyl linoleate; C005265:5,6-monoepoxy vitamin A