The effects of stress on surgical performance.
BACKGROUND
Although the general literature on stress and performance is extensive, little is known about specific effects of stress in surgical practice. This qualitative study explored key surgical stressors, their impact on performance, and coping strategies used by surgeons.


METHODS
Individual in-depth semistructured interviews with surgeons were analyzed by 2 researchers independently. Key themes were discussed within the research team.


RESULTS
Sixteen interviews were performed, including interviews with consultants (n = 9) and surgeons in training (n = 7). A wide range of intraoperative stressors was identified. Although stress had both positive and negative effects, undue levels of stress impaired judgment, decision making, and communication. Although junior surgeons showed uncertainty about their ability to cope, senior surgeons had developed sophisticated strategies for controlling each situation.


CONCLUSIONS
Although stress poses significant risks, coping strategies are not taught explicitly during surgical training. This article presents a framework for categorizing surgical stress and suggests key elements for effective coping strategies.
Wetzel
Cordula M
CM
Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College, London, UK. c.wetzel@imperial.ac.uk
Kneebone
Roger L
RL
Woloshynowych
Maria
M
Nestel
Debra
D
Moorthy
Krishna
K
Kidd
Jane
J
Darzi
Ara
A
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis