title: Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) Rec expression and transcriptional activities in normal and rheumatoid arthritis synovia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite abundance in the genome, the possible functions of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequences are not well understood. The involvement of HERV in various disease conditions, such as germ cell tumors or autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has been suggested. We investigated expression of HERV-K(HML-2) env-derived transcripts in normal and RA synovia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed HERV-K(HML-2) expression on the mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR analysis and immunofluorescence labeling of the HERV-K(HML-2) Rec (formerly cORF) protein. We examined synovial cell cultures from normal synovia (n = 9), from patients with RA (n = 26), and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 4), and uncultured synovial tissues (RA, n = 12; normal synovia, n = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HERV-K Rec protein was expressed in all normal synovial specimens, and in the majority of RA and OA cases. We demonstrate for the first time expression of HERV-K protein in synovial tissue. RT-PCR and sequence analysis of cloned RT-PCR products confirmed expression of spliced HERV-K(HML-2) env transcripts in normal and in arthritic synovia. In addition to rec mRNA, several alternatively spliced transcripts, including np9, were identified. However, different amounts of the various RT-PCR products indicate different expression levels of HERV-K(HML-2) env-derived transcripts in RA compared to normal synovia, with apparently lower expression levels in arthritic synovia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings imply a physiological role of HERV-K(HML-2) Rec in synovial tissue. Differences in the expression of HERV-K env-derived transcripts in RA synovia may be caused by disease-specific changes in the general expression pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University, University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehlhardt
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojak
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mehraein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C485839:ERVK-6 protein, human endogenous retrovirus; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins