title: Transforming growth factor beta 1 induces neointima formation through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-dependent pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms through which transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 promotes intimal growth, and the pathways through which TGF-beta1 expression is regulated in the artery wall, are incompletely understood. We used a mouse model to investigate mechanisms of TGF-beta1-induced intimal growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TGF-beta1 in uninjured carotid arteries of wild-type mice induced formation of a cellular and matrix-rich intima. Intimal growth appeared primarily due to cell migration and matrix accumulation, with only a negligible contribution from cell proliferation. Overexpression of TGF-beta1 also stimulated expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1) in the artery wall. To test the hypothesis that PAI-1 is a critical downstream mediator of TGF-beta1-induced intimal growth, we transduced carotid arteries of PAI-1-deficient (Serpine1(-/-)) mice with the TGF-beta1-expressing vector. Overexpression of TGF-beta1 in Serpine1(-/-) arteries did not increase intimal growth, matrix accumulation, cell migration, or proliferation. Moreover, TGF-beta1-transduced arteries of Serpine1(-/-) mice secreted 6- to 10-fold more TGF-beta1 than did arteries of wild-type mice that were infused with the same concentration of the TGF-beta1-expressing vector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAI-1 is both a critical mediator of TGF-beta1-induced intimal growth and a key negative regulator of TGF-beta1 expression in the artery wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7710, USA.
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Ramtin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agah
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Frutkin
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Wight
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dichek
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015843:Serpins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D015843:Serpins; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1