title: Safety of percutaneous ethanol injection as neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in waiting list liver transplant candidates.
abstract: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) as therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) improves the survival of a selected group of patients. Unfortunately, the progressive increase in waiting time for OLT may allow tumor progression. Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been proposed as neoadjuvant therapy for HCC in patients awaiting OLT, but its safety has not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 60-month period, 34 patients (27 men, overall mean age of 58.5 years, range 41-67) with HCC, were listed for OLT. Ultrasonography-guided PEI was delivered into 39 nodules at 117 sessions on an inpatient basis. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before PEI. Doppler-ultrasonography was done before PEI, immediately after, and 4 weeks later. Noninvasive monitoring of arterial pressure, cardiac rate, and temperature was performed during the procedure and during a 24-hour period after each session. Pain was considered significant if analgesia was required or discontinuation of PEI necessary. Fever was defined as a temperature > or =37.5 degrees C after PEI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minor complications included pain in 45 sessions (38.5%), fever in 17 (14.5%), arterial hypertension in 14 (12%), hypotension in 7 (7%), and vomiting in 2 (1.7%). The major complications were segmental liver infarction (n = 3), portal branch venous thrombosis (n = 2), ascites (n = 2), and one case each of subcapsular hematoma, duodenal ulcer, pneumonia, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatic artery thrombosis. In all cases, clinical outcomes were favorable with conservative treatment. No evidence of tumor seeding in the needle track was reported and no PEI-related mortality observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PEI is a safe neoadjuvant therapy for HCC on waiting list liver transplant candidates. In our series, pain and self-limited fever were the most frequent complications. Clinically significant severe complications were uncommon, and nonconservative treatments were not required.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. javier.fernandez.castroagudin@sergas.es
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Castroagudín
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomé
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Segade
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Muñoz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varo
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain; D015996:Survival Rate; D014850:Waiting Lists
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol