title: Regression of high-grade malignancy in mice by bleomycin and interleukin-12 electrochemogenetherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bleomycin electrochemotherapy has been successfully used in preclinical studies and clinical trials for treating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma; however, it is not effective for treating recurrent tumors or metastatic tumors, or for preventing tumor redevelopment. In this study, we explore the coadministration of bleomycin and interleukin-12 (IL-12) followed by electroporation for treating primary and metastatic tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bleomycin, IL-12 plasmid DNA, or a combination of both were injected into high-grade malignant mammary tumors and SCCVII followed by electroporation. The tumor growth, survival, metastasis in lungs, CTL activity, and vascular density were analyzed. The results were analyzed by the two-sided Student's t test and Gehan's Wilcoxon test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coadministration of bleomycin and IL-12 via electroporation eradicates preestablished 4T1 mammary tumors in up to 60% of mice, inhibits metastatic tumor development, and extends the long-term survival. Likewise, coadministration of bleomycin and IL-12 via electroporation eradicates squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) in 100% of mice and prevents tumor redevelopment in 80% of mice. Neither bleomycin nor IL-12 alone is able to achieve the same therapeutic potency. The primary role of bleomycin is to inhibit the tumor vessel development; the primary role of IL-12 is to increase the immune response that extends the survival of treated mice and inhibits the tumor redevelopment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This combination modality has great potential to be translated in a clinical setting for treating high-grade malignancies and for preventing tumor redevelopment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Marina N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Torrero
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henk
authors.forename: Shulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018274:Electroporation; D005260:Female; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001761:Bleomycin; D018664:Interleukin-12