title: Nitrous oxide depresses electroencephalographic responses to repetitive noxious stimulation in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although N(2)O has been widely used as an anaesthetic adjuvant its effect on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity is poorly understood because it is usually studied in the presence of additional anaesthetics, including inhaled anaesthetics. We examined the EEG effects of N(2)O in rats using a hyperbaric chamber that permitted N(2)O to be the sole anaesthetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats (n=10) were anaesthetized with isoflurane and EEG activity was recorded from skull screws. The rats were placed into a hyperbaric chamber and mechanically ventilated. Isoflurane was eliminated while the chamber was pressurized with N(2)O. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined in five rats by adjusting the chamber pressure and N(2)O concentration, and applying a tetanic noxious stimulus to the tail via an electrical pass-through. EEG responses to noxious stimulation (20 electrical pulses at 40 V applied to the tail at 0.1, 1 and 3 Hz, and 50 Hz tetanic stimulation at 60 mA applied for 30 s) were determined at 1.5 and 2 atm N(2)O.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The N(2)O MAC was 1.7+/-0.1 atm. No consistent EEG activation occurred during electrical stimulation at either partial pressure of N(2)O, although spontaneous EEG activation often occurred. Blood pressure increased after the 3 and 50 Hz stimuli. Four other rats anaesthetized with isoflurane had EEG activation with the 3 and 50 Hz stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that N(2)O at peri-MAC partial pressures prevents EEG activation resulting from noxious electrical stimulation. Unlike the situation with isoflurane, stimulus-evoked EEG activation did not occur at peri-MAC anaesthetic concentrations, suggesting that N(2)O potently blocked ascending nociceptive transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Leduc
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atherley
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jinks
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Antognini
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide