title: Trends in the use of psychotropic medications among adolescents, 1994 to 2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few psychotropic medications are approved for use among children younger than 18 years. Yet previous studies have shown an increase in the use of psychotropic medications among school-age children and adolescents. Most previous studies examined data only up to 1997; therefore, the results predate any impact of changing federal policies and newly marketed medications. This study examined trends in the prescription of psychotropic medications to adolescents aged 14 to 18 years in office-based care in the United States from 1994 to 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) were used to determine visit rates and prescribing patterns from 1994 to 2001 for psychotropics that were prescribed in office-based treatment settings to adolescents aged 14 to 18 years. Rates of visits that resulted in a prescription for psychotropic medication were calculated for two-year periods. Analyses were conducted by type of medication, gender, and the prescribing physician's specialty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of visits that resulted in a psychotropic prescription increased from 3.4 percent in 1994-1995 to 8.3 percent in 2000-2001. These trends were evident for males and females. The average annual growth rates for psychotropic prescriptions were much higher after 1999. Trends were also significant across drug classes. By 2001, one out of ten office visits by adolescent males resulted in a prescription for a psychotropic medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Average annual growth rates for the prescription of psychotropics to adolescents increased from 1994 to 2001, with especially rapid acceleration after 1999. This increase may be associated with changing thresholds of diagnosis and treatment, availability of new medications, and changes in federal regulatory policies concerning promotion of medications by the pharmaceutical industry.
authors.affiliation: Schneider Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA. cthomas@brandeis.edu
authors.forename: Cindy Parks
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casler
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015995:Prevalence; D017149:Private Sector; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017150:Public Sector; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs