title: Determinants of insulin availability in parenteral nutrition solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of hyperglycemia in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) often includes the addition of regular insulin to the PN solution. A literature review has shown insulin availability in such solutions to range from 10% to 95%. This discrepancy in availability may be due to differences in the composition of the PN solution, the final concentration of insulin, or the assay method used to determine insulin concentrations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate insulin recovery from a standard PN solution used at our medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solutions were manually prepared in our pharmacy according to standard practice. Multivitamins and trace elements were added to 1 of 2 L of solution each day. Each of 3 simulated patients received 2 L of solution per day for 3 consecutive days. Samples from each bottle were drawn at baseline, 1 hour after the start of infusion, and 1 hour before the end of infusion and were subsequently analyzed for immunoreactive insulin levels by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recovery of insulin from solutions containing multivitamins and trace elements was much greater (95%) than from those without (5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of multivitamins and trace elements is a major determinant of insulin availability in PN solutions. Additional research is necessary to determine the mechanism mediating this effect and to assess its clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA. matthew.christianson@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007328:Insulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins