title: Mass-casualty events at schools: a national preparedness survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent school shootings and terrorist events have demonstrated the need for well-coordinated planning for school-based mass-casualty events. The objective of this study was to document the preparedness of public schools in the United States for the prevention of and the response to a mass-casualty event.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was mailed to 3670 school superintendents of public school districts that were chosen at random from a list of school districts from the National Center for Education Statistics of the US Department of Education in January 2004. A second mailing was sent to nonresponders in May 2004. Descriptive statistics were used for survey variables, and the chi2 test was used to compare urban versus rural preparedness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 58.2% (2137 usable surveys returned). Most (86.3%) school superintendents reported having a response plan, but fewer (57.2%) have a plan for prevention. Most (95.6%) have an evacuation plan, but almost one third (30%) had never conducted a drill. Almost one quarter (22.1%) have no disaster plan provisions for children with special health care needs, and one quarter reported having no plans for postdisaster counseling. Almost half (42.8%) had never met with local ambulance officials to discuss emergency planning. Urban school districts were better prepared than rural districts on almost all measures in the survey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are important deficiencies in school emergency/disaster planning. Rural districts are less well prepared than urban districts. Disaster/mass-casualty preparedness of schools should be improved through coordination of school officials and local medical and emergency officials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. grahamjames@uams.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirm
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liggin
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D004189:Disaster Planning; D006801:Humans; D012424:Rural Population; D012574:Schools; D023481:Terrorism; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population