title: Contamination status of persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from Japan: recent levels and temporal trend.
abstract: Contamination levels of persistent organochlorines (OCs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and chlordane compounds (CHLs) was examined in human breast milk collected during 2001-2004 from Fukuoka prefecture in Japan. The concentrations of OCs such as dioxins and related compounds, DDTs, CHLs and HCB in human breast milk from primiparae were comparable to or slightly higher than the data obtained during 1998, indicating that the levels of these contaminants in Japanese human breast milk have not decreased since 1998 and Japanese are continuously exposed to these chemicals, presumably via fish intake. In addition, OC levels in human breast milk from primiparae were significantly higher than those from multiparae, implying elimination of OCs via lactation. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between levels of OCs in human breast milk and the age of primiparae. These results indicate that the mothers with higher age may transfer higher amounts of OCs to the first infant than to the infants born afterwards through breast-feeding, and hence the first born children might be at higher risk by OCs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunisue
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtake
authors.forename: Agus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudaryanto
authors.forename: Nguyen Hung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Oyuna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tsydenova
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamikawa
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tonegi
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimomura
authors.forename: Junya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagayama
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated