title: Bivalirudin vs heparin in percutaneous coronary intervention: a pooled analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates outcomes with bivalirudin vs heparin in various patient subgroups and the overall population during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent data suggest that bivalirudin, a reversible direct thrombin inhibitor, provides ischemic protection superior to heparin and comparable to heparin plus glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors but with significantly fewer bleeding complications. Whether this advantage persists in different subgroups has not been fully defined. To our knowledge, this is the largest pooled analysis of bivalirudin to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four randomized controlled trials were identified that compared bivalirudin to heparin (with or without GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors) in PCI. The incidence of death, myocardial infarction (MI), revascularization, and major bleeding at 48 hours was compared between these two agents overall and in patients with and without diabetes mellitus, hypertension, renal insufficiency, and advanced age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trials consisted of 11,638 patients (bivalirudin, 5,861; heparin, 5,777). There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the two groups. At 48 hours, the incidence of death, MI, revascularization, and major bleeding was significantly reduced in the bivalirudin group (7.8% vs 1.08%, P < .001); individual ischemic end points were significantly reduced for death (0.01% vs 0.02%, P = .049) and revascularization (2.0% vs 2.7%, P = .02), with similar reductions for major bleeding (2.7% vs 5.8%, P < .001). Subgroup analysis was generally consistent with the overall findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis further supports the superiority of bivalirudin compared with heparin. Bivalirudin provides excellent ischemic protection with a significant reduction of bleeding complications, even in high-risk subgroups.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA, Los Angeles, USA. ramin.ebrahimi@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: A Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lincoff
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bittl
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolski
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wadhan
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Toggart
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006629:Hirudins; D006801:Humans; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; C074619:bivalirudin