title: alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) absorption from pig intestine and plasma pharmacokinetics.
abstract: To study the absorption, metabolism and kinetics, the AKG (in different concentrations) was administered intravenously, intra-portally, orally and directly into the ileum or duodenum of pigs, chronically fitted with portal and jugular catheters and T-shaped cannula at the duodenum and ileum. Additionally, this study was conducted to determine the influence of low pH, Fe(2+) or/and SO on AKG gut absorption and conversely FeSO(4) and FeSO(4)/AKG on Fe(2+) gut absorption. It is concluded that AKG was significantly better absorbed from the upper small intestine than from the distal sections. Furthermore, low pH, Fe(2+) and/or SO ions enhanced AKG absorption. The AKG administered to the portal vein was rapidly eliminated from the blood (half-life less than 5 min). The short lifetime for AKG is probably dependent on quick metabolism in the enteorcyetes and liver. However, the prolonged half-life can be related to its low AKG blood concentration. The Fe(2+) concentrations in blood increased after FeSO(4) and FeSO(4)/AKG duodenal infusion. The implication of above observations is important for practical application of the AKG in animal and human nutrition as well in medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Processing Technology, Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Gdynia, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dabek
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kruszewska
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Filip
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hotowy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pierzynowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wojtasz-Pajak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Szymanczyk
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Valverde Piedra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Werpachowska
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pierzynowski
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D007501:Iron