title: Respirometry-based evaluation of the fate and possible effects of antifreeze on activated sludge.
abstract: This paper focuses on environmental concerns regarding used antifreeze. It shows the results of laboratory respirometric tests conducted to evaluate the potential impact of antifreeze on activated sludge. In this first step of the study, only the components of virgin antifreeze were addressed, i.e. ethylene glycol, and antifoaming and corrosion inhibitory substances. The plateau resulting from oxygen uptake rate measurements of mixed liquor taken at the end of an aeration tank is used as a reference to evaluate the response of biomass to pulse injection of increasing dosages of new antifreeze, compared to that of formaldehyde, a known toxic compound. While 200 mg/L of formaldehyde steadily decreased the biomass activity (7 mg O2/Lh), there were no toxicity effects for doses up to 5000 mg/L of ethylene glycol from new antifreeze coolant (23 mg O2/Lh, compared to the initial 15 mg O2/Lh for the mixed liquor). It is estimated that ethylene glycol concentration in municipal wastewaters should be several order of magnitude lower then the 1000 mg/L shown to be tolerated by the biomass in this work, but at the present stage, the research does not provide enough information to recommend a definitive management scheme for antifreeze discharge. Many other management issues for used antifreeze must be addressed in future studies before any decision on tolerating sewer discharge in Mexico, as a transitory management option that will conciliate the actual practices with legality, can be made.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico, Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua, Apartado Postal 367, Toluca, C.P. 50091 Estado de Mexico, Mexico. cfall@uaemex.mx
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: Felipe M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cuenca
authors.forename: Khalidou M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bâ
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Solís
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005615:Freezing; D008800:Mexico; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D010100:Oxygen