title: The immediate effects of manual massage on power-grip performance after maximal exercise in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research into the effects of manual massage on physical performance has proved inconclusive, with studies primarily examining the major muscle groups of the lower extremities. Grip performance is essential for object manipulation, as well as for many grip-dependent activities and sports; but there have been no studies to determine the effects of manual massage on immediate grip performance in healthy subjects. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of using manual massage to improve power-grip performance immediately after maximal exercise in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a pretest/post-test study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place in a suburban allied health school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two (52) volunteer massage-school clients, staff, faculty, and students participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects randomly received either a 5-minute forearm/hand massage of effleurage and friction (to either the dominant hand or nondominant hand side), 5 minutes of passive shoulder and elbow range of motion, or 5 minutes of nonintervention rest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Power-grip measurements (baseline, postexercise, and postintervention) were performed on both hands using a commercial hand dynamometer. These measurements preceded and followed 3 minutes of maximal exercise using a commercial isometric hand exerciser that produced fatigue to 60% of baseline strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 minutes of isometric exercise, power grip was consistently fatigued to at least 60% of baseline, with recovery occurring over the next 5 minutes. Statistical analyses involving single-factor repeated-measures analyses of variance (p = 0.05) with Bonferroni a priori tests (p = 0.0083) demonstrated that massage had a greater effect than no massage or than placebo on grip performance after fatigue, especially in the nondominant-hand group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manual massage to the forearm and hand after maximal exercise was associated with greater effects than nonmassage on postexercise grip performance. The present data do support the use of a 5-minute manual massage to assist immediate grip performance after fatigue in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: ACT College, Alexandria, VA 22310, USA. CarolBrooks@healthtraining.com
authors.forename: Carol P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Lynda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donatelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values