title: Premedication with intravenous ketorolac trometamol (Toradol) in colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a prospective double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized trial to investigate the effect of ketorolac trometamol (KT) administered intravenously as premedication in colonoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomized to receive either 60 mg of KT (KT group (KTG), n=70) or placebo (normal saline group (NSG), n=70) intravenously as premedication 30 min prior to procedure. Patient-controlled sedation (PCS) was used as the mode of sedation. Outcome measures included patient self-assessed pain score in a 10-cm unscaled visual analog scale (VAS), endoscopist assessment of patient pain score in VAS, patient's willingness to repeat colonoscopy, administered and demanded doses of PCS, patient satisfaction score in VAS, and hemodynamic changes during and after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient self-assessed pain score (SD) during procedure was significantly lower in KTG than NSG: 5.08 (2.74) vs 6.62 (2.45); p=0.001. The mean endoscopist assessment of patient pain score (SD) was significantly lower in KTG than NSG as well: 3.99 (2.80) vs 5.28 (2.71); p=0.006. More patients in KTG were willing to repeat procedure as compared with NSG (80.0%vs 57.1%; p=0.004). No significant difference was found in the administered and demanded doses of PCS, mean satisfactory scores and hemodynamic changes in both groups. No serious complication related to intravenous (IV) KT was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premedication with IV KT (Toradol) improves pain control during colonoscopy with no associated serious complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Endoscopy Centers, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Wilfred Lik-Man
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Mui
authors.forename: Wing-Hang
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Anthony C N
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alex C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Au Yeung
authors.forename: Chi-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Philip Wai-Yan
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Yuk-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Heng-Tat
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Enders K W
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011292:Premedication; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine