title: Pulse pressure and inhibition of renin-angiotensin system in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated pulse pressure (PP) is an indicator of poor outcome in hypertensives in the general population and on haemodialysis. The prognostic value of PP in pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 4/5 and its interaction with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study of 349 patients from the pre-dialysis clinic analysed the effect association of PP and RAS inhibition on adverse outcomes in CKD stages 4/5. Primary endpoints were a composite of death or dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 349 patients (63% males, 34% diabetics) were aged 60+/-0.8 years (mean+/-SEM) with systolic blood pressure (SBP) 149+/-1.3 mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 83+/-0.7 mmHg, PP 66+/- 1.0 mmHg, creatinine 442+/-16 micromol/l and haemoglobin 10.7+/-0.1 g/dl. Patients were followed up for 297+/-19 days and 93% took one to seven (2.45+/-0.07) antihypertensives. At presentation, the adverse outcome group had higher SBP (151+/-1.5 vs 145+/-2.4 mmHg; P<0.05), proportion of diabetes (39% vs 23%; P<0.05) and creatinine (478+/-22 vs 354+/-11 micromol/l; P<0.05), but lower haemoglobin (10.6+/-0.1 vs 11.2+/-0.2 g/dl; P<0.05). PP increased with age (r(2): 0.4; P<0.0001). PP >80 mmHg was associated with adverse outcome (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank test P<0.05). In a model of proportional hazards regression, adjusted for age, baseline creatinine, diabetes and haemoglobin, elevated PP was associated with poorer outcome (hazards ratio: 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.18; P<0.05) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker use was beneficial (hazards ratio: 0.73; 95% confidence interval: 0.53-0.99; P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that elevated PP indicates high risk of death or dialysis and the benefit of blockade of the RAS is independent of the baseline PP in patients with CKD stages 4/5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT, UK. Debasish.Banerjee@stgeorges.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Debasish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brincat
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gregson
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Streather
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents