title: Cyclic menstruation-like bleeding during denied pregnancy. Is there a particular hormonal cause?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether particular hormonal patterns could explain the persistence of cyclic menstruation-like bleeding during denied pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hormone measurements were performed immediately after delivery in a total of 28 subjects with denied pregnancies. The results were studied in three patient subgroups: subjects with any cyclic bleeding during pregnancy (n = 22), subjects with cyclic bleeding during pregnancy until the delivery date (n = 7) and subjects with amenorrhea (n = 6). These data were compared with those of a control group (n = 126). In some of the women who reported cyclic bleeding, hormone assessments were also done once the lactation period ended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For estradiol, free estriol and progesterone, no more than two values in each group were outside the 95% confidence interval of the control group. Several results for prolactin were remarkably lower. The findings for human chorionic gonadotropin, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, alpha-fetoprotein and thyroid-stimulating hormone were almost all within the 95% confidence interval. In seven subjects, abnormal results were obtained for the gondaotropin-releasing hormone/thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and the metoclopramid test after delivery and lactation. All of these subjects showed signs of corpus luteum insufficiency. In five subjects, evidence of hyperprolactinemia was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results revealed that hormonal patterns assessed immediately after delivery do not provide any causal explanation for the cyclic menstruation-like bleeding that occurs during denied pregnancies. Hormone assessments performed after the lactation period, i.e. during a normal menstrual cycle, showed a number of abnormalities. However, a causal relationship could not be drawn.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. jens.wessel@charite.de
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endrikat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004964:Estriol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008598:Menstruation; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D004964:Estriol