title: Effect of exposure to soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on milk contaminations of parent compounds and their monohydroxylated metabolites.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the transfer kinetics of soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to milk in lactating cows. Soil (500 g/day) fortified with fluorene (104 microg/g dry soil), phenanthrene (82 microg/g), pyrene (78 microg/g), and benzo[a]pyrene (33 microg/g) was administered to three dairy cows via a rumen cannulas for 28 consecutive days. Parent compounds and their major metabolites in milk were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Secretion of parent compounds in milk did not increase significantly (P > 0.05) over the control values measured before supply. Target monohydroxylated metabolites were not detected in control samples, but 2-hydroxy fluorene, 3-hydroxy phenanthrene, and 1-hydroxy pyrene were present in milk by the second day of dosing. The highest concentrations of metabolites in milk (31-39 ng/mL) were for 1-hydroxy pyrene at days 7 and 14 of dosing. The observed plateaus for 3-hydroxy phenanthrene and 2-hydroxy fluorene were lower (respectively, 0.69 and 2.79 ng/mL) but significantly increased in comparison to the control samples. Contrarily, 3-hydroxy benzo[a]pyrene was not detected in milk at any sampling time. These results suggested a notable metabolism of the parent compounds after their extraction from soil during the digestive transfer. Thus, the metabolization of fluorene and pyrene can lead to higher concentrations of metabolites than of parent compounds in milk. Despite the absence of a significant transfer of parent PAHs to milk, the appearance of metabolites raises the questions of their impact on human health.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Sciences Animales, INPL-INRA, BP 172, 2 Avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feidt
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monteau
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rychen
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bizec
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jurjanz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D012987:Soil; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C031181:phenanthrene; C030984:pyrene