title: Intraduodenal infusion of alpha-ketoglutarate decreases whole body energy expenditure in growing pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) has been suggested to play a particular role as an oxidative fuel for the gut, and thus may have a sparing function for fuels such as glutamate and aspartate. Using the pig model we aimed to quantify how the route of administration (intravenous, i.v.; intragastric, i.g.; intraduodenal, i.d.) affects AKG utilization, whole body energy expenditure (EE) and nutrient oxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs (15 kg) were supplied with a complete nutrient solution (NS) via catheters. To explore the metabolic effects of AKG, 1.0 g AKG kgBW(-1)d(-1) was infused simultaneously with the NS using either the i.d., i.v. or i.g. route. [1-(13)C]AKG (15 mg kgBW(-1)) was infused i.d., i.v. or i.g., respectively, for 3h. AKG utilization (AKG UTIL) was estimated as AKG UTIL=100-(13)C recovery (% of (13)C dose). (13)C recovery was calculated from the (13)C enrichment in breath CO(2) and the whole-body CO(2) production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AKG infusion and NS via the i.d. route resulted in a reduced AKG UTIL (40.1+/-6.7) as compared to the i.v. route (62.9+/-2.4, P<0.001) and i.g. route (62.3+/-1.6, P<0.001). The total EE was lower with the i.d. route of AKG and NS (745+/-68 kJkgBW(-0.62)d(-1)) as compared to the i.v. route (965+/-54 kJkgBW(-0.62)d(-1), P<0.005) and i.g. route (918+/-43 kJkgBW(-0.62)d(-1), P<0.005). Carbohydrate oxidation was increased with the i.d. route (38.2g+/-3.4 kgBW(-0.62)d(-1)) as compared to the i.v. route (27.8+/-2.9 gkgBW(-0.62)d(-1), P<0.08) and i.g. route (23.9+/-8.5 gkgBW(-0.62)d(-1), P<0.05). Fat oxidation was decreased (2.1+/-1.9 gkgBW(-0.62)d(-1); P<0.001) with the i.d. route as compared to the i.v. route (11.5+/-1.4 gkgBW(-0.62)d(-1), P<0.001) and i.g. route (11.9+/-3.1 gkgBW(-0.62)d(-1), P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The i.d. infusion of AKG in combination with the NS affected the whole body EE and nutrient oxidation, in comparison to that obtained with the i.v. and i.g. routes. It was concluded that the i.d. administration of AKG markedly controlled the nutrient partitioning in the oxidation processes. Finally, in contrary to the observations with glutamine or glutamate, a considerable percentage of the AKG infusion was retained in the body irrespective of the route of administration.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Junghans
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derno
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pierzynowski
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eberhard Rudolph
authors.forename: Wolfgang B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Souffrant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001944:Breath Tests; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002404:Catheterization; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018529:Nutritional Support / Q000379:methods; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012996:Solutions; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D012996:Solutions