title: Prodromal cognitive signs of dementia in 85-year-olds using four sources of information.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of assessing four cognitive domains obtained from four information sources to identify individuals at risk for developing dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative population sample of nondemented 85-year-olds (n = 313) from Gothenburg, Sweden, was examined regarding memory, language, and visuospatial and executive functions, using self- and key informant reports and neuropsychiatric and psychometric examinations. The sample was followed 3 years for incident dementia, AD, or possible VaD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cases of dementia, AD, and VaD were preceded by low performance in most domains irrespective of information source. Isolated low memory performance or low cognitive performance with unimpaired memory did not predict dementia. Positive predictive values increased with number of domains affected. Self- and key informant reports were less useful for predicting dementia than neuropsychiatric and psychometric examinations. The best positive predictive value (88%) was for low cognitive performance in all domains using neuropsychiatric and psychometric examinations; however, sensitivity was only 18%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although memory impairment was necessary to predict dementia, it was not sufficient. Other cognitive domains needed to be affected. Relying on self-reports or key informants for early detection of dementia excluded a large group at risk. In addition, vascular dementia appeared to have a prodromal stage.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Section, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden. simona.sacuiu@neuro.gu.se
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sacuiu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoog
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013548:Sweden