Contamination status of persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from Japan: recent levels and temporal trend.
Contamination levels of persistent organochlorines (OCs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and chlordane compounds (CHLs) was examined in human breast milk collected during 2001-2004 from Fukuoka prefecture in Japan. The concentrations of OCs such as dioxins and related compounds, DDTs, CHLs and HCB in human breast milk from primiparae were comparable to or slightly higher than the data obtained during 1998, indicating that the levels of these contaminants in Japanese human breast milk have not decreased since 1998 and Japanese are continuously exposed to these chemicals, presumably via fish intake. In addition, OC levels in human breast milk from primiparae were significantly higher than those from multiparae, implying elimination of OCs via lactation. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between levels of OCs in human breast milk and the age of primiparae. These results indicate that the mothers with higher age may transfer higher amounts of OCs to the first infant than to the infants born afterwards through breast-feeding, and hence the first born children might be at higher risk by OCs.
Kunisue
Tatsuya
T
Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
Muraoka
Masayoshi
M
Ohtake
Masako
M
Sudaryanto
Agus
A
Minh
Nguyen Hung
NH
Ueno
Daisuke
D
Higaki
Yumi
Y
Ochi
Miyuki
M
Tsydenova
Oyuna
O
Kamikawa
Satoko
S
Tonegi
Tomoyuki
T
Nakamura
Yumi
Y
Shimomura
Hiroshi
H
Nagayama
Junya
J
Tanabe
Shinsuke
S
D000328:Adult; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated