title: Refractive index and equilibrium water content of conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to measure equilibrium water content (EWC) and refractive index of conventional and silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses (SCL) using a hand refractometer and an automated refractometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen SCL were used in this study including 12 conventional SCL not containing siloxane moieties (equilibrium water content (EWC) range: 38.6-74%) and the four silicone hydrogel based contact lenses currently available (WC range: 24-47%). Two experienced observers performed the measurements in a randomised order being masked by a third party during the three sessions at which the measurements were collected. The Atago N-2E hand refractometer and the CLR 12-70 digital refractometer were used. Data were analysed separately for conventional and silicone hydrogel materials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured EWC and refractive index correlate better when measured with the instruments used in this study (r(2) = 0.979, p < 0.001) than the nominal parameters (r(2) = 0.666, p < 0.001). The linear relationship that correlates nominal and measured EWC shows higher spread of data when all lenses are analysed together (r(2) = 0.840) than when conventional hydrogel (r(2) = 0.953) and silicone hydrogel contact lenses (r(2) = 0.967) are analysed separately. Regarding refractive index, the relationship between nominal and measured values when all the lenses are considered together (r(2) = 0.794) becomes weaker when conventional hydrogel are considered separately (r(2) = 0.688), while a stronger relationship is observed for silicone hydrogel lenses (r(2) = 0.939). Hence, hand refractometry overestimates the EWC of silicone hydrogels, while automated refractive index measurements are more accurate in silicone hydrogels than in conventional hydrogels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New relationships are presented that correlate nominal and measured values of EWC and refractive index for the silicone containing hydrogels. The linear relationships derived fit well to the data. Hand refractometry overestimates the EWC of silicone hydrogel materials and this bias is related to the proportion of siloxane moieties in the material. Conversely, refractive index can be obtained more accurately with automated refractometry for silicone hydrogels than for conventional hydrogels. Present results are of interest in planning future clinical studies involving the measurement of EWC of current hydrogels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. jgmeijome@fisica.uminho.pt
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: González-Méijome
authors.forename: Madalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Alemany
authors.forename: José B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Parafita
authors.forename: Miguel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Refojo
mesh_terms: D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012828:Silicones; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D012828:Silicones; D014867:Water