title: Ion release from dental casting alloys as assessed by a continuous flow system: Nutritional and toxicological implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to quantify the metallic ions released by various dental alloys subjected to a continuous flow of saliva and to estimate the nutritional and toxicological implications of such a release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four pieces of three nickel-based, one noble, one high-noble and two copper-aluminum alloys were cast and then immersed in a continuous flow of artificial saliva for 15 days. To simulate three meals a day, casts were subjected to thrice-daily episodes, lasting 30 min each and consisting of pH decreases and salinity increases. After 15 days, the metallic ions in the artificial saliva were analyzed. Data were expressed as averaged release rate: microg/cm2/day of ion released for each alloy. The highest value of 95% Cl of each ion was adapted to a hypothetical worst scenario of a subject with 100 cm2 of exposed metal surface. The results were compared with the tolerable upper daily intake level of each ion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The copper-aluminum alloys released copper, aluminum, nickel, manganese and iron. The nickel-based alloys essentially released nickel and chromium, while the beryllium-containing alloy released beryllium and significantly more nickel. The noble and high-noble alloys were very resistant to corrosion. The amount of ions released remained far below the upper tolerable intake level, with the exception of nickel, released by beryllium-containing nickel-based alloy, whose levels approach 50% of this threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The daily amount of ions released seems to be far below the tolerable upper intake levels for each ion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: López-Alías
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gomis
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anglada
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peraire
mesh_terms: D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D005506:Food Contamination; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D012965:Sodium Chloride