title: Reduction of motion blurring artifacts using respiratory gated CT in sinogram space: a quantitative evaluation.
abstract: Techniques have been developed for reducing motion blurring artifacts by using respiratory gated computed tomography (CT) in sinogram space and quantitatively evaluating the artifact reduction. A synthetic sinogram was built from multiple scans intercepting a respiratory gating window. A gated CT image was then reconstructed using the filtered back-projection algorithm. Wedge phantoms, developed for quantifying the motion artifact reduction, were scanned while being moved using a computer-controlled linear stage. The resulting artifacts appeared between the high and low density regions as an apparent feature with a Hounsfield value that was the average of the two regions. A CT profile through these regions was fit using two error functions, each modeling the partial-volume averaging characteristics for the unmoving phantom. The motion artifact was quantified by determining the apparent distance between the two functions. The blurring artifact had a linear relationship with both the speed and the tangent of the wedge angles. When gating was employed, the blurring artifact was reduced systematically at the air-phantom interface. The gated image of phantoms moving at 20 mm/s showed similar blurring artifacts as the nongated image of phantoms moving at 10 mm/s. Nine patients were also scanned using the synchronized respiratory motion technique. Image artifacts were evaluated in the diaphragm, where high contrast interfaces intercepted the imaging plane. For patients, this respiratory gating technique reduced the blurring artifacts by 9%-41% at the lung-diaphragm interface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Parag J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hubenschmidt
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Politte
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutic
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009038:Motion; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*