title: Choosing between public and private or between hospital and primary care: responsiveness, patient-centredness and prescribing patterns in outpatient consultations in Bangkok.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document differences in provider behaviour between private and public providers in hospital outpatient departments, health centres and clinics in Bangkok, Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the characteristics of 211 taped consultations with simulated patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Private hospitals and clinics were significantly more responsive. Private clinics but not private hospitals were also significantly more patient-centred. All doctors, but particularly those in private hospitals, prescribed unnecessary and potentially harmful technical investigations and drugs. The direct cost to the patient varied between 1.5 (in public health centres) and 12 (in private hospitals) times the minimum daily wage. The combined cost--to the patient and to the state--in public hospitals and health centres exceeded the cost of consultations in private clinics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Market incentives favour responsiveness and a patient-centred approach, but not more appropriate therapeutic decisions. Excessive use of pharmaceuticals is observed among public as well as private providers, but is most pronounced in private hospitals. If patients in Bangkok want to maximize responsiveness and degree of patient-centred care and yet minimize costs and iatrogenesis, they would benefit from avoiding hospitals, both public and private, and, to a lesser extent, specialists. Choosing to use primary facilities, health centres and clinics, particularly when consultations are carried out by general practitioners (GPs), is more beneficial than choosing between public and private providers.
authors.affiliation: National Health Security Office, Nonthaburi, Thailand. yongyuth.p@nhso.go.th
authors.forename: Yongyuth
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pongsupap
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Lerberghe
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006761:Hospitals; D016304:Hospitals, Private; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D011331:Private Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D017150:Public Sector / Q000191:economics; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D013785:Thailand