title: Tensile biomechanical properties of human nasal septal cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biomechanical properties of human septal cartilage have yet to be fully defined and thereby limits our ability to compare tissue-engineered constructs to native tissue. In this study, we analyzed the tensile properties of human nasal septal cartilage with respect to axis of tension, age group, and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five tensile tests were run on human septal specimens obtained from 28 patients. Samples obtained in the vertical and anterior-posterior (both above and within the maxillary crest) axes were subjected to equilibrium and dynamic tensile testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average values for strength, failure strain, equilibrium modulus and dynamic modulus were not found to be significantly different with respect to axis of tension testing, age group, or gender. Tensile results for septal cartilage were as follows: equilibrium modulus 3.01 +/- 0.39 MPa, dynamic modulus 4.99 +/- 0.49 MPa, strength 1.90 +/- 0.24 MPa, and failure strain 0.35 +/- 0.03 mm/mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm that septal cartilage has weaker tensile properties compared to articular cartilage and found no difference in strength with respect to age, gender, or axis of tension (isotropic).
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego Division of Otolarynogology-Head and Neck Surgery, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Richmon
authors.forename: August B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.forename: Van W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Albert C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sah
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000502:physiology*; D013718:Tensile Strength