title: [Residual particle free surfaces after shot peening in modular hip arthroplasty are feasible].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shot peening with steel balls is used for introduction of compressive stress in the production of morse taper junctions of modular hip endoprostheses. After this procedure, significant contamination with residual particles can be detected, which may lead to increased corrosion and third body wear. Additionally, the European norm EN 12010 requires surfaces free of residual particles. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of several cleaning procedures with regard to complying with EN 12010.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surfaces of 12 Ti6Al7Nb rods with a diameter of 15 mm was shot peened with steel balls (GS VERA, Fa. Würth, Bad Friedrichshall, Germany). A field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, LEO 1525) was used for the detection of residual particles on the surface of the rods with a backscattered electron detector. After SEM examination, one sample each was cleaned using shot peening with sugar or dry ice and 10 rods using a pH dependent cleaning procedure. After these cleaning procedures, the samples were again analysed with the SEM for residual particle contamination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface of all rods showed a considerable contamination with steel particles after shot-peening with steel balls. After the cleaning procedure with dry ice or sugar steel contamination was lower, however, only the pH dependent cleaning procedure was able to achieve surfaces free of residual particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For smooth shot-peened surfaces in modular hip arthroplasty Euro Norm EN 12010 can be fulfilled using shot peening with steel balls followed by a pH dependent cleaning procedure.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Kinderorthopädie der Orthopädischen Klinik Wichernhaus, Rummelsberg 71, 90592 Schwarzenbruck, Germany. Schuh-Alexander@t-online.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uter
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holzwarth
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kachler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Göske
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mayerhöfer
mesh_terms: D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000592:standards; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: C070282:Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy; D014025:Titanium