title: Therapy insight: approaching endoscopy in anticoagulated patients.
abstract: Over the past decade, the application of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents for various cardiovascular and hematologic conditions has become more widespread. Optimal management of these agents during the periendoscopic period requires consideration, but limited prospective data mean that guidelines have largely relied on expert opinion. Elective procedures should be delayed in patients on temporary anticoagulation therapy (e.g. those with deep vein thrombosis). For procedures considered to have a low risk of bleeding (e.g. diagnostic endoscopy and colonoscopy without polypectomy) there is no need to discontinue or adjust anticoagulation. For procedures with a higher risk of bleeding (e.g. polypectomy and biliary sphincterotomy) an individual approach is required. This approach might include stopping oral anticoagulant therapy with or without the administration of unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin for the preprocedure and postprocedure periods, during which the patient's international normalized ratio is in the subtherapeutic range.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. george.makar@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Makar
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000075202:Contraindications; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants