title: Two-photon imaging reveals somatodendritic chloride gradient in retinal ON-type bipolar cells expressing the biosensor Clomeleon.
abstract: A somatodendritic gradient of Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) has been postulated to generate GABA-evoked responses of different polarity in retinal bipolar cells, hyperpolarizing in OFF cells with low dendritic [Cl(-)](i), and depolarizing in ON cells with high dendritic [Cl(-)](i). As glutamate released by the photoreceptors depolarizes OFF cells and hyperpolarizes ON cells, the bipolars' antagonistic receptive field (RF) could be computed by simply integrating glutamatergic inputs from the RF center and GABAergic inputs from horizontal cells in the RF surround. Using ratiometric two-photon imaging of Clomeleon, a Cl(-) indicator transgenically expressed in ON bipolar cells, we found that dendritic [Cl(-)](i) exceeds somatic [Cl(-)](i) by up to 20 mM and that GABA application can lead to Cl(-) efflux (depolarization) in these dendrites. Blockers of Cl(-) transporters reduced the somatodendritic [Cl(-)](i) gradient. Hence, our results support the idea that ON bipolar cells employ a somatodendritic [Cl(-)](i) gradient to invert GABAergic horizontal cell input.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Optics, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duebel
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haverkamp
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schleich
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Augustine
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Euler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002138:Calibration; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000378:metabolism*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D018682:GABA Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006706:Homeostasis; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D017785:Photons; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D018682:GABA Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C415371:clomeleon; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid