title: Focused microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the selective analysis of cocaine from coca leaves.
abstract: An effective combination of focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE) with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) prior to gas chromatography (GC) is described for the selective extraction and quantitative analysis of cocaine from coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca). This approach required switching from an organic extraction solvent to an aqueous medium more compatible with SPME liquid sampling. SPME was performed in the direct immersion mode with a universal 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fibre. Parameters influencing this extraction step, such as solution pH, sampling time and temperature are discussed. Furthermore, the overall extraction process takes into account the stability of cocaine in alkaline aqueous solutions at different temperatures. Cocaine degradation rate was determined by capillary electrophoresis using the short end injection procedure. In the selected extraction conditions, less than 5% of cocaine was degraded after 60 min. From a qualitative point of view, a significant gain in selectivity was obtained with the incorporation of SPME in the extraction procedure. As a consequence of SPME clean-up, shorter columns could be used and analysis time was reduced to 6 min compared to 35 min with conventional GC. Quantitative results led to a cocaine content of 0.70 +/- 0.04% in dry leaves (RSD <5%) which agreed with previous investigations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences EPGL, University of Geneva, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bieri
authors.forename: Yara
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ilias
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bicchi
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Veuthey
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christen
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003041:Coca / Q000737:chemistry*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008872:Microwaves; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine