title: Risperidone-induced prolactin elevation in a prospective study of children, adolescents, and adults with mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risperidone is widely prescribed for aggression and self-injury in children, adolescents, and adults with mental retardation (MR) and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Risperidone elevates prolactin more than other atypical antipsychotic medications. Females may show greater prolactin elevation than males.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this relatively long-term study of risperidone efficacy and safety for aggression and self-injury in children, adolescents, and adults with MR and PDDs, serum prolactin was measured in a 21-subject subset during the course of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Prolactin was measured in ng/mL at baseline, once during acute treatment, and once during maintenance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children and adolescents (n=10), mean age of 12.5 years, prolactin increased from mean 13.2+/-8.6 at baseline to 31.0+/-11.6 acutely and remained elevated at 37.9+/-10.4 in maintenance. In adults, mean age of 35.3 years, prolactin increased more markedly from 11.6+/-7.4 baseline (n=11) to 93.3+/-54.2 acutely but decreased to 67.8+/-62.9 in maintenance (n=7). Prolactin remained significantly elevated above normal in all subjects for at least 26 weeks. Mean prolactin of adult females, while similar to that of adult males at baseline, was 2.2 times male levels acutely and 3.7 times greater in maintenance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small subset, mean prolactin elevation persisted for at least 26 weeks. In adults, females showed significantly greater elevations than males.
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA. jhelling@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hellings
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zarcone
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Valdovinos
authors.forename: R Matthew
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008134:Long-Term Care; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011388:Prolactin; D018967:Risperidone