title: Flash x-ray observations of cavitation in cadaver thighs caused by high-velocity bullets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to record flash x-ray images of cavitation in human cadaver thighs caused by the passage of high-velocity bullets. The images are an initial step for understanding the cavitation process in human tissue and for implementing a better definition of extensive tissue injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bullets were fired through the mid-thighs of 13 cadaver legs. The bullets were of two calibers, 7.62-mm full metal jacket boat tail with strike velocities in the range of 794 m/s to 880 m/s (10 thighs) and 5.70 mm full metal jacket with velocities in the range of 973 m/s to 992 m/s (3 thighs). Short duration (35 ns) x-ray images were recorded at various selected times after the bullets passed near the femurs. This study was carried out at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology under approved human subject protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cavity sizes and shapes were observed for the two types of bullets and at a number of times during the expansion and collapse of the cavities. As the bullets passed through the thighs, narrow cavities behind the bullets were observed. At later times, large expanded cavities were observed that encompassed the entire mid-thigh region. The observed cavities are at variance with those which were reported previously in gelatin tissue simulants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flash x-ray radiography is an effective technique for the observation of internal cavitation in cadaver thighs caused by high-velocity bullets. These observations suggest that gelatin is not a proven simulant for human cadaver tissue in the study of cavitation subsequent to high-velocity missile impact.
authors.affiliation: PRAXIS Inc, Alexandria VA, USA.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Seely
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013848:Thigh / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology