title: Upregulation of meiosis-specific genes in lymphoma cell lines following genotoxic insult and induction of mitotic catastrophe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported that p53 mutated radioresistant lymphoma cell lines undergo mitotic catastrophe after irradiation, resulting in metaphase arrest and the generation of endopolyploid cells. A proportion of these endopolyploid cells then undergo a process of de-polyploidisation, stages of which are partially reminiscent of meiotic prophase. Furthermore, expression of meiosis-specific proteins of the cancer/testis antigens group of genes has previously been reported in tumours. We therefore investigated whether expression of meiosis-specific genes was associated with the polyploidy response in our tumour model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three lymphoma cell lines, Namalwa, WI-L2-NS and TK6, of varying p53 status were exposed to a single 10 Gy dose of gamma radiation and their responses assessed over an extended time course. DNA flow cytometry and mitotic counts were used to assess the kinetics and extent of polyploidisation and mitotic progression. Expression of meiotic genes was analysed using RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, localisation of the meiotic cohesin REC8 and its relation to centromeres was analysed by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The principal meiotic regulator MOS was found to be significantly post-transcriptionally up-regulated after irradiation in p53 mutated but not p53 wild-type lymphoma cells. The maximum expression of MOS coincided with the maximal fraction of metaphase arrested cells and was directly proportional to both the extent of the arrest and the number of endopolyploid cells that subsequently emerged. The meiotic cohesin REC8 was also found to be up-regulated after irradiation, linking sister chromatid centromeres in the metaphase-arrested and subsequent giant cells. Finally, RT-PCR revealed expression of the meiosis-prophase genes, DMC1, STAG3, SYCP3 and SYCP1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that multiple meiotic genes are aberrantly activated during mitotic catastrophe in p53 mutated lymphoma cells after irradiation. Furthermore, we suggest that the coordinated expression of MOS and REC8 regulate the extent of arrested mitoses and polyploidy.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Latvian University, Ratsupites 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia. m.kalejs@no.lv
authors.forename: Martins
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalejs
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plakhins
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cragg
authors.forename: Dzintars
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emzinsh
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Illidge
authors.forename: Jekaterina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erenpreisa
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D004249:DNA Damage; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008540:Meiosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D011123:Polyploidy; D017231:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C507675:REC8 protein, human; D017231:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos