title: Imaging thromboembolism with fibrin-avid 99mTc-peptide: evaluation in swine.
abstract: A pentapeptide, Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Pro, with high affinity for alpha-chain-fibrin was labeled with (99m)Tc ((99m)Tc-TP850) and evaluated in swine to image experimental venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Scatchard analysis was performed to determine fibrin affinity for TP850 and the number of binding sites (receptors) per milligram of fibrin. DVT was induced in the left jugular vein and PE was induced by introducing a preformed autologous blood clot into the right atrium using a 7-French introducer sheath inserted into the right jugular vein. (99m)Tc-TP850 was injected at 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 h later. Animals were imaged for up to 4 h after injection, heparinized, and sacrificed. Lungs were extirpated, radiographed, and imaged, and the PE was removed. Other tissues, including blood and normal lungs, were harvested and, concomitantly, (99m)Tc was counted for determination of target-to-tissue ratios and the percentage injected dose per gram of tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The affinity for human fibrin was 10(-9) mol/L and there were >10(15) receptors per milligram of fibrin. DVT and PE were visualized for up to 4 h after injection with high DVT/blood (7.9-22.6), DVT/muscle (31.1-89.4), PE/blood (1-155), and PE/lung (0.8-245) ratios. Thereafter, the PEs fragmented spontaneously below the spatial resolution of the gamma-camera and, despite the high associated radioactivity, could not be localized in vivo. The fragmented clots were detectable by scintigraphy on excised lungs and provided excellent concordance with radiograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (99m)Tc-TP850 with its modest affinity (10(-9) mol/L), rapid blood clearance, and high DVT and PE uptake is a promising agent for imaging vascular thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Mohan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Aruva
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daviau
authors.forename: Shubh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mathew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Thakur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C403970:technetium Tc 99m TP850; D005337:Fibrin