title: Leucine regulation of glucokinase and ATP synthase sensitizes glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells.
abstract: We have recently shown that leucine culture upregulates ATP synthase beta-subunit (ATPSbeta) and increases ATP level, cytosolic Ca(2+), and glucose-induced insulin secretion in rat islets. The aim is to test whether glucokinase expression is also affected in rat islets and its role in glucose sensitization during leucine culture. Leucine culture increased glucose-induced NAD(P)H level at 1 and 2 days but not at 1 week. The half-maximal effective concentration of the glucose response curve for NAD(P)H was left-shifted from 5-7 to 2-3 mmol/l. The effect was dose dependent and rapamycin insensitive. Leucine culture did not affect glyceraldehyde effects on NAD(P)H. Leucine pretreatment for 30 min had no effects on NAD(P)H levels. Leucine culture for 2 days also increased glucose-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, ATP level, and insulin secretion. Leucine increase of glucokinase mRNA levels occurred as early as day 1 and lasted through 1 week. That of ATPSbeta did not occur until day 2 and lasted through 1 week. Leucine effects on both mRNAs were dose dependent. The upregulation of both genes was confirmed by Western blotting. Leucine culture also increased glucose-induced insulin secretion, ATP level, glucokinase, and ATPSbeta levels of type 2 diabetic human islets. In conclusion, leucine culture upregulates glucokinase, which increases NAD(P)H level, and ATPSbeta, which increases oxidation of NADH and production of ATP. The combined upregulation of both genes increases glucose-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) and insulin secretion.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 803D Abramson, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
authors.forename: Jichun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ryan K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: MieJung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jianmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: Shaoping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Markmann
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naji
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009249:NADP; D005941:Glucokinase; C497342:ATP synthase beta subunit, rat; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; D007930:Leucine; D005947:Glucose; D002118:Calcium