title: Finite element implementation of Maxwell's equations for image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography.
abstract: Traditionally, image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been based on Laplace's equation. However, at high frequencies the coupling between electric and magnetic fields requires solution of the full Maxwell equations. In this paper, a formulation is presented in terms of the Maxwell equations expressed in scalar and vector potentials. The approach leads to boundary conditions that naturally align with the quantities measured by EIT instrumentation. A two-dimensional implementation for image reconstruction from EIT data is realized. The effect of frequency on the field distribution is illustrated using the high-frequency model and is compared with Laplace solutions. Numerical simulations and experimental results are also presented to illustrate image reconstruction over a range of frequencies using the new implementation. The results show that scalar/vector potential reconstruction produces images which are essentially indistinguishable from a Laplace algorithm for frequencies below 1 MHz but superior at frequencies reaching 10 MHz.
authors.affiliation: Philips Medical Systems, Cleveland, OH 44143, USA. nksoni@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nirmal K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartov
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014054:Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*