title: Efficacy and safety of an insulin infusion protocol in a surgical ICU.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia is associated with complications in the surgical intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of nurse-driven insulin infusion protocols in lowering blood glucose (BG) in critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in a 24-bed surgical intensive care unit who required i.v. insulin infusions during 3 noncontiguous 6-month periods from 2002 to 2004 were evaluated. In the preintervention phase, 71 patients received a physician-initiated insulin infusion without a developed protocol. They were compared with 95 patients who received a nurse-driven insulin infusion protocol with a target BG of 120 to 150 mg/dL and to 119 patients who received a more stringent protocol with a target BG of 80 to 110 mg/dL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a stepwise decrease in average daily BG levels, from 190 to 163 to 132 mg/dL (p < 0.001). The less stringent protocol decreased the time to achieve a BG level < 150 mg/dL from 14.1 to 7.4 hours compared with physician-driven management (p < 0.05) resulting in similar time on an insulin infusion (53 versus 48 hours). The more intensive protocol brought BG levels < 150 mg/dL in 7.2 hours and < 111 mg/dL in 13.6 hours, but increased the length of time a patient was on an insulin infusion to 77 hours. The incidence of severe hypoglycemia (BG < 40 mg/dL) was statistically similar between the groups, ranging between 1.1% and 3.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of a nurse-driven protocol led to more rapid and more effective BG control in critically ill surgical patients compared with physician management. Tighter BG control can be obtained without a significant increase in hypoglycemia, although this is associated with increased time on an insulin infusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Beth E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schallom
authors.forename: Carrie S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sona
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mazuski
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Schuerer
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Way Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Huey
authors.forename: Myrna R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Jeanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zack
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Coopersmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003422:Critical Care; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose