title: Endoscopic fiberoptic assessment of balloon occlusion of the pulmonary vein ostium in humans: comparison with phased-array intracardiac echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anatomic pulmonary vein (PV) variants may affect the ability to position balloon catheter systems at the left atrium (LA)-PV junction with complete circumferential contact, resulting in ineffective PV isolation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This feasibility study was performed to assess the use of the fiberoptic endoscopic light ring balloon catheter (ELRBC) in accessing the PVs and achieving adequate contact at the LA-PV junction, as visualized by phased-array intracardiac echocardiography (ICE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled five men (mean age 59 +/- 8 years) with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation. The ELRBC consisted of a 25-mm balloon catheter with an integral endoscope contained within the balloon and a custom deflectable sheath. At the end of conventional PV isolation, the ELRBC was inserted into the LA in an attempt to position the balloon at each PV ostium. The real position of the ELRBC at this level was assessed by ICE in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but two PVs (right inferior PVs) (89%) were accessed with the ELRBC in a mean time of 17 +/- 3 minutes, and complete circumferential contact was visualized with the fiberoptic endoscopic component in 15 of 16 PVs accessed (94%). Contact was also confirmed by the absence of color Doppler flow through the balloon-occluded PV, as seen on ICE. On two occasions a gap was seen with the fiberoptic endoscope and visualized by the ICE only after optimization of the echo window. No complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ELRBC is able to access the PV without complications. The endoscope and ICE were complementary for positioning of the balloon at the LA-PV junction and for the definition of circumferential contact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital, Mestre-Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Sakis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Themistoclakis
authors.forename: Oussama M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Wazni
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schweikert
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossillo
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melsky
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raviele
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002404:Catheterization; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color