title: Retinal angiomatous proliferation: association with clinical and angiographic features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was the aim of this study to evaluate the frequency of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) and its association with specific clinical and angiographic characteristics in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 126 newly diagnosed patients with exudative AMD was reviewed retrospectively. All underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, a red-free photograph and fluorescein angiography. Most patients (85/126) underwent indocyanine green choroidal angiography (ICGA). RAP was diagnosed when a connection between the retinal vasculature and the neovascular complex was recognized angiographically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 126 patients with recent neovascular AMD, 17 had RAP (13.5%; 95% CI 8.1-20.7). The study eye of patients with RAP had more frequent hemorrhages (88.2 vs. 59.6%; p = 0.027), hard exudates (82.4 vs. 26.6%; p < 0.001), pigment epithelium detachment (64.7 vs. 23.8%; p = 0.001) and a hot spot in ICGA (70.6 vs. 22.1%; p < 0.001) with respect to the other forms of exudative AMD. Hemorrhages were more frequently superficial, multiple and within the edge of the lesion in the RAP group. Bilateral AMD was more common in the RAP group (70.6 vs. 38.0%; p = 0.011). No statistically significant differences were found regarding sex, age and visual acuity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAP represents a common lesion in patients with neovascular AMD referred to a tertiary care clinic. The recognition of hemorrhages, hard exudates, pigment epithelium detachment or a hot spot in ICGA can assist a correct diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Department of Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmological Surgical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Carla
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carifi
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Virgili
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menchini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green