title: Genitourinary issues during spaceflight: a review.
abstract: The genitourinary (GU) system is not uncommonly affected during previous spaceflights. GU issues that have been observed during spaceflight include urinary calculi, infections, retention, waste management, and reproductive. In-flight countermeasures for each of these issues are being developed to reduce the likelihood of adverse sequelae, due to GU issues during exploration-class spaceflight, to begin in 2018 with flights back to the Moon and on to Mars, according to the February 2004 Presendent's Vision for US Space Exploration. With implementation of a robust countermeasures program, GU issues should not have a significant threat for mission impact during future spaceflights.
authors.affiliation: NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pietryzk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ciftcioglu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000818:Animals; D018480:Astronauts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D013026:Space Flight; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000502:physiology*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014893:Weightlessness; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures