title: [The preparation of the multilevel holes and analysis of the pure titanium surface].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using sandblast, double acid-etching and H(2)O(2)/HCl solution treatment to establish a new implant surface, and to analyze the surface's morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  After being polished, sandblasted, cleaned, the titanium specimens were divided into six groups, i.e.A to F group. The specimens of group A were treated with low concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution, Group B was treated with low concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution and then H(2)SO(4)/HCl solution, Group C was treated after Group B and further with H(2)O(2)/HCl solution at 80degrees centigrade for 30 minutes, and subsequently heated at 400degrees centigrade for 1 hour. Group D was treated with high concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution, Group E was treated after Group D and then H(2)SO(4)/HCl solution, Group F was treated after E group and further with H(2)O(2)/HCl solution at 80degrees centigrade for 30 minutes, and subsequenty heated at 400degrees centigrade for 1 hour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The titanium surface sandblasted and ultrasonically cleaned exhibited a great deal of particles. The titanium plates treated with low concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution still had some particles, but there were much nano-holes on the titanium surface. The titanium plates treated with high concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution had no particles on the surface, but showed much micron-holes on the titanium surface. The titanium plates treated with H(2)SO(4)/HCl solution after HF/HNO(3) solution etching had all particles removed and got multilevel holes on the surface.The last H(2)O(2)/HCl method produced an anatase titania gel layer on the specimen surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By altering the concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution, we could make different sizes of apertures on the titanium surface. Double acid-etching can remove all sandblasting particles embedded in titanium surfaces and form multilevel holes. The H(2)O(2)/HCl method can turn the rough non- crystallographic TiO(2) layer into the anatase titania gel layer.
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. fuminghe@hzcnc.com
authors.forename: Fu-ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Shan-shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhu-li
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Xiao-xiang
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D015921:Dental Implants; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium