title: Letting the family know: balancing ethics and effectiveness when notifying relatives about genetic testing for a familial disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To increase the awareness among at risk relatives of the availability of genetic testing for a familial disorder while respecting their autonomy and privacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a comparison of preintervention and postintervention cohorts of families carried out in a state wide clinical service providing genetic counselling and testing for people at risk of familial adult onset cancer. Unaffected relatives who were not clients of the service in 74 kindreds with familial mutations causing familial breast and ovarian cancer, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, or Cowden syndrome were included in the study. In the baseline cohort (41 kindreds), family members who were clients of the clinical service and had been shown to be carriers of mutations were asked to advise relatives that genetic testing was available. In the intervention cohort (33 kindreds), the clinical service obtained consent to advise at risk relatives by letter that genetic testing was available. The main outcome measures were: (a) proportion of unaffected first and second degree relatives of the proband in each family whose genetic status was clarified within 2 years of the mutation being identified in the family, and (b) concerns regarding privacy and autonomy voiced by relatives receiving these letters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the baseline cohort, the average proportion of relatives in each family whose genetic status was clarified was 23%. In the intervention cohort, the average proportion of relatives in each family whose genetic status was clarified was 40% (p = 0.001). None of the relatives in the intervention cohort complained of a breach of privacy or autonomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical services can take an effective and proactive approach to notifying relatives who are not their clients of the availability of genetic testing without compromising principles of privacy and autonomy.
authors.affiliation: Familial Cancer Unit, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Genetic Medicine, North Adelaide, Australia. graeme.suthers@cywhs.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Suthers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015709:Correspondence as Topic; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005192:Family Health; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans