The circadian rhythm of tryptophan in breast milk affects the rhythms of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and sleep in newborn.
BACKGROUND
The hormone melatonin regulates the sleep and this pineal hormone is synthesized in the organism from the amino acid tryptophan. It is known that breast-fed babies have better sleep patterns and a better entrained sleep/wake cycle than bottle-fed babies (adapted formula).


OBJECTIVE
To compare the circadian rhythm of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s)--the metabolite of melatonin excreted in the urine--in urine of bottle-fed and breast-fed children, and relate it to the circadian rhythm of tryptophan in breast milk, also evaluating the possible effects on the baby's night-time rest.


METHODS
16 infants of 12 weeks of age were studied, divided into two groups depending on their exclusively natural or artificial feeding. The circadian rhythm of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine was measured for the two groups of infants and for the breast-feeding mothers. In the breast milk, the circadian rhythm of the amino acid tryptophan was measured. The rest of the infants was tested by wrist actimeters for a week and the sleep parameters of the infants were measured and evaluated.


RESULTS
The tryptophan in the breast milk presented a circadian rhythm with acrophase at around 03:00. This affected the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin circadian rhythm with acrophase at 06:00 in the breast-fed infants, and also promoted nocturnal sleep. Assumed sleep, actual sleep, and sleep efficiency were significantly increased in the breast fed infants with respect the formula fed infants.


CONCLUSIONS
A temporal relationship was observed between the circadian rhythm of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin of the exclusively breast-fed babies and that of tryptophan in the mother's milk. Acting this amino acid as a zeitgeber entrainment of the biological rhythms in the breast-fed infant.
Cubero
J
J
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Extremadura University, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
Valero
V
V
Sánchez
J
J
Rivero
M
M
Parvez
H
H
Rodríguez
A B
AB
Barriga
C
C
D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*
C054513:6-sulfatoxymelatonin; D014364:Tryptophan; D008550:Melatonin