title: Surgical management of substernal goitres. When is sternotomy inevitable?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this retrospective study is to report personal experience in the surgical management of substernal goitres emphasizing the guidelines for preoperative planning of sternotomy in selected cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of all patients (n=355) submitted to thyroidectomy for struma in our Operative Unit, between 1993-2003, were analysed. A substernal goitre was defined as a goitre having a significant retrosternal extension (>50%) requiring mediastinal dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 out of 355 patients undergoing thyroidectomy for struma in our Operative Unit had substernal goitres. The most common symptoms, at presentation, were the presence of neck mass and respiratory disorders. Standard cervical incision was adequate to achieve total thyroidectomy in 17 cases while, in one patient with computed tomography images showing the presence of a huge goitre extending below the aortic arch, a sternotomic approach was inevitable to ensure safe removal. No major morbidity or perioperative deaths occurred. One patient with scleroderma experienced bilateral paralysis of laryngeal nerves for two months, with full recovery thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While removal of the majority of substernal goitres can be achieved by means of cervical incision, this approach is not always safe. In a selected number of cases with an iceberg shaped substernal goiter and with >70% of the volume lying below the thoracic outlet, a sternotomic approach is inevitable. Preoperative diagnostic work-up should, thus, include chest X-ray and computed tomography. Overall results in the present patient population, have been excellent since morbidity has been minimal and mortality absent, and all patients are symptom free.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery P. Stefanini University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy. giancarlo.flati@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flati
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Giacomo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porowska
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flati
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaj
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Talarico
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonellis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diana
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Berloco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006045:Goiter, Substernal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery*; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome