title: Breast cancer early detection, health beliefs, and cancer worries in randomly selected women with and without a family history of breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection practices (EDP) consist of clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography. Breast self-examination (BSE) is no longer generally recommended, but many women still perform it.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare EDP, health beliefs, and cancer worries in women with and without a family history of breast cancer in a population-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  489 women aged 21-60 were randomly sampled from the entire Jewish female population of Israel; 61 (12.5%) had a family history of breast cancer. Participants answered questionnaires by phone, including demographic details, EDP performance, health beliefs, and cancer worries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of CBE were similar in women with and without a family history (p>0.05). For women over 40, rates of undergoing mammography screening were similar (p>0.05), but regular attendance was reported more by women with a family history (p<0.05). More women under 40 with a family history of breast cancer attended mammography (p<0.05), but only about 14% had ever undertaken mammography screening and 27% had ever undertaken CBE. More than 50% of the women had performed BSE, while significantly more women with a family history reported its over-performance (p<0.01). Women with a family history reported higher perceived susceptibility (p<0.01), higher cancer worries (p<0.05), and fewer barriers to mammography (p<0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, higher odds of EDP were significantly related to perceiving fewer barriers and having higher cancer worries. A positive family history was related to higher odds of women undergoing mammography. Perceived susceptibility was significantly related to higher odds of BSE only. Over-performance of BSE was significantly related to having a positive family history, higher susceptibility, and higher cancer worries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) A high rate of women did not undergo CBE or mammography screening. Women under 40 with a family history of breast cancer who have never undergone CBE or mammography merit special attention. (2) The change in guidelines on BSE necessitates further study of its over-performance in relation to cancer worries. (3) Interventions are needed to promote attendance for CBE and mammography in younger women with a positive family history.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel. cohenm@research.haifa.ac.il
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000523:psychology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D016015:Logistic Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000523:psychology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation