title: N-methyl-D-aspartate blocks activation of JNK and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by potassium deprivation in cerebellar granule cells.
abstract: During the postnatal development of cerebellum, lack of excitatory innervation from the mossy fibers results in cerebellar granule cell (CGC) apoptosis during the migration of the cells toward the internal granule cell layer. Accordingly, CGCs die by apoptosis when cultured in physiological KCl concentrations (5 mm; K5), and they survive in the presence of depolarizing conditions such as high KCl concentration (25 mm; K25) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). We have recently shown that NMDA is able to exert a long lasting neuroprotective effect when added to immature (2 days in vitro) CGC cultures by inhibition of caspase-3 activity. Here we show that NMDA- and K25-mediated neuroprotection is associated with an increase in the levels of Bcl-2, an inhibition of K5-mediated increase in Bax, and the inhibition of the release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria such as Smac/DIABLO and cytochrome c. Moreover, we have shown that similar effects are observed when c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are inhibited and that treatment of CGC cultures with NMDA blocks K5-mediated JNK activation. These results allow us to postulate that the inhibition of JNK-mediated release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria is involved in the NMDA protection from K5-mediated apoptosis of CGCs.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Neurociencies i Dpt. Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xifró
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falluel-Morel
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miñano
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aubert
authors.forename: Rut
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fadó
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malagelada
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaudry
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vaudry
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C494828:Bax protein, rat; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C489013:DIABLO protein, rat; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D045304:Cytochromes c; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D011188:Potassium