title: In vitro evaluation of bacterial leakage along the implant-abutment interface of different implant systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microbial leakage and colonization between implants and their abutments may cause inflammatory reactions in the peri-implant tissues. This study evaluated microbial leakage at the implant-abutment interface with a new in vitro model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacterial leakage was tested during dynamic loading in a 2-axis chewing simulator. The authors theorized that dynamic loading would decrease the stability of the implant-abutment connections and thereby lead to bacterial penetration along the gap. Five different implant systems with 8 standard implant-abutment combinations for single molar crowns were tested. The internal aspects of the implants were inoculated with a bacterial suspension and connected to the superstructure with the recommended torque. The specimens were immersed in a nutrient solution and loaded with 1,200,000 cycles of 120 N in the chewing simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences (P < or = .05) between implant systems with respect to number of chewing cycles until bacterial penetration were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of penetration in a specific implant system presumably is a multifactorial condition dependent on the precision of fit between the implant and the abutment, the degree of micromovement between the components, and the torque forces used to connect them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the newly developed test model is a sensitive tool for the detection of differences between current implant systems with respect to their ability to prevent bacterial penetration at the implant-abutment interface under dynamic loading conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, Dental School, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany. lsteinebrunner@proth.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steinebrunner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolfart
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bössmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D000044:Dental Abutments / Q000382:microbiology*; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth / Q000382:microbiology*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000382:microbiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008409:Mastication; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016474:Weight-Bearing