title: Temporal nutritional and inflammatory changes in children with severe head injury fed a regular or an immune-enhancing diet: A randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effect of an immune enhancing (IE) diet on infection and metabolic indices in children with severe head injury fed either an IE or a regular formula.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Randomized, blinded, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 mechanically ventilated children with severe head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within 12 hrs of pediatric intensive care unit admission, patients were randomized to receive a masked formula: either IE or regular formula. Feedings were advanced to a target volume of energy intake equal to 0.50%, 100%, 125%, 150%, and 150% of the predicted basal metabolic rate on days 1-5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nutritional and metabolic indices; interleukins-1beta, -6, and -8; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and outcome end points (survival, length of stay, length of mechanical ventilation) were compared between the two groups. Only interleukin-8 levels were lower in the IE group compared with the regular formula group by day 5 (23.6 +/- 1.5 vs. 35.5 +/- 4 pg/mL, p < .04). In multivariate regression analysis, interleukin-8 was also independently negatively correlated with immunonutrition (p < .04). Nitrogen balance became positive in 30.8% of patients in the regular formula group and in 69.2% of patients in the IE group by day 5 (p < .05). Less gastric cultures were positive in the IE group compared with the regular formula group (26.7% vs. 71.4%, p < .02). Nosocomial infections (15% vs. 25%), length of stay (16.7 vs. 12.2 days), length of mechanical ventilation (11 vs. 8 days), and survival (80% vs. 95%) did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although immunonutrition might decrease interleukin-8 and gastric colonization in children with severe head injury, it might not be associated with additional advantage over the one demonstrated by regular early enteral nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Briassoulis
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Filippou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanariou
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papassotiriou
authors.forename: Tassos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatzis
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D009584:Nitrogen