title: Ultrasound imaging of the female perineum: the effect of vaginal delivery on pelvic floor dynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the use of perineal ultrasound in the evaluation of the influence of vaginal delivery on urethral mobility and on the contraction strength of the levator ani muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study of 70 nulliparous women. Each woman underwent perineal ultrasound assessment at 36-38 weeks' gestation and at 1 week and 3 months following delivery. During each examination we assessed: the posterior urethrovesical angle at rest, urethral mobility during Valsalva maneuver and movement of the anorectal angle and levator sling angle during contraction of the levator ani.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urethrovesical angle and the urethral mobility increased significantly after delivery (P < 0.0001). The levator sling excursion decreased proportionally. The anorectal excursion had decreased significantly by the examination 3 months after birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perineal sonography provides objective assessment criteria for urethral mobility and for contraction strength of the levator ani muscles and detects changes in the anatomy and function of the pelvic floor after vaginal delivery.
authors.affiliation: Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Biostatistics Section, University of Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nadalini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lijoi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lantieri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mistrangelo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D010502:Perineum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra / Q000502:physiology*