title: Range of joint movement in female dancers and nondancers aged 8 to 16 years: anatomical and clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little data are available on changes that occur with age in joint range of motion in dancers and nondancers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In dancers, joint range of motion will increase with age, whereas it will decrease in nondancers, independent of the joint studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 1320 female dancers, aged 8 to 16 years, who participated in different types of dancing classes (classical ballet, modern dance, jazz, etc) and 226 nondancers of similar age. Range of motion was measured for the hip, knee, ankle, foot, and spinal joints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of differences in range of motion with age varied in different joints and types of movement. (1) For combined ankle and foot plantar flexion (pointe), ankle plantar flexion, and hip external rotation, there was no change in range of motion in dancers, whereas range of motion diminished with age in the nondancers. (2) For ankle dorsiflexion, neither group showed any change with age, and range of motion was significantly greater in the nondancer group. (3) For knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip internal rotation, range of motion decreased with age in both groups. (4) For hip abduction, range of motion decreased with age in dancers and remained constant in the nondancers. (5) For hip extension, range of motion increased in both groups. (6) For lower back and hamstrings, range of motion increased among dancers with age and remained constant among nondancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dancers and teachers should realize that passive joint range of motion is unlikely to improve with age. Therefore, the major goal of a dancing program should focus on exercises that retain the natural flexibility of the dancers' joints rather than trying to improve them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel. knopp@wincol.ac.il
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hershkovitz
authors.forename: Smadar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peleg
authors.forename: Gali
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masharawi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Siev-Ner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003615:Dancing / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*