title: Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, suppresses apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stresses by inhibiting caspase signaling.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. In many reports, NSAIDs have induced apoptosis in a variety of cell lines such as colon cancer cells. On the other hand, more recently a few reports have found that NSAIDs protect against apoptosis. Here we investigate endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells. The aim of this study is to examine the involvement of NSAIDs, in particular diclofenac, on ER-stress-induced apoptosis of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Diclofenac significantly suppressed SH-SY5Y cell death induced by two types of ER-stress-inducing agents: thapsigargin, an inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and tunicamycin, a glycosylation blocker. Other NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, aspirin, and ketoprofen, also suppressed ER-stress-induced SH-SY5Y cell death. The dose-dependent anti-apoptotic effect of diclofenac did not correlate with the reduction of prostaglandin release. Administration of prostaglandin E2, which was a primary product of arachidonic metabolism, showed no effects against anti-apoptotic effects produced by diclofenac. Thapsigargin and tunicamycin each significantly activated caspase-3, -9, and -2 in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Diclofenac suppressed the activation of caspases induced by both ER stresses. Thapsigargin and tunicamycin decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in SH-SY5Y cells. Diclofenac suppressed the mitochondrial depolarization induced by both ER stresses. Diclofenac inhibited ER-stress-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells by suppressing the activation of caspases in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This is the first report to find that diclofenac has protective effects against ER-stress-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan. takao.yamazaki@jp.astellas.com
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muramoto
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oe
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Okitsu
authors.forename: Takeyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins; D004008:Diclofenac; D019284:Thapsigargin; D020169:Caspases