title: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 activation mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic carcinoma cells.
abstract: Our laboratory has shown that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) expression on human pancreatic cancer cell lines mediates cell migration and invasion. Because epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) also plays a role in cell motility by altering the cell phenotype and morphology, we hypothesized that VEGFR-1 activation induces molecular alterations that mediate EMT. Our treatment of the human pancreatic cancer cell line L3.6pl with the VEGFR-1 ligands VEGF-A and VEGF-B led to morphologic changes characteristic of EMT, including loss of polarity, increased intercellular separation, and the presence of pseudopodia. Immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to E-cadherin and beta-catenin showed that VEGFR-1 activation led to translocation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin from their usual cell membrane-bound location to the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. Western blotting showed that VEGFR-1 activation led to decreased expression of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and plakoglobin, increased expression of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin, and increased nuclear expression of beta-catenin. Pretreatment of tumor cells with a VEGFR-1 blocking antibody inhibited the VEGFR-1-induced immunohistochemical and molecular changes in E-cadherin. VEGFR-1 activation led to an increase in expression of the EMT-associated transcription factors Snail, Twist, and Slug. The changes mediated by VEGFR-1 in this pancreatic carcinoma cell line are highly consistent with the changes characteristic of EMT. Given our previous finding of VEGFR-1-mediated tumor cell invasion and migration in pancreatic carcinoma cells, we hypothesize that VEGFR-1 plays a role in tumor progression in pancreatic cancer through the induction of EMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230-1402, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: E Ramsay
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Camp
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Lanlan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Wenbiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Somcio
authors.forename: Todd W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hicklin
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D042561:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C467485:VEGFB protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042561:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1