title: Higher-order aberrations in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify and characterize higher order aberrations in children and to investigate the influence of refractive error and cycloplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  setting: Clinical practice. patients: One hundred sixty-two eyes of 82 children were examined. The mean age of the children was 6.7 years (range, 4 to 14 years), and the mean manifest refractive spherical equivalent was 2.39 +/- 3.35 diopters (range, -8.98 to +8.45 diopters). Aberrometry was performed with a wavefront analyzer (after cycloplegia and mydriasis with cyclopentolate 1%). Aberrometry was also conducted on a subgroup of 52 eyes of 27 children, both before and 30 minutes after the instillation of cyclopentolate 1% to investigate the effect of paralysis of accommodation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean root mean square values of total-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-order aberrations were 0.37 +/- 0.13 microm, 0.23 +/- 0.12 microm, 0.16 +/- 0.11 microm, and 0.08 +/- 0.12 microm, respectively. Mean root mean square values of total coma (Z(3)(-1), Z(3)(1), Z(5)(-1), Z(5)(1)) and total trefoil (Z(3)(-3), Z(3)(3), Z(5)(-3), Z(5)(3)) were 0.27 +/- 0.31 microm and 0.21 +/- 0.29 microm, respectively. Myopes had statistically significant greater levels of total (P = .005) and fourth order (P = .002) aberrations and Zernicke terms (Z(3)(-3), Z(3)(-1), Z(3)(3), Z(4)(-4), and Z(4)(2)) compared with hyperopes. Cycloplegia had minimal influence on higher-order aberrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant levels of higher-order aberrations were found in these children. They were influenced by refractive error, because myopes had significantly greater levels compared with hyperopes. Paralysis of accommodation with cyclopentolate appeared to have little effect on higher-order aberrations.
authors.affiliation: The Childrens University Hospital, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Caitriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.forename: Hansjorg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soeldner
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003519:Cyclopentolate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics; D003519:Cyclopentolate