title: Prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma: relevance of DNA ploidy in predicting disease-related survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognostic value of DNA ploidy, Ki-67 index and p53 expression in relation to disease-related survival in a consecutive series of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 64 RCC patients treated by radical nephrectomy. Histological type, pathological staging and nuclear anaplasia were assessed according to the WHO classification, TNM system and Fuhrman grading criteria, respectively. Ploidy was determined by DNA flow cytometry using two sampling methods (frozen vs paraffin-embedded tissue). Ki-67 and p53 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry techniques using two cutoff points (10% vs mean value) for staining interpretation. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used for prognostic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one tumors (48.4%) showed DNA diploidy and 33 (51.6%) were DNA aneuploid. Concordance between both ploidy measurement methods was found in 85.5% of cases (p=0.0455). The mean values for Ki-67 and p53 immunostaining were 3.65% (0-23.5%) and 5.90% (0-55.9%), respectively. DNA ploidy significantly correlated with staging, tumor size (pT), nuclear grading, and Ki-67 (mean value cutoff). Ki-67 (10% cutoff) correlated with staging and pT, while p53 (mean value cutoff) was associated with Ki-67 (mean value cutoff). There were significant differences between survival curves for pathological stage, pT, nuclear grade, ploidy, Ki-67 (both cutoffs), and p53 (10% cutoff). By univariate regression analysis, stage III and stage IV, pT3, aneuploidy, high Ki-67 (both cutoffs), and p53 overexpression (10% cutoff) showed significant correlations with worse disease-related survival. In addition, DNA aneuploidy significantly correlated with poor prognosis within stages I/II (p=0.0355) and stages III/IV (p=0.0138) of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that DNA ploidy has relevant prognostic value in RCC, adding useful information to the classic histopathological indicators of clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Service, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil, CROL, SA, Lisbon, Portugal. aepinto@ipolisboa.min-saude.pt
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011003:Ploidies; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53