title: Spatial localization in visual impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate self-reported difficulties experienced by visually impaired subjects in real-world tasks requiring judgment of space and distance and to determine whether laboratory measures of spatial localization predict self-reported difficulty with spatial tasks better than traditional measures of visual function, such as visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two subjects with visual impairment participated. The Spatial Localization Questionnaire (SLQ) was developed to investigate self-reported spatial localization difficulties, and subjects answered the questionnaire as part of the study. Subjects also completed a variety of clinical vision tests (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo acuity, and reading speed) and laboratory vision tests (vernier acuity, bisection acuity, and visual direction).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SLQ was found to have good validity. Several significant correlations were found between the Rasch analysis ability scores for the questionnaire and the clinical and laboratory vision tests. Using stepwise regression analysis, we found that vernier acuity and contrast sensitivity accounted for 42% of the variance in the Rasch scores (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that certain subjects with visual impairment have difficulty with real-world spatial tasks, as indicated by the SLQ. Of note, these difficulties were better predicted by vernier acuity (a resolution test) and contrast sensitivity, rather than vernier or bisection bias, which measure localization.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ahalya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dickinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities