title: Early biofilm formation and the effects of antimicrobial agents on orthodontic bonding materials in a parallel plate flow chamber.
abstract: Decalcification is a commonly recognized complication of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. A technology, based on a parallel plate flow chamber, was developed to investigate early biofilm formation of a strain of Streptococcus sanguis on the surface of four orthodontic bonding materials: glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho LC), chemically-cured composite resin (Concise) and light-cured composite resin (Transbond XT). S. sanguis was used as it is one of the primary colonizers of dental hard surfaces. Artificial saliva was supplied as a source of nutrients for the biofilms. The effects of two commercially available mouthrinses (i.e. a fluoride containing rinse and chlorhexidine) were evaluated. Initial colonization of the bacterium was assessed after 6 hours of growth by the percentage surface coverage (PSC) of the biofilm on the disc surfaces. There were statistically significant differences in bacterial accumulation between different bonding materials (P < 0.05), Concise being the least colonized and Transbond XT being the most colonized by S. sanguis biofilms. All materials pre-treated with 0.05 per cent sodium fluoride mouthrinse showed more than 50 per cent reduction in biofilm formation. The 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse caused significant reduction of biofilm formation on all materials except Ketac Cem. This in vitro study showed that the use of a chemically-cured composite resin (Concise) reduced early S. sanguis biofilm formation. Also, fluoride had a greater effect in reducing the PSC by S. sanguis biofilms than chlorhexidine. Rinsing with 0.05 per cent sodium fluoride prior to placement of orthodontic appliances is effective in reducing early biofilm formation.
authors.affiliation: Department Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. y.h.chin@dmo.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Mervyn Y H
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noar
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pratten
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D002417:Cattle; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000382:microbiology; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D019279:Resin Cements; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015034:Zinc Oxide
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003738:Dental Cements; C095451:Fuji Ortho LC; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D009067:Mouthwashes; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C040235:Ketac-cem; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D015034:Zinc Oxide