title: A cluster randomized-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the study design, methods and baseline findings of a behavioural intervention trial aimed at reducing HIV incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized-controlled trial (RCT) conducted in 70 villages in rural South Africa. A behavioural intervention, Stepping Stones, was implemented in 35 communities in two workshops of 20 men and 20 women in each community who met for 17 sessions (50 h) over a period of 3-12 weeks. Individuals in the control arm communities attended a single session of about 3 h on HIV and safer sex. Impact assessment was conducted through two questionnaire and serological surveys at 12-month intervals. The primary outcome was HIV incidence and secondary measures included changes in knowledge, attitude and sexual behaviours. Qualitative research was also undertaken with 10 men and 10 women from two sites receiving the intervention (one rural and one urban) and five men and five women from one village in the control arm. They were interviewed individually three times prior to the workshops and then 9-12 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2776 participants (1409 intervention and 1367 control) were enrolled at baseline and had an interview, and HIV sero-status was established. HIV baseline prevalence rates in women were 9.8% in the intervention arm and 12.8% in the control arm. In men the prevalence was 1.7% in the intervention arm and 2.1% in the control arm. Demographic and behavioural characteristics were similar in the two arms. In the intervention groups 59.9% of participants attended more than 75% of the sessions. In the control group 66.3% attended the control session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the third RCT to be conducted in sub-Saharan Africa evaluating a behavioural intervention using HIV incidence as a primary outcome. It is of particular interest as the intervention in question is used in many developing countries. There is good baseline comparability between the study arms and the process data on the workshops suggested that the interventions were feasible and adequately implemented.
authors.affiliation: Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. rjewkes@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jewkes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nduna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dunkle
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khuzwayo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puren
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duvvury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012423:Rural Health; D021841:Safe Sex; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome