title: Protein kinase D protects against oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury via Rho/ROK/PKC-delta pathway activation.
abstract: Protein kinase D (PKD) is a novel protein serine kinase that has recently been implicated in diverse cellular functions, including apoptosis and cell proliferation. The purpose of our present study was 1) to define the activation of PKD in intestinal epithelial cells treated with H2O2, an agent that induces oxidative stress, and 2) to delineate the upstream signaling mechanisms mediating the activation of PKD. We found that the activation of PKD is induced by H2O2 in both a dose- and time-dependent fashion. PKD phosphorylation was attenuated by rottlerin, a selective PKC-delta inhibitor, and by small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against PKC-delta, suggesting the regulation of PKD activity by upstream PKC-delta. Activation of PKD was also blocked by a Rho kinase (ROK)-specific inhibitor, Y-27632, as well as by C3, a Rho protein inhibitor, demonstrating that the Rho/ROK pathway also mediates PKD activity in intestinal cells. In addition, H2O2-induced PKC-delta phosphorylation was inhibited by C3 treatment, further suggesting that PKC-delta is downstream of Rho/ROK. Interestingly, H2O2-induced intestinal cell apoptosis was enhanced by PKD siRNA. Together, these results clearly demonstrate that oxidative stress induces PKD activation in intestinal epithelial cells and that this activation is regulated by upstream PKC-delta and Rho/ROK pathways. Importantly, our findings suggest that PKD activation protects intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These findings have potential clinical implications for intestinal injury associated with oxidative stress (e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis in infants).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lulla
authors.forename: B Mark
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Dai H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016877:Oxidants; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C087857:protein kinase C gamma; C089212:protein kinase D; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins