title: Unregulated emissions from compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses configured with and without oxidation catalyst.
abstract: The unregulated emissions from two in-use heavy-duty transit buses fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) and equipped with oxidation catalyst (OxiCat) control were evaluated. We tested emissions from a transit bus powered by a 2001 Cummins Westport C Gas Plus 8.3-L engine (CWest), which meets the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) 2002 optional NOx standard (2.0 g/bhp-hr). In California, this engine is certified only with an OxiCat, so our study did not include emissions testing without it. We also tested a 2000 New Flyer 40-passenger low-floor bus powered by a Detroit Diesel series 50G engine (DDCs50G) that is currently certified in California without an OxiCat. The original equipment manufacturer (OEM) offers a "low-emission" package for this bus that includes an OxiCat for transit bus applications, thus, this configuration was also tested in this study. Previously, we reported that formaldehyde and other volatile organic emissions detected in the exhaust of the DDCs50G bus equipped with an OxiCat were significantly reduced relative to the same DDCs50G bus without OxiCat. In this paper, we examine othertoxic unregulated emissions of significance. The specific mutagenic activity of emission sample extracts was examined using the microsuspension assay. The total mutagenic activity of emissions (activity per mile) from the OxiCat-equipped DDC bus was generally lower than that from the DDC bus without the OxiCat. The CWest bus emission samples had mutagenic activity that was comparable to that of the OxiCat-equipped DDC bus. In general, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions were lower forthe OxiCat-equipped buses, with greater reductions observed for the volatile and semivolatile PAH emissions. Elemental carbon (EC) was detected in the exhaust from the all three bus configurations, and we found that the total carbon (TC) composition of particulate matter (PM) emissions was primarily organic carbon (OC). The amount of carbon emissions far exceeded the PM-associated inorganic element emissions, which were detected in all exhaust samples, at comparatively small emission rates. In summary, based on these results and those referenced from our group, the use of OxiCat for the new CWest engine and as a retrofit option for the DDCs50G engine generally results in the reduction of tailpipe toxic emissions. However, the conclusions of this study do not take into account OxiCat durability, deterioration, lubricant consumption, or vehicle maintenance, and these parameters merit further study.
authors.affiliation: California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California 95812, USA. rokamoto@arb.ca.gov
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Norman Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Kado
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kuzmicky
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002140:California; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000032:analysis*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon