title: Mitochondrial membrane potential integrity and plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine as early apoptotic markers: a comparison of two different sperm subpopulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether a relationship exists between loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) in subpopulations of human spermatozoa of men consulting for infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary institutional research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve infertile men and five fertile controls were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm subpopulations were compared after density gradient separation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured with a cationic dye, translocation of PS was evaluated with Annexin-V binding, and motion parameters were assessed manually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both the study and control groups and compared with the high-motility fraction, the low-motility fraction had significantly lower sperm motility and normal morphology, and significantly higher percentage of cells with disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and plasma membrane PS translocation. There was a positive and significant correlation in both subfertile and control groups between the percentages of Annexin-V+ live cells and cells with mitochondrial membrane potential disruption (r = 0.82 and r = 0.85, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The correlation of plasma membrane PS translocation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is suggestive of an early apoptosis phenotype, as is typically observed in somatic cells identified in sperm subpopulations with percentage of low-motile cells. We speculate that such changes might be used as diagnostic markers of sperm dysfunction(s) and that increased levels found in subfertile men might be indicators of reduced fertility potential.
authors.affiliation: Assisted Reproductive Division, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico. asistida@servidor.inper.edu.mx
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morshedi
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manzur
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaviño
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oehninger
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011419:Propidium; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018456:Reproductive Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D015415:Biomarkers; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D011419:Propidium