title: Comparison of two pre-anaesthetic medetomidine doses in isoflurane anaesthetized sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the sedative, anaesthetic-sparing and arterial blood-gas effects of two medetomidine (MED) doses used as pre-anaesthetic medication in sheep undergoing experimental orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective, controlled experimental trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four adult, non-pregnant, female sheep of various breeds, weighing 53.9 +/- 7.3 kg (mean +/- SD).
  
  
  METHODS
  All animals underwent experimental tibial osteotomy. Group 0 (n = 8) received 0.9% NaCl, group L (low dose) (n = 8) received 5 microg kg(-1) MED and group H (high dose) (n = 8) received 10 microg kg(-1) MED by intramuscular (IM) injection 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia with intravenous (IV) propofol 1% and maintenance with isoflurane delivered in oxygen. The propofol doses required for induction and endtidal isoflurane concentrations (F(E')ISO) required to maintain anaesthesia were recorded. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperature were determined before and 30 minutes after administration of the test substance. The degree of sedation before induction of anaesthesia was assessed using a numerical rating scale. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, FE'ISO, end-tidal CO2 (FE'CO2) and inspired O2 (FIO2) concentration were recorded every 10 minutes during anaesthesia. Arterial blood gas values were determined 10 minutes after induction of anaesthesia and every 30 minutes thereafter. Changes over time and differences between groups were examined by analysis of variance (anova) for repeated measures followed by Bonferroni-adjusted t-tests for effects over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both MED doses produced mild sedation. The dose of propofol for induction of anaesthesia decreased in a dose-dependent manner: mean (+/-SE) values for group 0 were 4.7 (+/-0.4) mg kg(-1), for group L, 3.2 (+/-0.4) mg kg(-1) and for group H, 2.3 (+/-0.3) mg kg(-1)). The mean (+/-SE) FE'ISO required to maintain anaesthesia was 30% lower in both MED groups [group L: 0.96 (+/-0.07) %; group H: 1.06 (+/-0.09) %] compared with control group values [(1.54 +/- 0.17) %]. Heart rates were constantly higher in the control group with a tendency towards lower arterial blood pressures when compared with the MED groups. Respiratory rates and PaCO2 were similar in all groups while PaO2 increased during anaesthesia with no significant difference between groups. In group H, one animal developed a transient hypoxaemia: PaO2 was 7.4 kPa (55.7 mmHg) 40 minutes after induction of anaesthesia. Arterial pH values and bicarbonate concentrations were higher in the MED groups at all time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramuscular MED doses of 5 and 10 microg kg(-1) reduced the propofol and isoflurane requirements for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia respectively. Cardiovascular variables and blood gas measurements remained stable over the course of anaesthesia but hypoxaemia developed in one of 16 sheep receiving MED.
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. skaestner@vetclinics.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Sabine B R
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kästner
authors.forename: Annette P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kutter
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Rechenberg
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettschart-Wolfensberger
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000662:veterinary*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D020926:Medetomidine; D015742:Propofol