title: Changes in breathing control and mechanics after laparoscopic vs open cholecystectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that there might be different effects on breathing control and respiratory mechanics after laparoscopic vs open cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A general hospital in Greece.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 53 patients assessed for eligibility, 18 and 10 were randomly allocated to the laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy groups, respectively. These 28 patients had normal spirometry measurements and American Society of Anesthesiologists' class I physical status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of breathing control and mechanics variables. Tidal volume, inspiratory time, breathing frequency, mean inspiratory flow, duty cycle, central respiratory drive, and mean inspiratory impedance were recorded before surgery on the second and eighth postoperative days. Airway resistance was recorded before surgery and on the eighth postoperative day, with all measurements being performed under no influence of analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two days after surgery, inspiratory time, breathing frequency, and central respiratory drive were significantly changed compared with preoperative values for both methods, whereas mean inspiratory impedance was significantly increased (P<.001) for the laparoscopic procedure. Eight days after surgery, changes were seen only for the laparoscopic group: duty cycle and airway resistance were significantly reduced (P = .01) and increased (P = .04), respectively, compared with preoperative data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy seems to be associated with small but sustained alterations in the control of breathing and mechanics, which might have an unfavorable clinical impact on patients with compromised lung function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece. gbableko@otenet.gr
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bablekos
authors.forename: Stylianos A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Michaelides
authors.forename: Trianthi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roussou
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Charalabopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000403:Airway Resistance; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D013147:Spirometry