title: Polymerization efficacy of simplified adhesive systems studied by NMR and MRI techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the efficacy of polymerization of self-etching dental adhesives in different solvent evaporation conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four self-etching adhesive systems were studied. Two of them are classified as mild two-step self-etching adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, Protect Bond) and the other two are strong one-step systems (Xeno III, ADP-Prompt-L-Pop). The influence of temperature and duration of the air-drying period on photo-polymerization was followed by: gravimetry, (1)H solid-state NMR spectroscopy and stray-field MRI. The evolution of proton magnetization with irradiation time was recorded and correlated with volumetric polymerization shrinkage and extent of reaction; evaporation and hardening effects were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main variables determining water-solvent evaporation of the tested adhesives are: (1) water/HEMA relative concentration, (2) presence of photoinitiator compounds in the primer (SEB) and (3) presence of ethanol (XENO). SEB shows the highest extent of photo-polymerization of the tested adhesives. The lowest volumetric contraction was obtained for APLP and XENO and the attempt to remove the solvents did not increase the extent of polymerization significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temperature increase following photo-polymerization reaction is dominant towards the effect of the drying step for solvent evaporation in self-etching systems. Attempts to remove the solvents did not increase the extent of polymerization, so other problems are impairing the polymerization of one-step adhesives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of tested one-step adhesives is discouraged as the attained low extent of polymerization may lead to low bond strength, high susceptibility to degradation and also will favor a continuing etching effect on the underlying dentin.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais/IST, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. Teresa.Nunes@ist.utl.pt <Teresa.Nunes@ist.utl.pt>
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: F C P
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toledano
mesh_terms: D001840:Dental Bonding; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006244:Hardness; D006418:Heme; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008422:Materials Testing; D044367:Phase Transition; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014835:Volatilization; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D019279:Resin Cements; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D006418:Heme