title: Comparison of the effect of non-ionic and ionic contrast agents on pancreatic histology in a canine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatitis is the most frequent complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Controversy exists whether low osmolarity non-ionic contrast agents lessen the rate of pancreatitis and pancreatic injury. To evaluate we used a canine model to compare pancreatography performed with ionic and non-ionic contrast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were anesthetized and underwent open transduodenal cannulation of the main pancreatic duct under fluoroscopic control until complete acinarization was achieved to maximize injury. Three dogs received diatrozate, an ionic contrast agent with osmolarity of 1,415 mosM and three dogs were injected with omnipaque a non-ionic agent with osmolarity of 672 mosM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial amylase and white cell counts were followed for 48 hours at which time dogs were sacrificed. Each pancreas was then examined for evidence of pancreatitis and cellular injury with both light and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals developed significant hyperamylasemia and elevated white blood cell counts, without significant difference in the mean peak amylase (10,721 U/L vs. 9,367 U/L, P=0.876) or white cell counts (25.8 k/mL vs. 24.1 k/mL, P=0.586) between the ionic and non-ionic contrast groups. Light microscopy showed no evidence of pancreatitis in either group of dogs. Electron microscopy showed cellular injury of the ductal cells in two dogs injected with non-ionic contrast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a pancreatic canine model, low osmolarity, non-ionic contrast does not appear to lessen cellular injury.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA. prp@medicine.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Deepak V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oberley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Fred T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Devon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eckoff
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reichelderfer
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004285:Dogs; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D023421:Models, Animal; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003973:Diatrizoate; D007472:Iohexol; D000681:Amylases