title: Muscle cell depolarization induces a gain in surface GLUT4 via reduced endocytosis independently of AMPK.
abstract: Contracting skeletal muscle increases glucose uptake to sustain energy demand. This is achieved through a gain in GLUT4 at the membrane, but the traffic mechanisms and regulatory signals involved are unknown. Muscle contraction is elicited by membrane depolarization followed by a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ and actomyosin activation, drawing on ATP stores. It is unknown whether one or more of these events triggers the rise in surface GLUT4. Here, we investigate the effect of membrane depolarization on GLUT4 cycling using GLUT4myc-expressing L6 myotubes devoid of sarcomeres and thus unable to contract. K+-induced membrane depolarization elevated surface GLUT4myc, and this effect was additive to that of insulin, was not prevented by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or actin polymerization, and did not involve Akt activation. Instead, depolarization elevated cytosolic Ca2+, and the surface GLUT4myc elevation was prevented by dantrolene (an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum) and by extracellular Ca2+ chelation. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII) was not phosphorylated after 10 min of K+ depolarization, and the CaMK inhibitor KN62 did not prevent the gain in surface GLUT4myc. Interestingly, although 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was phosphorylated upon depolarization, lowering AMPKalpha via siRNA did not alter the surface GLUT4myc gain. Conversely, the latter response was abolished by the PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide I and calphostin C. Unlike insulin, K+ depolarization caused only a small increase in GLUT4myc exocytosis and a major reduction in its endocytosis. We propose that K+ depolarization reduces GLUT4 internalization through signals and mechanisms distinct from those engaged by insulin. Such a pathway(s) is largely independent of PI3K, Akt, AMPK, and CaMKII but may involve PKC.
authors.affiliation: Programme in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8.
authors.forename: Nadeeja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wijesekara
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thong
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klip
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006601:Hexoses / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006601:Hexoses; D011494:Protein Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium