title: [Mental disorders associated with multiple sclerosis].
abstract: METHODS
  Findings are reported in 4 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and various mental disorders which were directly associated with the underlying disease, with disease-related increased vulnerability, were a reactive response or had occurred independently of the MS. CASE 1: A 53-year-old woman with MS for 24 years developed cognitive disorders with markedly impaired quality of life. CASE 2: A 44-year-old man with MS for 8 years had depression and felt suicidal. CASE 3: A 58-year-old woman with MS for 35 years suffered from both depression and symptoms of a compulsive-obsessive disorder. CASE 4: A 19-year-old woman with MS for 2 years was treated by a psychiatrist for the first time when she developed acoustic hallucinations and suicidal ideation during cortisone treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  CASE 1: The progressive mental disorder was classified as manifestation of the chronic progressive MS: it was treatment-refractory. CASE 2: The patient underwent psychotherapy as both an in- and out-patient. His depression was thought to be reactive and improved well under this treatment, despite the deterioration of the MS, requiring him to use a wheel-chair. CASE 3: The compulsive-obsessive symptoms persisted during medication for depression, for which she then received behavioral treatment. CASE 4: The initial symptoms of hallucination and suicidal ideation ceased when cortisone was stopped. A diagnosis of borderline personality was made, based on her continuing symptoms of impaired impulse control, abnormal affect, distorted self-image, a feeling of inner emptiness, agitation with suicidal tendency and factitious injuries. The renewed occurrence of acoustic hallucinations and suicidal tendency occurred independently of cortisone treatment and was interpreted as expression of inflammatory disease activity, but differential diagnosis had to consider the patient s personality disorder, too.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental disorders in patients with MS are manifold and their causes are complex. It is important to recognize these associated diseases and initiate individualized treatment, because they considerably impair the patients quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Sozialpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover. Wilkening.Anja@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilkening
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haltenhof
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003348:Cortisone / Q000009:adverse effects; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; D011788:Quality of Life; D013406:Suicide, Attempted
chemical_list: D003348:Cortisone