title: A 9-year review of dystonia from a movement disorders clinic in Singapore.
abstract: The clinical features of dystonia have not been evaluated in Southeast Asia. We therefore investigated the clinical spectrum and characteristics of dystonia in Singapore, a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian country comprising 77% Chinese, 14% Malays, and 8% Indians. We identified all dystonia patients from the Movement Disorders database and Botulinum Toxin clinic between 1995 and November 2004. Their medical records were reviewed to verify the diagnosis of dystonia and obtain demographic and clinical data using a standardized data collection form. A total of 119 (73%) patients had primary dystonia whilst 45 (27%) had secondary dystonia. There were 77% Chinese, 9% Malays, and 8% Indians. The most common focal dystonia were cervical dystonia (47%), writer's cramp (32%), and blepharospasm (11%). There was no significant difference in the distribution of dystonia between the different races. Males were noted to have earlier onset of dystonia overall. There was a significant male predominance in primary dystonia overall (M:F 1.6:1, P=0.008) and in the subgroup of focal dystonia (M:F 1.6:1, P=0.037). This contrasts with previous studies that found a female predominance. The role of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors and their interactions need to be investigated to better understand the gender differences in the occurrence of dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute-TTSH Campus, Singapore.
authors.forename: R D G
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jamora
authors.forename: A K Y
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: L C S
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology