title: Recombinant human antithrombin inhibits thrombin formation and interleukin 6 release in human endotoxemia.
abstract: We hypothesized that infusion of recombinant human antithrombin without concomitant heparin would have dose-dependent anticoagulant properties and potentially decrease endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-induced cytokine production. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in parallel groups enrolling 30 healthy male volunteers. The active treatment groups received infusions of recombinant human antithrombin to increase antithrombin levels to 200% and 500% before infusion of 2 ng/kg endotoxin (LPS). Infusion of antithrombin dose-dependently decreased coagulation (P < .01 by repeated-measures ANOVA): peak levels of prothrombin fragment (1.8 nmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-2.3 nmol/L] in the 500% antithrombin group and 4.4 nmol/L [95% CI, 2.7-6.2 nmol/L] in the placebo group at 4 hours), thrombin antithrombin complexes (12 microg/L [95% CI, 8-16 microg/L] in the 500% antithrombin group and 34 microg/L [95% CI, 20-48 microg/L] in the placebo group at 4 hours), and D-dimer (0.2 microg/L [95% CI, 0.1-0.2 microg/L] in the 500% antithrombin group and 0.5 microg/L [95% CI, 0.4-0.7 microg/L] in the placebo group). Recombinant human antithrombin decreased peak interleukin-6 levels by 40% (222 pg/mL [95% CI, 148-295 pg/mL] and 216 pg/mL [95% CI, 112-320 pg/mL] in the 500% and 200% antithrombin groups, respectively, versus 357 pg/mL [95% CI, 241-474 pg/mL] in the placebo group; P < .001 by ANOVA). Finally, infusion of recombinant human antithrombin rapidly and transiently decreased neutrophil counts (by 19% [95% CI, 8%-30%] in the 500% antithrombin group versus 6% [95% CI, 1%-10%] in the placebo group, P = .002 by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) and monocyte counts (by 30% [95% CI, 16%-44%] in the 500% antithrombin group and 18% [95% CI, 9%-28%] in the 200% antithrombin group versus 8% [95% CI, 5%-20%] in the placebo group, P = .04) before LPS challenge, indicating that recombinant human antithrombin directly interacts with these leukocyte subsets. In summary, recombinant human antithrombin dose-dependently inhibited tissue factor-triggered coagulation. Effects on leukocytes and inhibition of interleukin-6 release seem to represent specific pharmacodynamic properties of recombinant human antithrombin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Immunohaematology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leitner
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Firbas
authors.forename: Florian B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: Rosemarie A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steinlechner
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jilma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000032:analysis; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013916:Thrombelastography; D013917:Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D011516:Prothrombin; D013917:Thrombin