title: Segment characteristics and severity of head-on crashes on two-lane rural highways in Maine.
abstract: More than two out of three of all fatal crashes in Maine occur on rural, two-lane collector or arterial roads. Head-on crashes on these roads account for less than 5% of the crashes, but they are responsible for almost half of all fatalities. Data analyzed in this study was provided by Maine Department of Transportation and covers all head-on crashes for 2000-2002 during which period there were 3,136 head-on crashes reported. Out of these, 127 were fatal crashes and 235 produced incapacitating but not fatal injuries. These two categories made up over 75% of the crash cost. A clear majority of head-on crashes on two-lane, rural roads in Maine were caused by drivers making errors or misjudging situations. Illegal/unsafe speed was a factor in 32% of the crashes while driver inattention/distraction was a primary factor in 28%. Fatigue was responsible for around one in 40 crashes and one in 12 fatal crashes. Alcohol or drugs was a factor in one in 12 crashes and one in nine fatal head-on crashes. Less than 8% of fatalities involved someone overtaking another vehicle, and only around 14% involved a driver intentionally crossing the centerline. Two in three fatal head-on crashes occurred on straight segments and 67% of these happened on dry pavement. There is a clear trend towards higher speed limits leading to a higher percentage of crashes becoming fatal or having incapacitating injuries. There is also a clear trend - if one keeps speeds constant and AADT within a certain range - that wider shoulders give higher crash severities. Also, for higher-speed roads, more travel lanes (than two) increase crash severity. In summary, there seems to be two major reasons why people get across the centerline and have head-on collisions: (a) people are going too fast for the roadway conditions; or (b) people are inattentive and get across the centerline more or less without noticing it. The latter category of crashes could probably be reduced if centerline rumble-strips were installed. More or less all head-on collisions could be eliminated if median barriers were installed. In-vehicle technology could also be used to significantly reduce the incidence of lane departures. Furthermore, today's speed limits should be better enforced since a high percentage of serious crashes involve illegal speeding. This should be combined with lowered speed limits for targeted high-crash segments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, 04469-5711, USA. Garder@Maine.edu
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gårder
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008281:Maine / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014887:Weather