title: Serum tumor markers in breast cancer: are they of clinical value?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multiple serum-based tumor markers have been described for breast cancer, such as CA 15-3, BR 27.29 (CA27.29), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen, tissue polypeptide specific antigen, and HER-2 (the extracellular domain), the most widely used are CA 15-3 and CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature relevant to serum tumor markers in breast cancer was reviewed. Particular attention was given to systematic reviews, prospective randomized trials, and guidelines issued by expert panels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of a lack of sensitivity for early disease and lack of specificity, none of the available markers is of value for the detection of early breast cancer. High preoperative concentrations of CA 15-3 are, however, associated with adverse patient outcome. Although serial determinations of tumor markers after primary treatment for breast cancer can preclinically detect recurrent/metastatic disease with lead times of approximately 2-9 months, the clinical value of this lead time remains to be determined. Serum markers, however, are the only validated approach for monitoring treatment in patients with advanced disease that cannot be evaluated by use of conventional criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CA 15-3 is one of the first circulating prognostic factors for breast cancer. Preoperative concentrations thus might be combined with existing prognostic factors for predicting outcome in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. At present, the most important clinical application of CA 15-3 is in monitoring therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer that is not assessable by existing clinical or radiologic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Michael.J.Duffy@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D044967:Serum
chemical_list: D018396:Mucin-1