title: Genotoxicity and toxicity assessment in urban hydrographic basins.
abstract: The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of water in small urban basins was evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay and micronucleus test in V79 cells. The results showed that the cytotoxic effect was the most significant response in areas with medium to heavy urban occupation for both assays evaluated. Water samples from these areas include different concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. As to genotoxic damage, the presence of mainly direct-acting frameshift mutagens was detected in areas with less urban concentration and showed genotoxic activity in V79 cells in more heavily urbanized areas. Water organic extracts, evaluated using a microsuspension procedure, showed frameshift mutagenic activity in the presence of hepatic metabolization that increased as the population density grow. Chronic toxicity studies of sediment samples with the microcrustacean Daphnia magna showed that, while survival was not highly affected, reproductive inhibition was found in 92% of the observations. A retrospective diagnosis of water quality using traditional physicochemical parameters that defined the differential contribution of urban wastes at the three sites was associated with the biological assays. It became clear that the biological assays were of significant benefit in the diagnosis of risks of contamination of hydrographic basins by pollutants from urban non-point sources.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Dr. Salvador França, 1707 CEP, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiane Rocha
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: Danielle Pereira
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Ilda Rosa
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Feiden
authors.forename: Jocelita Aparecida Vaz
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Nânci Cristina D'Avila
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: da Silva Pereira
authors.forename: Thienne Flores
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Pastoriza
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: da Motta Marques
authors.forename: Clarice Torres
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Lemos
authors.forename: Nara Regina
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.forename: Vera Maria Ferrão
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vargas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002947:Cities; D004249:DNA Damage; D003621:Daphnia; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008861:Microsomes; D012098:Reproduction; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics; D013534:Survival; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical