title: Effect of lower limb massage on electromyography and force production of the knee extensors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of massage on force production and neuromuscular recruitment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy male subjects performed isokinetic concentric contractions on the knee extensors at speeds of 60, 120, 180, and 240 degrees /s. These contractions were performed before and after a 30 minute intervention of either rest in the supine position or lower limb massage. Electromyography (EMG) and force data were captured during the contractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The change in isokinetic mean force due to the intervention showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) at 60 degrees /s and a trend for a decrease (p = 0.08) at 120 degrees /s as a result of massage compared with passive rest. However, there were no corresponding differences in any of the EMG data. A reduction in force production was shown at 60 degrees /s with no corresponding alteration in neuromuscular activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggests that motor unit recruitment and muscle fibre conduction velocity are not responsible for the observed reductions in force. Although experimental confirmation is necessary, a possible explanation is that massage induced force loss by influencing "muscle architecture". However, it is possible that the differences were only found at 60 degrees /s because it was the first contraction after massage. Therefore muscle tension and architecture after massage and the duration of any massage effect need to be examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Studies, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK. a.m.hunter1@stir.ac.uk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: S D R
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology