title: Alcohol prices, beverage quality, and the demand for alcohol: quality substitutions and price elasticities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the published literature on alcohol beverage taxes, prices, sales, and related problems treats alcoholic beverages as a simple good, alcohol is a complex good composed of different beverage types (i.e., beer, wine, and spirits) and quality brands (e.g., high-, medium-, and low-quality beers). As a complex good, consumers may make substitutions between purchases of different beverage types and brands in response to price increases. For this reason, the availability of a broad range of beverage prices provides opportunities for consumers to mitigate the effects of average price increases through quality substitutions; a change in beverage choice in response to price increases to maintain consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Swedish price and sales data provided by Systembolaget for the years 1984 through 1994, this study assessed the relationships between alcohol beverage prices, beverage quality, and alcohol sales. The study examined price effects on alcohol consumption using seemingly unrelated regression equations to model the impacts of price increases within 9 empirically defined quality classes across beverage types. The models enabled statistical assessments of both own-price and cross-price effects between types and classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of these analyses showed that consumers respond to price increases by altering their total consumption and by varying their brand choices. Significant reductions in sales were observed in response to price increases, but these effects were mitigated by significant substitutions between quality classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the net impacts of purposeful price policy to reduce consumption will depend on how such policies affect the range of prices across beverage brands.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. paul@prev.org
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gruenewald
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Ponicki
authors.forename: Harold D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romelsjö
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D004465:Economic Competition / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics*