title: Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of 11 wk of resistance training to failure vs. nonfailure, followed by an identical 5-wk peaking period of maximal strength and power training for both groups as well as to examine the underlying physiological changes in basal circulating anabolic and catabolic hormones. Forty-two physically active men were matched and then randomly assigned to either a training to failure (RF; n = 14), nonfailure (NRF; n = 15), or control groups (C; n = 13). Muscular and power testing and blood draws to determine basal hormonal concentrations were conducted before the initiation of training (T0), after 6 wk of training (T1), after 11 wk of training (T2), and after 16 wk of training (T3). Both RF and NRF resulted in similar gains in 1-repetition maximum bench press (23 and 23%) and parallel squat (22 and 23%), muscle power output of the arm (27 and 28%) and leg extensor muscles (26 and 29%), and maximal number of repetitions performed during parallel squat (66 and 69%). RF group experienced larger gains in the maximal number of repetitions performed during the bench press. The peaking phase (T2 to T3) after NRF resulted in larger gains in muscle power output of the lower extremities, whereas after RF it resulted in larger gains in the maximal number of repetitions performed during the bench press. Strength training leading to RF resulted in reductions in resting concentrations of IGF-1 and elevations in IGFBP-3, whereas NRF resulted in reduced resting cortisol concentrations and an elevation in resting serum total testosterone concentration. This investigation demonstrated a potential beneficial stimulus of NRF for improving strength and power, especially during the subsequent peaking training period, whereas performing sets to failure resulted in greater gains in local muscular endurance. Elevation in IGFBP-3 after resistance training may have been compensatory to accommodate the reduction in IGF-1 to preserve IGF availability.
authors.affiliation: Studies, Research and Sport Medicine Center, Government of Navarra, Spain. mikel.izquierdo@ceimd.org
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: González-Badillo
authors.forename: Keijo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ratamess
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Duncan N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eslava
authors.forename: Aritz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altadill
authors.forename: Xabier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Asiain
authors.forename: Esteban M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gorostiaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D006854:Hydrocortisone