title: Stochastic imprinting in the progeny of Dnmt3L-/- females.
abstract: The cis-acting regulatory sequences of imprinted genes are subject to germline-specific epigenetic modifications, the imprints, so that this class of genes is exclusively expressed from either the paternal or maternal allele in offspring. How genes are differentially marked in the germlines remains largely to be elucidated. Although the exact nature of the mark is not fully known, DNA methylation [at differentially methylated regions (DMRs)] appears to be a major, functional component. Recent data in mice indicate that Dnmt3a, an enzyme with de novo DNA methyltransferase activity, and the related protein Dnmt3L are required for methylation of imprinted loci in germ cells. Maternal methylation imprints, in particular, are strictly dependent on the presence of Dnmt3L. Here, we show that, unexpectedly, methylation imprints can be present in some progeny of Dnmt3L(-/-) females. This incomplete penetrance of the effect of Dnmt3L deficiency in oocytes is neither embryo nor locus specific, but stochastic. We establish that, when it occurs, methylation is present in both embryo and extra-embryonic tissues and results in a functional imprint. This suggests that this maternal methylation is inherited, directly or indirectly, from the gamete. Our results indicate that in the absence of Dnmt3L, factors such as Dnmt3a and possibly others can act alone to mark individual DMRs. However, establishment of appropriate maternal imprints at all loci does require a combination of all factors. This observation can provide a basis to understand mechanisms involved in some sporadic cases of imprinting-related diseases and polymorphic imprinting in human.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR-5535 and University of Montpellier-II, 1919 Route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, France. philippe.arnaud@igmm.cnrs.fr
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: En
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000172:deficiency*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000235:genetics; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: C000717967:DNMT3A protein, human; C000715535:Dnmt3a protein, mouse; C498796:Dnmt3l protein, mouse; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A