title: Elimination of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin from the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis (say).
abstract: It has been suggested that little to no microcystin (MC), a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, accumulates within freshwater pulmonate snails because the toxin is associated primarily with undigested gut contents that are eliminated from the animal via egestion. To test this, Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to MC-containing cyanobacteria were placed into toxin-free environments and sampled over short (24 h at 21 degrees C) and long (30 d at 22 and 10 degrees C) time periods. Within 8 h after being removed from exposure to microcystin-containing phytoplankton, the gizzard and cecal string fractions of the feces were eliminated, accounting for 57% of the initial MC concentration. However, detectable concentrations remained beyond 24 h, likely in association with the digestive-gland contents, which can be retained up to 100 h. Long-term MC loss was biphasic at two ambient temperatures. The greatest change (fast phase) occurred over the first 3 d after exposure. By 6 d, the cumulative MC loss from L. stagnalis was 80 and 95% at 10 and 22 degrees C, respectively. Toxin loss over this period was attributed to egestion of indigestible cells/colonies from gizzard and cecum, as well as elimination of unassimilated MC-laden fragments and vacuolate excretion of residues from the digestive gland. The fast-phase depuration rate constant was significantly higher at 22 than at 10 degrees C, indicating an influence of ambient temperature on the rate of toxin loss from pulmonate snails. Depuration continued at slower rates until 30 d, when most (97.5 and 99.5% at 10 and 22 degrees C, respectively) of the initial MC was eliminated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. ron.zurawell@gov.ab.ca
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Zurawell
authors.forename: Charles F B
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Ellie E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Prepas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D005068:Eutrophication; D005618:Fresh Water; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000378:metabolism*; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C078588:microcystin