title: Percutaneous absorption of the sunscreen benzophenone-3 after repeated whole-body applications, with and without ultraviolet irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, oxybenzone) is commonly used to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. BZ-3 penetrates the skin and can be found in the urine. The amount varies between 0.4% and 2%. This seems to be the main metabolic pathway in rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the total amount of BZ-3 excreted in the urine after repeated topical whole-body applications of a sunscreen and to see if UV radiation has any effect on the amount excreted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five volunteers applied a commercially available sunscreen containing 4% BZ-3 morning and night for 5 days. Their urine was measured during those 5 days and during a further 5 days after the last application. They were divided into groups A (unirradiated) and B. Group B received UV radiation according to skin type: UVA between 400 and 707 J cm(-2), and UVB between 0.46 and 2.0 J cm(-2). BZ-3 in urine was analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volunteers excreted 1.2-8.7% (mean 3.7%) of the total amount of BZ-3 applied. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.99, t-test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that a large amount of BZ-3 is absorbed. BZ-3 is accumulated in the body as the volunteers excreted BZ-3 5 days after the last application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 16, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden. helena.gonzalez@vgregion.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farbrot
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Larkö
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wennberg
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C005290:oxybenzone