title: Intradiscal thermal therapy does not stimulate biologic remodeling in an in vivo sheep model.
abstract: METHODS
  Thermal energy was delivered in vivo to ovine cervical discs and the postheating response was monitored over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of two distinctly different thermal exposures on biologic remodeling: a "high-dose" regimen intended to produce both cellular necrosis and collagen denaturation and a "low-dose" regimen intended only to kill cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Thermal therapy is a minimally invasive technique that may ameliorate discogenic back pain. Potential therapeutic mechanisms include shrinkage of collagenous tissues, stimulation of biologic remodeling, and ablation of cytokine-producing cells and nociceptive fibers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intradiscal heating was performed using directional interstitial ultrasound applicators. Temperature and thermal dose distributions were characterized. The effects of high (>70 C, 10 minutes) and low (52 C-54 C, 10 minutes) temperature treatments on chronic biomechanical and architectural changes were compared with sham-treated and control discs at 7, 45, and 180 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-dose treatment caused both an acute and chronic loss of proteoglycan staining and a degradation of biomechanical properties compared with low-dose and sham groups. Similar amounts of degradation were observed in the low-dose and sham-treated discs relative to the control discs at 180 days after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While a high temperature thermal protocol had a detrimental effect on the disc, the effects of low temperature treatment were relatively minor. Thermal therapy did not stimulate significant biologic remodeling. Future studies should focus on the effects of low-dose therapy on tissue innervation and pro-inflammatory factor production.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Nau
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Diederich
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attawia
authors.forename: Serena S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ferrier
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lotz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011859:Radiography; D034561:Sheep, Domestic / Q000502:physiology*