title: Prognostic factors for disease-free survival in patients with T3-4 or N+ rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiation therapy, surgery, and intraoperative irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluoropyrimidine-radiosensitizing agents in conjunction with preoperative radiotherapy have proven to induce tumor and nodal downstaging effects, sphincter preservation promotion, and mid-term favorable survival rates. Intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy may improve pelvic control in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer stages. Potential predictive factors for response and disease-free survival, with intense local multidisciplinary approach, are analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifteen patients with rectal cancer were treated with oral 5-fluorouracil or Tegafur with preoperative radiotherapy, surgery, and intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy to identify potential pre- and on-treatment characteristics that might be of prognostic value for disease outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older patients and those treated with Tegafur were more likely to achieve a major histologic response, categorized as persistence of minimal residual microscopic disease foci in the surgical specimen ("mic" response). Factors unfavorably associated with disease-free survival in the multivariate model were male gender and persistence of macroscopic disease in the rectal wall ("mac" response). Accordingly, 3-year disease-free survival rates in the groups of patients with 0, 1, or 2 of these risk factors were 100%, 81%, and 53%, respectively (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Females with an intense pathologic response (pT(mic) residue) to preoperative chemoradiotherapy have an excellent 3-year disease-free survival. This information might be of interest for stratification of patients in the development of adjuvant treatment trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Clinica Universitaria, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Díaz-González
authors.forename: Felipe A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: García-Sabrido
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez-Espí
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Del Valle
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Jiménez
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D005641:Tegafur / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D005641:Tegafur; D005472:Fluorouracil