title: Comparison of different training models for laparoscopic surgery in neonates and small infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive surgery in small children and infants requires special skills and training. This experimental study compares the efficiency of an in vitro pelvic trainer (PT) and an a in vivo animal model (AM).
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 12 residents were prospectively randomized into two groups. Initially, all had to pass a basic skill assessment (3 tasks). Then endoscopic small bowel biopsy was performed (8 times) either with the in vitro PT (group A) or the in vivo AM (group B). Finally, all had to demonstrate this procedure in the in vivo AM and repeat the basic skill assessment. A quality index (complications, suture, biopsy) was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, there was no difference between the two groups. Interestingly, the mean regression gradient of the index for the in vitro PT (group A) was significantly better than for the in vivo AM (group B). In the final in vivo operation, however, the mean index for the in vitro PT (group A) worsened significantly, whereas it increased for the in vivo AM (group B) (p = 0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate training for an isolated mechanical task such as gut biopsy can be supplied using a pelvic trainer or animal model with similar effects. However in vivo performance of the same task requires secondary surgical skills, which are conveyed during live training with greater success. Consequently, stepwise teaching with both modules seems reasonable before these procedures are approached in neonates or small children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Munich, Dr. v. Haunersches Kinderspital, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 Munich, Germany. martina.heinrich@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tillo
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kirlum
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Till
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004501:Education, Medical; D004521:Educational Measurement; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D023421:Models, Animal; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D013664:Teaching Materials / Q000592:standards*