title: A cephalometric comparison of skulls from the fourteenth, sixteenth and twentieth centuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in the size and shape of the skull and jaws in British populations between the thirteenth and twentieth centuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalometric radiograms were obtained from skulls of three groups of subjects: 30 skulls were from the remains of those who died in the London Black Death epidemic of 1348, 54 skulls were recovered from the wreck of the Mary Rose which sank in 1545 and 31 skulls were representative of modern cephalometric values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Horizontal measurements in the base of the anterior cranial fossa and in the maxillary complex were greater in the modern group than in the medieval skulls. Cranial vault measurements were significantly higher (P=0.000) in the twentieth century skulls, especially in the anterior cranial fossa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that our medieval ancestors had more prominent faces and smaller cranial vaults than modern man.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, St. Chad's Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK. w.p.rock@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sabieha
authors.forename: R I W
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D010163:Paleontology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019217:Tooth Attrition / Q000266:history