title: Endocrine aspects of female sexual dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various endogenous hormones, including estrogen, testosterone, progesterone and prolactin, may influence female sexual function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of women with endocrinologic sexual difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Endocrine Aspects of Female Sexual Dysfunction Committee was part of a multidisciplinary International Consultation. It included four experts from two countries and several peer reviewers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expert opinion was based on committee discussion, a comprehensive literature review and evidence-based grading of available publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of hormones on female sexual function and their etiological roles in dysfunction is complex. Research data are limited as studies have been hampered by lack of precise hormonal assays and validated measures of sexual function in women. Sex steroid insufficiency is associated with urogenital atrophy and may also adversely affect central sexual thought processes. Systemic estrogen/estrogen progestin therapy alleviates climacteric symptoms but there is no evidence that this therapy specifically improves hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Exogenous testosterone has been shown in small randomized controlled trials (RCT) to improve sexual desire, arousal and sexual satisfaction in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. However, as there is no biochemical measure that clearly identifies who to treat, use of exogenous testosterone should be considered only after other causes of HSDD have been excluded, such as depression, relationship problems and ill health. The clinical assessment of HSDD should include detailed medical, gynecologic, sexual and psychosocial history and physical examination including the external/internal genitalia. Hormonal therapy should be individualized and risks/benefits fully discussed, and all treated women should be carefully followed up and monitored for therapeutic side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for prospective, multi-institutional clinical trials to define safe and effective endocrine treatments for female sexual dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence, The Jean Hailes Foundation and Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia. susan.davis@jeanhailes.org.au
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: André T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shifren
authors.forename: Norman A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mazer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D032921:Consensus; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007989:Libido / Q000187:drug effects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D016387:Women's Health