title: Genetic thrombophilic mutations among couples with recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some cases of recurrent first trimester miscarriage (RM)-the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies at <12 weeks' gestation-have a thrombotic aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined (i) the prevalence of three thrombophilic mutations [factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A (PTG) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T] amongst 357 Caucasian couples with RM and 68 parous Caucasian couples with no history of miscarriage and (ii) the prospective outcome of untreated pregnancies amongst couples with RM in which either partner carried a thrombophilic mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allele frequencies of FVL (2%), PTG (2%) and MTHFR C677T (31%) were similar between cases and controls. The prevalence of multiple thrombophilic mutations (greater than one mutation) was also similar between cases and controls. Amongst couples in whom either partner carried greater than one thrombophilic allele, the relative risk of miscarriage in a future untreated pregnancy was 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.8) compared with those couples who carried no thrombophilic mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of thrombophilic mutations is similar in couples with RM and parous controls. In couples with RM, multiple genetic thrombophilic mutations in either partner significantly increases the risk of miscarriage in a subsequent pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Imperial College London, Mint Wing, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jivraj
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Regan
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000235:genetics*; D012306:Risk; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C095381:factor V Leiden; D005165:Factor V; D011516:Prothrombin; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)