title: Mitochondrial and nuclear forms of Wnt13 are generated via alternative promoters, alternative RNA splicing, and alternative translation start sites.
abstract: Wnt proteins play a key role in cell survival, cell proliferation, and cell fate during development. In endothelial cells, we identified the expression of Wnt13A, Wnt13B, and Wnt13C mRNAs, which are generated by alternative promoters and alternative RNA splicing. Wnt13A and Wnt13B proteins differ only in their N-terminal sequences. Wnt13A, a typical Wnt, is N-glycosylated and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, with only a small fraction being secreted. Wnt13B proteins appear as a protein doublet, L-Wnt13B and S-Wnt13B, which are neither N-glycosylated nor secreted. Wnt13B proteins localized mainly to mitochondria, as demonstrated using detection in mitochondria enriched fractions and colocalization with Mitotracker and HSP60. A nuclear localization was also observed in 20% of Wnt13B-expressing cells. Both the N-terminal hydrophobic stretch (residues 1-17) and alpha-helix (residues 26-50) were the main determinants for Wnt13B mitochondrial targeting. Serial deletions of Wnt13B N-terminal sequences abolished its association with mitochondria and favored instead a nuclear localization. The production of S-Wnt13B was independent of the mitochondrial targeting but dependent on an alternative translation start corresponding to Met(74) in L-Wnt13B. The same translation start is used in Wnt13C mRNA to encode a protein undistinguishable from S-Wnt13B. S-Wnt13B when expressed alone localized to the nucleus like Wnt13C, whereas L-Wnt13B localized to mitochondria. Wnt13 nuclear forms increased the beta-catenin/T-cell factor activity in HEK293 cells and increased apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Altogether our results demonstrate that, in addition to alternative promoters and RNA splicing, an alternative translation start in Wnt13B and Wnt13C mRNAs increases the complexity of both human wnt13 expression and functions.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Struewing
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toborek
authors.forename: Catherine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000737:chemistry; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018834:Chaperonin 60; D017931:DNA Primers; D006023:Glycoproteins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C115496:WNT2B protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D012313:RNA