title: A randomized trial of inhaled cyclosporine in lung-transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional regimens of immunosuppressive drugs often do not prevent chronic rejection after lung transplantation. Topical delivery of cyclosporine in addition to conventional systemic immunosuppression might help prevent acute and chronic rejection events.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of inhaled cyclosporine initiated within six weeks after transplantation and given in addition to systemic immunosuppression. A total of 58 patients were randomly assigned to inhale either 300 mg of aerosol cyclosporine (28 patients) or aerosol placebo (30 patients) three days a week for the first two years after transplantation. The primary end point was the rate of histologic acute rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of acute rejection of grade 2 or higher were similar in the cyclosporine and placebo groups: 0.44 episode (95 percent confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.62) vs. 0.46 episode (95 percent confidence interval, 0.33 to 0.64) per patient per year, respectively (P=0.87 by Poisson regression). Survival was improved with aerosolized cyclosporine, with 3 deaths among patients receiving cyclosporine and 14 deaths among patients receiving placebo (relative risk of death, 0.20; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.70; P=0.01). Chronic rejection-free survival also improved with cyclosporine, as determined by spirometric analysis (10 events in the cyclosporine group and 20 events in the placebo group; relative risk of chronic rejection, 0.38; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.82; P=0.01) and histologic analysis (6 vs. 19 events, respectively; relative risk, 0.27; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.67; P=0.005). The risks of nephrotoxic effects and opportunistic infection were similar for patients in the cyclosporine group and the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled cyclosporine did not improve the rate of acute rejection, but it did improve survival and extend periods of chronic rejection-free survival. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00268515.).
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA. aiacono@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Aldo T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Wayne F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Grgurich
authors.forename: J Georges
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Deidre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dauber
authors.forename: Gerald C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Smaldone
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeevi
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yousem
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Burckart
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: McCurry
authors.forename: Bartley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine