title: Relief of intractable pruritus in Alagille syndrome by partial external biliary diversion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with Alagille syndrome (AGS) may develop pruritus, skin hypertrophy, and xanthomas because of chronic cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Partial external biliary diversion (PEBD) has been used successfully to treat chronic cholestasis in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and is a potentially useful treatment for patients with severe and intractable pruritus because of AGS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four children with chronic cholestasis and intractable pruritus were treated with PEBD, 1 by surgical cholecystostomy and 3 by cholecystojejunostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had a known diagnosis of AGS. The fourth was an 11-month-old infant boy with PFIC. The first patient, a 15-month-old boy with AGS, underwent surgical cholecystostomy, which has required frequent tube changes to maintain patency. Three patients underwent PEBD using a segment of jejunum as a conduit between the gallbladder and the skin, where bile is collected in a standard ostomy appliance. Mean follow-up is 15.5 months (range, 9-26 months). All patients experienced rapid and enduring relief of pruritus. Two adolescents with AGS had significant improvement of the hypertrophic skin of their hands. There was one significant complication: the infant with PFIC required reoperation for bleeding from the jejunal anastomosis 1 week after PEBD; he has subsequently done well. One adolescent girl with AGS initially had difficulty with her ostomy because of poor site placement and partial retraction, but nevertheless has managed quite well. The patient treated by cholecystostomy has had excellent relief of his pruritus and is being considered for conversion to cholecystojejunostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic cholestasis caused by AGS can cause debilitating symptoms that are resistant to medical therapy. Partial external biliary diversion is a safe and technically straightforward operation that may be effective for the relief of intractable pruritus and other symptoms in patients with AGS.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mattei@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Allmen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016738:Alagille Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D015904:Biliopancreatic Diversion / Q000379:methods*; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia; D007223:Infant; D007582:Jejunostomy; D008297:Male; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011537:Pruritus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery