title: Evaluation of scatter dose of dental titanium implants exposed to photon beams of different energies and irradiation angles in head and neck radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, quantification of backscatter doses between scattering titanium dental implant and the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD(100)) radiation detector at axial beam irradiation-angle range of 0-90 degrees in head and neck radiotherapy is done to evaluate irradiation angle dependency of dose enhancement contributing to osteoradionecrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cylindrical titanium dental implant with diameter of 4 mm and length of 9 mm was implanted into a specially-designed human mandible phantom with a TLD100 chip placed on the buccal site and irradiated with 6 MV X, 25 MV X and Co-60 gamma sources at 19 different irradiation angles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose enhancement on a buccal site of the titanium implant depends on the incident beam angle. At angles of 65 degrees, 60 degrees and 40 degrees the maximum detected scatter doses over the titanium implant are 36%, 32% and 23% for Co-60 gamma, 6 MV X-ray and 25 MV X-ray, respectively. The dose enhancement at different beam angles was less pronounced in 25 MV X and more pronounced in Co-60 gamma irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the different radiation beams studied, the irradiation angle between scattering titanium dental implants and the central axis does not significantly affect the total dose that may lead to osteoradionecrosis of the mandible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Gulhane Military Medical School, 06018, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey. muratbeyzadeoglu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beyzadeoglu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dirican
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oysul
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ucok
mesh_terms: D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015921:Dental Implants; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000528:radiation effects; D010025:Osteoradionecrosis / Q000209:etiology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium