title: Decompression sickness in a swine model: isobaric denitrogenation and perfluorocarbon at depth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disabled submarine survivors could achieve inert gas tissue saturation likely to cause severe decompression sickness (DCS) on surfacing. This risk increases with time and depth of exposure. Methods to reduce DCS risk and severity are needed specifically for such an operational scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yorkshire swine (16.2-26.6 kg) fitted with an external jugular catheter were compressed to 5 ATA for 22 h. They then received an enriched breathing mix of 44% N2 and 56% O2, and an infusion of either saline or a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion, and were observed for 2 h before surfacing without decompression stops. Controls were surfaced after 22 h saturation at 5 ATA. Surface observations continued for another 2 h on all animals and signs of DCS were recorded to the nearest minute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seizure activity at depth was noted in 0/26 controls, 1/16 in the saline group, and 7/16 in the PFC group. DCS in < 2 h occurred in 25/26 air controls, 2/15 in the enriched mix/saline group, and 4/9 not suffering seizure in the enriched mix/PFC group. Death in < 2 h occurred in 23/26 controls, 1/15 in the saline group, and 1/9 in the PFC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the benefits of breathing increased O2 at depth prior to rapid decompression and the deleterious effects of PFC administration at depth in a swine saturation model with rapid decompression. Future studies should examine a minimal O2 pre-breathe period to offer protection against DCS as well as the role of PFC use after surfacing.
authors.affiliation: Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Mahon
authors.forename: Hugh M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dainer
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003664:Decompression; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D013552:Swine; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen