Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC).
We examined the association between fruits and vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Dietary intake data and complete follow-up information on cancer incidence were available for 375,851 participants recruited in EPIC centers of 8 countries. During an average follow-up of 6.2 years, 306 incident cases of RCC were identified. The associations of consumption of total vegetables, total fruits, combined total fruits and vegetables and specific subtypes of vegetables with RCC risk were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards, stratified by centre and adjusted for potential confounders. No significant associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and RCC risk were observed despite a wide range of intake. The estimated relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CI]) in men and women combined were 0.97 (0.85-1.11) per 40 g increase in vegetable intake, 1.03 (0.97-1.08) per 40 g increase in fruit intake and 1.02 (0.93-1.11) per 80 g increase in fruit and vegetable intake combined. Among the vegetable subtypes, an inverse association was observed for root vegetables (RR per 8 g increase: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.99). These results suggest that total consumption of fruits and vegetables is not related to risk of RCC, although we cannot exclude the possibility that very low consumption is related to higher risk. The relationship of specific fruit and vegetable subgroups with RCC risk warrant further investigation.
Weikert
Steffen
S
Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal.
Boeing
Heiner
H
Pischon
Tobias
T
Olsen
Anja
A
Tjonneland
Anne
A
Overvad
Kim
K
Becker
Nikolaus
N
Linseisen
Jacob
J
Lahmann
Petra H
PH
Arvaniti
Athina
A
Kassapa
Christina
C
Trichoupoulou
Antonia
A
Sieri
Sabina
S
Palli
Domenico
D
Tumino
Rosario
R
Vineis
Paolo
P
Panico
Salvatore
S
van Gils
Carla H
CH
Peeters
Petra H M
PH
Bueno-de-Mesquita
H Bas
HB
Büchner
Frederike L
FL
Ljungberg
Börje
B
Hallmans
Göran
G
Berglund
Göran
G
Wirfält
Elisabet
E
Pera
Guillem
G
Dorronsoro
Miren
M
Gurrea
Aurelio Barricarte
AB
Navarro
Carmen
C
Martinez
Carmen
C
Quirós
J Ramón
JR
Allen
Naomi
N
Roddam
Andrew
A
Bingham
Sheila
S
Jenab
Mazda
M
Slimani
Nadia
N
Norat
Teresa
T
Riboli
Elio
E
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables