title: Fecal contamination of agricultural soils before and after hurricane-associated flooding in North Carolina.
abstract: Hurricane Floyd and other storms in 1999 caused widespread and extensive flooding of eastern North Carolina and environmental contamination with fecal wastes from municipal wastewater and livestock operations. Because wastewater contains high levels of pathogenic micro-organisms, principal health risks to humans from flooding are consumption of crops grown in fecally contaminated soil and ingestion of contaminated water. Flood waters polluted with microbial and other contaminants also may be detrimental to the health of livestock and plant crops. In the present study, agricultural soils impacted by flood waters were analyzed for bacterial and viral indicators of fecal contamination. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, spores of Clostridium perfringens, and both male specific (F+) and somatic coliphages were recovered from soil and assayed in liquid culture media. A number of samples were positive for the presence of fecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages, indicating the presence of human or animal feces. Most samples were positive for total coliforms, and almost all samples contained high levels of Cl. perfringens spores. The levels of Cl. perfringens spores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in flooded soil (post-Hurricane Floyd) compared to pre-flood soil. Persistent fecal contamination of soil, as demonstrated by the high levels of Cl. perfringens spores, suggests the need for additional or alternative measures to protect crop-growing areas, including prospective microbiological monitoring and improved protection of watersheds from incidents capable of releasing fecal material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. mcasteel@sfwater.org
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Casteel
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sobsey
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003090:Coliphages / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004190:Disasters; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009657:North Carolina; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil