title: [Pain in neonates: pharmacological treatment].
abstract: Pain causes numerous physiological changes in neonates. All invasive procedures induce undesirable stress responses; theses responses can, however, be eliminated or reduced by a judicious use of analgesia. Even though a large number of analgesics and sedatives are currently available, most of them have not been studied in the neonate. At present, a precise understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of analgesics is difficult because many interactions still remain unknown in the term and premature neonate. This article describes the main analgesics and sedative agents used in the neonate: morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, nalbuphine, ketamine, midazolam, propofol, acetaminophen, and Emla cream. After a review of the literature regarding these drugs, some practical advices and suggestions for the treatment of procedure-induced pain, and background sedation/analgesia for ventilated neonates are given. It is also stated in this article that the best way to soothe pain in neonates is to combine non pharmacological and pharmacological strategies. At the national level, written guidelines should be prepared in order to improve pain management in the neonate.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Ressources de Lutte contre la Douleur, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Docteur-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France. carbajal@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbajal
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009020:Morphine