title: Persistent urinary incontinence and delivery mode history: a six-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of persistent and long term postpartum urinary incontinence and associations with mode of first and subsequent delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternity units in Aberdeen (Scotland), Birmingham (England) and Dunedin (New Zealand).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (4214) who returned postal questionnaires three months and six years after the index birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom data were obtained from both questionnaires and obstetric data from case-notes for the index birth and the second questionnaire for subsequent births. Logistic regression investigated the independent effects of mode of first delivery and delivery mode history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary incontinence-persistent (at three months and six years after index birth) and long term (at six years after index birth).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of persistent urinary incontinence was 24%. Delivering exclusively by caesarean section was associated with both less persistent (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.32-0.68) and long term urinary incontinence (OR=0.50, 95% CI 0.40-0.63). Caesarean section birth in addition to vaginal delivery, however, was not associated with significantly less persistent incontinence (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.67-1.29). There were no significant associations between persistent or long term urinary incontinence and forceps or vacuum extraction delivery. Other significantly associated factors were increasing number of births and older maternal age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of persistent and long term urinary incontinence is significantly lower following caesarean section deliveries but not if there is another vaginal birth. Even when delivering exclusively by caesarean section, the prevalence of persistent symptoms (14%) is still high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: Cathryn M A
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glazener
authors.forename: P Don
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lancashire
authors.forename: G Peter
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*