title: [Clinical features and diagnosis of langerhans cell hyperplasia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence rate of langerhans cell hyperplasia (LCH) is increasing. Its clinical manifestation is so diversified that it is easy to be misdiagnosed. This study was to analyze its clinical features for the sake of early diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data of 44 LCH patients, treated from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2003 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, were retrospectively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 44 LCH patients, 32 (72.7%) were children, 12 (27.3%) were adults. Of the 32 children patients, 15 (46.9%) were less than 2 years old. The involved organs were bone (20/44, 45.5%), lymph nodes (20/44, 45.5%), skin (16/44, 36.4%), liver and spleen (16/44, 36.4%), lung (14/44, 31.8%), bone marrow (6/44, 13.6%), ear (4/44, 9.1%), eyes (2/44, 4.5%), pituitary gland (2/44, 4.5%), and thymus gland (1/44, 2.3%). Of the 44 patients, 10 had 1 organ involved, 11 had 2 organs involved, 9 had 3 organs involved, 7 had 4 organs involved, 7 had no less than 5 organs involved; 22 children patients and 4 adult patients had multiple organs (liver, lung, bone marrow, and so on) involved; 26 (59.1%) were misdiagnosed as dermatosis (6 cases), hemopathy (7 cases), bone or bone marrow diseases (7 cases), lung tuberculosis (2 cases), diabetes insipidus (2 cases), ear or eye disease (2 cases). Six children patients had bronchopneumonia, and 4 of them had septicemia. Six patients died with 5 cases below the age of 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LCH is easy to be misdiagnosed. Children below 2 years old tend to complicate with multiple organ failure (MOF) and bronchopneumonia which have high death rate. Pathology examination is helpful for early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of severe complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P. R. China. zswgzx@sohu.com
authors.forename: Kong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Wei-Qi
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006646:Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007223:Infant; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013158:Splenic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy