title: Pregnancy is not a risk factor for gallstone disease: results of a randomly selected population sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and selection of the study population for cholecystolithiasis in an urban population in Germany, in relation to our own findings and to the results in the international literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2 147 persons (1,111 females, age 42.8+/-12.7 years; 1,036 males, age 42.3+/-13.1 years) participating in an investigation on the prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis were studied for risk factors and prevalence of gallbladder stone disease. Risk factors were assessed by means of a standardized interview and calculation of body mass index (BMI). A diagnostic ultrasound examination of the gallbladder was performed. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression, using the SAS statistical software package.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallbladder stones were detected in 171 study participants (8.0%, n=2,147). Risk factors for the development of gallbladder stone disease included age, sex, BMI, and positive family history. In a separate analysis of female study participants, pregnancy (yes/no) and number of pregnancies did not exert any influence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of the present study confirm that age, female sex, BMI, and positive family history are risk factors for the development of gallbladder stone disease. Pregnancy and the number of pregnancies, however, could not be shown to be risk factors. There seem to be no differences in the respective prevalence for gallbladder stone disease in urban and rural populations.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine I, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walcher
authors.forename: Mark Martin
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haenle
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Richard Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Alexa Friederike Alice
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: von Schmiesing
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Imhof
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Bernhard Otto
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kratzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography