title: Heat shock protein 90 is an essential molecular chaperone for nuclear transport of glucocorticoid receptor beta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucocorticoid sensitivity in glaucoma has been attributed to differences in the expression of the two glucocorticoid receptors, GRalpha and GRbeta. GRalpha undergoes steroid-dependent nuclear translocation by associating with a heat shock protein (Hsp)90 multiprotein heterocomplex. The nuclear transport of the non-ligand-binding GRbeta is still unknown. In this study, the roles of Hsp90 in the nuclear transport of GRbeta were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the subcellular expression of GRbeta and Hsp90 in normal and glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, as well as in TM cells overexpressing GRbeta. The role of Hsp90 in GRbeta transport and stability were determined with the Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-AAG and the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Coimmunoprecipitation was performed to study GRbeta-Hsp90 complexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal and glaucomatous TM cells, the nuclear concentration of Hsp90 correlates with the nuclear expression of GRbeta. Transfection with a GRbeta expression construct produces an overexpression and accumulation of GRbeta in the nucleus with a corresponding increase in nuclear Hsp90 amount. 17-AAG, a specific Hsp90 inhibitor, completely blocks the nuclear accumulation of GRbeta and consequently leads to the degradation of GRbeta in proteasomes. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments verify that GRbeta complexes with Hsp90 and the microtubule motor protein dynein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide strong evidence that Hsp90 is an essential molecular chaperone for the nuclear transport of GRbeta. This transport appears to occur along micotubular tracks. Because nuclear GRbeta is important in regulating the glucocorticoid responsiveness, changes in GRbeta nuclear transport could influence subsequent responses that are often seen clinically, such as glucocorticoid resistance in some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases or enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity in glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Abbot F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorio
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D016227:Benzoquinones; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015870:Gene Expression; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000378:metabolism*; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; C121943:glucocorticoid receptor beta; C067713:lactacystin; D017828:Rifabutin; C112765:tanespimycin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000111:Acetylcysteine