title: Goal setting as a shared decision making strategy among clinicians and their older patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Older adults are less likely than other age groups to participate in clinical decision-making. To enhance participation, we sought to understand how older adults consider and discuss their life and health goals during the clinical encounter.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted six focus groups: four with community-dwelling older persons (n=42), one with geriatricians and internists (n=6), and one with rehabilitation nurses (n=5). Participants were asked to discuss: patients' life and health goals; communication about goals, and perception of agreement about health goals. Group interactions were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants were willing to discuss goals, but varied in the degree to which they did so. Reasons for non-discussion included that goal setting was not a priority given limited time, visits focused on symptoms, mutual perception of disinterest, and the presumption that all patients' goals were the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions to enhance goal setting need to address key barriers to promoting goals discussions. Participants recognized the benefits of goal setting, however, training and instruments are needed to integrate goal setting into medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Setting goals initially and reviewing them periodically may be a comprehensive, time-efficient way of integrating patients' goals into their care plans.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Nursing, 100 Church Street South, P.O. Box 9740, New Haven, CT 06536, USA. dena.schulman-green@yale.edu
authors.forename: Dena J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schulman-Green
authors.forename: Aanand D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCorkle
authors.forename: Sidney T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bogardus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003237:Connecticut; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005853:Geriatrics; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000458:organization & administration; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019145:Rehabilitation Nursing; D017748:Time Management