title: Comparison of caudal ketamine with lidocaine or tramadol administration for postoperative analgesia of hypospadias surgery in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to investigate whether the addition of tramadol or lidocaine to ketamine would enhance the quality of intra- and postoperative analgesia for hypospadias surgery in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two ASA PS I or II children, between 1 and 10 years of age, scheduled for hypospadias surgery were recruited. Anesthesia was induced with 6-8% sevoflurane and maintained with 0.5-2.5% sevoflurane-50% N2O in oxygen. Children were allocated randomly to receive one of two study drugs. Children in group KL received caudal ketamine (0.25 mg.kg(-1)) plus lidocaine (2%, 2 mg.kg(-1)) and in group KT ketamine (0.25 mg.kg(-1)) plus tramadol (1 mg.kg(-1)). Systemic blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral O2 saturation, sedation, and pain scores (CHEOPS) were recorded at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 min and 1, 2, 3 h following recovery from anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of analgesia was similar in the two groups (P > 0.05). CHEOPS in group KL was lower than in group KT during the study period, except at first 15 min. Sedation scores were higher in group KL than group KT in the first 10 min (P < 0.05). Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was similar in the two groups (P > 0.05) Sevoflurane concentration required was significantly lower in group KL than group KT peroperatively (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caudal ketamine (0.25 mg.kg(-1)), plus lidocaine (2% 2 mg.kg(-1)) significantly reduced sevoflurane concentration compared with ketamine (0.25 mg.kg(-1)) + tramadol (1 mg.kg(-1)). We suggested that both ketamine + lidocaine and ketamine + tramadol provided very effective and long duration of analgesia, similarly. However, analgesia quality is superior in the ketamine-lidocaine group postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Balcali, Adana, Turkey. hmurat@cu.edu.tr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunduz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozalevli
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozbek
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozcengiz
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D010100:Oxygen