title: Percutaneous ethanol injection, radiofrequency and their combination in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the therapeutic effect and the indication of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and their combination in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-five patients with HCC received treatment of PEI, RFA or their combination. Group 1 (< 3 cm in diameter, n=85) was treated with PEI, group 2 (< 3 cm in diameter, n=153) with RFA. Group 3 (> 3 cm in diameter, n=86) was divided into two groups. Group 3a (n=34) was treated with RFA, while group 3b (n=52) was treated with RFA for 2 wk after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or PEI. Contrast-enhanced sonography was performed for 61 patients before and after RFA. Liver function and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured for all patients. Changes of the lesions on ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT/MRI were evaluated for assessing the therapeutic responses. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were recorded after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 77.6% (66/85). The level of AFP declined conspicuously after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 80.0% (52/65), 60.4% (32/53), 52.5% (21/40) and 33.3% (7/21), respectively. In group 2, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 moh was 92.2% (141/153). The level of AFP decreased conspicuously after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 94.6% (88/93), 73.2% (52/71), 63.5% (33/52) and 46.4% (13/28), respectively. In group 3a, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 23.5% (8/34). AFP dropped down to the normal level in only one patient after 1 mo. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rate after treatment was 47.6% (10/21), 42.9% (6/14) and 27.3% (3/11), respectively. Only one patient was still alive after 5 years. In group 3b, the complete necrosis rate of lesions after 1 mo was 57.7% (30/52). The level of AFP decreased after 1 mo. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after treatment was 68.6% (24/35), 46.2% (12/26), 36.8% (7/19) and 27.3% (3/11), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The therapeutic effect of RFA on small HCC is better than that of PEI. Small HCC is the optimal indication of RFA. For recurrent HCC (diameter > 3 cm), the combined treatment of RFA and PEI/ACE should be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Ming
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Hai-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.forename: Xiao-Yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Jing-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jian-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol