title: Low-power holmium:YAG laser urethrotomy for treatment of urethral strictures: functional outcome and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of endourethrotomy with the holmium:YAG laser as a minimally invasive treatment for urethral stricture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2002 and January 2004, 32 male patients with symptomatic urethral strictures (8 bulbar, 9 penile, 9 combined) were treated with Ho:YAG-laser urethrotomy in our department. The stricture was iatrogenic in 60% (N = 18), inflammatory in 16.6% (N = 5), traumatic in 13.3% (N = 4), and idiopathic in 7% (N = 3). The stricture was incised under vision at the 12 o'clock location or the site of maximum scar tissue or narrowing in asymmetric strictures. Laser energy was set on 1200 to 1400 mJ with a frequency of 10 to 13 Hz. Postoperatively, drainage of the bladder was performed for 4 days using a 18F silicone catheter. Triamcinolone was instilled intraurethrally after removal of the catheter in all patients. Patients were followed up by mailed questionnaire, including International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrograde endoscopic Ho:YAG laser urethrotomy could be performed in all 32 patients. Most patients (22; 68.7%) did not need any reintervention. Ten patients developed recurrent strictures that were treated by another laser urethrotomy in 4 patients (12.5%), while 6 patients (18.7%) needed open urethroplasty with buccal mucosa. Including 2 patients treated with repeat laser urethrotomy, 24 patients (75%) were considered successful after a mean follow-up of 27 months (range 13-38 months). No intraoperative complications were encountered, although in 5% of patients, a urinary-tract infection was diagnosed postoperatively. No gross hematuria occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ho:YAG laser urethrotomy is a safe and effective minimally invasive therapeutic modality for urethral stricture with results comparable to those of conventional urethrotomy. Further data from long-time follow-up are necessary to compare the success rate with that of conventional urethrotomy and urethroplasty. Nevertheless, the Ho:YAG laser urethrotomy might at least be an alternative to urethroplasty in patients with high comorbidity who are not suitable for open reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mannheim University Hospital, Mannheim, Germany. stefan.kamp@uro.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Mahmoud M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Kai Uwe
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: Maurice S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*