title: Mxr1p, a key regulator of the methanol utilization pathway and peroxisomal genes in Pichia pastoris.
abstract: Growth of the yeast Pichia pastoris on methanol induces the expression of genes whose products are required for its metabolism. Three of the methanol pathway enzymes are located in an organelle called the peroxisome. As a result, both methanol pathway enzymes and proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis (PEX proteins) are induced in response to this substrate. The most highly regulated of these genes is AOX1, which encodes alcohol oxidase, the first enzyme of the methanol pathway, and a peroxisomal enzyme. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for methanol regulation, we identify genes required for the expression of AOX1. Mutations in one gene, named MXR1 (methanol expression regulator 1), result in strains that are unable to (i) grow on the peroxisomal substrates methanol and oleic acid, (ii) induce the transcription of AOX1 and other methanol pathway and PEX genes, and (iii) form normal-appearing peroxisomes in response to methanol. MXR1 encodes a large protein with a zinc finger DNA-binding domain near its N terminus that has similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Adr1p. In addition, Mxr1p is localized to the nucleus in cells grown on methanol or other gluconeogenic substrates. Finally, Mxr1p specifically binds to sequences upstream of AOX1. We conclude that Mxr1p is a transcription factor that is necessary for the activation of many genes in response to methanol. We propose that MXR1 is the P. pastoris homologue of S. cerevisiae ADR1 but that it has gained new functions and lost others through evolution as a result of changes in the spectrum of genes that it controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 2000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey Paul
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lin-Cereghino
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: de la Cruz
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Samone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khuongsathiene
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tolstorukov
authors.forename: Mingda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin-Cereghino
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veenhuis
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramani
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cregg
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D000432:Methanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010843:Pichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D019301:Oleic Acid; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C019643:alcohol oxidase; D000432:Methanol