title: Benfotiamine accelerates the healing of ischaemic diabetic limbs in mice through protein kinase B/Akt-mediated potentiation of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benfotiamine, a vitamin B1 analogue, reportedly prevents diabetic microangiopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether benfotiamine is of benefit in reparative neovascularisation using a type I diabetes model of hindlimb ischaemia. We also investigated the involvement of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt in the therapeutic effects of benfotiamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, given oral benfotiamine or vehicle, were subjected to unilateral limb ischaemia. Reparative neovascularisation was analysed by histology. The expression of Nos3 and Casp3 was evaluated by real-time PCR, and the activation state of PKB/Akt was assessed by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The functional importance of PKB/Akt in benfotiamine-induced effects was investigated using a dominant-negative construct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic muscles showed reduced transketolase activity, which was corrected by benfotiamine. Importantly, benfotiamine prevented ischaemia-induced toe necrosis, improved hindlimb perfusion and oxygenation, and restored endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Histological studies revealed the improvement of reparative neovascularisation and the inhibition of endothelial and skeletal muscle cell apoptosis. In addition, benfotiamine prevented the vascular accumulation of advanced glycation end products and the induction of pro-apoptotic caspase-3, while restoring proper expression of Nos3 and Akt in ischaemic muscles. The benefits of benfotiamine were nullified by dominant-negative PKB/Akt. In vitro, benfotiamine stimulated the proliferation of human EPCs, while inhibiting apoptosis induced by high glucose. In diabetic mice, the number of circulating EPCs was reduced, with the deficit being corrected by benfotiamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated, for the first time, that benfotiamine aids the post-ischaemic healing of diabetic animals via PKB/Akt-mediated potentiation of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, benfotiamine combats the diabetes-induced deficit in endothelial progenitor cells.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Medicine and Gene Therapy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Osilo, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gadau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emanueli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Linthout
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graiani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Todaro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meloni
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campesi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Invernici
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spillmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D013831:Thiamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D013831:Thiamine; C013835:benphothiamine