title: The use of bowel for ureteral replacement for complex ureteral reconstruction: long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ileal and intestinal ureteral replacement remains a useful procedure for complex ureteral reconstruction. We examined the long-term safety and efficacy of this procedure, especially in regard to maintaining preoperative renal function and the avoidance of major complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 56 patients underwent intestinal ureteral substitution at our institution between 1979 and 2003, including 52 with an ileal ureteral replacement, 2 with colonic replacement alone and 2 with bilateral ureteral replacement, necessitating ileum and colon for 1 ureter each. The factors reviewed were indications for surgery, type of ureteral replacement, and the presence and type of complications. Followup data included excretory urogram or equivalent imaging results, and measurement of serum chloride, bicarbonate and creatinine before and after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall the complication rate remained low. Mean followup was 6.04 years (median 3.2). Most postoperative complications, which occurred in 10 patients (17.9%), were minor in nature, including pyelonephritis, fever of unknown origin, neuroma, hernia, recurrent urolithiasis and deep venous thrombosis. Major complications occurred in 6 patients (10.5%), including anastomotic stricture, ileal graft obstruction, wound dehiscence and chronic renal failure. Overall patients did not experience worsening renal function after the procedure with equivalent median creatinine before and after the procedure (1.0 mg/dl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During long-term followup major complications are rare and renal function remains preserved. Ileal and intestinal ureteral substitution remains a safe and efficacious procedure in patients with complex and difficult ureteral issues not amenable to more conservative measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA. Benjamin_Chung@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Benjamin I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Karim J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hamawy
authors.forename: Leonard N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Libertino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D003106:Colon / Q000637:transplantation*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000637:transplantation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods