title: Overexpression of Bcl-2 by activated human hepatic stellate cells: resistance to apoptosis as a mechanism of progressive hepatic fibrogenesis in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myofibroblast-like cells, originating from activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC/MFs), play a key role in liver fibrosis, a potentially reversible process that may rely on induction of HSC/MFs apoptosis. While this possibility has been shown in cultured rat HSC, very limited data are currently available for human HSC/MFs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured human HSC/MFs were exposed to several proapoptotic stimuli, including those known to induce apoptosis in rat HSC/MFs, and induction of cell death and related mechanisms were investigated using morphology, molecular biology, and biochemical techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we report that fully activated human HSC/MFs did not undergo spontaneous apoptosis and survived to prolonged serum deprivation, Fas activation, or exposure to nerve growth factor, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), oxidative stress mediators, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Induction of caspase dependent, mitochondria driven apoptosis in HSC/MFs was observed only when protein synthesis or transcription were inhibited. Importantly, the process of HSC activation was accompanied by changes in expression of a set of genes involved in apoptosis control. In particular, activated human HSC/MFs in culture overexpressed Bcl-2. The role of Bcl-2 was crucial as Bcl-2 silenced cells became susceptible to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis. Finally, Bcl-2 was markedly expressed in HSC/MFs present in liver tissue obtained from patients with hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human activated HSC/MFs are resistant to most proapoptotic stimuli due to Bcl-2 overexpression and this feature may play a key role in the progression of fibrosis in chronic liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Dip Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamara
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valfrè di Bonzo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monitillo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cannito
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petrai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzocca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonacchi
authors.forename: R S M
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: De Franco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colombatto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinzani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parola
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018450:Disease Progression; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha