title: Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma in asian liver transplant patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to develop population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in an Asian population with whole blood and plasma drug concentration data, to compare the variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters in these two matrices and to search for the main patient characteristics that explain the variability in pharmacokinetic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective pharmacokinetic assessment followed by model fitting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood samples from 31 liver transplant patients in a local hospital receiving oral tacrolimus as part of their immunosuppressive therapy were assessed. Plasma samples from 29 of the 31 patients were also evaluated. Concentrations of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma were determined by an electrospray high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Two hundred and thirteen whole blood and 157 plasma tacrolimus concentrations were used for building two nonlinear mixed-effects population models to describe the disposition of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma, respectively. Covariates that were investigated included demographic characteristics, biological markers of liver and renal functions, corticosteroid dose and haematological parameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A one-compartment model was used to describe the whole blood and plasma concentration-time data of tacrolimus after oral administration. For the whole blood population model, the population estimates of the first-order absorption rate constant (k(a)), apparent clearance based on whole blood concentration after oral administration (CL(B)/F) and apparent volume of distribution based on whole blood concentrations after oral administration (V(d,B)/F) were 2.08h(-1), 14.1 L/h and 217L, respectively. The coefficient of variations (CVs) of interpatient variabilities in CL(B)/F and V(d,B)/F were 65.7% and 63.8%, respectively. Bodyweight, liver and renal function influenced CL(B)/F, while height and haematocrit influenced V(d,B)/F. The residual (unexplained) variability was 34.8%. For the plasma population model, the population estimates of the k(a), apparent clearance based on plasma concentrations after oral administration (CL(P)/F) and apparent volume of distribution based on plasma concentrations after oral administration (V(d,P)/F) were 5.21h(-1), 537 L/h and 563L, respectively. The CVs of interpatient variabilities in CL(P)/F and V(d,P)/F were 96.0% and 105.4%, respectively. Bodyweight was found to influence CL(P)/F, while the erythrocyte-to-plasma concentration ratio influenced V(d,P)/F. The residual (unexplained) variability was 49.8% at the mean plasma concentration of 1.1 ng/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole blood and plasma population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in Asian adult and paediatric liver transplant patients were developed using prospective data in a clinical setting. This has identified and quantified sources of interindividual variability in CL(B)/F, V(d,B)/F, CL(P)/F and V(d,P)/F of tacrolimus in Asian liver transplant patients. Information derived from the whole blood population model may subsequently be used by clinicians for dosage individualisation through Bayesian forecasting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
authors.forename: Wai Johnn
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sam
authors.forename: Lai San
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Tham
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aw
authors.forename: Seng Hock
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Quak
authors.forename: Kang Hoe
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seng Gee
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.forename: Sui Yung
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007223:Infant; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus