title: Clinical depression and risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of depression with coronary heart disease-related mortality has been widely recognized. This finding may partly reflect an association between depression and sudden death, in part because the imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone is altered in depressed subjects. We, thus, investigated whether the presence and severity of clinical depression was associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a population-based case-control study of risk factors for incident out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) conducted among enrollees of a health maintenance organization in western Washington State. Cases (n = 2228) were aged 40 to 79 years and experienced CA between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1994. Controls (n = 4164) were a stratified random sample of enrollees defined by calendar year, age, sex, and prior heart disease. Clinical depression was defined as physician diagnosis of depression or use of antidepressant treatment within the year before the event. Referral to mental health clinics or hospitalization for depression defined severe depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically depressed patients had a higher odds ratio (OR) of CA (1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-2.23), which persisted after adjustment for confounders (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.18-1.73). The association was observed in both sexes, in various age groups, and in subjects with prior physician-diagnosed heart disease (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60) and without prior physician-diagnosed heart disease (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.22-2.41) (P = .13 for the interaction). Compared with nondepressed subjects, the risk of CA was increased in less severely depressed subjects (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04-1.63) and further increased in severely depressed subjects (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.28-2.45) (P<.001 for trend).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical depression may be associated with a higher risk of CA independently of established coronary heart disease risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Sudden Death Epidemiology Unit, INSERM Avenir-U258, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France. empana@vjf.inserm.fr
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Empana
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jouven
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Lemaitre
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sotoodehnia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Raghunathan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology