title: Pharmacologic treatment considerations in co-occurring bipolar and anxiety disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety disorders are among the most commonly co-occurring psychiatric syndromes with bipolar disorder. The presence of co-occurring anxiety disorders has important prognostic and treatment implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the PaperChase database augmented by a manual search of the literature, we identified 122 publications that consisted of reports regarding pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of bipolar disorder also assessing the efficacy of these agents in anxiety disorders, treatment studies of patients with comorbid bipolar disorder and specific anxiety disorders, and studies of novel antiepileptic agents in the treatment of anxiety symptoms or disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No randomized controlled trials have been conducted in patients with bipolar disorder and any co-occurring anxiety disorder. Among agents with antimanic or mood-stabilizing effects, evidence of efficacy from placebo-controlled trials exists for valproate in the treatment of panic disorder; lamotrigine, risperidone, and olanzapine in posttraumatic stress disorder; and risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine as adjunctive treatment in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Antidepressants from virtually every class have efficacy in the treatment of most anxiety disorders but present the challenge of minimizing switch risk when used in conjunction with a moodstabilizer. Among novel antiepileptic agents without proven thymoleptic properties studied in randomized controlled trials in anxiety disorders, gabapentin and pregabalin had efficacy in the treatment of social anxiety disorder, and pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of controlled trials in patients with comorbid bipolar and anxiety disorders, the initial goals of treatment include mood stabilization and selection of thymoleptic agents with efficacy in the co-occurring anxiety disorder.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0559, USA. paul.keck@UC.edu
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Strawn
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McElroy
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D010919:Placebos; D011379:Prognosis; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors