title: Liver-specific deletion of insulin receptor substrate 2 does not impair hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic insulin resistance is thought to be a critical component in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes but the role of intrinsic insulin signalling pathways in the regulation of hepatic metabolism remains controversial. Global gene targeting in mice and in vitro studies have suggested that IRS2 mediates the physiological effects of insulin in the liver. Reduced hepatic production of IRS2 is found in many cases of insulin resistance. To investigate the role of IRS2 in regulating liver function in vivo, we generated mice that specifically lack Irs2 in the liver (LivIrs2KO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic insulin signalling events were examined in LivIrs2KO mice by western blotting. Glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity were assessed by glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp studies. The effects of high-fat feeding upon glucose homeostasis were also determined. Liver function tests were performed and expression of key metabolic genes in the liver was determined by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proximal insulin signalling events and forkhead box O1 and A2 function were normal in the liver of LivIrs2KO mice, which displayed minimal abnormalities in glucose and lipid homeostasis, hepatic gene expression and liver function. In addition, hepatic lipid homeostasis and the metabolic response to a high-fat diet did not differ between LivIrs2KO and control mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that liver IRS2 signalling, surprisingly, is not required for the long-term maintenance of glucose and lipid homeostasis, and that extra-hepatic IRS2-dependent mechanisms are involved in the regulation of these processes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rayne Institute, University College London, University Street, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simmgen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knauf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantley
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Claret
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heffron
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vidal-Puig
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burcelin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Withers
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C526298:Irs2 protein, mouse; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D005947:Glucose