title: The European standard on planetary protection requirements.
abstract: Since the beginning of solar system exploration, numerous spacecrafts have been sent towards others worlds, and one of the main goals of such missions is the search for extraterrestrial forms of life. It is known that, under certain conditions, some terrestrial entities are able to survive during cruises in space and that they may contaminate other planets (forward contamination). At another level, possible extraterrestrial life forms are unknown and their ability to contaminate the Earth's biosphere (back contamination) in the frame of sample return missions cannot be excluded. Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty (London/Washington, January 27, 1967) requires the preservation of planets and the Earth from contamination. All nations taking part in this Treaty must prevent forward and back contamination during missions exploring our solar system. Consequently, the United Nations (UN-COPUOS) has delegated COSPAR (Committee of Space Research) to take charge of planetary protection and, at present, all space-faring nations must comply with COSPAR policy and consequently with COSPAR planetary protection recommendations. Starting from these recommendations and the "CNES Planetary Protection Standard" document, a working group has been set up in the framework of the "European Cooperation for Space Standardization" (ECSS) to establish the main specifications for preventing cross-contamination between target bodies within the solar system and the Earth-moon system.
authors.affiliation: CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales), 18, av. Edouard Belin, BPI 2911, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France. andre.debus@cnes.fr
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Debus
mesh_terms: D018534:Earth, Planet; D004783:Environmental Microbiology / Q000592:standards*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005060:Europe; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D013026:Space Flight