title: Race and surgical mortality in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes racial differences in postoperative mortality following 8 cardiovascular and cancer procedures and assesses possible explanations for these differences.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although racial disparities in the use of surgical procedures are well established, relationships between race and operative mortality have not been assessed systematically.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used national Medicare data to identify all patients undergoing one of 8 cardiovascular and cancer procedures between 1994 and 1999. We used multiple logistic regression to assess differences in operative mortality (death within 30 days or before discharge) between black patients and white patients, controlling for patient characteristics. Adding hospital indicators to these models, we then assessed the extent to which racial differences in operative mortality could be accounted for by the hospital in which patients were cared for.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black patients had higher crude mortality rates than white patients for 7 of the 8 operations, including coronary artery bypass, aortic valve replacement, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, carotid endarterectomy, radical cystectomy, pancreatic resection, and esophagectomy. Among these 7 procedures, odds ratios of mortality (black versus white) ranged from 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.29) for CABG to 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.28-2.03) for esophagectomy. Adjusting for patient characteristics had modest or no effect on odds ratios of mortality by race. However, there remained few clinically or statistically significant differences in mortality by race after we accounted for hospital. Hospitals that treated a large proportion of black patients had higher mortality rates for all 8 procedures, for white as well as black patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black patients have higher operative mortality risks across a wide range of surgical procedures, in large part because of higher mortality rates at the hospitals they attend.
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME 04101, USA. lucasl@mmc.org
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Therese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stukel
authors.forename: Arden M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Siewers
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American