title: Routine vs. selective EUS-guided FNA approach for preoperative nodal staging of esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) is the most accurate method for lymph-node staging of esophageal carcinoma; however, it may not be necessary when EUS features are present that strongly suggest a benign or a malignant origin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To identify a combination of EUS criteria that have a sufficient sensitivity and specificity to preclude the need for EUS-FNA and (2) to assess the cost savings derived from a selective EUS-FNA approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 144 patients with esophageal carcinoma were prospectively evaluated with EUS. Accuracy of standard (hypoechoic, smooth border, round, or width > 5 mm) and modified (4 standard plus EUS identified celiac lymph nodes, >5 lymph nodes, or EUS T3/4 tumor) criteria were compared (receiver operating characteristic curves). Resource utilization of two diagnostic strategies, routine (all patients with lymph nodes) and selective EUS-FNA (FNA only in those patients in whom the number of EUS malignant criteria provides a sensitivity and a specificity <100%), were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modified EUS criteria for lymph-node staging were more accurate than standard criteria (area under the curve 0.88 vs. 0.78, respectively). No criterion alone was predictive of malignancy; sensitivity and specificity reached 100% when a cutoff value of >1 and >6 modified criteria were used, respectively. The EUS-FNA selective approach may avoid performing FNA in 61 patients (42%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modified EUS lymph-node criteria are more accurate than standard criteria. A selective EUS-FNA approach reduced the cost by avoiding EUS-FNA in 42% of patients with esophageal carcinoma. These results require confirmation in future studies.
authors.affiliation: ivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Pathology Department, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Sequeiros
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clain
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Gavin C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Harewood
authors.forename: Diva
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salomao
authors.forename: Maurits J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wiersema
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results