title: Occupational maxillofacial fractures: a 3-year survey in central Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine occupational facial fractures in central Switzerland. Concomitant injuries were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery at the University Hospital in Berne provides a 24-hour maxillofacial trauma service for its population (1.6 million). The present study was comprised of 42 patients (8.4% of treated maxillofacial injuries) with occupational maxillofacial fractures registered at this unit between 2000 and 2002. Information on the topic of occupation, the cause of the accidents, and the topographic location of the fractures was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 44.4 years, with a male to female ratio of 41:1. Sixty-nine percent of the injuries occurred in farm and forestry workers and in construction laborers during the summertime (33%). Workers in these occupations carried a 127-fold (farm and forestry workers) and a 44-fold (construction laborers) higher risk of incurring maxillofacial fractures than did service and office workers. Injuries were most frequently (43%) caused by a thrown, projected, or falling object. Eighty-two percent of the fractures occurred in the midface region and at the skull base. Fifty-nine percent of the patients had concomitant injuries. In 69%, surgery was necessary, the mean duration of their hospital stay being 4.8 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probability of sustaining work-related maxillofacial traumata is correlated to the nature of the occupation. Farm and forestry workers are at the highest risk, most frequently injured by being struck by an object or an animal. The introduction of personalized safety measures should become obligatory in high-risk occupations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Berne, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland. nicole.eggensperger@insel.ch
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Eggensperger
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Danz
authors.forename: Zimmermann
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.forename: Tateyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iizuka
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture; D005260:Female; D016468:Forestry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology