title: Birth weight and cardiac structure in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic studies have shown associations between impaired fetal growth and risk for coronary heart disease in adults. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated whether restricted intrauterine growth affects cardiac structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed echocardiography on 216 9-year-old children who were measured previously at birth. The diameter of the coronary left and right main branches was derived from the widest dimension; total coronary artery diameter was calculated by adding the diameters of the left and right coronary arteries. Aortic root diameter, left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter, left ventricular outflow tract diameter, and left ventricular mass were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, children who had weighed less at birth had a smaller total coronary artery diameter, aortic root diameter, and left ventricular outflow tract diameter after adjustment for gender, gestational age, current height and weight, and maternal height and prepregnant weight. For each SD increase in birth weight, total coronary diameter rose by 0.10 mm, log aortic root diameter rose by 1.5%, and log left ventricular outflow tract diameter rose by 1.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired fetal growth may have long-term effects on cardiac structure. This may help to explain why adults whose birth weight was low are at greater risk for coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Benyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Martyn
authors.forename: Catharine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male