title: Epidemiological study on passive smoking among Japanese infants and smoking behavior of their respective parents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Passive smoking is a well-known health hazard for infants. This study was conducted to: (1) estimate the prevalence of passive smoking among Japanese infants and (2) clarify the prevalence of indoor smoking and associating factors among parents having infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were all 53,575 infants born throughout Japan on January 10-17, 2001 or July 10-17, 2001. When the infants reached 6 months of age, the questionnaires were mailed to the homes. Family members answered questions that included information about the current smoking behavior of the parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 44,562 questionnaires (83.2%) were analyzed. The prevalence of smoking among the mothers and the fathers were 17.1% and 63.5%. The percentages of mothers and fathers who smoked indoors were 12.1% and 36.2%. The percentage of households where mothers and/or fathers smoked indoors was 37.5%. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that young age, having a spouse who was a smoker, infants having many siblings, the mother not breast-feeding, and lower annual incomes had significantly higher odds ratios for both the mother's and the father's indoor smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoking is common among Japanese infants. To protect Japanese infants from passive smoking, further public health measures must be taken.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1, Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan. kaneita@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneita
authors.forename: Eise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harano
authors.forename: Takami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibuka
authors.forename: Kenshu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Akiyo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Tomofumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution