title: Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test reactivity and survival in HIV-infected patients in Uganda: should anergy be a criterion to start antiretroviral therapy in low-income countries?
abstract: Access to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is improving in sub-Saharan Africa but still constrained by several clinical and logistical obstacles. There is a need to develop affordable markers to guide initiation of treatment. We present a prospective cohort study of 779 patients participating in a TB prophylaxis trial. We performed separate analyses for anergic and nonanergic subjects. Prognostic factors for anergic and nonanergic subjects differed between groups. Individuals with anergy and constitutional symptoms were at the highest risk of death. Incident tuberculosis and CD4 < 200 cells/muL at enrollment were the strongest risk factors for death. HIV disease is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in this population. The burden caused by tuberculosis is particularly high. Anergy is a strong and independent predictor of death. World Health Organization criteria to start ARV may be strengthened with the addition of DTH testing, an inexpensive and readily available tool in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. jonesc@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jones-López
authors.forename: Alphonse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okwera
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayanja-Kizza
authors.forename: Jerrold J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ellner
authors.forename: Roy D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mugerwa
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whalen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D017635:Clonal Anergy / Q000276:immunology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics; D012882:Skin Tests; D015996:Survival Rate; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents