title: On-line adaptive algorithm with glucose prediction capacity for subcutaneous closed loop control of glucose: evaluation under fasting conditions in patients with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an algorithm with glucose prediction capacity and continuous adaptation of patient parameters-a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm-to control blood glucose concentration during fasting conditions in patients with Type 1 diabetes. In the subcutaneous (sc) route within a closed loop system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired experiments were performed in six patients. Over 8 h the MPC algorithm was used to control glucose with s.c. insulin administration and two different glucose monitoring protocols: first, the algorithm was provided with intravenous (i.v.) glucose values for insulin dosage calculation directly (i.v.-s.c. route). Then, in the second experiment, i.v. glucose values were fed to the MPC with a delay of 30 min to simulate s.c. glucose measurements ('s.c.'-s.c. route). In both experiments plasma glucose, insulin dosage, and serum insulin levels were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose concentration was brought from hyper- to normoglycaemia and kept in the physiological range (6-7 mmol/l) with both routes in all subjects. Mean glucose concentration reached the threshold of 7 mmol/l approximately 2 (i.v.-s.c. route) and 3 ('s.c.'-s.c. route) hours after the start of glucose control with the MPC. During the last 2 h of automated glucose control, mean glucose concentration was 6.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l and 6.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/l for i.v.-s.c. and 's.c.'-s.c. route, respectively. Glucose concentration, insulin doses, and serum insulin levels did not differ significantly between routes (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MPC algorithm is suitable for glucose control during fasting within an extracorporeal artificial beta-cell in the subcutaneous route Type 1 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Graz, Graz, Austria. schaller@microperfusion.at
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schaupp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodenlenz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilinska
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chassin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wach
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vering
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hovorka
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin