title: Clinical predictors and prognostic significance of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insufficient data exists regarding predictors of electrical storms (ES) and clinical outcome in patients treated with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The purpose of this study was to delineate a subgroup of patients likely to experience ES and to determine the impact of ES on mortality in ICD recipients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline characteristics of 307 ICD-treated patients were retrospectively analysed. ES was defined as two or more ventricular tachyarrhythmias within 24 h leading to an immediate electrical therapy (antitachycardia pacing and/or shock), separated by a period of sinus rhythm. Clinical characteristics and survival of 123 patients experiencing a total of 294 episodes of ES (median 2 ES/patient, range 1-9), were compared with those of 184 ES-free patients during a median follow-up of 826 days (inter-quartile 1141 days). Median actuarial duration for the first ES occurrence after ICD implant was 1417 days [95% confidence interval (CI) 1061-2363] with a median follow-up of 816 days (7-4642 days) in ES-free patients. Univariate analysis identified older age, depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), ventricular tachycardia (VT) as index arrhythmia, chronic renal failure and absence of lipid-lowering drugs as variables significantly associated with an increased risk of ES. Multivariable Cox analysis confirmed an independent predictive value for chronic renal failure [hazard ratio (HR) 1.54, 95% CI 0.95-2.51, P=0.052], VT (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.44-3.37, P=0.0003), and LVEF (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99, P=0.027). In contrast, diabetics (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.90, P=0.022) were less affected by ES. There was no difference in survival between both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ES is frequent but does not increase mortality in ICD's recipients. Patients with severe systolic dysfunction, chronic renal failure and VT as initial arrhythmia are likely to experience ES. Diabetics are less affected by ES.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology A, Hôpital cardiologique de Lille, CHRU, 59037 Lille Cedex, France. f-brigadeau@chru-lille.fr
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brigadeau
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kouakam
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marquié
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duhamel
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mizon-Gérard
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: Salem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kacet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*