title: Population analyses of amlodipine in patients living in the community and patients living in nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to determine the effects of age, sex, and morbidity on the apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of amlodipine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed on data from 211 patients receiving oral racemic amlodipine (dose of 7.2 +/- 3.6 mg/d [mean +/- SD]) on a long-term basis. Of the patients, 105 were men, with a mean age of 72 +/- 13 years and lean body weight (LBW) of 60.7 +/- 7.6 kg, and 106 were women, with a mean age of 79 +/- 11 years and LBW of 44.2 +/- 6.0 kg; 119 lived in the community, 20 in assisted living facilities, and 72 in nursing homes. Amlodipine was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Population analyses were performed by use of NONMEM with sex, age, race, living site, alcohol intake, and concomitant medications considered as covariates. The significance of covariates was determined by likelihood ratio tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female sex and living in a nursing home were associated with a faster CL/F compared with men and community-dwelling patients, respectively. The mean CL/F was 7.83 +/- 0.50 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) (LBW) in women compared with 6.31 +/- 1.01 in men and 8.68 +/- 1.00 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) in nursing home residents compared with 6.32 +/- 1.17 in community-dwelling patients. Increasing age was associated with decreasing CL/F only in community-dwelling patients and residents of assisted living facilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In middle-aged and very old (>80 years) patients, amlodipine CL/F was faster in women compared with men and was faster in nursing home residents compared with community-dwelling patients, with increasing age decreasing CL/F only in community-dwelling patients and residents of assisted-living facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: Dongwoo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verotta
authors.forename: Janice B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism; D000465:Algorithms; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011153:Population; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine