title: Cigarette smoke-related oxidants and the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental animal model of dry AMD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative injury to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been proposed to be an important injury stimulus relevant to the accumulation of subretinal deposits in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for AMD, and cigarette smoke-related tar contains high concentrations of a potent oxidant, hydroquinone (HQ). This study was an investigation of the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) and HQ in the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen-month-old C57BL/6 female mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4.5 months. Mice were divided into two major experimental groups, one to examine the effects of cigarette smoke and one to study the effects of a defined cigarette smoke component such as HQ. In the first group, mice eyes were exposed to blue-green light (positive controls) or to whole cigarette smoke. A third group with no intervention served as the negative control. In the second experimental group, animals received a purified diet with HQ (0.8%) with low or high fat content for 4.5 months. Mice in both groups were euthanatized at 4.5 months and eyes processed for transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As previously demonstrated by our laboratory and others, most mice fed an HFD without other oxidant exposure demonstrated normal morphology or, in a few cases, small nodular basal laminar deposits. Eyes of mice exposed to whole cigarette smoke or to HQ in the food demonstrated a variable degree of basal laminar deposits and diffusely thickened Bruch's membrane. The choriocapillaris endothelium was variably hypertrophic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to cigarette smoke or the smoke-related redox molecule, HQ, results in the formation of sub-RPE deposits, thickening of Bruch's membrane, and accumulation of deposits within Bruch's membrane. Smoke-related oxidants may be another oxidative injury stimulus to the choriocapillaris and RPE, and may explain the association between cigarette smoking and early AMD.
authors.affiliation: Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Diego G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Heidmann
authors.forename: Ivan J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Suner
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catanuto
authors.forename: Eleut P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Marin-Castano
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cousins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016570:Bruch Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000097:blood; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016877:Oxidants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D006873:Hydroquinones; D016877:Oxidants; D003367:Cotinine; C031927:hydroquinone