title: Evaluation of an in vitro sulphidoleukotriene release test for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE-mediated allergic dermatitis caused by bites of Culicoides and Simulium species, and improved means of diagnosis are required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The cellular antigen simulation test (CAST) with C. nubeculosus and S. vittatum extracts was assessed in a population of IBH-affected and healthy horses. Variations in test results over a one year period and possible cross-reactivity between different insect extracts was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 314 mature horses were studied using the CAST. Influence of severity of clinical signs, gender and age were evaluated, and 32 horses were tested repeatedly over one year. The kappa reliability test was used to assess agreement of the test results with different insect extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Horses with IBH had significantly higher sLT release than controls with C. nubeculosus and S. vittatum. The highest diagnostic sensitivity and specificity levels were attained when using adult C. nubeculosus extracts with the CAST (78% and 97%, respectively), suggesting that most horses with IBH are sensitised against Culicoides allergens. A proportion of IBH-affected horses was found to be sensitised to allergens of Simulium spp. in addition to those of C. nubeculosus. The CAST with C. nubeculosus had positive and negative predictive values > or = 80% for a true prevalence of IBH of 12-52%. In the follow-up study, the proportion of IBH-affected horses with a positive test result ranged from 90% in November to 68% in March. Severity of clinical signs or age did not influence test results significantly. However, IBH-affected males achieved significantly more positive test results than IBH-affected females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CAST with adult C. nubeculosus has high specificity and good sensitivity for diagnosis of IBH. Horses with IBH are mainly sensitised to Culicoides allergens, and some horses are additionally also sensitised to allergens in Simulium spp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CAST is likely to be a useful test for diagnosis of IBH, even allowing the identification of IBH-affected but asymptomatic horses. This test may also help in further characterisation of allergens involved in this condition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology, Länggass-Strasse 124, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, PO Box, 3001-Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baselgia
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Doherr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torsteinsdottir
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurbriggen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jungi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006636:Histamine Release; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D006736:Horses; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D015289:Leukotrienes