title: Resistance training and head-neck segment dynamic stabilization in male and female collegiate soccer players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical resistance training has been purported to aid in reducing the severity of brain injuries in athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of an 8-week resistance-training program on head-neck segment dynamic stabilization in male and female collegiate soccer players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pretest and posttest control group design.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory and fitness center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate soccer players (17 men, 19 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  The resistance training group underwent an 8-week cervical resistance training program that consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions of neck flexion and extension at 55% to 70% of their 10-repetition maximum 2 times a week. Participants in the control group performed no cervical resistance exercises.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head-neck segment kinematics and stiffness, electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles during force application to the head, and neck flexor and extensor isometric strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No kinematic, electromyographic, or stiffness training effects were seen. The posttest resistance training group isometric neck flexor strength was 15% greater than the pretest measurement. Isometric neck extensor strength in the female resistance training group was 22.5% greater at the posttest than at the pretest. Women's neck girth increased 3.4% over time regardless of training group level. Women exhibited 7% less head-neck segment length and 26% less head-neck segment mass than men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite increases in isometric strength and girth, the 8-week isotonic cervical resistance training did not enhance head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during force application in collegiate soccer players. Future researchers should examine the effect of head-neck segment training protocols that include traditional and neuromuscular activities (eg, plyometrics) with the focus of reducing head acceleration on force application.
authors.affiliation: Lincoln University, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sitler
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Swanik
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stearne