title: Risk factors for upper tract recurrence in patients undergoing long-term surveillance for stage ta bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the evidence is clear that patients with carcinoma in situ or high grade T1 TCC of the bladder are at higher risk for developing UUT tumors, the role of imaging the UUT in patients with Ta tumors remains controversial. We hypothesized that the number and frequency of recurrences in patients with Ta disease would allow us to identify a population who should undergo routine UUT surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our database of 375 patients who underwent resection of a stage Ta TCC between 1975 and 1995. Median followup was 6 years. Patients were stratified according to the presence of an UUT occurrence, rate and timing of superficial recurrences, and grade of the initial bladder tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 375 patients 50% had no bladder recurrence, 25% had 1 tumor, 15% had 2 tumors, and 10% had 3 or more tumors. Average time between tumors was 17 months. UUT tumor developed in 13 patients (3.4%) at an average of 22 months after their initial bladder tumor. A high risk group consisting of patients who had 2 or more bladder recurrences recurring within 12 months of each other were at 4.5-fold the risk of UUT tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stage Ta bladder cancer patients with 2 or more recurrences of bladder tumors with a median of less than 12 months between recurrences are at higher risk for developing an UUT tumor and should be considered for more frequent UUT surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Premoli
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Slaton
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*