title: The impact of cigarette smoking on mortality, quality of life, and comorbid illness among HIV-positive veterans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of smoking on outcomes among those with HIV infection has not been determined in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive patients post-HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and sixty-seven HIV-positive veterans enrolled in the Veterans Aging Cohort 3 Site Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were collected through patient questionnaire, International Classification of Diseases--9th edition codes, and standardized chart extraction, and laboratory and mortality data through the national VA database. Quality of life was assessed with the physical component summary (PCS) of the Short-Form 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current smokers had increased respiratory symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bacterial pneumonia. In analyses adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, hemoglobin, illegal drug and alcohol use, quality of life was substantially decreased (beta=-3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] -5.3 to -1.4) and mortality was significantly increased (hazard ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.86) in current smokers compared with never smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-positive patients who currently smoke have increased mortality and decreased quality of life, as well as increased respiratory symptoms, COPD, and bacterial pneumonia. These findings suggest that smoking cessation should be emphasized for HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crothers
authors.forename: Tephany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McGinnis
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Barradas
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Leaf
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gibert
authors.forename: Adeel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Justice
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D014728:Veterans