title: Self-administration of heroin, cocaine and their combination under a discrete trial schedule of reinforcement in rats.
abstract: Several self-administration models have been used to study the interactions between cocaine and heroin, and the schedule of reinforcement used is an important consideration for these studies. Behavior maintained by cocaine, heroin or their combination was studied using a discrete trial schedule that has been described for cocaine self-administration previously. This schedule permits 24 h access to drug without mortality associated with unlimited access to cocaine, and provides unique measures related to the circadian pattern of drug self-administration. Cocaine and heroin combined maintained higher rates of responding compared to either drug alone when a maximum of three infusions were available each hour (DT3), and decreased food intake compared to cocaine alone. There were significantly greater numbers of hours in both the light and dark cycles during which animals self-administered heroin or the combination of cocaine/heroin compared to cocaine alone. When the FR was increased to 4 under the DT3 access conditions, responding maintained by cocaine or heroin extinguished to levels not different than those maintained by saline while food reinforcement remained intact. The combination of cocaine and heroin maintained robust responding under these conditions. This schedule of reinforcement appears to elucidate behavioral interactions between cocaine and heroin that are more complex than rate of drug consumption and may provide a procedure to address some of the issues related to co-abuse of these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. tjmartin@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine