title: Facial aesthetics and the divine proportion: a comparison of surgical and non-surgical class II treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare selected divine or golden proportions in Class II division 1 patients treated either during the growth phase with an activator and fixed appliances or after the completion of growth with fixed appliances and orthognathic surgery; and to determine the associations between divine facial proportions and perceived facial attractiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material consisted of subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusions treated either with upper and lower fixed appliances and orthognathic surgery or with activators followed by fixed appliances. There were 23 females and 9 males in the surgical group (Mean age: 23.5 years; SD: 9.6 years) and 17 females and 11 males in the non-surgical group (Mean age: 10.8 years; SD: 1.1 years). The divine relationships of the subjects were assessed on pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs, and on lateral and frontal facial photographs. In addition, the attractiveness of the subjects was scored by a panel of judges using a visual analogue scale. Facial aesthetic scores were then correlated with the presence of particular divine facial proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, few ratios fitted the divine proportion, either before or after treatment in either treatment group. There was, however, significant individual variation in the presence or otherwise of these divine proportions, as there were with changes in the proportions with treatment. Regardless of the treatment method, ratios in some patients moved toward the divine proportion, while those in others moved away from it. A comparison of the two treatment groups both before and after treatment showed that the mean group values for some of the proportions differed. These differences could largely be explained by differences in growth status and treatment method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither treatment method was more likely to result in a greater number of divine proportions, and the achievement of divine proportions seemed to have little, if any, influence on overall aesthetic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracey L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Shell
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000202:Activator Appliances; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004954:Esthetics; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010781:Photography; D014716:Vertical Dimension