title: Parkinson's disease and other basal ganglia or movement disorders in a large nationwide cohort of Swedish welders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it has been hypothesised that metal welding and flame cutting are associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease due to manganese released in the welding fume, few rigorous cohort studies have evaluated this risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined the relation between employment as a welder and all basal ganglia and movement disorders (ICD-10, G20-26) in Sweden using nationwide and population based registers. All men recorded as welders or flame cutters (n = 49,488) in the 1960 or 1970 Swedish National Census were identified and their rates of specific basal ganglia and movement disorders between 1964 and 2003 were compared with those in an age and geographical area matched general population comparison cohort of gainfully employed men (n = 489,572).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate for basal ganglia and movement disorders combined was similar for the welders and flame cutters compared with the general population (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) = 0.91 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.01). Similarly, the rate ratio for PD was 0.89 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.99). Adjusted rate ratios for other individual basal ganglia and movement disorders were also not significantly increased or decreased. Further analyses of Parkinson's disease by attained age, time period of follow up, geographical area of residency, and educational level revealed no significant differences between the welders and the general population. Rates for Parkinson's disease among welders in shipyards, where exposures to welding fumes are higher, were also similar to the general population (aRR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This nationwide record linkage study offers no support for a relation between welding and Parkinson's disease or any other specific basal ganglia and movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Michael.Fored@ki.se
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fored
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryzek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nise
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Blot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekbom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese