title: Prediction of depression in European general practice attendees: the PREDICT study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevention of depression must address multiple risk factors. Estimating overall risk across a range of putative risk factors is fundamental to prevention of depression. However, we lack reliable and valid methods of risk estimation. This protocol paper introduces PREDICT, an international research study to address this risk estimation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study in which consecutive general practice attendees in six European countries are recruited and followed up after six and 12 months. Prevalence of depression is assessed at baseline and each follow-up point. Consecutive attendees between April 2003 and September 2004 who were aged 18 to 75 were asked to take part. The possibility of a depressive episode was assessed using the Depression Section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. A selection of presumed risk factors was based on our previous work and a systematic review of the literature. It was necessary to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a number of risk factor questions that were developed specifically, or adapted, for the PREDICT study. In a separate reliability study conducted between January and November 2003, consecutive general practice attendees in the six participating European countries completed the risk factor items on two occasions, two weeks apart. The overall response rate at entry to the study was 69%. We exceeded our expected recruitment rate, achieving a total of 10,048 people in all. Reliability coefficients were generally good to excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Response rate to follow-up in all countries was uniformly high, which suggests that prediction will be based on almost a full cohort. The results of our reliability analysis are encouraging and suggest that data collected during the course of PREDICT will have a satisfactory level of stability. The development of a multi-factor risk score for depression will lay the foundation for future research on risk reduction in primary care. Our data will also provide the necessary evidence base on which to develop and evaluate interventions to reduce the prevalence of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health Sciences, UCL, London, UK. m.king@medsch.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weich
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torres-González
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Svab
authors.forename: Heidi-Ingrid
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maaroos
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neeleman
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bellón-Saameño
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moreno-Küstner
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rotar
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rifel
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aluoja
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalda
authors.forename: Mirjam I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: Idalmiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carraça
authors.forename: Manuel Caldas
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saldivia
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rioseco
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nazareth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors