title: Isoflurane tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia is attenuated by adenosine A1 receptor antagonists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of the adenosine A1 receptor in the rapid tolerance to cerebral ischemia induced by isoflurane preconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 15 each): Control, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropulxanthine (DPCPX), Isoflurane, DPCPX+Isoflurane and Vehicle+Isoflurane groups. All animals underwent right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for two hours. Isoflurane preconditioning was conducted one hour before MCAO in Isoflurane, DPCPX+Isoflurane and Vehicle+Isoflurane groups by exposing the animals to 1.5% isoflurane in 98% oxygen for one hour. In the Control and DPCPX groups, animals were exposed to 98% oxygen one hour before MCAO for one hour. A selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, DPCPX, was administered (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) 15 min before isoflurane/oxygen exposure in the DPCPX and DPCPX+Isoflurane groups to evaluate the effect of adenosine A1 receptor antagonist on isoflurane preconditioning. Dimethyl sulfoxide, the solvent of DPCPX, was administered (1 mL x kg(-1)) 15 min before isoflurane exposure in the Vehicle+Isoflurane group. Neurological deficit scores and brain infarct volumes were evaluated 24 hr after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals in the Isoflurane and Vehicle+Isoflurane groups developed lower neurological deficit scores and smaller brain infarct volumes than the Control group (P < 0.01). Animals in the DPCPX+Isoflurane group developed higher neurological deficit scores and larger brain infarct volumes than the Isoflurane and Vehicle+Isoflurane groups (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that preconditioning with isoflurane reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats, and the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX) attenuates the neuroprotection induced by isoflurane preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lize
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Shaoyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000502:physiology; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D014970:Xanthines; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D007530:Isoflurane