title: Conditioning-annealing studies of natural organic matter solids linking irreversible sorption to irreversible structural expansion.
abstract: The assumption of reversibility underpins the sorption term in current models dealing with the fate and impact of organic compounds in the environment, yet experimentally sorption of organic compounds in soils and sediments often shows "irreversible" behaviors such as hysteresis and the conditioning effect (enhanced repeat sorption). The objective of this study was to test whether a glassy polymer irreversibility model applies to natural organic matter (NOM) solids. Irreversible sorption in polymers is believed to be caused by irreversible expansion and creation of internal micropores by penetrating molecules, leading to enhanced affinity during desorption or subsequent resorption. Using chlorobenzene as a conditioning agent and polychlorinated benzenes as test compounds in a second sorption step, we observed conditioning effects for a peat soil, a soil humic acid, and a model glassy polymer, poly- (vinyl chloride), but not for a model rubbery polymer, poly- (ethylene). The conditioning effect for the two natural solids, probed bythe enhancement in the sorption distribution coefficient of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, relaxed upon sample annealing between 45 and 91 degrees C in a manner similar to the relaxation of free volume and enthalpy of glassy polymers. Relaxation of the conditioning effect in the NOM solids depended on annealing temperature and, at a given temperature, followed a double additive exponential rate law with a nonzero constant term descriptive of the final state that depends inversely on temperature. At environmentally relevant temperatures, the conditioning effect may "never" completely relax. The results provide compelling evidence for the glassy, nonequilibrium nature of natural organic matter solids and for irreversible structural expansion as a cause of irreversible sorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Yuefeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pignatello
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000032:analysis; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000032:analysis; D016062:Porosity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D006812:Humic Substances; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C009947:1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D020959:Polyethylene