title: Helicobacter pylori vacA s1a and s1b alleles from clinical isolates from different regions of Chile show a distinct geographic distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the most common vacA alleles in Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) strains isolated from Chilean patients and its relationship with gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty five H pylori clinical isolates were obtained from 79 biopsies from Chilean infected patients suffering from gastrointestinal diseases. An average of 2-3 strains per patient was isolated and the vacA genotype was analyzed by PCR and 3% agarose electrophoresis. Some genotypes were checked by DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most prevalent vacA genotype in Chilean patients was s1b m1 (76%), followed by s1a m1 (21%). In contrast, the s2 m2 genotype was scarcely represented (3%). The s1b m1 genotype was found most frequently linked to gastropathies (P<0.05) rather than ulcers. Ulcers were found more commonly in male and older patients. Curiously, patients living in cities located North and far South of Santiago, the capital and largest Chilean city, carried almost exclusively strains with the s1b m1 genotype. In contrast, patients from Santiago and cities located South of Santiago carried strains with either one or both s1a m1 and s1b m1 genotypes. Regarding the s2 m2 genotype, comparison with GenBank sequences revealed that Chilean s2 sequence was identical to those of Australian, American, and Colombian strains but quite different from those of Alaska and India.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in geographic distribution of the s and m vacA alleles in Chile and a relationship of s1b m1 genotype with gastritis were found. Sequence data in part support a hispanic origin for the vacA genotype. Asymmetric distribution of genotypes s1b m1 and s2 m2 recedes H Pylori strain distribution in Spain and Portugal.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiologia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdivia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novales
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shilling
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hebel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fierro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klapp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venegas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002677:Chile; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori