title: Low bone mass prevalence and osteoporosis risk factor assessment in African American Wisconsin women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-menopausal osteoporosis is seen in all racial groups. With the increasing population and longevity of minority groups, osteoporosis is becoming an important health concern. Data regarding risk factors for, and prevalence of, low bone mass and awareness of osteoporosis risk in African American (AA) women are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article evaluates the risk factors for, and prevalence of, low bone mass in a population of urban AA women in Wisconsin and assesses this group's perceived risk for osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty consecutive community-dwelling AA women > or = 45 years old from Milwaukee, Wis were asked to complete a questionnaire based on currently accepted osteoporosis risk factors. Additionally, their perception of osteoporosis risk was assessed using a Likert scale. All subjects underwent quantitative calcaneal ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subject mean age was 54 +/- 7 years. Mean T- and Z-scores were 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. Applying World Health Organization criteria, osteopenia (bone mineral density T-score <-1.0) was present in 23.3% and osteoporosis (bone mineral density <-2.5) in 9.3%. Multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that lifetime incidence of at least 1 fracture, multiparity (>2 children), postmenopausal state, and current smoking were associated with lower calcaneal bone mass. Higher education and presence of diabetes were associated with a higher bone mass. Only 25% of the women surveyed thought they were at moderate to high risk for osteoporosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low bone mass was present in 33% of these AA women despite their relative young age. Many AA women do not perceive osteoporosis as a health risk. It is necessary to develop strategies to educate AA women regarding osteoporosis risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. skidambi@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Srividya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kidambi
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Partington
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Binkley
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*