title: Emotional task-dependent low-frequency fluctuations and methylphenidate: Wavelet scaling analysis of 1/f-type fluctuations in fMRI of the cerebellar vermis.
abstract: Ion channel currents, neural firing patterns, and brain BOLD signals display 1/f-type fluctuations or fractal properties in time. By design, fMRI methods attempt to minimize the contribution of variance from low-frequency physiological 1/f-noise. New fMRI methods are described to visualize and measure 1/f-type BOLD fluctuations in volunteers recalling affectively neutral or emotional memories or meditating (i.e., attending to breathing) then retrospectively rating emotional content. A wavelet scaling exponent (alpha) was used to characterize signals from 0.015625 to 0.5Hz in cerebellar lobules VIII to X of the vermis (posterior inferior vermis; PIV), a region coordinating balance, eye tracking, locomotion, and vascular tone, and a possible site of pathology in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in alpha and emotional measures were correlated in PIV voxels (r = 0.622, d.f .= 14, P < 0.0005), but not other regions examined. In contrast, conventional means and standard deviations of PIV voxels were unchanged. Methylphenidate, shown to decrease slow oscillations in rodent basal ganglia [Ruskin DN, Bergstrom DA, Shenker A, Freeman LE, Baek D, Walters JR. Drugs used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affect postsynaptic firing rate and oscillation without preferential dopamine autoreceptor action. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:340-50.], abolished task-dependent alpha changes in the PIV of an adult with ADHD. Wavelet analysis of long BOLD time series appears well suited to fractal physiology and studies of pharmacologically modulated cerebellar-thalamic-cortical function in ADHD or other psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. carl_anderson@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Carl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lowen
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013269:Stochastic Processes
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D010100:Oxygen