title: Physiology of female sexual function: animal models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data concerning the physiology of desire, arousal, and orgasm in women are limited because of ethical constraints. Aim. To gain knowledge of physiology of female sexual function through animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  To provide state-of-the-art knowledge concerning female sexual function in animal models, representing the opinions of seven experts from five countries developed in a consensus process over a 2-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexual desire may be considered as the presence of desire for, and fantasy about, sexual activity. Desire in animals can be inferred from certain appetitive behaviors that occur during copulation and from certain unconditioned copulatory measures. Proceptive behaviors are dependent in part on estrogen, progesterone, and drugs that bind to D1 dopamine receptors, adrenergic receptors, oxytocin receptors, opioid receptors, or gamma-amino butyric acid receptors. Peripheral arousal states are dependent on regulation of genital smooth muscle tone. Multiple neurotransmitters/mediators are involved including adrenergic, and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic agents such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, nitric oxide, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P. Sex steroid hormones, estrogens and androgens, are critical for structure and function of genital tissues including modulation of genital blood flow, lubrication, neurotransmitter function, smooth muscle contractility, mucification, and sex steroid receptor expression in genital tissues. Orgasm may be investigated by urethrogenital (UG) reflex, in which genital stimulation results in rhythmic contractions of striated perineal muscles and contractions of vagina, anus, and uterine smooth muscle. The UG reflex is generated by a multisegmental spinal pattern generator involving the coordination of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic efferents innervating the genital organs. Serotonin and dopamine may modulate UG reflex activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research is needed in animal models in the physiology of female sexual function.
authors.affiliation: Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giraldi
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfaus
authors.forename: Abdulmaged M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Traish
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vardi
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000098:blood supply; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D009948:Orgasm / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents