title: Large volume N2O uptake alone does not explain the second gas effect of N2O on sevoflurane during constant inspired ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The second gas effect (SGE) is considered to be significant only during periods of large volume N(2)O uptake (VN(2)O); however, the SGE of small VN(2)O has not been studied. We hypothesized that the SGE of N(2)O on sevoflurane would become less pronounced when sevoflurane administration is started 60 min after the start of N(2)O administration when VN(2)O has decreased to approximately 125 ml min(-1), and that the kinetics of sevoflurane under these circumstances would become indistinguishable from those when sevoflurane is administered in O(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two physical status ASA I-II patients were randomly assigned to one of six groups (n=12 each). In the first four groups, sevoflurane (1.8% vaporizer setting) administration was started 0, 2, 5 and 60 min after starting 2 litre min(-1) O(2) and 4 litre min(-1) N(2)O, respectively. In the last two groups, sevoflurane (1.8 or 3.6% vaporizer setting) was administered in 6 litre min(-1) O(2). The ratios of the alveolar fraction of sevoflurane (Fa) over the inspired fraction (Fi), or Fa/Fi, were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sevoflurane Fa/Fi was larger in the N(2)O groups than in the O(2) groups, and it was identical in all four N(2)O groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed the existence of a SGE of N(2)O. Surprisingly, when using an Fa of 65% N(2)O, the magnitude of the SGE was the same with large or small VN(2)O. The classical model and the graphical representation of the SGE alone should not be used to explain the magnitude of the SGE. We speculate that changes in ventilation/perfusion inhomogeneity in the lungs during general anaesthesia result in a SGE at levels of VN(2)O previously considered by most to be too small to exert a SGE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5640, USA. jcnwahendrickx@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J F A
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carette
authors.forename: H J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Wolf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen