Improvement of cardiac performance and cardiovascular risk factors in children with GH deficiency after two years of GH replacement therapy: an observational, open, prospective, case-control study.
BACKGROUND
GH deficiency (GHD) in adults is associated with a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that may contribute to an increased mortality for cardiovascular disease.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GHD and GH replacement therapy on cardiac performance, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in children.


METHODS
This was a 2-yr case-control prospective study.


METHODS
Thirty children with GHD aged 9.3 +/- 0.5 yr and 30 healthy matched controls were studied.


METHODS
Children were studied before and after 1 and 2 yr of GH replacement (GHD children) or no treatment (controls).


METHODS
Lipid profile, serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA) index, and left ventricular (LV) mass and function by echocardiography were the main outcome measures.


RESULTS
At study entry, the LV mass index was significantly lower in GHD children (50.2 +/- 1.7) than in controls (60.3 +/- 2.5 g/m(2); P < 0.002), whereas LV systolic and diastolic function, lipid profile, insulin levels, and HOMA index were similar. In GHD children LV mass index significantly increased (66.3 +/- 2.4 g/m(2); P < 0.0001) after 1 yr of GH replacement and remained stable thereafter. LV systolic and diastolic function did not change during treatment. After 2 yr of GH replacement, total cholesterol (P < 0.007) and the atherogenic index (P < 0.0001) significantly decreased, whereas fasting insulin levels (P < 0.001) and HOMA index (P < 0.0001) significantly increased compared with both pretreatment and control values.


CONCLUSIONS
GHD in children is associated with a reduced cardiac size but with a normal cardiac function, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity. Two years of GH replacement normalizes cardiac morphology, improves lipid profile, and slightly impairs insulin sensitivity.
Salerno
Mariacarolina
M
Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy. salerno@unina.it
Esposito
Valentina
V
Farina
Vincenzo
V
Radetti
Giorgio
G
Umbaldo
Angela
A
Capalbo
Donatella
D
Spinelli
Letizia
L
Muzzica
Stefania
S
Lombardi
Gaetano
G
Colao
Annamaria
A
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D013006:Growth Hormone