title: Laparoscopic surgery in children is associated with an intraoperative hypermetabolic response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery is thought to be associated with a reduced metabolic response compared to open surgery. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and energy metabolism during laparoscopic surgery have not been characterized in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured respiratory gas exchange intraoperatively in children undergoing 19 open and 20 laparoscopic procedures. Premature infants and patients with metabolic, renal, and cardiac abnormalities were excluded. Anesthesia was standardized. Unheated carbon dioxide was used for insufflation. VO2 was measured by indirect calorimetry. Core temperature was measured using an esophageal temperature probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a steady increase in VO2 during laparoscopy. The increase in VO2 was more marked in younger children and was associated with a significant rise in core temperature. Open surgery was not associated with significant changes in core temperature or VO2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy in children is associated with an intraoperative hypermetabolic response characterized by increased oxygen consumption and core temperature. These changes are more marked in younger children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom. mmchoney@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McHoney
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corizia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003125:Colostomy; D018662:Fundoplication; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism