title: Radiofrequency ablation of small breast cancer followed by surgical resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the growing demand from patients for less-invasive procedures, the shift from surgical extirpation to ablative local control of breast tumors is an emerging focus in breast cancer care. This study was performed to determine the feasibility and safety of treating small breast cancer with radiofrequency (RF) ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with biopsy-proven invasive or non-invasive breast cancer underwent RF ablation under general anesthesia. Before RF ablation, all patients were confirmed to have a localized lesion using imaging modalities. Wide excision or total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection was performed. The resected tumor was examined histologically with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADH) staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients completed the treatment without RF ablation-related complications. The mean tumor size was 1.1 cm (range: 0.5-2.0 cm). Histological evaluation of the ablated tissue using H&E staining revealed a spectrum of changes ranging from complete coagulation necrosis of tumor cells to normal-appearing tumor cells. However, NADH-diaphorase showed no staining of viable tumor cells in the RF-ablated region in all of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RF ablation is promising as a minimally invasive ablation technique in the local treatment of invasive or non-invasive breast cancer. However, further study is necessary before RF ablation can replace conventional breast conservation therapy for patients with small breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Center, Kanazawa University Hospital, School of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. nogumasa@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masakuni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Mitsuharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Earashi
authors.forename: Hisatake
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuneyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D015413:Mastectomy, Simple; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary