title: DNA hypermethylation in the normal colonic mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer.
abstract: The CpG-island methylator phenotype (CIMP+) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterised by frequent hypermethylation of promoter regions in tumour suppressor genes. Low level methylation of some CpG islands is also seen in the normal colonic mucosa and increases with age; however, it is still unclear what other factors regulate this phenomenon. The first aim of our study was to determine whether the level of promoter methylation is elevated in the normal colonic mucosa of patients with CIMP+ tumours. The second aim was to investigate whether common, functional polymorphisms in genes involved in methyl group metabolism are associated with the level of methylation in this tissue. CpG islands within the ERalpha, MYOD, P16(INK4A), MLH1, APC, P14(ARF), DAPK and TIMP3 genes were quantitatively evaluated for methylation in normal colonic mucosa from a large series of CRC patients using the MethyLight assay. Genotyping was carried out for polymorphisms in the MTHFR, TS, MS, MTHFD1 and DNMT3b genes. Methylation of ERalpha and MYOD in normal colonic mucosa increased with age and was higher in female subjects. Methylation of P16(INK4A), MLH1, TIMP3 and DAPK in normal mucosa occurred at a lower level than ERalpha and MYOD but also increased with age and was significantly higher in patients with CIMP+ tumours. The DNMT3b C46359T polymorphism was associated with significantly less methylation of MYOD and MLH1 and with trends for lower methylation in each of the other CpG islands examined. Our results demonstrate that age, gender and genetic factors can influence the methylation level of CpG islands in gene promoter regions of normal colonic mucosa. Further work is required to determine whether such methylation is associated with the development of CIMP+ CRC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruszkiewicz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grieu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iacopetta
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000367:Age Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012737:Sex Factors; D000097584:DNA Methyltransferase 3B
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D017570:MyoD Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000097584:DNA Methyltransferase 3B; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; C057363:MyoD1 myogenic differentiation protein