title: Self-advocacy during the medical encounter: use of health information and racial/ethnic differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research indicates that patients who self-advocate during the medical encounter gain maximum benefit. However, little is known about racial/ethnic differences in self-advocacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine whether race/ethnicity and obtaining health information are associated with self-advocacy (mentioned health information to physician and physician ordered tests based on health information).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study data were drawn from the 2000-2001 Household Component of the Community Tracking Study, a nationally representative survey. The study sample included 7419 women ages 45 to 64 who had at least 1 physician visit in the previous year. Binomial logit models were used to assess self-advocacy. Probability adjustments were applied to results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the full sample (n = 7419), women who obtained health information were almost 5 times more likely to mention that information to their physician (odds ration [OR] = 4.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.05-5.60) than women who did not obtain information. Black women were less likely to mention health information to their physician (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.37-0.73) than white women. Among women who obtained health information (n = 3690), black women also were less likely to mention health information to their physician (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.40-0.83) than white women. Among those who mentioned health information to the physician, Hispanic women were more likely than white women to have a test/procedure/prescription prescribed (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.10-4.20). However, after adjusting probability, this difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although health information was associated with self-advocacy, black women were less likely to self-advocate. Further research is needed to better understand factors that impede black women from self-advocating.
authors.affiliation: Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA. wiltshire@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltshire
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Gloria E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Sarto
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors