title: Ethically justified clinical strategies for promoting geriatric assent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop ethically justified clinical strategies for promoting geriatric assent with a focus on the application of professional virtues.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concept of geriatric assent was extended to all geriatric patients incapacitated by cognitive impairments, including dementias, and practical clinical steps for promoting geriatric assent were developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A four step-process for promoting geriatric assent is proposed by balancing the principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy within the context of the psychiatrist's virtues. These four steps include identifying the patient's long-standing values and preferences; assessing plans of care in terms of biopsychosocial safety and independence along with the patient's values and preferences; protecting remaining autonomy; and cultivating the professional virtues of steadiness, self-effacement, and self-sacrifice when making decisions that risk the patient's future health and safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In promoting geriatric assent, psychiatrists are obligated to support and directively counsel the patient's surrogate to adopt care plans that promote the patient's values and preferences to the extent possible. These clinical strategies for promoting geriatric assent should serve to enhance the patient's remaining sense of integrity and dignity. These strategies should also protect remaining health status and therefore protect remaining autonomy.
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. jhc@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coverdale
authors.forename: Laurence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Workman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000523:psychology*; D028681:Moral Obligations; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000941:ethics*; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000941:ethics; D012449:Safety