title: Characteristics of an "ill-defined" diagnosis for stroke: opportunities for improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rapid and accurate evaluation of stroke subtypes is crucial for optimal treatment and outcomes. This study assessed factors associated with the likelihood of an "ill-defined" diagnosis for stroke hospitalizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined all hospital claims for stroke among Medicare beneficiaries aged > or =65 years in 2000. Stroke subtypes included hemorrhagic (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 430 to 432), ischemic (433 to 434), ill-defined (436 to 437), and late effects of cerebrovascular disease (438).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 445 452 hospital claims for stroke, 65.3% were ischemic, 20.9% were ill defined, 11.9% were hemorrhagic, and 1.9% were late effects of cerebrovascular disease. After controlling for age, women (odds ratio [OR],1.30; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.32), blacks (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.33), and Hispanics (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.34) were more likely to receive a discharge diagnosis of ill defined compared with men and whites, respectively. Differences in age, sex, emergency room presentation, and evidence of diagnostic procedures accounted for some but not all racial disparities. In 14 states, ill-defined strokes constituted > or =25% of all stroke diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high proportion of stroke patients who receive an ill-defined diagnosis on discharge suggests a continued need for improvements in early response and prompt evaluation of strokes. Findings of geographic, gender, and racial disparities in ill-defined stroke diagnosis warrant further investigation. Reimbursement practices and public health efforts that promote hospital stroke policies are critical to improve disease reporting as well as clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Health Branch, Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. hdd8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Henraya F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: McGruder
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: Zhi-Jie
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People