title: Minimizing clip artifacts in multi CT angiography of clipped patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To optimize the multi CTA (MSCTA) protocol, the influence of pitch, kilovoltage peak (kVp), reconstruction algorithm, type, and orientation of the clip on clip-induced artifacts was investigated in a phantom study. Also, the influence of kVp, concentration of contrast material, and clip orientation in clipped patients was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phantom containing a clip was scanned with varying parameters. Artifact was quantified with 3D volumetry. Artifact volumes were compared for the different parameters. In addition, the number of artifact streaks was presented as a function of the pitch. Five clipped patients were scanned with 90 kVp and 120 kVp and 5 with 120 kVp and 140 kVp. The artifact area was compared. The visualization at the clip site was evaluated for different clip orientations in 50 patients, and for 140 kVp with 370 mg iodine/mL contrast (I/mL) compared with 120 kVp/300 mg I/mL in 7 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to a pitch of 0.6, there was hardly an increase in artifact. Higher kVp and linear interpolation resulted in fewer artifacts. Alloy clips containing cobalt produced more artifact than did titanium clips. Clips positioned perpendicular to the scan plane led to significantly less artifact. In patients with clips, scanning with 140 kVp/370 mgI/mL led to a decrease of artifact area and a better visualization of the clip site. The visualization at the clip site was also better for clips perpendicular to the scan plane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If clip artifacts are to be minimized, we suggest scanning with a pitch of 0.6, by using 140 kVp and 370 mgI/mL contrast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Best, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van der Schaaf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vlassenbroek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Velthuis
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014025:Titanium; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium