title: Analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Papua New Guinea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare progressive inflammatory disease characterized by the persistent infection of the brain by the measles virus. However, the immunological pathophysiology of SSPE is still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFR1) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 23 patients with SSPE in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a high incidence of SSPE, and Japanese controls by cytometric bead array or ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels of SSPE patients were significantly higher than those of controls (p=0.0075, and p=0.0019, respectively). The serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels of SSPE patients with fever were significantly higher than those without fever (p=0.0107, and p=0.0006, respectively). The CSF IL-6 levels of SSPE patients were significantly higher than those of controls (p=0.0218). The CSF IL-6 levels of SSPE patients with myoclonic jerks were significantly higher than those without myoclonic jerks (p=0.0189). There were no differences in serum IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, and sTNFR1, or CSF IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and sTNFR1 levels between the affected patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present study suggests that serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels are related to fever, and the CSF IL-6 level, myoclonic jerks, in SSPE patients in PNG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan. ichiyama@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siba
authors.forename: Dagwin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suarkia
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takasu
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeba
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D013344:Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10