title: Gender and geographic influence on the racial disparity in bladder cancer mortality in the US.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005, there were an estimated 63,210 new cases of bladder cancer and 13,180 related deaths in the US. African Americans reportedly have a lower incidence of bladder cancer, but a higher mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gender and geographic differences in bladder cancer survival between Caucasians and African Americans to better understand the racial disparity in bladder cancer survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) data were used to evaluate racial differences in bladder cancer survival from 1973 to 1999. Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were performed to determine the relationship between race and survival, adjusting for cancer stage and grade, marital status, region of country, treatment received, and the interaction between race and region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans were diagnosed with higher grade (p < 0.001) and higher stage (p < 0.001) tumors, compared with Caucasians. In the multivariable model, African-American race was an independent predictor of poor survival, adjusting for age, marital status, region of the country, stage, grade, treatment received, and interaction between race and region. Surprisingly, African Americans diagnosed in the Atlanta metropolitan area had a substantially worse survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African Americans were diagnosed with more aggressive and more advanced tumors. Adjusted multivariable models demonstrated a survival advantage for Caucasians, with African-American race being an independent predictor of poor survival, especially when diagnosed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Racial disparity continues to exist in bladder cancer presentation and survival in the US.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Cheryl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018426:SEER Program; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*