title: Phase II study of temozolomide and thalidomide in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standard, intravenous chemotherapy regimens for neuroendocrine tumors have been associated with limited response rates and significant toxicity. We evaluated the efficacy of an oral regimen of temozolomide and thalidomide in patients with metastatic carcinoid, pheochromocytoma, or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients were treated with a combination of temozolomide, administered at a dose of 150 mg/m2 for 7 days, every other week, and thalidomide at doses of 50 to 400 mg daily. Patients were followed for evidence of toxicity, biochemical response, radiologic response, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with temozolomide and thalidomide was associated with an objective biochemical (chromogranin A) response rate of 40%, and a radiologic response rate of 25% (45% among pancreatic endocrine tumors, 33% among pheochromocytomas, and 7% among carcinoid tumors). The median duration of response was 13.5 months, 1-year survival was 79%, and 2-year survival was 61%. The median administered dose of temozolomide was 150 mg/m(2), and the median administered dose of thalidomide was 100 mg daily. Grade 3-4 toxicities were uncommon, with the exception of grade 3-4 lymphopenia, which developed in 69% of the patient population. Opportunistic infections occurred in three patients (10%) during the time of lymphopenia, and included single cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, disseminated varicella zoster virus, and herpes simplex virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orally administered temozolomide and thalidomide seems to be an active regimen for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. In this 29-patient study, this regimen appeared more active in pancreatic endocrine tumors than in carcinoid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. matthew_kulke@dfci.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kulke
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Enzinger
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Alona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muzikansky
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vincitore
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelini
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018273:Carcinoma, Islet Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000188:drug therapy; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000077204:Temozolomide; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D013792:Thalidomide; D003606:Dacarbazine; D000077204:Temozolomide