title: Assessment of neuroprotective effects of glutamate modulation on glaucoma-related retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the neuroprotective effects of different glutamate modulation strategies, with a nonselective (MK801) and a selective (ifenprodil) NMDA receptor antagonist and a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (mGluR Group II, LY354740), in glaucoma-related in vivo rat models of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  RGC apoptosis was induced in Dark Agouti (DA) rats by staurosporine (SSP) treatment. Single agents MK801, ifenprodil, or LY354740, or MK801 and LY354740 combined, were administrated intravitreally at different doses. Eyes were imaged in vivo using a recently established technique and the results confirmed histologically. The most effective combined therapy regimen of MK801 and LY354740 was then assessed in a chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) rat model with application at 0, 1, and 2 weeks after OHT surgery and the effects assessed as described before.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All strategies of glutamate modulation reduced SSP-induced-RGC apoptosis compared with the control, in a dose-dependent manner: MK801 (R2= 0.8863), ifenprodil (R2= 0.4587), and LY354740 (R2= 0.9094), with EC50s of 0.074, 0.0138, and 19 nanomoles, respectively. The most effective combination dose of MK801 and LY354740 was 0.06 and 20 nanomoles (P < 0.05), respectively, and the optimal timing of the therapy was 0 weeks after OHT surgery (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel SSP model was validated as a useful tool for screening neuroprotective strategies in vivo. Group II mGluR modulation may be a useful treatment for RGC death. Combination therapy optimized to limit neurotoxic effects of MK801 may be an effective neuroprotective approach in retinal degenerative disease. Furthermore, treatments that minimize secondary RGC degeneration may be most useful in glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Head Research Group, Department of Pathology, University College London Institute of Opthamology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Salt
authors.forename: Annelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maass
authors.forename: Vy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Fitzke
authors.forename: M Francesca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D019311:Staurosporine; C104753:eglumetad; C010739:ifenprodil