title: Origin and evolution of processed pseudogenes that stabilize functional Makorin1 mRNAs in mice, primates and other mammals.
abstract: We investigate the origin and evolution of a mouse processed pseudogene, Makorin1-p1, whose transcripts stabilize functional Makorin1 mRNAs. It is shown that Makorin1-p1 originated almost immediately before the musculus and cervicolor species groups diverged from each other some 4 million years ago and that the Makorin1-p1 orthologs in various Mus species are transcribed. However, Mus caroli in the cervicolor species group expresses not only Makorin1-p1, but also another older Makorin1-derived processed pseudogene, demonstrating the rapid generation and turnover in subgenus Mus. Under this circumstance, transcribed processed pseudogenes (TPPs) of Makorin1 evolved in a strictly neutral fashion even with an enhanced substitution rate at CpG dinucleotide sites. Next, we extend our analyses to rats and other mammals. It is shown that although these species also possess their own Makorin1-derived TPPs, they occur rather infrequently in simian primates. Under this circumstance, it is hypothesized that already existing TPPs must be prevented from accumulating detrimental mutations by negative selection. This hypothesis is substantiated by the presence of two rather old TPPs, MKRNP1 and MKRN4, in humans and New World monkeys. The evolutionary rate and pattern of Makorin1-derived processed pseudogenes depend heavily on how frequently they are disseminated in the genome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aki
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mekada
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriwaki
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahata
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Satta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011323:Primates; D011544:Pseudogenes; D051381:Rats; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: C410808:Makorin ring finger protein 1; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins