title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma ligands differentially affect smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha and gamma are expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). This study was designed to compare the effects of PPARalpha and PPARgamma on SMC proliferation and migration and to determine how they operate. Treatment of SMCs from porcine coronary artery revealed that mitogen-stimulated DNA synthesis was blocked by the PPARalpha ligand 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid (WY14,643) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) (a putative PPARgamma agonist) but not by the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone or the PPARbeta/delta ligand 2-methyl-4-((4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)-methylsulfanyl)phenoxy acetic acid (GW501516). Inhibition of DNA synthesis by clofibrate and 2-(4-(2-(1-cyclohexanebutyl-3-cyclohexylureido)ethyl)phenylthio)-2-methylproprionic acid (GW7647) confirmed that SMC proliferation is affected by PPARalpha. This conclusion was supported by the fact that WY14,643 also inhibited the proliferation of H4IIE hepatoma cells (expressing only PPARalpha) but not A10 SMCs (expressing only PPARgamma1). In contrast, the effective inhibition of all cell types with 15d-PGJ(2) indicated that this compound probably operates via a PPARgamma-independent mechanism. Interestingly, rosiglitazone did not inhibit DNA synthesis of either H4IIE or A10 cells, suggesting that the activation of PPARgamma does not influence cell proliferation. Phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen were inhibited by WY14,643 but not by rosiglitazone or 15d-PGJ(2), indicating that PPARalpha prevents progression into S phase. Although rosiglitazone did not block SMC proliferation, it (like WY14,643) reduced neointimal hyperplasia in vitro. This observation can be rationalized by the fact that both WY14,643 and rosiglitazone inhibit SMC migration, probably through matrix metalloproteinase 9. Our study therefore shows that selective interference with mediators of cell cycle progression and cell migration via activation of PPARs may prevent growth-related vascular diseases such as restenosis and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 2A6. peterz@sbrc.ca
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zahradka
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuerst
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yurkova
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Carla G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008024:Ligands; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma