title: Constant rate infusion for topical ocular delivery in horses: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and kinetics of a continuous infusion modality for topical ophthalmic drug delivery via subpalpebral lavage in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five ophthalmically normal horses
  
  
  METHODS
  A constant-rate continuous delivery pump was used to apply 0.01% fluorescein solution to the eyes of five ophthalmically normal horses via subpalpebral lavage. Fluorescein was applied at a rate of 0.14 mL/h for 72 h. Tear samples were collected from the ventral conjunctival fornix at regular intervals via capillary tube and tear fluorescein concentrations were determined via spectral assay. Laboratory studies to evaluate the procedures used in the study also were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mean tear film fluorescein concentration was approximately 20% of the applied concentration of fluorescein. However, tear film fluorescein concentrations varied considerably between horses and over time. Dilution varied from 0.62% to 60% of the applied concentration. Air pockets sporadically appeared in subpalpebral lavage tubing lines, resulting in discontinuous topical application of fluorescein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constant-rate delivery of ophthalmic medications using a continuous infusion pump may provide a valuable method of topical drug delivery if tear film dilution of drugs is taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA.
authors.forename: Kathern E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Myrna
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Herring
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006736:Horses; D007260:Infusion Pumps / Q000662:veterinary*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D019793:Fluorescein