title: Optimal arrangement of magnetic coils for functional magnetic stimulation of the inspiratory muscles in dogs.
abstract: In an attempt to maximize inspiratory pressure and volume, the optimal position of a single or of dual magnetic coils during functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) of the inspiratory muscles was evaluated in twenty-three dogs. Unilateral phrenic magnetic stimulation (UPMS) or bilateral phrenic magnetic stimulation (BPMS), posterior cervical magnetic stimulation (PCMS), anterior cervical magnetic stimulation (ACMS) as well as a combination of PCMS and ACMS were performed. Trans-diaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), flow, and lung volume changes with an open airway were measured. Transdiaphragmatic pressure was also measured with an occluded airway. Changes in inspiratory parameters during FMS were compared with 1) electrical stimulation of surgically exposed bilateral phrenic nerves (BPES) and 2) ventral root electrical stimulation at C5-C7 (VRES C5-C7). Relative to the Pdi generated by BPES of 36.3 +/- 4.5 cm H2O (Mean +/- SEM), occluded Pdi(s) produced by UPMS, BPMS, PCMS, ACMS, and a combined PCMS + ACMS were 51.7%, 61.5%, 22.4%, 100.3%, and 104.5% of the maximal Pdi, respectively. Pdi(s) produced by UPMS, BPMS, PCMS, ACMS, and combined ACMS + PCMS were 38.0%, 45.2%, 16.5%, 73.8%, and 76.8%, respectively, of the Pdi induced by VRES (C5-C7) (48.0 +/- 3.9 cm H2O). The maximal Pdi(s) generated during ACMS and combined PCMS + ACMS were higher than the maximal Pdi(s) generated during UPMS, BPMS, or PCMS (p < 0.05). ACMS alone induced 129.8% of the inspiratory flow (73.0 +/- 9.4 L/ min) and 77.5% of the volume (626 +/- 556 ml) induced by BPES. ACMS and combined PCMS + ACMS produce a greater inspiratory pressure than UPMS, BPMS or PCMS. ACMS can be used to generate sufficient inspiratory pressure, flow, and volume for activation of the inspiratory muscles.
authors.affiliation: Functional Magnetic Stimulation Laboratory, Spinal Cord Institute, Long Beach Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System, CA 90822, USA. vernon.lin@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Vernon Weh-Hau
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ercheng
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sasse
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sassoon
authors.forename: Ian N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Hsiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers