title: Uncorrected refractive error in Singapore teenagers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence rate of uncorrected refractive error and associated risk factors among Singapore schoolchildren aged 12-16 years (grade 7).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study of 628 participants (participation rate 99.8%) was conducted in two schools. An interviewer led questionnaire asking about sociodemographic variables and risk factors was administered. Refractive errors were measured using a table mounted autorefractor. Participants with habitual visual acuity (VA) of 0.2 logMAR or worse underwent subjective refraction. Uncorrected refractive error was defined as improvement of at least 0.2 logMAR in best corrected visual acuity after subjective refraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate of uncorrected refractive error was 22.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 19.0% to 25.5%). The multivariate adjusted odds ratio of uncorrected refractive error in students with the lowest academic ability was 2.24 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.73). Increasing time interval since the last visit to an eye care provider increased the risk of uncorrected refractive error (trend p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncorrected refractive error was a significant problem among Singapore students aged 12-16 years (grade 7). Uncorrected refractive error was more common among students with low academic ability or those who had not visited an eye care provider for a long time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: C-S D
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: C-B C
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ngeow
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wijaya
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ashok
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: W-H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology