title: Allergic contact dermatitis in children: should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one U.K. centre.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) increases with age, and a prevalence of between 13.3% and 24.5% has been reported. Patch testing infants may be particularly difficult, and false-positive reactions may occur.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether the site of primary dermatitis in children could predict a diagnosis of ACD. The current frequency of sensitization in children was also evaluated and the main sensitizing substances among children were verified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2004, 500 children were patch tested and entered on to the patch test database at Leeds General Infirmary. Analysis of the database included identifying the presenting patterns of eczema and reviewing the patch test results for each child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the children, 133 (27%) had one or more positive patch test result. The effect of age on the likelihood of a positive patch test was highly significant (P < 0.001). Girls were significantly more likely to have a positive patch test compared with boys: odds ratio for a positive test 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.41-0.95; P = 0.029). Type IV allergy to nickel (33%) was the most frequent finding. Reactions to fragrance mix (18%), cobalt (11%), mercapto chemicals, Myroxylon pereirae and p-phenylenediamine (each 8%) were the next most common. No statistical significance was found in the relationship between the site of primary dermatosis and a positive patch test result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of presenting dermatitis in children should not determine referral for patch testing. Any child with persistent eczema should be referred for patch testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK. timclayton@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rawcliffe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects; D010328:Patch Tests; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D009532:Nickel