title: Long-term caloric restriction ameliorates the decline in diastolic function in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether caloric restriction (CR) has cardiac-specific effects that attenuate the established aging-associated impairments in diastolic function (DF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Caloric restriction retards the aging process in small mammals; however, no information is available on the effects of long-term CR on human aging. In healthy individuals, Doppler echocardiography has established the pattern of aging-associated DF impairment, whereas little change is observed in systolic function (SF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Diastolic function was assessed in 25 subjects (age 53 +/- 12 years) practicing CR for 6.5 +/- 4.6 years and 25 age- and gender-matched control subjects consuming Western diets. Diastolic function was quantified by transmitral flow, Doppler tissue imaging, and model-based image processing (MBIP) of E waves. C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference in SF was observed between groups; however, standard transmitral Doppler flow DF indexes of the CR group were similar to those of younger individuals, and MBIP-based, flow-derived DF indexes, reflecting chamber viscoelasticity and stiffness, were significantly lower than in control subjects. Blood pressure, serum CRP, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta(1) levels were significantly lower in the CR group (102 +/- 10/61 +/- 7 mm Hg, 0.3 +/- 0.3 mg/l, 0.8 +/- 0.5 pg/ml, 29.4 +/- 6.9 ng/ml, respectively) compared with the Western diet group (131 +/- 11/83 +/- 6 mm Hg, 1.9 +/- 2.8 mg/l, 1.5 +/- 1.0 pg/ml, 35.4 +/- 7.1 ng/ml, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caloric restriction has cardiac-specific effects that ameliorate aging-associated changes in DF. These beneficial effects on cardiac function might be mediated by the effect of CR on blood pressure, systemic inflammation, and myocardial fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Sándor J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ehsani
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Holloszy
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fontana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein