title: The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002.
abstract: Several infectious agents are considered to be causes of cancer in humans. The fraction of the different types of cancer, and of all cancers worldwide and in different regions, has been estimated using several methods; primarily by reviewing the evidence for the strength of the association (relative risk) and the prevalence of infection in different world areas. The estimated total of infection-attributable cancer in the year 2002 is 1.9 million cases, or 17.8% of the global cancer burden. The principal agents are the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (5.5% of all cancer), the human papilloma viruses (5.2%), the hepatitis B and C viruses (4.9%), Epstein-Barr virus (1%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) together with the human herpes virus 8 (0.9%). Relatively less important causes of cancer are the schistosomes (0.1%), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (0.03%) and the liver flukes (0.02%). There would be 26.3% fewer cancers in developing countries (1.5 million cases per year) and 7.7% in developed countries (390,000 cases) if these infectious diseases were prevented. The attributable fraction at the specific sites varies from 100% of cervix cancers attributable to the papilloma viruses to a tiny proportion (0.4%) of liver cancers (worldwide) caused by liver flukes.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Headington, UK. max.parkin@ctsu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Donald Maxwell
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Parkin
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000150:complications; D014943:Global Health; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D009889:Opisthorchiasis / Q000150:complications; D009891:Opisthorchis; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000453:epidemiology; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications