title: In vitro phototoxicity of phenothiazines: involvement of stable UVA photolysis products formed in aqueous medium.
abstract: This paper reports the results of an in vitro evaluation of the phototoxic potential of stable photoproducts formed by UVA photolysis of three phenothiazines, perphenazine, fluphenazine, and thioridazine, in a water environment. Perphenazine gave a single product due to dechlorination. From thioridazine, the two major products formed; the endocyclic sulfoxide and the endocyclic N-oxide in which the 2-SCH3 substituent was replaced by a hydroxy group were tested. From fluphenazine, two products have been examined as follows: an exocyclic N-piperazine oxide and a carboxylic acid arising from hydrolysis of the 2-CF3 group. The phototoxicity of the isolated photoproducts has been studied in order to determine their possible involvement in the photosensitizing effects exhibited by the parent drugs, using hemolysis and 3T3 fibroblasts viability as in vitro assays. As fluphenazine, perphenazine, and thioridazine did, some photoproducts proved phototoxic. In particular, the perphenazine dechlorinated photoproduct and the thioridazine N-oxide were found to exert phototoxic properties similar to the parent compounds. Therefore, our data suggest that some phenothiazine photoproducts may play a role in the mechanism of photosensitivity of these drugs. Because some of these photoproducts correspond to metabolic products of phenothiazines found in humans, it cannot be ruled out that metabolites of phenothiazines can be phototoxic in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy. giorgia.miolo@unipd.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miolo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levorato
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gallocchio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caffieri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bastianon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reddi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005476:Fluphenazine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006461:Hemolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D010546:Perphenazine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010782:Photolysis; D012996:Solutions; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010640:Phenothiazines; D012996:Solutions; D010546:Perphenazine; D013881:Thioridazine; D005476:Fluphenazine