title: Cigarette smoking is related to a decrease in semen volume in a population of fertile men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the semen quality and hormonal levels in fertile men according to their level of cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 889 fertile men who came for a vasectomy for sterilization purposes. The men included 522 non-smokers, 143 mild smokers (<10 cigarettes/day), 154 moderate smokers (11-20/day), and 70 heavy smokers (>20/day). We evaluated sperm concentration, motility, motion variables and hormonal levels in these men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among the groups in sperm concentration or motility, or in levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or serum total testosterone. Also, sperm motion characteristics did not differ across the groups. Semen volume was the only semen variable which tended to decrease according to the number of cigarettes smoked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking had no apparent effect on sperm concentration, motility or reproductive hormonal levels, but tended to reduce semen volume.
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Clínica Urológica, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. pasquaf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fábio F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Pasqualotto
authors.forename: Bernardo P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Sobreiro
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallak
authors.forename: Eleonora B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Pasqualotto
authors.forename: Antônio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lucon
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000379:methods*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone