title: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced neurotoxicity: roles for the NMDA receptor subtypes.
abstract: Neuronal damage in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the brain is thought to occur at least in part through NMDA receptor (NMDAR) excitation initiated by soluble neurotoxins from HIV-infected brain macrophages. Furthermore, brain regions enriched in NMDAR-2A (NR2A) and NMDAR-2B (NR2B) subunits, such as the hippocampus, are particularly vulnerable. Using cultured rat hippocampal cells and HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (HIV/MDM), we examined the role of NR2A and NR2B in HIV/MDM-induced hippocampal neuronal death. We used the primary HIV-1 strain Jago derived from the CSF of an individual with HIV-associated dementia and that robustly replicates in MDM. We found the following: (1) hippocampal neuronal susceptibility to HIV/MDM excitotoxins varies according to the developmental expression patterns of NR2A and NR2B; (2) NMDAR activation by HIV/MDM results in neuronal calpain activation, which results in neuronal death; and (3) selective antagonists of homomeric NR2B/NR2B- and heteromeric NR2A/NR2B-containing NMDARs, as well as an inhibitor of calpain activity, afford neuroprotection against HIV/MDM. These studies establish a clear link between macrophage HIV infection, neuronal NR2A and NR2B activation, and calpain-mediated hippocampal neuronal death. They further suggest a dominant role for NR2A and NR2B in determining neuronal susceptibility in HIV-infected brain. Antagonists of NR2A and NR2B subunits as well as inhibitors of calpain activation offer attractive neuroprotective approaches against HIV in both developing and mature brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jordan-Sciutto
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dichter
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kolson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D002154:Calpain