title: Does perioperative administration of rofecoxib improve analgesia after spine, breast and orthopaedic surgery?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on the effectiveness of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in postoperative pain therapy vary widely. We tested in a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial the hypotheses that perioperative (i.e. preoperative and postoperative) administration of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor rofecoxib decreases pain scores and morphine consumption after spine, breast and orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and forty patients scheduled for spine, breast or orthopaedic surgery were randomly assigned to receive in combination with postoperative morphine via patient controlled analgesia pump for 4 days either rofecoxib 50 mg administered perioperatively, rofecoxib 50 mg administered only postoperatively, or placebo. Primary outcome criteria were pain score at rest (numeric rating scale 0-4) and morphine consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perioperative rofecoxib significantly decreased pain score 0 (0-1) vs. 1 (0-2) (median (interquartile range)), and morphine consumption 18 (6-33) vs. 22.5 (12-38) compared with placebo. In contrast, rofecoxib when administered only postoperatively did not significantly improve analgesic effects or side-effects at time of assessment of the main criteria (24 h after skin closure), but during the follow-up period at 48 h and 72 h after skin closure pain scores and morphine consumption were improved compared to placebo. The analgesic effects of rofecoxib were independent from the type of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative administration of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor rofecoxib decreases pain scores and morphine consumption after orthopaedic, breast and spine surgery. However, the benefit of preoperative administration of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor seems to be only moderate, suggesting that early postoperative administration may be a useful alternative approach. There is no evidence that the type of surgery influences analgesic effects of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Klinik für, Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riest
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pospiech
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neuhäuser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beiderlinden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eikermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017586:Diskectomy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019990:Perioperative Care; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D009020:Morphine