title: Validity of transdermal alcohol monitoring: fixed and self-regulated dosing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the validity of transdermal assessment of alcohol concentration measured by a lightweight, noninvasive device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects wore a 227-g anklet that sensed transdermal alcohol concentrations (TACs) every 15 to 30 minutes, downloading results to a remote computer each day. Twenty-four subjects entered a laboratory and received a dose of 0, 0.28, or 0.56 g/kg of ethanol. Breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) and TAC were measured every 15 to 30 minutes Twenty others [10 alcohol dependent (AD) and 10 not (NAD)] in the community who wore the anklet for 8 days kept a drinking log and provided a BrAC sample each day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the laboratory, no zero-dose subject, and every subject receiving alcohol, had alcohol-positive TACs. The device distinguished low- and high-alcohol-dosing groups using peak (t14 = 3.37; p < 0.01) and area under the curve (t14 = 3.42; p < 0.01) of TACs. Within dosing groups, average TAC curves were broader (right-shifted) and had lower peaks than average BrAC curves. For community participants, self-reported number of drinks (t18 = -3.77; p < 0.01), area under the TAC curve (t9.5 = -3.56; p < 0.01), and mean TAC (t9.9 = -3.35; p < 0.01) all significantly distinguished the AD and NAD groups. However, individual transdermal readings were not reliably quantitatively equivalent to simultaneously obtained breath results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of the laboratory study, the device consistently detected consumption of approximately 2 standard drinks. On average, the device shows discriminative validity as a semiquantitative measure of alcohol consumption but individual readings often are not equivalent to simultaneous BrACs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. joseph.sakai@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mikulich-Gilbertson
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001944:Breath Tests; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004867:Equipment Design; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol