title: Localized volume effects for late rectal and anal toxicity after radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify dosimetric parameters derived from anorectal, rectal, and anal wall dose distributions that correlate with different late gastrointestinal (GI) complications after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this analysis, 641 patients from a randomized trial (68 Gy vs. 78 Gy) were included. Toxicity was scored with adapted Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (RTOG/EORTC) criteria and five specific complications. The variables derived from dose-volume histogram of anorectal, rectal, and anal wall were as follows: % receiving > or =5-70 Gy (V5-V70), maximum dose (Dmax), and mean dose (D(mean)). The anus was defined as the most caudal 3 cm of the anorectum. Statistics were done with multivariate Cox regression models. Median follow-up was 44 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anal dosimetric variables were associated with RTOG/EORTC Grade > or =2 (V5-V40, D(mean)) and incontinence (V5-V70, D(mean)). Bleeding correlated most strongly with anorectal V55-V65, and stool frequency with anorectal V40 and D(mean). Use of steroids was weakly related to anal variables. No volume effect was seen for RTOG/EORTC Grade > or =3 and pain/cramps/tenesmus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different volume effects were found for various late GI complications. Therefore, to evaluate the risk of late GI toxicity, not only intermediate and high doses to the anorectal wall volume should be taken into account, but also the dose to the anal wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stephanie T H
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Joos V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lebesque
authors.forename: Wilma D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Heemsbergen
authors.forename: Wim L J
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: van Putten
authors.forename: Annerie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.forename: Michel F H
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dielwart
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Koper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014549:Urinary Incontinence