title: Chronic allograft nephropathy.
abstract: With the advent of calcineurin inhibitors, the success of kidney and other solid-organ transplants has improved significantly from the standpoint of reducing the incidence of acute rejection. Over the past 2 decades, both short-term allograft survival and acute rejection rates have dramatically improved with improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques such as standardized pathology scoring; potent antirejection drugs such as anti-thymocyte globulin, interleukin-2 receptor antibodies, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil; and improved infection control such as valganciclovir and antifungal therapy. However, long-term graft loss has remained at nearly constant levels over the same period of time, with the average half-life of a deceased-donor kidney transplant in the United States remaining approximately 1 decade. In addition to death with a functioning allograft and calcineurin toxicity, a chronic fibrotic process-known at various times as chronic rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN)-account for the leading causes of transplant failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baluja
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haragsim
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Laszik
mesh_terms: D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D012307:Risk Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D017211:Treatment Failure