title: Mechanism of metastasis by membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the precise role of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human HCC cells Hep3B with overexpression of MT1-MMP were established by stable transfection, and compared with control cells carrying the empty vector. Cells were examined in vivo for their differences in the metastatic ability of athymic nude mice, and analyzed in vitro for their differences in invasion ability by invasion chamber coated with Matrigel, adhesion towards collagen I and migration through culture chamber. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in adherent and suspension status were evaluated by MTT and flow cytometry analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that overexpression of MT1-MMP could increase intrahepatic metastasis in nude mice with orthotopic implantation of HCC cells (incidence of 100% [MT1-MMP transfectants] vs 40% [vector control transfectants], P<0.05). MT1-MMP could also enhance cell invasion through Matrigel (107.7 vs 39.3 cells/field, P<0.001), adhesion towards matrix (0.30 vs 0.12 absorbance unit at 540 nm, P<0.001), cell migration (89.3 vs 39.0 cells/field, P<0.001), and cell proliferation (24.3 vs 40.5 h/doubling, P<0.001). We also observed that MT1-MMP supported cell survival (71.4% vs 23.9%, P<0.001) with reduced apoptosis (43.7% vs 51.0%, P<0.05) in an attachment-free environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MT1-MMP overexpression could enhance metastasis. In addition to its active role in matrix degradation during tumor invasion, MT1-MMP enhances tumor cell survival upon challenge of detachment, which is important during metastasis when cells enter the circulation.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Liver Disease, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Siu-Tim
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Ka-Ling
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Sheung-Tat
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness
chemical_list: C507096:Mmp14 protein, mouse; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14