title: Cytokine profiles in bipolar affective disorder: focus on acutely ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of the immune system in mood disorders is predominately supported by studies in unipolar major depression. However activation of the immune system has also been demonstrated in bipolar mania. Our study examines pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in both phases of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha and sIL-6R were measured with enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in patients with BPAD who were depressed, or manic and in healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bipolar depression had significantly higher production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 (p < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.05) compared to healthy subjects. The manic group also had increased production of IL-8 (p < 0.05) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) as compared to healthy subjects. Anti-inflammatory cytokine levels did not differ across the 3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small sample size was studied. All patients remained on medication for this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BPAD is associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines both in the manic and in the depressed phase as compared to healthy subjects. This is the first study, which examined both mania and bipolar depression.
authors.affiliation: Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Sinead M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scully
authors.forename: Lucinda V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dinan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10