title: Neuroimaging of language processes: fMRI of silent and overt lexical processing and the promise of multiple process imaging in single brain studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement and evaluate a multiple-process functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm designed to effectively and efficiently activate several language-related regions for use with neurosurgical patients. Both overt and covert response conditions were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fMRI experiments compared the traditional silent word-generation condition versus an overt one as they engage frontal language regions (Experiment 1) and silent versus overt semantic association conditions as they engage multiple language processing regions (Experiment 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Experiment 1, the overt condition yielded greater magnitude of activation, but not volume of activation, in the left inferior frontal and insular cortices than did the silent condition for most, but not all, participants. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the activation of multiple established language processing regions (ie, orthographic, phonological, and semantic) can be achieved in a significant number of participants, particularly under overt semantic association conditions and that such activation varies in predictable ways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The traditional silent response condition cannot be considered as equivalent to the overt response condition during word generation or semantic association. The multiple-process imaging method introduced here was sensitive to processing robust orthographic, phonological, and semantic regions, particularly under the overt response condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borowsky
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Tammy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wile
authors.forename: Chris Kelland
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.forename: Jennifer Lynn
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Gordon E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Sarty
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology