title: Computer modelling study of the mechanism of optic nerve injury in blunt trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential causes of the optic nerve injury as a result of blunt object trauma, were investigated using a computer model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A finite element model of the eye, the optic nerve, and the orbit with its content was constructed to simulate blunt object trauma. We used a model of the first phalanx of the index finger to represent the blunt body. The trauma was simulated by impacting the blunt body at the surface between the globe and the orbital wall at velocities between 2-5 m/s, and allowing it to penetrate 4-10 mm below the orbital rim.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact caused rotations of the globe of up to 5000 degrees /s, lateral velocities of up to 1 m/s, and intraocular pressures (IOP) of over 300 mm Hg. The main stress concentration was observed at the insertion of the nerve into the sclera, at the side opposite to the impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the most likely mechanisms of injury are rapid rotation and lateral translation of the globe, as well as a dramatic rise in the IOP. The strains calculated in the study should be sufficiently high to cause axonal damage and even the avulsion of the nerve. Finite element computer modelling has therefore provided important insights into a clinical scenario that cannot be replicated in human or animal experiments.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. a.parsons@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cirovic
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bhola
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hose
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Lawford
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Parsons
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005123:Eye / Q000503:physiopathology; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008954:Models, Biological; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000503:physiopathology*