title: Investigation of fatalities due to acute gasoline poisoning.
abstract: This paper presents a simple, rapid, reliable, and validated method suited for forensic examination of gasoline in biological samples. The proposed methodology has been applied to the investigation of four fatal cases due to gasoline poisoning that occurred in Spain in 2003 and 2004. Case histories and pathological and toxicological findings are described in order to illustrate the danger of gasoline exposure under several circumstances. Gasoline's tissular distribution, its quantitative toxicological significance, and the possible mechanisms leading to death are also discussed. The toxicological screening and quantitation of gasoline was performed by means of gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection, and confirmation was performed using GC-mass spectrometry in total ion chromatogram mode. m,p-Xylene peak was selected to estimate gasoline in all biological samples. Gasoline analytical methodology was validated at five concentration levels from 1 to 100 mg/L. The method provided extraction recoveries between 77.6% and 98.3%. The limit of detection was 0.3 mg/L, and the limit of quantitation was 1.0 mg/L. The linearity of the blood calibration curves was excellent with r2 values of > 0.997. Intraday and interday precisions had a coefficient of variation < or = 5.4% in all cases. Cases 1 and 2 consist of the accidental inhalation of gasoline vapor inside a small enclosed space. Case 3 is a death by recreational gasoline inhalation in a male adolescent. Heart blood concentrations were 28.4, 18.0, and 38.3 mg/L, respectively; liver concentrations were 41.4, 52.9, and 124.2 mg/kg, respectively; and lung concentrations were 5.6, 8.4, and 39.3 mg/kg, respectively. Case 4 was an accidental death due to gasoline ingestion of a woman with senile dementia. Peripheral blood concentration was 122.4 mg/L, the highest in our experience. Because pathological findings were consistent with other reports of gasoline intoxication and constituents of gasoline were found in the body, cause of death was attributed to acute gasoline intoxication. As a rule, this kind of poisoning offers little difficulty in diagnosis because there is a history of exposure, and the odor usually clings to the clothes, skin, or gastric contents. However, anatomic autopsy findings will be nonspecific and therefore toxicological analysis is necessary. There is a paucity of recent references regarding analytical and toxicological data, and this article provides evidence about toxic concentrations and is a useful adjunct to the postmortem toxicological interpretation of fatalities if the decedent has been involved in gasoline use.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, C/Luis Cabrera 9, 28002 Madrid, Spain. mariamart@terra.es
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Salomé
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008297:Male; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D014992:Xylenes