title: Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC).
abstract: We examined the association between fruits and vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Dietary intake data and complete follow-up information on cancer incidence were available for 375,851 participants recruited in EPIC centers of 8 countries. During an average follow-up of 6.2 years, 306 incident cases of RCC were identified. The associations of consumption of total vegetables, total fruits, combined total fruits and vegetables and specific subtypes of vegetables with RCC risk were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards, stratified by centre and adjusted for potential confounders. No significant associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and RCC risk were observed despite a wide range of intake. The estimated relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CI]) in men and women combined were 0.97 (0.85-1.11) per 40 g increase in vegetable intake, 1.03 (0.97-1.08) per 40 g increase in fruit intake and 1.02 (0.93-1.11) per 80 g increase in fruit and vegetable intake combined. Among the vegetable subtypes, an inverse association was observed for root vegetables (RR per 8 g increase: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.99). These results suggest that total consumption of fruits and vegetables is not related to risk of RCC, although we cannot exclude the possibility that very low consumption is related to higher risk. The relationship of specific fruit and vegetable subgroups with RCC risk warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal.
authors.forename: Steffen
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authors.lastname: Weikert
authors.forename: Heiner
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authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Tobias
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authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Anne
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authors.lastname: Tjonneland
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authors.forename: Nikolaus
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authors.forename: Jacob
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authors.lastname: Linseisen
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authors.initials: PH
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authors.forename: Athina
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authors.forename: Christina
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authors.lastname: Kassapa
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichoupoulou
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Paolo
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authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Carla H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Frederike L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Büchner
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
authors.forename: Guillem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pera
authors.forename: Miren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorronsoro
authors.forename: Aurelio Barricarte
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gurrea
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: J Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roddam
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Mazda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenab
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Norat
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables