title: Chronic dizziness: the interface between psychiatry and neuro-otology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews the often-enigmatic relationships between dizziness and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric causes of dizziness, neuro-otologic causes of anxiety, underrecognized co-morbid conditions, and medical illnesses that masquerade as 'psychogenic' dizziness are examined. Key clinical features and data from recent treatment trials are presented with potential pathophysiologic mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigations at the interface between psychiatry and neuro-otology have identified the distinguishing features of several clinical conditions that present with non-vertiginous dizziness, subjective imbalance, and psychiatric symptoms. The most common condition is chronic subjective dizziness; a refinement of earlier concepts of psychogenic dizziness, phobic postural vertigo, and space-motion phobia. Chronic subjective dizziness is consistent with advancing research on anxiety and somatoform disorders and offers greater insights into the relationships between neuro-otologic illnesses and anxiety. Migraine, post-concussional syndrome, and dysautonomias also cause persistent dizziness and may be misdiagnosed or malingering or psychogenic dizziness because they often present with comorbid psychiatric symptoms in the absence of identifiable vestibular deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent research has defined the key features of several medical-psychiatric conditions that cause chronic dizziness, permitting greater diagnostic precision and insight into underlying pathophysiologic processes. Treatment studies have identified potentially effective interventions, which must be evaluated in controlled clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, and The Balance Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jeffrey.staab@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Staab
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology; D004244:Dizziness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*