title: Ultrasonic enhancement of the supercritical extraction from ginger.
abstract: This work examines the concurrent use of power ultrasound during the extraction of pungent compounds from a typical herb (ginger) with supercritical CO(2). A power ultrasonic transducer with an operating frequency of 20 kHz is connected to an extraction vessel and the extraction of gingerols from freeze-dried ginger particles (4-8 mm) is monitored. In the presence of ultrasound, we find that both the extraction rate and the yield increase. The higher extraction rate is attributed to disruption of the cell structures and an increase in the accessibility of the solvent to the internal particle structure, which enhances the intra-particle diffusivity. While cavitation would readily account for such enhancement in ambient processes, the absence of phase boundaries should exclude such phenomena above the critical point. Possible alternate mechanisms for the cell structure damage are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Co-operative Research Centre for Bioproducts, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balachandran
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kentish
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mawson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashokkumar
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000535:Aluminum