title: Synergistic effect of interleukin 1 alpha on nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced up-regulation of human beta-defensin 2 in middle ear epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently showed that beta-defensins have antimicrobial activity against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and that interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) up-regulates the transcription of beta-defensin 2 (DEFB4 according to new nomenclature of the Human Genome Organization) in human middle ear epithelial cells via a Src-dependent Raf-MEK1/2-ERK signaling pathway. Based on these observations, we investigated if human middle ear epithelial cells could release IL-1 alpha upon exposure to a lysate of NTHi and if this cytokine could have a synergistic effect on beta-defensin 2 up-regulation by the bacterial components.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies described herein were carried out using epithelial cell lines as well as a murine model of acute otitis media (OM). Human cytokine macroarray analysis was performed to detect the released cytokines in response to NTHi exposure. Real time quantitative PCR was done to compare the induction of IL-1 alpha or beta-defensin 2 mRNAs and to identify the signaling pathways involved. Direct activation of the beta-defensin 2 promoter was monitored using a beta-defensin 2 promoter-Luciferase construct. An IL-1 alpha blocking antibody was used to demonstrate the direct involvement of this cytokine on DEFB4 induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Middle ear epithelial cells released IL-1 alpha when stimulated by NTHi components and this cytokine acted in an autocrine/paracrine synergistic manner with NTHi to up-regulate beta-defensin 2. This synergistic effect of IL-1 alpha on NTHi-induced beta-defensin 2 up-regulation appeared to be mediated by the p38 MAP kinase pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that IL-1 alpha is secreted by middle ear epithelial cells upon exposure to NTHi components and that it can synergistically act with certain of these molecules to up-regulate beta-defensin 2 via the p38 MAP kinase pathway.
authors.affiliation: The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. smoon@hei.org
authors.forename: Sung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Haa-Yung
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Huiqi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Raekil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kiweon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andalibi
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000166:cytology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D023083:beta-Defensins; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases