title: CYP2D6*36 gene arrangements within the cyp2d6 locus: association of CYP2D6*36 with poor metabolizer status.
abstract: Unexplained cases of CYP2D6 genotype/phenotype discordance continue to be discovered. In previous studies, several African Americans with a poor metabolizer phenotype carried the reduced function CYP2D6*10 allele in combination with a nonfunctional allele. We pursued the possibility that these alleles harbor either a known sequence variation (i.e., CYP2D6*36 carrying a gene conversion in exon 9 along the CYP2D6*10-defining 100C>T single-nucleotide polymorphism) or novel sequences variation(s). Discordant cases were evaluated by long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to test for gene rearrangement events, and a 6.6-kilobase pair PCR product encompassing the CYP2D6 gene was cloned and entirely sequenced. Thereafter, allele frequencies were determined in different study populations comprising whites, African Americans, and Asians. Analyses covering the CYP2D7 to 2D6 gene region established that CYP2D6*36 did not only exist as a gene duplication (CYP2D6*36x2) or in tandem with *10 (CYP2D6*36+*10), as previously reported, but also by itself. This "single" CYP2D6*36 allele was found in nine African Americans and one Asian, but was absent in the whites tested. Ultimately, the presence of CYP2D6*36 resolved genotype/phenotype discordance in three cases. We also discovered an exon 9 conversion-positive CYP2D6*4 gene in a duplication arrangement (CYP2D6*4Nx2) and a CYP2D6*4 allele lacking 100C>T (CYP2D6*4M) in two white subjects. The discovery of an allele that carries only one CYP2D6*36 gene copy provides unequivocal evidence that both CYP2D6*36 and *36x2 are associated with a poor metabolizer phenotype. Given a combined frequency of between 0.5 and 3% in African Americans and Asians, genotyping for CYP2D6*36 should improve the accuracy of genotype-based phenotype prediction in these populations.
authors.affiliation: Section of Developmental Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. agaedigk@cmh.edu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaedigk
authors.forename: L Dianne
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Sarah W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Alander
authors.forename: J Steven
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Leeder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000378:metabolism; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005787:Gene Frequency; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D003915:Dextromethorphan; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6