title: Effect of urban traffic, individual habits, and genetic polymorphisms on background urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Potential sources of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and genetic polymorphisms were investigated in relation to their contribution to interindividual variation in baseline levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretion in subjects without occupational exposure to PAHs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary excretion of 1-OHP was measured in 114 subjects, including 48 women and 66 men. Questionnaire information was collected on possible environmental and individual sources of PAH exposure. A subset of 70 individuals also was evaluated for a single-nucleotide polymorphism (Ex7+295C-->T) in the cytochrome P-450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene, and 61 of these also were evaluated for the glutathione transferase T1 (GSTT1) gene polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1-OHP values did not show a significant seasonal variability and were unaffected by age; education; body mass index; smoking status, including passive smoking; or the C-->T base substitution in position 295 of exon 7 of the CYP1A2 gene. After reciprocal adjustment with logistic regression, living in a heavily trafficked urban area (odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-24.9), and frequent intake of grilled meat (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-43.5) were significant predictors of background urinary 1-OHP levels of 0.50 microg/g creatinine or greater. Elevated risks also were associated with daily alcohol intake greater than 65 g and the nonnull GSTT1 genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that exposure to urban traffic, dietary habits, and the nonnull GSTT1 genotype may contribute to interindividual variation in background levels of 1-OHP urinary excretion in subjects without occupational exposure to PAHs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, and Divisione di Ematologia, Ospedale San Francesco, ASL 3, Nuoro, Italy. coccop@pacs.unica.it
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ennas
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tocco
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibba
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattuzzi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meloni
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monne
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piras
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Collu
authors.forename: Giannina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Satta
authors.forename: Mariagrazia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zucca
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008019:Life Style; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D014504:Urban Health; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011721:Pyrenes; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene