title: Typical and atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptomatic bipolar patients experience more depressive than manic symptoms, but fewer studies have been designed for bipolar depression than for bipolar mania. Since the antipsychotic agents have been shown to diminish depressive symptoms during the treatment of mania, atypical agents are now being studied for use in bipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language articles published from 1980 through July 2004 and cited in MEDLINE were searched using the keywords antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, manic-depressive illness, placebo, and clinical trial. The generic and brand names of individual antipsychotics were also entered as keywords. Peer-reviewed abstracts of placebo-controlled studies assessing acute or long-term efficacy in bipolar depression presented at major scientific meetings were also reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of a depression rating scale was required for inclusion of studies of the atypical antipsychotic agents in our analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one randomized trials and 13 nonrandomized prospective trials were identified. In the only 2 acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of antipsychotics in bipolar depression, the effect size of olanzapine was small (0.32) compared with the effect sizes of quetiapine (0.91-1.09, depending on dose). The effect size in acute mania of olanzapine at week 4 and quetiapine at week 3 was 0.50 and 0.39, respectively. Both olanzapine and quetiapine have been shown to be superior to placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar I depression. In addition, olanzapine has been shown to be more effective than placebo in delaying relapse into bipolar depression. With the exception of a 6-month perphenazine study, there are no other randomized studies of typical antipsychotics that support the conclusion that this class of medication worsens bipolar depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emerging data suggest that the atypical antipsychotic agents have a role in the acute and long-term treatment of bipolar depression. No convincing data support the impression that the typical antipsychotic agents worsen bipolar depression.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11400 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. keming.gao@uhhs.com
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gajwani
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Elhaj
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine