title: Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC Study: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is effective but is associated with high-voltage shocks that are painful.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether amiodarone plus beta-blocker or sotalol are better than beta-blocker alone for prevention of ICD shocks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial with blinded adjudication of events of 412 patients from 39 outpatient ICD clinical centers located in Canada, Germany, United States, England, Sweden, and Austria, conducted from January 13, 2001, to September 28, 2004. Patients were eligible if they had received an ICD within 21 days for inducible or spontaneously occurring ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to treatment for 1 year with amiodarone plus beta-blocker, sotalol alone, or beta-blocker alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome was ICD shock for any reason.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shocks occurred in 41 patients (38.5%) assigned to beta-blocker alone, 26 (24.3%) assigned to sotalol, and 12 (10.3%) assigned to amiodarone plus beta-blocker. A reduction in the risk of shock was observed with use of either amiodarone plus beta-blocker or sotalol vs beta-blocker alone (hazard ratio [HR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.68; P<.001). Amiodarone plus beta-blocker significantly reduced the risk of shock compared with beta-blocker alone (HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14-0.52; P<.001) and sotalol (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.85; P = .02). There was a trend for sotalol to reduce shocks compared with beta-blocker alone (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37-1.01; P = .055). The rates of study drug discontinuation at 1 year were 18.2% for amiodarone, 23.5% for sotalol, and 5.3% for beta-blocker alone. Adverse pulmonary and thyroid events and symptomatic bradycardia were more common among patients randomized to amiodarone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite use of advanced ICD technology and treatment with a beta-blocker, shocks occur commonly in the first year after ICD implant. Amiodarone plus beta-blocker is effective for preventing these shocks and is more effective than sotalol but has an increased risk of drug-related adverse effects.Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00257959.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. connostu@hhsc.ca
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorian
authors.forename: Robin S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gent
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bailin
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talajic
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coutu
authors.forename: Gerian C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gronefeld
authors.forename: Stefan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hohnloser
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013015:Sotalol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol; D000638:Amiodarone