title: Detection of phages carrying the Shiga toxin 1 and 2 genes in waste water and river water samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the occurrence and abundance of phages that carry the stx(1) and stx(2) gene in water samples of different quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phages growing on the Shiga toxin-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43,888) strain were enumerated by a plaque assay in concentrated raw and treated waste water samples and river water samples. Plaques were investigated for the presence of stx(1) and stx(2) genes by a multiplex/nested PCR procedure. An overall number of 805 plaques were tested for the presence of stx-carrying phages. Stx genes could be demonstrated in 2% (stx(1)) and 16% (stx(2)) of the plaques. Stx-phages were eliminated with approximately the same efficiency in comparison with somatic coliphages during the waste water treatment process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the low numbers of phages carrying the stx genes 1 and 2 in treated waste water and river water, the dilution and inactivation of host bacteria and the unsuitable conditions for the transduction of host organisms in aquatic environments, it is difficult to derive from the data the direct evidence for a public health problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the quantitative occurrence of stx-carrying phages in waste and river water and confirm the frequent circulation of these viruses in the aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. roger.dumke@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dumke
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schröter-Bobsin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Röske
mesh_terms: D003090:Coliphages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel / Q000379:methods; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000821:virology; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal / Q000235:genetics; D005814:Genes, Viral; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D022622:Shiga Toxin 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D022641:Shiga Toxin 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D022622:Shiga Toxin 1; D022641:Shiga Toxin 2