title: Combining hand assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with cystoscopic circumferential excision of the distal ureter without primary closure of the bladder cuff--is it safe?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously described our technique of combining HAL-NU using early ureteral ligation with simultaneous cystoscopic circumferential excision of the distal intramural ureter without primary closure of the bladder cuff. We report the oncological sequelae in patients who underwent HAL-NU using our technique of complete ureteral removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated all patients who underwent HAL-NU from April 1999 through July 2004. Cystograms were performed 1 week postoperatively in all patients. Pathological findings were reviewed. Cystoscopy was performed every 3 months to assess bladder recurrences. Upper tract imaging was performed postoperatively and then annually. The locations of recurrence and need for adjuvant treatment were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 patients with an average age of 67 years underwent HAL-NU. Gravity cystography confirmed that bladder defects had completely sealed at 1 week in all patients. Mean followup was 10.6 months (median 10, range 1 to 52). Of the patients 20 (49%) had bladder tumors postoperatively. Two patients were found to have advanced stage disease, leading to chemotherapy with radiation therapy in 1 and radical cystectomy in the other at 4 and 14 months, respectively. A total of 25 patients had postoperative pelvic imaging. Four patients with pathological stage T2 (1) and T3 (3) had metastatic disease at followup. One patient was known to have pulmonary metastases preoperatively and HAL-NU was performed for refractory hematuria. Two patients were noted to have distant metastases to the liver, lung and bone at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, respectively. One patient was found to have distant metastases to the liver and retroperitoneal lymph nodes 2 years after surgery. No patients were found to have local pelvic or peritoneal metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAL-NU with cystoscopic excision of the distal ureter is feasible, safe and effective for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Oncological sequelae are comparable to results after open surgery. There is no evidence to suggest pelvic or peritoneal tumor seeding since no cases of pelvic or abdominal recurrence were discovered after surgery, while allowing the bladder defect to close spontaneously with catheter drainage. Our technique of ureterectomy ensures complete removal of the entire ureter, eliminating the possibility of ureteral stump recurrences. Early ligation of the ureter prevents tumor migration during renal manipulation, minimizing the risk of local tumor recurrences postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endourology and Laparoscopy, Department of Urology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA. ekurzer@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Eliecer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kurzer
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Leveillee
authors.forename: Vincent G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Bird
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*