title: Evaluation of new 2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine- and 3,3'-dipropoxybenzidine-based direct dye analogs for mutagenic activity by use of the Salmonella/mammalian mutagenicity assay.
abstract: As part of a continuing study aimed at establishing structure-activity relationships and heuristic principles useful for the design of non-genotoxic azo dyes, a series of new direct dyes based on two non-mutagenic benzidine analogs, 2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine and 3,3'-dipropoxybenzidine, were evaluated for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. These strains are widely used for mutagenicity screening and have been shown to detect the mutagenic activity of benzidine analogs. While some toxicity was seen with some dyes at high doses, all of the dyes examined were judged non-mutagenic with and without metabolic activation in the standard Salmonella plate-incorporation assay. The results in the standard test are consistent with the properties of the diamines themselves. However, only one of the dyes was non-mutagenic when a reductive-metabolism pre-incubation assay was used. The results of this study suggest that although benzidine analogs are potential replacements for benzidine, there is a need to understand which mutagenic products are produced when reductive metabolism is present. There is also a need to know whether or not metal complexes of these dyes are mutagenic. Such information will allow the development of new non-mutagenic azo dyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA.
authors.forename: Jin-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Harold S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Claxton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D001560:Benzidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006224:Cricetinae; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001560:Benzidines; D004396:Coloring Agents