title: Intravenous glucose intake independently related to intensive care unit and hospital mortality: an argument for glucose toxicity in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is assumed that the toxic effects of glucose play a role in the outcome of critically ill patients. We studied the impact of the amount of infused glucose as a determinant of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study design was used as blood glucose levels in critically ill patients are nowadays tightly controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-stay critically ill patients (7-30 days).
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between the mean amount of glucose infusion and both intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality was determined. We corrected for the mean glucose serum concentration, the mean dosage of insulin and for severity of illness, using the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,042 admitted patients, 273 met the inclusion criteria. The mean length of stay was 14.4 days [interquartile range (IQR) 9-18]. Hospital mortality was significantly lower for patients with a mean glucose level below 8 mmol/l (30/79; 38%) compared to patients with a level above 8 mmol/l (104/194; 54%, P=0.023). Logistic stepwise multivariate regression analysis for both ICU and hospital mortality as dependent variables showed that APACHE II score and the mean daily amount of infused glucose were associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In long-stay ICU patients without blood glucose level control, the ICU and hospital mortality was independently related to the mean amount of infused glucose. In addition, mortality in patients with a mean glucose level above 8.0 mmol/l was higher. Both these determinants of mortality can exert their effects by insulin-independent uptake of glucose with subsequent toxic intracellular effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands. phjvdvoort@chello.nl
authors.forename: Peter H J
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: der Voort
authors.forename: Rieneke A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Feenstra
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Loek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heide
authors.forename: E Christiaan
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Boerma
authors.forename: Iwan C C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van der Horst
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose