title: Acute ethanol treatment modulates Toll-like receptor-4 association with lipid rafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol, a substance that is most frequently abused, suppresses innate immune responses to microbial pathogens. The host senses pathogens via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recent studies indicate that alcohol affects TLR signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we hypothesized that acute alcohol treatment may interfere with early steps of membrane-associated TLR2 and TLR4 signaling at the level of lipid rafts. Human monocytes and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, transfected with human TLR2, TLR4, or CD14, were stimulated with peptidoglycan (PGN, TLR2 ligand) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4 ligand) with or without alcohol (50 mM) and analyzed for cytokine production (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation (electrophoretic mobility shift assay), membrane fluidity (fluorescent pyrene eximer formation), and partition of cellular membrane into cholesterol-rich, detergent-resistant domains (DRMs; Western blot).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined that both TLR2 and TLR4 were located outside the rafts; flotillin, a DRM marker, was resident in the rafts, while CD14 was equally distributed in and outside the rafts in a steady-state condition. PGN forced TLR2 to migrate into DRMs. Engagement of TLR4 and CD14 with LPS induced their migration into the rafts. Alcohol prevented TLR4 partitioning; however, it did not affect TLR2 migration into the rafts. Furthermore, alcohol downregulated TLR4-induced, but not TLR2-induced, NF-kappaB activation and cytokine production in monocytes. We found that alcohol increased membrane fluidity and depleted cellular cholesterol in CHO cells without affecting cell viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate for the first time that alcohol disturbs TLR4 and CD14 association with lipid rafts. We propose that alcohol-induced effects on lipid rafts may contribute to modulation of TLR4-CD14-triggered early cellular responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2324, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dolganiuc
authors.forename: Genadyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bakis
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodys
authors.forename: Pranoti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mandrekar
authors.forename: Gyongyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szabo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D000431:Ethanol; D002784:Cholesterol