title: Towards a typology of specific language impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The population of children with specific language impairments (SLI) is heterogeneous. The present study was conducted to examine this heterogeneity more closely, by identifying and describing subgroups within the population of children with SLI in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A broad battery of language tests and language-related cognitive tests were administered to 147 six-year-old and 136 eight-year-old children with SLI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analyses revealed 4 factors indicating 4 distinctive linguistic domains for both age samples: 1) lexical-semantic abilities, 2) auditory conceptualization, 3) verbal sequential memory and 4) speech production. These empirical findings were further validated by the positive correlations found between the language factors and the judgments of teachers and speech therapists. Finally, a cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct clusters of SLI children for each sample with specific language profiles based on the 4 factors. Results were nearly the same for both age samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The language problems that emerged from the two samples of children with SLI could be described as falling into four types. Based on these language types, four subgroups of children with SLI could be distinguished, each with a specific profile. Some subgroups had severe problems on one specific type of language problem; others had severe problems in more than one type of language problem when compared to the other subgroups of the same age sample. The different profiles may indicate that a more dynamic approach is needed in intervention, considering the presence of both compensating and restricting factors within each child with SLI.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Special Education, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. M.vanWeerdenburg@pwo.ru.nl
authors.forename: Marjolijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Weerdenburg
authors.forename: Ludo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Balkom
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003210:Concept Formation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004519:Education, Special; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics; D012691:Serial Learning; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014706:Verbal Learning