title: PCR and PCR-RFLP of the 5S-rRNA-NTS region and salvinorin A analyses for the rapid and unequivocal determination of Salvia divinorum.
abstract: Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva-M. is a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family; its active ingredient, the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, is a psychotropic molecule that produces hallucinations. A comparative evaluation of S. divinorum fresh and dried leaves, S. officinalis fresh leaves, and dried powdered leaves claimed to be S. divinorum was done. HPLC-MS data confirmed the presence of salvinorin A in both S. divinorun leaf extracts and the powdered leaves, whereas no salvinorin A was found in S. officinalis. The non-transcribed spacer (NTS) in the 5S-rRNA gene of all leaf samples and the dried powdered leaves was amplified by PCR using a pair of primers located at the 3' and 5' ends of the coding sequence of 5S-rRNA gene. The resulting PCR products (about 500bp for S. divinorum and 300bp for S. officinalis) were gel purified, subcloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced. By aligning the isolated nucleotide sequences, great diversities were found in the spacer region of the two species. Specific S. divinorum primers were designed on the sequence of the 5S-rRNA gene spacer region. In addition, a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was applied using NdeI and TaqI restriction enzymes. An NdeI site, absent in S. officinalis, was found in S. divinorum NTS region at 428-433bp. For TaqI, multiple sites (161-164, 170-173, and 217-220bp) were found in S. officinalis, whereas a unique site was found in S. divinorum (235-238bp). The results of this work show that the combined use of analytical chemical (HPLC-MS) and molecular (DNA fingerprinting) methods lead to the precise and unequivocal identification of S. divinorum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Centre of Excellence CEBIOVEM, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, TO, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bertea
authors.forename: Pino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baiocchi
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Medana
authors.forename: Chiara M M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Azzolin
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Temporale
authors.forename: Maria Antonietta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lombardozzi
authors.forename: Massimo E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Maffei
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012341:RNA, Ribosomal, 5S / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D004224:Diterpenes; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D012341:RNA, Ribosomal, 5S; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes; C090499:salvinorin A