title: Nicotine induces tissue factor expression in cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk to develop myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms responsible for these effects are still poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether nicotine, the major component of cigarette smoking, and its main metabolite, cotinine, might induce a pro-thrombotic state via stimulation of tissue factor (TF) expression in two cell population widely represented in the arterial wall such as endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of ECs and SMCs with nicotine and cotinine induced TF expression in both cell types in a dose-dependent fashion, exerting its effect at the transcriptional level, as demonstrated by semiquantitative and by real-time PCR. Nicotine- and cotinine-induced TF expression was mediated by the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and by the suppression of TF expression by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithio carbamate ammonium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that nicotine and cotinine exert direct effects on ECs and SMCs, shifting them toward a pro-thrombotic state via induction of TF expression. These effects on cells of the vessel wall might explain, at least in part, the deleterious cardiovascular consequences of cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Univerity of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy. pcirillo@unina.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cirillo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DE Rosa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacileo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gargiulo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Angri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Formisano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiariello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003367:Cotinine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009538:Nicotine; D013925:Thromboplastin; D003367:Cotinine