title: The relationship between health care expenditure and health outcomes. Evidence and caveats for a causal link.
abstract: The relationship between health care expenditure and health outcomes is of interest to policy makers in the light of steady increases in health care spending for most industrialised countries. However, establishing causal relationships is complex because, firstly, health care expenditure is only one of many quantitative and qualitative factors that contribute to health outcomes, and, secondly, measurement of health status is an imperfect process. This study reviews key findings and methodological approaches in this field and reports the results of our own empirical study of countries of the European Union. Our analysis examines life expectancy and infant mortality as the 'output' of the health care system, and various life-style, environmental and occupational factors as 'inputs'. Econometric analyses using a fixed effects model are conducted on a panel data set for the former 15 members of the European Union over the period 1980-1995. The findings show that increases in health care expenditure are significantly associated with large improvements in infant mortality but only marginally in relation to life expectancy. The findings are generally consistent with those of several previous studies. Caveats and improvements for future research are presented.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK. jn105@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ulmann
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D004777:Environment; D005062:European Union / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data