title: Color Doppler ultrasonography is reliable in assessing the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to examine the role of Doppler ultrasonography of the portal vein in predicting esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension by comparing the ultrasound data to the endoscopic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  99 patients with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices underwent color Doppler ultrasonography and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The following portal hemodynamic parameters were analyzed: diameter and cross-sectional area, mean blood flow velocity, blood flow volume, perfusion pressure gradient, congestion index, and platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratio. Variceal characteristics, the size and the presence of red signs, were determined by endoscopic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with variceal red signs had significantly higher values of portal diameter (1.538 +/- 0.246 vs. 1.243 +/- 0.167), cross-sectional area (1.286 +/- 0.448 vs. 0.945 +/- 0.256), blood flow volume (965.520 +/- 432.728 vs. 625.117 +/- 320.999) and congestion index (0.165 +/- 0.068 vs. 0.126 +/- 0.051) than patients without red signs, while the perfusion pressure gradient (0.260 +/- 0.087 vs. 0.447 +/- 0.271) and the platelet-to-spleen ratio (522.424 +/- 222.823 vs. 708.921 +/- 230.769) were lower. The same pattern of differences between the ultrasound parameters was found in patients with large varices comparing ones with red signs to the ones without them (diameter, 1.567 +/- 0.234 vs. 1.258 +/- 0.175; cross-section, 1.313 +/- 0.455 vs. 1.061 +/- 0.264; flow volume, 988.195 +/- 443.353 vs. 739.423 +/- 414.281; congestion index, 0.171 +/- 0.067 vs. 0.130 +/- 0.058; perfusion pressure gradient 0.247 +/- 0.078 vs. 0.501 +/- 0.379 and platelet-to-spleen ratio 479.930 +/- 184.302 vs. 699.094 +/- 316.171). Differences in values of ultrasonographic parameters were less obvious among groups of patients with different variceal sizes: only the diameter, cross-sectional area and blood flow volume were significantly different. The mean blood flow velocity did not depend on the variceal size or on the presence of red signs. The sensitivities and specificities of the analyzed parameters were 60-80% and 48.6-78.4%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that color Doppler ultrasonography is a useful noninvasive method for evaluating the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Postintensive Pulmonary Care, Jordanovac Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. sanja.plestina@zg.htnet.hr
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plestina
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pulanić
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kralik
authors.forename: Stjepko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plestina
authors.forename: Miro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samarzija
mesh_terms: D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*