title: Prognostic factors for duration of sickness absence due to musculoskeletal disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this prospective cohort study with 1-year follow-up was to determine prognostic factors for duration of sickness absence due to musculoskeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workers were included when on sickness absence of 2 to 6 weeks due to musculoskeletal disorders. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect personal and work-related factors, pain, functional disability, and general health perceptions. Statistical analysis was done with Cox proportional hazard regression with an interaction variable with time for every risk factor of interest. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on musculoskeletal disorders and, separately, for low back pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main factors that were associated with longer sickness absence were older age, gender, perceived physical workload, and poorer general health for neck, shoulder and upper extremity disorders, and functional disability, sciatica, worker's own perception of the ability of return to work, and chronic complaints for low back pain. Workers with a high perceived physical work load returned to work increasingly slower over time than expected, whereas workers with a high functional disability returned to work increasingly faster over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High pain intensity is a major prognostic factor for duration of sickness absence, especially in low back pain. The different disease-specific risk profiles for prolonged sickness absence indicate that low back pain and upper extremity disorders need different approaches when applying intervention strategies with the aim of early return to work. The interaction of perceived physical workload with time suggests that perceived physical workload would increasingly hamper return to work and, hence, supports the need for workplace interventions among workers off work for prolonged periods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health & Safety Services, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. f.lotters@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Freek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lötters
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burdorf
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires