title: Nikolaj A. Bogoraz (1874-1952): pioneer of phalloplasty and penile implant surgery.
abstract: Phalloplasty and penile implants are outstanding pioneering procedures introduced in 1936 by the Russian surgeon Nikolaj A. Bogoraz and are thus of eminent interest to the urological and plastic surgeon. This article from the history of medicine will discuss his biography and scientific achievements during the first half of the 20th century.
authors.affiliation: Hannover Medical School-Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Hannover, Germany. schultheiss.dirk@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: Alexander I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gabouev
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D015917:Penile Prosthesis / Q000266:history*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000266:history*; D012426:Russia; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000266:history*