title: Impact of long-term viral suppression in CD4+ recovery of HIV-children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of HAART may differ between children and adults because children have a developing immune system, and the long-term immunological outcome in HIV-infected children on HAART is not well-known. A major aim of our study was to determine CD4+ evolution associated with long-term VL control during 4 years of observation on HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a retrospective study on a cohort of 160 vertically HIV-infected children. It was carried out from 1996 to 2004 in six large Spanish pediatric referral hospitals. We compared 33 children who had long-term VL suppression (VL < or = 400 copies/ml) in the first 12 months of follow-up and maintained that level throughout follow-up (Responders-group), and 127 children with persistently detectable VL in spite of ART switches (Non-Responders-group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a quick initial and significant increase in CD4+ counts from the baseline to 12 months on HAART in both groups (p < 0.01). The Non-Responders group sustained CD4+ increases and most of these children maintained high CD4+ level counts (> or = 25%). The Non-Responders group reached a plateau between 26% and 27% CD4+ at the first 12 months of follow-up that remained stable during the following 3 years. However, the Responders group reached a plateau between 30% and 32% CD4+ at 24, 36 and 48 months of follow-up. We found that the Responders group had higher CD4+ count values and higher percentages of children with CD4+ > or = 25% than the Non-Responders group (p < 0.05) after month 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term VL suppression in turn induces large beneficial effects in immunological responses. However, it is not indispensable to recover CD4+ levels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Inmuno-Biología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. sresino.hgugm@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Resino
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Resino
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bellon
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin-Fontelos
authors.forename: Jose T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gurbindo-Gutierrez
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: de Jose
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ciria
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents