title: Contributions of PTCH gene variants to isolated cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in patched (PTCH) cause the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), or Gorlin syndrome. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome may present with developmental anomalies, including rib and craniofacial abnormalities, and predisposes to several tumor types, including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Cleft palate is found in 4% of individuals with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Because there might be specific sequence alterations in PTCH that limit expression to orofacial clefting, a genetic study of PTCH was undertaken in cases with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) known not to have nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven new normal variants spread along the entire gene and three missense mutations were found among cases with cleft lip and/or palate. One of these variants (P295S) was not found in any of 1188 control samples. A second variant was found in a case and also in 1 of 1119 controls. The third missense (S827G) was found in 5 of 1369 cases and in 5 of 1104 controls and is likely a rare normal variant. Linkage and linkage desequilibrium also was assessed using normal variants in and adjacent to the PTCH gene in 220 families (1776 individuals), each with two or more individuals with isolated clefting. Although no statistically significant evidence of linkage (multipoint HLOD peak = 2.36) was uncovered, there was borderline evidence of significant transmission distortion for one haplotype of two single nucleotide polymorphisms located within the PTCH gene (p = .08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Missense mutations in PTCH may be rare causes of isolated cleft lip and/or palate. An as yet unidentified variant near PTCH may act as a modifier of cleft lip and/or palate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansilla
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lopez Camelo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marazita
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine; D000483:Alleles; D001478:Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics*; D003596:Cytosine; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D006147:Guanine; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D013941:Thymine
chemical_list: C000606236:PTCH1 protein, human; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D006147:Guanine; D003596:Cytosine; D000225:Adenine; D013941:Thymine