title: Indications for surgery in acute mastoiditis and their complications in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical charts of 45 paediatric patients treated for acute otomastoiditis at the ORL Department of the University of Brescia (Italy) between January 1994 and March 2005 and to discuss the diagnostic workup and the outcome of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six males and 19 females were admitted with acute mastoiditis and subperiosteal abscess. Thirteen of them (28.9%) presented an intracranial complication. Only three of them were not operated upon; one received a ventilation tube (VT); all the others underwent a mastoidectomy within 48-72 h. Twenty out of 32 uncomplicated mastoiditis were treated conservatively and the remaining 12 underwent myringotomy+/-VT, associated with a mastoidectomy in 9 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotics alone or with VTs achieved a full recovery in 28 out of 32 uncomplicated cases. Mastoidectomy resolved the disease in 13 patients (9 with complications). In severe complications, a canal wall down (CWD) (n=2) or an intact canal wall (ICW) mastoidectomy (n=7) were preferred, based on the extent of the lesions and the degree of hearing loss. All children recovered completely at 1 year follow-up. In the uncomplicated cases that were operated upon, the mean hospital stay was 7.8 days (versus 4.3 days for the conservative group). In children with intracranial complications the mean hospital stay was 12.8 days, significantly less than the four non-surgical patients, who remained hospitalized for an average of 18 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute mastoiditis can fully recover with conservative treatment or myringotomy+VTs. Immediate surgical treatment is indicated for intracranial complications, if the neurological conditions are not critical. A simple mastoidectomy+/-tympanoplasty is warranted in: (1) exteriorization, if the child is older than 30 months or >15 kg of weight, (2) intracranial complications (combined with a neurosurgical procedure as needed) and (3) cholesteatoma or granulation tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25100 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nassif
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008417:Mastoiditis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D010521:Periosteum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents