title: Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 promotes angiogenesis, cell migration, and tumor growth in hepatic metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a mouse model of hepatic metastasis, we herein analyzed whether the CXC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, a functional analogue of the human interleukin 8, stimulates tumor cell migration in vitro and angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using chemotaxis chambers, CT26.WT colorectal tumor cell adhesion and migration were studied under stimulation with different concentrations of MIP-2. To evaluate angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo, 1 x 10(5) CT26.WT cells were implanted into the left liver lobe of syngeneic BALB/c mice, and 10, 100, and 1000 nM of MIP-2 or phosphate-buffered saline (controls) was injected into the peritumoral area. After 7 days, angiogenesis, proliferation, tumor growth, apoptosis, cleaved caspase 3, and CXCR-2 expression were analyzed by using intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, 98.8% of unstimulated CT26.WT cells showed CXCR-2 receptor expression. In the chemotaxis assays, MIP-2 provoked a dose-dependent increase of cell migration and a most pronounced cell adhesion at a dose of 100 nM. In vivo, MIP-2, in particular in a dose of 100 or 1000 nM, induced a significant increase of tumor capillary density and a marked widening of the angiogenic front at the tumor margin. Capillaries of the angiogenic front, but not of the tumor center, showed significant dilation, thus indicating a pronounced action of vascular endothelial growth factor. Tumor volume was significantly increased, in particular after 100 nM of MIP-2 stimulation, when compared with phosphate-buffered saline-treated controls, whereas only 1000 nM of MIP-2-treated animals additionally showed a higher frequency of apoptotic cell death within the tumor margin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates for the first time that the CXC chemokine MIP-2 promotes angiogenesis and growth of colorectal CT26.WT hepatic metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg-Saar, Germany. chokol@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kollmar
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheuer
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.forename: Martin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schilling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008833:Microcirculation; D015846:Monokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D015846:Monokines