title: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children: early and late complications and their avoidance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is considered by many authors the initial surgical procedure of choice for the treatment of non-communicant hydrocephalus. However, this procedure has early and late complications that neurosurgeons must be aware of when performing it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A retrospective study of infants and children treated with ETV at Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago, IL) between 1993 and 2004 is presented. A total of 136 ETVs in 122 patients were performed with 8.8% early complication rate (hemorrhage, CSF leak, infection, diabetes insipidus, and seizures). There were no fatalities but one patient had severe neurological disturbances due to intracranial hemorrhage at the second ETV. We identified several significant factors that influence the late ETV failure rate: age under 12 months (p=0.012), cases performed early in our experience (p=0.009), patients with hydrocephalus without expansive lesions (p=0.026), patients that had an external ventricular drain (EVD) after ETV (p<0.005), and patients who developed early complications (p=0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A careful patient selection and preoperative planning lead to better results of ETV. A higher early and late complication rate in children younger than 1-year-old were noted in our series. There is definitely a learning curve for this technique, and several technical considerations are helpful to avoid adverse events. Most of the early complications are transient, while potential devastating injuries can occur. Long-term follow-up is needed to identify delayed closure of the fenestration. Ventricular access devise is helpful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes during the follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gil-Parra
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reitman
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olavarria
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Tadanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*