title: Early childhood growth and development in rural Guatemala.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small size at birth and in early childhood has been associated with impaired neurodevelopment in studies from developing countries, but few have examined associations with growth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between growth and neurodevelopment during early childhood (birth-36 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data collected in the course of a study of pregnancy outcomes and early childhood growth and development carried out in rural Guatemala in 1991-1999. Motor and mental development scores were based on the Psychomotor and Mental Development Indices, respectively, derived from the administration of an adapted version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Second Edition, 1993) at 6, 24 and 36 months. Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age (HCZ) were used as indicators of attained size; changes in these Z-scores over time represent growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birth size was significantly associated with child development at 6 and 24 months. Gains in length and weight during the first 24 months were positively associated with child development, whereas growth from 24 to 36 months age was not associated with child development at 36 months. Motor development was more strongly and consistently related to child growth than was mental development. Head circumference gain after 6 months was not a significant predictor of child development at 24 and 36 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small size at birth and poor physical growth during the first 24 months are related to neurodevelopmental delays. More evidence from developing countries will help explain the underlying mechanisms and identify appropriate interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental delay in early childhood.
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kuklina
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Aryeh D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Huiman H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.forename: Reynaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martorell
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*