title: Novel toll-like receptor 9 agonist induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition and synergistic antitumor activity with EGFR inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immunostimulating Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists cause antitumor activity interfering also with cancer proliferation and angiogenesis by mechanisms still incompletely understood. We hypothesized that modified TLR9 agonists could impair epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and, by this means, greatly enhance EGFR inhibitors effect, acting on both the receptor targeting and the immunologic arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a novel second-generation, modified, immunomodulatory TLR9 agonist (IMO), alone and in combination with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab or tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, on the growth of GEO and cetuximab-resistant derivatives GEO-CR colon cancer xenografts. We have also evaluated the expression of several proteins critical for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, including EGFR, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, bcl-2, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nuclear factor-kappaB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IMO inhibited GEO growth and signaling by EGFR and the other proteins critical for cell proliferation and angiogenesis. IMO plus the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab synergistically inhibited tumor growth, signaling proteins, and microvessel formation. EGFR signaling inhibition by IMO is relevant because IMO cooperated also with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in GEO tumors, while it was inactive against GEO-CR xenografts. On the other hand, IMO boosted the non-EGFR-dependent cetuximab activity, causing a cooperative antitumor effect in GEO-CR cells. Finally, combination of IMO, cetuximab and chemotherapeutic irinotecan eradicated the tumors in 90% of mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMO interferes with EGFR-related signaling and angiogenesis and has a synergistic antitumor effect with EGFR inhibitors, especially with cetuximab, boosting both the EGFR dependent and independent activity of this agent. Moreover, this therapeutic strategy could be translated in patients affected by colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, and Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: Sabino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Placido
authors.forename: A Raffaele
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciardiello
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortora
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D000068818:Cetuximab; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000819:agonists*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000068818:Cetuximab