title: Measuring microlymphatic flow using fast video microscopy.
abstract: Despite advances in the measurement of lymphatic function, little is known about the actual velocities of flow in microlymphatic ( approximately 100 mum diam) vessels. In this work, video microscopy and particle tracking methods are adapted and integrated with an ultra-high-speed imaging camera to obtain measurements of lymph velocities throughout the entire lymphatic contraction cycle in the ratmesentery, something that previous systems were incapable of measuring. To determine the system's accuracy, calibration experiments are conducted across the hypothesized physiologically significant range of velocities for microlymphatic flow (up to 15 mmsec). The system shows high accuracy, less than 2% error, when comparing actual with measured velocities. Microspheres flowing through 140-mum-diam tubing are imaged to demonstrate the system's ability to determine flow rates in these small vessels by measuring particle velocities. To demonstrate biological applicability, mesenteric microlymphatics in loops of the small intestine of three male Sprague-Dawley rats are exteriorized and imaged with the high-speed system at a rate of 500 framessec for several contraction sequences. Lymph velocity fluctuates cyclically with the vessel wall contractions, ranging from -1 to 7 mmsec. These rates are higher than would be possible with standard video microscopy (3.75 mmsec maximum).
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mail Stop 3120, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. dixon79@tamu.edu
authors.forename: J Brandon
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zawieja
authors.forename: Anatoliy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gashev
authors.forename: Gerard L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Coté
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D003199:Computer Systems; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008196:Lymph / Q000378:metabolism*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity