title: Loss of NAD(H) from swollen yeast mitochondria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mitochondrial electron transport chain oxidizes matrix space NADH as part of the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria contain shuttles for the transport of cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalents into the mitochondrial matrix. Therefore for a long time it was believed that NAD(H) itself was not transported into mitochondria. However evidence has been obtained for the transport of NAD(H) into and out of plant and mammalian mitochondria. Since Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria can directly oxidize cytoplasmic NADH, it remained questionable if mitochondrial NAD(H) transport occurs in this organism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NAD(H) was lost more extensively from the matrix space of swollen than normal, condensed isolated yeast mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The loss of NAD(H) in swollen organelles caused a greatly decreased respiratory rate when ethanol or other matrix space NAD-linked substrates were oxidized. Adding NAD back to the medium, even in the presence of a membrane-impermeant NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor, restored the respiratory rate of swollen mitochondria oxidizing ethanol, suggesting that NAD is transported into the matrix space. NAD addition did not restore the decreased respiratory rate of swollen mitochondria oxidizing the combination of malate, glutamate, and pyruvate. Therefore the loss of matrix space metabolites is not entirely specific for NAD(H). However, during NAD(H) loss the mitochondrial levels of most other nucleotides were maintained. Either hypotonic swelling or colloid-osmotic swelling due to opening of the yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel (YMUC) in a mannitol medium resulted in decreased NAD-linked respiration. However, the loss of NAD(H) from the matrix space was not mediated by the YMUC, because YMUC inhibitors did not prevent decreased NAD-linked respiration during swelling and YMUC opening without swelling did not cause decreased NAD-linked respiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of endogenous NAD(H) from isolated yeast mitochondria is greatly stimulated by matrix space expansion. NAD(H) loss greatly limits NAD-linked respiration in swollen mitochondria without decreasing the NAD-linked respiratory rate in normal, condensed organelles. NAD addition can totally restore the decreased respiration in swollen mitochondria. In live yeast cells mitochondrial swelling has been observed prior to mitochondrial degradation and cell death. Therefore mitochondrial swelling may stimulate NAD(H) transport to regulate metabolism during these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. pbradshaw@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D015221:Potassium Channels; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C477372:YMUC potassium channel protein, S cerevisiae; D009243:NAD; D000431:Ethanol; D008353:Mannitol; D019802:Succinic Acid