title: The role of social networks and support in postpartum women's depression: a multiethnic urban sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship of social support, and of social networks, to symptoms of depression in a multiethnic sample of women having recently given birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women at community health centers in a Northeastern city were randomly sampled from groups stratified by race/ethnicity (African American, Hispanic, and White) and postpartum interval. Mother's score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D) was the dependent variable. Main independent variables included the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey and a social network item. Univariate statistics assessed the relationship between CES-D score and each of the independent variables. Multivariate linear regression models included core sociodemographic variables alone, the core model with each of the social support and social network variables added separately, and all variables together. We evaluated interactions between race and social support, race and social networks, and social support and social networks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate models with MOS Social Support and core variables indicated that each 10-point increase in the MOS Social Support Survey was related to a 2.1-unit lower score on the CES-D (95% CI -2.4, -1.7). The inclusion of the social network variable into the core model showed that having two or more friends or family members available was associated with a 13.6-point lower mean score on the CES-D (95% CI -17.5, -9.6), compared to women reporting none or only one available person.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both social support and social networks were statistically significant and independently related to depressive symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Kresge Bldg, 7th Floor, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. psurkan@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Surkan
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Barbara R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001900:Boston; D003710:Demography; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009511:New England; D011247:Pregnancy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*