title: m-Calpain is required for preimplantation embryonic development in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mu-calpain and m-calpain are ubiquitously expressed proteases implicated in cellular migration, cell cycle progression, degenerative processes and cell death. These heterodimeric enzymes are composed of distinct catalytic subunits, encoded by Capn1 (mu-calpain) or Capn2 (m-calpain), and a common regulatory subunit encoded by Capn4. Disruption of the mouse Capn4 gene abolished both mu-calpain and m-calpain activity, and resulted in embryonic lethality, thereby suggesting essential roles for one or both of these enzymes during mammalian embryogenesis. Disruption of the Capn1 gene produced viable, fertile mice implying that either m-calpain could compensate for the loss of mu-calpain, or that the loss of m-calpain was responsible for death of Capn4-/- mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To distinguish between the alternatives described above, we deleted an essential coding region in the mouse Capn2 gene in embryonic stems cells and transmitted this mutant allele through the mouse germline. Breeding of heterozygous animals failed to produce homozygous mutant live offspring or implanted embryos. A nested PCR genotyping protocol was established, and homozygous preimplantation mutant embryos were detected at the morula but not at the blastocyts stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that homozygous disruption of the Capn2 gene results in pre-implantation embryonic lethality between the morula and blastocyst stage. This establishes that mu-calpain and m-calpain have distinct functions, and that m-calpain is vital for development of the preimplantation murine embryo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario; K7L 3N6, Canada. pdutt@bccrc.ca
authors.forename: Previn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dutt
authors.forename: Dorothy E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Croall
authors.forename: J Simon C
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Teresa De
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Veyra
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elce
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Greer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D002154:Calpain / Q000235:genetics*; D002678:Chimera / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D005838:Genotype; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D002154:Calpain; C112682:Capn1 protein, mouse