title: Translating instruments for cross-cultural studies in headache research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe translation methods, to outline current recommendations for translation and to give an overview of translation procedures used in headache.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In health-care research, particularly in the domain of health-related quality of life, an increasing number of questionnaires are translated for cross- cultural comparison. A number of headache-related questionnaires have also been translated. To ensure true cross-cultural comparison, it is important to use rigorous translation methods to ensure a high quality translated version of the instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature relevant to cross-cultural translations was reviewed, as well as literature concerning translation of headache-related instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More information on the translation process for headache-related instruments is essential to carry out high quality cross-cultural research. Recommendation are given to encourage good translation practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passchier
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007802:Language; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires