title: Relationship between formation of the femoral bicondylar angle and trochlear shape: independence of diaphyseal and epiphyseal growth.
abstract: During hominin evolution, an increase in the femoral bicondylar angle was the initial change that led to selection for protuberance of the lateral trochlear lip and the elliptical profile of the lateral condyle. No correlation is found during ontogeny between the degree of femoral obliquity and of the prominence of the lateral trochlear lip. Might there be a relationship with the elliptical profile of the lateral condyle? On intact femoral diaphyses of juvenile humans and great apes, we compared the anteroposterior length of the lateral and medial sides of the distal metaphysis. The two diaphyseal pillars remain equal during postnatal growth in great apes, while the growth of the lateral pillar far exceeds that of the medial pillar in humans. Increase in bicondylar angle is correlated with disproportionate anteroposterior lengthening of the lateral pillar. The increased anteroposterior length of the lateral side of the metaphysis would contribute to increasing the radius of the curvature of the lateral condyle, but not to the projection of the lateral trochlear lip. The similar neonatal and adult femoro-patellar joint shape in humans prompted an assessment of the similarity during growth of the entire neonatal and adult epiphyses. We showed that the entire epiphysis undergoes drastic changes in proportions during postnatal growth. Finally, we emphasize the need to distinguish the cartilaginous phenotype and the ossified phenotype of the distal femoral epiphysis (and of any epiphysis) during postnatal growth. This crucial distinction applies to most postcranial bones, for they almost all develop following the process of endochondral ossification.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Adaptations et Evolution des Systèmes Ostéomusculaires, MNHN, 75005 Paris, France. tardieu@mnhn.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tardieu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Glard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garron
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jouve
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dutour
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boetsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bollini
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012641:Selection, Genetic