Three-dimensional representation of the neurotransmitter systems of the human hypothalamus: inputs of the gonadotrophin hormone-releasing hormone neuronal system.
The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) represents the final common pathway of a neuronal network that integrates multiple external and internal factors to control fertility. Among the many inputs GnRH neurones receive, oestrogens play the most important role. In females, oestrogen, in addition to the negative feedback, also exhibits a positive feedback influence upon the activity and output of GnRH neurones to generate the preovulatory luteinising hormone surge and ovulation. Until recently, the belief has been that the GnRH neurones do not contain oestrogen receptors and that the action of oestrogen upon GnRH neurones is indirect, involving several, oestrogen-sensitive neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems that trans-synaptically regulate the activity of the GnRH neurones. Although this concept still holds for humans, recent studies indicate that oestrogen receptor-beta is expressed in GnRH neurones of the rat. This review provides three dimensional stereoscopic images of GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) and some peptidergic (neuropeptide Y-, substance P-, beta-endorphin-, leu-enkaphalin-, corticotrophin hormone-releasing- and galanin-IR) and catecholaminergic neurones and the communication of these potential oestrogen-sensitive neuronal systems with GnRH neurones in the human hypothalamus. Because the post-mortem human tissue does not allow the electron microscopic identification of synapses on GnRH neurones, the data presented here are based on light microscopic immunocytochemical experiments using high magnification with oil immersion, semithin sections or confocal microscopy.
Dudas
B
B
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, LECOM, Erie, PA, USA.
Merchenthaler
I
I
D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D019004:Galanin / Q000378:metabolism; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000378:metabolism
D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D013373:Substance P; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D019004:Galanin; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase