title: Analysis of a marine phototrophic biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy using the new image quantification software PHLIP.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is the method of choice to study interfacial biofilms and acquires time-resolved three-dimensional data of the biofilm structure. CLSM can be used in a multi-channel modus where the different channels map individual biofilm components. This communication presents a novel image quantification tool, PHLIP, for the quantitative analysis of large amounts of multichannel CLSM data in an automated way. PHLIP can be freely downloaded from http://phlip.sourceforge.net.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PHLIP is an open source public license Matlab toolbox that includes functions for CLSM imaging data handling and ten image analysis operations describing various aspects of biofilm morphology. The use of PHLIP is here demonstrated by a study of the development of a natural marine phototrophic biofilm. It is shown how the examination of the individual biofilm components using the multi-channel capability of PHLIP allowed the description of the dynamic spatial and temporal separation of diatoms, bacteria and organic and inorganic matter during the shift from a bacteria-dominated to a diatom-dominated phototrophic biofilm. Reflection images and weight measurements complementing the PHLIP analyses suggest that a large part of the biofilm mass consisted of inorganic mineral material.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented case study reveals new insight into the temporal development of a phototrophic biofilm where multi-channel imaging allowed to parallel monitor the dynamics of the individual biofilm components over time. This application of PHLIP presents the power of biofilm image analysis by multi-channel CLSM software and demonstrates the importance of PHLIP for the scientific community as a flexible and extendable image analysis platform for automated image processing.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland. lukas.mueller@imsb.biol.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Lukas N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Jody F C
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Brouwer
authors.forename: Jonas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Lucas J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stal
authors.forename: João B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Xavier
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D017753:Ecosystem; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D018524:Phototropism; D012984:Software