title: Development of a dynamic aquatic model (DynA Model): estimating temporal emissions of DDT to Lake Maggiore (N. Italy).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most existing models used to describe the fate of chemicals in surface water and sediment generally consider a 'static scenario', in which a contaminant is discharged at a constant rate and environmental input parameters do not change during the simulation time. This approach is not suitable in environmental scenarios characterized by daily or periodic changes of several input parameters. The aim of this study is to estimate approximate emissions of DDT lo Lake Maggiore using a new surface water model, (DynA Model) that describes the fate of a chemical in a dynamic scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model is developed on the grounds of an existing and validated model (QWASI). A numerical solution was adopted to build the fully dynamic version of the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model was applied to Lake Maggiore emitting DDT at a constant rate until steady-state was reached. Emissions were stopped and later sporadic 'pulse' emissions were added. This was done to calculate the amount of DDT needed to simulate concentrations close to those measured in water and sediments. This allowed the evaluation of the order of magnitude of emissions. An uncertainty analysis for sediment resuspension was also performed, given the lack of measured resuspension rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model showed the time response of the Lake Maggiore system to varying emission scenarios and provided what are regarded as reasonable estimates of DDT emissions. The model demonstrated the importance of sediment-water exchange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to better calculate DDT concentrations the model should be run with different discharge scenarios to clarify the time trends of concentrations, possibly with the use of different sets of measured data (such as biota and sediment deposition/resuspension rates).
authors.affiliation: Environmental Modelling Group, DBSF, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese VA, Italy. antonio.diguardo@uninsubria.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Guardo
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Infantino
mesh_terms: D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005618:Fresh Water; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D007558:Italy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003634:DDT