title: Colonization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus among health-care workers screened by nasopharyngeal swab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the efficacy and findings of a large-scale preventive screening program for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) using amplification of the virus from a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) obtained from the health-care workers (HCWs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical center in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty HCWs.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPS examination for the presence of SARS-CoV by two nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), NPS polymerase chain reaction screening of HCWs for SARS-CoV was performed. SARS-CoV was examined by two nested RT-PCRs and a quantitative RT-PCR. Serum-specific antibodies were assessed by enzyme immunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence. We monitored 230 HCWs, including 217 first-line HCWs and 13 non-first-line HCWs. One hundred ninety first-line HCWs and 13 non-first-line HCWs had negative results in both nested RT-PCR assays. Two first-line HCWs who were positive on both nested RT-PCR assays had SARS. They had 16,900 +/- 7,920 copies (mean +/- SD) of RNA per milliliter in the NPS and had detectable anti-SARS antibodies. The remaining 25 first-line HCWs were negative for the first nested RT-PCR but positive for the second nested RT-PCR. Their corresponding titers were 338 +/- 227 copies of RNA per milliliter; antibodies developed in none of these 25 HCWs. The expression and function of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 were not different among these HCWs. This study shows that colonization of SARS-CoV occurred in 25 of 217 well-protected first-line HCWs on a SARS-associated service, but they remained seronegative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the second RT-PCR assay more sensitive than the first RT-PCR assay, we are able to show that approximately 11.5% of well-protected HCWs exposed to SARS patients or specimens may have colonization without seroconversion. Only those with significant clinical symptoms or disease would have active immunity. Thus, regular NPS screening for nested RT-PCR assays in conjunction with a daily recording of body temperature in all first-line HCWs may provide an effective way of early detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chung-Shan North Rd, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Tsung
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Mau-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tsai-Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Wen-Shyang
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Chia-Chien
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Huei-Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yen-Ta
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral