title: Challenges in the control of gonorrhea in South America and the Caribbean: monitoring the development of resistance to antibiotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : The objective of this study was to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 6 South American and 13 Caribbean countries participating in the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP) from 1990 to 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A GASP network of laboratories was launched in the Americas and the Caribbean during the 1990s. Standardized methods and interpretative criteria were established for the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae, strain identification, and determination, and quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Two countries (Argentina and Uruguay) maintained continuous surveillance during the study period. Some countries gathered data periodically and several others were unable to initiate antimicrobial surveillance as a result of lack of resources. The percentage of penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolated in the region over the decade varied considerably (1.0-11.9% carried chromosomal resistance and 17.9-38.8% produced beta-lactamase) with an overall trend to declining numbers of penicillin-resistant isolates. For tetracycline, 7.4% to 36.3% carried chromosomal resistance, whereas 12.0% to 27.4% carried plasmid-mediated resistance. There were no reports of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, although N. gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin as well as spectinomycin-resistant isolates were identified in some countries.
authors.affiliation: Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP) in the Americas and the Caribbean, Ottawa, Canada. j.dillon@usask.ca
authors.forename: Jo-Anne R
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruben
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borthagaray
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Márquez
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiorito
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galarza
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Portilla
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: Clara Inés
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Agudelo
authors.forename: Olga Marina
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Sanabria
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Parimi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011786:Quality Control; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents