title: Radiographic assessment of segmental motion at the atlantoaxial junction in the Klippel-Feil patient.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective review of 33 consecutive Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) patients at a single institution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess in KFS patients the presence and degree of radiographic segmental motion at the atlantoaxial junction, factors contributing to such motion, and associated clinical manifestations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest that abnormal segmentation in KFS patients may result in cervical hypermobility, increasing the risk of developing neurologic compromise and the need for surgical intervention. The use of the anterior and posterior atlantodens interval (AADI/PADI) has gained interest as a method for assessing atlantoaxial instability and for space available for the cord. Although helpful for identifying instability after trauma, these measurements are not understood in KFS patients. In addition, the effects of the fusion process associated with KFS on atlantoaxial motion and associated clinical findings have not been properly addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographs were analyzed for the presence of occipitalization, number/location of congenitally fused segments, and the AADI and PADI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 15 males and 18 females (mean age, 13.9 years). Occipitalization occurred in 48.5% of patients. A fused C2-C3 segment was noted in 72.7% of cases. More motion with respect to AADI was evident on O-C1 and C2-C3 fusion only patients, which were all asymptomatic. Overall, 24.2% of patients were symptomatic. Mean AADI and PADI difference was 2.0 mm (symptomatic: mean, 1.5 mm; asymptomatic: mean, 2.1 mm) and -1.7 mm (symptomatic: mean, -1.0 mm; asymptomatic: mean, -2.0 mm), respectively (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypermobility of the atlantoaxial junction, as indicated by increased AADI on flexion-extension radiographs, is not necessarily associated with an increased risk for the development of symptoms or neurologic signs in the KFS patient. Occipitalization plays an integral role in the degree of motion at the atlantoaxial region. Greatest AADI values were in patients with occipitalization and a fused C2-C3 segment. The presence of symptoms was not related to the degree of AADI change. Evaluation of the PADI provides additional information for identifying patients at risk for developing symptoms. Nonetheless, KFS patients remain largely asymptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0159, USA. FHS2G@hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu
authors.forename: Francis H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Samartzis
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lubicky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007714:Klippel-Feil Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies