title: Native or raw starch digestion: a key step in energy efficient biorefining of grain.
abstract: Improved molecular disassembly and depolymerization of grain starch to glucose are key to reducing energy use in the bioconversion of glucose to chemicals, ingredients, and fuels. In fuel ethanol production, these biorefining steps use 10-20% of the energy content of the fuel ethanol. The need to minimize energy use and to raise the net yield of energy can be met by replacing high-temperature, liquid-phase, enzymatic digestion with low temperature, solid-phase, enzymatic digestion. Also called cold hydrolysis, the approach is a step toward a "green" method for the production of fuel ethanol. There has been substantial prior and increased recent interest in this approach that is presented in this first review of the subject. We include incentives, developmental research, fundamental factors of raw starch digestion, and novel approaches in enzymology and processing. The discussion draws on resources found in enzymology, engineering, plant physiology, cereal chemistry, and kinetics.
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service/Pacific West Area, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA. grobertson@pw.usda.gov
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Dominic W S
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wagschal
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Orts
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005959:Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D013213:Starch; D000681:Amylases; D005959:Glucosidases; D005947:Glucose