title: Comparison of cuffed, uncuffed tracheal tubes and laryngeal mask airways in low flow pressure controlled ventilation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of low flow circle systems necessitates a 'leak free' breathing system which is commonly achieved by using a cuffed tracheal tube (TT). We hypothesized that low flow circle system anesthesia can equally effectively be achieved by using the LMA in pediatric anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following local ethics committee approval we randomly recruited 45 patients scheduled for elective surgery and requiring mechanical ventilation into three groups (cuffed TT, uncuffed TT and LMA group, n = 15). The size of the TT was determined by means of the formula (age/4) + 4.5 for uncuffed and (age/4) + 4 for cuffed TT whereas the size of the LMA size was dependent on weight. Following induction of anesthesia and muscle paralysis patients were ventilated with pressure controlled ventilation through a pediatric circle system and the lowest fresh gas flow (FGF) determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FGF achieved were (median and range) 0.20 (0.2-0.25) l.min(-1) for the LMA group, 0.20 (0.2-0.4) l.min(-1) for the cuffed TT group and 1.15 (0.2-4.75) l.min(-1) for the uncuffed group. The differences between the LMA and cuffed TT compared with the uncuffed TT were significant (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively). The difference in FGF between LMA and cuffed TT was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that pressure controlled ventilation using an LMA is an alternative to a cuffed TT during low flow circle system anesthesia in children. Low FGF is unlikely to be achieved consistently using an uncuffed TT because of a substantial leak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK. t.engelhardt@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Manisha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017214:Laryngeal Masks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome