title: Screening of patients with acute febrile illness for leptospirosis using clinical criteria and serology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptospirosis is one of the common zoonoses but, in most instances, the infection goes unnoticed. Rapid diagnostic modalities are needed to diagnose the disease in the early stages. We assessed the usefulness of clinical criteria and compared these with enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) for the early detection of leptospirosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients with a febrile illness for > 7 days were screened by Faine criteria and their sera were subjected to both IgM and IgG ELISA using a commercially available kit (Institut Virion Serion GmbH, Warburg, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients satisfied the clinical criteria for leptospirosis and 8 of them tested positive for IgM antibodies while 1 patient who was clinically negative tested positive by serology. Thus, Faine criteria had a sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 80.2%, positive predictive value of 30.8% and a negative predictive value of 98.6%. Paired serum samples were obtained from 70 patients but the IgG levels of only 2 showed a 4-fold rise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Faine criteria has moderate sensitivity and specificity but a high negative predictive value in comparison with IgM ELISA. The high negative predictive value may help to screen patients with acute febrile illness for leptospirosis during the early phase of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sud
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Banga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000372:Agglutination Tests; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D007919:Leptospira / Q000276:immunology*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012699:Serology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007075:Immunoglobulin M