title: Effects of chemical lipid extraction and arithmetic lipid correction on stable isotope ratios of fish tissues.
abstract: For accurate interpretation of fish trophodynamics from carbon stable isotope data it is necessary to extract tissue lipids. This is because lipid content varies within and among tissues in both space and time, and because lipids are 13C-depleted relative to proteins. However, lipid extraction may affect delta15N, thus requiring costly and time-consuming separation of delta13C and delta15N analyses. These problems have prompted the development of arithmetic correction techniques for delta13C, but the techniques and their underlying assumptions have not been systematically tested. This study compared the effects of lipid extraction and arithmetic correction techniques on delta13C and delta15N of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) tissues. Following Folch lipid extraction from muscle and liver, there was a mean increase in delta15N of 0.77 per thousand, but enrichment varied with lipid content such that effects on delta15N were hard to predict. Changes in delta13C and C:N between untreated and lipid-extracted samples reflected the quantity of lipid removed. The arithmetic correction techniques of mass balance and lipid correction were sensitive to the C:N of the lipid-extracted tissue and to the assumed depletion of lipid delta13C relative to protein delta13C. However, the mass balance approach was appropriate for the mathematical correction of bulk tissue data in most circumstances, provided that the C:N of lipid-extracted tissue could be determined for a small proportion of samples. Application of mass balance arithmetic correction can lead to significant time and cost savings in trophodynamic studies, because the majority of delta13C and delta15N analyses would not need to be run separately.
authors.affiliation: School of Marine Science and Technology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. christopher.sweeting@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sweeting
authors.forename: N V C
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Polunin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jennings
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004739:England; D005399:Fishes; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D008055:Lipids; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes