title: Endocardial implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator in early childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experience in endovascular/endocardial techniques for implanting implantable cardioverter defibrillators in early childhood is limited. Potentially, this type of approach could limit the surgical risk, while increasing ICD therapy efficacy. The safety and feasibility of adopting a complete endovascular/endocardial approach for implanting ICDs is assessed by considering the cases of two young children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two boys, aged 3 and 6 years, were implanted with ICD for a history of syncope and documented ventricular tachycardia (VT). A complete endovascular/endocardial approach was adopted consisting of positioning a bipolar pacing and sensing lead in the right ventricular (RV) apex with intravascular redundancy forming a loop in the inferior vena cava (IVC), and a caval coil placed in the IVC. Sensing values (7-8 mV), pacing threshold (0.5-0.6 V/0.5 msec), and defibrillation testing (case 1 = 10 J, case 2 = 20 J) were all acceptable. During follow-up, in both cases ICD intervened correctly. In one case, 16 months after implantation, because of change in the IVC coil-active can vector, the IVC coil was effectively repositioned to a more distal position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A complete endovascular/endocardial ICD implantation technique in early childhood is both feasible and safe. This approach avoids thoracotomy and ensures ICD therapy efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology and Pacing Unit, IRRCS, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milano, Italy. maurizio.gasparini@humanitas.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Regoli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galimberti
authors.forename: Silvia G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Priori
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004699:Endocardium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013575:Syncope; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors