title: A controlled trial of long-term inhaled hypertonic saline in patients with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled hypertonic saline acutely increases mucociliary clearance and, in short-term trials, improves lung function in people with cystic fibrosis. We tested the safety and efficacy of inhaled hypertonic saline in a long-term trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, parallel-group trial, 164 patients with stable cystic fibrosis who were at least six years old were randomly assigned to inhale 4 ml of either 7 percent hypertonic saline or 0.9 percent (control) saline twice daily for 48 weeks, with quinine sulfate (0.25 mg per milliliter) added to each solution to mask the taste. A bronchodilator was given before each dose, and other standard therapies were continued during the trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome measure, the rate of change (slope) in lung function (reflected by the forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], and forced expiratory flow at 25 to 75 percent of FVC [FEF25-75]) during the 48 weeks of treatment, did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.79). However, the absolute difference in lung function between groups was significant (P=0.03) when averaged across all post-randomization visits in the 48-week treatment period. As compared with the control group, the hypertonic-saline group had significantly higher FVC (by 82 ml; 95 percent confidence interval, 12 to 153) and FEV1 (by 68 ml; 95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 132) values, but similar FEF25-75 values. The hypertonic-saline group also had significantly fewer pulmonary exacerbations (relative reduction, 56 percent; P=0.02) and a significantly higher percentage of patients without exacerbations (76 percent, as compared with 62 percent in the control group; P=0.03). Hypertonic saline was not associated with worsening bacterial infection or inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertonic saline preceded by a bronchodilator is an inexpensive, safe, and effective additional therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00271310.)
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Elkins
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Barbara R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harbour
authors.forename: Carmel P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: Guy B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Elena G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Belousova
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Peter T P
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Bye
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008297:Male; D008450:Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D011292:Premedication; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000420:Albuterol