title: Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Absorption and excretion of apigenin after the ingestion of apiin-rich food, i.e. parsley, was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven healthy subjects (5 women, 6 men) in the age range of 23-41 years and with an average body mass index of 23.9 +/- 4.1 kg/m2 took part in this study. After an apigenin- and luteolin-free diet, a single oral bolus of 2 g blanched parsley (corresponding to 65.8 +/- 15.5 micromol apigenin) per kilogram body weight was consumed. Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 28 h after parsley consumption and 24-hour urine samples were collected. Apigenin was analyzed in plasma, urine and red blood cells by means of HPLC-ECD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, a maximum apigenin plasma concentration of 127 +/- 81 nmol/l was reached after 7.2 +/- 1.3 h with a high range of variation between subjects. For all participants, plasma apigenin concentration rose after bolus ingestion and fell within 28 h under the detection limit (2.3 nmol/l). The average apigenin content in 24-hour urine was 144 +/- 110 nmol/24 h corresponding to 0.22 +/- 0.16% of the ingested dose. The flavone could be detected in red blood cells without showing dose-response characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small portion of apigenin provided by food reaches the human circulation and, therefore, may reveal biological effects.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
authors.forename: Hellen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolarinwa
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolfram
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D047310:Apigenin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D028528:Petroselinum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; C012186:apiin; D047310:Apigenin