title: The effect of esophageal and gastric distension on the crural diaphragm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of prevention of gastric reflux into the esophagus is not exactly known. The lower esophagus has a barrier function provided by the lower esophageal sphincter. We investigated the hypothesis that the crural diaphragm shares in the barrier function not only mechanically but also actively through a crural-esophageal-gastric reflex action.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed during repair of abdominal ventral and incisional hernias in 20 subjects (11 men, 9 women; age 38.6+/-4.8 years). The electromyographic response of the crural diaphragm to individual balloon distension of esophagus and stomach was recorded by means of a needle electrode inserted into the crural diaphragm and connected to an electromyographic apparatus. The recordings were repeated after separate crural, esophageal, and gastric anesthetization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crural diaphragm exhibited basal motor unit action potentials, which decreased on esophageal distension (P<0.001) after a mean latency of 17.3+/-2.8 SD ms. The crural diaphragm response to esophageal distension did not occur after the crural diaphragm or esophagus was anesthetized. Gastric distension effected an increase of crural diaphragm electromyographic activity with a mean latency of 18.4+/-4.6 ms; this effect could not be achieved after the crural diaphragm or stomach was anesthetized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The crural diaphragm has a resting tone that relaxes after esophageal distension and contracts after gastric distension. This sphincter-like action of the crural diaphragm appears to be a reflex and is mediated through the esophagocrural inhibitory and gastrocrural excitatory reflexes. The crural diaphragm seems to share actively in the gastroesophageal competence mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Experimental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. shafik@ahmedshafik.com
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafik
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shafik
authors.forename: Olfat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El Sibai
authors.forename: Randa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mostafa
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D013271:Gastric Dilatation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011336:Probability; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment