title: Longitudinal follow-up of children with functional nonretentive fecal incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence (FNRFI), incontinence in the absence of signs of fecal retention, is a frustrating phenomenon in children. No data on long-term outcome are available. The aim was to investigate the long-term outcome of FNRFI patients after intensive medical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1999, 119 patients (96 boys) with FNRFI were enrolled in 2 prospective, randomized trials investigating the effect of biofeedback training and/or laxative treatment. Follow-up (FU) was performed at 6 months, 1 year, and thereafter annually until September 2004. A standardized questionnaire was used to evaluate symptoms. Success was defined as a fecal incontinence frequency <1 per 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age (25th-75th percentiles) was 9.2 years (range, 7.9-11.6 years). A 90% FU was achieved at all stages of the study. After 2 years of intensive therapy, 33 of 112 (29.5%) patients were successfully treated. The cumulative success percentage after 7 years of FU was 80%. At the biologic ages of 12 and 18 years, 49.4% (40/81) and 15.5% (9/58), respectively, of the patients still had fecal incontinence. Duration of fecal incontinence, with 4 years of age as the starting age for fecal incontinence (when a child should be toilet trained), was not related to successful outcome or relapse. Relapse occurred in 37% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only 29% of the patients with FNRFI were successfully treated after 2 years of intensive treatment. Despite recovery in the majority of patients beyond puberty, at age 18 years, 15% continued to have fecal incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. w.p.voskuijl@amc.nl
authors.forename: Wieger P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Voskuijl
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Rijk
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Büller
authors.forename: Jan A J M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taminiau
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benninga
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002400:Cathartics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics