title: Mid-age health in women from the Indian subcontinent (MAHWIS): general health and the experience of menopause in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First, to examine the experience of menopause and quality of life in a migrated Asian population from the Indian subcontinent living in Birmingham, UK, and, second, to compare their experience with a matched sample of Caucasian women living in the same geographical area and also with a sample of Asian women with similar socioeconomic background living in Delhi, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study of 153 peri- and postmenopausal women aged 45-55 years, 52 Asian women originating from the Indian subcontinent living in Birmingham (UKA, mean age 51.4 years), 51 Caucasian women (UKC, mean age 52.3 years) and 50 Asian women living in Delhi, India (DEL, mean age 49.72 years) were interviewed to collect information about their lifestyle, general health, menopause experience and help-seeking behavior. The Women's Health Questionnaire and the Menopause Representation Questionnaire (both translated and linguistically validated in Hindi) were used to examine the prevalence of physical and emotional symptoms and the extent to which these were attributed to the menopause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two Asian groups (UKA, DEL) reported poorer health and generally more physical and emotional symptoms than the UKC group. However, for menopausal symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) there was a different pattern; the DEL group reported significantly fewer symptoms compared to the UKA and UKC groups (hot flushes: UKC 60.8%, UKA 75%, DEL 32% (p < 0.001); night sweats: UKC 50%, UKA 56.9%, DEL 24% (p = 0.002)). The prevalence of vaginal dryness was highest in the UKA group and lowest in the DEL group (UKC 21.6%, UKA 38.2%, DEL 7.3% (p = 0.005)). The number of symptoms attributed to menopause was significantly lower in the DEL group (9.3 +/- 7.8) compared to the two UK groups (UKC 18.9 +/- 7.4, UKA 19.8 +/- 10.7), but the UKA women tended to attribute some physical symptoms to the menopause such as breathlessness, weight gain and stiff joints that might have other causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UK Asian women's experience of the menopause is more similar to the Caucasian women in the UK than that of the women in Delhi. However, Asian women living in the UK and the Indian subcontinent shared the experience of poor health and reports of more physical and emotional symptoms in general. The possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Women's Unit, Solihull Hospital, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Solihull, West Midlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sturdee
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008593:Menopause / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*