title: Smoking among adolescents in China: an analysis based upon the meanings of smoking theory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study utilized the Meanings of Behavior theory to examine whether meanings of smoking differ among adolescents in China who were never smokers, ever smokers, and past-30-day smokers. The Meanings of Behavior theory argues that affect takes precedence over cognitive constructs in motivating behavior This study also examined whether the associations among meanings of smoking and smoking behavior vary by age and gender
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a cross-sectional study using survey data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle and high schools in seven cities in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 4724 students comprised this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered questionnaire asked about smoking behavior and incorporated the meanings of smoking scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall prevalence rates of ever smokers and past-30-day smokers in this sample were 24.3% and 9.0%. Smoking was much more prevalent in boys than in girls. Students in the 11th grade were more likely than those in the 7th grade to have tried smoking at some time and to have smoked within the past 30 days. Odds ratios confirmed that meanings of smoking were significantly associated with smoking behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meanings of smoking are associated with smoking behavior among Chinese adolescents in that smoking may connote autonomy, control, or social relatedness. Prevention programs in China require new strategies to incorporate meanings of smoking in order to meet adolescent psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and social connections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Kinesiology and Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA. jweiss@fullerton.edu
authors.forename: Jie Wu
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spruijt-Metz
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: C Anderson
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*