title: Systematic review: antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of antimicrobial urinary catheters in hospitalized patients is poorly defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess currently marketed antimicrobial urinary catheters for preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases, conference proceedings, bibliographies, trialists, and catheter manufacturers (search dates, 1966 to June 2005).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and quasi-randomized trials of nitrofurazone-coated or silver alloy-coated antimicrobial urinary catheter use for less than 30 days; no language restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study design, study sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, allocation, blinding, UTI definition, ascertainment methods, and proportion developing symptomatic UTI (primary end point) or bacteriuria (secondary end point) were extracted by using a structured data collection instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve qualifying trials (13,392 total participants or catheters) were identified. They compared nitrofurazone-coated silicone (n = 3) or silver-coated latex (n = 9) catheters with silicone or latex catheters. No study addressed symptomatic UTI. All trials suggested protection against bacteriuria with test catheter use. However, effect size varied considerably and postrandomization exclusions were very common. Effect size was greatest in trials of nitrofurazone-coated catheters (all post-1995) and in pre-1995 silver alloy-coated catheter trials and was smallest in post-1995 silver alloy-coated catheter trials. Control group bacteriuria rate, control catheter type (latex vs. silicone), and patient sample (urology vs. other) also predicted effect size. Few studies addressed secondary bloodstream infection, mortality, costs, or microbial resistance. Short-term adverse effects were minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was limited by the number, size, and quality of studies and by lack of the following: intention-to-treat analyses, data on clinical end points, and trials comparing nitrofurazone-coated with silver alloy-coated catheters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to fair-quality evidence, antimicrobial urinary catheters can prevent bacteriuria in hospitalized patients during short-term catheterization, depending on antimicrobial coating and several other variables. Older data probably lack current relevance. Cost implications and effect on infectious complications remain undefined.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA. johns007@umn.edu
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kuskowski
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wilt
mesh_terms: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009583:Nitrofurazone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012834:Silver / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D012834:Silver; D009583:Nitrofurazone