title: Ventricular fibrosis suggested by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with repaired tetralogy of fallot and its relationship to adverse markers of clinical outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late morbidity and mortality remain problematic after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We hypothesized that fibrosis detected by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) would be present in adults with repaired TOF and would be related to adverse markers of outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LGE was scored in the right and left ventricles (RV and LV) of 92 adult patients who had undergone TOF repair. RV LGE was seen in all patients at surgical sites located in the outflow tract (99%) or the site of ventricular septal defect patching (98%) and in the inferior RV insertion point (79%) and trabeculated myocardium (24%). LV LGE (53%) was located at the apex consistent with apical vent insertion (49%), in the inferior or lateral wall consistent with infarction (5%), or in other areas (8%). Patients with supramedian RV LGE score were older (38 versus 27 years, P<0.001) and more symptomatic (38% versus 8% in New York Heart Association class II or greater, P=0.001), had increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (7.3 versus 4.9 pmol/L, P=0.041), and had a trend to higher brain natriuretic peptide (12.3 versus 7.2 pmol/L, P=0.086), exercise intolerance (maximum VO2 24 versus 28 mL.min(-1).kg(-1), P=0.021), RV dysfunction (RV end-systolic volume 61 versus 55 mL/m2, P=0.018; RV ejection fraction 50% versus 56%, P=0.007), and clinical arrhythmia (26% versus 10%, P=0.039). Non-apical vent LV LGE also correlated with markers of adverse outcome. In a multivariate model, RV LGE remained a predictor of arrhythmia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RV and LV LGE were common after TOF repair and were related to adverse clinical markers, including ventricular dysfunction, exercise intolerance, and neurohormonal activation. Furthermore, RV LGE was significantly associated with clinical arrhythmia.
authors.affiliation: Adult Congenital Heart Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom. sonya@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Sonya V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Babu-Narayan
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kilner
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goktekin
authors.forename: Periklis A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Davlouros
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Siew Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Dudley J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gatzoulis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005355:Fibrosis; D005682:Gadolinium; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium