title: Improvement in dyslipidaemia after switching stavudine to tenofovir and replacing protease inhibitors with efavirenz in HIV-infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact on immunological, virological and metabolic parameters of replacing protease inhibitors (PIs) with efavirenz and replacing stavudine with tenofovir in HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 48-week prospective evaluation of 28 HIV-infected children, with stable undetectable HIV-1 loads, who were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) containing lamivudine, stavudine and a PI. Individuals were randomized to switch PI to efavirenz and stavudine to tenofovir at baseline (Group 1) or at week 24 (Group 2). Patient assessment included: clinical evaluation, viral load, CD4+ T-cell count, fasting blood levels and urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All individuals maintained HIV RNA <50 copies/ml and unchanged CD4+ T-cell count through week 48. In Group 1 individuals, a significant decrease in cholesterol (P < 0.05), cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (P < 0.01) and triglycerides (P < 0.05) was observed 24 and 48 weeks after the switch of HAART. The percentage of Group 1 children with increased cholesterol and triglycerides markedly decreased over the study period (from 43% to 0% and from 36% to 7%, respectively). In Group 2 individuals, unchanged lipids in the 24 weeks prior to the switch of HAART and a significant improvement on cholesterol (P < 0.05), cholesterol:HDL ratio (P < 0.01) and triglycerides (P < 0.05) were observed 24 weeks after the switch of HAART. The percentage of Group 2 children with increased cholesterol and triglycerides markedly decreased 24 weeks after the switch of HAART (from 46% to 7% and from 54% to 0%, respectively). Proteinuria and glucosuria were not detected in any individual. The mean values of serum creatinine, serum phosphorus, serum bicarbonate, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary microalbumin/creatinine, alpha-1-microglobulin/creatinine ratio and maximal tubular phosphate reabsorption remained unchanged in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV-infected children, switching PI to efavirenz and stavudine to tenofovir is virologically and immunologically safe, is not associated with renal impairment and provides a significant improvement in lipid profile.
authors.affiliation: L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Italy. alessandra.vigano@unimi.it
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giacomet
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beretta
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luraschi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rombolà
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mora
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068698:Tenofovir; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D008055:Lipids; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010078:Oxazines; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D018119:Stavudine; D000225:Adenine; C098320:efavirenz