title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances the in vitro cytotoxicity of gemtuzumab ozogamicin against acute myeloid leukemia cell lines and primary blast cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the in vitro sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML blast cells to gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO).
  
  
  METHODS
  AML cell lines and primary blasts from 10 patients with AML were first incubated for 72 hours in the presence of G-CSF (5 or 100 ng/mL) and then exposed to increasing concentrations of GO (1-1,000 ng/mL) for an additional 72 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with G-CSF translated into significant enhancement of GO-induced cytotoxicity in the GO-sensitive HL-60 and NB-4 cells. Conversely, the response of GO-insensitive KG-1a, TF-1, and K562 cells was unaffected by in vitro priming with G-CSF. In vitro exposure to G-CSF augmented GO-induced apoptosis in 7 of 10 primary AML samples and rendered blast cells from three refractory patients sensitive to killing effect of GO. The G-CSF-induced increase of the cytocidal activity of GO was independent of effects on the cell cycle and on the expression levels of CD33 antigen. Of potential interest, G-CSF induced dose-dependent inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) function in the GO-sensitive HL-60 and NB-4 cells and in blasts from three patients with AML that we tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our findings point to G-CSF as a potential sensitizing agent that can be exploited therapeutically to improve the clinical efficacy of GO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy. srutella@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rutella
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.forename: Annabella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Procoli
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariotti
authors.forename: M Barbara
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lucia
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Contemi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauda
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fianchi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scambia
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leone
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D000079982:Gemtuzumab; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D063268:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; C571163:CD33 protein, human; D063268:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000079982:Gemtuzumab