Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication.
Children undergoing anaesthesia and surgery can experience significant anxiety and distress during the peri-operative period, but whether routine premedication is necessary is currently debated. Benzodiazepines are the most frequently used drugs as premedication in paediatric anaesthesia. In the US, 50% of young children undergoing surgery receive premedication and midazolam is the most frequently used drug in this context (1). Nishina and coworkers (2) concluded in a review article in 1999 that clonidine, administered via an oral, rectal, or caudal route, is a promising adjunct to anaesthetics and analgesics to enhance quality of peri-operative management in infants and children. Later publications also support the use of clonidine for premedication (3-6). The aim of this communication is to review the use of clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia and to propose clonidine as a promising alternative to midazolam. Clonidine is associated with a number of beneficial effects in the context ofanaesthesia both in adults and children. Why clonidine is not routinely use in clinical practice despite the massive publication list is to a large extent due to the lack of marketing efforts from the pharmaceutical industry since multiplegeneric preparations are now readily available on most markets. Midazolam is also associated with a number of beneficial effects, but is far from an ideal premedicant in children, especially with regards to the amnesia, confusion and long term behavioural disturbances. Clonidine has contrary to midazolam no effect on respiration. We believe that clonidine is a good alternative to midazolam as premedication in infants and children.
Bergendahl
H
H
Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive, and Pain Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. henrik.bergendahl@karolinska.se
Lönnqvist
P-A
PA
Eksborg
S
S
D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008874:Midazolam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods*
D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam