title: Targeting colloidal particulates to thoracic lymph nodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracic lymphatics and lymph nodes can be affected by cancer and other diseases. Micro- or nanoparticulates are used as carriers for therapeutic agents. We investigated the lymphatic distribution after intrapleural administration of three different particulates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various micro- and nanoparticles of charcoal, polystyrene and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) were administered into the pleural space of rats to study the lymphatic distribution of particles from the pleural cavity to the thoracic lymph nodes. Experimental animal models included healthy rats, rats following pneumonectomy and rats bearing orthotopic lung cancer to mimic relevant clinical scenarios and pathophysiology. Macroscopic examination, light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy complemented by transmission electron microscopy analysis of the lymphatic tissue allowed precise mapping and detection of the particulates in the thoracic lymphatic system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that (1) the particles studied are cleared by the regional thoracic lymphatic system when placed in the pleural space; (2) the lymphatic uptake occurred as early as 3h after injection and is primarily through the parietal pleura; (3) the transport of particles to regional lymph nodes was consistently found in all three animal models; (4) particles of 0.7-2 microm in size give the best lymphatic distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional thoracic lymphatics and lymph nodes can be accessed by colloidal particles injected into the pleural space.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ho-Lun
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moselhy
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Xiao Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002606:Charcoal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010316:Particle Size; D010994:Pleura / Q000502:physiology*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D013909:Thorax
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D002606:Charcoal; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid