title: A pharmacodynamic study of 5-azacytidine in the P39 cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  5-azacytidine (azacytidine), a DNA hypomethylating agent, was recently approved as the first therapeutic agent for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. The present subcutaneous dosing schedule, 75 mg/m(2) for 7/28 days, is based on early clinical studies and may constitute a practical problem for patients. The present in vitro study aimed at evaluating the pharmacodynamics of azacytidine, thereby providing a rationale for clinical dose-finding studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  P39 cells were incubated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1 microM azacytidine daily for 24, 48, and 72 hours, followed by 48 hours in drug-free medium. The effects of azacytidine on cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle status, and promoter methylation of E-cadherin, ER, and HIC genes were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Azacytidine decreased cell growth and proliferation, increased apoptosis, and affected cell cycle status in a dose-dependent manner. However, the exposure time, 24 to 72 hours, at doses between 0.5 and 1 microM, did not significantly affect any of these variables. Using first-order exponential pharmacokinetic model, we found that the effect of 1, 2, or 3 microM over 24 hours did not differ from that of 0.5 to 1 microM given over 48 to 72 hours. Induction of promoter hypomethylation was observed already after 24 hours of exposure with >or=0.5 microM azacytidine with no clear dose-effect relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that optimal cellular effects of azacytidine might be achieved by shorter exposure times. The model provides information about the relation between azacytidine dose intensity and exposure time on malignant myeloid cells, which could serve as a rationale for further clinical development of practical, safe, and cost-effective dosing schedules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rasheed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aggerholm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hokland
authors.forename: Moustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hellström-Lindberg
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D008745:Methylation; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; C478034:MDFIC protein, human; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D001374:Azacitidine