title: Spontaneous recovery of injured Achilles tendon in inducible nitric oxide synthase gene knockout mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene could affect Achilles tendon healing using iNOS gene knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  21 iNOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice and 8 of the wild type (iNOS(+/+)) mice were utilized in this study. Group 1: iNOS(+/+) mice (n = 8), group 2: iNOS(-/-) mice (n = 11) and group 3: iNOS(-/-) with a NOS inhibitor, (aminoguanidine, 500 mg/kg/day, via an intraperitoneal mini-osmotic pump for 7 days, n = 10). The right Achilles tendon was transected in all mice and harvested on day 7 for cross-sectional area and biomechanical properties. Serum nitrate concentration of the mice was measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction in cross-sectional area of the healing Achilles tendon was observed in group 3 mice compared to group 2 mice (p < 0.01). The serum nitrate concentration in both group 2 and group 3 mice was lower than that in group 1 mice (p < 0.01) iNOS gene deletion and inhibition of NOS did not affect the biomechanical properties of the healing tendons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iNOS gene is not solely responsible for the beneficial effects of nitric oxide (NO) on tendon healing.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Institute, St. George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia. admin@ori.org.au
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Appleyard
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Smythe
authors.forename: G A C
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Murrell
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II