title: Effects of an alveolar recruitment maneuver on cardiovascular and respiratory parameters during total intravenous anesthesia in ponies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of a recruitment maneuver (RM) combined with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during total intravenous anesthesia in ponies.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy adult Shetland ponies.
  
  
  METHODS
  After premedication with detomidine (10 microg/kg, IV), anesthesia was induced with climazolam (0.06 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with a constant rate infusion of detomidine (0.024 mg/kg/h), climazolam (0.036 mg/kg/h), and ketamine (2.4 mg/kg/h). The RM was preceded by an incremental PEEP titration and followed by a decremental PEEP titration, both at a constant airway pressure difference (deltaP) of 20 cm H2O. The RM consisted of a stepwise increase in deltaP by 25, 30, and 35 cm H2O obtained by increasing peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) to 45, 50, and 55 cm H2O, while maintaining PEEP at 20 cm H2O. Hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were analyzed at every step of the PEEP titration-RM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the PEEP titration-RM, there was a significant increase in PaO 2 (+12%), dynamic compliance (+ 62%), and heart rate (+17%) and a decrease in shunt (-19%) and mean arterial blood pressure (-21%) was recorded. Cardiac output remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although baseline oxygenation was high, Pa(O2) and dynamic compliance further increased during the RM. Despite the use of high PIP and PEEP and a high tidal volume, limited cardiovascular compromise was detected. A PEEP titration-RM may be used to improve oxygenation in anesthetized ponies. During stable hemodynamic conditions, PEEP titration-RM can be performed with acceptable adverse cardiovascular effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wettstein
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jaeggin-Schmucker
authors.forename: Stephan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Hans Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Rothen
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mosing
authors.forename: Sabine B R
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kästner
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schatzmann
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006736:Horses; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007384:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000502:physiology; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D007649:Ketamine; C035147:climazolam; D008874:Midazolam