title: Real-time ultrasound measure of the fetal eye (vitreous body) for prediction of parturition date in small ponies.
abstract: Ultrasonographic fetal eye measures have been used to estimate gestational age of the fetus in light horse mares. However, fetal eye measures have not been published for smaller pony breeds. This study was conducted to develop reference ranges for ultrasonographic measures of fetal eyes in small ponies for the purpose of predicting days before parturition (DBP) when breeding or ovulation dates are unknown. Twenty-three Shetland-type pony mares were studied across one (n = 10) or two (n = 13) gestations in 2004 (18 pregnancies) and 2005 (18 pregnancies). Measurements of fetal eyes were obtained during transrectal ultrasound examination. Examinations were conducted once monthly in a field situation beginning in December (2003) or August (2004) until mares foaled (March through July). The length (from sclera to sclera) and width (from retina to cornea) of the vitreous body were measured. For the 273 examinations in which gestation age was greater than 2 months, eye measures were obtainable in 248 (91%). Mixed-effects linear regression modeling was used to account for serial growth measures within pregnancy, repeated measurements across mares, and unbalanced study design. Independent variables evaluated included vitreous body length, vitreous body width, the ratio of length to width, parity, and mare height at the withers at parturition. Eye length was the best single predictor of days before parturition, with almost no additional predictive value of the other variables considered. Our resulting regression equation is: days before parturition=265.16-0.21*(vitreous body length in mm)(2). This study suggests that measure of the fetal eye is a practical on-farm procedure for estimating days before parturition in small ponies.
authors.affiliation: Section of Reproductive Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, 19348, USA. rmturner@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Feit
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foglia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004628:Embryonic Structures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006736:Horses / Q000196:embryology*; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*