title: Management of medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a painful disorder that frequently causes lancinating, electrical shock-like pain in the trigeminal distribution. Common surgical treatments include microvascular decompression (MVD), radiosurgery, and radiofrequency ablation, and complete pain relief is generally achieved with a single treatment in 70 to 85% of cases for all modalities. In a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), however, the rates of surgical treatment failure and the need for additional procedures are significantly increased compared with those in patients without MS. In this study the authors report their experience with a cohort of 11 patients with TN who also had MS, and assess the efficacy of MVD, gamma knife surgery (GKS), and radiofrequency ablation in achieving complete or partial long-term pain relief.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with TN and MS who were treated by the senior author (N.B.) at the University of California, San Francisco were included in this study. All patients underwent GKS and/or radiofrequency ablation, and four received MVD. A detailed clinical history and intraoperative findings were recorded for each patient and frequent follow-up evaluations were performed, with a mean follow-up duration of 40.6 months (range 1-96 months). Pain was assessed for each patient by using the Barrow Neurological Institute scale (Scores I-V).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Achieving complete pain relief in patients with TN and MS required significantly more treatments compared with all other patients with TN who did not have MS (p = 0.004). Even when compared with a group of 32 patients who had highly refractory TN, the cohort with MS required significantly more treatments (p = 0.05). Radiosurgery proved to be an effective procedure and resulted in fewer retreatments and longer pain-free intervals compared with MVD or radiofrequency ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Rene O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Mejia
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Limbo
authors.forename: Mariann M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Barbaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy