title: Regulation of human male germ cell death by modulators of ATP production.
abstract: The understanding of testicular physiology, pathology, and male fertility issues requires knowledge of male germ cell death and energy production. Here, we induced human male germ cell apoptosis (detected by Southern blot analysis of DNA fragmentation, TUNEL, activation of caspases-3 and -9, and electron microscopy) by incubating seminiferous tubule segments under hormone- and serum-free conditions. Inhibitors of complexes I to IV of mitochondrial respiration, exposure to anoxia, and inhibition of F0F1-ATPase (with oligomycin) decreased the ATP levels (analyzed by HPLC) and suppressed apoptosis at 4 h. Uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and oligomycin combination also suppressed death at 4 h, as did the DNP alone. Inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxyglucose neither suppressed nor further induced apoptosis nor altered the antiapoptotic effects of the mitochondrial inhibitors. Furthermore, Fas system activation did not modify the effects of mitochondrial modulators. After 24 h, delayed male germ cell apoptosis was observed despite the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors. We conclude that the mitochondrial ATP production machinery plays an important role in regulating in vitro-induced primary pathways of human male germ apoptosis. The ATP synthesized by the F0F1-ATPase seems to be the crucial death regulator, rather than any of the complexes (I-IV) alone, the functional electron transport chain, or the membrane potential. We also conclude that there seem to be secondary pathways of human testicular cell apoptosis that do not require mitochondrial ATP production. The present study emphasizes the role of the main catabolic pathways in the complex network of regulating events of male germ cell life and death.
authors.affiliation: Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland. kerkkila@labiomed.org
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erkkila
authors.forename: Sauli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyttanen
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wikstrom
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taari
authors.forename: Amiya P Sinha
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hikim
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Swerdloff
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunkel
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019014:fas Receptor; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases