title: Protective effects of the alcohol dehydrogenase-ADH1B allele in children exposed to alcohol during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine alcohol use for mothers with and without an ADH1B*3 allele and the moderating effects of the maternal and child ADH1B*3 allele on a broad range of infant and 7.5-year outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from 263 black mother/child pairs (217 mothers and 239 children) were analyzed to determine incidence of the ADH1B allele and the relation of the maternal allele to pregnancy drinking assessed at every prenatal clinic visit. Moderating effects of ADH1B were examined by dichotomizing the moderator variable and performing regression analyses on the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy drinking at conception was less frequent in the presence of the ADH1B*3 allele, and virtually no adverse effects were found in children whose mothers had at least one ADH1B*3 allele. By contrast to the maternal allele, we found no consistent pattern of greater vulnerability in children lacking the ADH1B*3 allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the maternal ADH1B*3 allele provides some protection to the fetus from prenatal alcohol exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48207, USA. sjacobs@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Lucinda G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Croxford
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: Ting-Kai
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D020751:Alcohol-Induced Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: C489332:ADH1B protein, human; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase