title: Crumb rubber filtration: a potential technology for ballast water treatment.
abstract: The removal of turbidity, particles, phytoplankton and zooplankton in water by crumb rubber filtration was investigated. A substantial reduction was achieved. Of the three variables, filter depth, media size and filtration rate, media size had the most significant influence. Smaller media size favored higher removal efficiency of all targeted matter. There was no apparent relationship between removal efficiency and filter depth. Higher filtration rate resulted in lower removal efficiency and higher head loss. Compared with conventional granular media filters, crumb rubber filters required less backwash, and developed lower head loss. Consequently crumb rubber filters could be run for a longer time or allow a higher filtration rate. The results also indicate that the crumb rubber filtration alone did not achieve the target removal of invasive species. However, crumb rubber filtration could potentially be used as a primary treatment technology to enhance the efficiency of a secondary treatment process (e.g., disinfection).
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg, Environmental Engineering Programs, Science and Technology Building, TL175, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA 17057-4898, USA.
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Butkus
authors.forename: Yuefeng F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D010316:Particle Size; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012408:Rubber; D012623:Seawater; D012767:Ships / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D012408:Rubber