title: Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in colon carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Telomerase activation, which is observed in most human cancers, plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is a subunit of telomerase that is essential for telomerase activity. The aim of the study was to investigate whether nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit telomerase activity and hTERT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four colon carcinoma cell lines, HT-29, COLO205, CRL-2134, and SW1116, were used in the experiments. Polymerase chain reaction-based telomeric repeat amplification (TRAP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure telomerase activity in the cells after treatment with aspirin, indomethacin, or SC-236 (a specific cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2] inhibitor). Expression of hTERT mRNA and protein was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the potential cis-response elements to NSAIDs in the promoter region of hTERT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aspirin, indomethacin, and SC-236 inhibited telomerase activity in HT-29, COLO205, and CRL-2134 cell lines, but not in the SW1116 cell line. NSAIDs inhibited hTERT mRNA and protein expression through suppression of hTERT transcriptional activity. The hTERT promoter fragment -145 to -330 basepairs (bp) upstream of the ATG starting site was sufficient to respond to the NSAID-induced inhibitory effect and the inhibition was COX-2-independent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSAIDs inhibit telomerase activity at hTERT transcriptional, mRNA, and protein levels in colon carcinoma cells. The hTERT promoter fragment -145 to -330 bp may be the cis-response element to NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Harry Hua-Xiang
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Ji De
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Marie C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Shiu Kum
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Annie O O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Man Fung
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Hsiang Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Benjamin Chun-Yu
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D020218:Response Elements; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007213:Indomethacin; D008156:Luciferases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019098:Telomerase; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides