title: Comparison of two hemofiltration protocols for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contrast-induced nephropathy is a complication of contrast medium administration during diagnostic and interventional procedures, with important prognostic relevance. Patients with chronic kidney disease have a higher risk for contrast-induced nephropathy and poorer outcome. In patients with chronic kidney disease, hemofiltration reduces contrast-induced nephropathy incidence and improves long-term survival. We assessed the mechanisms involved in the prophylactic effect of hemofiltration and of the most effective hemofiltration protocol to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 92 patients with chronic kidney disease (creatinine clearance < or =30 mL/min) to three different prophylactic treatments: intravenous hydration with isotonic saline (1 mL x kg x h for 12 hours before and after contrast exposure, control group; n = 30); intravenous hydration for 12 hours before contrast exposure, followed by hemofiltration for 18 to 24 hours after contrast exposure (post-hemofiltration group; n = 31), and hemofiltration performed for 6 hours before and for 18 to 24 hours after contrast exposure (pre/post-hemofiltration group; n = 31). The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (>25% increase in creatinine) and the in-hospital clinical course were compared in the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients (40%) in the control group, 8 patients (26%) in the post-hemofiltration group, and 1 patient (3%) in the pre/post-hemofiltration group experienced contrast-induced nephropathy (P = .0013); hemodialysis was required in 9 (30%), three (10%), and zero (0%) patients, respectively (P = .002). In-hospital mortality was 20%, 10%, and 0%, respectively (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemofiltration is an effective strategy for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention in patients with chronic kidney disease who are undergoing cardiovascular procedures. Pre-hemofiltration is required to obtain the full clinical benefit, suggesting that, among different mechanisms possibly involved, high-volume controlled hydration before contrast media exposure plays a major role.
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., Institute of Cardiology of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy. giancarlo.marenzi@ccfm.it
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marenzi
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lauri
authors.forename: Jeness
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campodonico
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marana
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Assanelli
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Metrio
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grazi
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veglia
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fabbiocchi
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bartorelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006438:Hemodilution; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine