title: Use of miswak versus toothbrushes: oral health beliefs and behaviours among a sample of Jordanian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This descriptive survey aimed at determining the perceived relationship among miswak, the toothbrush, and toothbrush-plus-miswak usage on oral health beliefs and behaviours of Jordanian adults, 18-60 years old, seeking dental care in the city of Irbid, northern Jordan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 138) voluntarily completed a self-designed questionnaire prior to their dental appointments at public and private clinics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the level of oral health knowledge was low; of 71 people who attempted to define dental plaque, only 26% knew the meaning of dental plaque. While 12% have never been to a dentist, and 12% visit the dentist on a regular basis, the majority (63.2%) of the respondents reported that they visit the dentist only when they have pain. The majority (72%) use the toothbrush, 20.5% use the toothbrush-plus-miswak and only 3% use miswak alone. Toothbrush users believe that using the toothbrush-plus-miswak is most effective in reducing mouth debris (chi2 = 32.069, d.f. = 16, P = 0.01); and level of education is significantly associated with the type of oral cleaning device used (chi2 = 25.817, d.f. = 12, P = 0.05). There was no significant difference between toothbrush users and toothbrush-plus-miswak users in terms of how they perceive their oral health status. About 19% of the study participants use dental floss, 60.9% use mouth rinses and 8.3% use inter-dental brushes. Educated people (baccalaureate or associate degrees) tended to use toothbrushes and toothbrush-plus-miswak. The toothbrush-plus-miswak users are most likely to spend 1-2 min each day cleaning their teeth (chi2 = 34.9, d.f. = 20, P = 0.02) than those using other devices. Respondents who use the toothbrush are most likely to visit the dentist when they have pain (chi2 = 34.02, d.f. = 12, P = 0.00) than those using other devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oral health awareness level among Jordanian adults is poor and needs to be improved. Evidence-based and community-based dental health education and a philosophical change from disease-oriented and pain management care to primary preventive care are highly recommended for the Jordanian population.
authors.affiliation: Gene W. Hirschfeld School of Dental Hygiene, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0499, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubaishat
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Box
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009909:Oral Health; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D032121:Salvadoraceae; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000523:psychology