title: Recovering streptococci from the throat, a practical alternative to direct plating in remote tropical communities.
abstract: Throat swabs are regarded as the "gold standard" for diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis and for surveillance research. Culturing throats in remote tropical settings is logistically difficult, and these settings are commonly burdened by high rates of streptococcal disease. The survival of streptococci on swabs may depend on whether they are of "throat" or "skin" type, as determined by emm pattern typing. The aims of this study were to compare the recovery rates of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) using three different transport methods and to determine whether the recovery rates correlated with the emm pattern type. Monthly duplicate throat swabs were taken from occupants of selected households in three remote Aboriginal communities. Paired swabs were separated and handled in one of three ways: (i) direct inoculation onto culture media with cold-box transport (plated), (ii) sealed in a bag with a silica gel desiccant and cold-box transport (desiccant), and (iii) transport at ambient temperature and humidity (ambient). emm pattern typing was done by standard methods. Over 23 months, 4,842 throat swabs were taken, and 4,122 were paired. BHS were recovered on 11.5% of the 4,842 occasions (group A, 4.5%; group C, 1.7%; group G, 5.4%). Results from paired swabs showed the plated method was superior to desiccant and desiccant was better than ambient. Pooled data indicated that plated and desiccant were equivalent, and both were significantly better than ambient. There was no correlation between the emm pattern type and recovery of group A streptococci by different methods. In tropical and remote settings, cold-box transport with desiccant and subsequent inoculation of culture plates in the laboratory is a practical alternative to direct plating.
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, P.O. Box 41096, Casuarina, 0811, NT, Australia. malcolm@menzies.edu.au
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Towers
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Melita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benger
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Bart J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carapetis
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D003470:Culture Media; D006801:Humans; D015876:Northern Territory; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000382:microbiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media