title: Amphetamines as potential inducers of fatalities: a review in the district of Ghent from 1976-2004.
abstract: Abuse of amphetamine (AMP) and its derivatives, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy'), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA, MDE), and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an important public issue. Fatalities following ingestion of these substances are not infrequent in current forensic practice. The aim of this study was twofold. Firstly, considering the wide range of blood levels reported in fatalities, to provide insight into the interpretation of a quantified blood level and, secondly, to examine and discuss possible causes, mechanisms and manners of death. All the medico-legal files between January 1976 and December 2004 were skimmed through to investigate whether amphetamine and/or derivatives were involved in the fatal outcome. Particularly, in addition to overdose cases due to or including amphetamines, all amphetamines-related fatalities were examined. In addition to AMP, MDMA, MDEA, and MDA, two other amphetamine derivatives, namely 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) and para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) were considered. In 34 fatalities, amphetamines were involved and the majority were men, under the age of 25 years. A wide range of blood levels was found: e.g. MDMA blood concentrations in cases of 'pure' intoxication were found between 0.27 and 13.51 microg/ml. The age and sex distribution as well as the broad range of quantified amphetamines blood levels were in line with those reported in the literature. In our study group, 'pure' intoxications with amphetamines, polydrug overdoses, and the combination of amphetamines use and polytrauma were the most prominent causes of death. Considering the manner of death in these fatalities, unintentional overdoses were most frequent, though suicides, traffic accidents, and criminal offences associated with amphetamines use also accounted for significant percentages. Acute to subacute cardiopulmonary failure was the most frequent mechanism of death, followed by (poly)trauma, mechanical asphyxia, and hyperthermia, respectively. In conclusion, although amphetamines-related fatalities are only a fraction of the total number of fatalities studied at our Department, their contribution to current forensic practice has been increasing during the last few years. As there is still considerable debate as to what level of amphetamines can be toxic or even potentially lethal, it is strongly advisable to interpret the anatomo-pathological findings and the toxicological results together in arriving at a conclusion. This guideline is important in view of the different possible mechanisms of death which implicate quite different survival times following intake of amphetamine and/or its derivatives (e.g. cardiopulmonary complications, hyperthermia).
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Forensic Medicine, Belgium.
authors.forename: Els A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Letter
authors.forename: Michel H A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: Willy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Jan A C M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cordonnier
mesh_terms: D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000506:poisoning*; D001344:Autopsy; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001699:Biometry; D002423:Cause of Death; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000506:poisoning*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants