title: Spa, springs and safety.
abstract: Natural mineral water has long been used worldwide for bathing and health purposes. At present, Thailand is famous for health spas and natural hot springs among local people and tourists. Due to possible risks of exposure to harmful agents, we studied hazardous pollutants at 57 natural hot springs from 11 provinces in northern, central, eastern and southern Thailand. Pathogenic, free-living amebae of the genera Naegleria and Acanthamoeba, which can cause central nervous system infection, were found in 26.3% (15/57) and 15.8% (9/ 57), respectively. Dissolved radon, a soil gas with carcinogenic properties, was present in nearly all hot springs sites, with concentration ranging from 0.87-76,527 Becquerels/m3. There were 5 water samples in which radon concentration exceeded the safety limit for drinking. Legionella pneumoniphila (serogroups 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 10 and 13) were found in samples from 71.9% (41/57) of studied sites. Because spas and natural springs are popular tourist attractions, health authorities should be aware of possible hazards and provide tactful measures and guidelines to ensure safety without causing undue alarm to foreign and Thai tourists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand. tmymv@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: Yaowalark
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sukthana
authors.forename: Amorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lekkla
authors.forename: Chantira
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sutthikornchai
authors.forename: Paitoon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wanapongse
authors.forename: Athasit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vejjajiva
authors.forename: Somchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bovornkitti
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D045482:Hot Springs / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007875:Legionella / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009253:Naegleria / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011886:Radon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012306:Risk; D012449:Safety; D013785:Thailand; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011886:Radon