title: Depersonalisation/derealisation symptoms in vestibular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depersonalisation is a subjective experience of unreality and detachment from the self often accompanied by derealisation; the experience of the external world appearing to be strange or unreal. Feelings of unreality can be evoked by disorienting vestibular stimulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the prevalence of depersonalisation/derealisation symptoms in patients with peripheral vestibular disease and experimentally to induce these symptoms by vestibular stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  121 healthy subjects and 50 patients with peripheral vestibular disease participated in the study. For comparison with the patients a subgroup of 50 age matched healthy subjects was delineated. All completed (1) an in-house health screening questionnaire; (2) the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12); (3) the 28-item depersonalisation/derealisation inventory of Cox and Swinson (2002). Experimental verification of "vestibular induced" depersonalisation/derealisation was assessed in 20 patients and 20 controls during caloric irrigation of the labyrinths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency and severity of symptoms in vestibular patients was significantly higher than in controls. In controls the most common experiences were of "déjà vu" and "difficulty in concentrating/attending". In contrast, apart from dizziness, patients most frequently reported derealisation symptoms of "feel as if walking on shifting ground", "body feels strange/not being in control of self", and "feel 'spacey' or 'spaced out'". Items permitted discrimination between healthy subjects and vestibular patients in 92% of the cases. Apart from dizziness, caloric stimulation induced depersonalisation/derealisation symptoms which healthy subjects denied ever experiencing before, while patients reported that the symptoms were similar to those encountered during their disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depersonalisation/derealisation symptoms are both different in quality and more frequent under conditions of non-physiological vestibular stimulation. In vestibular disease, frequent experiences of derealisation may occur because distorted vestibular signals mismatch with the other sensory input to create an incoherent frame of spatial reference which makes the patient feel he or she is detached or separated from the world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Balance, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: F Yen Pik
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jáuregui-Renaud
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bronstein
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gresty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003861:Depersonalization / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*