title: Use of spinous processes to determine drill trajectory during placement of lateral mass screws: a cadaveric analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior cadaveric research showed that the lateral mass and facets are landmarks to determine the initial starting point for lateral mass screws and that the optimum screw trajectory was 30 degrees lateral and 15 degrees cephalad. The missing link was an intraoperative landmark to guide the trajectory for drilling according to these angles. The authors hypothesized that spinous processes can be used to guide the trajectory for lateral mass screw placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed 144 lateral masses of 72 cervical vertebrae in 18 cadavers (7 males and 11 females). The lateral and cephalocaudad angles were measured for each lateral mass from C3 to C6 while using the spinous processes of the adjacent three caudad vertebrae at each level to guide the starting trajectories for a total of 864 angles. The lateral and cephalad trajectory angles at each spinous process relative to the starting hole were compared with 30 degrees and 15 degrees . For each angle measured at a particular level, the same starting hole was used in the lateral mass, and the superolateral cortex of each spinous process was the most medial point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When drilling for the C3 and C4 lateral mass screws, the C4 and C5 spinous processes provided an accurate starting point, respectively, for the lateral angle but moderately overestimated the cephalocaudad angle. For C5 and C6 lateral mass screws, the C6 and C7 spinous processes provided an accurate starting point, respectively, for both the lateral and the cephalocaudad angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spinous processes can be an accurate local anatomic guide for lateral mass screw trajectory and will allow greater safety while drilling before performing laminectomies. These guides may change in patients with cervical spinal deformities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kingsleychin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kingsley R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eiszner
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.forename: Henry H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bohlman
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology*