Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species in a cardiac surgical intensive care unit: a 5-year experience.
OBJECTIVE
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus is a growing problem in intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus isolates in a cardiac surgical ICU over a 5-year period and to determine the risk factors and outcome of this condition.


METHODS
During the period from January 1998 to July 2003, the clinical data of all adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery in a university hospital were prospectively recorded in a database; the perioperative clinical variables and microbiologic data were studied by means of univariate and multivariate analysis in order to identify risk factors for the development of methicillin resistance and in-hospital death.


RESULTS
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species strains were isolated in 118 of 6,423 patients operated on during the study period (7.6 cases per 1,000 days of ICU stay), with a constant prevalence rate throughout the years. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species have been the most frequently isolated microorganisms in the authors' ICU; 75% of Staphylococcus aureus and 95% of coagulase-negative staphylococci were methicillin resistant. In-hospital mortality in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus-positive patients was 50.0% (59/118), whereas it was 1.7% (108/6305) in other patients (p < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species isolation was the single risk factor with the strongest association with in-hospital death (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval 4.9-14.7). In the present series, there were no isolates of vancomycin-resistant species (Enterococcus species or Staphylococcus species).


CONCLUSIONS
Staphylococcus species represent the most frequently isolated microorganisms in the authors' ICU. In-hospital mortality in cardiac surgical patients is strongly correlated to the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus.
Zangrillo
Alberto
A
Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Vita-Salute University of Milan, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
Landoni
Giovanni
G
Fumagalli
Luca
L
Bove
Tiziana
T
Bellotti
Ferdinando
F
Sottocorna
Ornella
O
Roberti
Andrea
A
Marino
Giovanni
G
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*