title: Rofecoxib and tramadol do not attenuate delayed-onset muscle soreness or ischaemic pain in human volunteers.
abstract: We assessed the effect of rofecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, and tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, on both delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and experimentally induced ischaemic pain. We induced DOMS in 10 male and 5 female healthy volunteers by downhill running for 30 min at a 12% decline and a speed of 9 km x h(-1). We also induced ischaemic pain by finger movements with an arterial tourniquet around the arm. In a randomized, double-blind crossover format, we administered rofecoxib (50 mg, daily), tramadol (50 mg, 3 times per day), and a placebo (orally for 3 days), starting immediately after exercise. A 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and McGill pain questionnaire were used to describe muscle soreness and ischaemic forearm pain 24 h after the exercise. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) in the thigh and ischaemic pain tolerance in the forearm were measured before exercise and 24 and 72 h after exercise. PPT decreased 24 h after exercise, compared with pre-exercise values (ANOVA, p < 0.05), but neither drug had any significant effect on the PPT. Neither rofecoxib nor tramadol had any effect on time of ischaemia tolerated or amount of finger activity during ischaemia. The VAS and pain-rating index, for both muscle soreness and experimental ischaemic pain, were not affected significantly by either drug. Both DOMS and ischaemic pain share peripheral and central mechanisms, yet neither are attenuated by rofecoxib or tramadol.
authors.affiliation: Brain Function Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. loramlc@physiology.wits.ac.za
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Loram
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011312:Pressure; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D009294:Narcotics; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D014147:Tramadol; D003402:Creatine Kinase