title: Electrochemical characterization and application of azurin-modified gold electrodes for detection of superoxide.
abstract: A novel biosensor for superoxide radical (O(2)(*-)) detection based on Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin immobilized on gold electrode was designed. The rate constant of azurin reduction by O(2)(*-) was found to be 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) in solution and five times lower, i.e., 0.2 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1), for azurin coupled to gold by 3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate) (DTSSP). The electron transfer rate between the protein and the electrode ranged from 2 to 6s(-1). The sensitivity of this biosensor to O(2)(*-) was 6.8 x 10(2)Am(-2)M(-1). The response to the interference substances, such as uric acid, H(2)O(2), and dimethylsulfoxide was negligible below 10 microM. The electrode was applied in three O(2)(*-) generating systems: (i) xanthine oxidase (XOD), (ii) potassium superoxide (KO(2)), and (iii) stimulated neutrophil granulocytes. The latter was compared with luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. The biosensor responded to O(2)(*-) in all three environments, and the signals were antagonized by superoxide dismutase.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden. Sergey.Shleev@analyken.lu.se
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shleev
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wetterö
authors.forename: Karl-Eric
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: Tautgirdas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruzgas
mesh_terms: D001400:Azurin; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013481:Superoxides; D001400:Azurin; D006046:Gold