title: Colonization and molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcal bacteremia in cancer patients: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy surrounds the source (skin vs mucosa) of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) bacteremia in cancer patients. Determining the source of this infection has clinical and epidemiologic implications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the source(s) of CoNS bacteremia in cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1998 and October 2000, cultures of nasal and rectal mucosa and skin at central venous catheter (CVC) sites were obtained in 62 patients (66 episodes) with CoNS-positive blood culture(s). Bacteremia was classified as true, indeterminate, or unlikely on the basis of clinical and microbiologic findings. Molecular relatedness of strains isolated from the blood and from colonized sites of patients with true and those with unlikely bacteremia was examined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CoNS colonization was present in 55 episodes (83%). The nasal mucosa was the most frequently colonized site (86%), followed by rectal mucosa (40%) and skin at site of CVC insertion (38%) (P < .001). Colonization at > or =1 site was common. True and unlikely bacteremia accounted for 11 and 10 episodes, respectively, with the remaining 45 episodes considered undetermined or had negative surveillance cultures. Among patients with true bacteremia, 6 mucosal isolates and only 1 skin isolate were related by PFGE to the blood isolate recovered from the same patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mucosa is the most common site of CoNS colonization and is the likely source of CoNS bacteremia in cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Nosocomial Infection Control Committee; Laboratório de Bacteriologia Médica (LIM54), Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Antonio A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: Marisa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.forename: Inneke M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Robson E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Elias J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Anaissie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial