title: The pathogenesis of hemangiomas: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Differentiate between hemangiomas and vascular malformations. 2. Describe arguments for the trophoblast origin of hemangiomas. 3. Give arguments for the angioblast theory for the origin of hemangiomas. 4. Identify key genes involved in the origin of hemangiomas.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hemangiomas of infancy are common endothelial tumors. They differ from vascular malformations in their tissue architecture and biological properties. To date, there is no universally accepted theory that explains the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of hemangiomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theories from the medical literature from 1981 to 2004 were gathered, categorized, and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current research is mostly on the cellular and genetic levels. The most authoritative theories focus on angioblast origins, trophoblast origins, mutations in cytokine regulatory pathways, and field defects as the cause of the deranged angiogenesis of hemangiomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, no single theory can easily explain all the characteristics of hemangiomas, such as predilection for the female sex, usual occurrence after birth, spontaneous involution, abnormal tissue architecture, and distribution within a developmental field. Hemangiomas are probably the final common expression of several pathophysiological mechanisms taking effect alone or in combination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. bauland@nvpc.nl
authors.forename: Constantijn G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bauland
authors.forename: Maurice A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Steensel
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Steijlen
authors.forename: Paul N M A
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Rieu
authors.forename: Paul H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Spauwen
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010926:Placental Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D010926:Placental Hormones; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2