title: Risk of depression in patients with chronic respiratory diseases: results from two large cohort studies in Chinese elderly from Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it has been suggested that depression is common in patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), few studies on the association between chronic respiratory diseases and depression have been conducted in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the baseline examination of two cohort studies, Mr and Ms Os, Hong Kong were used. Three thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight Hong Kong men and women aged 65 to 92 were recruited. Depression was assessed by face-to-face interview, using the short-form of a validated Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Chronic respiratory disease was assessed by subjects' self reports of chronic respiratory disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma) diagnosed by medical doctors. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depression among subjects with chronic respiratory diseases relative to those without (controls) were calculated, after adjustments were made for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic respiratory disease was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive disorders with an odds ratio of 1.58 (95% CI = 1.12-2.13) after adjustment was made for age, sex, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and history of cardiovascular diseases when compared with controls. For those subjects with self report of chronic respiratory disease and who screened positive for depression (n = 44), none were on antidepressants. Among subjects who screened positive for depression without self-report of chronic respiratory disease (n = 328), only 2.74% (n = 9) were on antidepressants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that chronic respiratory disease is independently associated with depression in Chinese elderly. Moreover, depression in the elderly is under-treated in those with and without chronic respiratory disease. Clinicians, especially primary care physicians in the community, should be more aware of increased prevalence of depression in patients with chronic respiratory disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. yeungshanwong@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Samuel Y S
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Henry S H
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors