title: Factors associated with the offering and sale of competitive foods and school lunch participation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to identify factors that predict offering and sale of competitive foods, as well as factors that predict average daily participation in school lunch.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were distributed to 271 school foodservice directors in a random sample of high schools in Pennsylvania that were selected to be representative of the entire population of high schools in Pennsylvania based on chosen demographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty-eight school foodservice directors (84%) returned surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were done using SPSS version 11.5 (2002, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price meals and timing of lunch were significant predictors of a la carte sales. Enrollment was negatively associated with number of vending machines per student. The number of less nutritious food items offered in vending machines and existence of soft drink machines owned by soft drink companies, for which the school receives a percent of sales, both predicted number of vending machines per student. Enrollment was inversely related to average daily participation in school lunch. The percentage of students eligible for free/reduced-price meals and enforcement of a policy prohibiting parents or students from bringing food into the cafeteria from local fast-food establishments positively predicted average daily participation in school lunch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may be useful to school wellness councils in developing wellness policies as mandated by the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, as well as in structuring school environments to promote more healthful food choices by students.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Probart
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Terryl
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: J Elaine
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Weirich
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bailey-Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005509:Food Dispensers, Automatic / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005518:Food Preferences; D005522:Food Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants; D012574:Schools