title: Anthrax lethal factor and edema factor act on conserved targets in Drosophila.
abstract: Many bacterial toxins act on conserved components of essential host-signaling pathways. One consequence of this conservation is that genetic model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster can be used for analyzing the mechanism of toxin action. In this study, we characterize the activities of two anthrax virulence factors, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor, in transgenic Drosophila. LF is a zinc metalloprotease that cleaves and inactivates most human mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (MAPKKs). We found that LF similarly cleaves the Drosophila MAPK kinases Hemipterous (Hep) and Licorne in vitro. Consistent with these observations, expression of LF in Drosophila inhibited the Hep/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway during embryonic dorsal closure and the related process of adult thoracic closure. Epistasis experiments confirmed that LF acts at the level of Hep. We also found that LF inhibits Ras/MAPK signaling during wing development and that LF acts upstream of MAPK and downstream of Raf, consistent with LF acting at the level of Dsor. In addition, we found that edema factor, a potent adenylate cyclase, inhibits the hh pathway during wing development, consistent with the known role of cAMP-dependent PKA in suppressing the Hedgehog response. These results demonstrate that anthrax toxins function in Drosophila as they do in mammalian cells and open the way to using Drosophila as a multicellular host system for studying the in vivo function of diverse toxins and virulence factors.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0349, USA.
authors.forename: Annabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guichard
authors.forename: Jin Mo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cruz-Moreno
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karin
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bier
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D014757:Viper Venoms; C030325:anthrax toxin; C416405:edema factor; C077245:hh protein, Drosophila; C117694:Hep protein, Drosophila; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases