title: Persistent increase in the incidence of acute male urethritis diagnosed in general practices in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At-risk sexual behaviour seems to have increased in Europe, possibly due to the reassuring efficacy of highly active antiretroviral treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To follow, from 1990 to 2003, in France, the trends in the incidence of acute male urethritis diagnosed in general practice, a marker of at-risk sexual behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic disease surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practices located all over mainland France.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GPs of the French Sentinelles network reported, via online computer systems, the acute urethritis cases they diagnosed, and for each case the characteristics of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a striking decrease between 1990 and 1995 from 460 per 100 000 men aged 15-64 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 390 to 520) to 180 (95% CI = 150 to 200), when antiretroviral drugs became available on the French market, the incidence of acute male urethritis stopped decreasing. Between 1996 and 2003, it may have risen again from 190 per 100 000 men (95% CI = 160 to 210) to 325 per 100 000 men (95% CI = 280 to 370) aged 15-64 years. The percentage of homosexual/bisexual men among the cases reported was higher than in the general population (10% versus 4%, P<0.001). Homosexual/bisexual patients were younger than heterosexual patients (34 versus 37 years, P = 0.04), more of them had a discharge (88% versus 59%, P<0.001), a history of sexually transmitted disease (65% versus 32%, P<0.001), and at least two sexual partners (74% versus 38%, P<0.001). The most frequent pathogens were Chlamydia trachomatis (25%), Neisseria gonorrhoea (21%), Mycoplasma genitalium (8%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (5%), Trichomonas vaginalis (3%) and other bacteria (32%). Presence of co-infections was observed in 8.3% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This increase in the incidence of urethritis, shows that the sexual health of men has worsened in France, and calls for urgent new preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U707, Universite Pierre & Marie Curie, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75571 Paris cedex 12, France. massari@u707.jussieu.fr
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dorléans
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flahault
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D019529:Sexuality; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014526:Urethritis / Q000453:epidemiology*