title: Proteasome inhibition induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis.
abstract: Induction of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) apoptosis attenuates hepatic fibrosis, and, therefore, mechanisms to induce HSC cell death are of therapeutic interest. Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in transformed cells, especially those cells dependent upon nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. Because stimulated HSCs also trigger NF-kappaB activation, the aim of this study was to determine if proteasome inhibitors induce HSC apoptosis. The immortalized human HSC line, LX-2, and primary rat HSCs were treated with the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and MG132. Both proteasome inhibitors induced HSC apoptosis. Proteasome inhibition blocked NF-kappaB activation and, more importantly, NF-kappaB inhibition by Bay11-7082-triggered HSC apoptosis. Activated HSC survival is dependent upon the NF-kappaB target gene A1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, as siRNA targeted knockdown of A1-induced HSC apoptosis. In contrast, proteasome inhibition-induced alterations in TRAIL, death receptor 5, and Bim could not be implicated in the apoptotic response. The relevance of these findings was confirmed in the bile-duct-ligated mouse where bortezomib reduced hepatic markers of stellate cell activation and fibrosis. In conclusion, proteasome inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for inducing HSC apoptosis and inhibiting liver fibrogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anan
authors.forename: Edwina S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Baskin-Bey
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bronk
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Werneburg
authors.forename: Vijay H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000502:physiology; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008026:Ligation; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001897:Boronic Acids; D007976:Leupeptins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011719:Pyrazines; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C505639:TNFRSF10B protein, human; C505640:Tnfrsf10b protein, mouse; C505644:Tnfrsf10b protein, rat; D000069286:Bortezomib; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde