title: Drug-resistance of Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense isolates from Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the drug resistance of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense strains isolated from sleeping sickness patients in Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first screened 35 T. b. rhodesiense strains in the mouse model, for sensitivity to melarsoprol (1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg), diminazene aceturate (3.5, 7 and 14 mg/kg), suramin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and isometamidium (0.1, 1.0 and 2 mg/kg). A 13 isolates suspected to be resistant were selected for further testing in vitro and in vivo. From the in vitro testing, IC(50) values were determined by short-term viability assay, and MIC values were calculated by long-term viability assay. For in vivo testing, doses higher than those in the initial screening test were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two T. b rhodesiense stocks expressed resistance in vivo to melarsoprol at 5 mg/kg and at 10 mg/kg. These strains had high IC(50) and MIC values consistent with those of the melarsoprol-resistant reference strain. Another isolate relapsed after treatment with 5 mg/kg of melarsoprol although it did not appear resistant in vitro. One isolate was resistant to diminazene at 14 mg/kg and another was resistant at both 14 and 28 mg/kg of diminazene. These two isolates had high IC(50) values consistent with the diminazene-resistant reference strain. Two isolates relapsed at a dose of 5 mg/kg of suramin, although no isolate appeared resistant in the in vitro tests. Two isolates were resistant to isometamidium at 1.0 mg/kg and had higher IC(50) values. Two isolates were cross-resistant to melarsoprol and diminazene and one isolate was cross-resistant to suramin and isometamidium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced susceptibility of T. b. rhodesiense isolates to these drugs strongly indicates that drug resistance may be emerging in north-western Tanzania.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kibona
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matemba
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kaboya
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lubega
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004133:Diminazene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008549:Melarsoprol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D013498:Suramin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense / Q000187:drug effects*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D010617:Phenanthridines; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D013498:Suramin; C000702:isometamidium chloride; C003915:diminazene aceturate; D004133:Diminazene; D008549:Melarsoprol