title: Post-translational modifications of human thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI): evidence for a large shift in the isoelectric point and reduced solubility upon activation.
abstract: Thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is distinct from pancreatic procarboxypeptidase B in several ways. The enzymatic activity of TAFIa is unstable and decays with a half-life of a few minutes. During this study, we observed that (i) the isoelectric point (pI) of TAFI shifts dramatically from pH 5 toward pH 8 upon activation and (ii) TAFIa is significantly less soluble than TAFI. The structural bases for these observations were investigated by characterizing all post-translational modifications, including attached glycans and disulfide connectivity. The analyses revealed that all five potential N-glycosylation sites were utilized including Asn22, Asn51, Asn63, Asn86 (located in the activation peptide), and Asn219 (located in the catalytic domain). Asn219 was also found in an unglycosylated variant. Four of the glycans, Asn51, Asn63, Asn86, and Asn219 displayed microheterogeneity, while the glycan attached to Asn22 appeared to be homogeneous. In addition, bisecting GlcNAc attached to the trimannose core was detected, suggesting an origin other than the liver. Monosaccharide composition and LC-MS/MS analyses did not produce evidence for O glycosylation. TAFI contains eight cysteine residues, of which two, Cys69 and Cys383, are not involved in disulfides and contain free sulfhydryl groups. The remaining six cystines form disulfides, including Cys156-Cys169, Cys228-Cys252, and Cys243-Cys257. This pattern is homologous to pancreatic procarboxypeptidase B, and it is therefore unlikely that permutations in the cysteine connectivity are responsible for the enzymatic instability. LC-MS/MS analyses covering more than 90% of the TAFI amino acid sequence revealed no additional modifications. When these results are taken together, they suggest that the inherent instability of TAFIa is not caused by post-translational modifications. However, after activation, TAFIa loses 80% of the attached glycans, generating a large shift in pI and a propensity to precipitate. These changes are likely to significantly affect the properties of TAFIa as compared to TAFI.
authors.affiliation: Center for Insoluble Protein Structure (inSPIN) at the Department of Molecular Biology, Science Park, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wied's Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Valnickova
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skottrup
authors.forename: Ida B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Thøgersen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Højrup
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Enghild
mesh_terms: D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2 / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D007526:Isoelectric Point; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D010455:Peptides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2