title: The use of computerized image guidance in lumbar disk arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical navigation systems have been increasingly studied and applied in the application of spinal instrumentation. Successful disk arthroplasty requires accurate midline and rotational positioning for optimal function and longevity. A surgical simulation study in human cadaver specimens was done to evaluate and compare the accuracy of standard fluoroscopy, computer-assisted fluoroscopic image guidance, and Iso-C3D image guidance in the placement of lumbar intervertebral disk replacements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lumbar intervertebral disk prostheses were placed using three different image guidance techniques in three human cadaver spine specimens at multiple levels. Postinstrumentation accuracy was assessed with thin-cut computed tomography scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervertebral disk replacements placed using the StealthStation with Iso-C3D were more accurately centered than those placed using the StealthStation with FluoroNav and standard fluoroscopy. Intervertebral disk replacements placed with Iso-C3D and FluoroNav had improved rotational divergence compared with standard fluoroscopy. Iso-C3D and FluoroNav had a smaller interprocedure variance than standard fluoroscopy. These results did not approach statistical significance. Relative to both virtual and standard fluoroscopy, use of the StealthStation with Iso-C3D resulted in improved accuracy in centering the lumbar disk prosthesis in the coronal midline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The StealthStation with FluoroNav appears to be at least equivalent to standard fluoroscopy and may offer improved accuracy with rotational alignment while minimizing radiation exposure to the surgeon. Surgical guidance systems may offer improved accuracy and less interprocedure variation in the placement of intervertebral disk replacements than standard fluoroscopy. Further study regarding surgical navigation systems for intervertebral disk replacement is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Harvey E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012399:Rotation; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted