title: Upregulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1(alpha)-hydroxylase by butyrate in Caco-2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible involvement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1(alpha)-hydroxylase [1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3)] in butyrate-induced differentiation in human intestinal cell line Caco-2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caco-2 cells were incubated either with 3 mmol/L butyrate and 1 micromol/L 25(OH) (2) D(3) or with 1 micromol/L 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3) for various time intervals ranging from 0 to 72 h. Additionally, cells were co-incubated with butyrate and either 25(OH) (2) D(3) or 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3). 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3) mRNA was determined semi-quantitatively using the fluorescent dye PicoGreen. Immunoblotting was used for the detection of 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3) protein. Finally, enzymatic activity was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both butyrate and 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3) stimulated differentiation of Caco-2 cells after a 48 h incubation period, while 25(OH) (2) D(3) had no impact on cell differentiation. Synergistic effects on differentiation were observed when cells were co-incubated with butyrate and vitamin D metabolite. Butyrate transiently upregulated 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3) mRNA followed by a timely delayed protein upregulation. Coincidently, enzymatic activity was enhanced significantly. The induction of the enzyme allowed for comparable differentiating effects of both vitamin D metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experimental data provide a further mechanism for the involvement of the vitamin D signaling pathway in colonic epithelial cell differentiation by butyrate. The enhancement of 1alpha-25(OH) (2) D(3) followed by antiproliferative effects of the vitamin D prohormone in the Caco-2 cell line suggest that 25(OH) (2) D(3) in combination with butyrate may offer a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: I st Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. o.schroeder@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turak
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gaschott
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA; D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol; D002112:Calcifediol