title: Effect of TGF-beta inducible early gene deficiency on flexor tendon healing.
abstract: The role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in tendon healing is still not clearly established. TGF-beta affects gene expression primarily through the activation of the Smad signaling pathway. The first step in the Smad pathway is the expression of TGF-beta inducible early gene (TIEG). Recently, a TIEG knockout mouse has been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the healing potential of flexor tendons in mice lacking the TIEG gene, and to further examine what role the TIEG pathway plays in flexor tendon repair. Twenty-two mice, consisting of 11 normal wild-type mice and 11 TIEG knockout mice, were euthanized at 8 to 12 weeks of age. The second through fifth FDL tendons of both hind feet were transected and repaired in zone 2. The repaired tendons were removed from the mice and placed into tissue culture. Tendons were then examined at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 after surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining for TGF-beta, collagen type I, and collagen type III were performed. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to examine expression of TGF-beta1, beta2, beta3, and collagen type I and III. At 42 days after surgery, HE staining showed coaptation of lacerated tendon ends in both groups. Both groups showed healing of the lacerated tendon, but the chronologic expression pattern of TGF-beta was different between the knockout and normal tendons. TIEG deficient tendons had delayed expression of TGF-beta when compared with control tendons. The collagen mRNA expression pattern was similar with both groups, but the expression level was different, with TIEG knockout tendons having a lower expression of collagen type I mRNA (p < 0.001). TGF-beta is thought to play a major role in tendon healing. Healing of tendons in the TIEG knockout mouse suggests the possibility of tendon healing in the absence of the Smad pathway. The knockout mouse model described in the present study provides a novel means for further understanding of the tendon healing process through isolated deletion of specific growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubone
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Amadio
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Spelsberg
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D051765:Early Growth Response Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C569958:KLF10 protein, mouse; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D051765:Early Growth Response Transcription Factors