title: Pulled elbow in infancy: Diagnostic role of imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulled elbow is a common injury in infancy. Typically the child, after a sudden pull, refuses to use the arm. The history and clinical findings are sufficient to make the diagnosis, and radiography or ultrasonography are not necessary. When imaging procedures are performed, a few small signs are useful to confirm the diagnosis of pulled elbow.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the radiographic and ultrasonographic signs reported to be suggestive of pulled elbow (increased radio-condylar distance, increased radio-coronoid distance, proximal radio-ulnar diastasis, deviation of the radio-condylar line) and attempted to confirm their presence in children affected by this trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased radio-condylar and radio-coronoid distance were present in 8 of 8 cases; proximal radio-ulnar diastasis and deviation of the radio-condylar line were inconsistently present. Ultrasonography gave contradictory results:
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In typical cases of pulled elbow, radiography or ultrasonography are not necessary for diagnosis and treatment. Imaging procedures are recommended only in the case of non typical history, in the presence of deformity or traumatic skin lesions and in children over six years of age. Increased radio-coronoid distance on the affected side is the most frequent and visible sign, which can confirm the diagnosis of pulled elbow. Increased radio-condylar distance is also present, but it is not easy to visualize. Proximal radio-ulnar diastasis and deviation of the radio-condylar line are inconstant. Ultrasonography is difficult to standardize.
authors.affiliation: Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scapinelli
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgo
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000092464:Elbow Injuries