title: Dynamic MR urography in urinary tract obstruction: implementation and preliminary results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated magnetic resonance (MR) capabilities in evaluating renal morphology and function in patients with urinary obstruction. The objective of this report is to support the introduction of dynamic MR renography on any MR equipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom-made device of vials filled with different concentrations of gadolinium was studied by combinations of T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences and coils. We compared the capabilities of two coils (phased array vs. standard body), the properties of dynamic sequences, and the effects of increasing concentrations of gadolinium on signal intensity. In a second section, we designed MR urography plug-ins of Image J (DICOM image software) for the analysis of dynamic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimized gradient-echo sequences acquired with a phased array body coil produced acceptable quality images with a linear relation between signal intensity and the lowest concentrations of gadolinium. In vitro measurements showed loss of linearity above 8 mmol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Theoretical calculation and data from the literature suggest that the gadolinium dose to the patient should not exceed one-fourth of the usual one (0.025 mmol/kg). Postprocessing using Image J software and the specifically designed plug-ins was validated. The collection of plug-ins is now available on the Internet.
authors.affiliation: Quant-If Laboratory, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, 22, Boulevard Gambetta, F-76183 Rouen, Cedex 01, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lefort
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marouteau-Pasquier
authors.forename: A-S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pesquet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: J-N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Dacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000473:pathology*; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium