title: Fetal clavicle length throughout gestation: a nomogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a nomogram of fetal clavicle length (CL) throughout gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of patients between 14 and 42 weeks' gestation. Inclusion criteria consisted of well-established dates (consistent with early ultrasound), singleton, non-anomalous fetuses, and intact amniotic membranes. Sonographic measurements included biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), humerus length (HL) and sonographically estimated fetal weight (SEFW). For every case, the average of three separate measurements of the CL was used. The 5th, 50th and 95th centiles were obtained by least squares regression. Pearson's correlation coefficient and associated P-values for the relationships between CL and other biometric measurements were calculated. The data were compared to a nomogram of the CL generated in 1985 from the measurement of 85 fetuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 623 consecutive patients were studied. In all but three cases, CL was successfully measured. Mean maternal age was 27.7 +/- 6.2 years, median gravidity 3 (range, 1-14) and median parity 1 (range, 0-9). Mean CL (mm) = -75.30 + 32.70*ln(GA) and SD = -0.41 + 0.08328*GA, where ln represents the natural logarithm and GA the gestational age in weeks. Fetal CL correlated significantly and strongly with BPD, HC, AC, HL, FL and the logarithm of SEFW, with Pearson correlation values of 0.973, 0.977, 0.976, 0.979, 0.977 and 0.979, respectively (all P < 0.001). Measurements according to comparable 1985 data were consistently substantially below the present data (smaller CL for any given GA except below 17 weeks' gestation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose a new nomogram of CL, which differs significantly from the previously published nomogram. We suggest that the present data reflect the use of high-resolution ultrasound technology and propose that these data, based on a large number of fetuses, replace the previous nomogram. We also suggest that the '1 mm = 1 week' rule of thumb should no longer be used, since it can be erroneous by as much as 6 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. DMSherer@aol.com
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sokolovski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalloul
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khoury-Collado
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Osho
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lamarque
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abulafia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D049451:Nomograms; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal