title: Surgery versus non-surgical treatment for femoral pseudoaneurysms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Femoral pseudoaneurysms may complicate up to 8% of vascular interventional procedures. Small pseudoaneurysms can spontaneously clot, while others need definitive treatment. Surgery is considered the gold-standard treatment, although is not without risk in patients with severe cardiovascular disease. Less invasive treatment options, such as Duplex ultrasound-guided compression and percutaneous thrombin injection are available, however, evidence of their efficacy is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of different treatments for femoral pseudoaneurysms resulting from endovascular procedures, specifically assessing less invasive treatment options such as ultrasound-guided compression or percutaneous thrombin injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Review Group's Specialised Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2005 (last searched October 12, 2005). Additional searches were also made of bibliographies of papers found through these searches and by handsearching relevant journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing two treatments for femoral pseudoaneurysms following vascular interventional procedures were considered for inclusion in the review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were included in the analysis: ultrasound-guided application of a mechanical device (FemoStop) versus blind application; ultrasound-guided compression versus percutaneous thrombin injection. Data were extracted independently by both authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanical compression with a FemoStop was effective in achieving thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm although ultrasound-guided application of this failed to confer any benefit (relative risk (RR) 1.07; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.75 to 1.53, P = 0.7). Percutaneous thrombin injection was more effective than ultrasound-guided compression in achieving thrombosis of a pseudoaneurysm (RR 7.50; 95% CI 2.06 to 27.25, P = 0.002 at 24 hours after treatment; RR 2.50; 95% CI 1.35 to 4.65, P = 0.004 at 48 hours after treatment). There was no statistically significant difference in the length of hospital stay between the two groups and no complications were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited evidence base appears to support the use of thrombin injection as an effective treatment for femoral pseudoaneurysm. A pragmatic approach may be to use ultrasound-guided compression as first-line treatment, reserving thrombin injection for those in whom the procedure fails.
authors.affiliation: Bedford Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, Kempston Road, Bedford, Bedfordshire, UK, MK42 9DJ. pvtisi@rcsed.ac.uk
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Tisi
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Callam
mesh_terms: D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011312:Pressure; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013917:Thrombin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D013917:Thrombin