title: Altering expectancy dampens neural response to aversive taste in primary taste cortex.
abstract: The primary taste cortex consists of the insula and operculum. Previous work has indicated that neurons in the primary taste cortex respond solely to sensory input from taste receptors and lingual somatosensory receptors. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show here that expectancy modulates these neural responses in humans. When subjects were led to believe that a highly aversive bitter taste would be less distasteful than it actually was, they reported it to be less aversive than when they had accurate information about the taste and, moreover, the primary taste cortex was less strongly activated. In addition, the activation of the right insula and operculum tracked online ratings of the aversiveness for each taste. Such expectancy-driven modulation of primary sensory cortex may affect perceptions of external events.
authors.affiliation: Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Waisman Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2274, USA. jnitschke@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Jack B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nitschke
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Issidoros
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sarinopoulos
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kosslyn
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013650:Taste Buds / Q000502:physiology*; D017833:Visceral Afferents / Q000502:physiology*