title: Six-month trial of bupropion with contingency management for cocaine dependence in a methadone-maintained population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No effective pharmacotherapies exist for cocaine dependence, although contingency management (CM) has demonstrated efficacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of bupropion hydrochloride and CM for reducing cocaine use in methadone hydrochloride-maintained individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 25-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial randomly assigned participants to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: CM and placebo (CMP), CM and 300 mg/d of bupropion hydrochloride (CMB), voucher control and placebo (VCP), or voucher control and bupropion (VCB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinic at the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 106 opiate-dependent, cocaine-abusing individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  All study participants received methadone hydrochloride (range, 60-120 mg). Participants receiving bupropion hydrochloride were given 300 mg/d beginning at week 3. In the CM conditions, each urine sample negative for both opioids and cocaine resulted in a monetary-based voucher that increased for consecutively drug-free urine samples during weeks 1 to 13. Completion of abstinence-related activities also resulted in a voucher. During weeks 14 to 25, only completion of activities was reinforced in the CM group, regardless of sample results. The voucher control groups received vouchers for submitting urine samples, regardless of results, throughout the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thrice-weekly urine toxicologic test results for cocaine and heroin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups did not differ in baseline characteristics or retention rates. Opiate use decreased significantly, with all treatment groups attaining equivalent amounts of opiate use at the end of the study. In the CMB group, the proportion of cocaine-positive samples significantly decreased during weeks 3 to 13 (P<.001) relative to week 3 and remained low during weeks 14 to 25. In the CMP group, cocaine use significantly increased during weeks 3 to 13 (P<.001) relative to week 3, but then cocaine use significantly decreased relative to the initial slope during weeks 14 to 25 (P<.001). In contrast, by treatment end, the VCB and VCP groups showed no significant improvement in cocaine use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that combining CM with bupropion for the treatment of cocaine addiction may significantly improve outcomes relative to bupropion alone.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven 06516, USA. james.poling@yale.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poling
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveto
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petry
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofuoglu
authors.forename: Kishorchandra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gonsai
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martell
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kosten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000652:urine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000652:urine; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012201:Reward; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D010919:Placebos; D016642:Bupropion; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone