title: Development and validation of the Human Activity Profile into Chinese language: lessons in determining equivalence.
abstract: The Human Activity Profile (HAP), and associated Dyspnea Scale, is a self-report instrument for assessing levels of human activity. Although it has been used in studies examining the levels of activity in people, it is limited to people who are only able to understand English. However, many countries are multicultural with significant numbers of people whose native language is not English. This study sought to demonstrate the equivalence between the Chinese and English versions of the HAP and Dyspnea scales. Thirty-five bilingual university students completed both the Chinese and English versions of each questionnaire. There was 89% and 85% agreement between items across the HAP and Dyspnea Scale questionnaires, respectively. Although the psychometric evaluations suggested there was equivalence between the Chinese and English versions of both the HAP and Dyspnea Scale, lessons have been learnt regarding the different written forms of Chinese.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. ann.bonner@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wellard
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kenrick
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001315:Australia; D015982:Bias; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D019303:Multilingualism; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating; D014495:Universities