title: [Mycoses of the head and neck].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ever growing number of immunocompromized patients and increasing travel to areas where fungal diseases are endemic explain why in recent years mycoses have emerged as important infections in clinical practice. It is essential that pathologists and clinicians be knowledgeable about them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Head and neck infections are common in disseminated mycoses. The most frequent causative yeasts or yeast-like organisms include Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Coccidioides immitis. Other causative fungal pathogens include Aspergillus fumigatus and less frequently, Rhizopus oryzae and Rhinosporidium seeberi. Since their pathophysiology is in most cases similar, those microorganisms share a common clinical pathological picture. Head and neck mycoses may simulate carcinoma or cause upper airway obstruction. Symptoms such as dysphonia or dysphagia associated with hyperplastic and ulcerative lesions on endoscopic examination should prompt biopsies. An inflammatory tissue reaction with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia warrants caution since it may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathologist must look carefully for microorganisms with special stains. Clinicians and pathologists must be aware of these mycoses to identify the causative agent, isolated it by culture, and prescribe adequate treatment for the patients.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris Cedex 15.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Badoual
mesh_terms: D001228:Aspergillosis; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D009333:Neck