title: Non-neuroleptic catecholaminergic drugs for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disabling movement disorder associated with the prolonged use of neuroleptic medication. Several strategies have been examined in the treatment of TD. Currently, however, there is no clear evidence of the effectiveness of these drugs in TD and they have been associated with many side effects. One particular strategy would be to use pharmaceutical agents which are known to influence the catecholaminergic system at various junctures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether catecholaminergic drugs for people with schizophrenia or other chronic mental illnesses are associated with a reduction in neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (January 1996), Biological Abstracts (1982-1995), EMBASE (1980-1995), LILACS (1982-1996), MEDLINE (1966-1995) and PsycLIT (1974-1995). We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register again in December 2002 and September 2005. We also searched references of all relevant studies for further trial citations and contacted principal authors of trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected studies if they were randomised controlled trials focusing on people with schizophrenia or other chronic mental illnesses who also suffered from neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. We compared the use of catecholaminergic interventions versus placebo or no intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently extracted data. For homogenous dichotomous data, we calculated the random effects, relative risk (RR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) and, where appropriate, the numbers needed to treat (NNT) on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we calculated weighted mean differences (WMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We excluded 20 studies, mainly due to an inability to extract data from the first arm of the study crossover. One included study has shown that patients on placebo were no more likely to leave the study early than those on tiapride (n=24). The other included study (n=35) also reported equivocal data (RR 5.28 CI 0.3 to 102.6) for leaving the study early when participants were randomised to either celiprolol or placebo. However, in both studies, sample size was limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there has been a large amount of research in this area, most studies were excluded due to inherent problems in the nature of their crossover designs. Usually data are not reported before the crossover and the nature of TD and its likely response to treatments makes it imprudent to use this data. The review provides little usable information for service users or providers and more well designed and reported studies are indicated.
authors.affiliation: University of Leeds, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, 15 Hyde Terrace, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK, LS2 9LT. H.G.El-Sayeh@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: El-Sayeh
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lyra da Silva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rathbone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soares-Weiser
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017272:Celiprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013976:Tiapamil Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017272:Celiprolol; D013976:Tiapamil Hydrochloride