title: Sedative effects of midazolam and xylazine with or without ketamine and detomidine alone following intranasal administration in Ring-necked Parakeets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of intranasal administration of midazolam and xylazine (with or without ketamine) and detomidine and their specific antagonists in parakeets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  17 healthy adult Ring-necked Parakeets (Psittacula krameri) of both sexes (mean weight, 128.83+/-10.46 g [0.28+/-0.02 lb]).
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose of each drug or ketamine-drug combination administered intranasally that resulted in adequate sedation (ie, unrestrained dorsal recumbency maintained for >or=5 minutes) was determined; the onset of action, duration of dorsal recumbency, and duration of sedation associated with these treatments were evaluated. The efficacy of the reversal agents flumazenil, yohimbine, and atipamezole was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In parakeets, intranasal administration of midazolam (7.3 mg/kg [3.32 mg/lb]) or detomidine (12 mg/kg [5.45 mg/lb]) caused adequate sedation within 2.7 and 3.5 minutes, respectively. Combinations of midazolam (3.65 mg/kg [1.66 mg/lb]) and xylazine (10 mg/kg [4.55 mg/lb]) with ketamine (40 to 50 mg/kg [18.2 to 22.7 mg/lb]) also achieved adequate sedation. Compared with detomidine, duration of dorsal recumbency was significantly longer with midazolam. Intranasal administration of flumazenil (0.13 mg/kg [0.06 mg/lb]) significantly decreased midazolam-associated recumbency time. Compared with the xylazineketamine combination, duration of dorsal recumbency was longer after midazolam-ketamine administration. Intranasal administration of flumazenil, yohimbine, or atipamezole significantly decreased the duration of sedation induced by midazolam, xylazine, or detomidine, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal administration of sedative drugs appears to be an acceptable method of drug delivery in Ring-necked Parakeets. Reversal agents are also effective when administered via this route.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731 Iran.
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vesal
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Eskandari
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010240:Parakeets / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D005442:Flumazenil; D007649:Ketamine; C041255:detomidine; D008874:Midazolam