title: Effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight: evidence from Zimbabwe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron deficiency in pregnant women has been shown to reduce the oxygen supply to the fetus, cause intrauterine growth retardation, and increase the risk of premature delivery and reduced birthweight. Yet the effects of iron supplementation programs on pregnancy outcomes are not well documented for developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between iron supplementation of mothers during pregnancy and children's birthweight using data from a national population-based survey in Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis uses information on 3559 births during the five years preceding the 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. The effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight was estimated by multiple regression, controlling for potential confounding effects of prenatal care, child's sex and birth order, mother's education and nutritional status (measured by body-mass index), household living standard, smoke exposure, and other variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Babies born to mothers who received iron supplementation during pregnancy were 103 g heavier (95% confidence interval, 42-164; p = .001), on average, than babies born to mothers who did not receive iron supplementation during pregnancy. The difference was 64 g (95% confidence interval, 2-125; p = .043) for children whose birthweights were taken from health cards and 163 g (95% confidence interval, 44-281; p = .008) for children whose birthweights were reported by their mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron supplementation during pregnancy is associated with significantly higher birthweight, independent of other pregnancy care factors, mother's nutritional status, smoke exposure, and a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Prenatal iron supplementation programs can improve pregnancy outcomes and promote child survival in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Demographic and Health Research Division, ORC Macro, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA. vinod.mishra@orcmacro.com
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Retherford
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D012923:Social Class; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D012906:Smoke