title: Investigating pulmonary embolism in the emergency department with lower limb plethysmography: the Manchester Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (MIOPED) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the diagnostic accuracy of computerised strain gauge plethysmography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two researchers prospectively recruited 425 patients with pleuritic chest pain presenting to the emergency department (ED). Lower limb computerised strain gauge plethysmography was performed in the ED. All patients underwent an independent reference standard diagnostic algorithm to establish the presence or absence of PE. A low modified Wells' clinical probability combined with a normal D-dimer excluded PE. All others required diagnostic imaging with PIOPED interpreted ventilation perfusion scanning and/or computerised tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography. Patients with a nondiagnostic CT had digital subtraction pulmonary angiography. All patients were followed up clinically for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of computerised strain gauge plethysmography was 33.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.3 to 56.2%) and specificity 64.1% (95% CI 59.0 to 68.8%). The negative likelihood ratio was 1.04 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.33) and positive likelihood ratio 0.93 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower limb computerised strain gauge plethysmography does not aid in the diagnosis of PE.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Research Group, Emergency Department, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. kerstinhogg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackway-Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity