title: Airway antioxidant and inflammatory responses to diesel exhaust exposure in healthy humans.
abstract: Pulmonary cells exposed to diesel exhaust (DE) particles in vitro respond in a hierarchical fashion with protective antioxidant responses predominating at low doses and inflammation and injury only occurring at higher concentrations. In the present study, the authors examined whether similar responses occurred in vivo, specifically whether antioxidants were upregulated following a low-dose DE challenge and investigated how these responses related to the development of airway inflammation at different levels of the respiratory tract where particle dose varies markedly. A total of 15 volunteers were exposed to DE (100 microg x m(-3) airborne particulate matter with a diameter of <10 microm for 2 h) and air in a double-blinded, randomised fashion. At 18 h post-exposure, bronchoscopy was performed with lavage and mucosal biopsies taken to assess airway redox and inflammatory status. Following DE exposure, the current authors observed an increase in bronchial mucosa neutrophil and mast cell numbers, as well as increased neutrophil numbers, interleukin-8 and myeloperoxidase concentrations in bronchial lavage. No inflammatory responses were seen in the alveolar compartment, but both reduced glutathione and urate concentrations were increased following diesel exposure. In conclusion, the lung inflammatory response to diesel exhaust is compartmentalised, related to differing antioxidant responses in the conducting airway and alveolar regions.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University Hospital, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Behndig
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Mudway
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stenfors
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helleday
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cassee
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Frew
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blomberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions