title: Interventions in primary care to reduce medication related adverse events and hospital admissions: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and evaluate studies of interventions in primary care aimed at reducing medication related adverse events that result in morbidity, hospital admission, and/or mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen electronic databases were systematically searched for published and unpublished data. Bibliographies of retrieved papers were searched and experts and first authors contacted in an attempt to locate additional studies. There were no restrictions on language of publication. All interventions applied in primary care settings which aimed to improve patient safety by reducing adverse events resulting from medication overuse or misuse were considered. Randomised controlled trials, controlled trials, controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series studies were eligible for inclusion. Study quality assessment and data extraction were undertaken using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care data collection checklist and template. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  159 studies were initially identified, of which 38 satisfied our inclusion criteria. These were categorised as follows: 17 pharmacist-led interventions (of which 15 reported hospital admissions as an outcome); eight interventions led by other primary healthcare professionals that reported preventable drug related morbidity as an outcome; and 13 complex interventions that included a component of medication review aimed at reducing falls in the elderly (the outcome being falls). Meta-analysis found that pharmacist-led interventions are effective at reducing hospital admissions (OR 0.64 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.96)), but restricting analysis to the randomised controlled trials failed to demonstrate significant benefit (OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.05)). Pooling the results of studies in the other categories did not demonstrate any significant effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is relatively weak evidence to indicate that pharmacist-led medication reviews are effective in reducing hospital admissions. There is currently no evidence for the effectiveness of other interventions which aim at reducing admissions or preventable drug related morbidity. More randomised controlled trials of primary care based pharmacist-led interventions are needed to decide whether or not this intervention is effective in reducing hospital admissions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Royal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeaton
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikh
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D005544:Forecasting; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017751:Safety Management