title: Cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP): new approach for the delivery of biomolecules into cytoplasm in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The protein transduction domain (PTD) of HIV-1 TAT has been extensively documented with regard to its membrane transduction potential, as well as its efficient delivery of biomolecules in vivo. However, the majority of PTD and PTD-conjugated molecules translocate to the nucleus rather than to the cytoplasm after transduction, due to the functional nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Here, we report a cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP), which was deliberately designed to ensure the efficient cytoplasmic delivery of the CTP-fused biomolecules. In comparison with PTD, CTP and its fusion partners exhibited a clear preference for cytoplasmic localization, and also markedly enhanced membrane transduction potential. Unlike the mechanism underlying PTD-mediated transduction, CTP-mediated transduction occurs independently of the lipid raft-dependent macropinocytosis pathway. The CTP-conjugated Smac/DIABLO peptide (Smac-CTP) was also shown to be much more efficient than Smac-PTD in the blockage of the antiapoptotic properties of XIAP, suggesting that cytoplasmic functional molecules can be more efficiently targeted by CTP-mediated delivery. In in vivo trafficking studies, CTP-fused beta-gal exhibited unique organ tropisms to the liver and lymph nodes when systemically injected into mice, whereas PTD-beta-gal exhibited no such tropisms. Taken together, our findings implicate CTP as a novel delivery peptide appropriate for (i) molecular targeting to cytoplasmic compartments in vitro, (ii) the development of class I-associated CTL vaccines, and (iii) special drug delivery in vivo, without causing any untoward effects on nuclear genetic material.
authors.affiliation: CreaGene Research Institute, Poi-dong 374-4, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-960, South Korea.
authors.forename: Daeyou
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Choonju
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Jeong-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi-Seon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Cheol-Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: In-Soo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D002451:Cell Compartmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D015195:Drug Design; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein