title: Fat-soluble vitamins in breast-fed preterm and term infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the supply and status of fat-soluble vitamins in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants compared to a reference group of normal birth weight (NBW) infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study of VLBW infants in the early neonatal period. Blood samples were drawn at 1 week of age and at discharge from hospital. Plasma was analyzed for the fat-soluble vitamins: retinol, 25-OH-vitamin D, alpha-tocopherol and phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) using high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 VLBW infants were included in the study. A reference group of 33 NBW infants was randomly selected from one of our previous studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VLBW infants received fortified human milk, and daily oral vitamin supplement (Multibionta). In VLBW infants, plasma retinol concentrations decreased and plasma 25-OH-vitamin D increased during the study period. VLBW infants had significantly lower plasma retinol (0.3 vs 0.7 mu M) and higher plasma 25-OH-vitamin D (166 vs 25 nM) at discharge compared to NBW infants. Plasma phylloquinone concentration in VLBW infants was very high (53 ng/ml) at one week of age, especially in the youngest infants (192 ng/ml), but decreased rapidly during the study period resulting in low/normal plasma concentrations (0.9 ng/ml) at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed alterations in plasma concentration of retinol and 25-OH-vitamin D in VLBW infants in the early neonatal period, resulting in marked differences between VLBW at discharge and NBW. Further trials are needed to evaluate whether changes in vitamin supplementation may improve clinical outcome in VLBW infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Helland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rønnestad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grønn
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000097:blood*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D; D010837:Vitamin K 1; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol