title: Leishmania infantum-induced primary and challenge infections in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): a primate model for visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was experimentally induced in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) by intravenously inoculating 2 x 10(7)amastigotes/kg of body weight of Leishmania infantum. The macaques developed a systemic disease showing characteristic features of human VL such as fever, diarrhoea, body weight loss, anaemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia and transient lymphocytosis, as well as lymph node, liver and/or spleen enlargement. Nine weeks after infection, one primate showed pronounced weight loss, became moribund and was euthanized. The necropsy findings included granulomas composed of parasite-containing macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The remaining macaques had a sustained course of infection but developed a mild-to-moderate illness that subsequently showed evidence of self-cure. Of note, pathological findings included a typical cell-mediated immunity-induced granulomatous reaction that had an effect on the control of parasite replication. All infected monkeys responded with increased production of anti-Leishmania-specific IgG antibodies. Despite the fact that clinical resistance to L. infantum was not consistently associated with a parasite-specific cell-mediated immune response, drug-cured macaques from the primary infection acquired immunity to homologous re-infection. These findings point to the feasibility of using the L. infantum macaque model for pre-clinical evaluation of novel chemotherapeutics or vaccine candidates for human VL.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Imunologia, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Porrozzi
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teva
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Volpini
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Marchevsky
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000276:immunology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan