title: Chemokine production by buccal epithelium as a distinctive feature of pediatric Crohn disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent an aberrant immune response by the mucosal immune system to luminal bacteria. Because the oral mucosa harbors the first epithelial cells that interact with microorganisms, we assessed the immunologic activity of buccal epithelium in children with IBD and adults with Crohn disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buccal epithelial cells were obtained from 17 children and 14 adults with Crohn disease, 18 children with ulcerative colitis, and 40 controls. Cells were cultured with and without microbial stimulation. Chemokine levels were determined in culture supernatants by cytometric bead array and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. CXCL-8 production was studied by immunohistochemical analysis of these cells. CXCL-8 production by lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells from these patients was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, pediatric ulcerative colitis patients, and adult Crohn disease patients, only in children with Crohn disease did buccal epithelial cells exhibit enhanced production of CXCL-8, CXCL-9, and CXCL-10. In vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or zymosan resulted in a further increase of chemokine levels only in cells from pediatric Crohn disease patients. CXCL-8 production by stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells from children with Crohn disease was equal to that of children with ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buccal epithelium of children with Crohn disease is immunologically active, even in the absence of oral lesions. The enhanced chemokine production is associated with pediatric Crohn disease and appears restricted to cells derived from the epithelial barrier. Assessment of chemokine production by buccal epithelial cells may become a new, rapid, noninvasive test for screening and classification of IBD in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Damen
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hol
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Ruiter
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouquet
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinaasappel
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Woude
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Laman
authors.forename: Wim C J
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Büller
authors.forename: Johanna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Escher
authors.forename: Edward E S
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D015054:Zymosan