title: Genetic variation in pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-6) associated with the aggressive forms, survival, and relapse prediction of breast carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are determining factors in the immune and inflammatory responses to tumors cells. Experimental data suggest that interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 play important roles in the development and progression of breast cancer. We designed a broad study to investigate the susceptibility and prognostic implications of the genetic variation in IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in breast carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion to characterize the genetic variation of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in 305, unrelated Tunisian patients with breast carcinoma and 200 healthy control subjects. Associations between the genetic markers and the clinicopathological parameters, the specific overall survival rate (OVS) of breast carcinoma and the disease free-survival rate (DFS) were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both IL-6 (-597) GA and IL-6 (-174) GC heterozygous genotypes were found to be significantly associated with breast carcinoma (OR = 1.59, p = 0.024 and OR = 1.61, p = 0.022 respectively). A highly significant association was found between the (+3954) T allele of IL1-B gene and the aggressive phenotype of breast carcinoma as defined by the high histological grade, axillary lymph node metastasis and large tumor size. The IL-1alpha (-889) TT homozygous genotype showed a significant association with reduced disease-free survival and/or overall survival rate. The IL-1beta (+3954) TT, IL-6 (-597) GG and IL-6 (-174) GG homozygous genotypes were found to be associated with reduced DFS but not with overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polymorphisms in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene may represent a marker for the increased risk of breast carcinoma. Genetic variations in IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 may predict the clinical outcome of breast carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Immuno-Oncologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kaouther
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Snoussi
authors.forename: A Donny
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Strosberg
authors.forename: Noureddine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouaouina
authors.forename: Slim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben Ahmed
authors.forename: Lotfi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chouchane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6