title: Lead and cadmium exposures from canned and non-canned beverages in Nigeria: a public health concern.
abstract: The lead and cadmium levels of canned and non-canned foods purchased in Nigeria were studied. Fifty samples of these beverages were digested in nitric acid and were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The cadmium levels ranged from 0.003-0.081 mg/L for the canned and 0.006-0.071 mg/L for non-canned beverages. About 85.71% of the canned beverages had cadmium levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 0.005 mg/L set by US EPA while 82.7% non-canned beverages had cadmium levels exceeding the MCL. The mean and median levels of cadmium exceeded the MCL in both the canned and non-canned beverages. Whereas only 79.3% of the non-canned beverages showed lead levels that exceeded the US EPA's MCL of 0.015 mg/L, 100% of the canned beverages had lead levels that were greater than the MCL. The range of the lead in the canned beverages was 0.002-0.0073 and 0.001-0.092 mg/L for the non-canned beverages. The mean and median values of lead exceeded the MCL in both the canned and non-canned beverages. The calculated amount of lead and cadmium in three beverages were 0.204 mg (204 microg) and 0.177 mg (177 microg), respectively. These represent the estimated intake of a consumer who takes three of the products selected randomly in a week; assuming an average volume of one liter (1 L) for each product. Taken together 86% and 84% of the 50 beverages (canned and non-canned) studied in March, 2005 in Nigeria failed to meet the US EPA criteria for acceptable lead and cadmium levels in consumer products.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus. P.M.B. 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: J-M U
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Maduabuchi
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Nzegwu
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Adigba
authors.forename: R U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Aloke
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ezomike
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Okocha
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Orisakwe
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D005519:Food Preservation; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D009549:Nigeria; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead