title: NADPH- diaphorase positive cardiac neurons in the atria of mice. A morphoquantitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was conducted to determine the location, the morphology and distribution of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in the cardiac nerve plexus of the atria of mice (ASn). This plexus lies over the muscular layer of the atria, dorsal to the muscle itself, in the connective tissue of the subepicardium. NADPH- diaphorase staining was performed on whole-mount preparations of the atria mice. For descriptive purposes, all data are presented as means +/- SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons were observed in the ganglia of the plexus. A few single neurons were also observed. The number of NADPH-d positive neurons was 57 +/- 4 (ranging from 39 to 79 neurons). The ganglion neurons were located in 3 distinct groups: (1) in the region situated cranial to the pulmonary veins, (2) caudally to the pulmonary veins, and (3) in the atrial groove. The largest group of neurons was located cranially to the pulmonary veins (66.7%). Three morphological types of NADPH-diaphorase neurons could be distinguished on the basis of their shape: unipolar cells, bipolar cells and cells with three processes (multipolar cells). The unipolar neurons predominated (78.9%), whereas the multipolar were encountered less frequently (5,3%). The sizes (area of maximal cell profile) of the neurons ranged from about 90 microm2 to about 220 microm2. Morphometrically, the three types of neurons were similar and there were no significant differences in their sizes. The total number of cardiac neurons (obtained by staining the neurons with NADH-diaphorase method) was 530 +/- 23. Therefore, the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons of the heart represent 10% of the number of cardiac neurons stained by NADH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained data have shown that the NADPH-d positive neurons in the cardiac plexus of the atria of mice are morphologically different, and therefore, it is possible that the function of the neurons may also be different.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil. lmaifrino@uol.com
authors.forename: Laura Beatriz Mesiano
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Maifrino
authors.forename: Edson Aparecido
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Liberti
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castelucci
authors.forename: Romeu Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: De Souza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002452:Cell Count; D048430:Cell Shape; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000294:innervation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase