title: Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Bihar, India, where visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hyperendemic and refractory to antimony, amphotericin B is the most effective option for the treatment of VL. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are able to circumvent the toxic effect of conventional amphotericin B, and the total dose of these formulations can be administered over a short duration. However, cost is a major constraint in the use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD), which is a less expensive lipid formulation, has not been tested for the treatment of VL in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open-label, randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a 6-day course of ABCD administered to 3 different dose groups (total dose: 7.5 mg/kg [group A], 10 mg/kg [group B], and 15 mg/kg [group C]), each of which included a cohort of 135 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although infusion-related fever and chills occurred in 56%-68% of patients in the 3 different dose groups, 401 of 405 patients completed the treatment. All 135 patients in group A completed treatment, and the final cure rate for this group was 97%. In the group that received the highest dose of ABCD (group C), severe backache, an unusual side effect, was observed in 8 patients (5.92%). Serious adverse effects led to the withdrawal of 2 patients (1.48%) each from group B and group C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the cost of ABCD is prohibitive, the high level of efficacy associated with short-term treatment with low-dose ABCD provides another alternative for the treatment of VL, especially in regions where VL is antimony refractory.
authors.affiliation: Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. drshyamsundar@dataone.in
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.forename: Himanshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desjeux
authors.forename: Madhukar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B