title: Handicapping the race to develop inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.
abstract: The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway controls many cellular processes that are important for the formation and progression of cancer, including apoptosis, transcription, translation, metabolism, angiogenesis, and cell cycle progression. Genetic alterations and biochemical activation of the pathway are frequent events in preneoplastic lesions and advanced cancers and often portend a poor prognosis. Thus, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an attractive concept for cancer prevention and/or therapy. Inhibitors of individual components, such as PI3K, PDK-1, Akt, and mTOR, are being developed at a rapid pace and have promise for improving the care of cancer patients. Here, we review the published data on inhibitors of the pathway and discuss relevant issues, such as the complex regulation of the pathway, the design of clinical trials, and the likelihood of finding a therapeutic index when targeting such a critical signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Granville
authors.forename: Regan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Memmott
authors.forename: Joell J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gills
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human