title: Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management.
abstract: The formation of stones in the urinary tract stems from a wide range of underlying disorders. That clinicians look for the underlying causes for nephrolithiasis is imperative to direct management. There are many advances in genetics, pathophysiology, diagnostic imaging, medical treatment, medical prevention, and surgical intervention of nephrolithiasis. Here, I provide a brief general background and focus mainly on pathophysiology and medical treatment of kidney stones. Although important advances have been made in understanding nephrolithiasis from single gene defects, the understanding of polygenetic causes of kidney stones is still largely elusive. A substantial proportion of data that resulted in new methods of treatment and prevention, which can be empirical or definitive, has focused on urinary luminal chemical composition of the precipitating solutes. Manipulation of inhibitors and epithelial factors is important and needs further investigation. Advances in the management of nephrolithiasis depend on combined efforts of clinicians and scientists to understand the pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. orson.moe@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Orson W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Moe
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019357:Potassium Citrate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D019357:Potassium Citrate