title: The dltABCD operon of Bacillus anthracis sterne is required for virulence and resistance to peptide, enzymatic, and cellular mediators of innate immunity.
abstract: In the environment, the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis persists as a metabolically dormant endospore. Upon inoculation into the host the endospores germinate and outgrow into vegetative bacilli able to cause disease. The dramatic morphogenic changes to the bacterium during germination and outgrowth are numerous and include major rearrangement of and modifications to the bacterial surface. Such modifications occur during a time in the B. anthracis infectious cycle when the bacterium must guard against a multitude of innate immune mediators. The dltABCD locus of B. anthracis encodes a cell wall d-alanine esterification system that is initiated by transcriptional activation during endospore outgrowth. The level of transcription from the dltABCD operon determined B. anthracis resistance to cationic antibacterial peptides during vegetative growth and cationic peptide, enzymatic, and cellular mediators of innate immunity during outgrowth. Mutation of dltABCD was also attenuating in a mouse model of infection. We propose that the dltABCD locus is important for protection of endosporeforming bacteria from environmental assault during outgrowth and that such protection may be critical during the establishment phase of anthrax.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5641 Medical Science Building II, Box 0620, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shetron-Rama
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herring-Palmer
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009876:Operon / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D000409:Alanine