title: [Modern anesthesiologic concepts supporting paranasal sinus surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal vision is essential for successful endonasal sinus surgery. Beside topical vasoconstriction general anaesthesia can contribute to reduce intraoperative bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For many years deliberate hypotension was used to prevent intraoperative bleeding. The intentional reduction of systolic blood pressure to 50-60 mm Hg was achieved by the use of Sodium Nitroprusside alone or in combination with other vasoactive agents. However, intraoperative bleeding is not affected by this technique unless the systolic blood pressure falls below 60 mm Hg which can cause serious side effects for the patient. Recently, there is growing evidence that not only systolic blood pressure but also a low heart rate (< 60 beats per minute) can minimize surgical bleeding. With the introduction of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) by the use of Propofol and Remifentanyl an anaesthetic technique has been established which fulfils the haemodynamic requirements in endonasal sinus surgery in many regards. The inhibiting effects on the cardiovascular system of these drugs alone can lead to a reduced bleeding. TIVA allows the reduction of the systolic blood pressure to 60 mm Hg as well as the heart rate below 60 beats per minute. If necessary it can be supported by vasoactive agents of which betablockers have a theoretical advantage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For general anaesthesia in endonasal sinus surgery Sodium Nitroprusside is no longer recommended. Instead a TIVA using Propofol and Remifentanil should be used.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Klinikum Fulda gAG, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Phillips-Universität Marburg, Pacelliallee, Fulda.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rathjen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bockmühl
authors.forename: C-A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Greim
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007023:Hypotension, Controlled / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077208:Remifentanil; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol