title: Tuberculosis prevention and control in large jails: a challenge to tuberculosis elimination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study assessed the extent to which 20 large jail systems have implemented national recommendations for tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control in correctional facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected through questionnaires to jail medical directors and TB control directors, observation at the jails, and abstraction of medical records of inmates with TB disease and latent TB infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty percent of jail systems (4/20) had conducted an assessment of risk for TB transmission in their facilities, and 55% (11/20) monitored tuberculin skin test conversions of inmates and staff. Sixty-five percent (13/20) of jails had an aggregate record-keeping system for tracking TB status and treatment, which was usually paper based. Forty-five percent of jails (9/20) had policies to offer HIV counseling and testing to tuberculin skin test-positive patients, and 75% (15/20) screen HIV-infected inmates with chest radiographs. Three quarters of jails (15/20) had policies to always isolate patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB in an airborne infection isolation room. Half of jails with airborne infection isolation rooms (6/12) conformed to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for monitoring negative pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements are needed in conducting TB risk assessments and evaluations to determine priorities and reduce risk of transmission. Inadequate medical information systems are impeding TB control and evaluation efforts. Although HIV infection is the greatest cofactor for development of TB disease, jails have inadequate information on patients' HIV status to make informed decisions in screening and management of TB and latent TB infection. Jails need to improve the use of environmental controls.
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. crobert@crjustice.org
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Mark N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.forename: Lauri B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bazerman
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.forename: Audrey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Reichard
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hammett
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008400:Mass Chest X-Ray / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010356:Patient Isolation; D011330:Prisons / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States