title: Ultrasound-guided interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of advanced vaginal recurrences from cervical and endometrial carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In advanced vaginal recurrences of cervical and endometrial carcinomas therapeutic options are rare because of preceding therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 patients developing advanced vaginal recurrences of cervical and endometrial carcinomas were included. 15 patients started with external-beam therapy to the pelvis and eight patients after preceding radiotherapy underwent brachytherapy alone. All patients had ultrasound-guided implantation of transvaginal or transperineal interstitial needles for brachytherapy. Median prescribed total dose was 64 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18 patients (78%) achieved complete remission. Six patients are alive without tumor and one with tumor after a median follow-up of 64 months. 14 patients died of tumor and two of intercurrent disease. 5-year disease-specific survival and local control rate were 43% and 47%, respectively, in patients with complete remission. Univariate analysis found time to relapse > 2 years, initial diameter < or = 4 cm, initial volume < 15 cm(3), no extension to the pelvic side wall, volume before brachytherapy < 7.5 cm(3), brachytherapy coverage index > 0.8, and prescribed total dose > 64 Gy being positive predictors for local control and survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ultrasound guidance for placement of interstitial needles in template-based brachytherapy of advanced recurrent gynecologic malignancies is a feasible, safe, and cheap method with encouraging results. Today, ultrasound imaging can be also used to some extent for treatment planning which requires further development. Patient- and treatment-related prognostic factors can be defined.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Strahlentherapie und Strahlenbiologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. dirk.weitmann@akhwien.at
authors.forename: Hajo Dirk
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Weitmann
authors.forename: Tomas Hendrik
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Knocke
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waldhäusl
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pötter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary*