title: Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on tissue dynamics of choriocarcinoma cell lines: an organotypic model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a natural vitamin A derivative that has a profound effect on the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and death.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the tissue dynamic and cellular invasion effects of ATRA in choriocarcinoma (CCA), an aggressive trophoblastic tumour, by using a three-dimensional organotypic culture model system and cell invasion assay, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  An organotypic culture model of two CCA cell lines, JAR and JEG, was established. The effects of 1 microM ATRA on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis on this CCA model were assessed by morphological assessment of the mitotic and apoptotic figures as well as by Ki-67 and caspase-related M30 cytoDeath antibody immunohistochemistry and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. The effect of ATRA on p53 and its regulated protein product, WAF1/Cip1, was also evaluated with DO7 and p21(WAF1) antibodies, respectively. Moreover, the effect of ATRA on cellular (CCA) invasion was also investigated with Cell Invasion Kit on the JEG cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ATRA was found to induce marked apoptosis in organotypic cultures of both cell lines, as evidenced by increased M30-positive cells (p<0.0001) and increased TUNEL-positive cells (p<0.0001) in treated cultures; to decrease proliferation, as evidenced by decreased Ki-67-positive cells (p<0.0001); and to decrease p53-DO7 immunoreactivity (p<0.0001) and increase p21(WAF1) (p<0.0001) immunoreactivity. 1.5 microM ATRA was found to effectively inhibit JEG cell invasion in the cell invasion assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATRA treatment was found to inhibit invasion and proliferation and enhance apoptosis, probably by the activation of caspases and induction of differentiation. ATRA and synthetic retinoids may be alternative agents for the treatment of CCA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Benbrook
authors.forename: H Y S
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ngan
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A N Y
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002822:Choriocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014212:Tretinoin