title: PUMA regulation and proapoptotic effects in fibroblast-like synoviocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although p53 is overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST), few synoviocytes undergo apoptosis. This could be partly due to low expression of proapoptotic genes. Deficient p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), which is a major effector of p53-mediated cell death, could contribute to this phenomenon. To evaluate a method to induce apoptosis, the expression and function of PUMA was investigated in ST and cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).
  
  
  METHODS
  PUMA expression in ST was measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Ad-p53 and plasmids encoding hemagglutinin-tagged, full-length PUMA expression vector (HA-PUMA), PUMA lacking the Bcl-2 homology 3 domain, or pCEP4 were used to transfect FLS. Apoptosis was quantified by trypan blue exclusion, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PUMA protein was detected in RA ST, although most of the immunoreactive protein was localized to sublining cells rather than the intimal lining synoviocytes. Western blot analysis showed no difference between RA ST and osteoarthritis (OA) ST. PUMA messenger RNA was detected in RA and OA ST, although the amounts were markedly lower than in the spleen and FLS. To determine if PUMA was inducible, FLS were transduced with Ad-p53. Even though p53 protein was produced and p21 expression was increased, PUMA expression was not enhanced. Consistent with this observation, Ad-p53 did not induce apoptosis in FLS. However, HA-PUMA transfection into FLS resulted in rapid apoptosis with the activation of caspase 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PUMA can induce apoptosis by FLS and represents a potential target in RA.
authors.affiliation: University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hoon-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Firestein
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C438378:BBC3 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger