title: A phase II trial of pemetrexed in advanced breast cancer: clinical response and association with molecular target expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This phase II trial of pemetrexed explored potential correlations between treatment outcome (antitumor activity) and molecular target expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chemonaïve patients with advanced breast cancer received up to three cycles of pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 (10-minute i.v. infusion) on day 1 of a 21-day cycle, with folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation. Tumors were surgically removed after the last cycle of pemetrexed as clinically indicated. Biopsies were taken at baseline, 24 hours after infusion in cycle 1, and after cycle 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one women (median age, 46 years; range, 32-72 years) were treated and were evaluable for response. Objective response rate was 31%. Simple logistic regression suggested a potential relationship between mRNA expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) and pemetrexed response (P = 0.103). Based on threshold analysis, patients with "low" baseline TS (< or = 71) were more likely to respond to pemetrexed than patients with "high" baseline TS (>71). Expression of baseline dihydrofolate reductase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase tended to be higher in responders but this association was not significant (P > 0.311). TS expression increased significantly between baseline and biopsy 2 (P = 0.004) and dropped to near baseline levels at biopsy 3. Conversely, dihydrofolate reductase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase decreased after pemetrexed chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a potential association between "low" pretreatment TS expression levels and response to pemetrexed chemotherapy. Future trials examining expression levels of other genes important to the folate pathway and/or breast cancer may identify a more robust multigene profile that can better predict response to this novel antifolate.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru. hgomez@inen.sld.pe
authors.forename: Henry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Sergio L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Santillana
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vallejos
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velarde
authors.forename: Juvenal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Xinpeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hockett
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Clet
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niyikiza
authors.forename: Axel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hanauske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D051026:Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005971:Glutamates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D006147:Guanine; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D051026:Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase