title: Urine prothymosin-alpha as novel tumor marker for detection and follow-up of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the normal range of urine prothymosin-alpha in humans and to investigate its role as a specific tumor marker for the detection and follow-up of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder before and after curative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were obtained from 151 healthy volunteers, 60 patients with urinary tract infection, 238 patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma (96 with tumor and 142 tumor free), and 22 patients with non-transitional cell carcinoma tumors. The urine prothymosin-alpha levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and then appropriately analyzed and compared among the different study groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean value of urine prothymosin-alpha in healthy volunteers was 0.68 +/- 0.13 ng/mL. Regardless of the presence of urinary tract infection, the urine prothymosin-alpha level in patients with newly diagnosed, as yet untreated, bladder cancer was significantly greater than that in those who were tumor free after curative treatment (P = 0.050 and P = 0.026 for the presence and absence of urinary tract infection, respectively). At follow-up, the urine prothymosin-alpha level was constantly elevated when residual or recurrent tumor was present after treatment. Although the urine prothymosin-alpha level in patients with non-transitional cell carcinoma tumors was not significantly different from that of healthy volunteers, it was definitely lower than the level in patients with bladder tumors (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings have revealed that urine prothymosin-alpha has the potential of being a useful tumor marker for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. tts777@mail.ncku.edu.tw
authors.forename: Tzong-Shin
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tzai
authors.forename: Yuh-Shyan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ai-Li
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.forename: Chao-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Gia-Shing
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Hsin-Tzu
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000652:urine*; D013947:Thymosin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011498:Protein Precursors; C040782:prothymosin alpha; D013947:Thymosin