title: Anticipatory guidance and violence prevention: results from family and pediatrician focus groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anticipatory guidance is a cornerstone of modern pediatric practice. Recent American Academy of Pediatrics policies related to violence prevention, notably those that advocate firearms safety and the use of alternatives to corporal punishment, seem to be discrepant with common parenting practices. To develop more effective anticipatory guidance, we sought the opinions of parents and pediatricians on how best to communicate these messages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus groups were conducted to elicit parent and provider opinions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine parents participated in a total of 9 90-minute focus groups that were held in 3 cities. Twenty-six pediatricians participated in 3 focus groups that were held at a single national meeting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were read summaries of current American Academy of Pediatrics policies and led through a systematic discussion of how these policies might best be communicated. The group discussions were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed. Common themes heard in multiple groups are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents provided specific feedback about corporal punishment and firearms and also raised a number of general issues. Pediatricians reported that anticipatory guidance was important to them but cited cultural and reimbursement issues as barriers to practice. They also reported the need for additional training and support to make anticipatory guidance more effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focus groups provide insight into doctor-patient communications and can inform efforts to improve primary prevention in the clinical setting. Anticipatory guidance that consists of authoritative useful information, offered in a supportive manner that communicates respect for parental decision-making, may be effective in improving parenting practices.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Adolescent Health Research Center, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. rsege@tufts-nemc.org
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sege
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatmaker-Flanigan
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levin-Goodman
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spivak
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology; D003142:Communication; D003376:Counseling; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011678:Punishment; D014754:Violence