title: A biomechanical and radiographic analysis of standard and intracortical suture anchors for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the fixation strength and radiographic motion of an anchor designed for intracortical (IC) fixation (FT Anchor, Arthrex, Naples, FL) with that of standard anchors used for rotator cuff repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro human cadaveric biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four types of metallic suture anchors (8 per group) were randomly inserted into human cadaveric humeri using an IC anchor and 3 types of standard anchors. Anchors were inserted 45 degrees to the humeral head surface and 90 degrees to the rotator cuff line of action. Anchors were tested under physiologic loads for 500 cycles followed by a failure test. The number of cycles, failure mode, and failure load were recorded. Fluoroscopy was used to measure rotation and displacement of the anchor within the humeral head during testing. Data were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance with a correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in anchor displacement or rotation measured by fluoroscopy after cyclic loading. Total construct displacement across anchors ranged from 4.9 to 7.8 mm, well beyond the 3-mm failure criterion reported in the literature. The IC anchor had a statistically significant greater failure load than the other devices. There was no significant difference in failure load between the other 3 anchors. The anchor had the greatest number of cycles to 3 mm of failure. This was not significantly different than the TwinFix anchor (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA), but both values were significantly greater than both the Super Revo (Linvatec, Largo, FL) and Fastin RC (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA) anchors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anchor motion accounted for about one third of total displacement of the suture/anchor construct. IC fixation anchors performed well compared with standard anchors in human cadaveric bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoroscopic imaging showed both rotation and displacement of the anchor within the humeral head which may contribute to early gap formation after rotator cuff repairs.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Biomechanics Research Center, Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA. Amahar@chsd.org
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahar
authors.forename: Darin W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Allred
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wedemeyer
authors.forename: Guarav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedowitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013536:Suture Techniques