title: Family stability during childhood and the risk to develop hypertensive diseases in pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental care giving, divorce and death are associated with physical health as an adult.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the structure of the nuclear family during childhood shows any correlation with the development of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy as an adult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administered questionnaires were sent to 2600 women with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy and to 1484 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  After confirmation of the diagnosis data from 842 patients and 623 control women were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type, number and involvement of different caregivers, parental separation, parental death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups parental separation and parental death were found equally often. In all age groups during childhood fathers were involved significantly less often in care giving when women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were compared to control women (1st-3rd year 23.4%/17%, <0.0001; 4th-10th year 25.7%/19.3%, <0.0001; 11th-18th year 30.1%/23.9%, <0.0001). The total number of caregivers involved was significantly higher in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality of parental care giving, i.e. the involvement of fathers and the total number of caregivers correlate with the risk to develop HDP. Further research is needed to specify underlying mechanisms and the relevant factors of the parent-child relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Aachen, Germany. Brigitte.leeners@usz.ch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leeners
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumaier-Wagner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuse
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Irawan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Imthurn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D017028:Caregivers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003643:Death; D004243:Divorce; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010332:Paternal Behavior; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011584:Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires