title: [Basic experimental study of intraosseous venography using carbon dioxide contrast agent in percutaneous vertebroplasty].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), intraosseous venography is performed using water-soluble ionic iodinated contrast media (iodine contrast media) before injecting bone cement. However, because of contrast medium remaining in the fractured cleft, we experienced the persistence of intravertebral opacification that obscured visualization of the cement under X-ray fluoroscopy. To solve this problem, we examined carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as a contrast medium.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the contrast of iodine contrast media and CO(2) and performed a subjective assessment of imaging by enforcing intraosseous venography by changing the tube voltage and image intensifier (I.I.) entrance dose in a bone sample of a cadaver using iodine contrast media and CO(2). In vivo study, we performed a subjective assessment of images obtained by intraosseous venography using CO(2) under two kinds of X-ray views.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined that the contrast of CO(2) is 1/6-1/7.5 that of iodine contrast media, and that CO(2) fluctuates less in its contrast value with changes in tube voltage. In our assessment of the image of the bone sample, CO(2) performed worse that iodine contrast media. However, if the I.I. entrance dose is kept above 2.5 microGy/F, CO(2) is considered to be of clinical use. In the clinical image assessment, the best conditions were an image collection rate of 7.5 F/S and matrix of 1024 x 1024.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO(2) did not cause any obstacles when we injected bone cement, and its I.I. entrance dose, image collection rate, and matrix size indicate that it can be used for intraosseous venography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University Hospital.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katakami
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kameda
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariya
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komemushi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Soukichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D007455:Iodine; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000628:therapy; D013131:Spine / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007455:Iodine