title: Metallurgical characterization of orthodontic brackets produced by Metal Injection Molding (MIM).
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the bonding base surface morphology, alloy type, microstructure, and hardness of four types of orthodontic brackets produced by Metal Injection Molding technology (Discovery, Extremo, Freedom, and Topic). The bonding base morphology of the brackets was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brackets from each manufacturer were embedded in epoxy resin, and after metallographic grinding, polishing and coating were analyzed by x-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) microanalysis to assess their elemental composition. Then, the brackets were subjected to metallographic etching to reveal their metallurgical structure. The same specimen surfaces were repolished and used for Vickers microhardness measurements. The results were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings of SEM observations showed a great variability in the base morphology design among the brackets tested. The x-ray EDS analysis demonstrated that each bracket was manufactured from different ferrous or Co-based alloys. Metallographic analysis showed the presence of a large grain size for the Discovery, Freedom, and Topic brackets and a much finer grain size for the Extremo bracket. Vickers hardness showed great variations among the brackets (Topic: 287 +/- 16, Freedom: 248 +/- 13, Discovery: 214 +/- 12, and Extremo: 154 +/- 9). The results of this study showed that there are significant differences in the base morphology, composition, microstructure, and microhardness among the brackets tested, which may anticipate significant clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. szinelis@dent.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Annousaki
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makou
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D004572:Electrolysis; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008669:Metallurgy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D013674:Technology, Dental / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D003035:Cobalt