title: The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 gene affects blood pressure in young normotensive twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) is involved in activity of dopamine receptors in renal proximal tubules and thus mediates sodium reabsorption and blood pressure (BP) regulation. The present study evaluated the impact of the GRK4 gene variants on BP levels in normotensive adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three functional polymorphisms of R65L, A142V, and A486V were genotyped in 934 white and African American (44.2%) twin subjects (17.4 +/- 3.4 years of age). A number of association approaches including single-locus analyses, haplotype trend regression analyses, and sib-pair transmission disequilibrium tests were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-locus analyses revealed a significant interaction between R65L and age for SBP (P = .019) with an obvious gene-dose effect. In L65L homozygotes SBP showed the steepest increase with age (beta = 0.85, P = .003), R65L heterozygotes showed the next steepest increase (beta = 0.54, P < .001), and the effect of age on SBP was absent in R65R homozygotes. Stratified analyses showed that the SBP increasing effect of the 65L allele was significant only in the older group of subjects (114.1 +/- 11.1 mm Hg v 110.1 +/- 9.6 mm Hg, P = .024). Sib-pair transmission disequilibrium tests analyses in 72 informative dizygotic twin pairs confirmed the significant effect of the 65L on SBP; carriers of the 65L allele had a higher SBP compared with noncarriers (110.3 +/- 8.2 v 107.3 +/- 7.8 mm Hg, P = .047). Haplotype analyses uncovered an interaction between haplotype 65L-142V-486A and age for SBP (P = .017); individuals who were homozygous for haplotype 65L-142V-A486 showed a 1.05-mm Hg steeper increase in SBP per year increase in age compared with those homozygous for the most common R65-A142-A486 haplotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the R65L polymorphism of the GRK4 gene plays a role in BP regulation in adolescents and young adults.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Building HS-1640, Augusta, GA 30912-3715, USA.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Harshfield
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.forename: Yanbin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D054771:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054771:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4; C517855:GRK4 protein, human