title: Intraoperative MRI for interventional neurosurgical procedures and tumor resection control in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the introduction of neuronavigational systems, radical tumor removal is still problematic in many neurosurgical procedures. Thus, direct intraoperative imaging for tumor resection control was implemented with an intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (ioMRI) scanner installed in the operating room. Whereas most procedures with ioMRI were carried out in adults, we summarize 7 years of experience using ioMRI in children for interventional neurosurgical procedures or for tumor resection control.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open magnetic resonance scanner (Magnetom Open 0.2 T) was installed in the neurosurgical operating room. For tumor resection control, ioMRI was performed in 35 procedures. After the ioMRI scans were analyzed with respect to quality, the identification of residual tumor was considered by the attending neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon. If residual tumor tissue was present, a new three-dimensional (3D) dataset was acquired to update the neuronavigation; subsequently, the tumor resection was extended. In all these procedures, the results of the ioMRI were checked by an early postoperative high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. In addition, ioMRI was carried out in ten other children to monitor interventional neurosurgical procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all children, ioMRI was adequate both for tumor resection control and monitoring of interventional procedures. Primary radical removal of tumor was reached in 40% as confirmed by ioMRI, but in 60% of the patients, the tumor resection procedure was extended after residual tumor was detected using the new 3D dataset for navigational update. By using ioMRI, radical tumor removal improved up to 83% as confirmed by early postoperative MRI. Procedure-related complications were not seen in our series. For all MR-guided biopsies, histology findings could be confirmed, and aspiration of intracranial cysts or abscesses could be monitored online.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IoMRI using the open magnetom is suitable for detecting residual tumor tissue, can compensate for the phenomenon of brain shift using a new intraopertive 3D dataset for extended tumor resection, and is capable of monitoring interventional neurosurgical procedures. By using ioMRI for tumor resection control, the degree of tumor resection could be significantly improved.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Paul.Kremer@k-nord.lbk-hh.de
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tronnier
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metzner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ebinger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rating
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unterberg
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wirtz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007432:Intraoperative Period / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques