title: Immunomodulation with low dose levamisole in patients with colonic polyps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levamisole (LMS) has immunomodulatory activity, stimulates the immune system of healthy, normal volunteers and has been proposed previously as a colon cancer preventive agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a history of colonic polyps who are at increased risk of colon cancer received LMS in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trail with crossover design. Primary endpoints were immunologic and included flow cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), measurement of interferon-gamma copy number (IGCN) in PBMCs, and an ex vivo serum immune assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were seen in the expression of multiple antigens by flow cytometry pre- and post-LMS. The IGCN partitioned subjects into two distinct groups defined by a gamma-distribution which had a differential response to LMS. Those with low basal IGCN had a lower percentage of CD25 expressing PBMCs and responded to low dose LMS by producing more PBMC-derived interferon-gamma and increasing the expression of CD25 and two NK cell markers, CD16 and CD56. In contrast, subjects with a high basal IGCN responded to low dose LMS with a reduction in PBMC-derived interferon-gamma and a decrease in the expression of CD25.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In aggregate, these responses suggest that LMS may act as an immunostimulatory agent for one group, those with low basal IGCN, and as an immunosuppressive agent for the other. LMS may not be an optimal agent for most patients with colonic polyps and should be avoided in patients with normal immune function. IGCN may be useful as an immunologic surrogate endpoint biomarker in future cancer prevention trials with immunomodulatory agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Bld. 56, Orange, CA 92868, USA. rholcomb@uci.edu
authors.forename: Randall F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Holcombe
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milovanovic
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007978:Levamisole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D010919:Placebos; D007978:Levamisole; D007371:Interferon-gamma