title: Radiation exposure during standing voiding cystourethrography in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the total radiation exposure and effective organ doses from standard protocol voiding cystourethrography (VCUG).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective series of consecutive, non-neurogenic women underwent a standardized VCUG protocol by the same technologist using a Siemens Sireskop Fluorospot radiographic/fluoroscopic unit. Only studies that followed the protocol were included. The effective dose was calculated using a commercially available dose-modeling program (PCXMC, version 1.5) for risk assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 119 studies in 118 women (mean age 60 +/- 13 years, range 30 to 93) were included. Only 15 patients (13%) were premenopausal with in situ reproductive organs. The mean number of images and fluoroscopic time per study was 12.8 +/- 1.4 (lateral images 7.5 +/- 1.3) and 35.8 +/- 11.2 seconds, respectively. The mean effective dose for a single VCUG study was calculated to be 4.3 mSv, of which 26% was from fluoroscopy (1.1 mSv). The dose to the gonads accounted for 50% of the total effective organ dose. Using whole population radiologic risk factors, the total risk detriment, cancer and hereditary, was about 3 per 10,000 patients or a 99.997% chance of no detriment incurred from the study. The genetic and malignant risks were reduced in this cohort of patients, who were older, with most (87%) having no reproductive potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a standard protocol for adult women, a VCUG study is associated with an acceptable radiation risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9071, USA. gary.arbique@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Arbique
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gilleran
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Guild
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Christine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Zimmern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014554:Urination; D014567:Urography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods