title: The interobserver-validated relevance of intervertebral spacer materials in MRI artifacting.
abstract: Intervertebral spacers for anterior spine fusion are made of different materials, such as titanium, carbon or cobalt-chrome, which can affect the post-fusion MRI scans. Implant-related susceptibility artifacts can decrease the quality of MRI scans, thwarting proper evaluation. This cadaver study aimed to demonstrate the extent that implant-related MRI artifacting affects the post-fusion evaluation of intervertebral spacers. In a cadaveric porcine spine, we evaluated the post-implantation MRI scans of three intervertebral spacers that differed in shape, material, surface qualities and implantation technique. A spacer made of human cortical bone was used as a control. The median sagittal MRI slice was divided into 12 regions of interest (ROI). No significant differences were found on 15 different MRI sequences read independently by an interobserver-validated team of specialists (P>0.05). Artifact-affected image quality was rated on a score of 0-1-2. A maximum score of 24 points (100%) was possible. Turbo spin echo sequences produced the best scores for all spacers and the control. Only the control achieved a score of 100%. The carbon, titanium and cobalt-chrome spacers scored 83.3, 62.5 and 50%, respectively. Our scoring system allowed us to create an implant-related ranking of MRI scan quality in reference to the control that was independent of artifact dimensions. The carbon spacer had the lowest percentage of susceptibility artifacts. Even with turbo spin echo sequences, the susceptibility artifacts produced by the metallic spacers showed a high degree of variability. Despite optimum sequencing, implant design and material are relevant factors in MRI artifacting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. ternstberger@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ernstberger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heidrich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruening
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krefft
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buchhorn
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Klinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium