title: [Tea consumption and risk of biliary tract cancers and gallstone disease: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between tea consumption, biliary tract cancers and gallstone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study was conducted in urban Shanghai from 1 June 1997 to 31 May 2001 involving interviews with 627 new cases of biliary tract cancers (including 368 cases of gallbladder cancer, 191 cases of extrahepatic bile duct cancer and 68 cases of cancer of the ampulla of Vater) aged 35 to 74 years and 959 population controls frequency-matched to cases by gender and age in five-year group. 1037 patients of gallstone disease were selected from the same hospital. All subjects were interviewed in person by trained interviewers by use of a structured questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with tea non-drinkers, current tea consumption was inversely associated with risk of gallbladder cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer and gallstone disease among females with OR of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.34-0.96), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.27-1.03) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.51-0.99), respectively. OR declined with younger age at initiation of tea drinking and with longer duration of tea consumption (P for trend < 0.05). Among males, the corresponding OR were mostly below one, although not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tea consumption may decrease the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct among females. The protective effect appears to be independent of gallstone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xue-hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu-tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: En-ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jia-rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gridley
authors.forename: Ann W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hsing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D020011:Protective Agents; D013662:Tea