title: Risk factors for late onset gram-negative sepsis in low birth weight infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause 20-30% of late onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients and have mortality rates of 30-50%. We investigated risk factors for late onset Gram-negative sepsis in very low birth weight (<1500 g) NICU patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control study as part of a larger 2-year clinical trial that examined the effects of hand hygiene practices on hospital-acquired infections. In this substudy, a case was a very low birth weight infant with a hospital-acquired Gram-negative BSI; control subjects, matched on study site and hand hygiene product, were chosen randomly from the patients who did not have Gram-negative BSIs. Potential risk factors were analyzed by Mantel-Haenszel methods and conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 48 cases of Gram-negative BSI. In multivariate analysis, we found that the following variables were significantly associated with Gram-negative BSI: central venous catheterization duration of >10 days; nasal cannula continuous positive airway pressure use; H2 blocker/proton pump inhibitor use; and gastrointestinal tract pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses provide insights into potential strategies to reduce Gram-negative BSIs. Catheters should be removed as possible and H2 blockers/proton pump inhibitors should be used judiciously in NICU patients. The association between nasal cannula continuous positive airway pressure and Gram-negative BSIs requires further investigation. The association of gastrointestinal tract pathology with Gram-negative BSIs identifies a high risk group of neonates who may benefit from enhanced preventative strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA. pg143@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Melissa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Begg
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Della-Latta
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saiman
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology*