title: Diagnostic utility of GLUT-1 expression in the cytologic evaluation of serous fluids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the extent to which adenocarcinomas in body cavity fluids express GLUT-1 in comparison to currently available markers for adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Archival paraffin-embedded cell blocks of serous fluids from 25 cases of benign effusions containing reactive mesothelial cells and 39 cases of malignant effusions with metastatic adenocarcinoma (11 ovarian, 11 pulmonary, 9 gastrointestinal and 8 breast) were retrieved from the surgical pathology files. All cases were stained with antibodies for GLUT-1, Ber-Ep4, B72.3 and CEA. Positive staining was defined as distinct linear membrane staining for GLUT-1 and Ber-EP4, cytoplasmic staining for CEA, and cytoplasmic or membrane staining for B72.3. Strong staining in at least 10% of the tumor cells was required in order to consider the case positive for the particular marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GLUT-1 was expressed in 72% (28 of 39) of cases of malignant effusions: 100% (11 of 11) from the ovary, 91% (10 of 11) from the lung, 67% (6 of 9) from the gastrointestinal tract and 12% (1 of 8) from the breast. None (0 of 25) of the benign effusions expressed GLUT-1. Malignant effusions expressed CEA in 74% (29 of 39), Ber-Ep4 in 85% (33 of 39), and B72.3 in 62% (24 of 39). Benign effusions expressed CEA in 3 cases and B72.3 in 2 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLUT-1 is a useful marker that can be applied to cytologic specimens. It can be used as a reliable component of an antibody panel to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from metastatic adenocarcinoma in particular adenocarcinomas of body cavity effusions, in particular adenocarcinomas of ovarian and pulmonary origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Health System, Sacramento 95817, USA. alaa.afify@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afify
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Augusto F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Paulino
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000473:pathology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D018301:Neoplasms, Mesothelial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000473:pathology*; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1