title: An ex vivo evaluation of a new root canal irrigation technique with intracanal aspiration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a new root canal irrigation technique with intracanal aspiration in removing the smear layer and to assess irrigant extrusion ex vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five instrumented canals of extracted human canine teeth that had been resected apically by removing 3 mm of the root tip were divided into one control and four experimental groups of seven teeth each. The roots were fixed in a plastic case and surrounded with normal saline agar coloured with 1% acid red. No irrigation was performed in the control teeth. Each root canal in the experimental groups was irrigated with 9 mL of 14% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 3 min, and then with 6 mL of 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 2 min. In the intracanal aspiration technique, the irrigant was delivered from the tip of an injection needle placed 12 mm from the apical root-end and an aspiration needle that was connected to a Root ZX apex locator placed 2 and 3 mm short of the apical root-end in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In the conventional method, the tip of an injection needle used for delivery of the irrigant and as an active electrode was placed 2 and 3 mm short of the apical root-end in groups 3 and 4, respectively, the tip of the aspiration needle was placed 12 mm from the apical root-end in these groups. The readings of the Root ZX during irrigation were recorded. The cleanliness of the canal was evaluated by scoring smear layer from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the canal. Extrusion of NaOCl was detected by measuring the discoloured area of the agar around the apical root-end. The data obtained were statistically analysed by one-way anova, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the SEM study, the canals in groups 1-3 were significantly cleaner than those in the control and group 4 (P < 0.05). The mean Root ZX readings in groups 1-3 were approximately "0.5". The discoloured area in group 3 was significantly larger than the other groups (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrigation using the intracanal aspiration technique allowed more effective removal of the smear layer than that performed by the conventional method in an apically resected canine tooth. The intracanal aspiration technique produced limited extrusion of the irrigant beyond the apical foramen.
authors.affiliation: Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. y.fukumoto.endo@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suda
mesh_terms: D001047:Apicoectomy; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003481:Cuspid; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009339:Needles; D009811:Odontometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D011312:Pressure; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite