title: Diabetic neuropathy.
abstract: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) refers to symptoms and signs of neuropathy in a patient with diabetes in whom other causes of neuropathy have been excluded. Distal symmetrical neuropathy is the commonest accounting for 75% DN. Asymmetrical neuropathies may involve cranial nerves, thoracic or limb nerves; are of acute onset resulting from ischaemic infarction of vasa nervosa. Asymmetric neuropathies in diabetic patients should be investigated for entrapment neuropathy. Diabetic amyotrophy, initially considered to result from metabolic changes, and later ischaemia, is now attributed to immunological changes. For diagnosis of DN, symptoms, signs, quantitative sensory testing, nerve conduction study, and autonomic testing are used; and two of these five are recommended for clinical diagnosis. Management of DN includes control of hyperglycaemia, other cardiovascular risk factors; alpha lipoic acid and L carnitine. For neuropathic pain, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are recommended. The treatment of autonomic neuropathy is symptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareilly Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalita
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Misra
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase