title: The role of laser fluence in cell viability, proliferation, and membrane integrity of wounded human skin fibroblasts following helium-neon laser irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In medicine, lasers have been used predominantly for applications, which are broadly termed low level laser therapy (LLLT), phototherapy or photobiomodulation. This study aimed to establish cellular responses to Helium-Neon (632.8 nm) laser irradiation using different laser fluences (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, and 16 J/cm(2)) with a single exposure on 2 consecutive days on normal and wounded human skin fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in normal and wounded fibroblast cell morphology were evaluated by light microscopy. Changes following laser irradiation were evaluated by assessing the mitochondrial activity using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) luminescence, cell proliferation using neutral red and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, membrane integrity using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and percentage cytotoxicity and DNA damage using the Comet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphologically, wounded cells exposed to 5 J/cm(2) migrate rapidly across the wound margin indicating a stimulatory or positive influence of phototherapy. A dose of 5 J/cm(2) has a stimulatory influence on wounded fibroblasts with an increase in cell proliferation and cell viability without adversely increasing the amount of cellular and molecular damage. Higher doses (10 and 16 J/cm(2)) were characterized by a decrease in cell viability and cell proliferation with a significant amount of damage to the cell membrane and DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that 5 J/cm(2) stimulates mitochondrial activity, which leads to normalization of cell function and ultimately stimulates cell proliferation and migration of wounded fibroblasts to accelerate wound closure. Laser irradiation can modify cellular processes in a dose or fluence (J/cm(2)) dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Denise H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abrahamse
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006371:Helium; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009356:Neon; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D006371:Helium; D009356:Neon