title: OXA-type carbapenemases.
abstract: In recent years, the number of class D beta-lactamases with carbapenem-hydrolysing properties has increased substantially. Based on amino acid sequence identities, these class D or OXA-type carbapenemases are divided into eight distantly related groups, and they are only remotely related to other class D beta-lactamases. A putative ancestor to one of the plasmid-encoded OXA-type carbapenemases has been found. OXA-type carbapenemases are not integrated into integrons as gene cassettes like many class D oxacillinases, but most of the OXA-type carbapenemases are instead encoded by chromosomal genes. Some of these OXA-type carbapenemases are widely dispersed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and especially in Acinetobacter baumannii. Although most of the OXA-type carbapenemases show only weak carbapenemase activity, carbapenem resistance may result from a combined action an OXA-type carbapenemase and a secondary resistance mechanism such as porin deficiencies or overexpressed efflux pumps. This article reviews the phylogeny and the genetic environments of the encoding genes and kinetic properties of the OXA-type carbapenemases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, 9301, Rigshospitalet, The National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. jawalras@mail.tele.dk
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walther-Rasmussen
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Høiby
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000201:enzymology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase