title: Smoking, periodontal disease and the role of the dental profession.
abstract: Epidemiological investigations support a firm relationship between smoking and periodontal disease. The likely benefits of smoking cessation programmes are considerable for periodontal disease, cancers and nearly all chronic systemic diseases. The mechanisms by which smoking may influence the development and progression of periodontal disease are as yet unclear, but may include changes in the vasculature, the immune and inflammatory systems, tissue oxygenation and the healing processes. Unfortunately, although dental professionals have more opportunities to encourage smokers to quit (most people visit their dentist more frequently than their doctor), dentists claim that they are not well informed on this subject. The purpose of this review is to describe the evidence for a link between smoking and periodontal disease, the possible pathology induced by smoking on the periodontal tissues and its impact on therapy, and to outline the smoking cessation techniques that are currently available.
authors.affiliation: Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40209, USA. denis.kinane@louisville.edu
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hilgers
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kinane
mesh_terms: D003815:Dentists; D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D024382:Professional Role; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*