title: The cost-effectiveness of treating diabetic lower extremity ulcers with becaplermin (Regranex): a core model with an application using Swedish cost data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to develop a model capable of assessing the cost-effectiveness in Sweden of treating diabetic neuropathic lower extremity ulcers with becaplermin gel (Regranex) plus good wound care (GWC) relative to treating them with GWC alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov simulation model was developed that includes six health states: Uninfected Ulcer, Infected Ulcer, Gangrene, Healed Ulcer, Healed Ulcer-History of Amputation, and Deceased. To predict clinical outcomes, information was taken from a specially designed prospective 9-month follow-up study of 183 neuropathic patients in the US treated with GWC. Cost of treatment data were taken primarily from a study of a cohort of 314 patients in Sweden. The efficacy of becaplermin was assumed equal to that achieved in a pooled analysis of four randomized clinical trials. A model application provides expected clinical outcomes for a cohort of patients. Annual treatment costs per patient were estimated using treatment practice and unit prices from Sweden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to a higher rate of healing and a shorter average healing time, treatment with becaplermin gel was predicted to increase the average number of months spent in the healed state over the first year following development of an ulcer by 24% relative to GWC alone. In addition, the corresponding number of amputations was 9% lower for the becaplermin-treated cohort. The average expected cost of $12,078 US for an individual treated with GWC alone declines to $11,708 US for one treated with becaplermin, in spite of $1262 becaplermin costs. Expenses related to topical treatment and inpatient care account for 83% of the resources conserved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that in Sweden treatment with becaplermin in conjunction with GWC consumes fewer resources and generates better outcomes than treatment with GWC alone for diabetic neuropathic ulcers. In light of the high and increasing incidence of such ulcers, the potential savings in costs and suffering may be important. Results are difficult to extrapolate internationally because they are strongly related to country-specific treatment practices and price levels.
authors.affiliation: The Swedish Institute for Health Economics, Råbygatan 2, Box 2127, SE-220 02 Lund, Sweden. up@ihe.se
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Odegaard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apelqvist
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077214:Becaplermin; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D000077214:Becaplermin