Communication on end-of-life decisions with patients wishing to die at home: the making of a guideline for GPs in Flanders, Belgium.
BACKGROUND
Communication with patients on end-of-life decisions is a delicate topic for which there is little guidance.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the development of a guideline for GPs on end-of-life communication with patients who wish to die at home, in a context where patient autonomy and euthanasia are legally regulated.


METHODS
A three-phase process (generation, elaboration and validation). In the generation phase, literature findings were structured and then prioritised in a focus group with GPs of a palliative care consultation network. In the elaboration phase, qualitative data on patients' and caregivers' perspectives were gathered through a focus group with next-of-kin, in-depth interviews with terminal patients, and four quality circle sessions with representatives of all constituencies. In the validation phase, the acceptability of the draft guideline was reviewed in bipolar focus groups (GPs-nurses and GPs-specialists). Finally, comments were solicited from experts by mail.


METHODS
Primary home care in Belgium.


METHODS
Participants in this study were terminal patients (n = 17), next-of-kin of terminal patients (n = 17), GPs (n = 25), specialists (n = 3), nurses (n = 8), other caregivers (n = 2) and experts (n = 41).


RESULTS
Caregivers and patients expressed a need for a comprehensive guideline on communication in end-of-life decisions. Four major communication themes were prioritised: truth telling; exploration of the patient's wishes regarding the end of life; dealing with disproportionate interventions; and dealing with requests for euthanasia in the terminal phase of life. Additional themes required special attention in the guideline: continuity of care by the GP; communication on foregoing food and fluid; and technical aspects of euthanasia.


CONCLUSIONS
It was feasible to develop a guideline by combining the three cornerstones of evidence-based medicine: literature search, patient values and professional experience.
Deschepper
Reginald
R
End-of-Life Care Research group, Dept. of Medical Sociology and Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium. reginald.deschepper@vub.ac.be
Vander Stichele
Robert
R
Bernheim
Jan L
JL
De Keyser
Els
E
Van Der Kelen
Greta
G
Mortier
Freddy
F
Deliens
Luc
L
D016223:Advance Directives; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001530:Belgium; D017028:Caregivers; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005065:Euthanasia / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology