title: Role of antithrombin and factor XIII in leukocyte-independent plasma extravasation during endotoxemia: an intravital-microscopic study in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet-endothelial interactions have been shown to be main mediators of leukocyte-independent endothelial damage. Besides altering platelet-endothelial interactions, both antithrombin and factor XIII reduce microvascular permeability in leukocyte-dependent experimental models. Thus, it was our aim to investigate the effects of antithrombin and factor XIII on microvascular permeability during leukocyte-independent endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In male Wistar rats, venular wall shear rate, macromolecular efflux, and leukocyte-endothelial interaction were determined in mesenteric postcapillary venules using intravital microscopy at baseline, 60, and 120 min after the start of the experiment. Fucoidin and a continuous infusion of lipopolysaccharides were used to generate leukocyte-independent endotoxemia. The experiment was divided into two parts 1) an antithrombin study and 2) a factor XIII study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences between groups in leukocyte rolling and venular wall shear rate could be observed in both parts of the experiment. Pretreatment with antithrombin reduced microvascular permeability significantly compared with control subjects (120 min: Fuco [untreated]: 0.14 +/- 0.03; Fuco/ETX [control]: 0.37 +/- 0.06; Fuco + ATIII/ETX: 0.15 +/- 0.02; P < 0.05). Factor XIII reduced microvascular permeability significantly after 60 min (Fuco [untreated]: 0.10 +/- 0.03; Fuco/ETX [control]: 0.36 +/- 0.07; Fuco + FXIII/ETX: 0.13 +/- 0.04; P < 0.05). This effect diminished after 120 min (Fuco [untreated]: 0.12 +/- 0.03; Fuco/ETX [control]: 0.5 +/- 0.08; Fuco + FXIII/ETX: 0.29 +/- 0.05; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antithrombin and factor XIII reduce leukocyte-independent microvascular permeability. Yet, factor XIII also shows a nonprotective effect on a long-term basis. These data emphasize the central role of platelets in leukocyte-independent endotoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czabanka
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walther
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005176:Factor XIII / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014699:Venules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011134:Polysaccharides; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005176:Factor XIII; C007789:fucoidan