title: Intralipid prolongs survival in a rat model of verapamil toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Verapamil is a lipid-soluble calcium channel blocker with significant mortality in overdose. Previous investigators have demonstrated the benefit of lipid emulsion therapy in ameliorating toxicity from lipid-soluble agents. The authors investigated the effect of Intralipid treatment in a rat model of verapamil toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty sedated Wistar rats were infused with verapamil at 37.5 mg/kg/h. Five minutes after the start of infusion, animals were treated with a bolus of either 12.4 mL/kg 20% Intralipid or 12.4 mL/kg 0.9% saline. Verapamil infusion was continued until the animals were killed. Respiratory rate, heart rate, and electrocardiography were sampled every 2.5 minutes throughout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival was prolonged in the Intralipid-treated group (44 +/- 21 vs. 24 +/- 9 minutes; p = 0.003). The median lethal dose was increased in the Intralipid group (25.7 mg/kg [95% confidence interval {CI} = 24.7 to 26.7] vs. 13.6 mg/kg [95% CI = 12.2 to 15.0]). A less marked decrease in heart rate was observed during verapamil infusion in the Intralipid-treated group (6.8 beats/min [95% CI = 8.3 to 5.2] for Intralipid vs. 10.7 beats/min [95% CI = 12.6 to 8.9] for saline; p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intralipid treatment prolongs survival and doubles median lethal dose in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. The mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tebbutt
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Tonia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cave
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D011041:Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D014700:Verapamil