title: Periodontal changes in children and adolescents with diabetes: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the level of oral disease in children and adolescents with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental caries and periodontal disease were clinically assessed in 182 children and adolescents (6-18 years of age) with diabetes and 160 nondiabetic control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between case and control subjects with respect to dental caries. Children with diabetes had significantly higher plaque and gingival inflammation levels compared with control subjects. The number of teeth with evidence of attachment loss (the hallmark of periodontal disease) was significantly greater in children with diabetes (5.79 +/- 5.34 vs. 1.53 +/- 3.05 in control subjects, unadjusted P < 0.001). When controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, gingival bleeding, and frequency of dental visits, diabetes remained a highly significant correlate of periodontitis, especially in the 12- to 18-year-old subgroup. In the case group, BMI was significantly correlated with destruction of connective tissue attachment and bone, but duration of diabetes and mean HbA(1c) were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that periodontal destruction can start very early in life in diabetes and becomes more prominent as children become adolescents. Programs designed to promote periodontal disease prevention and treatment should be provided to young patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery, 630 W. 168th St., PH7E-110, New York, NY 10032, USA. el94@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Evanthia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lalla
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Shantanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Sid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goland
authors.forename: Ira B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Lamster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin