title: Levamisole in steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of levamisole in steroid dependent (S.D) and frequently relapsing (F.R) nephrotic, from syndrome (N.S).
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Nephrology at The Children s Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 5 years from January 2000 to December 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  S.D.N.S and F.R.N.S patients between the ages of 1-15 years, were given levamisole on alternate day in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, if either the dosage of steroids to maintain remission was >1 mg/kg/every other day (EOD), or 0.5 mg/kg/EOD with signs of steroid toxicity. The agent was continued for a period of one year and the steroids were gradually tapered off by 2.5-5 mg every four weeks to less than 0.5 mg/kg/EOD. The patients were monitored for maintenance of remission and side effects of drug.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy patients with a mean age of 5.50+/-2.97 years , with male to female ratio of 4:1 were studied. Nineteen (27.14%) patients did not relapse on therapy, while it was ineffective in 11(15.7%). Rest of 40 (57.14%) patients, though, relapsed during therapy, their duration of remission was prolonged from six months to one year, and dose of corticosteroids could be significantly reduced (0.1-0.3 mg/kg/EOD). It was also observed that levamisole is more effective in older children (>5 years versus <5 years) [P-value 0.03]. The only side effects were transient rash and occasional vomiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levamisole is a safe and effective steroid sparing drug, in steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, for the prolongation of remission, especially in older children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Feroze Pur Road, Lahore. drfarkh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Farkhanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafeez
authors.forename: Tahir Masood
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Uzma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Samina
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007978:Levamisole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007978:Levamisole; D011239:Prednisolone