title: Cystogram follow-up in the management of traumatic bladder disruption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The utility of obtaining a routine cystogram after the repair of intraperitoneal bladder disruption before urethral catheter removal is unknown. This study was designed to examine whether follow-up cystogram evaluation after traumatic bladder disruption affected the clinical management of these injuries. We hypothesized that routine cystograms, after operative repair of intraperitoneal bladder disruptions, provide no clinically useful information and may be eliminated in the management of these injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our prospectively collected trauma database was retrospectively reviewed for all ICD-9 867.0 and 867.1 coded bladder injuries over a 6-year period ending in June 2004. Demographics, clinical injury data, detailed operative records, and imaging studies were reviewed for each patient. Bladder injuries were categorized as intraperitoneal (IP) or extraperitoneal (EP) bladder disruptions based on imaging results and operative exploration. Patients with IP injuries were further subdivided into those with "simple" dome disruptions or through-and-through penetrating injuries and "complex" injuries involving the trigone or ureter reimplantation. All patients sustaining isolated ureteric or urethral injury were excluded from further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 20,647 trauma patients were screened for bladder injury. Out of this group, there were 50 IP (47 simple, 3 complex) and 37 EP injuries available for analysis. All IP injuries underwent operative repair. Eight of the IP injuries (all simple) had no postoperative cystogram and all were doing well at 1- to 4-week follow-up. The remaining 42 patients underwent a postoperative cystogram at 15.3 +/- 7.3 days (range 7 to 36 days). All simple IP injuries had a negative postoperative cystogram. The only positive study was in one of the three complex IP injuries. In the EP group, 21.6% had positive cystograms requiring further follow-up and intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients sustaining extraperitoneal and complex intraperitoneal bladder disruptions require routine cystogram follow-up. In those patients undergoing repair of a simple intraperitoneal bladder disruption, however, routine follow-up cystograms did not affect clinical management. Further prospective evaluation to determine the optimal timing of catheter removal in this patient population is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, LAC+USC Medical Center, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street 10-750, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. kinaba@surgery.usc.edu
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKenney
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munera
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Moya
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Carl I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Fahim A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Habib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014567:Urography