title: Evolving treatment strategies for chronic refractory angina.
abstract: Chronic refractory angina is a term used to describe patients who, despite optimal medical therapy, have both angina and objective evidence of ischaemia. It is estimated that 5-15% of the 12 million patients with chronic angina in the US meet the criteria for having refractory angina. This review focuses on the following evolving pharmacological therapies for chronic refractory angina: L-arginine, ivabradine, ranolazine, nicorandil and trimetazidine. Evolving devices and invasive procedures including enhanced external counterpulsation, spinal cord stimulation, and transmyocardial revascularisation are also briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Barsness
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D001120:Arginine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D015908:Counterpulsation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000069458:Ranolazine; D013116:Spinal Cord
chemical_list: D000083:Acetanilides; D001552:Benzazepines; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D000077550:Ivabradine; D001120:Arginine; D000069458:Ranolazine