title: A computerized apparatus designed to automatically dispense, measure, and record alcohol consumption by individual members of a rhesus macaque social group: trait-like drinking across social- and single-cage conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study tested the validity of an automated ethanol dispensing apparatus that is capable of identifying individual monkeys and precisely measuring their levels of ethanol consumption while living in a social group, and assessed individual subjects' level of consumption when alone and in social groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Experiment 1, 21 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were given access for 1-h each day to the dispensing apparatus, which contained an aspartame-sweetened 8.4% (v/v) ethanol solution. Measurements of blood ethanol concentrations were taken for each subject and compared with the level of consumption recorded by the apparatus for those subjects. To examine the possibility that competition among the animals limited their access to the dispensing unit, in Experiment 2, 10 of the subjects used in Experiment 1 were singly housed to allow them to drink without interference from other monkeys. A correlation was then performed to assess the interindividual relationship between the amount of ethanol consumed in these two housing conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Experiment 1, the volume of solution measured and recorded by the apparatus correlated positively with the true volume dispensed. Furthermore, the volume of solution reported by the computer to have been consumed by an individual subject correlated positively with blood ethanol concentrations. In Experiment 2, the volume of ethanol consumed by individual subjects in single cages correlated positively with their consumption in the social group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The apparatus accurately identified and measured individual patterns of ethanol consumption among socially housed animals. Additionally, individual differences in ethanol consumption remained stable across settings, as shown by the strong positive correlation between drinking in a social setting versus drinking alone. This finding may thus reflect an individual's constitutional proclivity to consume alcohol.
authors.affiliation: 1301 MSRB III, Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Flory
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Woltz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magleby
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Higley
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D003201:Computers; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol