title: Effect of zooming on texture features of ultrasonic images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unstable carotid plaques on subjective, visual, assessment using B-mode ultrasound scanning appear as echolucent and heterogeneous. Although previous studies on computer assisted plaque characterisation have standardised B-mode images for brightness, improving the objective assessment of echolucency, little progress has been made towards standardisation of texture analysis methods, which assess plaque heterogeneity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of image zooming during ultrasound scanning on textural features and to test whether or not resolution standardisation decreases the variability introduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen still B-mode images of carotid plaques were zoomed during carotid scanning (zoom factor 1.3) and both images were transferred to a PC and normalised. Using bilinear and bicubic interpolation, the original images were interpolated in a process of simulating off-line zoom using the same interpolation factor. With the aid of the colour-coded image, carotid plaques of the original, zoomed and two resampled images for each case were outlined and histogram, first order and second order statistics were subsequently calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most second order statistics (21/25, 84%) were significantly (p < 0.05) sensitive to image zooming during scanning, in contrast to histogram and first order statistics (4/25, 16%, p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Median (interquartile range) change of those features sensitive to zooming was 18.14% (4.94-28.43). Image interpolation restored these changes, the bicubic interpolation being superior compared to bilinear interpolation (p = 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Texture analysis of ultrasonic plaques should be performed under standardised resolution settings; otherwise a resolution normalisation algorithm should be applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK. s.kakkos@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stavros K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kakkos
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: Efthyvoulos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kyriacou
authors.forename: Constantinos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pattichis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geroulakos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014463:Ultrasonography