title: Retinal degeneration from oxidative damage.
abstract: Paraquat, a herbicide that generates reactive oxygen species, has been used to probe the oxidative defense systems of lung. In this study, we investigated the effects of paraquat in the retina. There was no significant decline in electroretinogram (ERG) a- or b-wave amplitudes after intravitreous injection of 1 mul of 0.5 mM paraquat in C57BL/6 mice, but loss of ERG function occurred after injection of 0.75 or 1 mM paraquat. Histology in paraquat-injected eyes showed condensation of chromatin and thinning of the inner and outer nuclear layers indicating cell death, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated duTP-biotinide end labeling demonstrated that one mechanism of cell death was apoptosis. Fluorescence in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium after intraocular injection of paraquat followed by perfusion with hydroethidine indicated high levels of superoxide radicals, and oxidative damage was demonstrated by staining for acrolein and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for carbonyl adducts. Paraquat-induced damage to the outer nuclear layer was greater in BALB/c mice than in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting strain differences in the oxidative defense system of photoreceptors and/or other modifier genes. Intravitreous injection of paraquat provides a new model of oxidative damage-induced retinal degeneration that is likely to be useful for testing new antioxidant treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maumenee 719, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9277, USA.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cingolani
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kachi
authors.forename: Jikui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campochiaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004596:Electroretinography; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010269:Paraquat / Q000633:toxicity; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006540:Herbicides; D013481:Superoxides; D010269:Paraquat