title: Nonmelanoma skin and mucosal cancers after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in survivors of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The impact of patient-, disease-, treatment-, and toxicity-related factors on risk of BCC and SCC was determined in a retrospective cohort study of 4,810 patients who received allogeneic HCT and who survived for at least 100 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among allogeneic HCT recipients, 237 developed at least one skin or mucosal cancer (BCC, n = 158; SCC, n = 95). Twenty-year cumulative incidences of BCC and SCC were 6.5% and 3.4%, respectively. Total-body irradiation was a significant risk factor for BCC (P = .003), most strongly among patients younger than 18 years old at HCT (P = .02, interaction). Light-skinned patients had an increased risk of BCC (P = .01). Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increased the risk of SCC (P = .02), whereas chronic GVHD increased the risk of both BCC (P = .01) and SCC (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis suggests that immutable factors, such as age and complexion, have a significant impact on BCC and SCC. However, specific treatment (radiotherapy) and transplantation complications (GVHD) may modify that risk. These additional risk factors suggest the contribution of immunologic mechanism DNA and tissue repair in the development of BCC and SCC. We confirm previous reports that exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of BCC but not SCC. Survivors of HCT should be monitored for the development of BCC and SCC and use preventive strategies.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. wleisenr@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leisenring
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Mary E D
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: H Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000150:complications; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation