title: Bivalirudin use in carotid endarterectomy in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the successful use of bivalirudin as the primary procedural anticoagulant in a patient with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 73-year-old white man presented for an elective CEA 3 weeks after emergent, on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Bivalirudin was used for procedural anticoagulation because of seropositivity for heparin-PF4 antibodies and a clinical history consistent with HIT. The dose was administered as a 0.75 mg/kg bolus and 1.75 mg/kg/h infusion as reported in percutaneous coronary intervention, based on review of the available bivalirudin literature. The dosage was adjusted for the patient's renal dysfunction. The outcome was successful, with the patient discharged home in 8 days without significant complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During active HIT, when thrombocytopenia and heparin-PF4 antibodies are present, heparin therapy must be avoided. In patients with subacute HIT, when platelet counts have recovered but HIT antibodies are still present, it is also prudent to avoid heparin administration. In the case of a patient in whom anticoagulation is necessary but heparin use is contraindicated, a direct thrombin inhibitor, such as bivalirudin, may offer a viable alternative. Bivalirudin is not immunogenic and does not cross-react with the heparin-PF4 antibodies associated with HIT. To our knowledge, as of January 20, 2006, this is the first report of the use of bivalirudin for procedural anticoagulation during CEA in a patient with HIT antibodies and recent exposure to heparin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further investigation is warranted to clarify the clinical benefits of bivalirudin for patients undergoing vascular surgery of the carotids, including potential advantages for vulnerable patient populations such as those with diagnosed or suspected HIT as well as those with renal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA. Sfinks@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Shannon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Finks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010976:Platelet Count; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; C074619:bivalirudin