title: Nocturia: "do the math".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the definition and etiologies of nocturia, offering the current diagnostic procedures and standards of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed recent published literature regarding nocturia, along with current paradigms for diagnosis and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nocturia is common as a limited occurrence but troublesome if the patient regularly experiences more than 2 episodes during sleep hours. The 4 principle etiologies associated with nocturia (nocturnal polyuria, decreased nocturnal bladder capacity, mixed polyuria, and global polyuria) may be easily differentiated through mathematical analysis of a 24-hour bladder diary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocturia is highly treatable in many patients. Identification of the precise type and its cause enable clinicians to minimize the inconvenience and sleep deprivation associated with nocturia.
authors.affiliation: Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA. Urojock@aol.com
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016482:Urinalysis; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics