title: Insight, symptoms and neurocognition in bipolar I patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Level of insight and its relationship to clinical variables and neurocognitive functions was assessed in bipolar I patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Verbal memory, executive functioning, sustained attention, general intelligence and other neurocognitive functions were compared between 37 chronic in- and outpatients and 31 matched normal controls. Detailed psychiatric interviews were completed to define the level of symptomatology and psychosocial functioning. Insight was assessed by the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy percent of the patients were classified as having impaired insight. Prevalence of impaired insight was 47% and 94% in remitted and symptomatic patients, respectively. Symptomatic patients scored significantly below remitted patients on insight and neurocognition. Illness and symptom unawareness were related to overall level of symptoms, measures of memory, conceptual ability and right hand psychomotor speed and accuracy. Misattribution of symptoms and signs was correlated to visuomotor speed and visuospatial performance in addition to affective symptoms and thought disturbance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the hypothesis that impaired insight and other neurocognitive dysfunctions were present in a large percentage of cases among symptomatic as well as remitted bipolar patients. This may be of clinical relevance and raises important questions about the course and outcome of the illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation, Ulleval University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway. m.varga@akersykehus.no
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flekkøy
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rønneberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Opjordsmoen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001364:Awareness; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010343:Patient Admission; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012803:Sick Role; D012917:Social Adjustment