title: Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the clinical application of oral naltrexone agrees on several things. From a pharmacological perspective, naltrexone works. From an applied perspective, however, this medication is not used since the medication compliance and the retention rates are very poor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of naltrexone maintenance treatment versus placebo or other treatments in preventing relapse in opioid addicts after detoxification.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Register of Trials (January 2005), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL - The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE (1973-first year of naltrexone use in humans- January 2005), EMBASE (1974- January 2005), PsycINFO (OVID-January 1985 to January 2004). We inspected reference lists of relevant articles and we contacted pharmaceutical producers of naltrexone, authors and other Cochrane review groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised and controlled clinical trials which focus on the use of naltrexone maintenance treatment versus placebo, or other treatments to reach sustained abstinence from opiate drugs
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data. One reviewer carried out the qualitative assessments of the methodology of eligible studies using validated checklists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies, 696 participants, met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Only two studies described an adequate allocation concealment. The results show that naltrexone maintenance therapy alone or associated with psychosocial therapy is more efficacious that placebo alone or associated with psychosocial therapy in limiting the use of heroin during the treatment (RR 0,72 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.90). If we consider only the studies comparing naltrexone with placebo, the difference do not reach the statistical significancy, RR 0.79 (95%CI 0.59 to 1.06). With respect to the number of participants re incarcerated during the study period, the naltrexone associated with psychosocial therapy is more effective than the psychosocial treatment alone; RR 0.50 (95%CI 0.27 to 0.91). No statistically significant benefit was shown in terms of retention in treatment, side effects or relapse results at follow-up for any of the considered comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unfortunately the studies did not provide an objective evaluation of naltrexone treatment in the field of opioid dependence. The conclusions are also limited due to the heterogeneity of the trials both in the interventions and in the assessment of outcomes.
authors.affiliation: ASL RM E, Epidemiology, via Pellicone, 5, Fosdinovo, Italy, 54035. sminozzi@tiscali.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minozzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vecchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davoli
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kirchmayer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verster
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone