title: Characterization of molecular disorder in vapor-deposited thin films of aluminum tris(quinoline-8-olate) by one-dimensional 27Al NMR under magic angle spinning.
abstract: Aluminum tris (quinoline-8-olate) (Alq3) is used as an electron-transport layer in organic light-emitting diodes. The material can be obtained in a wide range of different solid phases, both crystalline and amorphous, by deposition from the vapor phase or from solution under controlled conditions. While the structure of the crystalline polymorphs of Alq3 has been investigated thoroughly by x-ray diffraction as well as solid-state NMR, very little information is currently available on the amount of structural disorder in the amorphous forms of Alq3. In the present contribution, we report the use of 27Al NMR spectroscopy in the solid state under magic angle spinning to extract such information from amorphous vapor deposits of Alq3. The NMR spectra obtained from these samples exhibit different degrees of broadening, reflecting distributions of the electric-field gradient tensor at the site of the aluminum ion. These distributions can be obtained from the NMR spectra by solving the corresponding inverse problem. From these results, the magnitude of structural disorder in terms of molecular geometry has been estimated by density-functional theory calculations. It was found that the electric-field gradient anisotropy delta follows a bimodal distribution. Its majority component is centered around delta values comparable to the meridianal alpha crystal polymorph and has a width of about 10%, corresponding to distortions of the molecular geometry of a few degrees in the orientation of the ligands. Alq3 samples obtained at higher deposition rates exhibit higher degrees of disorder. The minor component, present at about 7%, has a much smaller anisotropy, suggesting that it may be due to the facial isomer of Alq3.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA. marcel.utz@uconn.edu
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.forename: Magesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nandagopal
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathai
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papadimitrakopoulos