title: The effects of supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin on human macular pigment density and colour vision.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both yellow-blue (YB) discrimination thresholds and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements in the eye exhibit large variability in the normal population. Although it is well established that selective absorption of blue light by the macular pigment (MP) can significantly affect trichromatic colour matches, the extent to which the MP affects colour discrimination (CD) sensitivity remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we assess whether the variability in YB thresholds is attributable to differences in MPOD, both at the fovea and in the paracentral visual field. We also investigated whether higher levels of MP offer any advantage in other visual functions such as red-green (RG) CD sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD thresholds and spatial MPOD profiles were measured in 24 normal trichromats supplemented with zeaxanthin (OPTISHARP) and/or lutein. Novel stimulus conditions that isolate YB and RG chromatic mechanisms were employed and MPOD profiles were measured up to an eccentricity of 8 degrees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data reveal an increase in MPOD in the supplemented subjects that was almost uniform within a centre region around the fovea subtending +/-4 degrees. RG sensitivity was high in all subjects with thresholds well within the normal range. Unexpectedly, YB thresholds were also normal and showed no correlation with MPOD. A model for threshold CD based on appropriate combinations of cone contrast signals was developed to explain the experimental findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  YB thresholds remain unaffected by supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin rather, at increased MPOD levels, RG vision tends to be improved. The model accounts for the absence of correlation between MPOD and YB thresholds and predicts a marginal improvement in RG discrimination when MPOD is high.
authors.affiliation: Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, City University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Carmona
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kvansakul
authors.forename: J Alister
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Harlow
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Köpcke
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schalch
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barbur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000379:methods; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000378:metabolism*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000187:drug effects; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065146:Zeaxanthins
chemical_list: D012168:Retinal Pigments; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D014975:Lutein