title: Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance imaging studies have identified hippocampal volume reductions in schizophrenia and amygdala volume enlargements in bipolar disorder, suggesting different medial temporal lobe abnormalities in these conditions. These studies have been limited by small samples and the absence of patients early in the course of illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate hippocampal and amygdala volumes in a large sample of patients with chronic schizophrenia, patients with first-episode psychosis, and patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis compared with control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional comparison between patient groups and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with chronic schizophrenia were recruited from a mental health rehabilitation service, and individuals with first-episode psychosis and ultra-high risk were recruited from the ORYGEN Youth Health Service. Control subjects were recruited from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population of 473 individuals included 89 with chronic schizophrenia, 162 with first-episode psychosis, 135 at ultra-high risk for psychosis (of whom 39 subsequently developed a psychotic illness), and 87 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hippocampal, amygdala, whole-brain, and intracranial volumes were estimated on high-resolution magnetic resonance images and compared across groups, including first-episode subgroups. We used 1- and 2-way analysis of variance designs to compare hippocampal and amygdala volumes across groups, correcting for intracranial volume and covarying for age and sex. We investigated the effects of medication and illness duration on structural volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with chronic schizophrenia displayed bilateral hippocampal volume reduction. Patients with first-episode schizophrenia but not schizophreniform psychosis displayed left hippocampal volume reduction. The remaining first-episode subgroups had normal hippocampal volumes compared with controls. Amygdala volume enlargement was identified only in first-episode patients with nonschizophrenic psychoses. Patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis had normal baseline hippocampal and amygdala volumes whether or not they subsequently developed a psychotic illness. Structural volumes did not differ between patients taking atypical vs typical antipsychotic medications, and they remained unchanged when patients treated with lithium were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medial temporal structural changes are not seen until after the onset of a psychotic illness, and the pattern of structural change differs according to the type of psychosis. These findings have important implications for future neurobiological studies of psychotic disorders and emphasize the importance of longitudinal studies examining patients before and after the onset of a psychotic illness.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia. dennis.velakoulis@mh.org.au
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Velakoulis
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Michael T H
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McGorry
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Warrick
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Proffitt
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012107:Research Design; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds