title: Leaf vascular systems in C(3) and C(4) grasses: a two-dimensional analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well documented that C(4) grasses have a shorter distance between longitudinal veins in the leaves than C(3) grasses. In grass leaves, however, veins with different structures and functions are differentiated: large longitudinal veins, small longitudinal veins and transverse veins. Thus, the densities of the three types of vein in leaves of C(3) and C(4) grasses were investigated from a two-dimensional perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vein densities in cleared leaves of 15 C(3) and 26 C(4) grasses representing different taxonomic groups and photosynthetic subtypes were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The C(4) grasses had denser transverse veins and denser small longitudinal veins than the C(3) grasses (1.9 and 2.1 times in interveinal distance), but there was no significant difference in large longitudinal veins. The total length of the three vein types per unit area in the C(4) grasses was 2.1 times that in the C(3) grasses. The ratio of transverse vein length to total vein length was 14.3 % in C(3) grasses and 9.9 % in C(4) grasses. The C(3) grasses generally had greater species variation in the vascular distances than the C(4) grasses. The bambusoid and panicoid C(3) grasses tended to have a denser vascular system than the festucoid C(3) grasses. There were no significant differences in the interveinal distances of the three vein types between C(4) subtypes, although the NADP-malic enzyme grasses tended to have a shorter distance between small longitudinal veins than the NAD-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase grasses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that C(4) grasses have structurally a superior photosynthate translocation and water distribution system by developing denser networks of small longitudinal and transverse veins, while keeping a constant density of large longitudinal veins. The bambusoid and panicoid C(3) grasses have a vascular system that is more similar to that in C(4) grasses than to that in the festucoid C(3) grasses.
authors.affiliation: Plant Physiology Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan. uenoos@nias.affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.forename: Tomoshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification