title: Reduced expression and functional impairment of Toll-like receptor 2 on dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dendritic cells (DCs) utilize Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to sense virus and initiate immune responses. We aimed at elucidating the roles of TLRs on DCs in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocyte-derived DCs were obtained from 32 healthy volunteers (HV) and 30 chronically HCV-infected patients (CH). TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 expressions on immature DCs were quantified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. We stimulated DCs with specific TLR ligands and examined DC maturation, cytokine production and ability to stimulate allogeneic CD4(+) T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR2 expression on immature DCs was lower in the CH group, whereas those of TLR3 or TLR4 were not different between the groups. Each TLR ligand induced DC maturation and stimulated them to release comparable levels of IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and IFN-beta between the groups. TLR2 and TLR4 ligands enhanced DC ability to stimulate T cell proliferation, with the degree due to the TLR2 ligand being lower in the CH group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HCV infection, the TLR2 expression on DCs is reduced and TLR2-stimulated DCs show lesser ability to proliferate T cells than healthy counterparts, suggesting that the TLR2 system is involved in HCV-induced immunopathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yakushijin
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanto
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Tsugiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oze
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Ichiyo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Itose
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyatake
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuzushita
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayashi