title: Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part II: gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular coronary disease.
abstract: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the U.S., but recent advances have not led to declines in case fatality rates for women. The current review highlights gender-specific issues in ischemic heart disease (IHD) presentation, evaluation, and outcomes with a special focus on the results derived from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. In the second part of this review, we will assess new evidence on gender-based differences in vascular wall or metabolic alterations, atherosclerotic plaque deposition, and functional expression on worsening outcomes of women. Additionally, innovative cardiovascular imaging techniques will be discussed. Finally, we identify critical areas of further inquiry needed to advance this new gender-specific IHD understanding into improved outcomes for women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. Noel.BaireyMerz@cshs.org
authors.forename: C Noel
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Bairey Merz
authors.forename: Leslee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Sheryl F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: B Delia
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mankad
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sharaf
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pohost
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Arshed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sopko
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors