title: Determinants of hearing loss in perforations of the tympanic membrane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although tympanic membrane perforations are common, there have been few systematic studies of the structural features determining the magnitude of the resulting conductive hearing loss. Our recent experimental and modeling studies predicted that the conductive hearing loss will increase with increasing perforation size, be independent of perforation location (contrary to popular otologic belief), and increase with decreasing size of the middle-ear and mastoid air space (an idea new to otology).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test our predictions regarding determinants of conductive hearing loss in tympanic membrane perforations against clinical data gathered from patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with tympanic membrane perforations without other middle-ear disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Size and location of perforation; air-bone gap at 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz; and tympanometric estimate of volume of the middle-ear air spaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated tympanic membrane perforations in 62 ears from 56 patients met inclusion criteria. Air-bone gaps were largest at the lower frequencies and decreased as frequency increased. Air-bone gaps increased with perforation size at each frequency. Ears with small middle-ear volumes, < or = 4.3 ml (n = 23), had significantly larger air-bone gaps than ears with large middle-ear volumes, > 4.3 ml (n = 39), except at 2,000 Hz. The mean air-bone gaps in ears with small volumes were 10 to 20 dB larger than in ears with large volumes. Perforations in anterior versus posterior quadrants showed no significant differences in air-bone gaps at any frequency, although anterior perforations had, on average, air-bone gaps that were smaller by 1 to 8 dB at lower frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conductive hearing loss resulting from a tympanic membrane perforation is frequency-dependent, with the largest losses occurring at the lowest sound frequencies; increases as size of the perforation increases; varies inversely with volume of the middle-ear and mastoid air space (losses are larger in ears with small volumes); and does not vary appreciably with location of the perforation. Effects of location, if any, are small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Ritvik P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rosowski
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: Saumil N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Merchant
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*