title: Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. Evidence that PTSD is characterised by specific psychobiological dysfunctions has contributed to a growing interest in the use of medication in its treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of medication for post traumatic stress disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group specialised register (CCDANCTR-Studies) on 18 August 2005, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library issue 4, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2004), PsycINFO (1966 to 2004), and the National PTSD Center Pilots database. Reference lists of retrieved articles were searched for additional studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmacotherapy for PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two raters independently assessed RCTs for inclusion in the review, collated trial data, and assessed trial quality. Investigators were contacted to obtain missing data. Summary statistics were stratified by medication class, and by medication agent for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Dichotomous and continuous measures were calculated using a random effects model, heterogeneity was assessed, and subgroup/sensitivity analyses were undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  35 short-term (14 weeks or less) RCTs were included in the analysis (4597 participants). Symptom severity for 17 trials was significantly reduced in the medication groups, relative to placebo (weighted mean difference -5.76, 95% confidence intervals (CI) -8.16 to -3.36, number of participants (N) = 2507). Similarly, summary statistics for responder status from 13 trials demonstrated overall superiority of a variety of medication agents to placebo (relative risk 1.49, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.73, number needed to treat = 4.85, 95% CI 3.85 to 6.25, N = 1272). Medication and placebo response occurred in 59.1% (N = 644) and 38.5% (628) of patients, respectively. Of the medication classes, evidence of treatment efficacy was most convincing for the SSRIs. Medication was superior to placebo in reducing the severity of PTSD symptom clusters, comorbid depression and disability. Medication was also less well tolerated than placebo. A narrative review of 3 maintenance trials suggested that long term medication may be required in treating PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication treatments can be effective in treating PTSD, acting to reduce its core symptoms, as well as associated depression and disability. The findings of this review support the status of SSRIs as first line agents in the pharmacotherapy of PTSD, as well as their value in long-term treatment. However, there remain important gaps in the evidence base, and a continued need for more effective agents in the management of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town, Dept of Psychiatry, Anzio Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa, 7700. djs2@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ipser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seedat
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs