title: Covariate linkage analysis of GAW14 simulated data incorporating subclinical phenotype, sex, population, parent-of-origin, and interaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluate a method for the incorporation of covariates into linkage analysis using the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data. Focusing on a randomly chosen replicate (42) we investigated the effect of the 12 subclinical phenotypes, sex, population, and parent-of-origin on the linkage signal from a model-free linkage analysis of Kofendrerd Personality Disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected a linkage peak on chromosome 1, at about 175 cM, which varied depending upon individuals' status for subclinical phenotype b. A linkage peak on chromosome 3 (310 cM) was found not to depend upon subclinical phenotype status. Further peaks were found on chromosomes 5 (12 cM), 9 (4 cM), and 10 (95 cM), depending on the status of subclinical phenotypes a, k, and c/d/g, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective comparison of our results with the simulation model showed correct identification of disease loci D1-5 on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 9 and 10, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. HamshereML@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hamshere
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moskvina
authors.forename: Ivan N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Nikolov
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Holmans
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000235:genetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010641:Phenotype; D012727:Sex Characteristics