title: Self-reported treatments used for lower-limb phantom pain: descriptive findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the types and relative frequency of treatments used for lower-limb phantom limb pain (PLP), including both pharmacologic and rehabilitative interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based survey from clinical databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based sample (N=255) of persons with lower-limb amputations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensity of PLP and type and helpfulness of treatments (both past and present) used for PLP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although 72% of the sample (n=183) reported current PLP, 53% of the respondents with PLP (and 38% of those with severe PLP) had never used treatment for PLP. Those who had used treatment reported greater pain severity and interference. The most commonly used treatment modality was analgesic medication, including acetaminophen, opioids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Of the treatments surveyed, only opioids and chiropractic care were rated as moderately to extremely helpful by the majority of those who had tried them, and many pain interventions had been discontinued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As hypothesized, a significant proportion of persons with PLP have not used treatment for this pain, and, among those who have used pain treatments, few treatments are perceived as substantially helpful. More research is needed to identify effective management strategies for PLP and to examine further patient perceptions of pain treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98104, USA. hanleym@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Marisol A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ehde
authors.forename: Kellye M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D059408:Pain Management; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics