title: Hydralazine-induced lupus: maintaining vigilance with increased use in patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review data concerning the incidence and danger of hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and review how best to monitor patients placed on chronic hydralazine therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was sought utilizing PUBMED (1960 to present) and MEDLINE (1966 to present). Search terms included hydralazine, drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus, congestive heart failure, and antinuclear antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A major adverse effect of hydralazine therapy is drug-induced SLE. An evaluation of case reports and review of the literature was undertaken to determine the significance of this major adverse effect and stress the importance of close monitoring of patients placed on chronic hydralazine therapy for heart failure. Risk factors are discussed including high daily doses, slow acetylator and HLA-DRw4 phenotypes, therapy longer than 3 months, and female gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following the publication of A-HeFT, an increase in the amount of hydralazine prescribed in patients with heart failure has been noted. Patients should be closely monitored when initiating hydralazine and during chronic therapy. Although dose limitation of hydralazine reduces risk, low doses are well documented to be associated with SLE. A baseline antinuclear antibody level should be determined on initiation of hydralazine, but it is not recommended to regularly check antinuclear antibody levels because a positive result does not necessarily indicate SLE is present. Patients should be monitored at each visit for signs and symptoms of SLE, and, if any signs and symptoms of the syndrome develop while the patient is on hydralazine therapy, the drug should be discontinued immediately because complications from the syndrome can be potentially fatal.
authors.affiliation: Methodist University Hospital, and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. sfinks@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Shannon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Finks
authors.forename: A Lloyd
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Finks
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Self
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D006830:Hydralazine