title: Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB exposure of non-breastfed Dutch infants.
abstract: The exposure of humans to PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs, i.e. polychlorinated non-ortho and mono-ortho biphenyls) occurs predominantly via the intake of food. Young children have a relatively high intake of these substances, due to their high food consumption per kilogram body weight. As the exposure of non-breastfed infants to these compounds has not been assessed before in The Netherlands, we studied the dietary intake of 17 PCDD/Fs and 11 dioxin-like PCBs in 188 Dutch non-breastfed infants between 4 and 13 months. The food intake of the infants was assessed by a 2-d food record. From these data PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB intake was calculated using PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB concentrations of food products sampled in 1998/1999 in The Netherlands. The long-term PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB exposure of the infants was calculated using the statistical exposure model (STEM). For infants of 5 months the chronic exposure to PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB was 1.1pg WHO-TEQ (toxic equivalents) per kilogram body weight (bw) per day (95th percentile: 1.7pg WHO-TEQ/kg bwxd), which mainly originated from infant formula and vegetables and increased to 2.3pg WHO-TEQ/kg bwxd (95th percentile 3.7pg WHO-TEQ/kg bwxd) for infants just over 1 year old eating the same food as their parents. The percentage of formula-fed infants with an exposure exceeding the TDI of 2pg WHO-TEQ/kg bwxd was 5% at 5 months, 49% at 9 months and 64% at 12 months.
authors.affiliation: Hogeschool van Amsterdam, Amsterdam School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dr. Meurerlaan 8, 1067 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.j.m.weijs@hva.nl
authors.forename: P J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weijs
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Korver
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Goor Ghanaviztchi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Wijnen
mesh_terms: D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls