title: Mutations of the RET gene in isolated and syndromic Hirschsprung's disease in human disclose major and modifier alleles at a single locus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), a hypomorphic allele of a major gene, RET, accounts for most isolated (non-syndromic) cases, along with other autosomal susceptibility loci under a multiplicative model. However, some syndromic forms of HSCR are monogenic entities, for which the disease causing gene is known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether RET could be considered a modifier gene for the enteric phenotype on the background of a monogenic trait.
  
  
  METHODS
  The syndromic HSCR entities studied were congenital central hypoventilation (CCHS) and Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS), caused by PHOX2B and ZFHX1B gene mutations, respectively. The RET locus was genotyped in 143 CCHS patients, among whom 44 had HSCR, and in 30 MWS patients, among whom 20 had HSCR. The distribution of alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes was compared within the different groups. To test the interaction in vivo, heterozygous mice were bred for a null allele of Phox2b and Ret genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RET was shown to act as a modifier gene for the HSCR phenotype in patients with CCHS but not with MWS. The intestine of double heterozygote mice was indistinguishable from their littermates. A loss of over 50% of each gene function seemed necessary in the mouse model for an enteric phenotype to occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CCHS patients, the weak predisposing haplotype of the RET gene can be regarded as a quantitative trait, being a risk factor for the HSCR phenotype, while in MWS, for which the HSCR penetrance is high, the role of the RET predisposing haplotype is not significant. It seems likely that there are both RET dependent and RET independent HSCR cases.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfant Malades, INSERM U-393, Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Pontual
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trochet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jaubert
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Parrilla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munnich
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goridis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyonnet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amiel
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000235:genetics*; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C109220:NBPhox protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C099282:RET protein, human