title: K-ras mutations in incident sporadic colorectal adenomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although K-ras is the most frequently mutated protooncogene in colorectal carcinoma, the specific role and timing of K-ras mutations in colorectal carcinogenesis remains controversial. In the current study, the authors investigated associations with K-ras mutation in incident sporadic colorectal adenomas that occurred during a chemoprevention trial of calcium supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  K-ras genotyping was performed on 303 colorectal adenomas that were removed from 207 participants during the follow-up phase of the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study. Mutations in codons 12 or 13 of K-ras were detected by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and were confirmed by direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adenomas analyzed had a mean estimated size of 0.5 cm, and 3.0% were identified with mutations (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3-4.4%). These mutations were more common in larger adenomas (risk ratio [RR], 12.7 for tumors that measured > 0.5 cm vs. < or = 0.5 cm; 95% CI, 2.7-59.7), in adenomas with more advanced histology (RR, 20.6 for tubulovillous/villous vs. tubular; 95% CI, 4.4-96.0), and in adenomas that were located in the rectum compared with the colon (RR, 8.4; 95% CI, 2.3-30.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with previous studies, the current analysis was novel, because it focused on incident adenomas that were diagnosed within a few years of a previous "clean" colonoscopy. The results provided evidence for a very low rate of K-ras mutation among these small, early adenomas and strong support for a role of K-ras mutations in adenoma progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA. elizabeth.l.barry@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth L R
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Haile
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction