title: Gemfibrozil decreases atherosclerosis in experimental diabetes in association with a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is postulated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists confer cardiovascular benefits in diabetes, independently of their effects on lipid metabolism. We investigated putative mechanisms responsible for these anti-atherogenic effects in an in vivo model of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein-deficient mice received gemfibrozil (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or no treatment for 20 weeks. Aortic plaque deposition was assessed by Sudan IV staining and subsequent en face quantification. Superoxide production was measured using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. Markers of pathways including inflammation and oxidative stress were measured using real-time RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant effect of gemfibrozil was observed on glycated haemoglobin, cholesterol or insulin in diabetic mice. Diabetes was associated with a three-fold increase in plaque area and a significant increase in NADPH-dependent superoxide compared with control mice. Gemfibrozil significantly attenuated plaque area and superoxide production in diabetic mice. In addition, gemfibrozil reduced the expression of the genes encoding the NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox, gp91phox and Rac-1. In addition, gemfibrozil reduced the expression of the genes encoding nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) subunit, p65, the NF-kappaB-dependent chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tissue factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that gemfibrozil exerts anti-atherogenic actions, independently of changes in cholesterol and glucose metabolism. Such findings emphasise the possible usefulness of fibrates such as gemfibrozil in a setting of atherosclerosis even in the absence of dyslipidaemia.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Baker Heart Research Institute, P.O. Box 6492, St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne, 8008, Australia. anna.calkin@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Calkin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jandeleit-Dahm
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000809:Angiotensins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012083:Renin / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000809:Angiotensins; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015415:Biomarkers; D013481:Superoxides; D012083:Renin; D015248:Gemfibrozil