title: Activation profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines in acute cardiac overload.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in ventricular remodeling during heart failure progression. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute volume and RV pressure overload on biventricular hemodynamics and myocardial gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 45) instrumented with RV and LV tip micromanometers were randomly assigned to one of three protocols: i) acute RV pressure overload (PrOv) induced by pulmonary trunk banding in order to double RV peak systolic pressure, for 120 or 360 min; ii) acute volume overload (VolOv) induced by dextran40 infusion (5 ml/h), for 120 or 360 min; iii) Sham. Free wall samples from the RV and LV were collected for mRNA quantification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the RV, acute overload induced IL-6 and TNF-alpha gene expression, higher in VolOv (IL-6: + 669.7 +/- 263.4%; TNF-alpha: + 5149.9 +/- 1099.0%; 360 min) than in PrOv (IL-6: + 64.9 +/- 44.2%; TNF-alpha: + 628.1 +/- 229.3%; 360 min). In PrOv, TNF-alpha mRNA levels in the LV were increased, in the absence of ventricular overload. IL-6 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels did not correlate in the LV, while in the RV a positive correlation was found (r = 0.574; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute cardiac overload induces overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This gene activation is not uniform, being higher in volume overload and involving both load-dependent and load-independent mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Roberto Júnior
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Roncon-Albuquerque
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: André P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brandão-Nogueira
authors.forename: Antónia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriques-Coelho
authors.forename: Adelino F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leite-Moreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015870:Gene Expression; D006439:Hemodynamics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha