title: The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome, which is very common in the general population, is defined by the clustering of several classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Central obesity and insulin resistance, which are the two underlying disorders of the syndrome, are further risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Moreover, a panel of novel (non-traditional) risk factors are ancillary features of the metabolic syndrome. They include biomarkers of chronic mild inflammation (e.g. C-reactive protein, CRP), increased oxidant stress (e.g. oxidized low density lipoprotein, LDL), thrombophilia (e.g. plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) and endothelial dysfunction (e.g. E-selectin). Therefore, subjects with the metabolic syndrome are potentially at high risk of developing atherosclerosis and clinical cardiovascular events.In recent years several longitudinal studies have confirmed that subjects with the metabolic syndrome present with atherosclerosis and suffer from myocardial infarction and stroke at rates higher than subjects without the syndrome. The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is particularly high in women with the syndrome and in subjects with pre-existing diabetes, CVD and/or high CRP. However, an increased risk is already present in subjects with a cluster of multiple mild abnormalities. The risk related to the metabolic syndrome is definitely higher when subjects affected are compared to subjects free of any metabolic abnormality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy. enzobonora@virgilio.it
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonora
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors