title: Lipid-based nanoparticles for contrast-enhanced MRI and molecular imaging.
abstract: In the field of MR imaging and especially in the emerging field of cellular and molecular MR imaging, flexible strategies to synthesize contrast agents that can be manipulated in terms of size and composition and that can be easily conjugated with targeting ligands are required. Furthermore, the relaxivity of the contrast agents, especially for molecular imaging applications, should be very high to deal with the low sensitivity of MRI. Lipid-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes or micelles, have been used extensively in recent decades as drug carrier vehicles. A relatively new and promising application of lipidic nanoparticles is their use as multimodal MR contrast agents. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules with both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part, which spontaneously assemble into aggregates in an aqueous environment. In these aggregates, the amphiphiles are arranged such that the hydrophobic parts cluster together and the hydrophilic parts face the water. In the low concentration regime, a wide variety of structures can be formed, ranging from spherical micelles to disks or liposomes. Furthermore, a monolayer of lipids can serve as a shell to enclose a hydrophobic core. Hydrophobic iron oxide particles, quantum dots or perfluorocarbon emulsions can be solubilized using this approach. MR-detectable and fluorescent amphiphilic molecules can easily be incorporated in lipidic nanoparticles. Furthermore, targeting ligands can be conjugated to lipidic particles by incorporating lipids with a functional moiety to allow a specific interaction with molecular markers and to achieve accumulation of the particles at disease sites. In this review, an overview of different lipidic nanoparticles for use in MRI is given, with the main emphasis on Gd-based contrast agents. The mechanisms of particle formation, conjugation strategies and applications in the field of contrast-enhanced, cellular and molecular MRI are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. w.j.m.mulder@tue.nl
authors.forename: Willem J M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Gustav J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Strijkers
authors.forename: Geralda A F
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van Tilborg
authors.forename: Arjan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Griffioen
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nicolay
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes