title: Estimating diabetes prevalence by small area in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes risk is linked to both deprivation and ethnicity, and so prevalence will vary considerably between areas. Prevalence differences may partly account for geographic variation in health performance indicators for diabetes, which are based on age standardized hospitalization or operation rates. A positive correlation between prevalence and health outcomes indicates that the latter are not measuring only performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A regression analysis of prevalence rates according to age, sex and ethnicity from the Health Survey for England (HSE) is undertaken and used (together with census data) to estimate diabetes prevalence for 354 English local authorities and 8000 smaller areas (electoral wards). An adjustment for social factors is based on a prevalence gradient over area-deprivation quintiles. A Bayesian estimation approach is used allowing simple inclusion of evidence on prevalence from other or historical sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated prevalent population in England is 1.5 million (188 000 type 1 and 1.341 million type 2). At strategic health authority (StHA) level, prevalence varies from 2.4 (Thames Valley) to 4 per cent (North East London). The prevalence estimates are used to assess variations between local authorities in adverse hospitalization indicators for diabetics and to assess the relationship between diabetes-related mortality and prevalence. In particular, rates of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and coma are positively correlated with prevalence, while diabetic amputation rates are not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodology developed is applicable to developing small-area-prevalence estimates for a range of chronic diseases, when health surveys assess prevalence by demographic categories. In the application to diabetes prevalence, there is evidence that performance indicators as currently calculated are not corrected for prevalence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK. p.congdon@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Congdon
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis