title: Cortisol correlates with metabolic disturbances in a population study of type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly in industrialized countries, and adrenal glucocorticoids may intensify this disease. We sought to assess the relationship between diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances and cortisol concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 190 type 2 diabetic patients who volunteered from a population study of 12,430 people in Luebeck and its suburbs. The target population comprised men and women born between 1939 and 1958 who initially received a postal questionnaire about their health status. We identified 346 subjects with confirmed diabetes mellitus and 216 patients participated in the study. Patients with type 1 diabetes were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after lunch, in the evening and then the next morning before and after standing. Clinical variables associated with diabetes were measured and correlated with cortisol concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the cohort had salivary cortisol concentrations that exceeded the normally accepted range. Based on cortisol samples collected just prior to a standard lunch, the cohort was divided into tertiles. Cortisol was positively related to: fasting blood, urinary and postprandial glucose; glycosylated hemoglobin; and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (all P < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations also correlated with the relative abdominal mass (P < 0.05) when patients with marked glucosuria were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of severity of several clinical measures of type 2 diabetes correlates with cortisol concentrations. Moreover, the results provide evidence for a positive relationship between metabolic disturbances and cortisol concentrations that are within the accepted normal range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Luebeck, Germany. Oltmanns@medinf.mu-luebeck.de
authors.forename: Kerstin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Oltmanns
authors.forename: Baerbel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dodt
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schultes
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Raspe
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: Horst L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Fehm
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006029:Glycosuria / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D007328:Insulin