title: Comparisons of physiological and perceptual responses in healthy men and women during standardized arm cranking and task-specific pushing-pulling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peak cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses in healthy men (n=11) and women (n=11) were compared during two different upper body exercise modes: standardized arm cranking and task-specific pushing-pulling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject completed to volitional exhaustion both an incremental arm cranking and a pushing-pulling exercise continuously, in a random order, on two separate days. Physiological responses were monitored using an automated metabolic cart and a heart rate monitor, and the rating of perceived exertion was obtained using a 15-point Borg Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilation rate were higher and total exercise time to exhaustion was lower during arm cranking compared to pushing-pulling (P<0.05). However, heart rate was similar between exercise modes (P>0.05). Men showed greater physiological responses (absolute oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and ventilation rate) and longer exercise time to exhaustion than women (P<0.05). Power output during arm cranking was higher (by 79%) than pushing-pulling (P<0.01), with men demonstrating 30% greater values during both exercise modes (P<0.01). The lower power output generated during pushing-pulling resulted in a greater ratio of peak oxygen uptake to power output (by 72%; P<0.05). Interestingly, although power output and oxygen uptake were lower at the maximal workload, perceived exertion was higher (by 5%) during pushing-pulling (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the physiological differences, pushing-pulling is found to be metabolically less efficient than arm cranking. However, greater ratings of perceived exertion during pushing-pulling implies that the perception of effort can also be influenced by a low intensity task, such as pushing-pulling, if performed for a prolonged period. Occupational health professionals should be aware of the limitations of utilizing physiological and perceptual responses obtained only from standardized ergometric protocols in predicting the workers' performance effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA. rammohan.maikala@libertymutual.com
authors.forename: Rammohan V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Maikala
authors.forename: Yagesh N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Bhambhani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000523:psychology*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010465:Perception; D012737:Sex Factors