title: Middle-aged premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes have lower bone mineral density and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound than nondiabetic women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether middle-aged premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes had more self-reported fractures and lower bone mineral density (BMD) compared with nondiabetic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were premenopausal women aged 35-55 years with type 1 diabetes (n = 67; 32.2 +/- 5.3 years duration) and without diabetes (n = 237). Total hip, femoral neck, whole-body, and spine BMD were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) was assessed with quantitative ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with type 1 diabetes were more likely to report a fracture after age 20 years compared with nondiabetic women (33.3 vs. 22.6%; age-adjusted odds ratio 1.89 [95% CI 1.02-3.49]). Type 1 diabetes was associated with lower total hip BMD (0.890 vs. 0.961 g/cm2; P < 0.001), femoral neck BMD (0.797 vs. 0.847 g/cm2; P = 0.001), whole-body BMD (1.132 vs. 1.165 g/cm2; P < 0.01), and lower calcaneal BUA (71.6 vs. 84.9 dB/MHz; P < 0.001) after multivariate adjustment. BMD was 3-8% lower in type 1 diabetic compared with control women and calcaneal BUA was 15% lower. Spine BMD and biomarkers of bone remodeling were not significantly different between groups. In the type 1 diabetic women, reduced monofilament detection and blindness were both associated with lower BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower BMD in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes may substantially increase their risk of developing osteoporosis after menopause. Type 1 diabetic women should be targeted for osteoporosis screening and possible fracture prevention as they transition through menopause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Ave., Room 519, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. strotmeyere@edc.pitt.edu
authors.forename: Elsa S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Strotmeyer
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Orchard
authors.forename: Ann R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Steenkiste
authors.forename: Janice S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dorman
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000378:metabolism; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006615:Hip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin