title: Hierarchical modeling and other spatial analyses in prostate cancer incidence data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  State central cancer registries are often asked to respond to questions about the spatial distribution of cancer cases. Spatial analysis methods and technology are evolving rapidly, and can be a considerable challenge to registries that do not have staff with training in this area. The purpose of this article is to describe a general methodological approach that potentially might be a starting point for many cancer registry spatial analyses at the county level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostate cancer incident cases (N=31,159) from the Louisiana Tumor Registry from 1988 to 1999 were used for illustrative purposes. To explore spatio-temporal patterns, analyses focused on four time periods, each 3 years in length: 1998-1990, 1991-1993, 1994-1996, and 1997-1999. For each time period, race-specific (white and black), direct age-adjusted incidence rates and indirect standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated, smoothed using Bayesian methods, and assessed for evidence of spatial autocorrelation using global and local Moran's I. Hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) were fitted to identify significant covariates. Clusters of elevated and lower rates were identified using a spatial scan statistic (SaTScan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temporal trends in SIRs in both race groups were consistent with the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in Louisiana during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but possibly with a lag in black males. Clusters of lower than expected values were observed for white males in the central (p=0.001) and southeastern coastal areas (p=0.001), and to a greater extent for black males in the central (p=0.001), southwestern and southeastern coastal parishes (p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mapping disease occurrence by time period is an effective way to explore spatio-temporal patterns. HGLM models and software are available to control for covariates and for unstructured and spatially structured variability that may confound spatial variability patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. mather@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Frances J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: Vivien W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Catherine N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Sudesh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Srivastav
authors.forename: Janet C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blount
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Swalm
authors.forename: Xiaocheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scribner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015982:Bias; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D019371:Topography, Medical; D044465:White People