title: Application of the propensity score in a covariate-based linkage analysis of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Covariate-based linkage analyses using a conditional logistic model as implemented in LODPAL can increase the power to detect linkage by minimizing disease heterogeneity. However, each additional covariate analyzed will increase the degrees of freedom for the linkage test, and therefore can also increase the type I error rate. Use of a propensity score (PS) has been shown to improve consistently the statistical power to detect linkage in simulation studies. Defined as the conditional probability of being affected given the observed covariate data, the PS collapses multiple covariates into a single variable. This study evaluates the performance of the PS to detect linkage evidence in a genome-wide linkage analysis of microsatellite marker data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Analytical methods included nonparametric linkage analysis without covariates, with one covariate at a time including multiple PS definitions, and with multiple covariates simultaneously that corresponded to the PS definitions. Several definitions of the PS were calculated, each with increasing number of covariates up to a maximum of five. To account for the potential inflation in the type I error rates, permutation based p-values were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results suggest that the use of individual covariates may not necessarily increase the power to detect linkage. However the use of a PS can lead to an increase when compared to using all covariates simultaneously. Specifically, PS3, which combines age at interview, sex, and smoking status, resulted in the greatest number of significant markers identified. All methods consistently identified several chromosomal regions as significant, including loci on chromosome 2, 6, 7, and 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the use of a propensity score can increase the power to detect linkage for a complex disease such as alcoholism, especially when multiple important covariates can be used to predict risk and thereby minimize linkage heterogeneity. However, because the PS is calculated as a conditional probability of being affected, it does require the presence of observed covariate data on both affected and unaffected individuals, which may not always be available in real data sets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. bdoan@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Betty Q
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: Constantine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Frangakis
authors.forename: Yin Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shugart
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bailey-Wilson
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057216:Propensity Score; D012044:Regression Analysis