title: Intracerebral hemorrhage induces edema and oxidative stress and alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits expression.
abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces brain edema formation via a variety of mechanisms including toxicity due to thrombin and erythrocyte lysis. However, the roles of oxidative damage and excitotoxicity have not been fully elucidated and they are examined in this rat ICH study. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracaudate injection of 100 microl autologous whole blood and 5 U of thrombin. Rats were sacrificed at 1 hour, 1 and 3 days, and then the brains processed using Western blotting to quantify N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NR) subunit expression. At 3 days, animals were also sacrificed for assessment of protein oxidation using Western blot analysis for dinitrophenyl (DNP) and brain water content. Compared to the contralateral side, ipsilateral basal ganglia NR1 and NR2A subunit expression transiently increased at 1 hour after ICH and thrombin injection. From 24 hours there was a marked down-regulation. At 3 days, marked edema and DNP up-regulation were observed in ICH and thrombin injection groups. The present NR expression up-regulation at 1 hour may reflect the acute cell response after ICH. The down-regulation of NR subunits and upregulation of DNP may be associated with cell damage, towards which thrombin may contribute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. tn_mius@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D013917:Thrombin; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D013917:Thrombin