title: Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is present in murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and mediates the effect of CpG-oligonucleotides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligonucleotides containing unmethylated motifs have become the focus of many studies due to their ability to activate cells of the innate immune system through interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). This study was undertaken to investigate if and how CpG-oligonucleotides (CpGs) activate liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), known to be the main site of clearance of DNA-oligonucleotides from the circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of TLR9 was analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Production of IL-1beta and IL-6 was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show for the first time that mouse LSECs express TLR9 mRNA and protein. Moreover, our findings suggest that CpGs are first taken up by LSECs by scavenger receptor(s)-mediated endocytosis, and then join TLR9 in the lysosomal compartments. Furthermore, we found that uptake of CpGs in LSECs results in the activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB and secretion of IL-1beta and IL-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of functional TLR9 in LSECs emphasizes the importance of these cells in the innate defense mechanisms of the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. montse@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin-Armas
authors.forename: Jaione
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simon-Santamaria
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: Bård
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smedsrød
authors.forename: Baldur
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sveinbjørnsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C495370:Tlr9 protein, mouse; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9