title: Metabolic phenotyping of nude and normal (Alpk:ApfCD, C57BL10J) mice.
abstract: Mice provide a range of important models of human disease. As part of a broad program of metabolic phenotyping (metabotyping) the effects of gender and strain upon urinary metabolite composition and variation have been investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics in the Alpk:ApfCD, C57BL10J and the "Nude mouse". By using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy (SIMCA), characteristic metabotypes for each strain were produced for both male and female animals. In all three strains, female urinary metabolic profiles were characterized by higher lactate, trimethylamine-N-oxide and lower trimethylamine concentrations relative to males. Both male and female Nude mice were phenotypically distinct from the Alpk:ApfCD and C57BL10J strains-the Nude mouse phenotypes being characterized by higher urinary creatinine, guanadinoacetic acid, dimethylamine, alpha-hydroxy-N-valeric acid and taurine levels and lower hippurate, citrate, creatine and succinate concentrations relative to those excreted by the two phenotypically normal mouse strains. These data show that Nude mice exhibit a wide variety of metabolic differences across a much wider range of pathways than has previously been thought, with potentially important considerations for studies that use the Nude mouse as a mouse model.
authors.affiliation: Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gavaghan McKee
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D003401:Creatine / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004123:Dimethylamines / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008744:Methylamines / Q000652:urine; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010641:Phenotype; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000652:urine; D013654:Taurine / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004123:Dimethylamines; D006626:Hippurates; D008744:Methylamines; D013654:Taurine; D019343:Citric Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C015561:trimethylalanine; D019802:Succinic Acid; C034516:dimethylamine; D003404:Creatinine; C005855:trimethyloxamine; C004946:glycocyamine; D003401:Creatine; D000409:Alanine; C030514:hippuric acid; D005998:Glycine