title: Development of fortified dried broken rice as a complementary food.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Commercially produced dried broken rice is widely used to prepare complementary foods for Thai infants, and it is both convenient and acceptable to persons from all socioeconomic classes. However, inadequate levels of calcium, iron, thiamine, and folate are common in complementary foods for breastfed infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We developed dried broken rice fortified with these nutrients at levels recommended by the 2001 guidelines of the World Health Organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fortification process involved predrying broken rice at 90 degrees C for 1 hour, soaking in a nutrient solution (2:1 ratio of rice to solution), and drying at 70 degrees C for 1 hour and 50 minutes. Calcium lactate or calcium lactate gluconate was the calcium source, and ferrous sulfate, ferrous lactate, or ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA) was the iron source. The vitamin sources were thiamine hydrochloride and folic acid. The product contained 40 mg of calcium, 5.3 mg of iron, 0.08 mg of thiamine, and 11 microg of folate per 20-g serving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 5% and 10% of calcium and iron, respectively, were lost during processing, with a thiamine loss of approximately 13%, and a folate loss ranging from 17% to 23%. The thiamine loss during accelerated storage (42 degrees C for three months) was not significant (p > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NaFeEDTA was the most appropriate iron fortificant because it provided prolonged product stability and high in vitro dialyzability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Monthana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chitpan
authors.forename: Visith
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chavasit
authors.forename: Ratchanee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kongkachuichai
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D001682:Biological Availability; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003296:Cooking; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D013785:Thailand; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D005492:Folic Acid; D013831:Thiamine