title: Triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Triapine (Vion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT) is a potent ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor which exerts its antineoplastic activity by inhibiting DNA synthesis and repair. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine whether Triapine has cytotoxic effects on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells; (2) to characterize the apoptotic cascade induced in response to this agent; and (3) to determine its utility in combination treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five EOC cell lines were treated with tenfold dilutions of Triapine (0.1 to 100 microM) for 24 and 48 hours. Cell viability was determined by the CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega Corp, Madison, WI) and the morphologic features of apoptosis were observed using Hoechst staining. The apoptotic cascade was characterized by Western blot analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All EOC cell lines treated with Triapine showed decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Hoechst staining revealed nuclear shrinkage and chromatin condensation and fragmentation, which correlated with the occurrence of apoptosis. Western blots demonstrated that Bid activation was one of the initiating signals involved in the cascade. In addition, cleavage of XIAP and down-regulation of Akt were observed. We also demonstrated that Triapine enhances the cytotoxic effects of carboplatin and paclitaxel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings demonstrate that Triapine induces cell death through the induction of apoptosis. The initial activation of Bid indicates the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway. The demonstration that Triapine is an effective addition to a carboplatin regimen suggests the possibility of a new combination therapy for ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA.
authors.forename: Ayesha B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Alvero
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053143:Caspase 2; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011725:Pyridines; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; C078157:3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; D016190:Carboplatin; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053143:Caspase 2; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D017239:Paclitaxel