title: Patient restraint positions in a psychiatric inpatient service.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of physical intervention on psychiatric inpatient units continues to be a source of debate and controversy. Some studies and national clinical guidelines have identified particular restraint positions as both dangerous and undesirable. The following study attempts to identify clinical variables that may make physical restraint in a particular position more likely.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey design was adopted and data was obtained from a violence and aggression audit form used by the trust. This form has 122 items to be completed by staff within 72 hours of an episode of patient aggression or self-harm. Ten variables were selected for scrutiny on the basis of their potential clinical importance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey found that prone restraint was significantly associated with others reporting the patient's imminent violence and high-intensity observation after the incident. Supine restraint was significantly associated with the patient being withdrawn and/or refusing to communicate prior to the episode and with a high severity incident rating after the incident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If we work on the premise that restraint in the prone position is less desirable than interventions undertaken with the patient in the supine position, this study clearly suggests that we have an opportunity to influence the nature of intervention through quite minimal changes to training programmes. It is important that any change in emphasis around intervention does not create a sense that controlled descent to the floor is inevitable. The principle of its use as a 'last resort in the event of loss of control on the feet' has to be maintained.
authors.affiliation: Management of Violence and Aggression Service, Mersey Care NHS Trust.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Cathal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittington
authors.forename: Gillian A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009731:Nursing Audit; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D019370:Observation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016684:Prone Position; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D012308:Risk Management; D012381:Role Playing; D016683:Supine Position; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology