title: Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Near-patient testing has made self-monitoring of anticoagulation with warfarin feasible, and several trials have suggested that such monitoring might be equal to or better than standard monitoring. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomised controlled trials that assessed the effects of self-monitoring or self-management (self-testing and self-dosage) of anticoagulation compared with standard monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE to April 2005, and contacted manufacturers and authors of relevant studies. Outcomes analysed were: major haemorrhage, thromboembolic events, death, tests in range, minor haemorrhage, frequency of testing, and feasibility of self-monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 14 randomised trials of self-monitoring: pooled estimates showed significant reductions in thromboembolic events (odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.30-0.68), all-cause mortality (0.61, 0.38-0.98), and major haemorrhage (0.65, 0.42-0.99). Trials of combined self-monitoring and self-adjusted therapy showed significant reductions in thromboembolic events (0.27, 0.12-0.59) and death (0.37, 0.16-0.85), but not major haemorrhage (0.93, 0.42-2.05). No difference was noted in minor haemorrhage. 11 trials reported improvements in the mean proportion of international normalisation ratios in range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-management improves the quality of oral anticoagulation. Patients capable of self-monitoring and self-adjusting therapy have fewer thromboembolic events and lower mortality than those who self-monitor alone. However, self-monitoring is not feasible for all patients, and requires identification and education of suitable candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Health Care, Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford, Rosemary Rue Building, Headington, Oxford, UK. carl.heneghan@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heneghan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alonso-Coello
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garcia-Alamino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meats
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012646:Self Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D006493:Heparin