title: Ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury after trauma: importance of Haemophilus influenzae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a clear risk factor for acute lung injury which has been poorly described in trauma patients. This prospective study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of such ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury, the risk factors, and the associated morbidity and mortality in a group of multiple trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trauma patients who were mechanically ventilated and survived at least 24 h were included. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was confirmed by a bacterial culture of a blind protected telescoping catheter with at least 10 colony-forming units/ml of at least one pathogen. Episodes of acute lung injury were prospectively recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia was documented in 78 patients of the 175 included (44%) and led to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia acute lung injury in 18 patients (23%). The sole independent risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury was the presence of Haemophilus influenzae (hazard ratio, 8.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-28.6). Eleven (61%) of the 18 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury had development of a ventilator-associated pneumonia recurrence, as compared with 20 (33%) of the 60 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia alone (P = 0.03). Seven (39%) of the 18 trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury died, as compared with 9 (15%) of the 60 trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia alone (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute lung injury complicated the course of 15% of ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients. H. influenzae seemed to be one of the most frequent bacteria involved and the sole risk factor identified. Occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury modified the prognosis of trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Ambulatory Surgery, Pointe-à-Pitre Hospital, University of Antilles-Guyane, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, France. francois.stephan@chu-guadeloupe.fr
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stéphan
authors.forename: Nejma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mabrouk
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Decailliot
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delclaux
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Legrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy