title: Comparison of ACT and standard case management for delivering integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clients with co-occurring severe mental and substance use disorders are at high risk of institutionalization and other adverse outcomes. Although integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment is becoming a standard clinical approach for such clients, the optimal method for delivering integrated treatment remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared integrated treatment delivered within two different models of community-based case management (assertive community treatment and standard clinical case management). A total of 198 clients in two urban sites who had co-occurring disorders and were homeless or unstably housed were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions and were followed for three years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in both treatment conditions improved over time in multiple outcome domains, and few differences were found between the two models. Decreases in substance use were greater than would be expected given time alone. At the site that had higher rates of institutionalization, clients who received standard case management were more likely to be institutionalized. However, in the site that had lower rates of institutionalization, no differences in the rate of institutionalization were found between the two treatment conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated treatment can be successfully delivered either by assertive community treatment or by standard clinical case management.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1230, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA. susan.essock@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Essock
authors.forename: Kim T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Mueser
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Nancy H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Covell
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McHugo
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Frisman
authors.forename: Nina J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: Carlos T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019090:Case Management; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy