Murshidabad--one of the nine groundwater arsenic-affected districts of West Bengal, India. Part I: magnitude of contamination and population at risk.
BACKGROUND
To understand the severity of the arsenic crisis in West Bengal, India, a detailed, 3-year study was undertaken in Murshidabad, one of the nine arsenic-affected districts in West Bengal. The district covers an area of 5324 km2 with a population of 5.3 million.


METHODS
Hand tubewell water samples and biologic samples were collected from Murshidabad and analyzed for arsenic by FI-HG-AAS method. Inter laboratory analysis and analyses of standards were undertaken for quality assurance.


RESULTS
During our survey we analyzed 29,612 hand tubewell water samples for arsenic from both contaminated and non-contaminated areas, and 26% of the tubewells were found to have arsenic above 50 microg/L while 53.8% had arsenic above 10 microg/L. Of the 26 blocks in Murshidabad, 24 were found to have arsenic above 50 microg/L. Based on our generated data we estimated that approximately 0.2 million hand tubewells are installed in all 26 blocks of Murshidabad and 1.8 million in nine arsenic-affected districts of West Bengal. It was estimated on the basis of our data that about 2.5 million and 1.2 million people were drinking arsenic-contaminated water with concentrations above 10 and 50 microg/L levels respectively in this district. The analysis of total 3800 biologic (nail, urine, and hair) samples from arsenic-affected villages revealed that 95% of the nail and 94% of the urine samples contained arsenic above the normal levels and 75% of the hair samples were found to have arsenic above the toxic level. Thus, many villagers in the affected areas of Murshidabad might be subclinically affected.


CONCLUSIONS
Comparing our extrapolated data with international dose response results, we estimated how many people may suffer from arsenical skin lesions and cancer. Finally, if the exposed population is provided safe water, better nutrition, and proper awareness about the arsenic problem, lives can be saved and countless suffering of the affected population can be avoided.
Rahman
Mohammad Mahmudur
MM
School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
Sengupta
Mrinal Kumar
MK
Ahamed
Sad
S
Lodh
Dilip
D
Das
Bhaskar
B
Hossain
M Amir
MA
Nayak
Bishwajit
B
Mukherjee
Amitava
A
Chakraborti
Dipankar
D
Mukherjee
Subhash Chandra
SC
Pati
Shymapada
S
Saha
Kshitish Chandra
KC
Palit
Shyamal Kanti
SK
Kaies
Imrul
I
Barua
Ajoy Kishore
AK
Asad
Khondaker Abdul
KA
D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
D001152:Arsenicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical