title: Predicting early mortality after implantable defibrillator implantation: a clinical risk score for optimal patient selection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with advanced heart disease are at risk from sudden death; however, benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) may be limited as a result of early mortality from other causes. The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict mortality within the first year after ICD implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A retrospective analysis was performed of 469 consecutive patients who underwent ICD implantation at a single tertiary-care center from 1999 to 2002. Vital status was determined from the Social Security Death Index. Patients were randomized into prediction and validation cohorts. A risk score was derived from the prediction cohort by multivariate logistic regression and applied to the validation cohort. One point was assigned for each variable in the risk score (age > 80 years, history of atrial fibrillation, creatinine > 1.8 mg/dL, New York Heart Association class III or IV). One-year mortality significantly increased with increasing risk score in both the prediction and validation cohorts. Validation cohort mortality was 3.4% for 0 points, 4.3% for 1 point, 17% for 2 points, and 33% for > or = 3 points (P for trend < .0001). A risk score > or = 2 predicted a 1-year mortality rate of 21%, whereas a risk score < 2 predicted a mortality rate of 4% at 1 year (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A risk score using simple clinical criteria may identify patients at high risk of early mortality after ICD implantation. This may be helpful in consideration of ICD risk/benefit for individual patients. Further studies conducted in a prospective manner using these clinical criteria are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. ratika.parkash@cdha.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: Ratika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parkash
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Laurence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Maisel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality; D015897:Comorbidity; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality; D012306:Risk; D013318:Stroke Volume