title: Role of radiotherapy with surgery for T3 and resectable T4 rectal cancer: evidence from randomized trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main treatment for resectable rectal cancer T2-T4 N0-N2 M0 is surgery. The benefit of preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy can be analyzed in terms of improvement of local control, sphincter preservation, and survival weighted against increased toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only randomized trials can provide strong evidence of a positive cost-benefit ratio of such combined approach. The most recent trials were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three randomized trials, including the latest German CAO-ARO trial, have demonstrated the superiority of preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (vs. postoperative) in terms of local control and toxicity. The Ducth TME trial showed that even with modern standard surgery, preoperative radiotherapy improved local control. Preoperative irradiation using a high dose in a small volume and a long interval before surgery may improve sphincter preservation (Lyon trials). Concurrent chemoradiation (FFCD 9203, EORTC 22921, did not significantly improve sphincter preservation or survival but significantly reduced the local recurrence rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 2005 examination of randomized trials provides evidence for the benefit of preoperative chemoradiation in improving local control and probably sphincter preservation in rectal cancer. Randomized trials should be designed to further demonstrate improved sphincter preservation and to increase survival using adjuvant medical treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Antoine-Lacassagn, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortholan
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Francois
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benchimol
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baulieux
authors.forename: Jean F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bosset
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gerard
mesh_terms: D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis