title: Trauma symptoms among infants exposed to intimate partner violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether infants have a traumatic response to intimate partner violence (male violence toward their female partner; IPV) experienced by their mothers, two questions were explored: (1) Is the number of infant trauma symptoms related to the infant's temperament and the mother's mental health? (2) Does severity of violence moderate those relationships?
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight mothers reported whether their 1-year-old infants experienced trauma symptoms as a result of witnessing episodes of IPV during their first year of life. Mothers also reported on their own trauma symptoms that resulted from experiences of IPV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For those infants experiencing severe IPV and whose mothers exhibit trauma symptoms, we were able to predict whether infants exhibited trauma symptoms (b = .53, p < .01). This was not true for children who witnessed less severe IPV (b= -.14, ns). Maternal depressive symptoms and difficult infant temperament did not predict infant trauma symptoms for either group of infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers report that infants as young as 1-year-old can experience trauma symptoms as a result of hearing or witnessing IPV. The significant relationship between infant and maternal trauma symptoms, especially among those infants experiencing severe IPV, are consistent with the theory of relational PTSD. Findings suggest that interventions for mothers and families need to consider the influence of the severity of IPV on very young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 107E Psychology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA.
authors.forename: G Anne
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bogat
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: DeJonghe
authors.forename: Alytia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Levendosky
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Eye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires