title: Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy has historically been described as a time of emotional well-being, providing "protection" against psychiatric disorder. However, systematic delineation of risk of relapse in women who maintain or discontinue pharmacological treatment during pregnancy is necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe risk of relapse in pregnant women who discontinued antidepressant medication proximate to conception compared with those who maintained treatment with these medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective naturalistic investigation using longitudinal psychiatric assessments on a monthly basis across pregnancy; a survival analysis was conducted to determine time to relapse of depression during pregnancy. A total of 201 pregnant women were enrolled between March 1999 and April 2003 from 3 centers with specific expertise in the treatment of psychiatric illness during pregnancy. The cohort of women was recruited from (1) within the hospital clinics, (2) self-referral via advertisements and community outreach detailing the study, and (3) direct referrals from the community. Participants were considered eligible if they (1) had a history of major depression prior to pregnancy, (2) were less than 16 weeks' gestation, (3) were euthymic for at least 3 months prior to their last menstrual period, and (4) were currently or recently (<12 weeks prior to last menstrual period) receiving antidepressant treatment. Of the 201 participants, 13 miscarried, 5 electively terminated their pregnancy, 12 were lost to follow-up prior to completion of pregnancy, and 8 chose to discontinue participation in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relapse of major depression defined as fulfilling Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition] Diagnosis (SCID) criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 201 women in the sample, 86 (43%) experienced a relapse of major depression during pregnancy. Among the 82 women who maintained their medication throughout their pregnancy, 21 (26%) relapsed compared with 44 (68%) of the 65 women who discontinued medication. Women who discontinued medication relapsed significantly more frequently over the course of their pregnancy compared with women who maintained their medication (hazard ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-9.1; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy is not "protective" with respect to risk of relapse of major depression. Women with histories of depression who are euthymic in the context of ongoing antidepressant therapy should be aware of the association of depressive relapse during pregnancy with antidepressant discontinuation.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal and Reproductive Psychiatry Clinical Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02114, USA. lcohen2@partners.org
authors.forename: Lee S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Lori L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: Bernard L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Harlow
authors.forename: Ruta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nonacs
authors.forename: D Jeffrey
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Newport
authors.forename: Adele C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Viguera
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: Vivien K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hendrick
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reminick
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loughead
authors.forename: Allison F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Vitonis
authors.forename: Zachary N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Stowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012306:Risk; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents