title: Effects of different levels of torso coactivation on trunk muscular and kinematic responses to posteriorly applied sudden loads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies examining rapid spine loading have documented the influence of steady-state trunk preloads, and the resulting levels of trunk muscle preactivation, on the control of spine stability. However, the effects of different levels of muscle coactivation, and resulting spine loads, on the response to a perturbation of the externally unloaded trunk are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen male subjects coactivated the abdominal muscles at four different levels (approximately 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction) monitored by an electromyography biofeedback system while semi-seated in a neutral lumbar spine position. They were loaded posteriorly in two directions (0 degrees and 30 degrees from the sagittal plane) and with two different loads (6.80 and 9.07 kg). Force perturbation, spine displacement and electromyography activity were measured, and torso compression and stability were modeled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abdominal coactivation significantly increased spine stability and reduced the movement of the lumbar spine after perturbation, but at the cost of increasing spinal compression. Preactivation also reduced the frequency and magnitude, and delayed the onset of muscle reactions, mainly for the back muscles and the internal oblique. The higher magnitude load and the load applied in an oblique direction both showed more potentially hazardous effects on the trunk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Torso coactivation increases spinal stiffness and stability and reduces the necessity for sophisticated muscle responses to perturbation. Although further investigation is needed, it appears there is an asymptotic function between coactivation and both stiffness and stability. There also appears to be more hazard when buttressing twisting components of a sudden load compared to sagittal components. Patients with trunk instability and intolerance to spine compression may benefit from low to moderate levels of coactivation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Spine Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Vera-Garcia
authors.forename: Stephen H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*