title: Nicotine place preference in the mouse: influences of prior handling, dose and strain and attenuation by nicotinic receptor antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although conditioned place preferences (CPPs) are seen with most abused drugs, nicotine does not always produce a preference in this design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goals of the present experiment were to (1) examine various factors that could contribute to these inconsistent results and (2) begin to evaluate the specific nicotinic receptors involved in the nicotine CPP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influences of prior handling, environmental habituation, and injection habituation on a nicotine CPP were first evaluated in ICR mice. Subsequently, various nicotine doses were assessed for their abilities to produce a CPP, and the effectiveness of nicotinic receptor antagonists in attenuating this preference was examined. Finally, nicotine CPPs were assessed in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice to examine the influence of strain in this design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine CPPs were seen in handled/environmentally habituated, but not in unhandled, ICR mice. Habituation to the injection techniques failed to strengthen the preference. In ICR mice, a CPP was seen with one intermediate dose of nicotine. This CPP was attenuated by mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE). A nicotine CPP was also seen in C57BL/6J, but not in DBA/2J, mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier handling experience and strain are important factors when evaluating a nicotine CPP in the mouse. In addition, certain nicotinic receptors underlie the nicotine CPP, indicating that this model can elucidate underlying mediators of nicotine reward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, P.O. Box 980613, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
authors.forename: Sheri D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Grabus
authors.forename: Billy R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M Imad
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Damaj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012201:Reward; D012931:Social Environment; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D009538:Nicotine