title: Production of GMP-grade radioactive holmium loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres for clinical application.
abstract: Radioactive holmium-166 loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres are promising systems for the treatment of liver malignancies. The microspheres are loaded with holmium acetylacetonate (HoAcAc) and prepared by a solvent evaporation method. After preparation, the microspheres (Ho-PLLA-MS) are activated by neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor. In this paper, the aspects of the production of a (relatively) large-scale GMP batch (4 g, suitable for treatment of 5-10 patients) of Ho-PLLA-MS are described. The critical steps of the Ho-PLLA-MS production process (sieving procedure, temperature control during evaporation and raw materials) were considered and the pharmaceutical quality of the microspheres was evaluated. The pharmaceutical characteristics (residual solvents, possible bacterial contaminations and endotoxins) of the produced Ho-PLLA-MS batches were in compliance with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia. Moreover, neutron irradiated Ho-PLLA-MS retained their morphological integrity and the holmium remained stably associated with the microspheres; it was observed that after 270h (10 times the half-life of Ho-166) only 0.3+/-0.1% of the loading was released from the microspheres in an aqueous solution. In conclusion, Ho-PLLA-MS which are produced as described in this paper, can be clinically applied, with respect to their pharmaceutical quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands. S.Zielhuis@azu.nl
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Zielhuis
authors.forename: J F W
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nijsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Krijger
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: van Rijk
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hennink
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: van het Schip
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006695:Holmium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008863:Microspheres; D009502:Neutrons; D009688:Nuclear Reactors; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011786:Quality Control; D011868:Radioisotopes; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D006695:Holmium