title: Cannabis withdrawal among non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis users.
abstract: This study investigates the clinical significance of a cannabis withdrawal syndrome in 104 adult, non-treatment-seeking, primarily cannabis users who reported at least one serious attempt to stop using cannabis. Retrospective self-report data were obtained on eighteen potential cannabis withdrawal symptoms derived from the literature, including co-occurrence, time course, and any actions taken to relieve the symptom. Study findings provide evidence for the clinical significance of a cannabis withdrawal syndrome, based on the high prevalence and co-occurrence of multiple symptoms that follow a consistent time course and that prompt action by the subjects to obtain relief, including serving as negative reinforcement for cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6823, USA.
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Copersino
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heishman
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dermand
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gorelick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012008:Recurrence; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents