title: Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the dietary predictors for the markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether intakes of whole grains and dietary fiber were associated with inflammatory indicators among 902 diabetic women in the Nurses' Health Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, BMI, lifestyle, and dietary covariates, intakes of whole grains and bran were both associated with significantly decreasing trends of C-reactive protein (CRP) (P for trend = 0.03 and 0.007, respectively) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 (TNF-R2) (P for trend = 0.017 and 0.06). High intake of cereal fiber was also inversely associated with the lower levels of CRP (P for trend = 0.03) and TNF-R2 (P for trend = 0.01). The concentrations of CRP and TNF-R2 were 18 and 8% lower in the highest quintile of cereal fiber as compared with the lowest quintile. Dietary glycemic index was positively associated with CRP (P for trend = 0.04) and TNF-R2 (P for trend = 0.0008) levels. The concentrations of CRP and TNF-R2 were 32 and 11% higher, respectively, in the highest quintile of dietary glycemic index as compared with the lowest quintile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that whole grains and a low-glycemic index diet may reduce systemic inflammation among women with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. nhlqi@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019040:E-Selectin; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein