title: Mental illness in U.S. Presidents between 1776 and 1974: a review of biographical sources.
abstract: Numerous historical accounts suggest the presence of mental illness in US Presidents, but no systematic review has been undertaken for all holders of this office. We reviewed biographical sources regarding mental illness in 37 US Presidents from 1776 to 1974. Material was extracted by one of the authors and given to experienced psychiatrists for independent review of the correspondence of behaviors, symptoms, and medical information in source material to DSM-IV criteria for Axis I disorders. Levels of confidence were given for each diagnosis. Eighteen (49%) Presidents met criteria suggesting psychiatric disorder: depression (24%), anxiety (8%), bipolar disorder (8%), and alcohol abuse/dependence (8%) were the most common. In 10 instances (27%), a disorder was evident during presidential office, which in most cases probably impaired job performance. Mental illness in heads of state is a topic deserving further attention. Methodological limitations of using biography to determine psychopathology are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan R T
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Marvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D006663:Historiography; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history*; D011056:Political Systems / Q000266:history; D011057:Politics; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology