title: Proximal humerus fractures sustained during the use of restraints in adolescents.
abstract: Injuries to skeletally immature individuals sustained during restraints have been rarely documented. The authors report a series of five proximal humerus fractures in skeletally immature patients (average age 15.3 years) that occurred during restraint with handcuffs. A similar mechanism of injury was identified in all of the cases. All five injuries were Salter-Harris type I or II, and three of the five required operative intervention. At short-term follow-up, all patients are doing well without evidence of growth disturbances. To the authors' knowledge, this is a unique mechanism of injury that could be avoided with proper education.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-0353, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Yngve
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Carmichael
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001858:Bone Nails; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome