title: The useful combination of a higher frequency miniprobe and endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of T1 esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few published data on the discrimination ability of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) among each subdivision of T1 cancer, and overdiagnosis is an unsolved problem that eventually causes overtreatment. The purpose of this study was to verify whether our treatment strategy incorporating EUS realizes a tailored patient management of T1 esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised 20 esophageal cancer patients undergoing 12- to 20-MHz miniprobes for T staging and a 7.5-MHz dedicated echoendoscope for N staging. Initial therapy constituted endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for endosonographically node-negative, mucosal, or slight submucosal cancers and a primary esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for deeper cancers. If the ESD specimen revealed no cancer involvement of the muscularis mucosa, the patients entered a follow-up program; otherwise, they were advised to undergo a subsequent esophagectomy and three-field lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perfect discrimination accuracy was achieved among T1, T2, and T3 cancers. Whether cancer depth was up to the slight submucosal layer or deeper was correctly differentiated in 12 of 14 T1 cancers (86%). EUS categorized all patients correctly into candidates for either ESD or surgery. The pathological cancer depth of the resected specimens revealed that no patients experienced unnecessary overtreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher frequency miniprobe is useful for the detailed evaluation of cancer depth, contributing to decision making for treatment options of T1 esophageal cancer. A miniprobe and echoendoscope in combination with ESD provide an appropriately tailored management plan on an individual basis, avoiding unnecessary treatment or indicating radical surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. shimoyama-dis@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimoyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tatsutomi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujishiro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yahagi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D004210:Dissection; D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D019160:Endosonography; D004867:Equipment Design; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity