title: Sexual function and endocrine profile in fertile women with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aims of this study were 1) to assess sexual function and endocrine profile among fertile type 1 diabetic women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, 2) to compare these results with those obtained among healthy fertile women who served as control subjects, and 3) to explore the correlations between sexual function and endocrine milieu among patients and control subjects during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty fertile women with type 1 diabetes and 47 healthy control subjects completed a semistructured medical interview and filled in self-administered validated instruments to evaluate sexual function, depression, and sexual distress. Venous blood samples were drawn to measure glycated hemoglobin and an endocrine profile during either the follicular or the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 1 diabetic women had decreased sexual function and increased sexual distress compared with control subjects during the luteal, but not the follicular, phase of the menstrual cycle. During the follicular phase, patients had lower estrogenic basal tone, lower "weak" androgen (namely Delta4-androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) production, and lower free-triiodothyronine and free-thyroxine levels compared with control subjects. During the luteal phase, total testosterone levels were higher in patients than control subjects, while 17beta-estradiol and progesterone levels were lower in patients than control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among type 1 diabetic women, sexual function and sexual distress vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. This finding may have implications on the clinical assessment of sexual function in type 1 diabetic women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. salonia.andrea@hsr.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salonia
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanzi
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scavini
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pontillo
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petrella
authors.forename: Giada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Licata
authors.forename: Rossella E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rigatti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones