title: Induction by Klebsiella aerogenes of a melanin-like pigment in Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: While studying the interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with Dictyostelium discoideum, we noticed that yeast colonies in agar with a feeder lawn of Klebsiella aerogenes were brown. This finding was intriguing because C. neoformans colonies are not pigmented unless they are provided with precursors for melanization. Strains of all C. neoformans serotypes produced brown pigment in response to K. aerogenes at 22, 30, and 37 degrees C. Pigment production required fungal laccase and was suppressed by high concentrations of glucose. Treatment of brown cells with guanidinium isothiocyanate and hot concentrated HCl yielded particulate material that had the physical and chemical characteristics of melanins. No pigment formation was observed when C. neoformans was exposed to live Escherichia coli or heat-killed K. aerogenes. Analysis of K. aerogenes supernatants revealed the presence of dopamine, which can be a substrate for melanin synthesis by C. neoformans. Our findings illustrate a remarkable interaction between a pathogenic fungus and a gram-negative bacterium, in which the bacterium produces a substrate that promotes fungal melanization. This observation provides a precedent that could explain the source of a substrate for C. neoformans melanization in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frases
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaskes
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dadachova
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000502:physiology; D021902:Enterobacter aerogenes / Q000502:physiology*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology; D042845:Laccase / Q000378:metabolism; D007980:Levodopa / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D014443:Tyrosine; D007980:Levodopa; D042845:Laccase