title: Partial urethral obstruction enhances NADPH-diaphorase activity in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) bladder: light and electron microscopic studies.
abstract: The effect of partially obstructing the urethra on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in neurons of the intramural ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) bladder was examined by light and electron microscopy. Partial urethral ligation was done in adult male monkeys. The animals were sacrificed 2, 4 weeks after partial urethral obstruction. This was compared to controls (normal and sham operated). Urethral obstructed animals were observed to have increased urinary frequency and decreased urinary flow rate. Two weeks after urethral obstruction, the overall NADPH-d activity in the intramural ganglia of the bladder base was enhanced compared to control animals. The frequency of intensely stained NADPH-d positive neurons was increased compared to the control animals. About one-third of intensely stained NADPH-d positive neurons appeared to undergo degenerative changes. At 4 weeks after urethral obstruction, a wide occurrence of NADPH-d positive neurons in advanced stages of degeneration in the bladder base was observed. Cellular debris was strewn among normal looking ganglion cells and along the nerve processes. The proportion of intensely stained NADPH-d positive neurons was relatively lower than the controls. The total number of NADPH-d positive neurons and the nerve fibres in the entire bladder was significantly reduced when compared to control animals. Electron microscopy showed some NADPH-d activity in intramural ganglion cells in 2 weeks after partial urethral obstruction. NADPH-d reaction product (formazan) was deposited on the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the outer membranes of some mitochondria in the intramural neuron. At 4 weeks after urethral obstruction, NADPH-d was present in the membrane of the mitochondria and some mitochondria appeared swollen with disrupted cristae. Present results show that NADPH-d activity in neurons of the intramural ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) urinary bladder was increased after two weeks and reduced after 4 weeks of partial urethral obstruction. It is speculated that the increased NADPH-d activity associated with partial urethral obstruction would lead to neuronal damage and death, which may contribute to detrusor overactivity. However, it warrants further investigation to understand the mechanism of neuronal cell death after partial urethral obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. dinesh@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S S W
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death; D018870:Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005562:Formazans / Q000032:analysis; D005724:Ganglia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis*; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D005562:Formazans; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase