title: Ischemic preconditioning requires increases in reactive oxygen release independent of mitochondrial K+ channel activity.
abstract: Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels (mitoKATP) mediate ischemic preconditioning, a cardioprotective procedure. MitoKATP activity has been proposed to either enhance or prevent the release of reactive oxygen species. This study tested the redox effects of mitoKATP in order to clarify the role of these channels during preconditioning. We found no evidence that mitoKATP channels increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species release directly. In addition, neither ischemic preconditioning nor the mitoKATP agonist diazoxide increased antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, increases in reactive oxygen species observed during ischemic preconditioning were not inhibited by mitoKATP antagonists, suggesting that they occur upstream of channel activity. Antioxidants were tested to verify if diazoxide-promoted ischemic protection was dependent on reactive oxygen species. N-Acetylcysteine proved to be an inadequate antioxidant for these tests since it directly interfered with the ability of diazoxide to activate mitoKATP. Catalase reversed the beneficial effect of preconditioning, but not of diazoxide, indicating that reactive oxygen species mediating preconditioning occur upstream of mitoKATP. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ischemic preconditioning increases reactive oxygen release independently of mitoKATP and suggest that the activity of this channel prevents oxidative reperfusion damage by decreasing reactive oxygen species production.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heberty T F
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Facundo
authors.forename: Raquel S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.forename: Juliana G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.forename: Célio C X
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferranti
authors.forename: Francisco R M
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Laurindo
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kowaltowski
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015221:Potassium Channels; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D003981:Diazoxide; D000111:Acetylcysteine