title: Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior research indicates that conduct disorder (CD) is associated with a range of co-morbid mental disorders. However, the actual prevalence, subtypes and patterns of co-morbidity of DSM-IV-defined CD in the general US population remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective assessment of CD and other DSM-IV disorders was conducted using fully structured diagnostic interviews among a nationally representative sample of respondents (n=3199) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated lifetime prevalence of CD in the US is 9.5% (12.0% among males and 7.1% among females), with a median age-of-onset of 11.6 (0.2) years. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified five CD subtypes characterized by rule violations, deceit/theft, aggression, severe covert behaviors, and pervasive CD symptoms. A dose-response relationship was revealed between CD subtype severity and risk of subsequent disorders. Results also indicated that CD typically precedes mood and substance use disorders, but most often occurs after impulse control and anxiety disorders. Although both active and remitted CD is associated with increased risk of the subsequent first onset of other mental disorders, remitted CD is associated with significantly lower risk of subsequent disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD is prevalent and heterogeneous in the US population, and more severe subtypes and the presence of active CD are associated with higher risk of co-morbid disorders. Future prospective studies using general population samples will further inform the nature and course of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. nock@wjh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nock
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kazdin
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hiripi
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology