title: Comprehensive immunohistological analysis of the endothelin system in human kidney grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In experimental models of renal transplantation, upregulation of the endothelin (ET) system and amelioration of renal injury by ET-receptor blockers have been documented. In contrast, little information is available on the expression of the ET system in human kidney allografts. It was the purpose of the present study to analyse by immunohistology the expression of ET-1 as well as of the two ET receptors (ET-RA and ET-RB) in the different cells and compartments of kidney grafts and control kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five graft biopsies were taken from 55 kidney allograft recipients (mean age: 32+/-2.8 years) who were all on a calcineurin inhibitor. The indication for biopsies was delayed graft function or suspected rejection. The underlying diagnoses were acute allograft rejection (n = 14), chronic allograft nephropathy (n = 14), cyclosporin A (CSA) toxicity (n = 10), post-operative acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (n = 11) and recurrent primary disease (n = 6). As control, tissues of non-grafted kidneys with ATN (mean age: 35+/-24 years), of primary glomerulonephritis (mean age: 69+/-10 years) and of non-tumour-bearing parts of eight tumour nephrectomy specimens (mean age: 67+/-5 years) were assessed. The biopsies were scored using the 1997 Banff criteria. Expression of ET-1, ET-RA and ET-RB as well as of vascular endothelial growth factor was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and a semi-quantitative scoring system. Interstitial infiltrating cells were characterized using antibodies against T cells, B cells and macrophages (CD3, CD20 and CD68).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control cases showed only faint expression of ET-1 in glomeruli (in podocytes and endothelial cells), whereas marked expression was seen in distal, but less in proximal tubular cells. The interstitium was completely negative. ET-1 expression was seen in vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Only faint expression of ET-RA and ET-RB was found in glomeruli and tubuli (distal more than proximal). Marked ET-RA and ET-RB expression was seen in VEC and VSMC. In all transplanted kidneys, irrespective of the underlying diagnosis, expression of ET-1, ET-RA and ET-RB was markedly higher compared with control kidneys. ET-1 was strikingly upregulated in glomeruli and tubuli, but surprisingly not in the vasculature of grafts with CSA toxicity. Expression of ET-RB was markedly increased in CSA toxicity in glomeruli, tubuli and vessels. In grafts with ATN and acute rejection, pronounced expression of ET-RA was noted. There was a strong correlation between proteinuria and expression of ET-1 in glomeruli and proximal tubuli and of ET-RB in proximal tubuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The above data in human kidney allograft biopsies are consistent with an important role of the ET system in different types of renal allograft damage. This finding extends and clarifies the somewhat contradictory results in animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeier
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waldherr
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016232:Endothelins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016232:Endothelins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A