title: Preclinical evaluation of transcriptional targeting strategies for carcinoma of the breast in a tissue slice model system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In view of the limited success of available treatment modalities for metastatic breast cancer, alternative and complementary strategies need to be developed. Adenoviral vector mediated strategies for breast cancer gene therapy and virotherapy are a promising novel therapeutic platform for the treatment of breast cancer. However, the promiscuous tropism of adenoviruses (Ads) is a major concern. Employing tissue specific promoters (TSPs) to restrict transgene expression or viral replication is an effective way to increase specificity towards tumor tissues and to reduce adverse effects in non-target tissues such as the liver. In this regard, candidate breast cancer TSPs include promoters of the genes for the epithelial glycoprotein 2 (EGP-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), alpha-chemokine SDF-1 receptor (stromal-cell-derived factor, CXCR4), secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) and survivin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed E1-deleted Ads that express the reporter gene luciferase under the control of the promoters of interest. We evaluated this class of vectors in various established breast cancer cell lines, primary breast cancer cells and finally in the most stringent preclinical available substrate system, constituted by precision cut tissue slices of human breast cancer and liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the CXCR4 promoter exhibited the highest luciferase activity in breast cancer cell lines, primary breast cancer cells and breast cancer tissue slices. Importantly, the CXCR4 promoter displayed a very low activity in human primary fibroblasts and human liver tissue slices. Interestingly, gene expression profiles correlated with the promoter activities both in breast cancer cell lines and primary breast cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the CXCR4 promoter has an ideal 'breast cancer-on/liver-off' profile, and could, therefore, be a powerful tool in Ad vector based gene therapy or virotherapy of the carcinoma of the breast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Duesseldorf, Medical Center, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Mariam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stoff-Khalili
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stoff
authors.forename: Angel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Nilam S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Everts
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Gene P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siegal
authors.forename: Dirk F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dall
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: Zeng B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Curiel
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D018523:Tropism
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D008156:Luciferases