title: Utilization and cost comparison of current and optimal prescribing of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in Quebec, Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical practice guidelines recommend prophylactic use of gastroprotective agents (GPA) with nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (nsNSAID) for patients at risk of gastrointestinal (GI) complications. We estimated the costs of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors, nsNSAID, and concurrent GPA prescribed in 2002 in Quebec, Canada, and compared these to estimated costs if prescribing followed guideline recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Quebec government medical and pharmaceutical claims database (RAMQ). All prescriptions for NSAID and concurrent GPA dispensed between January 1 and December 31, 2002, were evaluated for continuously covered beneficiaries 18 years of age or older. Prescriptions were stratified by patient GI risk factors determined at the dispensing date of each prescription into low-, moderate-, elevated-, and high-risk categories. Five scenarios of "appropriate" NSAID therapy were identified using clinical practice guidelines. The potential effect on the prescription drug budget of implementing each of these scenarios was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 503,671 patients filled 1,863,171 prescriptions for NSAID, representing 41.1 million days of treatment with total expenditures of about dollar 94 million CDN for NSAID and concurrent GPA. Average actual daily costs for coxibs (rofecoxib and celecoxib), celecoxib, nsNSAID, and concurrent GPA were dollar 1.94, dollar 2.06, dollar 1.19, and dollar 2.30, respectively. Prescribing nsNSAID with GPA to all patients at moderate and elevated risks while prescribing NSAID without GPA to patients at low risk, and celecoxib with a GPA to patients at very high risk would have cost dollar 36.4 million more, mainly due to the additional cost of GPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to actual prescribing patterns, a prescribing strategy consistent with clinical practice guidelines can increase drug acquisition costs to the healthcare payer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. elham.rahme@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahme
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toubouti
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lelorier
mesh_terms: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016208:Databases, Factual; D016527:Drug Costs; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011792:Quebec; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D020011:Protective Agents