title: The effects of acute relaxation on indices of anxiety during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antenatal maternal anxiety has adverse effects on the fetus and the child. In this study we determined whether a short period of directed or of passive relaxation reduced maternal self-rated anxiety, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, cortisol and uterine artery resistance index, in pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight women (28-32 wks gestation) were assigned randomly to a session of directed active or passive (sitting quietly) relaxation. Spielberger self-rating anxiety questionnaires were completed, and a venous blood sample taken, before and after a Doppler scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both active and passive relaxation significantly reduced State Anxiety and maternal heart rate, but the effect was significantly greater with the active relaxation. In contrast, the passive relaxation significantly reduced noradrenaline levels whereas active did not. Adrenaline levels were not changed significantly with either type of relaxation. Both methods significantly reduced cortisol, with a trend for the passive to have a greater effect. The active relaxation had no effect on uterine artery blood flow, whereas there was a statistically significant, but clinically negligible, increase in mean resistance index after passive relaxation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both methods reduced maternal State Anxiety and heart rate, the active method more so. However there was a striking lack of correlation with the other biological indices studied. In order to reduce specific biological effects of anxiety during pregnancy, different methods may be needed from those which are most effective at reducing subjective anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. jeronima.teixeira@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Prendiville
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine