title: Sex differences in knee joint laxity change across the female menstrual cycle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the hormonal influences on sex differences in knee joint behavior, normal-menstruating females were compared to males on serum hormone levels and anterior knee joint laxity (displacement at 46N, 89N and 133N) and stiffness (Linear slope of deltaForce/deltaDisplacement for 46-89N and 89-133N) across the female menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two females were tested daily across one complete menstrual cycle, and 20 males were tested once per week for 4 weeks. Five days each representing the hormonal milieu for menses, the initial estrogen rise near ovulation, and the early and late luteal phases (total of 20 days) were compared to the average value obtained from males across their 4 test days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sex differences in knee laxity were menstrual cycle dependent, coinciding with significant elevations in estradiol levels. Females had greater laxity than males on day 5 of menses, days 3-5 near ovulation, days 1-4 of the early luteal phase and days 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the late luteal phases. Within females, knee laxity was greater on day 5 near ovulation compared to day 3 of menses, and days 1-3 of the early luteal phase compared to all days of menses and day 1 near ovulation. On average, differences observed between sexes were greater than those within females across their cycle. There were no differences in anterior knee stiffness between sexes or within females across days of the menstrual cycle.
authors.affiliation: Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA. sjshultz@uncg.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shultz
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones