title: Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy adult goats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ivermectin (200 microg/kg) was initially administered IV to each goat, and plasma samples were obtained for 36 days. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each goat received a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 microg/kg) by SC injection. Plasma samples were then obtained for 42 days. Drug concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model; values for main compartmental variables included volume of distribution at a steady state (9.94 L/kg), clearance (1.54 L/kg/d), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; 143 [ng x d]/mL). Values for the noncompartmental variables included mean residence time (7.37 days), AUC (153 [ng x d]/mL), and clearance (1.43 L/kg/d). After SC administration, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Values of the variables calculated by use of this method included maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; 21.8 ng/mL), time to reach Cmax (3 days), and bioavailability (F; 91.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The commercial formulation used in this study is a good option to consider when administering ivermectin to goats because of the high absorption, which is characterized by high values of F. In addition, the values of Cmax and time to reach Cmax are higher than those reported by other investigators who used other routes of administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
authors.forename: Aranzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sahagun
authors.forename: M Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Diez
authors.forename: Nelida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007559:Ivermectin