title: Bright and black blood imaging of the carotid bifurcation at 3.0T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate our preliminary experience at 3.0 T with imaging of the carotid bifurcation in healthy and atherosclerotic subjects. Application at 3.0 T is motivated by the signal-to-noise gain for improving spatial resolution and reducing signal averaging requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a dual phased array coil and applied 2D, 3D time of flight (TOF) and turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences with comparison of two lumen signal suppression methods for black blood (BB) TSE imaging including double inversion preparation (DIR) and spatial presaturation pulses. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of healthy carotid vessel walls were compared in 2D and 3D BB TSE acquisitions. The bright and black blood multi-contrast exam was demonstrated for a complex carotid plaque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast-to-noise (CNR) greater than 150 was achieved between the lumen and suppressed background for 3D TOF. For BB, both methods provided sufficient lumen signal suppression but slight residual flow artifacts remained at the bifurcation level. As expected 3D TSE images had higher SNR compared to 2D, but increased motion sensitivity is a significant issue for 3D at high field. For multi-contrast imaging of atherosclerotic plaque, fibrous, calcified and lipid components were resolved. The CNR ratio of fibrous (bright on PDW, T2W) and calcified (dark in T1W, T2W, PDW) plaque components was maximal in the T2W images. The 3D TOF angiogram indicating a 40% stenosis was complemented by 3D multi-planar reformat of BB images that displayed plaque extent. Detection of intimal thickening, the earliest change associated with atherosclerotic progression was observed in BB PDW images at 3.0 T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High SNR and CNR images have been demonstrated for the healthy and diseased carotid. Improvements in RF coils along with pulse sequence optimization, and evaluation of endogenous and exogenous contrast mechanisms will further enhance carotid imaging at 3.0T.
authors.affiliation: MGH/MIT/HMS, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. denise@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Denise P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: Ricardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cury
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Furie
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pitts
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001769:Blood; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged