title: Do sacrificial bonds affect the viscoelastic and fracture properties of bone?
abstract: Sacrificial bonds have been suggested as a toughening mechanism for bone tissue. Ionic bridges formed by divalent calcium ions between collagen molecules have been proposed as candidates for sacrificial bonds. If this mechanism is active at the macroscopic level, we should observe changes in mechanical properties of bone when calcium ions are maintained or removed from the tissue. To test this hypothesis, we measured viscoelastic and monotonic mechanical properties of cortical bone subjected to differing ionic environments. Storage modulus of bone could be changed up to 3.8% by the presence or absence of Na+ or Ca++ in the environment in a reversible fashion when bones were monitored continuously during treatments. A long-term one-time treatment increased the viscoelastic properties of bone soaked in Na+ solutions whereas the viscoelastic properties of bones soaked in Ca++ solutions were maintained. However, the strength and toughness of bone specimens soaked and fractured in treatment solutions were not improved. The presence of Ca++ affected the mechanical behavior of mineralized bone tissue at the macro scale. These effects were reversible, consistent with the original proposal. However, these effects may not necessarily indicate an increase in strength or toughness of the tissue at the macro scale.
authors.affiliation: Section of Biomechanics, Bone and Joint Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. yeni@bjc.hfh.edu
authors.forename: Yener N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Yeni
authors.forename: Do-Gyoon
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: X Neil
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: A Simon
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Clifford M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Les
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Fyhrie
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012756:Sheep; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002118:Calcium