title: Vitreoretinal surgery of the posterior segment for explosive trauma in terrorist warfare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe surgical management and establish anatomic and visual results of patients with explosive ocular trauma in terrorist attacks treated with extreme vitreoretinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of clinical records (6-month follow-up) of patients with visual acuity (VA) of light perception or better with posterior segment injuries [vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment (RD), intra-ocular foreign bodies (IOFB), perforating trauma (PT)] from explosive weapons who underwent vitreoretinal surgery. We reviewed the demographic characteristics, type of weapon, time between injury and surgery, VA at arrival and 6 months after surgery, and type of trauma according to the International Trauma Classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven out of 236 patients with ocular injuries from explosive weapons were included in the study; all of them were military men, average age 22 years (range 16-53 years). The average time between the blast and primary closing was 1 day, and 10 days between primary closing and vitreoretinal surgery. Open traumas by laceration accounted for 96% of cases and 4% were closed traumas; 76% of the eyes had IOFB, of which 18% involved PT; 5% had endophthalmitis. Contusion was the diagnosis for 100% of the closed traumas. Of the open traumas, 40% were localized at zone I, 44% at zone II, and 16% at zone III. Upon arrival, 98% of patients had VA 20/800-LP and 2% had >20/40. The patients with closed trauma had the injuries at zone III and presented VA 20/800-LP. All patients underwent posterior vitrectomy, scleral buckling, endotaponade and when required, lensectomy (82%), IOFB removal (72%), and/or retinectomy (25%). Postoperative VA improved in 43% of the patients, stabilized in 41% and evolved to NLP in 15% of the cases. Initial expressions of ocular trauma such as RD, PT and endophthalmitis suggest bad prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We presented a series of patients with severe ocular trauma of the posterior segment from explosive weapons. These patients were treated according to our surgical protocol with extreme vitreoretinal surgery within the first 2 weeks after the blast; with our procedure we obtained stabilization or improvement of the VA for 84% of the cases.
authors.affiliation: San Martín University, Bogota, Colombia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bajaire
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oudovitchenko
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morales
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003105:Colombia; D053834:Explosive Agents; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012591:Scleral Buckling; D023481:Terrorism; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014857:Warfare
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents