title: Thrombocytopenia in the experimental leptospirosis of guinea pig is not related to disseminated intravascular coagulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombocytopenia is commonly observed in severe leptospirosis. However, previous studies on coagulation alterations during leptospirosis resulted in inconsistent conclusions. Some findings showed that the prominent levels of thrombocytopenia observed in severe leptospirosis did not reflect the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome, while the others reached the conclusion that the hemorrhages observed in leptospirosis were due to DIC. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether DIC is an important feature of leptospirosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The leptospirosis model of guinea pig was established by intraperitoneal inoculation of Leptospira interrogans strain Lai. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry staining were used to detect the pathologic changes. Platelet thrombus or fibrin thrombus was detected by HE, Martius Scarlet Blue (MSB) staining and electron microscopy. Hemostatic molecular markers such as 11-dehydrogenate thromboxane B2 (11-DH-TXB2), thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), D-Dimer and fibrin (ogen) degradation products (FDPs) in the plasma were examined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the hematological coagulative alterations in leptospirosis models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary hemorrhage appeared in the model guinea pig 24 hours after leptospires intraperitoneal inoculation, progressing to a peak at 96 hours after the infection. Leptospires were detected 24 hours post-inoculation in the liver, 48 hours in the lung and 72 hours in the kidney by immunohistochemistry staining. Spiral form of the bacteria was initially observed in the liver, lung and kidney suggestive of intact leptospires, granular form of leptospires was seen as the severity increased. Platelet aggregation in hepatic sinusoid as well as phagocytosis of erythrocytes and platelets by Kupffer cells were both observed. Neither platelet thrombus nor fibrin thrombus was found in the liver, lung or kidney via morphological observation. Thrombocytopenia was observed in all infected guinea pigs of our experimental leptospirosis study. Analysis of hematologic molecular markers showed that 11-DH-TXB2 and TM in the plasma were elevated significantly. TAT that reflects the thrombin activation had a trend of decline after infection. Although D-dimer and FDPs increased statistically, the increasing may not bear clinical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathologic and hematological studies for experimental leptospirosis of guinea pig indicated that the thrombocytopenia found in guinea pigs did not correlate with the occurrence of DIC. The platelet aggregation and Kupffer cells phagocytosis might be the potential causes of thrombocytopenia in severe leptospirosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. henry7206@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hong-Liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xu-Cheng
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiang-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bao-Yu
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Guo-Ping
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiao-Kui
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007921:Leptospira interrogans; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D010976:Platelet Count; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors