title: Rembrandt's Bathsheba, possible lactation mastitis following unsuccessful pregnancy.
abstract: Deformity of the left breast and axilla observed in Rembrandt's famous painting "Bathsheba at her toilet" (1654, Louvre Paris) has been discussed by several researchers. Proposed diagnoses were breast cancer and abscess due to tuberculosis. The present article reviews previous articles written concerning the left breast abnormalities of Bathsheba and carefully examines other works of Rembrandt modeled by Hendrickje and painted around 1654. Previous diagnosis of breast cancer and tuberculous mastitis is less probable. Because Hendrickje survived for more then 9 years after the painting and in other works modeled by Hendrickje shows no signs of cachexia or permanent changes in the left breast. The most likely diagnosis of the left breast deformity of Bathsheba is a sequela of lactation mastitis abscess following miscarriage or premature childbirth without breast feeding.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease Control and Clinical Immunology, Nihon University Medical Research Institute, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan. satoshih@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Norimichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nemoto
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D049670:History, 17th Century; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008413:Mastitis / Q000266:history*; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000266:history*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D017584:Reproductive History