title: Transition of extremely low-birth-weight infants from adolescence to young adulthood: comparison with normal birth-weight controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, educational attainment, getting a job, living independently, getting married, and parenthood have been considered as markers of successful transition to adulthood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare the achievement and the age at attainment of the above markers between extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) and normal birth-weight (NBW) young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, longitudinal, population-based study in central-west Ontario, Canada, of 166 ELBW participants who weighed 501 to 1000 g at birth (1977-1982) and 145 sociodemographically comparable NBW participants assessed at young adulthood (22-25 years). Interviewers masked to participant status administered validated questionnaires via face-to-face interviews between January 1, 2002, and April 30, 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markers of successful transition to adulthood, including educational attainment, student and/or worker role, independent living, getting married, and parenthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At young adulthood, 149 (90%) of 166 ELBW participants and 133 (92%) of 145 NBW participants completed the assessments at mean (SD) age of 23.3 (1.2) years and 23.6 (1.1) years, respectively. We included participants with neurosensory impairments (ELBW vs NBW: 40 [27%] vs 3 [2%]) and 7 proxy respondents. The proportion who graduated from high school was similar (82% vs 87%, P = .21). Overall, no statistically significant differences were observed in the education achieved to date. A substantial proportion of both groups were still pursuing postsecondary education (47 [32%] vs 44 [33%]). No significant differences were observed in employment/school status; 71 (48%) ELBW vs 76 (57%) NBW young adults were permanently employed (P = .09). In a subanalysis, a higher proportion of ELBW young adults were neither employed nor in school (39 [26%] vs 20 [15%], P = .02 by Holm's correction); these differences did not persist when participants with disabilities were excluded. No significant differences were found in the proportion living independently (63 [42%] vs 70 [53%], P = .19), married/cohabitating (34 [23%] vs 33 [25%], P = .69), or who were parents (16 [11%] vs 19 [14%], P = .36). The age at attainment of the above markers was similar for both cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study results indicate that a significant majority of former ELBW infants have overcome their earlier difficulties to become functional young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, and School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. saigal@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Saroj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saigal
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paneth
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goddeeris
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D009864:Ontario; D010290:Parents; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires