title: Tetrahydroxyquinone induces apoptosis of leukemia cells through diminished survival signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tetrahydroxyquinone is a molecule best known as a primitive anticataract drug but is also a highly redox active molecule that can take part in a redox cycle with semiquinone radicals, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its potential as an anticancer drug has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of tetrahydroxyquinone on HL60 leukemia cells are investigated using fluorescein-activated cell sorting-dependent detection of phosphatidylserine exposure combined with 7-amino-actinomycin D exclusion, via Western blotting using phosphospecific antibodies, and by transfection of constitutively active protein kinase B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observe that in HL60 leukemia cells tetrahydroxyquinone causes ROS production followed by apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, whereas cellular physiology of normal human blood leukocytes was not affected by tetrahydroxyquinone. The antileukemic effect of tetrahydroxyquinone is accompanied by reduced activity of various antiapoptotic survival molecules including the protein kinase B pathway. Importantly, transfection of protein kinase B into HL60 cells and thus artificially increasing protein kinase B activity inhibits tetrahydroxyquinone-dependent cytotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tetrahydroxyquinone provokes cytotoxic effects on leukemia cells by reduced protein kinase B-dependent survival signaling followed by apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Thus, tetrahydroxyquinone may be representative of a novel class of chemotherapeutic drugs, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells through diminished survival signaling possibly as a consequence of ROS generation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Alexandre D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Martins Cavagis
authors.forename: Carmen Veríssima
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Henri H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.forename: Cristiane Fernandes
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Assis
authors.forename: Carina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Sylvia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bleuming
authors.forename: Sander H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Diks
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: Maikel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Peppelenbosch
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011809:Quinones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006873:Hydroquinones; D011809:Quinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases