title: Evaluation of the effect of JPEG and JPEG2000 image compression on the detection of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of classic Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and JPEG2000 compression algorithms on detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 45 colour fundus photographs obtained with a digital nonmydriatic fundus camera were saved in uncompressed Tagged Interchanged Files Format (TIFF) format (1.26 MB). They were graded jointly by two retinal specialists at a 1 month interval for soft exudates, hard exudates, macular oedema, newvessels, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), and retinal haemorrhages and/or microaneurysms. They were compressed to 118, 58, 41, and 27 KB by both algorithms and 24 KB by classic JPEG, placed in random order and graded again jointly by the two retina specialists. Subjective image quality was graded, and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and kappa statistic were calculated for all lesions at all compression ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compression to 118 KB showed no effect on image quality and kappa values were high (0.94-1). Image degradation became important at 27 KB for both algorithms. At high compression levels, IRMA and HMA detection were most affected with JPEG2000 performing slightly better than classic JPEG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance of classic JPEG and JPEG2000 algorithms is equivalent when compressing digital images of DR lesions from 1.26 MB to 118 KB and 58 KB. Higher compression ratios show slightly better results with JPEG2000 compression, but may be insufficient for screening purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique--Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conrath
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erginay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lecleire-Collet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vicaut
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaudric
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D044962:Data Compression / Q000379:methods*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity