title: Packing in endoscopic sinus surgery: is it really required?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the routine use of packing or local hemostatic agents in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Packing and/or hemostatic agents were used only when necessary in 100 consecutive adult ESS patients in a tertiary academic hospital. Necessity for packing the nose after excessive bleeding was analyzed in relation to demographic characteristics, medical history, previous surgeries, current surgical procedure, type of anesthesia, and amount of intraoperative bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients who required packing because of other reasons (such as bolstering of mucosa) were excluded from the study. The remaining 97 patients included 61 males and 36 females between the ages of 16 to 86 (mean 44). Forty-nine patients underwent only ESS, 40 ESSs associated with nasal polypectomy, and 8 underwent other endoscopic procedures. Fifty-four underwent the operation under general anesthesia and 43 under local anesthesia. Intraoperative blood loss was less than 30 mL in 82 patients (85%), 30 to 50 mL in 11 (11%), and more than 50 mL in 4 (4%). In 89 patients (92%), packing or a hemostatic agent was not used. No patient had bleeding complications postoperatively. A comparison between patients who required packing to those who did not showed that the only statistically significant associations related to general anesthesia (P = 0.0082) and to the amount of intraoperative bleeding (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most ESS procedures can be managed without packing or any other hemostatic measures. Local anesthesia, use of local vasoconstrictors, and careful operative technique minimize the need for nose packing, thus reducing patient's discomfort, postoperative complications, and cost of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eliashar
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wohlgelernter
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sichel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000601:surgery*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011312:Pressure; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D005557:Formaldehyde; C027490:polyvinyl alcohol formaldehyde foam; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol