title: Macrophage-mediated inhibitory effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc, a traditional oriental herbal medicine, on the growth of influenza A/Aichi/2/68 virus.
abstract: The inhibitory effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc (ZOR), an Oriental traditional herbal medicine, on the growth of influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (Aichi) virus was investigated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Direct addition of ZOR (0.1 approximately 100 microg/ml) to the infected cells did not have any inhibitory effect. However, the ZOR-induced conditioned medium (ZOR-CM) of RAW cells, a murine macrophage (Mphi) cell line, exhibited an apparent inhibitory effect on MDCK cells without cytotoxicity. In accordance with the time-dependent inhibitory effect of ZOR-CM, it has been demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was gradually accumulated in ZOR-CM by the induction of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in ZOR-stimulated RAW cells. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of ZOR-CM was reduced significantly by the removal of TNF-alpha after the formation of an immune complex with anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody. These data suggested that ZOR itself has no inhibitory effect on the growth of influenza virus, but could exert its effect via macrophage activation leading to production of TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imanishi
authors.forename: Tsugunobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andoh
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mantani
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Terasawa
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katada
authors.forename: Kyouka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ochiai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002460:Cell Line; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha