title: Psychological impact of stillbirth on fathers in the subsequent pregnancy and puerperium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 1 in 200 UK pregnancies ends in stillbirth. Although serious psychological effects of stillbirth on mothers are well established, much less is known about the impact of such loss on fathers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the psychological morbidity of fathers in the pregnancy and post-partum year subsequent to a stillbirth, to test within-couple effects and to identify risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a community-based cohort study of 38 pregnant couples whose previous pregnancy had ended in stillbirth, and 38 pair-matched controls. Psychological assessments took place antenatally and at 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year postnatally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fathers in the index group experienced significant levels of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder antenatally, but all of their symptoms remitted postnatally (after the birth of a live baby). Fathers' symptom levels were lower than those of mothers at all time points. In contrast to mothers, fathers experienced greater anxiety when a subsequent pregnancy (following stillbirth) was delayed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vulnerability of fathers to psychological distress during the pregnancy after a stillbirth needs to be recognised.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK. pturton@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turton
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Badenhorst
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riches
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005195:Family Relations; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013997:Time Factors