title: A survey of factors affecting clinician acceptance of clinical decision support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time clinical decision support (CDS) integrated into clinicians' workflow has the potential to profoundly affect the cost, quality, and safety of health care delivery. Recent reports have identified a surprisingly low acceptance rate for different types of CDS. We hypothesized that factors affecting CDS system acceptance could be categorized as relating to differences in patients, physicians, CDS-type, or environmental characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a survey of all adult primary care physicians (PCPs, n = 225) within our group model Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) to identify factors that affect their acceptance of CDS. We defined clinical decision support broadly as "clinical information" that is either provided to you or accessible by you, from the clinical workstation (e.g., enhanced flow sheet displays, health maintenance reminders, alternative medication suggestions, order sets, alerts, and access to any internet-based information resources).
  
  
  RESULTS
  110 surveys were returned (49%). There were no differences in the age, gender, or years of service between those who returned the survey and the entire adult PCP population. Overall, clinicians stated that the CDS provided "helps them take better care of their patients" (3.6 on scale of 1:Never-5:Always), "is worth the time it takes" (3.5), and "reminds them of something they've forgotten" (3.2). There was no difference in the perceived acceptance rate of alerts based on their type (i.e., cost, safety, health maintenance). When asked about specific patient characteristics that would make the clinicians "more", "equally" or "less" likely to accept alerts: 41% stated that they were more (8% stated "less") likely to accept alerts on elderly patients (> 65 yrs); 38% were more (14% stated less) likely to accept alerts on patients with more than 5 current medications; and 38% were more (20% stated less) likely to accept alerts on patients with more than 5 chronic clinical conditions. Interestingly, 80% said they were less likely to accept alerts when they were behind schedule and 84% of clinicians admitted to being at least 20 minutes behind schedule "some", "most", or "all of the time".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though a majority of our clinical decision support suggestions are not explicitly followed, clinicians feel they are of benefit and would be even more beneficial if they had more time available to address them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Northwest Permanente PC, Portland, OR, USA. dean.f.sittig@kp.org
authors.forename: Dean F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Sittig
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Krall
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dykstra
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Homer L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000555:Ambulatory Care Information Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004346:Drug Information Services; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017010:Reminder Systems; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires