title: New method of sedation in oral surgery.
abstract: Local anesthesia, the well-known method of sedation, usually is insufficient for dental implantation and the augmentation of the alveolar ridge, because the operations last for 1 to 2 hours and patients may experience fear and strain. This article examines a new complex sedation method using ketorolac, midazolam, and a local anesthetic 4% solution of articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine (Septanest) in combination with a vasoconstrictor. This method was applied to 67 patients operated on for dental implantation with screw implants or for the alveolar ridge augmentation with biocompatible materials. The control group, which consisted of 20 patients, received local anesthesia with articaine-epinephrine only. Most of the control patients were found to have experienced fear and strain during the aforementioned surgical procedures; their blood pressure and pulse rate increased, and more than half of them experienced pain. No disorders of hemodynamics or the psychoemotional status of the patients were observed during sedation with ketorolac, midazolam, and articaine-epinephrine. Furthermore, anterograde amnesia was determined for the 80% of the patients in the test group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania. gintaras@stilusoptimus.lt
authors.forename: Gintaras
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Juodzbalys
authors.forename: Rimvydas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giedraitis
authors.forename: Vita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Machiulskiene
authors.forename: Luc W J
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Huys
authors.forename: Ricardas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubilius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D002355:Carticaine; D008874:Midazolam; D004837:Epinephrine; D020910:Ketorolac