title: Effects of partial sleep deprivation on within-format and cross-format priming.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sleep on long-term priming. We report the results of a preliminary experiment that enabled us to verify that priming can last for 4 hours, and we also report the results of a study of partial sleep-deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects performed 2 tasks: within-format and cross-format priming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight healthy young subjects participated in the 2 studies reported here: 48 in the preliminary experiment and 50 in the sleep-deprivation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testing after a 4-hour diurnal retention interval (Experiment 1) or after an equivalent interval filled with early or late sleep, or corresponding periods of wakefulness (Experiment 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A tachistoscopic identification paradigm, consisting of naming aloud briefly flashed drawings, was used to assess 2 priming conditions: a same-format or within-format condition (in which items were drawings in the study and test phases) and a different- or cross-format condition (in which the symbolic format of the items differed between the 2 phases: words/drawings). In Experiment 1, we revealed significant priming effects in both conditions after a 4-hour interval. In Experiment 2, only same-format priming effects were observed, but their magnitude was smaller than in Experiment 1. There was no significant difference in priming scores between the sleep and wake groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep does not appear to have a strong effect on priming. Instead, priming appears to be affected by circadian influences.
authors.affiliation: Inserm E0218 - Université de Caen, Basse-Normandie, CHU de Caen, France.
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rauchs
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lebreton
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bertran
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pélerin
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clochon
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denise
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foret
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Desgranges
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eustache
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D017286:Polysomnography; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology