title: CT lymphography-navigated sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with superficial esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate experimentally and clinically the feasibility of a newly developed technique of endoscopic computed tomography (CT) lymphography with endoscopic submucosal injection of iopamidol for esophageal sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine anesthetized dogs underwent CT after endoscopic submucosal injection of 2 mL iopamidol; 1.25-mm thick CT images were obtained before and at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 minutes after contrast injection. Clinically, 12 patients with superficial esophageal cancer (preoperative imaging stage: cT1, cN0) underwent CT lymphography in a similar fashion at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after peritumoral injection, followed by radical esophagectomy and regional lymph node dissection under CT lymphography guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT lymphography visualized the draining lymphatic vessels and SLNs within 5 minutes after contrast injection. All 14 SLNs in dogs (average, 1.5 nodes per animal; range, 1-2) and 28 SLNs in patients (average, 2.3 nodes per patient; range, 1-4) were found intraoperatively at the correct location under CT lymphography guidance. Lymph node metastasis could be detected with excellent sensitivity and accuracy in this small number of patients with no false-negative findings; metastasis was positive only in the preoperatively identified SLNs in 4 patients and in both SLNs and distant nodes in 1 patient, and was negative in all resected nodes in the remaining 7 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic CT lymphography appears to allow accurate identification of direction and locations of lymph flow and SLNs, and has the potential clinical applicability for esophageal SLN mapping and biopsy examination, but will require a large study to determine its accuracy and usefulness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tangoku
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.forename: Kensaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Shigefumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Tomomitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004285:Dogs; D004724:Endoscopy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007479:Iopamidol