title: High-density lipoprotein hydrolysis by endothelial lipase activates PPARalpha: a candidate mechanism for high-density lipoprotein-mediated repression of leukocyte adhesion.
abstract: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known to inhibit endothelial adhesion molecule expression, the mechanism for this anti-inflammatory effect remains obscure. Surprisingly, we observed that HDL no longer decreased adhesion of U937 monocytoid cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-stimulated human endothelial cells (EC) in the presence of the general lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin. In considering endothelial mechanisms responsible for this effect, we found that endothelial lipase (EL) overexpression in both EC and non-EL-expressing NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts cells significantly decreased TNFalpha-induced VCAM1 expression and promoter activity in a manner dependent on HDL concentration and intact EL activity. Given recent evidence for lipolytic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-nuclear receptors implicated in metabolism, atherosclerosis, and inflammation-we hypothesized HDL hydrolysis by EL is an endogenous endothelial mechanism for PPAR activation. In both EL-transfected NIH cells and bovine EC, HDL significantly increased PPAR ligand binding domain activation in the order PPAR-alpha> >-gamma>-delta. Moreover, HDL stimulation induced expression of the canonical PPARalpha-target gene acyl-CoA-oxidase (ACO) in a PPARalpha-dependent manner in ECs. Conditioned media from EL-adenovirus transfected cells but not control media exposed to HDL also activated PPARalpha. PPARalpha activation by EL was most potent with HDL as a substrate, with lesser effects on LDL and VLDL. Finally, HDL inhibited leukocyte adhesion to TNFalpha-stimulated ECs isolated from wild-type but not PPARalpha-deficient mice. This data establishes HDL hydrolysis by EL as a novel, distinct natural pathway for PPARalpha activation and identifies a potential mechanism for HDL-mediated repression of VCAM1 expression, with significant implications for both EL and PPARs in inflammation and vascular biology.
authors.affiliation: Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Waleed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orasanu
authors.forename: Vedika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nehra
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asatryan
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.forename: Ouliana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ziouzenkova
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plutzky
mesh_terms: D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008049:Lipase / Q000502:physiology*; D008066:Lipolysis; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D047493:PPAR alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase; C410382:LIPG protein, human; D008049:Lipase