title: Impact of white matter hyperintensities scoring method on correlations with clinical data: the LADIS study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with decline in cognition, gait, mood, and urinary continence. Associations may depend on the method used for measuring WMH. We investigated the ability of different WMH scoring methods to detect differences in WMH load between groups with and without symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data of 618 independently living elderly with WMH collected in the Leukoaraiosis And DISability (LADIS) study. Subjects with and without symptoms of depression, gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, and memory decline were compared with respect to WMH load measured qualitatively using 3 widely used visual rating scales (Fazekas, Scheltens, and Age-Related White Matter Changes scales) and quantitatively with a semiautomated volumetric technique and an automatic lesion count. Statistical significance between groups was assessed with the chi2 and Mann-Whitney tests. In addition, the punctate and confluent lesion type with comparable WMH volume were compared with respect to the clinical data using Student t test and chi2 test. Direct comparison of visual ratings with volumetry was done using curve fitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual and volumetric assessment detected differences in WMH between groups with respect to gait disturbances and age. WMH volume measurement was more sensitive than visual scores with respect to memory symptoms. Number of lesions nor lesion type correlated with any of the clinical data. For all rating scales, a clear but nonlinear relationship was established with WMH volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual rating scales display ceiling effects and poor discrimination of absolute lesion volumes. Consequently, they may be less sensitive in differentiating clinical groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. i.vanstraaten@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Elisabeth C W
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: Egill
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rostrup
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantoni
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
authors.forename: Gunhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waldemar
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
authors.forename: Riita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mäntylä
authors.forename: Lars-Olof
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D049292:Leukoaraiosis / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors