title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha,gamma-agonist improves insulin sensitivity and prevents loss of left ventricular function in obese dyslipidemic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha,gamma-agonist on atherosclerosis and cardiac function in mice with combined leptin and low-density lipoprotein receptor deficiency (DKO). In these mice, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and loss of cardiac function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We treated 12-week-old DKO mice with the PPARalpha,gamma-agonist (S)-3-(4-(2-carbazol-9-yl-ethoxy) phenyl-2-ethoxy-propionic-acid) for 12 weeks. The agonist lowered free fatty acids with 42% and increased insulin sensitivity with 76%. It had no effect on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. RT-PCR analysis showed that the agonist increased the expression of fatty acid transport protein-4, fatty acid binding protein-4, glucose transporter-4, hormone-sensitive lipase, and adiponectin in white adipose tissue that was associated with the increase in insulin sensitivity. At 24 weeks, the shortening fraction (SF) of placebo DKO mice was 30% lower than that of C57BL6 mice. The PPAR agonist increased PPARgamma but not PPARalpha expression in the heart and prevented loss of left ventricular function. Adiponectin correlated positively with PPARgamma in the heart and with SF. The agonist had no effect on atherosclerosis in the aortic arch of DKO mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dual PPARalpha,gamma-agonist improved insulin sensitivity without affecting cholesterol and triglycerides. This was associated with induction of PPARgamma in the heart and prevention of loss of left ventricle function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Verreth
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ganame
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bernar
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Herregods
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holvoet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D051379:Mice; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000819:agonists*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000172:deficiency; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C448626:3-(4-(2-carbazol-9-ylethoxy)phenyl)-2-ethoxypropionic acid; D002227:Carbazoles; D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D054411:Receptors, Leptin