title: Chromatin decondensation and nuclear reprogramming by nucleoplasmin.
abstract: Somatic cell nuclear cloning has repeatedly demonstrated striking reversibility of epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation. Upon injection into eggs, the donor nuclei exhibit global chromatin decondensation, which might contribute to reprogramming the nuclei by derepressing dormant genes. Decondensation of sperm chromatin in eggs is explained by the replacement of sperm-specific histone variants with egg-type histones by the egg protein nucleoplasmin (Npm). However, little is known about the mechanisms of chromatin decondensation in somatic nuclei that do not contain condensation-specific histone variants. Here we found that Npm could widely decondense chromatin in undifferentiated mouse cells without overt histone exchanges but with specific epigenetic modifications that are relevant to open chromatin structure. These modifications included nucleus-wide multiple histone H3 phosphorylation, acetylation of Lys 14 in histone H3, and release of heterochromatin proteins HP1beta and TIF1beta from the nuclei. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine inhibited chromatin decondensation and these epigenetic modifications with the exception of H3 acetylation, potentially linking these chromatin events. At the functional level, Npm pretreatment of mouse nuclei facilitated activation of four oocyte-specific genes from the nuclei injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Future molecular elucidation of chromatin decondensation by Npm will significantly contribute to our understanding of the plasticity of cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 716, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Thuan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katoku-Kikyo
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wudel
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikyo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D019976:Cloning, Organism; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D056489:Nucleoplasmins; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006570:Heterochromatin; D006657:Histones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D056489:Nucleoplasmins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D004247:DNA