title: Influence of phase transformation on the torsional and bending properties of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the functional properties and the phase transformation of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five types of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments with a 0.30 mm diameter tip (EndoWave, HERO 642, K3, ProFile.06, and ProTaper) were selected to investigate torsional and bending properties, and phase transformation behaviour. A torsional test was performed according to ISO publication 3630-1, and maximum torque and angular deflection at fracture were measured. Bending load of the instruments was measured in a cantilever-bending test at 37 degrees C with the maximum deflection of 4.0 mm. A stainless steel K-file was used for reference. Phase transformation behaviour was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From the DSC curve, transformation temperatures were calculated. Data were analysed by anova and the Tukey-Kramer's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum torsional torque values of HERO, K3 and ProTaper were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of EndoWave, ProFile and K-file. The K-files had the lowest torque value. Angular deflection at fracture was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for K-files than that for any nickel-titanium instrument. The bending load values of HERO and K3 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of EndoWave, ProFile, ProTaper and K-file. The K-files had the lowest load value, although residual deflection remained. The transformation temperatures of HERO and K3 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of EndoWave, ProFile and ProTaper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functional properties of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments, especially their flexible bending load level, were closely related to the transformation behaviour of the alloys.
authors.affiliation: Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. k.miyai.endo@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebihara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D044367:Phase Transition; D018583:Pliability; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012399:Rotation; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium