title: Air classifier technology (ACT) in dry powder inhalation Part 3. Design and development of an air classifier family for the Novolizer multi-dose dry powder inhaler.
abstract: In this study, the design of a multifarious classifier family for different applications is described. The main design and development steps are presented as well as some special techniques that have been applied to achieve preset objectives. It is shown by increasing the number of air supply channels to the classifier chamber (from 2 to 8), that the fine particle losses from adhesion onto the classifier walls can be reduced from 75% to less than 5% of the real dose for soft (spherical) agglomerates. By applying a bypass flow that is arranged as a co-axial sheath of clean air around the aerosol cloud from the classifier, the airflow resistance of the classifier can be controlled over a relatively wide range of values (0.023-0.041 kPa(0.5) min l(-1)). This, without affecting the fine particle dose or increasing the fine particle losses in the inhaler. Moreover, the sheath flow can be modelled to reduce the depositions in the induction port to the cascade impactor or in the patient's mouth, which are the result of back flows in these regions. The principle of powder induced pressure drop reduction across a classifier enables assessment of the amount of powder in the classifier at any moment during inhalation, from which classifier loading (from the dose system) and discharge rates can be derived. This principle has been applied to study the residence time of a dose in the classifier as function of the carrier size fraction and the flow rate. It has been found that this residence time can be controlled in order to obtain an optimal balance between the generated fine particle fraction and the inhalation manoeuvre of the patient. A residence time between 0.5 and 2 s at 60 l/min is considered favourable, as this yields a high fine particle dose (depending on the type of formulation used) and leaves sufficient inhaled volume for particle transport into the deep lung.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. a.h.de.boer@farm.rug.nl
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagedoorn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gjaltema
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goede
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011208:Powders; D019819:Budesonide; D007785:Lactose