title: Efficacy of l-carnitine administration on fatigue, nutritional status, oxidative stress, and related quality of life in 12 advanced cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fatigue is a multidimensional symptom that is described in terms of perceived energy, mental capacity, and psychological status: it can impair daily functioning and lead to negative effects on quality of life. It is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In recent studies, l-carnitine (LC) supplementation has been demonstrated to be able to improve fatigue symptoms in patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study we tested the efficacy and safety of LC supplementation in a population of patients who had advanced cancer and developed fatigue, high blood levels of reactive oxygen species, or both. As outcome measures we evaluated fatigue and quality of life in relation to oxidative stress, nutritional status, and laboratory variables, mainly levels of reactive oxygen species, glutathione peroxidase, and proinflammatory cytokines. From March to July 2004, 12 patients who had advanced tumors (50% at stage IV) at different sites were enrolled (male-to-female ratio 2:10, mean age 60 y, range 42-73). Patients were only slightly anemic (hemoglobin 10.9 g/dL) and hemoglobin levels did not change after treatment. LC was administered orally at 6 g/d for 4 wk. All patients underwent antineoplastic treatment during LC supplementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fatigue, as measured by the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form, decreased significantly, particularly for the General and Physical scales, and for quality of life in each subscale of quality of life in relation to oxidative stress. Nutritional variables (lean body mass and appetite) increased significantly after LC supplementation. Levels of reactive oxygen species decreased and glutathione peroxidase increased but not significantly. Proinflammatory cytokines did not change significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvement of symptoms with respect to fatigue and quality of life in relation to oxidative stress may be explained mainly by an increase in lean body mass, which may be considered the most important nutritional or functional parameter in assessing the cachectic state of patients. In this view, fatigue with related symptoms can well be considered an important constituent of cancer-related anorexia cachexia syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gramignano
authors.forename: Maria Rita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lusso
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madeddu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serpe
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deiana
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lamonica
authors.forename: Mariele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dessì
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spiga
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Astara
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macciò
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantovani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002331:Carnitine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D002331:Carnitine