title: Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human neuroblastoma.
abstract: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been defined as a novel oncogene. Our previous results have shown that MIF may contribute to the progression of neuroblastoma by (a) inducing N-Myc expression and (b) upregulating the expression of angiogenic factors. The aim of this study was to test whether tumor growth could be inhibited by reduction of endogenous MIF expression in neuroblastoma and clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying MIF reduction on the control of neuroblastoma growth. We established human neuroblastoma cell lines stably expressing antisense MIF (AS-MIF) cDNA. These stable transfectants were characterized by cell proliferation, gene expression profile, tumorigenicity and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Decreased MIF expression was observed after transfection with AS-MIF in neuroblastoma cells and downregulation of MIF expression significantly correlated with decreased expression of N-Myc, Ras, c-Met and TrkB at protein level. Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that expression of IL-8 and c-met was inhibited and neuroblastoma-favorable genes such as EPHB6 and BLU were upregulated in MIF reduced cells. Neuroblastoma cell growth exhibited a nearly 80% reduction in AS-MIF transfectants in vitro. Furthermore, mice in which tumors formed after subcutaneous injection of AS-MIF transfectants showed a 90% reduction in tumor growth compared to control. Metastasis in mice was also suppressed dramatically. Our data demonstrate that targeting MIF expression is a promising therapeutic strategy in human neuroblastoma therapy, and also identifies the MIF target genes for further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. reny@ccf.org
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.forename: P K H
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016373:DNA, Antisense; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D036081:Receptors, Eph Family; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D016373:DNA, Antisense; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C106797:EPHB6 protein, human; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D036081:Receptors, Eph Family