title: Interventions for promoting booster seat use in four to eight year olds traveling in motor vehicles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Public health and traffic safety agencies recommend use of booster seats in motor vehicles for children aged four to eight years, and various interventions have been implemented to increase their use by individuals who transport children in motor vehicles. There is little evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions, hence the need to examine what works and what does not.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of interventions intended to increase acquisition and use of booster seats in motor vehicles among four to eight year olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (January 1966 to April 2005), EMBASE (1980 to April 2005), LILACS, Transport Research Databases (1988 to April 2005), Australian Transport Index (1976 to April 2005), additional databases and reference lists of relevant articles. We also contacted experts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized and controlled before-and-after trials that investigated the effects of interventions to promote booster seat use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies involving 3,070 individuals met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. All interventions for promoting use of booster seats among 4 to 8 year olds demonstrated a positive effect (relative risk (RR) 1.43; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.05 to 1.96). Incentives combined with education demonstrated a beneficial effect (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.55; n = 1,898). Distribution of free booster seats combined with education also had a beneficial effect (RR 2.34; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.63; n = 380) as did education-only interventions (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.49; n = 563). One study which evaluated enforcement of booster seat law met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, but demonstrated no marked beneficial effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available evidence suggests that interventions to increase use of booster seats among children age four to eight years are effective. Combining incentives (booster seat discount coupons or gift certificates) or distribution of free booster seats with education demonstrated marked beneficial outcomes for acquisition and use of booster seats for four to eight year olds. There is some evidence of beneficial effect of legislation on acquisition and use of booster seats but this was mainly from uncontrolled before-and-after studies, which did not meet the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal & Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Ryals Building, Birmingham, Alabama 35249-0022, USA. jehiri@uab.edu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ehiri
authors.forename: H O D
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ejere
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emusu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Osberg
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data