title: Analysis of hallucinogenic constituents in Amanita mushrooms circulated in Japan.
abstract: The constituents of seven mushrooms sold as Amanita muscaria or Amanita pantherina (five A. muscaria and two A. pantherina) and four "extracts purported to contain A. muscaria" products that are currently circulated in Japan were determined. All mushroom samples were identified as A. muscaria or A. pantherina by macroscopic and microscopic observation. The dissociative constituents, ibotenic acid (IBO) and muscimol (MUS), were extracted with 70% methanol twice and determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The IBO (as the hydrate)/MUS contents were in the range of <10-2845ppm/46-1052ppm in the cap of A. muscaria and 188-269ppm/1554-1880ppm in the cap of A. pantherina. In the caps, these compounds had a tendency to be more concentrated in the flesh than in the cuticle. On the other hand, the IBO/MUS contents in the stem were far lower than in the caps. In the "extracts purported to contain A. muscaria" products, IBO/MUS were detected below the lower limit of calibration curve (<10ppm/<25ppm) or not detected. However, these samples contained other psychoactive compounds, such as psychoactive tryptamines (5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (harmine and harmaline) and tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine), which were not quantified. This is the first report of the chemical analysis of Amanita mushrooms that are circulated in the drug market.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, First Chemistry Section, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. tujikawa@nrips.go.jp
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsujikawa
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohri
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwayama
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyaguchi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Akinaga
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gohda
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishi
mesh_terms: D000545:Amanita / Q000737:chemistry*; D001285:Atropine / Q000032:analysis; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006246:Harmaline / Q000032:analysis; D006247:Harmine / Q000032:analysis; D007051:Ibotenic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007564:Japan; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000032:analysis; D009118:Muscimol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000032:analysis; D014363:Tryptamines / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018755:GABA Agonists; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D014363:Tryptamines; D007051:Ibotenic Acid; D009118:Muscimol; D006247:Harmine; D001285:Atropine; D006246:Harmaline; D012601:Scopolamine