title: Airborne particulate matter inhibits alveolar fluid reabsorption in mice via oxidant generation.
abstract: Ambient particulate matter is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to human cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. We sought to determine whether exposure to ambient particulate matter would alter alveolar fluid clearance in mice. Mice were exposed to a range of doses of a well-characterized particulate matter collected from the ambient air in Düsseldorf, Germany through a single intratracheal instillation, and alveolar fluid clearance and measurements of lung injury were made. Exposure to even very low doses of particulate matter (10 microg) resulted in a significant reduction in alveolar fluid clearance that was maximal 24 h after the exposure, with complete resolution after 7 d. This was paralleled by a decrease in lung Na,K-ATPase activity. To investigate the mechanism of this effect, we measured plasma membrane Na,K-ATPase abundance in A549 cells and Na,K-ATPase activity in primary rat alveolar type II cells after exposure to particulate matter in the presence or absence of the combined superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic EUK-134 (5 microM). Membrane but not total protein abundance of the Na,K-ATPase was decreased after exposure to particulate matter, as was Na,K-ATPase activity. This decrease was prevented by the combined superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic EUK-134. The intratracheal instillation of particulate matter results in alveolar epithelial injury and decreased alveolar fluid clearance, conceivably due to downregulation of the Na,K-ATPase.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Gökhan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellmeyer
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Keenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soberanes
authors.forename: Lynn C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ghio
authors.forename: Navdeep S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chandel
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: Jacob I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Sznajder
authors.forename: G R Scott
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Budinger
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000975:Antioxidants; C433928:EUK-134; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012459:Salicylates; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase