title: Trends in energy and macronutrient intakes in non-under-reporters vary with the method used to identify under-reporters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate effects of using different methods to identify under-reporters on trends in dietary intake and physical activity level (PAL) in non-under-reporters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake and activity pattern were recorded by 887 female university students from 1988 to 2003. Energy expenditure (EE) and PAL were measured using a factorial method. Nine methods were used to identify under-reporters. Trends between 1988 and 2003 were determined from linear regression of median data for each year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of under-reporting varied with the method used, ranging from 22.2% to 66.7%. Trends that were consistent using all methods were a decrease in per cent of energy from fat and no change in alcohol intake or PAL (P<0.05). Trends in energy and macronutrient intakes varied with the method used. Using the four methods that excluded the most under-reporters there were increases in energy and gram carbohydrate (CHO) intakes (P<0.05), but no change in gram fat intake. Using the four methods that excluded the fewest under-reporters there was no change in energy or gram CHO intake, but a decrease in gram fat intake (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trends in energy, fat and CHO intakes in non-under-reporters varied with the method used to identify under-reporters.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. pwarwick@une.edu.au
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warwick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012650:Self Disclosure
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins