title: Development and testing of an algorithm to detect implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead failures often present as inappropriate shock therapy. An algorithm that can reliably discriminate between ventricular tachyarrhythmias and noise due to lead failure may prevent patient discomfort and anxiety and avoid device-induced proarrhythmia by preventing inappropriate ICD shocks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this analysis was to test an ICD tachycardia detection algorithm that differentiates noise due to lead failure from ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested an algorithm that uses a measure of the ventricular intracardiac electrogram baseline to discriminate the sinus rhythm isoelectric line from the right ventricular coil-can (i.e., far-field) electrogram during oversensing of noise caused by a lead failure. The baseline measure was defined as the product of the sum (mV) and standard deviation (mV) of the voltage samples for a 188-ms window centered on each sensed electrogram. If the minimum baseline measure of the last 12 beats was <0.35 mV-mV, then the detected rhythm was considered noise due to a lead failure. The first ICD-detected episode of lead failure and inappropriate detection from 24 ICD patients with a pace/sense lead failure and all ventricular arrhythmias from 56 ICD patients without a lead failure were selected. The stored data were analyzed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm to detect lead failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum baseline measure for the 24 lead failure episodes (0.28 +/- 0.34 mV-mV) was smaller than the 135 ventricular tachycardia (40.8 +/- 43.0 mV-mV, P <.0001) and 55 ventricular fibrillation episodes (19.1 +/- 22.8 mV-mV, P <.05). A minimum baseline <0.35 mV-mV threshold had a sensitivity of 83% (20/24) with a 100% (190/190) specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A baseline measure of the far-field electrogram had a high sensitivity and specificity to detect lead failure noise compared with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gillberg
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Pugazhendhi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vijayaraman
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy