title: Versatility of botulinum toxin: a use in stabilization of pedicled muscle flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, botulinum toxin A was used to secure the stabilization of muscle flaps without denervation atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult female Wistar rats were divided into a control group (group I, n = 10), a denervation group (group II, n = 10), and a botulinum toxin A group (group III, n = 10). In all of the groups, pedicled pectoralis major muscle flaps were elevated from the sternal attachment on the right side. In the second group, muscle flaps were denervated by transsecting the pectoralis major nerve after flap elevation; in the third group, botulinum toxin A (1.4 U of Dysport; Ipsen, Maidenhead, United Kingdom) was injected into the prepared muscle flap before flap replacement. The distance between the medial side of the muscle and the midline was measured at 4 weeks. Histopathological examination was performed 10 weeks after the first operation. The diameter of the muscle fibers was measured, and the degree of atrophy in the muscle flaps was evaluated in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean distances from the midline were statistically significantly different in all of the groups (p = 0.000, p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in muscle fiber diameter among the groups (p = 0.000, p < 0.01). Temporary denervation by botulinum toxin A and irreversible denervation with transsection of the motor nerve caused the reduced diameters of the muscle fibers. In addition, moderate to severe muscle atrophy in group II and mild to moderate muscle atrophy in group III were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the pedicled muscle flaps, botulinum toxin A can be used easily and reliably for stabilization. It was concluded that detachment of the muscle flap might be prevented and operative morbidity decreased using this method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Haydarpaşa Numune Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tercan
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uzunismail
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sağlam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A