Antiquity of coca-leaf chewing in the south central Andes: a 3,000 year archaeological record of coca-leaf chewing from northern Chile.
Carbon-14 (14C) dating from mummies of the Alto Ramirez culture confirms that coca leaf chewing was an incipient practice among members of a population that peopled the valleys and coastal areas of Northern Chile by 3,000 years before the present (yr.B.P.). Out of eleven bodies from the burial site of Pisagua-7 (PSG-7, S 19 degrees 35', W 70 degrees 13') that were analyzed, two samples tested positive. Mummy 725-A C2 (dated 3,090 to 2,850 two sigma calibrated 14C years before the present) was shown to have a cocaine value of 13.3 nanograms/10 milligrams of sample (ng/10mg), and mummy 741 (2,890 to 2,760 two sigma cal yr B.P.), a 5.6 ng/10mg value.
Rivera
Mario A
MA
Beloit College, Wisconsin, USA.
Aufderheide
Arthur C
AC
Cartmell
Larry W
LW
Torres
Constantino M
CM
Langsjoen
Odin
O
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002677:Chile; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003041:Coca / Q000737:chemistry*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D009106:Mummies / Q000266:history; D010161:Paleodontology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003042:Cocaine