The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase Sgk-1 is involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling: role in redox-sensitive regulation of tissue factor by thrombin.
The stress-responsive serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase Sgk-1 is involved in osmoregulation and cell survival and may contribute to fibrosis and hypertension. However, the function of Sgk-1 in vascular remodeling and thrombosis, 2 major determinants of pulmonary hypertension (PH), has not been elucidated. We investigated the role of Sgk-1 in thrombin signaling and tissue factor (TF) expression and activity in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Thrombin increased Sgk-1 activity and mRNA and protein expression. H2O2 similarly induced Sgk-1 expression. Antioxidants, dominant-negative Rac, and depletion of the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox diminished thrombin-induced Sgk-1 expression. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 prevented thrombin-induced Sgk-1 expression. Thrombin or Sgk-1 overexpression enhanced TF expression and procoagulant activity, whereas TF upregulation by thrombin was diminished by kinase-deficient Sgk-1 and was not detectable in fibroblasts from mice deficient in sgk-1 (sgk1(-/-)). Similarly, dexamethasone treatment failed to induce TF expression and activity in lung tissue from sgk1(-/-) mice. Transcriptional induction of TF by Sgk-1 was mediated through nuclear factor kappaB. Finally, Sgk-1 and TF proteins were detected in the media of remodeled pulmonary vessels associated with PH. These data show that thrombin potently induces Sgk-1 involving NADPH oxidases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, and that activation of nuclear factor kappaB by Sgk-1 mediates TF expression and activity by thrombin. Because enhanced procoagulant activity can promote pulmonary vascular remodeling, and Sgk-1 and TF were present in the media of remodeled pulmonary vessels, this pathway may play a critical role in vascular remodeling in PH.
Experimental Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Rachida S
RS
BelAiba
Talija
T
Djordjevic
Steve
S
Bonello
Ferruh
F
Artunc
Florian
F
Lang
John
J
Hess
Agnes
A
Görlach
D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D000099184:Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases
D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013917:Thrombin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000099184:Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases