Behavioral interventions for agitation in older adults with dementia: an evaluative review.
BACKGROUND
Older adults with dementia commonly exhibit agitated behavior that puts them at risk of injury and institutionalization and is associated with caregiver stress. A range of theoretical approaches has produced numerous interventions to manage these behavior problems. This paper critically reviews the empirical literature on behavioral interventions to reduce agitation in older adults with dementia.


METHODS
A literature search yielded 23 articles that met inclusion criteria. These articles described interventions that targeted wandering, disruptive vocalization, physical aggression, other agitated behaviors and a combination of these behaviors. Studies are summarized individually and then evaluated.


RESULTS
Behavioral interventions targeting agitated behavior exhibited by older adults with dementia show considerable promise. A number of methodological issues must be addressed to advance this research area. Problem areas include inconsistent use of functional assessment techniques, failure to report quantitative findings and inadequate demonstrations of experimental control.


CONCLUSIONS
The reviewed studies collectively provide evidence that warrants optimism regarding the application of behavioral principles to the management of agitation among older adults with dementia. Although the results of some studies were mixed and several studies revealed methodological shortcomings, many of them offered innovations that can be used in future, more rigorously designed, intervention studies.
Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Rd, 16A-MPD, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Adam.Spira@med.va.gov
Adam P
AP
Spira
Barry A
BA
Edelstein
D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000534:rehabilitation*