The endogenous estrogen status regulates microglia reactivity in animal models of neuroinflammation.
It has been previously demonstrated that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) inhibits the response of microglia, the resident brain macrophages, to acute injuries in specific brain regions. We here show that the effect of E(2) in acute brain inflammation is widespread and that the hormone reduces the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and TNF-alpha, induced by lipopolysaccharide, demonstrating that microglia are a direct target of estrogen action in brain. Using the APP23 mice, an animal model of Alzheimer's disease reproducing chronic neuroinflammation, we demonstrate that ovary ablation increases microglia activation at beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposits and facilitates the progression of these cells toward a highly reactive state. Long-term administration of E(2) reverts the effects of ovariectomy and decreases microglia reactivity compared with control animals. In this animal model, these events do not correlate with a reduced number of Abeta deposits. Finally, we show that E(2) inhibits Abeta-induced expression of scavenger receptor-A in macrophage cells, providing a mechanism for the effect of E(2) on Abeta signaling observed in the APP23 mice. Altogether, our observations reveal a substantial involvement of endogenous estrogen in neuroinflammatory processes and provide novel mechanisms for hormone action in the brain.
Vegeto
Elisabetta
E
Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. elisabetta.vegeto@unimi.it
Belcredito
Silvia
S
Ghisletti
Serena
S
Meda
Clara
C
Etteri
Sabrina
S
Maggi
Adriana
A
D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015846:Monokines / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D004967:Estrogens; D006728:Hormones; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D015846:Monokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha