Autonomic imbalance and immune activation in chronic heart failure - pathophysiological links.
Activation of the immune system and derangement of cardiorespiratory neural control are established elements of the complex pathophysiology of chronic heart failure (CHF). The magnitude of these abnormalities relates to disease progression and mortality. Less clear is the origin of these derangements and the sequence of triggering mechanisms in the course of the natural history of CHF. To date, immune activation and autonomic imbalance have been considered independently; we hypothesise they are closely related. Damaged heart muscle through autonomic afferents triggers functional and structural changes in the central nervous system, in part related to inflammatory processes. The altered function of the autonomic centres is expressed as a reduction of central parasympathetic tone. Diminished cholinergic signalling (mainly nicotinergic) activates inflammation and stimulates immune response. These two phenomena predict prognosis and represent therapeutic targets in the syndrome of CHF.
Jankowska
Ewa A
EA
Cardiology Department, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland. Ewa.Jankowska@antro.pan.wroc.pl
Ponikowski
Piotr
P
Piepoli
Massimo F
MF
Banasiak
Waldemar
W
Anker
Stefan D
SD
Poole-Wilson
Philip A
PA
D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology*
D016207:Cytokines