Bladder cancer diagnosis and recurrence prognosis: comparison of markers with emphasis on survivin.
Expression of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin is hardly detectable or even absent in many differentiated adult tissues, but is upregulated in almost any type of cancer. Furthermore, high survivin mRNA or protein expression generally correlates with an adverse disease course. Both these important features of survivin expression have been investigated for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in many human cancers, including bladder cancer. In this review, the role of survivin in the detection of bladder tumors and the prediction of tumor recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer will be discussed and compared to that of other markers/tests. The most promising marker(s) will be outlined. Also, important requirements for a successful implementation of such markers in a hospital setting are discussed. Finally, future directions for the discovery of new diagnostic or prognostic candidate markers will be mentioned.
Schultz
Iman J
IJ
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Witjes
J Alfred
JA
Swinkels
Dorine W
DW
de Kok
Jacques B
JB
D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D048430:Cell Shape; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D000077022:Survivin; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D000077022:Survivin