Organic contamination in dialysis water: trichloroethylene as a model compound.
BACKGROUND
Routine water monitoring in a haemodialysis centre revealed high trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations. The aim of this study is to describe the measures adopted after organic contamination of dialysis water in order to avoid the possibility of patient exposure. We also carried out in vitro experiments to evaluate the accumulation of TCE in various devices normally used in a dialysis water treatment system (DWTS).


METHODS
In vivo and in vitro blood and water TCE levels were determined by means of solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer.


RESULTS
High TCE concentrations were found throughout the DWTS; acceptably low levels were obtained only by replacing the activated charcoal, ionic-exchange resins, microfilters and PVC pipes. The adsorption and realising capacities of these devices were tested in vitro, and the elimination curves made it possible to calculate the total percentage of the previously absorbed TCE mass released into the water. Evidence of exposure was confirmed by the relatively high TCE levels in the patient blood samples taken 30 days after the last exposure even if the subjects were asymptomatic. In vivo experiments showed that the blood gain of TCE through the low flux membrane during the course of dialysis was about 77+/-10.4% of the amount carried by dialysis fluid as calculated on the basis of its partition coefficient value (K(b/w) 3.75).


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that, when present in dialysis water, the lipophilic TCE contaminant can accumulate in various devices, thus transforming them into possible sources of exposure. This highlights the importance of periodically monitoring dialysis water for organic substances that have a great affinity to the blood compartment, in order to prevent occasional or chronic patient exposure.
Poli
Diana
D
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention Research Center at the University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy. diana.poli@unipr.it
Pavone
Laura
L
Tansinda
Pius
P
Goldoni
Matteo
M
Tagliavini
Dante
D
David
Salvatore
S
Mutti
Antonio
A
Franchini
Innocente
I
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification
D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014241:Trichloroethylene