Allosteric regulators of the proteasome: potential drugs and a novel approach for drug design.
The proteasome recently gained an exceptional attention as a novel drug target, therefore its inhibitors became important subjects for rational drug design. A synthetic competitive inhibitor Velcade was lately approved in a fast-track process to treat multiple myeloma and is tested with other types of cancers. The proteasome is a major proteolytic assembly in eukaryotic cells responsible for the degradation of most intracellular proteins, including proteins crucial to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been implicated in many diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and stroke. The activity of the proteasome can be blocked for therapeutic purposes with competitive inhibitors like Velcade, which trigger apoptosis in target cells. However, much more versatile outcomes and a true control of the proteasome can be achieved with allosteric regulators. Certain natural proteins and peptides bind to the catalytic core of the proteasome and allosterically induce a wide array of effects ranging from changes in product size to substrate-specific inhibition. Designing small synthetic compounds allosterically interacting with the proteasome represents a novel approach that has enormous potential for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Below we provide a review of current knowledge about proteasomal allosteric ligands.
Tan
Xiaolin
X
Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA.
Osmulski
Pawel A
PA
Gaczynska
Maria
M
D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D008024:Ligands; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex