Application of transcranial sonography in extrapyramidal disorders: updated recommendations.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been proven to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of extrapyramidal disorders, supplementing clinical and pathophysiological information that may be obtained by other neuroimaging techniques. Growing interest and increased application of TCS in extrapyramidal disorders require adherence to standardised principles concerning examination procedure and parameter settings of the ultrasound machine in order to ensure comparable results. This article provides an overview of these principles and typical findings in distinct extrapyramidal disorders.
Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Institute for Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. daniela.berg@uni-tuebingen.de
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D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*