Essential roles of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase in embryonic and larval development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Sulfation of biomolecules, which is widely observed from bacteria to humans, plays critical roles in many biological processes. All sulfation reactions in all organisms require activated sulfate, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), as a universal donor. In animals, PAPS is synthesized from ATP and inorganic sulfate by the bifunctional enzyme, PAPS synthase. In mammals, genetic defects in PAPS synthase 2, one of two PAPS synthase isozymes, cause dwarfism disorder, but little is known about the consequences of the complete loss of PAPS synthesis. To define the developmental role of sulfation, we cloned a Caenorhabditis elegans PAPS synthase-homologous gene, pps-1, and depleted expression of its product by isolating the deletion mutant and by RNA-mediated interference. PPS-1 protein exhibits specific activity to form PAPS in vitro, and disruption of the pps-1 gene by RNAi causes pleiotropic developmental defects in muscle patterning and epithelial cell shape changes with a decrease in glycosaminoglycan sulfation. Additionally, the pps-1 null mutant exhibits larval lethality. These data suggest that sulfation is essential for normal growth and integrity of epidermis in C. elegans. Furthermore, reporter analysis showed that pps-1 is expressed in the epidermis and several gland cells but not in neurons and muscles, indicating that PAPS in the neurons and muscles is provided by other cells.
Dejima
Katsufumi
K
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 33, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
Seko
Akira
A
Yamashita
Katsuko
K
Gengyo-Ando
Keiko
K
Mitani
Shohei
S
Izumikawa
Tomomi
T
Kitagawa
Hiroshi
H
Sugahara
Kazuyuki
K
Mizuguchi
Souhei
S
Nomura
Kazuya
K
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010724:Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D034622:RNA Interference; D013430:Sulfate Adenylyltransferase / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D019076:Transgenes
D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004187:Disaccharides; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D010724:Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; C022322:PAPS synthetase; D013430:Sulfate Adenylyltransferase