Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching): review of safety in relation to possible carcinogenesis.
Hydrogen peroxide in the form of carbamide peroxide is widely used in professionally and self-administered products for tooth whitening. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive substance that can damage oral soft and hard tissues when present in high concentrations and with exposures of prolonged duration. This review examines the issue of oral mucosal damage and possible carcinogenicity relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in the mouth for tooth whitening, with an emphasis on safety with prolonged exposure to low concentrations of peroxide products.
Unit of Conservative Dentistry, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
Supritha
S
Naik
Christopher Jeremy
CJ
Tredwin
Crispian
C
Scully
D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D010545:Peroxides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014508:Urea / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity
D004338:Drug Combinations; D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide