Obesity and cardiovascular disease in developing countries: a growing problem and an economic threat.
OBJECTIVE
This review examines the rise of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, especially obesity, in developing countries and the implications for both health and economics.


RESULTS
In the majority of developing countries fertility and infant and child mortality have fallen markedly, and life expectancies have increased. Rapid urbanization, falling food prices, and globalization of economies have contributed to an increase in risk factors for chronic disease. Recent work indicates that the prevalence of these risk factors, including obesity, is rising faster than the historical experience of the West. The transition is affecting women in particular, and increases in risk factors are more marked among lower incomes in growing economies than among the wealthy. Rather than the stereotypical problem of the rich, chronic disease is now a problem for the poor.


CONCLUSIONS
Significant research in this area of global health has only been undertaken in the last decade. Additional field research is needed in every dimension of the transition, both to document the problem itself and to determine its economic and societal impact and cost effective responses. Two critical factors are virtually absent from existing work and should be emphasized. First, the impact of rising risk factors for, and mortality from, cardiovascular disease in the work force may imply a growing threat to continued economic progress. Second, because risk factor reduction requires society-wide strategies, broad public-private coalitions will be needed to mobilize sectors beyond healthcare.
Changing Our World, Inc., and Institute for Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10170, USA. sraymond@changingourworld.com
Susan U
SU
Raymond
Stephen
S
Leeder
Henry M
HM
Greenberg
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics*; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016387:Women's Health