[Palliative sedation to the dying].
BACKGROUND
Guidelines for palliative sedation to dying patients were issued by the Council for Medical Ethics of the Norwegian Medical Association in 2001. This study is a follow up of these guidelines.


METHODS
In 2002 an anonymous questionnaire was sent to 400 hospital departments. After two years, only 12 questionnaires had been returned. In addition to this survey we present data from a survey among a random sample of 1539 doctors.


RESULTS
Ten of the 12 treatments which were registered in detail concerned patients with advanced cancer and in great discomfort. Average age was 49. Pain, nausea, convulsions and dyspnoea were the most common symptoms. Nine out of the 12 patients were in pain. In no case the sedation was assessed to have been avoidable with more health care resources. Relatively few patients had been examined psychologically. The decisions were taken by several caregivers, always in accordance with the family's wish. Six of the patients whose conscience level was raised were sedated again. Midazolam and morphine were the two mostly-used drugs; doses used varied considerably. 12% of the surveyed physicians said that one or more dying patients had been given palliative sedation in their department during the last 12 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Palliative sedation for dying patients is probably used infrequently in Norway, and not to hasten death. In the cases which we have registered, palliative sedation was given to patients in great discomfort.
Legeforeningens forskningsinstitutt, Postboks 1152 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo. reidun.forde@legeforeningen.no
Reidun
R
Førde
Ulf
U
Kongsgaard
Olaf Gjerløw
OG
Aasland
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009020:Morphine; D008874:Midazolam