The influence of endocrine effects of adjuvant therapy on quality of life outcomes in younger breast cancer survivors.
CONCLUSIONS
There are 2.2 million breast cancer survivors, and approximately 25%-30% of newly diagnosed women each year are <50 years of age. Adjuvant therapy has prolonged survival, but the quality of that survival is influenced by persistent and late effects of therapy. Knowledge of treatment outcomes will assist in the design of interventions to prevent or manage persistent and late effects in survivors.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this paper is to review the incidence of gonadal toxicity associated with adjuvant chemotherapy, side effects of endocrine therapy, quality of life outcomes, fertility concerns, and options to preserve fertility in young (<35 years) and young midlife (35-50 years) breast cancer survivors.


RESULTS
Alkylating agent-based chemotherapy causes destruction of primordial follicles and impairment of follicular maturation resulting in temporary preservation of menses, reversible amenorrhea, irregular menses (perimenopause), or irreversible amenorrhea (ovarian failure--menopause). Younger women have a lower risk for amenorrhea with chemotherapy because of sufficient follicular stores, although the gonadal toxicity will result in an earlier than expected menopause. Premature menopause is associated with poorer quality of life, decreased sexual functioning, menopausal symptom distress, psychosocial distress related to fertility concerns, infertility, and uncertainty about late effects of premature menopause. Routine discussion about the menopausal experience, risks for infertility, and fertility preservation options is recommended.


CONCLUSIONS
This review identified adverse treatment outcomes for young and young midlife breast cancer survivors that can be minimized or prevented with targeted interventions.
Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-0740, USA. tish.knobf@yale.edu
M Tish
MT
Knobf
D000328:Adult; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008594:Menopause, Premature / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating