Smoking cessation and depression: current knowledge and future directions.
This paper reviews the literature on comorbid smoking and depression. Current models used to explain this co-occurrence are examined, as are treatment options (both psychological and pharmacological). This paper surmises that treatment planning should consider factors that potentially confound treatment efficacy, including the nature of the depressive illness and the patient's smoking profile. Although there is limited research examining the benefits of a stepped-care framework, a tiered treatment format appears to work well, assisting those who require minimal treatment, as well as those who prolonged difficulties. Further research examining a stepped-care framework for smokers at risk of depression is required, as is appropriate training for health practitioners using this model. Further directions for research and practice are also discussed.
School of Psychiatry, University of NSW and Mood Disorders Unit, Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
Kay
K
Wilhelm
Lucinda
L
Wedgwood
Heather
H
Niven
Frances
F
Kay-Lambkin
D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D009517:New South Wales; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation