Interobserver agreement for the bedside clinical assessment of suspected stroke.
OBJECTIVE
Stroke remains primarily a clinical diagnosis, with information obtained from history and examination determining further management. We aimed to measure inter-rater reliability for the clinical assessment of stroke, with emphasis on items of history, timing of symptom onset, and diagnosis of stroke or mimic. We explored reasons for poor reliability.


METHODS
The study was based in an urban hospital with an acute stroke unit. Pairs of observers independently assessed suspected stroke patients. Findings from history, neurological examination, and the diagnosis of stroke or mimic, were recorded on a standard form. Reliability was measured by the kappa statistic. We assessed the impact of observer experience and confidence, time of assessment, and patient-related factors of age, confusion, and aphasia on inter-rater reliability.


RESULTS
Ninety-eight patients were recruited. Most items of the history and the diagnosis of stroke were found to have moderate to good inter-rater reliability. There was agreement for the hour and minute of symptom onset in only 45% of cases. Observer experience and confidence improved reliability; patient-related factors of confusion and aphasia made the assessment more difficult. There was a trend for worse inter-rater reliability among patients assessed very early and very late after symptom onset.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians should be aware that inter-rater reliability of the clinical assessment is affected by a variety of factors and is improved by experience and confidence. Our findings have implications for training of doctors who assess patients with suspected stroke and identifies the more reliable components of the clinical assessment.
Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. peter.hand@mh.org.au
Peter J
PJ
Hand
Janneke A
JA
Haisma
Joseph
J
Kwan
Richard I
RI
Lindley
Bart
B
Lamont
Martin S
MS
Dennis
Joanna M
JM
Wardlaw
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome