Long-term follow up of children exposed in utero to nifedipine or ritodrine for the management of preterm labour.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the long-term psychosocial and motor effects on children exposed in utero to nifedipine or ritodrine for the management of preterm labour.


METHODS
Randomised controlled trial.


METHODS
Multicentre study in two university and one primary hospital in the Netherlands.


METHODS
In the original trial, 185 women were randomised to either nifedipine (n = 95) or ritodrine (n = 90). Of the 185 liveborn children, 171 survived (92%), and of these 102 (61%) were followed up at age 9-12 years.


METHODS
Age-specific questionnaires were administered to the parent and teacher. Additional data were obtained from medical records.


METHODS
Questionnaires were used to assess the child's behavioural-emotional problems, quality of life (QoL), motor functioning, parenting distress and the child's education.


RESULTS
Of the 171 eligible families, 102 (61%) agreed to participate and completed the questionnaires. Response was equal in the ritodrine group (n = 54 of 83 surviving children, 65%) compared with the nifedipine group (n= 48 of 88 surviving children, 55%). After controlling for differing perinatal characteristics at birth, no significant differences between the groups were detected with respect to long-term behaviour-emotional outcome, QoL, education, motor functioning or parenting distress. Psychosocial outcome was slightly better in the nifedipine group.


CONCLUSIONS
The results do not support any differential postnatal effect of the tocolytic agents ritodrine or nifedipine on the child's long-term psychosocial and motor functioning. The slightly better outcome of children randomised in the nifedipine group is most likely due to more favourable perinatal outcomes in this group. These results merit further investigation in a larger group of survivors.
Pediatric Psychosocial Department, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
B A
BA
Houtzager
S M
SM
Hogendoorn
D N M
DN
Papatsonis
J F
JF
Samsom
H P
HP
van Geijn
O P
OP
Bleker
A G
AG
van Wassenaer
D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011379:Prognosis; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012312:Ritodrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D012312:Ritodrine; D009543:Nifedipine