L-dopa- and dopamine-(R)-alpha-lipoic acid conjugates as multifunctional codrugs with antioxidant properties.
A series of multifunctional codrugs (1-4), obtained by joining L-Dopa (LD) and dopamine (DA) with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid (LA), was synthesized and evaluated as potential codrugs with antioxidant and iron-chelating properties. These multifunctional molecules were synthesized to overcome the pro-oxidant effect associated with LD therapy. The physicochemical properties, together with the chemical and enzymatic stabilities of synthesized compounds, were evaluated in order to determine both their stability in aqueous medium and their sensitivity in undergoing enzymatic cleavage by rat and human plasma to regenerate the original drugs. The new compounds were tested for their radical scavenging activities, using a test involving the Fe (II)-H2O2-induced degradation of deoxyribose, and to evaluate peripheral markers of oxidative stress such as plasmatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the plasma. Furthermore, we showed the central effects of compounds 1 and 2 on spontaneous locomotor activity of rats in comparison with LD-treated animals. From the results obtained, compounds 1-4 appeared stable at a pH of 1.3 and in 7.4 buffered solution; in 80% human plasma they were turned into DA and LD. Codrugs 1-4 possess good lipophilicity (log P > 2 for all tested compounds). Compounds 1 and 2 seem to protect partially against the oxidative stress deriving from auto-oxidation and MAO-mediated metabolism of DA. This evidence, together with the "in vivo" dopaminergic activity and a sustained release of the parent drug in human plasma, allowed us to point out the potential advantages of using 1 and 2 rather than LD in treating pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, characterized by an evident decrease of DA concentration in the brain.
Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy. adistefano@unich.it
Antonio
A
Di Stefano
Piera
P
Sozio
Alessandra
A
Cocco
Antonio
A
Iannitelli
Eleonora
E
Santucci
Mara
M
Costa
Laura
L
Pecci
Cinzia
C
Nasuti
Franco
F
Cantalamessa
Francesco
F
Pinnen
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004298:Dopamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004355:Drug Stability; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D007980:Levodopa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*
D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D007980:Levodopa; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D004298:Dopamine