Potent 4-arylalkyl-substituted 3-isothiazolol GABA(A) competitive/noncompetitive antagonists: synthesis and pharmacology.
The GABA(A) agonists muscimol (1), 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP, gaboxadol, 3), and the partial GABA(A) agonist 5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isoxazolol (4-PIOL, 6a) and their respective 3-isothiazolol analogues thiomuscimol (2), thio-THIP (4), and thio-4-PIOL (7a) are ligands at the GABA(A) orthosteric (recognition) site. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) between these structures are key elements of a 3D-pharmacophore model for GABA(A) agonists and competitive antagonists [Frølund, B.; Jørgensen, A. T.; Tagmose, L.; Stensbøl, T. B.; Vestergaard, H. T.; Engblom, C.; Kristiansen, U.; Sanchez, C.; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P.; Liljefors, T. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2454-2468]. Prompted by this model, we now report the synthesis and SAR of a series of analogues of 7a, in which the 4-position of the 3-isothiazolol was substituted by alkyl or bulky aromatic groups such as naphthylmethyl and diphenylalkyl groups (7b-h). The compounds have been pharmacologically characterized using receptor binding assays and two-electrode voltage-clamped Xenopus oocytes expressing alpha1beta3gamma2S- and alpha4beta3delta-containing receptors. The compounds show SARs comparable with those of 6b-h but are generally 5-15 times more potent. The 2-naphthylmethyl, the 1-bromo-2-naphthylmethyl, and the 3,3-diphenylpropyl analogues, compounds 7e, 7f, and 7h, respectively, show affinity in the low-nanomolar range (K(i) 2-10 nM). Interestingly, 7e and 7h exhibited a mixed antagonist profile consisting of a noncompetitive component in the picomolar range and a competitive component at concentrations above 1 nM. This unique profile was shown not to be due to either use dependence or kinetic effects. This antagonist profile of 7e and 7h was particularly pronounced at alpha4beta3delta-containing GABA(A) receptors, which showed three- and 10-fold selectivity for 7h and 6h, respectively.
Krehan
Dorte
D
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Storustovu
Signe I
SI
Liljefors
Tommy
T
Ebert
Bjarke
B
Nielsen
Birgitte
B
Krogsgaard-Larsen
Povl
P
Frølund
Bente
B
D000818:Animals; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000502:physiology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D008024:Ligands; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D013844:Thiazoles