Stability of parental understanding of random assignment in childhood leukemia trials: an empirical examination of informed consent.
OBJECTIVE
To examine stability versus change in parental understanding of random assignment in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for pediatric leukemia and to identify factors associated with changes in understanding.


METHODS
Eighty-four parents of children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia who were enrolled onto a pediatric leukemia RCT at one of six US children's hospitals participated. Parents were interviewed twice, once within 48 hours after the Informed Consent Conference (ICC; time 1 [T1]) and again 6 months later (time 2 [T2]). Interviews focused on parental understanding of key components of the RCT, including random assignment. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and later analyzed.


RESULTS
Changes in understanding of random assignment occurred in 19% of parents, with 17% of parents deteriorating in understanding from T1 to T2. Forty-nine percent of parents failed to understand random assignment at both times. Factors associated with understanding at both times included majority ethnicity, high socioeconomic status, parental reading of consent document, and presence of a nurse during the ICC. Physician discussion of specific components of the RCT was also associated with understanding at both times. Female caregivers and parents of low socioeconomic status were overrepresented among those who showed decay in understanding from T1 to T2.


CONCLUSIONS
Parents showed little gain in understanding over time. Factors that predicted understanding at diagnosis as well as sustained understanding over time may be important intervention targets. Attention to both modifiable and nonmodifiable barriers is important for clinical practice.
Department of Bioethics, Cleveland Clinic Foundation and the Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. Rachel.Greenley@uhhs.com
Rachel Neff
RN
Greenley
Dennis
D
Drotar
Stephen J
SJ
Zyzanski
Eric
E
Kodish
D000328:Adult; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D033282:Parental Consent / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000628:therapy; D011897:Random Allocation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors