Systematic review: a century of inhalational anthrax cases from 1900 to 2005.
BACKGROUND
Mortality from inhalational anthrax during the 2001 U.S. attack was substantially lower than that reported historically.


OBJECTIVE
To systematically review all published inhalational anthrax case reports to evaluate the predictors of disease progression and mortality.


METHODS
MEDLINE (1966-2005), 14 selected journal indexes (1900-1966), and bibliographies of all retrieved articles.


METHODS
Case reports (in any language) between 1900 and 2005 that met predefined criteria.


METHODS
Two authors (1 author for non-English-language reports) independently abstracted patient data.


RESULTS
The authors found 106 reports of 82 cases of inhalational anthrax. Mortality was statistically significantly lower for patients receiving antibiotics or anthrax antiserum during the prodromal phase of disease, multidrug antibiotic regimens, or pleural fluid drainage. Patients in the 2001 U.S. attack were less likely to die than historical anthrax case-patients (45% vs. 92%; P < 0.001) and were more likely to receive antibiotics during the prodromal phase (64% vs. 13%; P < 0.001), multidrug regimens (91% vs. 50%; P = 0.027), or pleural fluid drainage (73% vs. 11%; P < 0.001). Patients who progressed to the fulminant phase had a mortality rate of 97% (regardless of the treatment they received), and all patients with anthrax meningoencephalitis died.


CONCLUSIONS
This was a retrospective case review of previously published heterogeneous reports.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite advances in supportive care, fulminant-phase inhalational anthrax is usually fatal. Initiation of antibiotic or anthrax antiserum therapy during the prodromal phase is associated with markedly improved survival, although other aspects of care, differences in clinical circumstances, or unreported factors may contribute to this observed reduction in mortality. Efforts to improve early diagnosis and timely initiation of appropriate antibiotics are critical to reducing mortality.
Holty
Jon-Erik C
JE
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, San Francisco, California 94305-5236, USA.
Bravata
Dena M
DM
Liu
Hau
H
Olshen
Richard A
RA
McDonald
Kathryn M
KM
Owens
Douglas K
DK
D000881:Anthrax / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents