Osteoprotegrin knockout mice demonstrate abnormal remodeling of the otic capsule and progressive hearing loss.
OBJECTIVE
The otic capsule, when compared with other bones in the body, is unique in that it undergoes no significant remodeling of bone after development. We previously demonstrated that osteoprotegerin (OPG), which inhibits formation and function of osteoclasts, is produced at high levels in the inner ear of normal mice and secreted into the perilymph from where it diffuses into the surrounding otic capsule bone through a lacunocanalicular system. To test our hypothesis that the high level of OPG may be important in the inhibition of otic capsule remodeling, we studied the light microscopic histology of the otic capsule in OPG knockout mice for evidence of abnormal remodeling of bone. We also tested the hearing in OPG knockout mice to determine whether OPG and its influence on surrounding bone is important for auditory function.


METHODS
Temporal bone histopathology and pathophysiology were compared in homozygous OPG knockout mice and C57BL/6 (B6) mice, the background strain for the knockouts. Auditory function in age-matched animals from each group was evaluated at approximately 4-week intervals from 8 to 21 weeks using frequency-specific auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). After each of the last three evaluations, the cochleae from one mouse of each group were harvested, processed, and examined by light microscopy.


RESULTS
Osteoprotegerin knockout mice demonstrated abnormal remodeling of bone within the otic capsule with multiple foci showing osteoclastic bone resorption and formation of new bone. Such changes were not seen in the age-matched B6 controls. The active bone remodeling process in the knockout animals showed many similarities to otosclerosis seen in human temporal bones. Over the time period that we monitored, auditory function was significantly and progressively compromised in the knockout animals relative to B6 controls. At the earliest age of test (8 wk), the loss was apparent as a mild, high-frequency reduction in sensitivity by ABR. In contrast, DPOAE losses in the knockouts were substantial even at 8 weeks, and by 21 weeks, these losses exceeded our equipment limits. Results of ABR testing showed hearing sensitivity changes in the animals of the background strain were confined largely to the high frequencies, whereas OPG knockouts demonstrated substantial low-frequency shifts in addition to those at high frequencies.


CONCLUSIONS
The histopathological and pathophysiological findings in OPG knockout mice support the hypothesis that OPG is important in the inhibition of bone remodeling within the otic capsule and the maintenance of normal auditory function. This mouse may provide a valuable animal model of human otosclerosis.
Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114-3096, USA.
Andreas F
AF
Zehnder
Arthur G
AG
Kristiansen
Joe C
JC
Adams
Sharon G
SG
Kujawa
Saumil N
SN
Merchant
Michael J
MJ
McKenna
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000503:physiopathology; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000503:physiopathology*
D006023:Glycoproteins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human; C506031:Tnfrsf11b protein, mouse