Familial factors in diabetic nephropathy: an offspring study.
OBJECTIVE
Familial clustering of diabetic nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes suggests that inherited factors predispose to diabetic nephropathy, but the nature of these factors is uncertain. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of known risk factors for nephropathy in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy and in control subjects.


METHODS
Three groups of patients were recruited with 40 or 41 subjects in each group. These were subjects having one Type 2 diabetic parent with nephropathy (DN); subjects having one parent with Type 2 diabetes without nephropathy (DnoN), and non-diabetic unrelated control subjects with no personal or parental history of diabetes (Control subjects).


RESULTS
The median (interquartile range) albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was 1.40 (0.96-2.90) mg/mmol in DN; 0.94 (0.50-1.46) mg/mmol in DnoN and 1.22 (0.66-1.83) mg/mmol in Controls (ANOVA: P = 0.03). ACR was higher in group DN than in DnoN (P < 0.006) and in Control subjects (P < 0.03), but there was no difference between DnoN and Control subjects. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed mean daytime systolic blood pressure to be significantly higher in group DN than in DnoN (P < 0.02) or Control subjects (P < 0.01) (ANOVA: P = 0.004). Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were similar in the three groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data provide further evidence that genetic factors are important in determining urinary albumin excretion and renal disease associated with Type 2 diabetes and suggest that genes that affect systemic arterial blood pressure but not those relating to insulin resistance or inflammation are likely to be implicated.
Diabetes Centre, St. Luke's Hospital, Guardamangia, Malta.
E
E
Agius
G
G
Attard
L
L
Shakespeare
P
P
Clark
M-A
MA
Vidya
A T
AT
Hattersley
S
S
Fava
D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000235:genetics; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine