Image-fusion of MR spectroscopic images for treatment planning of gliomas.
1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can improve the accuracy of target delineation for gliomas, but it lacks the anatomic resolution needed for image fusion. This paper presents a simple protocol for fusing simulation computer tomography (CT) and MRSI images for glioma intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), including a retrospective study of 12 patients. Each patient first underwent whole-brain axial fluid-attenuated-inversion-recovery (FLAIR) MRI (3 mm slice thickness, no spacing), followed by three-dimensional (3D) MRSI measurements (TE/TR: 144/1000 ms) of a user-specified volume encompassing the extent of the tumor. The nominal voxel size of MRSI ranged from 8 x 8 x 10 mm3 to 12 x 12 x 10 mm3. A system was developed to grade the tumor using the choline-to-creatine (Cho/Cr) ratios from each MRSI voxel. The merged MRSI images were then generated by replacing the Cho/Cr value of each MRSI voxel with intensities according to the Cho/Cr grades, and resampling the poorer-resolution Cho/Cr map into the higher-resolution FLAIR image space. The FUNCTOOL processing software was also used to create the screen-dumped MRSI images in which these data were overlaid with each FLAIR MRI image. The screen-dumped MRSI images were manually translated and fused with the FLAIR MRI images. Since the merged MRSI images were intrinsically fused with the FLAIR MRI images, they were also registered with the screen-dumped MRSI images. The position of the MRSI volume on the merged MRSI images was compared with that of the screen-dumped MRSI images and was shifted until agreement was within a predetermined tolerance. Three clinical target volumes (CTVs) were then contoured on the FLAIR MRI images corresponding to the Cho/Cr grades. Finally, the FLAIR MRI images were fused with the simulation CT images using a mutual-information algorithm, yielding an IMRT plan that simultaneously delivers three different dose levels to the three CTVs. The image-fusion protocol was tested on 12 (six high-grade and six low-grade) glioma patients. The average agreement of the MRSI volume position on the screen-dumped MRSI images and the merged MRSI images was 0.29 mm with a standard deviation of 0.07 mm. Of all the voxels with Cho/Cr grade one or above, the distribution of Cho/Cr grade was found to correlate with the glioma grade from pathologic finding and is consistent with literature results indicating Cho/Cr elevation as a marker for malignancy. In conclusion, an image-fusion protocol was developed that successfully incorporates MRSI information into the IMRT treatment plan for glioma.
Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA. changj@mskcc.org
Jenghwa
J
Chang
Sunitha
S
Thakur
Gerard
G
Perera
Alex
A
Kowalski
Wei
W
Huang
Sasan
S
Karimi
Margie
M
Hunt
Jason
J
Koutcher
Zvi
Z
Fuks
Howard
H
Amols
Ashwatha
A
Narayana
D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*