Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides in children living in peri-urban areas of the Province of Quebec, Canada.
OBJECTIVE
This study was undertaken to assess the exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides in children from peri-urban areas of the Province of Quebec, Canada, through measurements of semi-specific alkylphosphate (AP) metabolites.


METHODS
Eighty-nine children aged between 3 and 7 years were recruited via pamphlets sent to day-care centers. A first morning urine void was collected early in the spring of 2003 prior to summertime, which is the usual period of outdoor pesticide use. During summertime, up to five more first morning voids were repeatedly collected, at 72-h intervals, over a 13-day period. The potential determinants of exposure were assessed by a questionnaire at the time of urine collection.


RESULTS
Methylphosphate metabolites were detectable in 98.2% of the 442 samples analyzed while ethylphosphates were detected in 86.7% of the samples. The geometric mean concentration (GM) of the total AP metabolites was 61.7 mug/g creatinine (range: 2.7-1967.3 mug/g creatinine). The difference in urinary AP concentrations between samples collected during spring and summer was non-significant (P=0.08). There was also no significant difference in the mean AP concentrations between summer samples of individuals living in municipalities where outdoor pesticide use is or is not restricted (P=0.25). However, the presence of a pet in the house was associated with an increase in AP concentrations during spraying season (P=0.02). Pesticides were seldom used, as reported by the questionnaire. A significant correlation was also observed (P<0.001) between the urinary AP concentrations in samples provided by siblings at the same time period.


CONCLUSIONS
Mean concentrations of AP were generally higher than those reported in other studies. The observed exposure apparently occurred mainly through the dietary ingestion of OP residues. These data raise questions on the levels of OP residues in Quebec food and the possibility that our participants consumed more fruits and vegetables than those in other studies.
Valcke
Mathieu
M
Direction des Risques Biologiques, Environnementaux et Occupationnels, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 4835, Christophe-Colomb, Bureau 200,, H2J 3G8, Montreal, QC, Canada. mathieu.valcke@inspq.qc.ca
Samuel
Onil
O
Bouchard
Michèle
M
Dumas
Pierre
P
Belleville
Denis
D
Tremblay
Claude
C
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000652:urine*; D010575:Pesticides; D011792:Quebec; D013383:Suburban Population
D010755:Organophosphates; D010575:Pesticides