PDLIM4 repression by hypermethylation as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer.
OBJECTIVE
We analyzed the expression of genes to identify reliable molecular markers in the diagnosis and progression of prostate cancer.


METHODS
Gene expression profiling was done using HG-U133 set microarrays in 32 prostate cancer and 8 benign tissues of patients with cancer. Expression levels of 11 genes were selected for quantitative real-time PCR evaluation in 52 prostate cancer and 20 benign tissues. Further, to assess transcriptional inactivation, we analyzed the promoter methylation of genes by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in 62 tumor and 36 benign tissues.


RESULTS
Our results showed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression levels of PRIMA1, TU3A, PDLIM4, FLJ14084, SVIL, SORBS1, C21orf63, and KIAA1210 and up-regulation of FABP5, SOX4, and MLP in prostate cancer tissues by TaqMan real-time PCR. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR of PDLIM4, SVIL, PRIMA1, GSTP1, and PTGS2 detected prostate carcinoma with a sensitivity of 94.7%, 75.4%, 47.4%, 89.5%, and 87.7%, and a specificity of 90.5%, 75%, 54.2%, 95.8%, and 90.2%, respectively. Using this panel of methylation markers in combination, we were able to distinguish between prostate cancer and adjacent benign tissues with sensitivities and specificities of about 90% to 100%. Our data provide evidence of transcriptional repression of the putative tumor suppressor gene PDLIM4 by hypermethylation.


CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis revealed differential expression of eight down-regulated and three up-regulated genes, implicating their role in prostate cancer development and progression. We further showed that the hypermethylation of PDLIM4 gene could be used as a sensitive molecular tool in detection of prostate tumorigenesis.
Vanaja
Donkena Krishna
DK
Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. donkena.krishna@mayo.edu
Ballman
Karla V
KV
Morlan
Bruce W
BW
Cheville
John C
JC
Neumann
Roxann M
RM
Lieber
Michael M
MM
Tindall
Donald J
DJ
Young
Charles Y F
CY
D000368:Aged; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000077209:Decitabine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C486247:PDLIM4 protein, human; C446290:PRIMA1 protein, human; C109413:SVIL protein, human; D000077209:Decitabine; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D001374:Azacitidine