Epiglottic and base-of-tongue prolapse in children: grading and management.
OBJECTIVE
A distinct entity of airway obstruction from epiglottic and base-of-tongue (EBT) prolapse in the pediatric population is defined. Laryngopharyngeal findings, swallowing dysfunction, and gastroesophageal reflux disease are described in a group of children with EBT prolapse. A new grading system is also presented.


METHODS
A prospective study was conducted of laryngopharyngeal findings in children with EBT prolapse, a description of a new grading system, and review of the pediatric literature.


METHODS
Fourteen children with EBT prolapse were prospectively studied with flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. A new grading system for EBT prolapse was developed. Grade 0 is a normal airway. Grade 1 is prolapse of the epiglottis against the posterior pharyngeal wall but with normal position of the tongue. Grade 2 is prolapse of the epiglottis and base of tongue with only the epiglottic tip visible. Grade 3 is glossoptosis with no portion of the epiglottis visible. The diagnostic modalities and treatments for EBT prolapse are reviewed.


RESULTS
Of the 14 children studied, seven (50%) had grade 1, four (29%) had grade 2, and three (21%) had grade 3 EBT prolapse. Swallowing dysfunction (five of 14, 38%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (13 of 14, 93%) were also prevalent.


CONCLUSIONS
The new grading system was applied successfully to describe the severity and sites of airway obstruction in 14 children with EBT prolapse. Swallowing dysfunction and gastroesophageal reflux disease occur in this population. Although surgical therapies are sometimes effective, lack of consistent success and the risk of aspiration with procedures other than tracheotomy may lead some to conclude that continuous positive airway pressure or tracheotomy are the safest options.
Yellon
Robert F
RF
Airway and Voice Center, the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. yellra@chp.edu
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D011391:Prolapse; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014060:Tongue Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*