Women's perceptions of the effectiveness of telephone support and education on their adjustment to breast cancer.
OBJECTIVE
Social support is believed to be important in helping women adjust to breast cancer. Reports have suggested limited positive effects of social support on well-being, mood disturbances, and relationships with significant others for women who receive telephone support. Women's perceptions of the role of social support in recovery, however, has had limited study. The purpose of this study was to describe women's perceptions of their emotional and interpersonal adaptations to breast cancer after their involvement in a randomized clinical trial in which one group received educational materials and telephone support from oncology nurses and another group received educational materials only.


METHODS
Content analysis was used to discover women's perceptions of their emotional and interpersonal adaptation to breast cancer following their participation in a study in which one group received educational materials and telephone support from oncology nurses and another group received educational materials only.


METHODS
All participants were interviewed by telephone in their homes.


METHODS
77 of 106 women with breast cancer from a randomized clinical trial were interviewed about their expectations of their adaptations and the effectiveness of the experimental and social support intervention delivered by telephone.


METHODS
Telephone interviews were recorded on audiotape and transcribed for analysis. Structured interviews were completed by a non-nurse interviewer. Frequency counts were obtained from the responses to items and comments were clustered for themes.


METHODS
Emotional and interpersonal adaptations to breast cancer, educational materials, and telephone support from oncology nurses.


RESULTS
Fifty-four percent of the women who received the telephone support interventions reported improvement in attitude, whereas 43% of the interviewed women in the control group reported improvement. Only three participants, all in the control group, reported worsened emotional status. The percentage of those reporting improved or unchanged physical status was about equal in each group. The majority of participants in both groups indicated that their levels of involvement in activities remained the same or increased. Forty-six percent of participants in the intervention group reported improved relationships with their spouses compared to 38% in the control group. Women from both groups indicated that the diagnosis of cancer had caused them to review their lives and make changes in their relationships and activities.


CONCLUSIONS
Participants who received telephone support for one year, in addition to educational materials, reported improvement in their attitudes toward their breast cancer and better relationships with their significant others.


CONCLUSIONS
The women's perceptions are consistent with quantitative results from the clinical trial. This article reports additional evidence that telephone support is an effective alternative to support groups and may be appropriate for those with limited access to such groups because of geography, work demands, or family situations.
Chamberlain Wilmoth
Margaret
M
Department of Adult Health Nursing in the School of Nursing in the College of Health and Human Services at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, USA.
Tulman
Lorraine
L
Coleman
Elizabeth Ann
EA
Stewart
Carol Beth
CB
Samarel
Nelda
N
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010465:Perception; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012944:Social Support; D013689:Telephone