Diltiazem induces severe photodistributed hyperpigmentation: case series, histoimmunopathology, management, and review of the literature.
BACKGROUND
Diltiazem hydrochloride is a commonly prescribed benzothiazepine calcium channel blocker for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Recently, 8 cases of diltiazem-induced photodistributed hyperpigmentation occurring predominantly in elderly African American women were reported. Here, we report occurrence for the first time in a light-skinned African American woman and a Hispanic woman. We also report this finding in an African American man. Biopsy specimens of hyperpigmented areas were obtained for histopathologic evaluation and marker studies. Photospectrometry analysis for diltiazem was performed to analyze the photoabsorption properties of this drug.


METHODS
Routine laboratory examination results were normal in all patients. Serologic test results for antinuclear antibodies, including Sjögren antibodies anti-Ro (SS-A) and anti-La (SS-B), were negative. Histopathologic analysis of the skin biopsy specimens revealed a sparse lichenoid infiltrate, prominent pigmentary incontinence, and numerous melanophages in the dermis. There was no increase in dermal mucin suggestive of lupus. The mononuclear cells in the specimens were strongly positive for CD3, weakly positive for CD68, and either weakly positive or negative for CD79a. All specimens were negative for Alcian blue staining. Photospectrometry analysis of diltiazem showed an absorption range within the UV-B spectrum.


CONCLUSIONS
Photospectrometry analysis revealed diltiazem could demonstrate a photosensitizing effect within the UV-B range. Discontinuation of therapy with diltiazem is the most effective modality in resolving hyperpigmentation. Avoidance of sun exposure and consistent use of sunscreens and sun-protective clothing are indicated for patients undergoing diltiazem therapy.
Saladi
Rao N
RN
Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Cohen
Steven R
SR
Phelps
Robert G
RG
Persaud
Andrea N
AN
Rudikoff
Donald
D
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*
D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004110:Diltiazem