Development of a tri-polar concentric ring electrode for acquiring accurate Laplacian body surface potentials.
Potentials recorded on the body surface from the heart are of a spatial and temporal function. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a useful means of global temporal assessment; however, it yields limited spatial information due to the smoothing effect caused by the volume conductor. In an attempt to circumvent the smoothing problem, researchers have used the five-point method (FPM) to numerically estimate the analytical solution of the Laplacian with an array of monopolar electrodes. Researchers have also developed a bipolar concentric ring electrode system to estimate the analytical Laplacian, and others have used a quasi-bipolar electrode configuration. In a search to find an electrode configuration with a close approximation to the analytical Laplacian, development of a tri-polar concentric ring electrode based on the nine-point method (NPM) was conducted. A comparison of the NPM, FPM, and discrete form of the quasi-bipolar configuration was performed over a 400 x 400 mesh with 1/400 spacing by computer modeling. Different properties of bipolar, quasi-bipolar and tri-polar concentric ring electrodes were evaluated and compared, and verified with tank experiments. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc t-test and Bonferroni corrections were performed to compare the performance of the various methods and electrode configurations. It was found that the tri-polar electrode has significantly improved accuracy and local sensitivity. This paper also discusses the development of an active sensor using the tri-polar electrode configuration. A 1-cm active Laplacian tri-polar sensor based on the NPM was tested and deemed feasible for acquiring Laplacian cardiac surface potentials.
Besio
W
W
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71270, USA. walterb@latech.edu
Aakula
R
R
Koka
K
K
Dai
W
W
D003198:Computer Simulation; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular