Effects of smoking and gingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacity.
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated possible effects of smoking and gingival inflammation on salivary antioxidants in gingivitis patients.


METHODS
Twenty otherwise healthy gingivitis patients (10 self-reported smokers) and 20 periodontally and systemically healthy volunteer subjects were enrolled in the study. Whole saliva samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained at baseline and one month following initial phase of treatment in gingivitis patients. Salivary cotinine, glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations, and total antioxidant capacity were determined, and the data generated were tested by non-parametric tests.


RESULTS
Salivary cotinine measurements resulted in re-classification of three self-reported non-smokers as smokers. Smoker patients revealed significantly higher probing depths but lower bleeding values than non-smoker patients (p=0.044 and 0.001, respectively). Significant reductions in clinical recordings were obtained in non-smoker (all p<0.05) and smoker (all p<0.01) patients following periodontal treatment. Salivary total glutathione concentrations were reduced following therapy in gingivitis patients who smoke (p<0.01). Otherwise, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups in biochemical parameters at baseline or following treatment (p>0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Within the limits of this study, neither smoking nor gingival inflammation compromised the antioxidant capacity of saliva in systemically healthy gingivitis patients.
Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. nurcan.buduneli@ege.edu.tr
Nurcan
N
Buduneli
Levent
L
Kardeşler
Hasan
H
Işik
C Steadman
CS
Willis
Samuel I
SI
Hawkins
Denis F
DF
Kinane
David A
DA
Scott
D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005888:Gingival Pocket / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016745:Root Planing; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*
D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005978:Glutathione; D003367:Cotinine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid