A voltage-driven switch for ion-independent signaling by ether-à-go-go K+ channels.
Voltage-gated channels maintain cellular resting potentials and generate neuronal action potentials by regulating ion flux. Here, we show that Ether-à-go-go (EAG) K+ channels also regulate intracellular signaling pathways by a mechanism that is independent of ion flux and depends on the position of the voltage sensor. Regulation of intracellular signaling was initially inferred from changes in proliferation. Specifically, transfection of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts or C2C12 myoblasts with either wild-type or nonconducting (F456A) eag resulted in dramatic increases in cell density and BrdUrd incorporation over vector- and Shaker-transfected controls. The effect of EAG was independent of serum and unaffected by changes in extracellular calcium. Inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, but not p44/42 MAP kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), blocked the proliferation induced by nonconducting EAG in serum-free media, and EAG increased p38 MAP kinase activity. Importantly, mutations that increased the proportion of channels in the open state inhibited EAG-induced proliferation, and this effect could not be explained by changes in the surface expression of EAG. These results indicate that channel conformation is a switch for the signaling activity of EAG and suggest an alternative mechanism for linking channel activity to the activity of intracellular messengers, a role that previously has been ascribed only to channels that regulate calcium influx.
Hegle
Andrew P
AP
Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
Marble
Daniel D
DD
Wilson
Gisela F
GF
D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D007477:Ions / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D007477:Ions; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C496883:eag protein, Drosophila; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases