Epigenetic inactivation of the Wnt antagonist DICKKOPF-1 (DKK-1) gene in human colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. A number of key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been proposed to drive progression from healthy colonic epithelia to malignant tumors, including members of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Recently, CpG island promoter hypermethylation was shown to cause inactivation of two extracellular Wnt inhibitors in colon cancer: secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) and Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1). Here, we show for the first time that another extracellular Wnt inhibitor, the DICKKOPF-1 (DKK-1) gene, is transcriptionally silenced by CpG island promoter hypermethylation in colon cancer cell lines (n=9), whereas treatment with the DNA-demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine restored DKK-1 expression. Restoration of DKK-1 function in non-expressing cells bearing a truncated APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) gene had no effect on beta-catenin/T-cell factor-dependent transcription, but induced tumor suppressor-like features such as reduced colony formation density and tumor growth inhibition in nude mice. These results suggest additional functions for DKK-1 other than inhibiting canonical Wnt signaling. In primary colorectal tumors, DKK-1 was found hypermethylated in 17% (nine of 54) of cases. Furthermore, while for both SFRP-1 and WIF-1 methylation-associated silencing occurred across the whole spectrum of colorectal tumorigenesis, DKK-1 promoter was selectively hypermethylated in advanced colorectal neoplasms (Duke's C and D tumors).
Aguilera
O
O
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Fraga
M F
MF
Ballestar
E
E
Paz
M F
MF
Herranz
M
M
Espada
J
J
García
J M
JM
Muñoz
A
A
Esteller
M
M
González-Sancho
J M
JM
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C485569:WIF1 protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine