A review of the endoscopic approach to the pituitary through the sphenoid sinus.
OBJECTIVE
The refinement of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques has resulted in 'pure' endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery, which is a new approach for the removal of pituitary tumors.


BACKGROUND
This procedure is performed via a wide anterior sphenoidotomy with detachment of the septum from the sphenoid face, and avoids the use of a trans-sphenoidal retractor and any intraoral or nasal incisions. Straight and angled endoscopes are used throughout the procedure to provide a wide view of the sella and are manipulated by a co-surgeon. This technique represents an improvement over pituitary microsurgery, with decreased post-operative morbidities and a shortened postoperative stay, and it eliminates the need for packing while providing an opportunity to monitor the sella after surgery. The technique has been established as being efficacious and safe. It incorporates image-guided surgery, with the fusion of computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and employs new and dedicated instrumentation. Training in endoscopic techniques is required.


CONCLUSIONS
Future advancements in intraoperative imaging, cranial base reconstruction, and robotics will make this technique even more successful.
Rosen
Marc R
MR
Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut St, 6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Marc.Rosen@jefferson.edu
Saigal
Kapil
K
Evans
James
J
Keane
William M
WM
D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed