Direct nose-to-brain transfer of morphine after nasal administration to rats.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to quantify the olfactory transfer of morphine to the brain hemispheres by comparing brain tissue and plasma morphine levels after nasal administration with those after intravenous administration.


METHODS
Morphine (1.0 mg/kg body weight) was administered via the right nostril or intravenously as a 15-min constant-rate infusion to male rats. The content of morphine and its metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide in samples of the olfactory bulbs, brain hemispheres, and plasma was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC) were calculated.


RESULTS
At both 5 and 15 min after administration, brain hemisphere morphine concentrations after nasal administration were similar to those after i.v. administration of the same dose, despite lower plasma concentrations after nasal administration. The brain hemispheres/plasma morphine AUC ratios for the 0-5 min period were thus approximately 3 and 0.1 after nasal and i.v. administration, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant early distribution advantage of morphine to the brain hemispheres via the nasal route.


CONCLUSIONS
Morphine is transferred via olfactory pathways to the brain hemispheres, and drug transfer via this route significantly contributes to the early high brain concentrations after nasal administration to rats.
Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
Ulrika Espefält
UE
Westin
Emma
E
Boström
Johan
J
Gråsjö
Margareta
M
Hammarlund-Udenaes
Erik
E
Björk
D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000378:metabolism; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D009020:Morphine; C018108:morphine-3-glucuronide