Pain and functional limitations in patients with severe haemophilia.
Patients with severe haemophilia often experience pain caused by haemophilic arthropathy, and it is known that pain acts as a predictor of disability. The role of pain in functional limitations in these patients, however, has not been systematically investigated. The aim of this study was to describe pain as experienced by patients with haemophilia and to address the role of pain in subsequent functional limitations. Seventy-eight adult patients (18-70 years) with severe haemophilia completed one questionnaire on pain and one on self-perceived functional abilities. Two-thirds of the patients suffered from more than one painful joint, the ankle being mentioned most frequently (n=43). Analgesics were used by 36% of the patients indicating having pain. Six of 10 most frequently mentioned pain descriptors were of evaluative nature. Evaluative qualities of pain were associated with pain intensity, which in turn was associated with the impact of pain on daily life. Pain outcomes, after adjusting for age and treatment modality, explained 3-22% of the variance in self-perceived functional abilities. Data on radiological joint damage (Pettersson scores) were retrieved for a subgroup of 28 younger patients on prophylaxis and no significant correlations with pain parameters were found. Over two-thirds of the patients with severe haemophilia had one or more painful joints. Pain plays a small, but significant role in functional limitations. In the identified subgroup, arthropathy, as measured by the Pettersson score, seemed to have no role in pain experience. Promoting analgesic use might decrease the impact of pain on functional limitations.
Van Creveldkliniek; Department Neurology and Neurosurgery, Section Rehabilitation Medicine, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
F R
FR
van Genderen
K
K
Fischer
L
L
Heijnen
P
P
de Kleijn
H M
HM
van den Berg
P J M
PJ
Helders
N L U
NL
van Meeteren
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000150:complications; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index