Fosamprenavir : clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of the amprenavir prodrug.
Fosamprenavir is one of the most recently approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) and offers reductions in pill number and pill size, and omits the need for food and fluid requirements associated with the earlier-approved HIV-1 PIs. Three fosamprenavir dosage regimens are approved by the US FDA for the treatment of HIV-1 PI-naive patients, including fosamprenavir 1,400 mg twice daily, fosamprenavir 1,400 mg once daily plus ritonavir 200mg once daily, and fosamprenavir 700 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100mg twice daily. Coadministration of fosamprenavir with ritonavir significantly increases plasma amprenavir exposure. The fosamprenavir 700 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100mg twice daily regimen maintains the highest plasma amprenavir concentrations throughout the dosing interval; this is the only approved regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 PI-experienced patients and is the only regimen approved in the European Union. Fosamprenavir is the phosphate ester prodrug of the HIV-1 PI amprenavir, and is rapidly and extensively converted to amprenavir after oral administration. Plasma amprenavir concentrations are quantifiable within 15 minutes of dosing and peak at 1.5-2 hours after fosamprenavir dosing. Food does not affect the absorption of amprenavir following administration of the fosamprenavir tablet formulation; therefore, fosamprenavir tablets may be administered without regard to food intake. Amprenavir has a large volume of distribution, is 90% bound to plasma proteins and is a substrate of P-glycoprotein. With <1% of a dose excreted in urine, the renal route is not an important elimination pathway, while the principal route of amprenavir elimination is hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Amprenavir is also an inhibitor and inducer of CYP3A4. Furthermore, fosamprenavir is commonly administered in combination with low-dose ritonavir, which is also extensively metabolised by CYP3A4, and is a more potent CYP3A4 inhibitor than amprenavir. This potent CYP3A4 inhibition contraindicates the coadministration of certain CYP3A4 substrates and requires others to be co-administered with caution. However, fosamprenavir can be co-administered with many other antiretroviral agents, including drugs of the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and HIV entry inhibitor classes. Coadministration with other HIV-1 PIs continues to be studied.The extensive fosamprenavir and amprenavir clinical drug interaction information provides guidance on how to co-administer fosamprenavir and fosamprenavir plus ritonavir with many other commonly co-prescribed medications, such as gastric acid suppressants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, antibacterials and antifungal agents.
Wire
Mary Beth
MB
Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Discovery Medicine (CPDM), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. mary.b.wire@gsk.com
Shelton
Mark J
MJ
Studenberg
Scott
S
D000328:Adult; D002219:Carbamates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005663:Furans; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015497:HIV-1; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D002219:Carbamates; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010755:Organophosphates; D011355:Prodrugs; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C095108:amprenavir; C426859:fosamprenavir