Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 25 years later: complications and their prevention.
OBJECTIVE
We review the pathophysiology and possible prevention measures of complications after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).


METHODS
A literature search was performed with the Medline database on ESWL between 1980 and 2004.


RESULTS
ESWL application has been intuitively connected to complications. These are related mostly to residual stone fragments, infections, and effects on tissues such as urinary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, genital, and reproductive systems. Recognition of ESWL limitations, use of alternative therapies, correction of pre-existing renal or systemic disease, treatment of urinary tract infection, use of prophylactic antibiotics, and improvement of ESWL efficacy are the most important measures of prevention. Decrease of shock wave number, rate and energy, use of two shock-wave tubes simultaneously, and delivery of two shock waves at carefully timed close intervals improve ESWL efficacy and safety.


CONCLUSIONS
ESWL is a safe method to treat stones when proper indications are followed. The need for well-designed prospective randomised trials on aetiology and prevention of its complications arises through the literature review.
Skolarikos
Andreas
A
Urology Department, Athens Medical School, Sismanoglio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Alivizatos
Gerasimos
G
de la Rosette
Jean
J
D002137:Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends*; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy