Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 7: Facial analysis before the advent of the cephalometer.
The cephalometer was not invented in a vacuum. It was the culmination of centuries of efforts on the part of artists, anthropologists, and scientists to fathom nature's vicissitudes. Whereas Renaissance investigators "caged" the human face in a series of grids in an effort to find proportional relations, 20th-century orthodontists were more interested in knowing how the teeth and jaws related to the face and cranial base. Primarily a research tool, the cephalometer became a means of unmasking a patient's whole developmental pattern, becoming our most important diagnostic tool since study models.
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Norman
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Wahl
D001154:Art / Q000266:history; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005060:Europe; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000266:history*; D011859:Radiography / Q000266:history; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014481:United States