The prevalence and risk factors for occupational voice disorders in teachers.
OBJECTIVE
Occupational voice disorders in Poland account for over 25% of all occupational diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of voice problems in the general population of Polish teachers, and identify risk factors for developing voice pathology.


METHODS
The study group comprised 425 female full-time teachers (most of them primary and secondary school, age ranging from 23 to 61 years) and 83 non-teacher women (control) whose jobs did not involve vocal effort, matched for age to the study group. All participants were subjected to a survey using an extensive questionnaire, and to laryngological, phoniatric and videostroboscopic examinations.


RESULTS
The overall lifetime vocal symptoms were more frequent in the teachers than in the non-teachers (69 vs. 36%), and in particular it related to permanent and recurrent hoarseness, and dryness in the throat. Mean number of the voice symptoms was 3.21 in teachers and 1.98 in controls (p < 0.001). Abnormal (non-euphonic) voice, neck muscle hypertension during phonation and incorrect resonator function were also significantly more frequent in the teachers. Mean maximum phonation time was shorter in teachers than in the controls (14.3 vs. 15.9 s, p < 0.01). Occupational voice disorders and hyperfunctional dysphonia (that is thought to predispose to such pathology) were found in 32.7% of teachers and 9.6% of control subjects. The probability of developing incomplete glottal closure (odds ratio 13.2x; 95% CI: 1.8-96.8) and hyperfunctional dysphonia (odds ratio 2.7; 95% CI: 1.14-6.44) were significantly higher in the teacher group versus non-teachers. A significant positive relationship was found in teachers between the prevalence of hyperfunctional dysphonia and strained phonation, neck muscle hypertension, instability of voice, self-assessed hyper-arousal, and lifetime vocal effort index (years of employment as a teacher x hours of professional activity/week). The prevalence of vocal nodules and incomplete glottal closure were correlated with incorrect phonation technique parameters, but not with psychological factors. No correlation was found with environmental variables, such as classroom temperature, humidity, airborne dust.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of self-reported symptoms and clinical signs of voice disorders is around 2-3 times more frequent in Polish female teachers than in non-teachers. Lifetime vocal effort, incorrect technique of phonation and psychological predisposition seem to constitute major risk factors for developing occupational voice disorders.
Centre of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland. marsliw@imp.lodz.pl
M
M
Sliwinska-Kowalska
E
E
Niebudek-Bogusz
M
M
Fiszer
T
T
Los-Spychalska
P
P
Kotylo
B
B
Sznurowska-Przygocka
M
M
Modrzewska
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010699:Phonation; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D049489:Stroboscopy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014833:Voice Quality