Exenatide.
OBJECTIVE
The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of exenatide are discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
Exenatide, derived from a compound found in the saliva of the Gila monster, is an incretin mimetic agent that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and has several other antihyperglycemic actions. The drug is indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, or both but who have not achieved adequate glycemic control. Peak plasma concentration following subcutaneous administration of exenatide is attained in 2.1 hours. The mean apparent volume of distribution after administration of a single subcutaneous dose is 28.3 L. The terminal half-life of the drug is 2.4 hours. Based on animal studies, the bioavailability of exenatide after subcutaneous injection has been estimated to be between 65% and 75%. The drug is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration followed by proteolytic degradation. Clinical trials have shown that exenatide given subcutaneously twice daily significantly reduced glycosylated hemoglobin values when maximum doses of a sulfonylurea, metformin, or both were ineffective. The most common adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jitteriness, dizziness, headache, and dyspepsia. Drug-drug interactions with digoxin, lovastatin, lisinopril, and acetaminophen have been documented. The recommended starting dosage is 5 microg subcutaneously twice daily within one hour before the morning and evening meals.


CONCLUSIONS
Exenatide offers a novel treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are refractory to metformin or sulfonylurea therapy or both.
Bray
Grant M
GM
Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000077270:Exenatide; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010455:Peptides / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D014688:Venoms / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D014688:Venoms; D000077270:Exenatide