Sodium ramping reduces hypotension and symptoms during haemodialysis.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium ramping (profiling) in reducing hypotensive episodes and symptoms during haemodialysis.


METHODS
Prospective study.


METHODS
Regional hospital, Hong Kong.


METHODS
Thirteen patients who experienced frequent episodes of hypotension and/or symptoms such as cramps, dizziness, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and headache during haemodialysis in the preceding 4 weeks.


METHODS
Each patient was switched from standard haemodialysis with a constant dialysate sodium concentration of 135 to 140 mmol/L to a ramped sodium haemodialysis for a period of 4 weeks. During this time the dialysate sodium concentration was ramped linearly downwards from 150 mmol/L at the beginning of dialysis to 140 mmol/L at the end of dialysis.


METHODS
Intradialytic hypotensive episodes, intradialytic symptoms, nursing interventions, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and interdialytic weight gain.


RESULTS
A total of 248 haemodialysis sessions undertaken by 13 patients were analysed. Switching from constant sodium haemodialysis to ramped sodium haemodialysis resulted in a significant reduction in the number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes from 5.8 (standard deviation, 6.4) to 2.2 (3.3) [P<0.05], the total number of intradialytic symptoms from 7.1 (3.4) to 0.9 (1.3) [P<0.01], and nursing interventions from 11.3 (6.3) to 1.7 (3.9) [P<0.01]. Post-dialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher during ramped sodium haemodialysis compared with constant sodium haemodialysis (systolic blood pressure, 139 [standard deviation, 23] vs 133 [22] mm Hg, P<0.001; diastolic blood pressure, 77 [11] vs 74 [13] mm Hg, P<0.01), and there was a trend towards a smaller drop in blood pressure after dialysis. The interdialytic weight gain with sodium ramping haemodialysis was greater compared with constant sodium haemodialysis (3.1 [standard deviation, 1.0] vs 2.7 [1.1] kg, P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Sodium ramping during haemodialysis effectively reduces hypotensive episodes and intradialytic symptoms. Post-dialysis blood pressure is better maintained. A side-effect of sodium ramping is a greater interdialytic weight gain.
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Laichikok, Hong Kong. pmhrenal@hotmail.com
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Tang
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Wong
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Kong
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D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003085:Colic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004244:Dizziness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D012964:Sodium