title: Neural correlates of tic generation in Tourette syndrome: an event-related functional MRI study.
abstract: Little is known about the neural correlates of tics and associated urges. In the present study, we aimed to explore the neural basis of tics in patients with Tourette syndrome by using event-related functional MRI (fMRI). Ten patients (6 women, 4 men; age: mean +/- SD = 31 +/- 11.2) were studied while spontaneously exhibiting a variety of motor and vocal tics. On the basis of synchronized video/audio recordings, fMRI activities were analysed 2 s before and at tic onset irrespective of the clinical phenomenology. We identified a brain network of paralimbic areas such as anterior cingulate and insular cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal operculum (PO) predominantly activated before tic onset (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). In contrast, at the beginning of tic action, significant fMRI activities were found in sensorimotor areas including superior parietal lobule bilaterally and cerebellum. The results of this study indicate that paralimbic and sensory association areas are critically implicated in tic generation, similar to movements triggered internally by unpleasant sensations, as has been shown for pain or itching.
authors.affiliation: Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohlhalter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldfine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matteson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garraux
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kansaku
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wurzman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001767:Blinking; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*