title: Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the association between vitamin D and calcium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Nurses' Health Study, we followed 83,779 women who had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline for the development of type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D and calcium intake from diet and supplements was assessed every 2-4 years. During 20 years of follow-up, we documented 4,843 incident cases of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, there was no association between total vitamin D intake and type 2 diabetes. However, the relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes was 0.87 (95% CI 0.75-1.00; P for trend = 0.04) comparing the highest with the lowest category of vitamin D intake from supplements. The multivariate RRs of type 2 diabetes were 0.79 (0.70-0.90; P for trend <0.001) comparing the highest with the lowest category of calcium intake from all sources and 0.82 (0.72-0.92; P for trend <0.001) comparing the highest with the lowest category of calcium intake from supplements. A combined daily intake of >1,200 mg calcium and >800 IU vitamin D was associated with a 33% lower risk of type 2 diabetes with RR of 0.67 (0.49-0.90) compared with an intake of <600 mg and 400 IU calcium and vitamin D, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this large prospective study suggest a potential beneficial role for both vitamin D and calcium intake in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street #268, Boston, MA 02111, USA. apittas@tufts-nemc.org
authors.forename: Anastassios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Pittas
authors.forename: Bess
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dawson-Hughes
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Van Dam
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Joann E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D