title: Genetic and antigenic diversity among noroviruses.
abstract: Human norovirus (NoV) strains cause a considerable number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Based on their capsid gene (VP1) sequence, human NoV strains can be grouped into two genogroups (GI and GII) and at least 14 GI and 17 GII genotypes (GI/1-14 and GII/1-17). Human NoV strains cannot be propagated in cell-culture systems, but expression of recombinant VP1 in insect cells results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). In order to understand NoV antigenic relationships better, cross-reactivity among 26 different NoV VLPs was analysed. Phylogenetic analyses grouped these NoV strains into six GI and 12 GII genotypes. An antibody ELISA using polyclonal antisera raised against these VLPs was used to determine cross-reactivity. Antisera reacted strongly with homologous VLPs; however, a number of novel cross-reactivities among different genotypes was observed. For example, GI/11 antiserum showed a broad-range cross-reactivity, detecting two GI and 10 GII genotypes. Likewise, GII/1, GII/10 and GII/12 antisera showed a broad-range cross-reactivity, detecting several other distinct GII genotypes. Alignment of VP1 amino acid sequences suggested that these broad-range cross-reactivities were due to conserved amino acid residues located within the shell and/or P1-1 domains. However, unusual cross-reactivities among different GII/3 antisera were found, with the results indicating that both conserved amino acid residues and VP1 secondary structures influence antigenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Grant S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hansman
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Natori
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato-Horikoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Sakai Institute of Public Health, Sakai, Osaka 590-0953, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Sakai Institute of Public Health, Sakai, Osaka 590-0953, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tujimachi, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8576, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tujimachi, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8576, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Saitama Institute of Public Health, Kamiokubo 639-1, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Saitama Institute of Public Health, Kamiokubo 639-1, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Environment Research Division, Mie Pref. Science and Technology Promotion Center, Sakuramachi 3690-1, Yokaichi, Mie 512-1211, Japan.
authors.forename: Nakao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8715, Japan.
authors.forename: Kuniko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8715, Japan.
authors.forename: Mineyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-Cho, Sasai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.affiliation: Technical Marketing Department, Denka-Seiken Co. Ltd, 1-2-2 Minami-honcho, Gosen, Niigata 959-1695, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Naokazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003429:Cross Reactions; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014771:Virion / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins