title: HIV-1 resistant strains acquired at the time of primary infection massively fuel the cellular reservoir and persist for lengthy periods of time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterization of the early establishment of the viral reservoir in patients acquiring resistant strains at primary HIV-1 infection (PHI), and longitudinal analysis of resistance mutations in circulating virions and intracellular HIV strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug-resistance was compared between HIV RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-HIV DNA at the time of PHI in 44 patients enrolled in the Primo Cohort and harbouring plasma HIV-1 resistant to at least one antiretroviral drug. Longitudinal monitoring of viral load and resistance genotype was performed in plasma-HIV RNA and PBMC HIV DNA for at least 24 months in a subset of 10 patients. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV DNA protease gene clones was used to explore the diversity of quasi-species at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline resistance profile was identical in paired HIV RNA and PBMC HIV DNA for all 44 patients. All resistance-associated mutations persisted in plasma and PBMC over 2 years in the five untreated patients. Of the five patients started on empirical HAART, two achieved undetectable HIV RNA at month 6, with long-term persistence of archived drug-resistance mutations in PBMC HIV DNA. Virological failure was observed in the other three patients, resulting in the accumulation of additional drug-resistance mutations in HIV RNA and HIV DNA for two of them. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV DNA clones showed highly homogenous and exclusively resistant quasi-species in the cellular reservoir at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV resistant strains acquired at the time of PHI massively fuel the cellular reservoir, and their prolonged persistence is supported by the early expansion of a dominant homogenous and resistant viral population. Results in treated patients showed that classical empirical triple-combination may be suboptimal.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Necker Enfants Malades, Université René Descartes Paris, France. jade.ghosn@psl.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghosn
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pellegrin
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goujard
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deveau
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Viard
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galimand
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harzic
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tamalet
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouzioux
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chaix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017211:Treatment Failure; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral