title: Symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood and use of MDMA: prospective, population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether using ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is preceded by symptoms of behavioural and emotional problems in childhood and early adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal, population based study
  
  
  METHODS
  The Dutch province of Zuid-Holland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1580 individuals, followed up across a 14 year period, from childhood into adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first assessment took place in 1983 before MDMA appeared as a recreational drug in the Netherlands and included the child behaviour checklist to obtain standardised parents' reports of their children's behavioural and emotional problems. Use of the drug was assessed with the composite international diagnostic interview 14 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight syndrome scales of childhood behaviour were examined. Scores in the deviant range for the scales designated as anxious or depressed in childhood were significantly related to use of MDMA in adolescents and adults, resulting in an increased risk (hazard ratio 2.22, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 4.11, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with childhood symptoms of anxiety and depression may have an increased tendency to use MDMA in adolescence or young adulthood. Its effects are supposed to include enhanced feelings of bonding with other people, euphoria, or relaxation. Especially individuals with symptoms of anxiety or depression may be susceptible to these positive effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, Netherlands. a.c.huizink@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Anja C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huizink
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ferdinand
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Ende
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine