title: A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain a score for deciding early antifungal treatment when candidal infection is suspected in nonneutropenic critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data collected from the database of the EPCAN project, an ongoing prospective, cohort, observational, multicenter surveillance study of fungal infection and colonization in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three medical-surgical ICUs of 70 teaching hospitals in Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,699 ICU patients aged 18 yrs and older admitted for at least 7 days between May 1998 and January 1999 were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance cultures of urine, tracheal, and gastric samples were obtained weekly. Patients were grouped as follows: neither colonized nor infected (n=719), unifocal or multifocal Candida colonization (n=883), and proven candidal infection (n=97). The odds ratio (OR) for each risk factor associated with colonization vs. proven candidal infection was estimated. A logistic regression model was performed to adjust for possible confounders. The "Candida score" was obtained according to the logit method. The discriminatory power was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the logit model, surgery (OR=2.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-5.06); multifocal colonization (OR=3.04, 95% CI, 1.45-6.39); total parenteral nutrition (OR=2.48, 95% CI, 1.16-5.31); and severe sepsis (OR=7.68, 95% CI, 4.14-14.22) were predictors of proven candidal infection. The "Candida score" for a cut-off value of 2.5 (sensitivity 81%, specificity 74%) was as follows: parenteral nutrition, +0.908; surgery, +0.997; multifocal colonization, +1.112; and severe sepsis, +2.038. Central venous catheters were not a significant risk factor for proven candidal infection (p=.292).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large cohort of nonneutropenic critically ill patients in whom Candida colonization was prospectively assessed, a "Candida score">2.5 accurately selected patients who would benefit from early antifungal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. cleong@telefonica.net
authors.forename: Cristóbal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Santana
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almirante
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nolla-Salas
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Lerma
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garnacho-Montero
authors.forename: María Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: León
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D016469:Fungemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents