title: The retina in forensic medicine: applications of ophthalmic endoscopy: the first 100 cases.
abstract: The retina reflects a variety of diseases in the living patient. However, the retina is not routinely examined in deceased persons, and therefore it is unknown if routine retinal examination would be a useful adjunct to the forensic autopsy. To examine this issue, the retinae of routine medical examiner cases were examined utilizing an ophthalmic endoscope. The results of the first 100 examinations are reported. Specific attention was given to changes that reflected the postmortem interval, the development of petechiae as related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the association of retinal hemorrhages to subconjunctival hemorrhages. The procedure was helpful in cases of suspected shaken baby syndrome, exsanguination, and carbon monoxide poisoning and in cases with sudden increased intracranial pressure (Terson syndrome). It appears that lividity patterns exist in the retina, and this may be potentially useful in determining body position after death. Some natural disease processes, such as hypertension, were also identified. Finally, the utility of the ophthalmic endoscope as a means of circumventing the problem of corneal clouding is discussed, and ideas for further research using this technology are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Division of Medical-Legal and Forensic Investigations, Suffolk County, New York, USA. neildavismd@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Neil L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Wetli
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shakin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002249:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000473:pathology; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D005130:Eye Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011693:Purpura / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis