title: Spontaneous bladder perforations: a report of 500 augmentations in children and analysis of risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The spontaneous perforation of an augmented bladder is an uncommon but serious complication. To our knowledge our institution has the largest reported series of bladder augmentations. We examined our data to determine the incidence of spontaneous bladder perforation and to delineate associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective chart review of 500 bladder augmentation procedures performed during the preceding 25 years with a minimum followup of 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous perforations occurred in 43 patients (8.6%), for a total of 54 events. The calculated risk was 0.0066 perforations per augmentation-year at risk. Approximately a third of the cases had perforated within 2 years of surgery, a third between 2 and 6 years postoperatively, and a third at more than 6 years after augmentation. Patients who underwent augmentation between 1997 and 2003 had a higher rate of perforation within 2 years of surgery than those operated on between 1978 and 1987. Increased risk of perforation was observed with the use of sigmoid colon and bladder neck surgery. A decreased risk was associated with the presence of a continent catheterizable channel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that this large and comprehensive series gives valuable insight into this serious complication. The delineation of these potential risk factors serves as a guide for further discussion and investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. pmetcalf@iupui.edu
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kaefer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Misseri
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dussinger
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rink
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods