title: Clinical evaluation of clonidine added to lidocaine solution for subarachnoid analgesia in sheep.
abstract: Clonidine (CL) is a alpha2-adrenergic agonist that produces analgesia in animals and humans by a non-opiate alpha2-adrenergic action in the spinal cord dorsal horn. The objective of this prospective randomized study was to investigate the clinical effects of CL/lidocaine (LD) combination administered by the subarachnoid route in sheep. Each sheep received each of three treatments, at no shorter than weekly intervals. Treatments consisted of 0.003 mg/kg CL, 1.2 mg/kg LD and a combination of CL (0.003 mg/kg) and LD (1.2 mg/kg) (CLLD). Subarachnoid injections were given in all animals between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebra. Heart rate (HR), arterial pressures, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, analgesia, sedation, and motor blockade were determined before drug administration (basal) and 5, 10, 15 and 30 min after drug administration, and at 30-min intervals until loss of analgesia occurred. The duration of analgesia after subarachnoid CLLD administration was 187 +/- 24 min (mean +/- SD), i.e. more than twice of that obtained with CL (99 +/- 19 min) or LD (55 +/- 4.4 min) alone. In all sheep, CL, administered either alone or with LD, induced moderate sedation. After subarachnoid administration of three treatments, all sheep had ataxia and subsequent sternal recumbency. The CL treatment causes decreases in blood pressure (diastolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure) and HR. Data suggest that the CLLD combination could be used subarachnoidally in sheep requiring prolonged surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine--Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Campo Grande, Brazil. derossi@nin.ufms.br
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeRossi
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Righetto
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Frazílio
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012756:Sheep; D013346:Subarachnoid Space
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D008012:Lidocaine; D003000:Clonidine