title: Human semen refrigeration at + 4 degrees C: bio-kinetic characteristics.
abstract: The aim of our study was to evaluate the bio-kinetic characteristics of human semen refrigerated for different periods and to compare the effects of refrigeration at +4 degrees C against cryopreservation of human sperm at -196 degrees C. Semen was obtained from 30 male partners of infertile couples (infertile subjects) with the following semen profile: sperm count >or=10 x 10(6)/ml; progressive motility >or=20%; atypical forms <70% and white blood cells <1.0 x 10(6)/ml. Fifteen normospermic subjects were also selected as controls (control subjects). The following tests were carried out on basal, refrigerated and cryopreserved sperm: a) sperm kinetic properties (by Superimposed Image Analysis System); b) the Hypoosmotic Viability Test (HVT) (combined Hypoosmotic Swelling and Viability Test). The results of the study showed that the percentage recovery of kinetic properties and of HVT were optimum for up to 48 h. After refrigeration for 72 h, a drastic decrease in straight motility recovery was observed. No significant differences were observed between cryopreservation and refrigeration at +4 degrees C for 48 h for motility or HVT recoveries in samples from control subjects. However, in infertile subjects, a significant decrease in straight progressive motility and HVT recoveries was observed in cryopreserved samples compared to those refrigerated for 48 h. Neither refrigeration nor cryopreservation led to the growth of pathogenic bacteria in any of the cases studied. Based on the above results, refrigeration could represent a useful alternative to the cryopreservation method.
authors.affiliation: First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Seminology and Immunology of Reproduction, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy. franco.dondero@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dondero
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delfino
authors.forename: Norina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imbrogno
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cannistrà
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzilli
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D012034:Refrigeration; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology