title: Explosion of tuberculin-specific Th1-responses induces immune restoration syndrome in tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that an acute exacerbation of mycobacteria-specific Th1 response after HIV infection control by HAART causes immune restoration syndrome (IRS) in HIV-tuberculosis (TB) coinfected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicenter study of 19 consecutive untreated HIV-TB coinfected patients included when initiating antimycobacterial therapy and sequentially evaluated during HAART and at time of IRS. IRS was defined according to classical clinical diagnostic criteria. Patients were declared IRS- if no IRS occurred within 3 months after HAART initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mycobacteria-specific [purified protein derivative (PPD), ESAT-6, 85B] Th1 cells producing interferon (IFN)-gamma quantified by ELISpot, in vitro production of 25 cytokines/chemokines in antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants quantified by chemiluminescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients (37%) experienced IRS (IRS+). Mycobacteria-specific (PPD) Th1 IFN-gamma-producing cells increased sharply during IRS (median, 2970 spot forming cells/10 PBMC), but not the cytomegalovirus-specific responses tested as control. Only three IRS+ patients had low ESAT-6- but no 85B-specific responses. IRS- patients did not develop acute PPD-specific responses except in one case. In addition, at time of IRS a peak of PPD-specific Th1 cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IFN-gamma, IP10 and monokine-induced by IFN-gamma] without Th2 cytokines, and a peak of non-specific inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-10, RANTES and MCP-1) occurred. These findings were independent from CD4 cell count, viral loads or time of HAART initiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An acute exacerbation of Th1 responses against mycobacterial antigens appears to cause IRS in patients co-infected with HIV and TB. This key event provides new evidence valuable for the diagnosis and treatment of IRS.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bourgarit
authors.forename: Guislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carcelain
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lascoux
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delcey
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gicquel
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vicaut
authors.forename: Philippe H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lagrange
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sereni
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Autran
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000276:immunology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D014373:Tuberculin