title: IPEADAM study: indoor endotoxin exposure, family status, and some housing characteristics in English children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many environmental factors have been investigated to determine their involvement in the asthma epidemic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate the indoor environment of English children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Indoor Pollutants, Endotoxin, Allergens, Damp and Asthma in Manchester (IPEADAM) study recruited 200 asthmatic and age-, sex-, and sibship size-matched nonasthmatic children after a questionnaire-based community screening epidemiology survey. Their homes were sampled for several indoor air factors, and reservoir dust samples were obtained. Endotoxin, Der p 1, and dampness levels were assayed. Questionnaires were administered to record housing characteristics. Indoor pollutants, including environmental tobacco smoke, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, temperature, and relative humidity, were investigated. STATA univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the indoor environments of the children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of endotoxin (adjusted odds ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.11-3.18; P=.018), living in a single-parent family (adjusted odds ratio, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.25-12.1; P=.019), redecoration in the living room (adjusted odds ratio, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.36-7.33; P=.008), and self-reported absence of dampness (adjusted odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.91; P=.030) were all independent predictive factors of asthma. There was no difference between asthmatic and healthy children in their exposure to Der p 1, objective measurements of dampness, guardian's smoking habits, pet ownership, house type or age, time in residence, central heating systems, insulation types, glazing systems, floor types, and age and measurements of several indoor pollutants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IPEADAM study has shown that there were very few differences in the indoor environments of English asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. However, once asthma has been established, the presence of endotoxin is positively associated with an asthmatic child's living room carpet reservoir dust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are no direct clinical implications of this research, although it needs interpreting with other clinical data on endotoxin exposure in epidemiologic settings.
authors.affiliation: North West Lung Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, and ARIC, Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan, University, UK.
authors.forename: Gaël
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tavernier
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blacklock
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: C Anthony
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niven
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis*; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000032:analysis; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D005190:Family; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C451162:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen p 1