title: Nonsupplemented children of Latino immigrants have low vitamin E intakes and plasma concentrations and normal vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoid intakes and plasma concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine and evaluate the intakes and plasma concentrations of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), gamma-tocopherol, vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene) of nonsupplemented boys and girls, 4 to 8 years old, of Latino immigrants living in rural Nebraska.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intakes of the Latino children were estimated. Their plasma samples (fasting) were analyzed for vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoid concentrations. Data were evaluated by sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were a convenience sample of 4- to 8-year-old (n=29), apparently healthy, nonsupplemented children of Latino immigrants living in rural Nebraska.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sex differences in parameter values were determined using general linear models; Pearson r was used for determining correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in parameter values were observed by sex, with the exception of plasma lutein/zeaxanthin concentration. The majority (69%) had plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations<0.516 mg/dL (12 micromol/L), which is indicative of vitamin E inadequacy, and over half (59%) reported consuming less than the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin E. All subjects had plasma vitamin C and selenium concentrations indicative of adequacy (>0.41 mg/dL or >23 micromol/L, and >6.32 microg/dL or >0.8 micromol/L, respectively), and consumed at least the Recommended Dietary Allowances for these nutrients. The plasma carotenoid concentrations of the children may be useful as norms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These children of Latino immigrants who did not take supplements had low plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations but normal plasma vitamin C and selenium concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietetics professionals and others involved in health care need to work with Latino immigrant parents so that their children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0806, USA.
authors.forename: Young-Nam
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Karina R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lora
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Giraud
authors.forename: Judy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Driskell
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009329:Nebraska / Q000453:epidemiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012423:Rural Health; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D012643:Selenium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid