title: Assessing the prognostic significance of transrectal ultrasound extracapsular extension in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prognostic value of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-detected extraprostatic disease for prostate cancer in patients receiving radical external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review of 181 patients treated with radical EBRT for prostate cancer was conducted. All patients underwent TRUS assessment by one radiologist. The median radiation dose delivered to the prostate was 66 Gy (range 53-70 Gy) in 33 fractions (range 20-39 fractions). Median follow-up time for all patients was 6.5 years. Sixty-four (35%) out of 181 patients were found to have extracapsular disease on TRUS. Clinical relapse was defined as the first occurrence of either salvage hormonal therapy administration by the treating oncologist or clinical, radiological, and/or pathologic evidence of recurrent or progressive disease. In terms of biochemical failure, two prognostic variable analyses were carried out using both the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus guidelines and the Houston definition of biochemical failure. The primary end point for the prognostic variable analyses was time to first clinical or biochemical failure (CBF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For time to CBF using the ASTRO consensus guidelines for biochemical failure, univariable analysis revealed that the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (P = 0.018), clinical T stage (P = 0.002), Gleason score (P = 0.021), adjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.032) and TRUS T staging (P = 0.0001) were statistically significant prognostic factors. On multivariable analysis, clinical T stage (P = 0.051) was of borderline statistical significance, whereas PSA (P = 0.036), TRUS T stage (P = 0.0002) and adjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.015) were found to be independent prognostic factors. For time to CBF using the Houston definition of biochemical failure, univariable analysis revealed that PSA (P = 0.001), Gleason score (P = 0.026) and prostate volume (P = 0.013) were statistically significant prognostic factors. On multivariable analysis, PSA (P = 0.002), Gleason score (P = 0.012), and adjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.041) were found to be independent prognostic factors. TRUS T staging was not found to be independently significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear role for TRUS staging as an independent prognostic factor, in the setting of other more established variables, such as Gleason grade, PSA, and digital rectal examination (DRE) T stage, was not confirmed in this study, population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, London Regional Cancer Centre and University of Western Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radwan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venketesan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stitt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weisz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D019160:Endosonography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional