title: Improving the quality of randomized controlled trials in Chinese herbal medicine, part II: control group design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the types of control groups in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), and to provide suggestions for improving the design of control group in future clinical studies in this therapeutic area.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the Cochrane Library was conducted in July 2005 to identify RCTs of CHM, and 66 RCTs with CHM for type 2 diabetes mellitus were obtained as the basis for further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 66 RCTs with CHM for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 61 (92.4%) trials had both a treatment group and a control group. Twenty-seven (40.9%) RCTs compared CHM plus conventional drug vs conventional drug, 24 (36.4%) compared CHM vs conventional drug, 5 (7.6%) compared CHM vs placebo, 3 (4.5%) compared CHM plus conventional drug vs conventional drug plus placebo, 3 (4.5%) compared CHM plus conventional drug vs other CHM, 1 (1.5%) compared CHM vs no treatment, 1 (1.5%) compared CHM plus placebo vs conventional drug plus placebo, 1 (1.5%) compared CHM vs CHM plus conventional drug vs conventional drug vs placebo, and 1 (1.5%) compared CHM vs conventional drug vs CHM plus conventional drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variety of control groups were used in RCTs of CHM for type 2 diabetes mellitus, including placebo, active, and no treatment control groups. Justification for selecting particular types of control groups were not provided in the trials reviewed in this study. Different control groups may be appropriate according to the study objectives, and several factors should be considered prior to selecting control groups in future RCTs of CHM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Investigators of CHM who design clinical trials should understand the rationale for selecting different types of control groups; (2) Control groups for RCTs should be selected according to study objectives; (3) Active control groups should select interventions for comparisons that have the strongest evidence of efficacy and prescribe them as recommended; (4) Placebo control groups should select a placebo that mimics the physical characteristics of test intervention as closely as possible and is completely inert; (5) No treatment control groups should only be used when withholding treatment is ethical and objectives outcomes will not be subject to bias due to absent blinding; (6) Crossover control groups may be appropriate in chronic and stable conditions.
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China. bzxiang@hkbu.edu.hk
authors.forename: Zhao-Xiang
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moher
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dagenais
authors.forename: You-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tai-Xiang
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jiang-Xia
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Miao
mesh_terms: D035061:Control Groups; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D011786:Quality Control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design