title: Use of nonviral promoters in adenovirus-mediated gene therapy: reduction of lysosomal storage in the aspartylglucosaminuria mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is a lysosomal storage disease with severe neurodegenerative clinical features resulting from the deficiency of lysosomal aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA). The AGU knockout mouse is a good model to test different therapy strategies, as it mimics well the human pathogenesis of the disease exhibiting storage vacuoles in all tissues. In this study we investigated the efficiency of nonviral promoters in adenovirus-mediated gene therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The deficient corrective enzyme, AGA, was expressed using two tissue-specific promoters, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), astrocyte-specific (GFAP) and the endogenous AGA promoter. An intrastriatal injection site was chosen due to its wide connections in the central nervous system (CNS). The expression of AGA was analyzed 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months and 4 months after the virus injection by lysosomal AGA-specific immunostaining. A correction of the lysosomal storage in the brain of treated mice was also studied using toluidine blue stained thin sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overexpressed AGA enzyme was detected in addition to the injection site, also in the ipsilateral parietal cortex indicating migration of AGA in the brain tissue. Duration of AGA expression was markedly longer with all the viruses used compared to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression driven by the viral cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. In most animals the storage was decreased by at least 50% as compared to untreated AGU mouse brains. Remarkably, >90% correction of storage at the ipsilateral cortex was found with the NSE promoter at 4 weeks and 2 months after injection. Additionally, partial clearance of storage was demonstrated also in the contralateral side of the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data implicate that tissue-specific promoters are especially useful in virus-mediated gene therapy aiming at long-term gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 104, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Salli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Virta
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rapola
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jalanko
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laine
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001227:Aspartylglucosylaminase / Q000235:genetics; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016464:Lysosomal Storage Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D021381:Protein Transport; D013788:Thalamus / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001227:Aspartylglucosylaminase