title: Reduced anterior cingulate activation in aggressive children and adolescents during affective stimulation: association with temperament traits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk for conduct disorder (CD) is markedly increased in children with specific temperament dimensions. Here, we investigated whether adverse temperament factors might contribute to an impairment in neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of aggressive behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 13 male adolescents with CD aged 9 to 14 years and in 14 healthy age and sex-matched control subjects at 1.5T. During scanning, subjects looked at pictures from the International Affective Picture System with neutral or strong negative emotional valence. Temperament was assessed using the German version of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. In addition, behavioural control strategies (Wisconsin Card Sorting, Four Pack Card Playing Task) and sociomoral reasoning (Sociomoral Reflection Measure Short Form) were tested to behaviourally characterise the study groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing CD patients with healthy controls, we found reduced activation in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in response to negative affective pictures. The temperament dimension 'novelty seeking' was a significant predictor for ACC responsiveness to affective pictures as revealed by a stepwise multiple regression analysis (beta=-0.53, p<0.01). Moreover, individuals with high 'novelty seeking' scores chose more disadvantageous strategies in the Four Pack Card Playing Task (p<0.05) and were characterised by a lower level of sociomoral reasoning (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study provide a link between temperament factors and neural correlates of emotion processing in adolesecents with conduct disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. christina.stadler@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sterzer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmeck
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poustka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012919:Social Behavior; D013694:Temperament