title: A parent questionnaire for distinguishing between reactive and proactive aggression in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that reactive and proactive aggression can be distinguished on the basis of teacher-rating scales. In this article a newly developed parent-rated questionnaire that aims to distinguish between reactive and proactive aggression is evaluated with regard to its structure and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In study 1, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the data of 442 children aged 6-12 years of a general population. Study 2 examined the relations between the two forms of aggression and hostile intentions, expected outcome of aggression, ADHD symptoms and callous-unemotional traits in a sample of 40 normal and 40 disruptive behaviour disordered boys aged 8-12 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model, unlike a singlefactor model, produced a reasonable fit to the data. The results of study 2 showed that the correlations between the different variables and reactive aggression differed from the correlations with proactive aggression in ways that were consistent with theoretical definitions and earlier findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, in addition to those of earlier studies using teacher-rating scales, suggest that it is possible to make a valid distinction between reactive and proactive aggression using this newly developed parent-rated questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 85500 Hpnr.B01.324, 3508GA Utrecht. The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kempes
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matthys
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maassen
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Goozen
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010290:Parents; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires