title: The selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) involvement in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has been widely suggested but its protective or detrimental role remains still question of debate. Here, we examine the impact of supplementation or inhibition of NO availability on intestinal dysmotility and inflammation caused by mesenteric I/R in mice. Ischemia 45min and reperfusion 24h were performed by superior mesenteric artery occlusion in female Swiss mice. Saline-treated sham-operated (S) or normal mice without surgery (N) served as controls. Drugs were subcutaneously injected 0, 4, 8, and 18 h after ischemia. Upper gastrointestinal transit (GIT, estimated through black marker gavage), intestinal myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), intestinal malondialdehyde levels (MDA), Evans blue extravasation (EB), intestinal histological damage, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were considered. In I/R mice, GIT was significantly delayed compared to S and N groups; MPO activity and EB extravasation enhanced, whereas MDA levels did not change. Compared to N and S groups, in I/R mice selective iNOS inhibitor P-BIT significantly prevented motor, MPO and EB changes; putative iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine significantly counteracted GIT delay but not neutrophil recruitment and the increase in vascular permeability; NOS inhibitor l-NAME and NO precursor l-arginine were scarcely or no effective. Furthermore, in S mice aminoguanidine caused a significant increase of MPO activity reverted by H(1) histamine receptor antagonist pre-treatment. Unlike P-BIT, aminoguanidine and l-NAME injection increased MAP. These findings confirm a detrimental role for iNOS-derived NO overproduction during reperfusion. Aminoguanidine-associated neutrophil recruitment suggests that this drug could act through mechanisms additional to iNOS inhibition involving both eNOS blockade, as indicated by its hemodynamic effects, and indirect activation of H(1) histamine receptors.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Biologiche e Chimiche Applicate, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43100 Parma, Italy. barocell@unipr.it
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barocelli
authors.forename: Vigilio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ballabeni
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghizzardi
authors.forename: Fiore
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cattaruzza
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertoni
authors.forename: Costanza A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lagrasta
authors.forename: Mariannina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Impicciatore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; C118852:S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013890:Thiourea; C004479:pimagedine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester