title: Vasopressors and intestinal mucosal perfusion after cardiac surgery: Norepinephrine vs. phenylephrine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential differential effects of norepinephrine, an alpha1-, beta1-, and beta2-receptor agonist, to the alpha1-agonist phenylephrine on jejunal mucosal perfusion, gastric-arterial PCO2 gradient, and the global splanchnic oxygen demand-supply relationship after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, prospective, interventional crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university cardiothoracic intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients were studied during propofol sedation and mechanical ventilation after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient received randomly and sequentially norepinephrine (0.052+/-0.009 microg/kg/min) and phenylephrine (0.50+/-0.22 microg/kg/min) to increase mean arterial blood pressure by 30%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on jejunal mucosal perfusion, jejunal mucosal hematocrit, and red blood cell velocity (laser Doppler flowmetry) as well as gastric-arterial Pco2 gradient (tonometry) and splanchnic oxygen extraction were obtained before (control) and during a 30-min drug infusion period after the target mean arterial blood pressure was reached. The procedure was sequentially repeated for the second vasopressor. Both drugs induced a 40-46% increase in systemic vascular resistance with no change in cardiac index. Neither jejunal mucosal perfusion, jejunal mucosal hematocrit, red blood cell velocity, nor gastric-arterial Pco2 gradient was affected by any of the vasopressors. Splanchnic oxygen extraction increased from 38.2% to 43.1% (p<.001) with norepinephrine and from 39.3% to 47.5% (p<.001) with phenylephrine. This increase was significantly more pronounced with phenylephrine compared with norepinephrine (p<.05). Mixed venous-hepatic vein oxygen saturation gradient increased with both drugs (p<.01), and the increase was more pronounced with phenylephrine (p<.05). Splanchnic lactate extraction was not significantly affected by any of the vasopressors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenylephrine induced a more pronounced global alpha1-mediated splanchnic vasoconstriction compared with norepinephrine. Neither of the vasoconstrictors impaired perfusion of the gastrointestinal mucosa in postcardiac surgery patients. The lack of norepinephrine-induced, alpha1-mediated impairment of gastrointestinal perfusion is not explained by a beta2-mediated counteractive vasodilation but instead by possible mucosal autoregulatory escape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nygren
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorén
authors.forename: Sven-Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ricksten
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D007583:Jejunum / Q000098:blood supply; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012773:Shock, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D009638:Norepinephrine