title: Behavioural problems and autism in children with hydrocephalus : a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of behavioural problems and autism in a population-based group of children with hydrocephalus and to see whether learning disabilities, cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, myelomeningocele (MMC) or preterm birth increase the risk of these problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 107 children with hydrocephalus born in western Sweden in 1989-1993, behaviour was assessed using the Conners' parent rating scales in 66 and the teacher's rating scales in 57. Autism was investigated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents rated 67% of the children and teachers 39% of the children as having behavioural problems (>1.5 SD, or T score >65). Learning disabilities increased the risk significantly and almost all the children with CP and/or epilepsy had behavioural problems. Autism was present in nine children (13%), in 20% of those without MMC and in one of 26 with MMC. Autism was significantly more frequent in children with learning disabilities (27% vs. 7%) and in children with CP and/or epilepsy (33% vs. 6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of children with hydrocephalus have behavioural problems and many have autism. It is therefore important to assess and understand all the aspects of cognition and behaviour in these children in order to minimise disability and enhance participation for the child.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Habilitation, Halmstad County Hospital, Berghem, 0185 Halmstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Eva-Karin
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uvebrant
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000523:psychology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000523:psychology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology