title: [Cardiospasm].
abstract: This article presents the basic hypotheses of cardiospasm etiology and pathogenesis, examines diagnostic standards for inspection of patients with suspected cardiospasm, and describes principles of treatment.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Skvortsov
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Tumarenko
mesh_terms: D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans