title: Direct and fast determination of antiretroviral drugs by automated online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in human plasma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study antiretroviral drugs of the classes protease inhibitors (PI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were quantified for the first time directly in patient plasma samples by means of an automated and validated online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (XLC-MS/MS) method using the Symbiosis Pharma system (Spark Holland) for XLC coupled to an API 2000 for MS/MS analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PI drugs amprenavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, lopinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir, and the NNRTI drugs nevirapine and efavirenz in real patient samples were analysed in a 25-microL sample volume, which was only diluted with 200 microL of H2O (containing 500 ng/mL of the internal standard reserpine) to minimise the matrix concentration and to add the internal standard. No additional tedious and time-consuming sample preparation steps such as protein precipitation, centrifugation, and pipetting were per-formed for sample clean-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-throughput method developed allowed the simultaneous analysis of two samples (first analysis 6.6 min, subsequent analyses 3.3 min between injections) and has been validated in terms of the limit of detection (LOD, 2-70 ng/mL), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ, 78-156 ng/mL), linearity (R2, 0.9971-0.9989), linear concentration range (from LLOQ to 10,000 ng/mL), intra- and inter-day precision (< 13.5% at LLOQ, < 7.5% at high concentrations), proficiency testing accuracy (78-127%), laboratory internal accuracy (86-113%), recovery (60-110%), and drug stability (freeze-thaw, short-term temperature, long-term and post-preparative) and inter-subject variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although direct analysis of diluted plasma was performed, post-column experiments showed efficient matrix minimisation by the XLC-MS/MS technique, which is perfectly appropriate for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of HIV/AIDS patient samples.
authors.affiliation: Medical School Hannover, Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover, Germany. koal.therese@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koal
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sibum
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resch
authors.forename: Volkhard
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaever
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification; D001331:Automation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors