title: Influx of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae into the hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta -lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing worldwide. The influx of these bacteria into hospitals has major implications for infection-control and empirical treatment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolates from 2 patient cohorts--patients with gram-negative bacteremia within 2 days after admission and patients screened for fecal colonization at admission--were assessed for ESBL production. ESBL phenotype was confirmed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Predictors of ESBL phenotype were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 80 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from blood samples obtained at admission to the hospital, 13.7% produced ESBL. Thirty-eight patients with ESBL-positive isolates and 72 with ESBL-negative isolates were included in a case-control study. Predictors of ESBL production were male sex and nursing home residence (area under receiver operator characteristic curve, 0.7). Of 241 persons screened at admission, 26 (10.8%) had fecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Predictors of fecal carriage were poor functional status, antibiotic use, chronic renal insufficiency, liver disease, and use of histamine2 blockers (area under receiver operator characteristic curve, 0.8). Four (15.4%) of the 26 individuals with fecal carriage had subsequent bacteremia with ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, compared with 1 (0.5%) noncarrier (odds ratio, 38.9; P<.001). Of 80 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained at admission, 65 were health care associated, and 15 were community acquired. The 15 community-acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae belonged to diverse clones. The most prevalent ESBL gene among these isolates was CTX-M-2 (found in 53.3% of the isolates).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report high rates of bacteremia and colonization with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae at admission to our institution, which may undermine infection-control measures and complicate the selection of empirical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. rbenami1@zahav.net.il
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ben-Ami
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schwaber
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navon-Venezia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giladi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chmelnitsky
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carmeli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C071167:beta-lactamase CTX-2; D001618:beta-Lactamases