title: Cytotoxicity assessment of gliotoxin and penicillic acid in Tetrahymena pyriformis.
abstract: Various studies have documented the associations between mold exposure and effects on health. Mycotoxins, which occur in spores and mold fragments, can be involved in processes that have pathological effects, such as adynamia of the immune system, recurrent infections of the respiratory tract, or asthma. Using Tetrahymena pyriformis, a single-cell organism well established as a suitable model for human respiratory epithelium-cell functionalities, we investigated dose-response relationships of the mycotoxins gliotoxin and penicillic acid. Our study focused on the viability (cell count, MTT assay), energy levels (adenosine-5'-triphosphate content), energy-providing processes (MTT reduction per cell), and cell respiration (oxygen consumption). Both mycotoxins acted as cytotoxins in a dose-dependent manner. Gliotoxin had a stronger inhibitory effect (EC50 0.38 microM) than did penicillic acid (EC50 343.19 microM). The energy-providing processes were not inhibited or were only weakly inhibited under the influence of gliotoxin, whereas penicillic acid caused stimulation of the physiological parameters. Summarizing the results, it is clear that the two investigated mycotoxins must have different modes of action. They are not only different in the strength of their toxic effects but also in a variety of physiological aspects. In addition, T. pyriformis showed differences in its ability to overcome the negative effects of particular mycotoxin exposures.
authors.affiliation: UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig-Halle Ltd., Department of Human Exposure Research and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany. carolin.graebsch@ufz.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gräbsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Loffhagen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herbarth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005912:Gliotoxin / Q000633:toxicity*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010398:Penicillic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D013769:Tetrahymena pyriformis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D005912:Gliotoxin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D010398:Penicillic Acid; D010100:Oxygen