title: Cardiac autonomic control in patients with refractory epilepsy before and during vagus nerve stimulation treatment: a one-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate possible effect of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy on interictal heart rate (HR) variability in patients with refractory epilepsy before and after 1-year VNS treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded at the baseline and after 12 months of VNS treatment in 14 patients with refractory epilepsy, and once in 28 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects. Time and frequency domain measures, along with fractal and complexity measures of HR variability, were analyzed from the ECG recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean value of the RR interval (p=0.008), standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN) (p<0.001), very-low frequency (VLF) (p<0.001), low-frequency (LF) (p=0.001), and high-frequency (HF) (p=0.002) spectral components of HR variability, and the Poincaré components SD(1) (p=0.005) and SD(2) (p<0.001) of the patients with refractory epilepsy were significantly lower than those of the control subjects before VNS implantation. The nocturnal increase in HR variability usually seen in the normal population was absent in patients with refractory epilepsy. VNS had no significant effects on any of the HR-variability indexes despite a significant reduction in the frequency of seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HR variability was reduced, and the nocturnal increase in HR variability was not present in patients with refractory epilepsy. One-year treatment with VNS did not have a marked effect on HR variability, suggesting that impaired cardiovascular autonomic regulation is associated with the epileptic process itself rather than with recurrent seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ronkainen
authors.forename: Juha T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Korpelainen
authors.forename: Esa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Vilho V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Myllylä
authors.forename: Heikki V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Huikuri
authors.forename: Jouko I T
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Isojärvi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*