title: Peripheral arterial disease and risk of cardiac death in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the natural history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) complicating type 2 diabetes, in particular the influence of PAD on the risk of cardiac death and the adequacy of PAD risk factor management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Fremantle Diabetes Study (FDS) was a prospective community-based observational study of diabetic patients recruited between 1993 and 1996. The present sample comprised the 1,294 FDS type 2 diabetic patients and a subgroup of 531 of these who had valid data at baseline and five or more subsequent consecutive annual reviews. Assessments consisted of a range of clinical and biochemical variables including the ankle/brachial index (ABI). PAD was defined as an ABI < or =0.90 at two consecutive reviews or any PAD-related lower-extremity amputation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PAD at study entry was 13.6% and the incidence of new PAD was 3.7 per 100 patient-years. Both prevalent and incident PAD was strongly and independently associated with increasing age, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, and especially smoking. Risk factor management improved but remained suboptimal during follow-up. An ABI of < or =0.90 was independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac death of 67%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of the ABI is a simple means of identifying PAD in diabetic patients. PAD is common in diabetic patients and predicts cardiac death. These data further support the role of regular screening for PAD in diabetes so that intensive management of vascular risk factors can be pursued.
authors.affiliation: School of Surgery and Pathology, Fremantle Hospital, P.O. Box 480, Fremantle, Western Australia 6959, Australia. pnorman@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Timothy M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology