title: Lack of seasonal variation in idiopathic talipes equinovarus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One proposed etiology of idiopathic talipes equinovarus is an in utero enterovirus infection. Enterovirus infections demonstrate seasonal variation in temperate climates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data on 1202 children with idiopathic talipes equinovarus born in the Northeastern United States, Midwestern United States, and the United Kingdom to investigate a seasonal variation in this congenital deformity. Birth date, gestational age at the time of delivery, gender, race, and laterality were tabulated and subjected to univariate and bivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 774 boys and 428 girls with idiopathic talipes equinovarus. The birth location was the United Kingdom (458 children), the Midwestern United States (426 children), and the Northeastern United States (318 children). No significant differences were detected among the geographic groups with respect to gender, race, or laterality, and no variation in month of birth or month of conception was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not support an in utero enterovirus infection as an etiology of idiopathic talipes equinovarus in industrialized populations.
authors.affiliation: James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Room 4250, 702 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. rloder@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Randall T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Loder
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Drvaric
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hamby
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chesney
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
mesh_terms: D003025:Clubfoot / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D036801:Parturition; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology