title: Noninvasive evaluation of wall shear stress on retinal microcirculation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate wall shear stress (WSS) on retinal microcirculation noninvasively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal vessel diameter (D) and mean centerline blood velocity (V(max, mean)) were measured in the retinal arterioles and venules at first- and second-order branches in 13 subjects using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). Retinal blood flow (RBF) and wall shear rate (WSR) were calculated using these two parameters. Blood viscosity at the calculated shear rate was also measured using a cone-plate viscometer. WSS was calculated as the product of the WSR and the blood viscosity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first-order branches, the averaged D, V(max, mean), RBF, and WSR(mean) were 108 +/- 13 microm, 41 +/- 10 mm/s, 11 +/- 4 microL/min, and 1539 +/- 383 s(-1) in the arterioles and 147 +/- 13 microm, 23 +/- 3 mm/s, 12 +/- 4 microL/min, and 632 +/- 73 s(-1) in the venules, respectively. The apparent blood viscosities at the measured shear rates were 3.5 +/- 0.3 centipoise (cP) in the arterioles and 3.8 +/- 0.4 cP in the venules. Therefore, the averaged WSS was 54 +/- 13 dyne/cm2 in the arterioles and 24 +/- 4 dyne/cm2 in the venules. The WSS in the second-order arterioles was significantly lower than that in the first-order branches (P = 0.002), but the WSS in the first-order venules was similar to that in the second-order venules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors demonstrated that the WSS in the retinal vessels could be evaluated noninvasively in humans using LDV and cone-plate viscometry. This system may be useful for further clinical investigation of the role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of various retinal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Japan. nagaoka@asahikawa-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001809:Blood Viscosity / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular