title: Protective effect of a synthetic anti-oxidant on neuronal cell apoptosis resulting from experimental hypoxia re-oxygenation injury.
abstract: Oxidative stress is associated with the pathology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Cultured neuronal cells exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury, as a model for stroke, yield a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as measured with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with spin trapping. Added superoxide dismutase inhibited spin-adduct formation verifying that superoxide radical anion was formed in neuronal cells following H/R injury. The intracellular ADP/ATP ratio increased rapidly over the first 5 h following injury and this was due primarily to the decreased cellular pools of ATP, consistent with the notion that H/R promotes mitochondrial dysfunction leading to decreased ATP reserve and increased ROS formation. As an early response to the enhanced oxidative stress, genes encoding for hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha), inducible haemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the oxygen-sensor neuroglobin increased significantly. Up-regulation of the HO-1 gene was paralleled by increased HO protein expression and activity. Despite this cellular response, apoptosis increased significantly following H/R injury indicating that the endogenous anti-oxidant defenses were unable to protect the cells. In contrast, addition of a phenolic anti-oxidant, bisphenol (BP), prior to H/R injury, inhibited ROS production and gene regulation and significantly decreased neuronal cell apoptosis. Added BP was converted stoichiometrically to the corresponding diphenoquinone indicating the synthetic anti-oxidant effectively decreased oxidative stress through a radical scavenging mechanism. Together, these data indicate that BP has the potential to act as a neuro-protective drug.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Hospital Road, Concord Repatriation General Hopsital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
authors.forename: Ben S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: T T Hong
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Witting
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005914:Globins / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000975:Antioxidants; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005914:Globins; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010636:Phenols; D011809:Quinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D013481:Superoxides; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C001081:diphenoquinone; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds