title: Optimization of 3-dimensional imaging of the breast region with 3-dimensional laser scanners.
abstract: The anatomic conditions of the female breast require imaging the breast region 3-dimensionally in a normal standing position for quality assurance and for surgery planning or surgery simulation. The goal of this work was to optimize the imaging technology for the mammary region with a 3-dimensional (3D) laser scanner, to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the method, and to allow optimum data reproducibility. Avoiding the influence of biotic factors, such as mobility, we tested the most favorable imaging technology on dummy models for scanner-related factors such as the scanner position in comparison with the torso and the number of scanners and single shots. The influence of different factors of the breast region, such as different breast shapes or premarking of anatomic landmarks, was also first investigated on dummies. The findings from the dummy models were then compared with investigations on test persons, and the accuracy of measurements on the virtual models was compared with a coincidence analysis of the manually measured values. The best precision and accuracy of breast region measurements were achieved when landmarks were marked before taking the shots and when shots at 30 degrees left and 30 degrees right, relative to the sagittal line, were taken with 2 connected scanners mounted with a +10-degree upward angle. However, the precision of the measurements on test persons was significantly lower than those measured on dummies. Our findings show that the correct settings for 3D imaging of the breast region with a laser scanner can achieve an acceptable degree of accuracy and reproducibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the Technical University Munich, Germany. l.kovacs@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassouridis
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wöhnl
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaschke
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwenzer-Zimmerer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papadopulos
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biemer
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007834:Lasers; D008348:Manikins; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity