title: Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hypocholesterolemic effects of soy foods are well established, and it has been suggested that isoflavones are responsible for this effect. However, beneficial effects of isolated isoflavones on lipid biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk have not yet been shown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the effects of isolated soy isoflavones on metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk, including plasma total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol; triacylglycerols; lipoprotein(a); the percentage of small dense LDL; glucose; nonesterified fatty acids; insulin; and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Differences with respect to single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected genes [ie, estrogen receptor alpha (XbaI and PvuII), estrogen receptor beta (AluI), and estrogen receptor beta(cx) (Tsp509I), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Glu298Asp), apolipoprotein E (Apo E2, E3, and E4), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (TaqIB), and leptin receptor (Gln223Arg)] and with respect to equol production were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 117) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover dietary intervention trial. Isoflavone-enriched (genistein-to-daidzein ratio of 2:1; 50 mg/d) or placebo cereal bars were consumed for 8 wk, with a wash-out period of 8 wk before the crossover.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflavones did not have a significant beneficial effect on plasma concentrations of lipids, glucose, or insulin. A significant difference between the responses of HDL cholesterol to isoflavones and to placebo was found with estrogen receptor beta(cx) Tsp509I genotype AA, but not GG or GA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflavone supplementation, when provided in the form and dose used in this study, had no effect on lipid or other metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women but may increase HDL cholesterol in an estrogen receptor beta gene-polymorphic subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom. wendy.hall@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vafeiadou
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallund
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bugel
authors.forename: Manja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reimann
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koebnick
authors.forename: H-J Franz
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zunft
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Branca
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dadd
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Minihane
authors.forename: Aedin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahlman-Wright
authors.forename: Jan-Ake
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D060754:Equol; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000652:urine; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D045730:Soy Foods
chemical_list: C007610:4',7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoflavone; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D007328:Insulin; D007529:Isoflavones; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D048789:Phytoestrogens; D060754:Equol