[Experimental models used in research into genetic disorders that involve intellectual disability].
BACKGROUND
A basic principle of molecular and clinical medicine states that the function of the organs and the cells they are made up of is determined by the overall set of specific proteins. Therefore, the function of each organ depends on the molecules present in each cell, and hence it comes as no surprise to find that when tissue function is altered, different changes have taken place in the proteins. In the nervous system there are numerous examples of changes in proteins that correlate with functional alterations, either during normal or pathological development.


METHODS
In order to understand these relations, and to establish models in which to study the aetiopathogenesis of the disease, it is necessary to direct steady synthesis or to suppress synthesis in the brain of the protein that is potentially involved in the development of the disease. In consequence, it is possible to determine whether the presence or the absence of the protein is the direct or indirect cause of the effects; this is one of the main goals that must be achieved in order to enable researchers to define potential therapeutic targets in hereditary diseases. In order to manipulate the specific protein causing a pathology, we use experimental animal models as essential research tools, since they enable us to determine which mechanisms are altered and how the function of a particular protein affects the mechanisms being studied.


CONCLUSIONS
Suppressing a gene or its over-expression in models using genetically modified mice will provide us with a means of modifying the genome and, eventually, the protein in the different tissues as well as in the nervous system in an attempt to imitate the genetic pathology that involves mental retardation. By controlling or suppressing the expression of a protein in the brain it becomes possible to remodel the functional profile of the tissue and study the consequences of molecular genetic manipulation, together with the biochemical, cytological and physiological processes, under normal basal conditions and under specific stimuli or conditions such as stress.
de Diego-Otero
Y
Y
Laboratorio de Investigación, Fundación IMABIS, Hospital Carlos Haya, Hospital Civil, E-29011 Málaga. ydediego@yahoo.es
Romero-Zerbo
Y
Y
El Bekay
R
R
Decara-Del Olmo
J
J
Sánchez-Salido
L
L
Bermúdez-Silva
F J
FJ
Del Arco-Herrera
I
I
Fernández-Carvajal
I
I
Rodríguez-de Fonseca
F
F
D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice