title: Isoflurane produces sustained cardiac protection after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoflurane reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury within hours to days of reperfusion. Whether isoflurane produces sustained cardiac protection has never been examined. The authors studied isoflurane-induced cardiac protection in the intact mouse after 2 h and 2 weeks of reperfusion and determined the dependence of this protection on adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels and the relevance of this protection to myocardial function and apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were randomly assigned to receive oxygen or isoflurane for 30 min with 15 min of washout. Some mice received mitochondrial (5-hydroxydecanoic acid) or sarcolemmal (HMR-1098) adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel blockers with or without isoflurane. Mice were then subjected to a 30-min coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h or 2 weeks of reperfusion. Infarct size was determined at 2 h and 2 weeks of reperfusion. Cardiac function and apoptosis were determined 2 weeks after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane did not change hemodynamics. Isoflurane reduced infarct size after reperfusion when compared with the control groups (27.7 +/- 6.3 vs. 41.7 +/- 6.4% at 2 h and 19.6 +/- 5.9 vs. 28.8 +/- 9.0% at 2 weeks). Previous administration of 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, but not HMR-1098, abolished isoflurane-induced cardiac protection. At 2 weeks, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was decreased significantly and end-systolic pressure and maximum and minimum dP/dt were improved by isoflurane. Isoflurane-treated mice subjected to ischemia and 2 weeks of reperfusion showed less expression of proapoptotic genes, significantly decreased expression of cleaved caspase-3, and significantly decreased deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling-positive nuclei compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac protection induced by isoflurane against necrotic and apoptotic cell death is associated with an acute memory period that is sustained and functionally relevant 2 weeks after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yasuo M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: Hemal H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: N Chin
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane