title: Beta-cryptoxanthin stimulates apoptotic cell death and suppresses cell function in osteoclastic cells: change in their related gene expression.
abstract: The effect of beta-cryptoxanthin, a kind of carotenoid, on osteoclastic cells in mouse marrow culture system in vitro was investigated. The macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent bone marrow macrophages were cultured in the presence of M-CSF (10 ng/ml) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL; 25 ng/ml) for 4 days. The osteoclastic cells formed were further cultured in medium containing either vehicle or beta-cryptoxanthin (10(-8)-10(-6) M) with or without M-CSF (10 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml) for 24-72 h. Osteoclastic cells were significantly decreased with culture of beta-cryptoxanthin (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) with or without M-CSF and RANKL for 24, 48, or 72 h. beta-Cryptoxanthin (10(-8) M)-induced decrease in osteoclastic cells were significantly inhibited in the presence of caspase-3 inhibitor (10(-8) or 10(-7) M). Agarose gel electrophoresis showed the presence of low-molecular-weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments of adherent cells cultured with beta-cryptoxanthin (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) for 24 or 48 h, indicating that the carotenoid induces apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis-related gene expression was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Culture with beta-cryptoxanthin (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) for 24 or 48 h caused a significant increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression in the presence or absence of M-CSF and RANKL, while Bcl-2 and Apaf-2 mRNA expressions were significantly increased with culture of beta-cryptoxanthin (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) without M-CSF and RANKL for 24 or 48 h. Akt-1 mRNA expression was not significantly changed with culture of the carotenoid (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) for 24 or 48 h. Moreover, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activity, or TRACP and cathepsin K mRNA expressions were significantly decreased with culture of beta-cryptoxanthin (10(-6) M) in the presence or absence of M-CSF and RANKL for 48 h. This study demonstrates that beta-cryptoxanthin has stimulatory effects on apoptotic cell death and suppressive effects on osteoclastic cell function.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrinology and Molecular Metabolism, Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D020169:Caspases