title: Evaluation of cyclonic ash, commercial Na-silicates, lime and phosphoric acid for metal immobilisation purposes in contaminated soils in Flanders (Belgium).
abstract: In order to reduce the health risks associated with historically enriched metal smelting sites in Flanders (Belgium), the capacities of a non-beringite cyclonic ash and commercial Na-silicates to fix metals and create conditions to restore vegetation cover were evaluated and compared to lime and H(3)PO(4). All tested amendments reduced Ca(NO(3))(2)-extractable soil metal concentrations and reduced metal uptake in Agrostis capillaris seedlings. Sodium released by Na-silicates was possibly toxic to bean plants while an isotopic dilution technique revealed that metals were only weakly sorbed by silicates (i.e. reversible sorption). Cyclonic ash appeared more efficient than lime in both reducing oxidative stress in beans and Zn, Cu and Pb uptake in grasses. The metal fixing mechanism for both amendments appeared similar (i.e. irreversible fixation at constant pH), in contrast to H(3)PO(4) where at least part of the immobilised Cd was irreversibly fixed across a range of pH.
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Agoralaan--Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. wouter.geebelen@uhasselt.be <wouter.geebelen@uhasselt.be>
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geebelen
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sappin-Didier
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruttens
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carleer
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yperman
authors.forename: Kwèlè
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bongué-Boma
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mench
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Lelie
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vangronsveld
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D031703:Agrostis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001530:Belgium; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002106:Cadmium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008669:Metallurgy; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D010087:Oxides; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000378:metabolism; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D017640:Silicates; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D002106:Cadmium Radioisotopes; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010087:Oxides; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D017640:Silicates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C016538:lime; C030242:phosphoric acid; C005691:sodium silicate