title: The placido wavefront sensor and preliminary measurement on a mechanical eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hardware and software of a novel wavefront sensor was developed (The sensor presented here is patent pending.). It has the same principal of the Hartmann-Shack (HS) and other sensors that are based on slope information for recovery of wavefront surface, but a different symmetry, and does not use individual microlenses. This polar symmetry might offer differences during practical measurements that may add value to current and well-established "gold standard" techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sensor consists of a set of concentric "half-donut" surfaces (longitudinally sectioned toroids) molded on an acrylic surface with a CCD located at the focal plane. When illuminated with a plane wavefront, it focuses a symmetric pattern of concentric discs on the CCD plane; for a distorted wavefront, a nonsymmetric disc pattern is formed (similar to images of a placido-based videokeratographer). From detection of shift in the radial direction, radial slopes are computed for a maximum of 2880 points, and the traditional least-squares procedure is used to fit these partial derivatives to a set of 15 conventional OSA-VSIA Zernike polynomials. Theoretical computations for several synthetic surfaces containing low-order aberration (LOA) and high-order aberration (HOA) were implemented for both the HS and the new sensor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Root mean square error (RMSE) in microns when theoretical data was taken as control, for HS sensor and new sensor, was 0.02 and 0.00003 for LOA (defocus, astigmatism) and 0.07 and 0.06 for HOA (coma, spherical, and higher terms), respectively. After this, practical preliminary measurements on a mechanical eye with a 5-mm pupil and 10 different defocus aberrations ranging from -5 D to 5 D, in steps of 1 D, were compared between sensors. RMSE for difference in measurements for HS and new sensor for sphere, cylinder, and axis, was 0.13 D, 0.07 D, and 11. Measurements were taken only on defocus aberrations. Qualitative images for astigmatism are shown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although practical in vivo tests were not conducted in this first study, we also discuss certain possible alignment differences that may arise as a result of the different symmetry of the new sensor. To take any conclusive assumption regarding the accuracy and/or precision of this new sensor, when compared with other well-established sensors, statistically significant in vivo measurements will need to be conducted.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Optica, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. lavcf@if.sc.usp.br
authors.forename: Luis Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Jarbas C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results