title: Silymarin protects against acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that both oxidative stress and abnormal cytokine production, especially tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), play important etiological roles in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Agents that have both antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties, particularly anti-TNF production, represent promising therapeutic interventions for ALD. We investigated the effects and the possible mechanism(s) of silymarin on liver injury induced by acute ethanol (EtOH) administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine-week-old mice were divided into 4 groups, control, silymarin treatment, EtOH treatment, and silymarin/EtOH treatment, with 6 mice in each group. Because control and silymarin values were virtually identical, only control treatment is shown for ease of viewing. Ethanol-treated mice received EtOH [5 g/kg body weight (BW)] by gavage every 12 hours for a total of 3 doses. Control mice received an isocalorical maltose solution. In the silymarin/EtOH group, silymarin was dissolved in the EtOH and gavaged simultaneously with EtOH at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW. At 4 hours after the last dosing, the mice were anesthetized and subsequent serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, hepatic lipid peroxidation, enzymatic activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1, hepatic TNF-alpha, and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Histopathological change was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute EtOH administration caused prominent hepatic microvesicular steatosis with mild necrosis and an elevation of serum ALT activity, induced a significant decrease in hepatic GSH in conjunction with enhanced lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatic TNF production. Supplementation with a standardized silymarin attenuated these adverse changes induced by acute EtOH administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silymarin protects against the liver injury caused by acute EtOH administration. In view of its nontoxic nature, it may be developed as an effective therapeutic agent for alcohol-induced liver disease by its antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory features.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. song-6@medctr.osu.edu
authors.forename: Zhenyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ion
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Deaciuc
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: David Y-W
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yanze
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaosheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McClain
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000633:toxicity*; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006519:Hepatitis, Alcoholic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012838:Silymarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D012838:Silymarin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D005978:Glutathione