title: Third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies following closed head injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between the circumstances and severity of closed head injury (CHI) and the clinical and imaging features of cranial nerve 3, 4, and 6 palsies has not been rigorously addressed in a large study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of 210 consecutive patients with CHI examined at a single tertiary care center from 1987 to 2002. Patients were located by searching the ophthalmology inpatient consultation and neuro-ophthalmology outpatient databases and hospital emergency room billing codes for a diagnosis of traumatic 3, 4, or 6 cranial nerve palsy (Cranial Nerve Injury Group) and a diagnosis of CHI without traumatic 3, 4, or 6 nerve palsy (Control Group). The Cranial Nerve Injury Group was then subdivided into two groups: those with injuries to an individual cranial nerve and those with multiple (including bilateral) cranial nerve injuries. Comparisons between groups were based on age, gender, type of accident, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), documented loss of consciousness (LOC), type of ocular injury, presence of systemic injury, need for rehabilitation, physical therapy and cognitive scores, and imaging features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cranial Nerve Injury Group had a significantly higher severity of head injury, more CT abnormalities, and worse short-term neurologic outcomes as compared with the Control Group. These trends were also found when each cranial nerve injury subgroup was compared with the Control Group. Those with cranial nerve 3 palsy had the most severe head injury; those with cranial nerve 4 palsy had an intermediate level of head injury; and those with cranial nerve 6 palsy had the lowest level of head injury. There were no consistent associations between the location of the imaging abnormalities and which cranial nerve was damaged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHI with palsy of an ocular motor nerve was more severe than CHI without ocular motor nerve palsy, as measured by the GCS, intracranial and skull imaging abnormalities, and a greater frequency of inpatient rehabilitation. Palsy of cranial nerve 3 was associated with relatively more severe CHI than was palsy of cranial nerves 4 or 6. The location of the imaging abnormalities did not correlate with a particular cranial nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Avninder
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: Adrienne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Trobe
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Musch
mesh_terms: D020434:Abducens Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015840:Oculomotor Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D020432:Trochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*