title: The intraductal approach to breast cancer biomarker discovery.
abstract: Established methods of breast cancer detection have well-described limitations, and new diagnostic techniques are evolving continually to improve diagnostic accuracy. The intraductal approach encompasses the modalities of nipple aspiration, ductal lavage, and duct endoscopy, and is a means of directly accessing the microenvironment of the breast and either sampling or visualizing this intraductal milieu. The aim of sampling this mammary microenvironment is to obtain samples from the physical surroundings of cells that are undergoing malignant transformation, thereby providing a new method of detection before the development of a clinically or radiologically discernible mass. A literature review was conducted to investigate the evolution of the intraductal approach and its particular application in the field of biomarker discovery, primarily using the intraductal technique of nipple aspiration, in combination with emerging protein profiling techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Surgery (Breast Unit), Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R Sascha
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.forename: Clare M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Isacke
authors.forename: Gerald P H
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Gui
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000737:chemistry; D043171:Chromosomal Instability; D019175:DNA Methylation; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000032:analysis; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009558:Nipples; D040901:Proteomics; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D007610:Kallikreins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; C524898:PLAUR protein, human