title: In vivo anthelmintic activity of Dorycnium rectum and grape seed extract against Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the in vivo anthelmintic activity of condensed tannins (CT) in the forage species Dorycnium rectum and Medicago sativa, and in an extract from grape (Vitus vinifera) seeds (GSE), against two species of parasite, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, at different stages of their life cycle, in sheep that were parasite-naïve or previously exposed to nematodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Trial 1, a factorial treatment structure was used to compare faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) and worm burdens in 40 weaned Romney lambs fed either the CT-containing forage D. rectum (12% dry matter; DM) or M. sativa (lucerne; 0.2% DM). Twenty naïve and 20 previously-exposed lambs were drenched free of parasites then reinfected with known species and numbers of parasites, and housed in pens indoors on a diet of lucerne pellets and chaffed hay. Groups of lambs (n=5 lambs per group) were fed one of the forages over one of two time periods within the parasite's life cycle. Six to nine days after the last feeding of fresh forages, faecal samples were collected for FEC, and all lambs were slaughtered and worm counts conducted. In Trial 2, 12 Suffolk x Romney lambs were surgically implanted with an abomasal cannula and then housed indoors in metabolism crates. After infection with parasites, six lambs were infused continuously over a 14-day period with a commercially available CT GSE (96% DM, made up to 34 g/L in water); the remaining lambs were infused with water. During infusion, samples were collected for egg hatch and larval development assays. After infusion, samples were collected for FEC, and all lambs were slaughtered and worm counts conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Trial 1, there was a significant (p<0.001) difference in burdens of O. circumcincta between naïve lambs and those previously exposed to parasites, but no other differences were recorded. In Trial 2, lambs infused with GSE had significantly (p<0.05) fewer T. colubriformis at slaughter and significantly (p<0.001) fewer eggs hatched in the egg hatch assay (EHA) than for lambs infused with water. Overall, the differences attributable to GSE were small in magnitude, being an 11% drop in egg hatch, and an 18% drop in numbers of adult T. colubriformis after 14 days of continuous infusion. No other differences were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the in vivo anthelmintic activity of these CT sources is, at best, modest and is unlikely to be of any practical value. Further, these data emphasise that in vitro activity is an unreliable indicator of in vivo efficacy for CT-containing forages and extracts.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand. tania.waghorn@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Waghorn
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Molan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deighton
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leathwick
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McNabb
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Meagher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D010028:Ostertagia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010029:Ostertagiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013634:Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014253:Trichostrongylosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D014254:Trichostrongylus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins