title: Risk of second malignancy after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a British Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess long-term site-specific risks of second malignancy following non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in relation to treatment and demographic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 2,456 patients with NHL who were first treated from 1973 to 2000 and were younger than 60 years from centers in the British National Lymphoma Investigation were observed, and occurrences of second malignancy was compared with expectations based on general population cancer rates in England and Wales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 123 second malignancies occurred. Relative risks (RRs) were significantly elevated for all malignancies combined (RR = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6) and for leukemia (RR = 8.8; 95% CI, 5.1 to 14.1) and lung cancer (RR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.3). RRs of malignancy overall diminished significantly with increasing age at first treatment. Leukemia risk was significantly increased after chemotherapy (RR = 10.5; 95% CI, 5.0 to 19.3) and mixed-modality treatment (RR = 13.0; 95% CI, 5.2 to 26.7). Relative risks of lung (RR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.1) and colorectal (RR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.6) cancers were significantly raised following chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NHL patients are at elevated risk of developing second malignancy, particularly leukemia and lung cancer. The relative risk is greater with patients who are younger at first treatment. Chemotherapy predisposes patients toan increased risk of leukemia, and possibly lung and colorectal cancers. The role of specific drug treatments in the etiology of solid cancers after NHL deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom. nadejda.mudie@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nadejda Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Mudie
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Zongkai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Barry W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Linch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies