Risk of active tuberculosis among schoolchildren in Hong Kong.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) and its implication on preventive treatment among BCG-vaccinated schoolchildren.


METHODS
Cohort and case-control designs.


METHODS
Community settings in a high-prevalence area.


METHODS
Children in primary school. The main exposure was their tuberculin response.


METHODS
Of 94,928 primary schoolchildren tuberculin tested during a routine school revaccination program in 1999, 656 with a tuberculin response at 20 mm or more were followed up prospectively through the territory-wide TB registry up to December 31, 2003, for the development of TB. In a separate case-control analysis, the tuberculin responses of children who subsequently had active TB (at the age of 10-15 years) were compared with those of their sex- and age-matched classmates to ascertain the relative risks of TB for different tuberculin reaction categories. The absolute and relative risks were applied to the 1999 cohort for estimating the incidence of TB among different tuberculin reactors.


RESULTS
The annual incidence (95% confidence interval) of active TB was estimated to be 13.4 (5.6-40.6) per 100,000 for the entire cohort and 7.5 (2.4-24.5), 7.5 (1.7-32.0), 16.0 (4.4-57.2), 92.6 (26.6-320.2), and 340.6 (163.3-626.4) per 100,000 for children with a tuberculin reaction at 0 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 19, and 20 mm or more, respectively. By using 10 mm as the cutoff, 482 (95% confidence interval, 163-1391) children have to be treated to prevent a single case of active TB within 5 years. Treatment will cover 17.5% of the cohort, but prevent only 54.1% of all active TB cases.


CONCLUSIONS
It is desirable to reexamine the existing screening method for BCG-vaccinated children from high-prevalence countries.
Leung
Chi Chiu
CC
Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong. cc_leung@dh.gov.hk
Yew
Wing Wai
WW
Chang
Kwok Chiu
KC
Tam
Cheuk Ming
CM
Chan
Chi Kuen
CK
Law
Wing Sze
WS
Wong
Man Yee
MY
Lee
Shuk Nor
SN
Leung
Maria
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000276:immunology; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology
D014373:Tuberculin