title: Internalization of sst2, sst3, and sst5 receptors: effects of somatostatin agonists and antagonists.
abstract: The uptake of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs by tumor cells through receptor-mediated internalization is a critical process for the in vivo targeting of tumoral somatostatin receptors. In the present study, the somatostatin receptor internalization induced by a variety of somatostatin analogs was measured with new immunocytochemical methods that allow characterization of trafficking of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2), somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (sst3), and somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (sst5) in vitro at the protein level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing the sst2, sst3, or the sst5 were used in a morphologic immunocytochemical internalization assay using specific sst2, sst3 and sst5 antibodies to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the capability of somatostatin agonists or antagonists to induce somatostatin receptor internalization. In addition, the internalization properties of a selection of these agonists have been compared and quantified in sst2-expressing CHO-K1 cells using an ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agonists with a high sst2-binding affinity were able to induce sst2 internalization in the HEK293 and CHO-K1 cell lines. New sst2 agonists, such as Y-DOTA-TATE, Y-DOTA-NOC, Lu-DOTA-BOC-ATE (where DOTA is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; TATE is [Tyr3, Thr8]-octreotide; NOC is [1-NaI3]-octreotide; and BOC-ATE is [BzThi3, Thr8]-octreotide), iodinated sugar-containing octreotide analogs, or BIM-23244 were considerably more potent in internalizing sst2 than was DTPA-octreotide (where DTPA is diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Similarly, compounds with high sst3 affinity such as KE108 were able to induce sst3 internalization. In sst2- or sst3-expressing cell lines, agonist-induced receptor internalization was efficiently abolished by sst2- or sst3-selective antagonists, respectively. Antagonists alone had no effect on sst2 or sst3 internalization. We also showed that somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 can induce sst5 internalization. Unexpectedly, however, potent sst5 agonists such as KE108, BIM-23244, and L-817,818 were not able to induce sst5 internalization under the same conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using sensitive and reproducible immunocytochemical methods, the ability of various somatostatin analogs to induce sst2, sst3, and sst5 internalization has been qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Whereas all agonists triggered sst2 and sst3 internalization, sst5 internalization was induced by natural somatostatin peptides but not by synthetic high-affinity sst5 agonists. Such assays will be of considerable help for the future characterization of ligands foreseen for nuclear medicine applications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cescato
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waser
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eltschinger
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rivier
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culler
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ginj
authors.forename: Qisheng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schonbrunn
authors.forename: Jean Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reubi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000819:agonists* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; D013004:Somatostatin