title: Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: Many adverse events have been described in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Recently, among these, adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder has been described in some patients using protease inhibitors. We report our experience with 6 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in whom adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder developed during HAART. All 6 patients were treated with the same antiretroviral drug combination (HAART) including nucleoside reverse transcriptase (stavudine and lamivudine) and protease inhibitors (indinavir). The clinical pattern of adhesive capsulitis during HAART is similar to the classical form of adhesive capsulitis. Examining our case studies, we postulate a correlation between HAART and adhesive capsulitis. Discontinuation or reduction of the dosage of protease inhibitors associated with conventional conservative treatment is effective in reducing the symptoms and resolving the disease.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Vita et Salute University San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy. alexdeponti@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Ponti
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taverna
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sansone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002062:Bursitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012785:Shoulder Joint
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir