title: Activation of the prefrontal cortex during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological test to evaluate the function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, inconsistent results have been reported concerning whether this task activates the PFC symmetrically or asymmetrically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the brain activation in the PFC during the WCST, we examined blood oxygenation changes of healthy subjects by using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 32 healthy volunteers, 18 males and 14 females. The WCST was administered using a computerized version, and the hemodynamic changes of the PFC during the WCST were measured by a 24-channel NIRS system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A bilateral increase in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) was observed in the PFC in 20 subjects during the WCST. However, 5 subjects showed predominant activation on the left side and 3 subjects one on the right side. No oxyHb change was observed in 4 subjects, although they had good performances in the WCST.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results directly confirmed that the PFC was activated during the WCST in vivo by using the optical technique and suggested that the distribution of the activation in the PFC is different among healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. satsuki@clin.med.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satsuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sumitani
authors.forename: Tsunehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shin'Ya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tayoshi
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kameoka
authors.forename: Shu-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohmori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins