title: In situ lubricant degradation in Antarctic marine sediments. 1. Short-term changes.
abstract: A large-scale, in situ experiment was set up near the Bailey Peninsula area (Casey Station, East Antarctica) to monitor the natural attenuation of synthetic lubricants in marine sediments over five years. Here, we report the short-term changes after 5 and 56 weeks. The lubricants tested were an unused and used Mobil lubricant (0W/40; Exxon Mobil, Irving, TX, USA) and a biodegradable alternative (0W/20; Fuchs Lubricants, Harvey, IL, USA). Clean sediment was collected, contaminated with the lubricants, and deployed by divers onto the seabed in a randomized block design. The sampled sediments were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame-ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. The base fluid of all lubricant treatments did not decrease significantly after 56 weeks in situ. Alkanoate esters of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane in the biodegradable and unused lubricants were degraded extensively in situ; however, these esters constituted only a minor proportion of the lubricant volume. The additives, alkylated naphthalenes and substituted diphenylamines, were fairly resistant to degradation, which is of environmental concern because of their toxicity. The biodegradable lubricant did not break down to recognized biodegradable thresholds and, as such, should not be classified as biodegradable under Antarctic marine conditions. A separate experiment was conducted to determine the influence of sediment preparation and deployment on compound ratios within the lubricants, and we found that preparation and deployment of the contaminated sediments had only a minor effect on compound recovery. Further monitoring of this in situ experiment will provide much needed information about the long-term natural attenuation of lubricants.
authors.affiliation: Human Impacts Research Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia. belinda.thompson@erm.com
authors.forename: Belinda A W
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Noel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Goldsworthy
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Snape
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D008153:Lubrication
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons