title: Efficacy and safety of preprandial human insulin inhalation powder versus injectable insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy and safety of human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP) plus insulin glargine were compared to subcutaneously injected insulin (SC insulin) plus insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomised, open-label crossover study in which one group of patients received preprandial HIIP plus insulin glargine for 12 weeks, followed by the same duration with preprandial SC insulin (lispro or regular) plus insulin glargine. Another group of patients received the reverse treatment sequence. The trial was designed as a non-inferiority comparison of the two treatments for effect on HbA(1c); blood glucose levels were also monitored. Safety assessments included adverse event reporting and hypoglycaemic events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HbA(1c) at endpoint was 7.95+/-0.12% for the HIIP treatment and 8.06+/-0.12% for the SC insulin treatment; mean changes from baseline to endpoint were -0.08 and 0.00%, respectively, (p=NS). The upper limit of the 95% CI of mean difference in HbA(1c) between the two treatments was 0.02%, indicating that HIIP was not inferior relative to SC insulin, as measured against the pre-defined margin of 0.3%. Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower for HIIP treatment (8.09+/-0.33 mmol/l; n=117) than for SC insulin treatment (9.05+/-0.33 mmol/l; n=111) (p=0.01). Safety profiles were comparable between the two treatments. The rate of any hypoglycaemia (least-squares mean adjusted for 30 days+/-SE) was 8.9+/-0.7 and 8.2+/-0.8 for HIIP and SC insulin treatments, respectively, (p=0.29). The rate of nocturnal hypoglycaemia was greater for HIIP (4.2+/-0.4) than for SC insulin (2.7+/-0.4; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIIP was similar in efficacy to SC insulin for glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The two treatments had comparable safety profiles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Paediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. satish.garg@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenstock
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Konkoy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Peña
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Muchmore
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D011994:Recombinant Proteins