title: Second-trimester prediction of severe placental complications in women with combined elevations in alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of uterine artery Doppler and placental ultrasound to identify adverse clinical outcomes attributable to severe placental dysfunction in women with second-trimester unexplained elevated maternal serum screening of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty singleton pregnancies with elevated alpha-fetoprotein (3.5 multiples of median [range 2.1 to 10.5]) and human chorionic gonadotropin (5.3 multiples of median [range 2.5 to 21.7]) and a normal fetal anatomical ultrasound were prospectively evaluated with placental ultrasound and uterine artery Doppler at referral between 19 and 23 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities in both placental ultrasound and uterine artery Doppler (n = 24) predicted preterm delivery less than 32 weeks from any cause (n = 24) (75% sensitivity, 75% positive predictive value; likelihood ratio positive 3.3 [1.6 to 6.8]), intrauterine fetal death (n = 12) (100% sensitivity, 50% positive predictive value; likelihood ratio positive 3.1 [2.0 to 5.0]), and intrauterine growth restriction with absent/reversed end-diastolic flow (n = 17) (sensitivity 94%, positive predictive value 67%, likelihood ratio positive 3.9 [2.0 to 6.2]) . Ischemic-thrombotic pathology was present in 88% of placentas examined (n = 32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uterine artery Doppler and placental morphology identified most pregnancies with combined abnormal maternal serum screening destined to result in extremely premature delivery and/or perinatal death. Abnormal maternal serum screening reports could include a recommendation for placental ultrasound testing when no fetal explanation has been identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division Placenta Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Fawaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alkazaleh
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chaddha
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viero
authors.forename: Aasim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anastasiades
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sroka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chitayat
authors.forename: Ants
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.forename: Rory C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Windrim
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kingdom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins