title: Novel and innovative strategies to treat ventilator-associated pneumonia: optimizing the duration of therapy and nebulizing antimicrobial agents.
abstract: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is responsible for approximately half of the infections acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU) and represents one of the principal reasons for prescribing antibiotics in this setting. Because unnecessary prolongation of antimicrobial therapy and insufficient dosing of antibiotics at the site of infection in patients with true bacterial infection may lead to the selection of multidrug-resistant microorganisms without improving clinical outcome, efforts to reduce the duration of therapy and optimize pulmonary penetration of antimicrobial agents are warranted. An 8-day regimen can probably be standard for patients with VAP. Possible exceptions to this recommendation include immunosuppressed patients, those whose initial antimicrobial treatment was not appropriate for the causative microorganism(s), and patients whose infection was caused by very difficult-to-treat microorganisms and had no improvement in clinical signs of infection. Nebulizing concentration-dependent antibiotics such as aminoglycosides during mechanical ventilation can markedly increase tissue penetration in foci of pneumonia as compared with intravenous administration. The superiority in terms of pulmonary penetration and antibacterial efficacy of this route of administration was demonstrated in a model of ventilated piglets with and without bronchopneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Réanimation Chirurgicale Pierre Viars, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chastre
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rouby
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers