title: Interleukin-6 treatment reverses apoptosis and blunts susceptibility to intraperitoneal bacterial challenge following hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock (HS) predisposes to subsequent infections. Susceptibility to infection following sepsis has been attributed to apoptosis. Interleukin (IL)-6 has been shown to have antiapoptotic properties and to decrease postresuscitation inflammation in rodent and porcine models of HS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine if HS increases host susceptibility to infection, if IL-6 administration at resuscitation reduces this susceptibility, and if changes in susceptibility to infection are accompanied by parallel changes in apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were randomized into three groups-HS, sham, and no-surgery control-and each group was further randomized to receive either IL-6 (3 microg/kg; HS/IL-6) or placebo (HS/P) at the start of resuscitation. In the HS-infection protocol, each mouse was challenged intraperitoneally the next day with a sublethal dose of Staphylococcus aureus (4x107 colony-forming units); 24 hrs later, the peritoneal cavity was lavaged and the major organs were harvested for culture. In the HS-apoptosis protocol, the livers were harvested the next day and analyzed by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HS/P mice had a six- to eight-fold increase in total bacterial counts in comparison with sham and control mice that was attributable to a seven- to nine-fold increase in liver burden. IL-6 treatment reduced total and liver bacterial counts in HS/IL-6 mice by 62% and 69%, respectively, to levels statistically indistinguishable from IL-6-treated sham and control mice. The number of TUNEL-positive liver cells in the HS/P group was increased eight-fold vs. that in the sham group (p=.002); IL-6 resuscitation completely reversed the HS-induced increase in TUNEL-positive cells in the HS/IL-6 group (p=.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-6 treatment at resuscitation eliminated the HS-mediated increase in total and liver bacterial burden and protected the liver from HS-induced apoptosis. Reduced liver apoptosis may explain the ability of IL-6 to blunt the HS-induced increase in susceptibility to bacterial challenge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ayse Akcan
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Arikan
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mary-Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mastrangelo
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tweardy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011897:Random Allocation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012151:Resuscitation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D011994:Recombinant Proteins