title: Evaluating the risk to aquatic ecosystems posed by leachate from tire shred fill in roads using toxicity tests, toxicity identification evaluations, and groundwater modeling.
abstract: The risk to adjacent aquatic systems posed by leachates from scrap tires used in engineering applications has not been characterized adequately. Toxicity testing, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), and groundwater modeling were used to determine the circumstances under which tire shreds could be used as roadbed fill with negligible risk to aquatic organisms in adjacent water bodies. Elevated levels of iron, manganese, and several other chemicals were found in tire shred leachates. However, chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) showed no adverse effects caused by leachates collected from tire shreds installed above the water table. Exposure to leachates collected from tire shreds installed below the water table resulted in significant reductions to both survival and reproduction in C. dubia. The TIE results indicated that exposure to soluble metals (likely ferrous iron primarily) and the formation of iron hydroxide precipitates on this invertebrate species likely were the causes of the observed effects. The available chemistry data show that iron concentrations in the affected groundwater decreased substantially within a short distance (0.61 m) downgradient of tire shred fill. Based on geochemical modeling, the use of tire shreds in applications below the water table is appropriate in settings where dissolved oxygen is greater than 2.0 mg/L, pH is greater than 5.8, and a downgradient buffer of approximately 3.0 m exists between the fill and the surface water. For settings with lower dissolved oxygen concentrations or lower pH, results of groundwater modeling indicate that a greater buffer distance (approximately 11 m) is needed to dilute the leachate to nontoxic levels under various soil and groundwater conditions solely through advection and dispersion processes.
authors.affiliation: Exponent, 500 12th Street, Suite 220, Oakland, California 94607, USA. psheehan@exponent.com
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Warmerdam
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogle
authors.forename: Dana N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: Stacey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Patenaude
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033361:Cladocera; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000254:growth & development; D004738:Engineering; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012098:Reproduction; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D012995:Solubility; D013534:Survival; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants