title: Acute changes in left ventricular diastolic function: cigarette smoking versus nicotine gum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction has been demonstrated during acute cigarette smoking in patients with coronary artery disease. Similar studies in healthy patients have shown conflicting results. Furthermore, it is unclear whether nicotine or some other cigarette-related substance is responsible for these observations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to confirm or refute acute effects of cigarette smoking on diastolic function in healthy patients and to compare diastolic effects of a cigarette to smokeless nicotine delivery (nicotine gum).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 27 healthy volunteers were self-assigned into one of two cohorts. A baseline echocardiogram was performed in all patients. The first cohort proceeded to smoke a cigarette and the second to chew a piece of nicotine gum. Within minutes after exposure, another echocardiogram was performed. Traditional measures of diastolic function were compared before and after substance exposure by paired t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cigarette cohort showed echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction after smoking. The E:A ratio (time integral) decreased from 2.95 to 2.22 (p < 0.002). Atrial reversal pulmonary velocity, atrial reversal duration, and color flow propagation all showed statistically significant alterations (p < 0.05). The nicotine gum cohort showed no change in traditional diastolic parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diastolic function is impaired during acute exposure to cigarette smoke but unchanged after exposure to nicotine gum. It is therefore unlikely that nicotine alone is responsible for cigarette-induced acute diastolic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5037, USA.
authors.forename: Mathew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gembala
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Vincent L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sorrell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002638:Chewing Gum; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012907:Smoking; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D009538:Nicotine