title: Nutrient intake of women with and without gestational diabetes with a specific focus on fatty acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diet therapy is the cornerstone for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women with GDM are commonly given dietary advice that broadly focuses on a reduction of total energy and fat consumption. We compared nutrient intake and specifically fatty acids of women with GDM who had received individualized nutritional counseling with those of non-diabetic women who did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with GDM (n=44) and healthy pregnant women (n=44) with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were recruited during the third trimester. Women with GDM were given consultation on diet, health, and macronutrient content of foods commonly consumed by the individual. The non-diabetic group did not receive any dietary advice. Both groups were asked to keep a detailed record of all of foods and fluid consumed over a 4-d period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After dietary counseling, the GDM group had lower intakes of energy (P<0.05), refined sugar (P<0.0001), total and saturated fats (P<0.0001), and monounsaturated (P<0.01) and trans (P<0.0001) fatty acids and higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid and fiber (P<0.05) compared with the non-diabetic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individualized dietary advice was associated with a lower consumption of the target nutrients in women with GDM. Another benefit of the advice was a slight increase in intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, although consumption of omega-3 fatty acids by both groups was well below the recommendations for pregnancy. There is evidence that docosahexaenoic acid modulates insulin resistance and that it is vital for neurovisual development. We suggest that dietary management for women with GDM should foster the current recommendations for essential fatty acids in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, London Metropolitan University, and Endocrine and Diabetic Day Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom. b.thomas@londonmet.ac.uk
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Kebreab
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghebremeskel
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lowy
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Offley-Shore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000178:diet therapy*; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012017:Referral and Consultation
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3