title: Light absorbing properties of indocyanine green (ICG) in solution and after adsorption to the retinal surface: an ex-vivo approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate potential differences in light absorbing properties and stability of indocyanine green (ICG) adsorbed to the retinal surface and of ICG dissolved in water and balanced salt solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The retina of four human donor eyes was prepared by removing the vitreous from the retinal surface. The inner surface of the specimen was covered with two to three drops of a 0.05% or 0.15% ICG solution respectively. After 1 min, the dye was removed by careful irrigation using BSS plus. The retinal specimens were then investigated by diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV/VIS/NIR Spectrometer Lambda 900/Perkin Elmer equipped with a PELA-1020 integrating sphere accessory) and their absorption evaluated by the Kubelka-Munk function. To control the sensitivity of the setting, diffuse reflectance spectra of ICG adsorbed to a cellulose membrane and Al(2)O(3) were measured. For comparison, absorption spectra of ICG dissolved in water and BSS plus solution were measured in relation to ICG concentration and time using an UV/VIS/NIR Spectrometer Lambda 900/Perkin Elmer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the retinal surface, absorption spectra exhibited a steep increase of absorption beginning at 620 nm, with a maximum at 736 nm (0.05%) and a shoulder at 745 (0.15%) and a second maximum at approximately 800 nm for both concentrations. Repeated measurement of the retinal surface 13 days after the ICG exposure revealed no changes in the position of the maxima as compared to the initial measurements. Light absorbing properties of ICG on cellulose or Al(2)O(3) are similar to those seen on the retinal surface with respect to the pattern and location of absorption maxima. In contrast, ICG dissolved in water or BSS plus disclosed variations in absorption characteristics depending on dye concentration, solute and time of measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absorption characteristics and stability of ICG bound to the retinal surface could be of relevance when investigating potential pathomechanisms of ICG related toxicity, which might be related not only to intraoperative but also to postoperative light exposure of patients after intravitreal use of ICG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Mathildenstr 8, 80336, Munich, Germany. christos.haritoglou@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haritoglou
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freyer
authors.forename: Siegfried G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Priglinger
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D000327:Adsorption; D000328:Adult; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; C030660:BSS solution; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008903:Minerals; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007208:Indocyanine Green