title: Quantitative analysis of the working area and angle of attack for the retrosigmoid, combined petrosal, and transcochlear approaches to the petroclival region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors quantitatively assessed the working areas and angles of attack associated with retrosigmoid (RS), combined petrosal (CP), and transcochlear (TC) craniotomies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four silicone-injected cadaveric heads were bilaterally dissected using three approaches progressing from the least to the most extensive. Working areas were determined using the Optotrak 3020 system on the upper and middle thirds of the petroclivus and brainstem. Angles of attack were studied using the Elekta SurgiScope at the Dorello canal and the origin of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). The TC approach provided significantly greater (p < 0.001) working areas at the petroclivus (755.6 +/- 130.1 mm2) and brainstem (399.3 +/- 68.2 mm2) than the CP (354.1 +/- 60.3 and 289.7 +/- 69.9 mm2) and RS approaches (292.4 +/- 59.9, 177.2 +/- 54.2 mm2, respectively). The brainstem working area associated with the CP approach was significantly larger (p < 0.001) than that associated with the RS route. There was no difference in the petroclival working area comparing the CP and RS approaches (p = 0.149). The horizontal and vertical angles of attack achieved using the TC approach were wider than those of the CP and RS at the Dorello canal and the origin of the AICA (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CP approach offers a more extensive working area than the RS for lesions involving the anterolateral surface of the brainstem, but not for petroclival lesions. The TC approach provides the widest corridor, improving the working area and angle of attack to both areas, but hearing must be sacrificed and the facial nerve is at risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Rungsak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siwanuwatn
authors.forename: Pushpa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Eberval Gadelha
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Preul
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D020295:Brain Stem Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D003051:Cochlea / Q000601:surgery; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*