title: Investigations on the effects of rape oil quality, choline and methionine concentration in diets for laying hens on the trimethylamine content of the eggs, on trimethylamine metabolism and on laying performance.
abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the effects of graded levels of choline addition (0, 500, 1000 and 4000 mg/kg diet) in laying hen diets prepared either with degummed or refined rape oil on the performance, sensory properties and trimethylamine (TMA) contents of the eggs. Furthermore, the diets containing no supplemented choline or 4000mg choline/kg diet were tested with adequate or inadequate methionine supply (4.2 vs. 2.8 g methionine/kg diet). TMA metabolism and N-balance were measured for the latter diet types, but only with the diets containing refined rape oil. Therefore, a total of 12 and 4 diets were tested in the feeding (n = 60) and balance study (n = 9). Laying performance (23 -75 weeks of age) was not significantly influenced by increasing choline additions with the exception of feed-to-egg mass ratio which decreased significantly linearly (P(linear) = 0.003). However, a significant interaction between choline addition and laying month was detected which was caused by a depression of performance of the unsupplemented control group occurring from the sixth laying month. The most obvious effect of an inadequate methionine supply was a temporary drop in performance between the third and sixth laying months. The mean TMA-concentration in pooled egg yolks [microg/g] increased with dietary choline concentration [mg/kg] in an exponentially related fashion (y = 1.14 + 4E(-10) x x(2.71), r2 = 0.962) and suggested only a minor influence of total dietary choline on TMA content up to approximately 2000mg choline/kg. Individual TMA-concentrations varied greatly from 0.4 - 1.5 microg/g, from 2.2 - 34 microg/g and from 18.4 - 75 microg/g for eggs with a normal, aberrant and heavily aberrant odour, respectively. It is concluded that a total choline concentration of at least approximately 1500 mg/kg is necessary to maintain a maximal laying performance. An inadequate methionine supply cannot be compensated by an increased addition of choline. Neither degummed nor refined rape oil influenced the TMA content of eggs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition of the Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany. sven.daenicke@fal.de
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dänicke
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ueberschär
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weigend
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005260:Female; D008715:Methionine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D008744:Methylamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D011897:Random Allocation; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D008744:Methylamines; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D008715:Methionine; C023336:trimethylamine; D002794:Choline