title: Microarray image analysis: background estimation using quantile and morphological filters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a microarray experiment the difference in expression between genes on the same slide is up to 103 fold or more. At low expression, even a small error in the estimate will have great influence on the final test and reference ratios. In addition to the true spot intensity the scanned signal consists of different kinds of noise referred to as background. In order to assess the true spot intensity background must be subtracted. The standard approach to estimate background intensities is to assume they are equal to the intensity levels between spots. In the literature, morphological opening is suggested to be one of the best methods for estimating background this way.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper examines fundamental properties of rank and quantile filters, which include morphological filters at the extremes, with focus on their ability to estimate between-spot intensity levels. The bias and variance of these filter estimates are driven by the number of background pixels used and their distributions. A new rank-filter algorithm is implemented and compared to methods available in Spot by CSIRO and GenePix Pro by Axon Instruments. Spot's morphological opening has a mean bias between -47 and -248 compared to a bias between 2 and -2 for the rank filter and the variability of the morphological opening estimate is 3 times higher than for the rank filter. The mean bias of Spot's second method, morph.close.open, is between -5 and -16 and the variability is approximately the same as for morphological opening. The variability of GenePix Pro's region-based estimate is more than ten times higher than the variability of the rank-filter estimate and with slightly more bias. The large variability is because the size of the background window changes with spot size. To overcome this, a non-adaptive region-based method is implemented. Its bias and variability are comparable to that of the rank filter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of more advanced rank filters is equal to the best region-based methods. However, in order to get unbiased estimates these filters have to be implemented with great care. The performance of morphological opening is in general poor with a substantial spatial-dependent bias.
authors.affiliation: Mathematical Statistics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. ab@maths.lth.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015203:Reproducibility of Results