title: Influence of the Pulfrich phenomenon on driving performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Pulfrich stereoillusion occurs spontaneously in diseases inducing asymmetric visual pathway delays. Its influence on driving performance has never been investigated and was, therefore, assessed using a three-dimensional (3D) computer driving simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D driving scenery of a road with obstacles was visualised on an autostereoscopic 3D display. Seven normal subjects drove at a speed of 6 m/s using a steering wheel and three angles of view of the scenery (0 degrees, 45 degrees to left, and 90 degrees to left) with different interocular delays (25 ms on the right, 25 ms on the left, and no delay). One subject drove the scenery at an angle of 90 degrees without delay and with a delay of 8 ms, 16 ms, and 25 ms on the right and left, respectively, at speeds of 6 m/s, 12 m/s and 18 m/s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stereo-illusion only influenced car position if the angle of view was 90 degrees (p<0.05). At this angle, increasing car speeds were associated with larger car displacements (delay on right p<0.001, on left p<0.01) and smaller delays with smaller car displacements (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that Pulfrich phenomenon has an influence on car position only if the viewing angle is 90 degrees. No influence could be found if the driving direction corresponded to the visual axis of the driver. These findings are in agreement with reports of patients with spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon who indicate that while driving, distances are only misjudged when looking sideways.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Oculography, Kantonsspital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breyer
authors.forename: Xiaoyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rütsche
authors.forename: Hanspeter
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bieri
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oexl
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mojon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D009903:Optical Illusions; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology