title: Reference signal extraction from corrupted ECG using wavelet decomposition for MRI sequence triggering: application to small animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Present developments in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging techniques strive for improved spatial and temporal resolution performances. However, trying to achieve the shortest gradient rising time with high intensity gradients has its drawbacks: It generates high amplitude noises that get superimposed on the simultaneously recorded electrophysiological signals, needed to synchronize moving organ images. Consequently, new strategies have to be developed for processing these collected signals during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations. The aim of this work is to extract an efficient reference signal, from an electrocardiogram (ECG) that was contaminated by the NMR artefacts. This may be used for image triggering and/or cardiac rhythm monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our method, based on sub-band decomposition using wavelet filters, is tested on various ECG signals recorded during three imaging sequences: Gradient Echo (GE), Fast Spin Echo (FSE) and Inversion Recovery with Spin Echo (IRSE). In order to define the most adapted wavelet functions to use according to the excitation protocols, noise generated by each imaging sequence is recorded and analysed. After exploring noise models along with information found in the literature, a group of 14 wavelets, members of three families (Daubechies, Coiflets, Symlets), is selected for the study. The extraction process is carried out by decomposing the contaminated ECG signals into 8 scales using a given wavelet function, then combining the sub-bands necessary for cardiac synchronization, i.e. those containing the essential part of the QRS energy, to construct a reference signal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficiency of the presented method has been tested on a group of quite representative signals containing: highly contaminated (mean SNR<--5 dB) simulated ECGs that replicate normal and pathological human heart beats, as well as some pathological and healthy rodents' actual ECG records. Despite the weak SNR of the contaminated ECG, the performances were quite satisfactory. When comparing the wavelet performances, one may notice that for a given sequence, some wavelets are more efficient for processing than others; for GE, FSE and IRSE sequence, good synchronisation condition is accomplished with coif5, sym8, and sym4 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sub-band decomposition proved to be very suitable for extracting a reference signal from a corrupted ECG for MRI triggering. An appropriate choice of the wavelet function, in accordance with the image sequence type, could considerably improve the quality of the reference signal for better image synchronization.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Génie Biomédical, UMR CNRS 6600, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France. dima.abiabdallah@utc.fr
authors.forename: Dima
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abi-Abdallah
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chauvet
authors.forename: Latifa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bouchet-Fakri
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bataillard
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briguet
authors.forename: Odette
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fokapu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D051379:Mice; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted