title: Biomechanics of side impact: injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology.
abstract: This paper presents a survey of side impact trauma-related biomedical investigations with specific reference to certain aspects of epidemiology relating to the growing elderly population, improvements in technology such as side airbags geared toward occupant safety, and development of injury criteria. The first part is devoted to the involvement of the elderly by identifying variables contributing to injury including impact severity, human factors, and national and international field data. This is followed by a survey of various experimental models used in the development of injury criteria and tolerance limits. The effects of fragility of the elderly coupled with physiological changes (e.g., visual, musculoskeletal) that may lead to an abnormal seating position (termed out-of-position) especially for the driving population are discussed. Fundamental biomechanical parameters such as thoracic, abdominal and pelvic forces; upper and lower spinal and sacrum accelerations; and upper, middle and lower chest deflections under various initial impacting conditions are evaluated. Secondary variables such as the thoracic trauma index and pelvic acceleration (currently adopted in the United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards), peak chest deflection, and viscous criteria are also included in the survey. The importance of performing research studies with specific focus on out-of-position scenarios of the elderly and using the most commonly available torso side airbag as the initial contacting condition in lateral impacts for occupant injury assessment is emphasized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Medical College of Wisconsin, VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA. yoga@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stemper
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gennarelli
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Weigelt
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017278:Air Bags; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014947:Wounds and Injuries