title: Effect of betel chewing, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on oral submucous fibrosis: a case-control study in Sri Lanka.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, insidious, disabling potentially malignant condition of the oral mucosa seen predominantly in south and Southeast Asia. No reports are hitherto available on the aetiological factors of OSMF based on Sri Lankan patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 74 patients with OSMF and 74 controls who consecutively attended the Oral Medicine clinic at the Dental Hospital (Teaching) Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka were included in the study. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to model the influence of betel chewing, smoking and alcohol use and to determine the effects of different combinations of chewing habits on OSMF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Betel chewing was the only significantly associated factor in the aetiology of OSMF (OR = 171.83, 95% CI: 36.35-812.25). There were no interaction effects of chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption in the causation of OSMF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has shown a strong association of betel quid chewing (including tobacco as an ingredient) with the causation of OSMF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. spaga@pdn.ac.lk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ariyawardana
authors.forename: A D S
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Athukorala
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arulanandam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013188:Sri Lanka