title: Toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics of arsenic for farmed juvenile milkfish Chanos chanos and human consumption risk in BFD-endemic area of Taiwan.
abstract: This paper presents a toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic analysis to appraise arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in farmed juvenile milkfish Chanos chanos at blackfoot disease (BFD)-endemic area in Taiwan, whereas probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) models are also employed to assess the range of exposures for the fishers and non-fishers who eat the contaminated fish. We conducted a 7-day exposure experiment to obtain toxicokinetic parameters, whereas a simple critical body burden toxicity model was verified with LC50(t) data obtained from a 7-day acute toxicity bioassay. Acute toxicity bioassay indicates that 96-h LC50 for juvenile milkfish exposed to As is 7.29 (95% CI: 3.10-10.47) mg l(-1). Our risk analysis for milkfish reared in BFD-endemic area indicates a low likelihood that survival is being affected by waterborne As. Human risk analysis demonstrates that 90%-tile probability exposure ILCRs for fishers in BFD-endemic area have orders of magnitude of 10(-3), indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk, whereas there is no significant cancer risk for non-fishers (ILCRs around 10(-5)). All predicted 90%-tiles of HQ are less than 1 for non-fishers, yet larger than 10 for fishers which indicate larger contributions from farmed milkfish consumptions. Sensitivity analysis indicates that to increase the accuracy of the results, efforts should focus on a better definition of probability distributions for milkfish daily consumption rate and As level in milkfish. Here we show that theoretical human health risks for consuming As-contaminated milkfish in the BFD-endemic area are alarming under a conservative condition based on a probabilistic risk assessment model.
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicological Modeling Center, Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Berry Yun-Hua
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Chung-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Ming-Chao
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hsu-Hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000209:etiology*; D001711:Biotransformation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013624:Taiwan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic