title: Accommodative lag before and after the onset of myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate accommodative lag before, during the year of, and after the onset of myopia in children who became myopic, compared with emmetropes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 568 children who became myopic (at least -0.75 D in each meridian) and 539 children who were emmetropic (between -0.25 D and +1.00 D in each meridian at all visits) participating between 1995 and 2003 in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study. Accommodative lag was measured annually with either a Canon R-1 (Canon USA., Lake Success, NY; no longer manufactured) or a Grand Seiko WR 5100-K (Grand Seiko Co., Hiroshima, Japan) autorefractor. Subjects wore their habitual refractive corrections while viewing a letter target accommodative stimulus of 4 D (either in a Badal system or at 25 cm from the subject, designated Badal and near, respectively) or of 2 D (Badal only). Refractive error was measured with the same autorefractor in subjects under cycloplegia. Accommodative lag in children who became myopic was compared to age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched model estimates of emmetropic values for each annual visit from 5 years before, through 5 years after, the onset of myopia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sample as a whole, accommodative lag was not significantly different in children who became myopic compared with model estimates in emmetropes in any year before onset of myopia for either the 4-D or 2-D Badal stimulus. For the 4-D near target, there was only a greater amount of accommodative lag in children who became myopic compared with emmetropes 4 years before onset (difference, 0.22 D; P = 0.0002). Accommodative lag was not significantly elevated during the year of onset of myopia in any of the three measurement conditions (P < 0.82 for all three). A consistently higher lag was seen in children after the onset of their myopia (range, 0.13-0.56 D; P < 0.004 for all comparisons). These patterns were generally followed by each ethnic group, with Asian children typically showing the most, African-American and white children showing the least, and Hispanic children having intermediate accommodative lag.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantive and consistent elevations in accommodative lag relative to model estimates of lag in emmetropes did not occur in children who became myopic before the onset of myopia or during the year of onset. Increased accommodative lag occurred in children after the onset of myopia. Elevated accommodative lag is unlikely to be a useful predictive factor for the onset of myopia. Increased hyperopic defocus from accommodative lag may be a consequence rather than a cause of myopia.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1240, USA. mutti.2@osu.edu
authors.forename: Donald O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Mutti
authors.forename: G Lynn
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Melvin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moeschberger
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Kleinstein
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Manny
authors.forename: J Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Twelker
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zadnik
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*