Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetics and effects of orally administered fluconazole in African grey parrots.


METHODS
40 clinically normal Timneh African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh).


METHODS
In single-dose trials, parrots were placed into groups of 4 to 5 birds each and fluconazole was administered orally at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Blood samples for determination of plasma fluconazole concentrations were collected from each group at 2 or 3 of the following time points: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 31, 48, and 72 hours. In multiple-dose trials, fluconazole was administered orally to groups of 5 birds each at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg every 48 hours for 12 days. Trough plasma concentrations were measured 3 times during treatment. Groups receiving 20 mg/kg were monitored for changes in plasma biochemical analytes, and blood samples were collected on days 1 and 13 of treatment to allow comparison of terminal half-life.


RESULTS
Peak plasma concentrations of fluconazole were 7.45 and 18.59 microg/mL, and elimination half-lives were 9.22 and 10.19 hours for oral administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Oral administration of fluconazole for 12 days at 10 or 20 mg/kg every 48 hours did not cause identifiable adverse effects or change the disposition of fluconazole.


CONCLUSIONS
Oral administration of fluconazole to parrots at 10 to 20 mg/kg every 24 to 48 hours maintains plasma concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for several common yeast species. The prolonged dosing interval is an advantage of this treatment regimen.
Flammer
Keven
K
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, USA.
Papich
Mark
M
D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D010311:Parrots / Q000378:metabolism*; D013535:Suspensions; D013607:Tablets
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D013535:Suspensions; D013607:Tablets; D015725:Fluconazole