title: Metabolic syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with increased infarct size and in-hospital complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome (MS), the combination of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, is a precursor of diabetes mellitus (DM) and highly prevalent among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Diabetes mellitus is associated with larger infarct size and worse outcomes after AMI. This study examined infarct size and short-term outcomes among nondiabetic patients with MS following contemporary treatment of AMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred five consecutive patients with AMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. Patients with diabetes (n=105) were excluded. Those with MS (n=167) included patients with three or more of the following criteria: hypertension, elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein, and obesity [body mass index (BMI)> or =30]. The control group (n=133) included patients without MS or DM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline characteristics were similar except for hypertension, BMI, and dyslipidemia, which by study design were higher in the MS group. The MS group had larger infarct size as determined by peak creatine kinase-MB (79.8+/-133.8 vs. 30.84+/-51.5, P<.001). Overall in-hospital complications were higher in patients with MS (21.1% vs. 9.2%, P=.003). Metabolic syndrome is associated with a 10-fold increased risk of acute renal failure after myocardial infarction (7.9% vs. 0.8%, P=.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic patients with AMI is associated with larger infarct size, more in-hospital complications, and a marked increase of acute renal failure. Awareness of MS and preventative measures is crucial in this population to minimize infarct size and decrease morbidity after AMI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Leonardo C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Clavijo
authors.forename: Tina L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Pramod K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kuchulakanti
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torguson
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Lowell F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Satler
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Suddath
authors.forename: Augusto D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pichard
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waksman
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome