title: Intracellular adhesion molecule concentrations in women who smoke during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking and endothelial dysfunction are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The effect of smoking on vascular endothelium during pregnancy has not been well studied. Our objectives were to determine if smoking has an impact on endothelial function in pregnancy by comparing markers of endothelial function and to evaluate the contribution from different cellular sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured markers of endothelial function in a prospective cohort of 198 primiparous women who had 325 plasma samples obtained throughout pregnancy. Samples were assayed for intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. Smoking status was determined by serum cotinine concentration. Analyses of adhesion molecules were performed for 4 gestational age intervals by using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Gene expression for ICAM-1 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction from placental biopsies. A human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture model was utilized to evaluate the effect of cotinine on endothelial cell production of ICAM-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICAM-1 is increased, VCAM-1 was not different, and E-selectin was decreased among smokers at various times during pregnancy. Placental production of ICAM-1 was decreased in women who smoked (P = .02) as measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells production of ICAM-1 increased with heavy concentrations of cotinine exposure (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking during pregnancy is associated with vascular perturbations, as evidenced by increased concentrations of serum ICAM-1. It appears unlikely that the source of the increased ICAM-1 is the placenta. The endothelium most likely contributes to increased maternal ICAM-1 in heavy smokers, but a leukocyte source cannot be ruled out.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-2.
authors.affiliation: Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. kylain2@email.uky.edu
authors.forename: Kristine Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lain
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luppi
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGonigal
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DeLoia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D003367:Cotinine