title: Psychomotor disturbance in depression: assessment using a driving simulator paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychomotor disturbance is an essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and has been associated with impaired functioning on cognitively demanding tasks. Given the psychomotor demands required to navigate a motor vehicle and the disastrous effects of motor vehicles accidents, patients with MDD present a population of clinical interest. The goal of this investigation was to examine the association between MDD and driving ability assessed within a simulated driving paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 outpatients currently meeting diagnostic criteria for MDD and 29 control participants completed four 30-min simulated driving trials at 10:00 am, 12:00 pm, 2:00 pm, and 4:00 pm. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess for depression severity and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to assess for everyday sleepiness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age and sleepiness, the depressed sample exhibited slower steering reaction times across trials (p<.05) and an increased number of crashes across trials (p<.05) when compared to controls. These differences were characterized by a medium effect size. No significant time-of-day effects were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDD patients were free of anti-depressant medication and findings may not generalize to medicated populations. Also, a rural highway driving route was used which may not generalize well to urban driving settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with untreated MDD demonstrate impaired simulated driving performance. Further research into whether these findings translate into on-the-road impairment is important for public health and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Queens University, Canada. 4elb1@qlink.queensu.ca
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bulmash
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Moller
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kayumov
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Xuehua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009949:Orientation; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012306:Risk; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014851:Wakefulness