title: APPepsilon, the epsilon-secretase-derived N-terminal product of the beta-amyloid precursor protein, behaves as a type I protein and undergoes alpha-, beta-, and gamma-secretase cleavages.
abstract: beta-Amyloid peptide accumulates in the brain of patients affected by sporadic or familial forms of Alzheimer's disease. It derives from the proteolytic attacks of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) by beta- and gamma-secretase activities. An additional epsilon cleavage taking place a few residues C-terminal to the gamma-site has been reported, leading to the formation of an intracellular fragment referred to as APP intracellular domain C50. This epsilon cleavage received particular attention because it resembles the S3 Notch cleavage generating Notch intracellular domain. Indeed, APP intracellular domain, like its Notch counterpart, appears to mediate important physiological functions. gamma and epsilon cleavages on betaAPP appear spatio-temporally linked but pharmacologically distinct and discriminable by mutagenesis approaches. As these cleavages could be seen as either deleterious (gamma-site) or beneficial (epsilon-site), it appears of most interest to set up models aimed at studying these activities separately, particularly to design specific and bioavailable inhibitors. On the other hand, it is important to respect the topology of the substrates in order to examine physiologically relevant cleavages. Here we describe the obtention of cells overexpressing APPepsilon, the epsilon-secretase-derived N-terminal fragment of betaAPP. Interestingly, this N-terminal fragment of betaAPP was shown by biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches to behave as a genuine membrane-bound protein. APPepsilon undergoes constitutive and protein kinase C-regulated alpha-secretase cleavages. Furthermore, APPepsilon is targeted by the beta-secretase beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme and is subsequently cleaved by gamma-secretase. The resulting beta-amyloid peptide production is fully prevented by various gamma-secretase inhibitors. Altogether, our study shows that APPepsilon is a relevant betaAPP derivative to study gamma-secretase activities and to design specific inhibitors without facing any rate-limiting effect of epsilon-secretase-derived cleavage.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR6097 CNRS/UNSA, Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Valbonne, France.
authors.forename: Solveig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lefranc-Jullien
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sunyach
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Checler
mesh_terms: D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D047468:Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000502:physiology; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D002254:Carbonates; D004151:Dipeptides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C092152:N-((2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanylalanine, 2-aminoethylamide; D014280:Triglycerides; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; C005686:sodium carbonate; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C057077:1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-(4-aminobutyryl)propane-1,2,3-triol; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D010450:Endopeptidases; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509280:BACE1 protein, human