title: Evaluation of the effect of water-uptake on the impedance of dental resins.
abstract: Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers a quantitative method of measuring the stability of resin films in aqueous solution over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure the EIS of five experimental dental adhesive films (ca. 17 microm thick) of increasing hydrophilicity (ranked by their Hoy's solubility parameters), and how much these values change over 3 weeks in aqueous buffer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The resin films were placed in a U-shaped chamber and a pair of Ag-AgCl electrodes was used for EIS. The EIS results were confirmed by immersing the films in 50% AgNO3 for 24 h to trace the distribution of any water absorption into the resins by TEM observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resistance (Rr) of the resins 1-4 films increased most during the first day, and varied from 1x10(11) ohm for resin 1, to 40Omega for resin 5 at day 1. The day 1 Rr values of resins 1-4 were inversely proportional to their Hoy's solubility parameter for hydrogen bonding forces. Electrical impedance values of resins 1-3 and 5 varied widely but were relatively constant over time, while those of resin 4 decreased more than 99% from day 1 to 21 (p<0.05). Capacitance (Cr) of films of resins 1-4 all increased over the first day and then were relatively unchanged over the 20 days (except for resin 4 that continued to increase) and were between 0.01 and 1 nF. Silver uptake by TEM revealed the development of water-filled branching structures that formed in resins 4 and 5 over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA.
authors.forename: Bakul
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wadgaonkar
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Svizero
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elrod
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foulger
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshida
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sword
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rueggeberg
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pashley
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008422:Materials Testing; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D011108:Polymers; D019279:Resin Cements; D014867:Water