title: Ecstasy use and self-reported depression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: Although there are indications that ecstasy users have higher levels of depression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking, it is unknown whether these are consequences of ecstasy use or predisposing factors for starting ecstasy use. We prospectively assessed the predictive value of depression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking on future first time ecstasy use. We also assessed whether depression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking had changed after first ecstasy use. Depression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking were assessed using self-report questionnaires in 188 ecstasy-naive volunteers with high probability for future ecstasy use. After a mean follow-up of 17 months, measurements were repeated in 59 incident ecstasy users (mean 6.0 tablets) and 61 matched persistent ecstasy-naive volunteers. Only experience seeking (subscale of the sensation seeking scale) predicted future ecstasy use (OR -- 1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.10), but after adjustment for potential confounders this was not significant anymore. At follow-up, significant effects of ecstasy use on the general and the disinhibition subscale of the sensation seeking scale were observed (after adjustment for potential confounders: regression coefficient B 0.51, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.83 and B -- 3.25, 95% CI 1.74 to 4.76, respectively). These data indicate that depression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking do not predict first time ecstasy use in a population of young adults with the intention to start using ecstasy and that low level ecstasy use does not seem to cause depression or impulsivity. However, low level ecstasy use may increase (certain aspects of) sensation seeking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands. m.m.dewin@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Maartje M L
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Win
authors.forename: Thelma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schilt
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: Hylke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vervaeke
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dijkink
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006213:Hallucinogens; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine