title: COPD exacerbations . 2: aetiology.
abstract: Exacerbations of COPD are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host, bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. These factors increase the inflammatory burden in the lower airways, overwhelming the protective anti-inflammatory defences leading to tissue damage. Frequent exacerbations are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, a faster decline in lung function, and poorer health status, so prevention or optimal treatment of exacerbations is a global priority. In order to evolve new treatment strategies there has been great interest in the aetiology and pathophysiology of exacerbations, but progress has been hindered by the heterogeneous nature of these episodes, vague definitions of an exacerbation, and poor stratification of known confounding factors when interpreting results. We review how an exacerbation should be defined, its inflammatory basis, and the importance of exacerbations on disease progression. Important aetiologies, with their potential underlying mechanisms, are discussed and the significance of each aetiology is considered.
authors.affiliation: Lung Investigation Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sapey
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stockley
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000209:etiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D011506:Proteins