title: The management of treatment-related esophageal complications in children and adolescents with cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serious treatment-induced esophageal strictures and tracheoesophageal fistulae are rare in the pediatric oncology population. This report details our experience with their management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our experience with pediatric oncology patients treated for esophageal complications over a 23-year period. Serious complications were defined as development of strictures requiring dilatation or an esophageal fistula. Fifteen patients were identified, 5 of which had been previously reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients developed esophageal stricture, and 2 progressed to tracheoesophageal fistulae. The remaining 2 patients developed tracheoesophageal fistulae without antecedent stricture. The median interval from cancer diagnosis until development of esophageal complications was 3.5 years (range, 0.4-11.8 years). Before development of esophageal complication, 14 patients (93%) were treated with mediastinal radiation and 7 (47%) for candidal esophagitis. Strictures were most commonly located in the distal esophagus (5), then midesophagus (3), cervical esophagus (3) and diffusely (2). A median of 5 dilatations (range, 1-50) were necessary before patients were able to resume a normal diet. The origin of tracheoesophageal fistulae was the midesophagus (3) and distal esophagus (1). All 4 patients with fistulae were treated with esophageal division and diversion followed by esophagocoloplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal strictures and fistulae may occur because of cancer therapy in childhood. Prevention includes early treatment of esophagitis especially Candida mucositis, and minimization of radiation dose to the esophagus. Strictures usually respond to dilatation, but fistulae require esophageal diversion and secondary reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Pediatric Surgery), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Dave R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Hamid R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Foroutan
authors.forename: Wendy T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wolden
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boulad
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: La Quaglia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome