title: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a highly distressing and impairing disorder characterized by a preoccupation with imagined or slight physical defects in appearance. Well designed studies on its prevalence and on base rates for diagnostic criteria are rare. Therefore this study aimed to reveal prevalence rates of BDD in the general population and to examine clinical features associated with BDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 4152 selected participants 2552, aged 14-99 years, participated in this German nationwide survey. Participants were carefully selected to ensure that the sample was representative; they were visited by a study assistant who provided instructions and help if needed. Participation rate was 62.3%. DSM-IV criteria for BDD, as well as subthreshold features (e.g. individuals who consider some part(s) of their body as ugly or disfigured, but do not fulfill all BDD criteria) were examined. We also assessed suicidal ideation associated with the belief of having an ugly body part, as well as the desire for cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, somatization symptoms were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current BDD was 1.7% (CI 1.2-2.1%). Individuals with BDD reported higher rates of suicidal ideation (19% v. 3%) and suicide attempts due to appearance concerns (7% v. 1%) than individuals who did not meet criteria for BDD. Somatization scores were also increased in individuals with BDD, relative to those without. BDD was associated with lower financial income, lower rates of living with a partner, and higher rates of unemployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that self-reported BDD is relatively common and associated with significant morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. rief@staff.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rief
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buhlmann
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borkenhagen
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brähler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires