title: In vitro gentamicin release from commercially available calcium-phosphate bone substitutes influence of carrier type on duration of the release profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) beads releasing antibiotics are used extensively to treat osteomyelitis, but require surgical removal afterwards because they do not degrade.
  
  
  METHODS
  As an alternative option, this report compares the in vitro gentamicin release profile from clinically used, biodegradable carrier-materials: six injectable cements and six granule-types. Cement cylinders and coated granules containing 3% gentamicin were submerged in dH2O and placed in a 48-sample parallel drug-release system. At regular intervals (30, 90, 180 min. and then every 24 h, for 21 days), the release fluid was exchanged and the gentamicin concentration was measured. The activity of released gentamicin was tested on Staphylococcus aureus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All combinations showed initial burst-release of active gentamicin, two cements had continuous-release (17 days). The relative release of all cements (36-85%) and granules (30-62%) was higher than previously reported for injectable PMMA-cements (up to 17%) and comparable to other biodegradable carriers. From the cements residual gentamicin could be extracted, whereas the granules released all gentamicin that had adhered to the surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high release achieved shows great promise for clinical application of these biodegradable drug-carriers. Using the appropriate combination, the required release profile (burst or sustained) may be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery, VU Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.stallmann@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Hein P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Stallmann
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Antonius L J J
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bronckers
authors.forename: Arie V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nieuw Amerongen
authors.forename: Paul I J M
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Wuisman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001843:Bone Cements; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005839:Gentamicins; C020243:calcium phosphate