title: Physiological modulation of intestinal motility by enteric dopaminergic neurons and the D2 receptor: analysis of dopamine receptor expression, location, development, and function in wild-type and knock-out mice.
abstract: Dopaminergic neurons are present in both plexuses of the murine bowel and are upregulated after extrinsic denervation but play unknown roles in enteric nervous system (ENS) physiology. Transcripts encoding dopamine (DA) receptors D1-D5 were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR in stomach approximately duodenum approximately ileum approximately proximal > > distal colon. Dissected muscle and myenteric plexus contained transcripts encoding D1-D3 and D5, whereas mucosa contained D1 and D3-D5. D1-D5 expression began in fetal gut [embryonic day 10 (E10)], before the appearance of neurons (E12), and was sustained without developmental regulation through postnatal day 1. In situ hybridization revealed that subsets of submucosal and myenteric neurons contained mRNA encoding D2 or D3. Immunoblots confirmed that D1, D2, and D5 receptor proteins were present from stomach through distal colon. Subsets of submucosal and myenteric neurons were also D1, D2, or D3 immunoreactive. When double labeled by in situ hybridization, these neurons contained mRNA encoding the respective receptors. Total gastrointestinal transit time (TGTT) and colonic transit time (CTT) were measured in mice lacking D2, D3, or D2 plus D3. Both TGTT and CTT were decreased significantly (motility increased) in D2 and D2 plus D3, but not D3, knock-out animals. Mice lacking D2 and D2 plus D3 but not D3 were smaller than wild-type littermates, yet ate significantly more and had greater stool frequency, water content, and mass. Because motility is abnormal when D2 is absent, the net inhibitory DA effect on motility is physiologically significant. The early expression of DA receptors is also consistent with the possibility that DA affects ENS development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. ZL64@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Zhi Shan
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmauss
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuenca
authors.forename: Elyanne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gershon
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004326:Drinking / Q000235:genetics; D004435:Eating / Q000235:genetics; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D047468:Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D004298:Dopamine