[Placebo response in functional bowel disorders].
The placebo response in functional bowel disorders is incompletely understood, and is usually either mystified or down-played; a rational approach to the understanding of the placebo response, however, can be deduced from the scientific literature. We present 3 theories that may explain most of the placebo response in medical and psychological interventions. a) Regression to the Mean (RTM): This refers to "errors" in measuring the outcome of therapies that are due to small samples sizes, global assessment variables, spontaneous variability of symptoms, and other methodological reasons. b) Pavlovian Conditioning (PC): Here the placebo response occurs as the consequence of successful association of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the past (illness history) of the individual that resulted in symptom improvement. Stimuli in the context of a treatment can thus gain therapeutic potency (become conditioned stimuli), e. g., the procedure of an injection or the colour of a drug. c) Signal Detection theory (SDT): Manipulation of expectations and cognitions of the patient by suggestions and verbal instructions of the health-care system will change the willingness of the patient to perceive symptoms as improved/worsened, specifically if this happens under "noisy" circumstances, e. g., with high spontaneous variability of symptoms. All three models are illustrated with examples from the medical and psychological treatments or experiments, including recent findings of cortical correlates of the placebo response in functional brain imaging investigations. Potential biological mechanisms for the placebo response are discussed, including he possibility of the genetic predisposition to be a placebo responder.
Enck
P
P
Abteilung Innere Medizin VI/Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen. paul.enck@uni-tuebingen.de
Klosterhalfen
S
S
D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015990:Placebo Effect; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological