title: Use of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in an emergency situation after the flood disaster in Mozambique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how diagnosis of malaria may be improved by combining the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria with clinical diagnosis by the presence or history of fever compared with clinical diagnosis alone in emergency situations with flood-affected displaced populations in Mozambique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study conducted at the emergency outpatient clinic in a village in the Chòkwè district of Gaza Province, 3 weeks after Cyclone Eline hit Mozambique in February 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hundred and thirty children aged less than 15 years with clinical malaria were selected for examination by RDT and fluorescent microscopy using acridine orange as a reference test. The diagnosis of clinical malaria was made by a history of fever in the last three days or axillary temperature above 37.0 degrees C at the time of attending the emergency outpatient clinic. Two positive predictive values were calculated; RDTs combined with clinical diagnosis and clinical diagnosis alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive predictive values of RDTs combined with clinical diagnosis by the presence of fever or history of fever were 87.6% (92/105) (95% confidence interval (CI) 80.8-92.8) compared with 74.6% (97/130) (95% CI 66.2-81.8) for clinical diagnosis alone. Five patients were diagnosed false negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RDTs combined with clinical diagnosis has sufficient positive predictive value to be used in emergency situations, while RDTs could result in increasing failure to treat when they are used for decisions of treatment compared with clinical diagnosis alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Community Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. masahiro.hashizume@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: M E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wakai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004190:Disasters; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004630:Emergencies / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic