title: Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 regulates tumor necrosis factor mRNA stability and translation mainly by altering tristetraprolin expression, stability, and binding to adenine/uridine-rich element.
abstract: The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38/MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) signaling pathway plays an important role in the posttranscriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is dependent on the adenine/uridine-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region of TNF mRNA. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, MK2-deficient macrophages show a 90% reduction in TNF production compared to the wild type. Tristetraprolin (TTP), a protein induced by LPS, binds ARE and destabilizes TNF mRNA. Accordingly, macrophages lacking TTP produce large amounts of TNF. Here, we generated MK2/TTP double knockout mice and show that, after LPS stimulation, bone marrow-derived macrophages produce TNF mRNA and protein levels comparable to those of TTP knockout cells, indicating that in the regulation of TNF biosynthesis TTP is genetically downstream of MK2. In addition, we show that MK2 is essential for the stabilization of TTP mRNA, and phosphorylation by MK2 leads to increased TTP protein stability but reduced ARE affinity. These data suggest that MK2 inhibits the mRNA destabilizing activity of TTP and, in parallel, codegradation of TTP together, with the target mRNA resulting in increased cellular levels of TTP.
authors.affiliation: Medical School Hannover, Institute of Biochemistry, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hitti
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iakovleva
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deppenmeier
authors.forename: Achim D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radzioch
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Perry J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blackshear
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotlyarov
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaestel
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000225:Adenine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051816:Tristetraprolin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014529:Uridine / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000225:Adenine; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051816:Tristetraprolin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014529:Uridine; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2; C497553:Zfp36 protein, mouse