title: Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with amplatzer membranous occluder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of trancatheter device closure for membranous ventricular septal defect is still in evolving phase. We report the early and mid-term results of our experience with the new asymmetric Amplatzer membranous ventricular septal defect occluder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We attempted, transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using asymmetric Amplatzer occluder in 26 patients. The patients were selected on the basis of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the ventricular septal defect. The procedure was successful in 21 (81%) patients. The age ranged from 3 to 23 years, weight from 10 to 59 kg and defect size ranged from 3 to 9 mm (mean: 5 +/- 1.8 mm). One patient had situs inversus with dextrocardia: 11 had aneurysmal tissue partly occluding the defect and the device was deployed either across (n=6) or within the aneurysmal sac (n=5). Three patients developed high degree atrioventricular block on attempts to cross the defect with the sheath and the procedure was discontinued. In two patients it was not possible to place the sheath in left ventricle despite repeated attempts. There was a residual flow in 4 (19%) patients at 24 hours. Two patients developed bundle branch block and none had complete heart block. At follow-up (1-9 months, n=20), residual flow was seen in two patients. None developed late conduction defect, aortic regurgitation, infective endocarditis or hemolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect can be performed safely and effectively with the new asymmetric Amplatzer occluder device in selected patients with good short- and midterm results. These devices can be deployed safely in and across and the aneurysmal sacs. In selected cases, this procedure is a satisfactory alternative to surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Apollo Children's Heart Hospital, Hyderabad. dranil.s.r@gmail.com
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Anil
authors.forename: Raghavan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sreekanth
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhalerao
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Girish
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome