title: Emergence of vaccine-related pneumococcal serotypes as a cause of bacteremia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has decreased the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in the United States. In the postlicensure period, the impact of non-PCV7 serotypes against pediatric pneumococcal bacteremia is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Episodes of bacteremia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and other respiratory pathogens (ORP), namely Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, were identified in children <18 years old at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from January 1999 to May 2005. For pneumococci, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 188 episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia and 55 episodes of ORP bacteremia were identified. By comparing data from 1999-2000 with data from 2001 to May 2005, we found that the incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia decreased by 57%. The incidence of bacteremia caused by ORPs was unchanged; 1.43 episodes (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-2.29 episodes) to 1.25 (95% CI, 0.88-1.71) per 10,000 emergency department visits. Vaccine serotypes caused 85% of episodes of bacteremia in 1999-2000, compared with 34% of episodes of bacteremia in 2001 to May 2005 (P<.01). The percentage of isolates nonsusceptible to penicillin increased from 25% to 39% (P<.05). The percentage of episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia caused by vaccine-related serotypes--those of the same serogroup but not of the same serotype as PCV7--increased from 6% of episodes in the prelicensure period to 35% of episodes in the postlicensure period (P<.01). Rates of serotype pneumococcal bacteremia caused by nonvaccine serotypes were not statistically different between the 2 periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia decreased by 57% after the introduction of PCV7. During the postlicensure period, there were significant decreases in the incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia caused by vaccine serotypes; however, rates of penicillin resistance and bacteremia due to vaccine-related serotypes increased.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. steenhoff@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Steenhoff
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.forename: Sujata M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Karin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McGowan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines