title: Murre eggs (Uria aalge and Uria lomvia) as indicators of mercury contamination in the Alaskan marine environment.
abstract: Sixty common murre (Uria aalge) and 27 thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) eggs collected by the Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) in 1999-2001 from two Gulf of Alaska and three Bering Sea nesting colonies were analyzed for total mercury (Hg) using isotope dilution cold vapor inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Hg concentrations (wet mass) ranged from 0.011 microg/g to 0.357 microg/g (relative standard deviation = 76%), while conspecifics from the same colonies and years had an average relative standard deviation of 33%. Hg levels in eggs from the Gulf of Alaska (0.166 microg/g +/- 0.011 microg/g) were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than in the Bering Sea (0.047 microg/g +/- 0.004 microg/g). Within the Bering Sea, Hg was significantly higher (p = 0.0007) in eggs from Little Diomede Island near the arctic than at the two more southern colonies. Although thick-billed and common murres are ecologicallysimilar,there were significant species differences in egg Hg concentrations within each region (p < 0.0001). In the Bering Sea, eggs from thick-billed murres had higher Hg concentrations than eggs from common murres, while in the Gulf of Alaska, common murre eggs had higher concentrations than those of thick-billed murres. A separate one-way analysis of variance on the only time-trend data currently available for a colony (St. Lazaria Island in the Gulf of Alaska) found significantly lower Hg concentrations in common murre eggs collected in 2001 compared to 1999 (p = 0.017). Results from this study indicate that murre eggs may be effective monitoring units for detecting geographic, species, and temporal patterns of Hg contamination in marine food webs. The relatively small intracolony variation in egg Hg levels and the ability to consistently obtain adequate sample sizes both within and among colonies over a large geographic range means that monitoring efforts using murre eggs will have suitable statistical power for detecting environmental patterns of Hg contamination. The potential influences of trophic effects, physical transport patterns, and biogeochemical processes on these monitoring efforts are discussed, and future plans to investigate the sources of the observed variability are presented.
authors.affiliation: Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA. russell.day@nist.gov
authors.forename: Rusty D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Stacy S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Vander Pol
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.forename: W Clay
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Simac
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Roseneau
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010063:Ovum / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012098:Reproduction; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008628:Mercury