title: Endoscopic aqueductoplasty and placement of a stent in the cerebral aqueduct in the management of isolated fourth ventricle in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study the authors conducted a retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of endoscopic aqueductoplasty, performed alone or accompanied by placement of a stent, in the treatment of an isolated fourth ventricle (IFV) in seven patients afflicted with loculated hydrocephalus after a hemorrhage or infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven children with symptomatic IFV and membranous aqueductal stenosis underwent endoscopic aqueductoplasty alone or combined with placement of a stent in the cerebral aqueduct. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 10 months. The mean duration of follow up was 26 months. In all patients a supratentorial shunt had already been implanted, and in five patients neuroendoscopy had already been performed because other isolated compartments had been present inside the ventricular system. Aqueductoplasty alone was performed in three patients and aqueductoplasty and aqueductal stent placement in four. A precoronal approach was performed in five patients and a suboccipital approach in two. Signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension resolved in all cases. Stent placement was successful in all five cases, resulting in clinical and neuroimaging-confirmed improvements in the IFV. Restenosis of the aqueduct occurred in two patients in whom stents had not been placed. In one of these patients restenosis was managed by an endoscopic procedure, during which the aqueduct was reopened and a stent implanted; in the other patient a shunt was placed in the fourth ventricle. Hydrocephalus was controlled by a single shunt in six cases (86%) and by a double shunt in one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic placement of a stent in the aqueduct is more effective in preventing the repeated occlusion of the aqueduct than aqueductoplasty alone and should be indicated as the initial treatment in each case of compatible anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy. giuseppe.cinalli@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cinalli
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spennato
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Savarese
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aliberti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cianciulli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002535:Cerebral Aqueduct / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents