title: Muscle-contraction properties in overarm throwing movements.
abstract: On the basis of dynamic and kinematic data, this study identifies the type of muscle contraction in unloaded overarm throwing movements. An unloaded throw or nearly unloaded throw is defined as the throw in which the external resistance is too small (e.g., the team handball, baseball, and water polo throws as well as the tennis and badminton smashes). A special arm-force-measuring apparatus was constructed to imitate an overarm throw. Forty-two subjects were placed into 3 groups: untrained subjects, weight-trained athletes, and team handball players. The measured parameters included the velocity of the initial movement, the release velocity, the velocity of the first 50 milliseconds of the concentric phase, the force value at the moment of deceleration of the initial movement, and the impulse values during the eccentric and concentric phases of the test movement. Statistically significant higher values of the above parameters (p < 0.05) were determined in that test at which the initial speed of movement was higher. Also, the correlation coefficients of the parameters of the initial phase of the throw movement were very high (p < 0.001), especially the parameters related with the movement's first 50 milliseconds. The results support the thesis that the stretch-shortening cycle is the type of muscle contraction in unloaded overarm throws. Furthermore, it is possible to increase the throw velocity by increasing the velocity of the initial movement (i.e., by provoking higher inertia forces).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. agkrez@pe.uth.gr
authors.forename: Apostolos K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Grezios
authors.forename: Ioannis Th
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Gissis
authors.forename: Aristomenis A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: Dimitrios V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Nikolaidis
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Souglis
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*