title: Damage control management of experimental grade 5 renal injuries: further evaluation of FloSeal gelatin matrix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We developed a porcine grade 5 renal laceration damage control model to evaluate the hemostatic efficacy of FloSeal gelatin matrix (Baxter Healthcare, Corp., Deerfield, Ill).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten commercial swine underwent celiotomy, contralateral nephrectomy, and cooling to 32 degrees C after a well-established hypothermia protocol to simulate a damage control scenario. Following prospective randomization, a complex grade 5 renal injury was uniformly produced on the remaining kidney. Control animals (group 1, n = 5) were treated with direct manual compression with a gelatin sponge. Experimental animals (group 2, n = 5) were treated by application of FloSeal gelatin matrix followed by direct compression with a gelatin sponge. Operative blood loss and efficacy of hemostasis were compared. Creatinine levels were obtained daily until postoperative day 7. Abdominal computed tomography was performed at 10 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of FloSeal gelatin matrix hemostatic sealant resulted in significantly less mean blood loss than gelatin sponge bolster compression alone (202.4 mL vs. 540.4 mL, respectively, p = 0.016). Hemostasis was complete in 60% (three out of five) of experimental animals after 2 minutes, but was incomplete in all control animals. After an initial increase, serum creatinine approached baseline by postoperative day 7 in all animals. Axial imaging 10 days postoperatively revealed no evidence of significant delayed perirenal hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FloSeal gelatin matrix performed well as a rapidly deployable, effective hemostatic agent in a hypothermic grade 5 renal injury damage control model. The absence of delayed bleeding and nephrotoxicity suggests a possible increased role for FloSeal in the treatment of devastating renal injuries in damage control surgery.
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78324, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Pursifull
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Allen F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Morey
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006406:Hematoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries*; D022125:Lacerations / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D009392:Nephrectomy; D018579:Patient Selection; D011312:Pressure; D011897:Random Allocation; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: C411004:FloSeal Matrix; D003404:Creatinine