title: Pain, medication, and injury in older farmers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Agricultural work continues to be a dangerous occupation. Older farmers experience high risks for work-related injury. The purpose of this research was to determine if there is a relationship between medication use and injury among older male farmers in Alberta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using probabilistic linkage between an Alberta Agriculture government registry of farm operators and the Alberta Health Plan registry file, older farmers (aged 66 and older) were identified. Farm related injuries were identified using an E-code search of both hospitalization and emergency department separations for a 3-year period. Cases were matched to controls on age, geographic health region, and index injury date at a ratio of 1:5. Co-morbidity and medication use for each of the cases and controls were derived from population based health system utilization files. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine which medications were related to injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, a total of 282 farm related injuries were suffered by the linked group. Controlling for co-morbidity, farmers who had stopped taking narcotic pain killers (OR = 9.37 [95% CI:4.95, 17.72]) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (OR = 2.40 [95% CI:1.43, 4.03]) 30 days prior to the date of injury were at risk of injury. Those farmers taking sedatives up until the date of injury were also at risk (OR = 3.01 [95 CI:1.39, 6.52]). In addition, those suffering from incontinence/urinary tract disorders (OR = 2.95 [95% CI:1.30, 6.71]), and prior injury (OR = 1.42 [95% CI:1.04, 1.95]) were also at greater risk of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship of medication use and injury in this population is different from those observed in studies of falls in older persons. We hypothesize that distraction from either pain or co-morbidity may play an important role in the etiology of injuries suffered in this active older working population. Further investigations in this area are required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. don.voaklander@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Voaklander
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Schopflocher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Svenson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yiannakoulias
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pickett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000416:Alberta; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012042:Registries; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal