title: Bisphosphonate-induced hypocalcemia: report of 3 cases and review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report 3 cases of bisphosphonate-induced hypocalcemia and review the relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the clinical and laboratory findings in 3 cases of bisphosphonate-induced hypocalcemia, and discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms and the pertinent literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our first patient (case 1), symptomatic hypocalcemia developed after intravenous administration of pamidronate for management of multiple myeloma. He had vitamin D insufficiency and impaired renal function at the time of pamidronate therapy. Our second patient (case 2) presented with symptomatic hypocalcemia 12 weeks after initiation of alendronate therapy for osteoporosis. Her serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was low (3 ng/mL), attributable to a combination of poor vitamin D intake, limited exposure to sunlight, use of phenytoin, and previous intestinal resections. In our third patient (case 3), hypocalcemia developed on 2 different occasions, each episode occurring after intravenous administration of pamidronate for hypercalcemia of malignancy. All 3 patients had underlying conditions that impaired the homeostatic response to bisphosphonates and contributed to the severe hypocalcemia. Review of published reports on symptomatic bisphosphonate-induced hypocalcemia disclosed that hypocalcemia develops in patients with unrecognized hypoparathyroidism, impaired renal function, or vitamin D deficiency. Overall, the rate of the development of hypocalcemia was related to the potency of the bisphosphonate administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing use of bisphosphonates and the introduction of more potent agents impose a considerable risk for bisphosphonate-induced hypocalcemia in a substantial number of patients. Greater awareness of this complication, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and proper assessment of patients in whom bisphosphonate therapy is contemplated should reduce the frequency of occurrence of this potentially life-threatening complication.
authors.affiliation: Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8885, USA.
authors.forename: Naim M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Clarita V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Odvina
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Khashayar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakhaee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004164:Diphosphonates