title: Paragraph text reading using a pixelized prosthetic vision simulator: parameter dependence and task learning in free-viewing conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of adequate reading by recipients of future prosthetic visual implants through simulation in sighted observers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four normally sighted subjects used a video headset to view short-story segments at a sixth grade reading level, presented in 6- to 11-word paragraphs through a pixelizing grid defined by five parameters (dot size, grid size, dot spacing, random dropout percentage, and gray-scale resolution). Grid parameters were varied individually, and four character sizes and two contrast levels were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reading speeds of 30 to 60 words per minute without errors were recorded for some parameter combinations. In general, reading accuracy and speed were influenced by all parameters. Reading accuracy exceeded 90% if the following conditions were met: At least 3 dots/charwidth were presented, and dropout did not exceed 50%. Reading speed deteriorated below 20 words per minute if accuracy fell below 90% and at low contrast if the grid spanned less than two characters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is uncertain whether and to what extent retinal reorganization may limit the perception of multiple phosphenes by blind prosthesis recipients. If distinct phosphenes can be perceived, these results suggest that a 3 x 3-mm2 prosthesis with 16 x 16 electrodes should allow paragraph reading. The effects of stabilizing the dot grid on the retina must be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. gdagnelie@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Gislin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dagnelie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Humayun
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011932:Reading; D012682:Sensory Aids; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*