title: Disposition of 9-nitrocamptothecin and its 9-aminocamptothecin metabolite in relation to ABC transporter genotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The source of the pharmacokinetic variability of 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) and its 9-aminocamptothecin (9AC) metabolite is unknown. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been reported to modulate camptothecin analogues, are associated with camptothecin resistance, and might also affect 9NC and 9AC pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional consequence of known single nucleotide polymorphisms in the transporter genes ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 on the pharmacokinetic disposition of 9NC and 9AC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacokinetic and genotyping studies were performed in 55 patients as part of two phase I studies of 9NC in patients with refractory solid tumors, a phase II study of 9NC in patients with advanced colon cancer, and a study evaluating the disposition of 9NC after administration of a single dose under fasting conditions. DNA was isolated from plasma and analyzed for variants in ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 genes. The ABCB1 1236C>T (n = 43), ABCB1 2677G>T/A (n = 43), ABCB1 3435C>T (n = 43), ABCC2 3972C>T (n = 39), and ABCG2 421C>A (n = 42) variants were analyzed using Pyrosequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ABCG2 421C>A genotype significantly affected the pharmacokinetics of 9AC. The mean 9AC lactone AUC/dose for wild-type (n = 25) and heterozygous (n = 2) patients were 14.3 ng/mL x h and 51.1 ng/mL x h, respectively (P = 0.032). The mean +/- SD 9AC total AUC/dose for wild-type (n = 39) and heterozygous (n = 3) patients were 91.9 +/- 78.3 ng/mL x h and 129.0 +/- 90.5 ng/mL x h, respectively (P = 0.40). 9NC and 9AC disposition were not significantly influenced by variants in ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2, and ABCB1 and ABCC2, respectively (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that inter-individual variability in 9AC disposition, but not 9NC, may be influenced, in part, by ABCG2 genotype. In contrast, there was no evidence for a relationship between ABCG2 and the disposition of 9NC, or for relationships between ABCB1 and ABCC2 genotypes and the disposition of 9NC or 9AC.
authors.affiliation: Hillman Cancer Research Center, Molecular Therapeutics Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. zamboniwc@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Zamboni
authors.forename: Ramesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strychor
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Maruca
authors.forename: Cristi R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Parise
authors.forename: Merrill J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; C080125:9-aminocamptothecin; C079905:rubitecan; D002166:Camptothecin