title: Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for cancer breakthrough pain: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the dose titration, efficacy, and safety of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I and II clinical trial abstracts and evidence-based review articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OTFC has an onset, peak, and duration of action similar to that of an IV dose of an opioid and has been demonstrated to be effective and well tolerated for the management of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies of OTFC demonstrate that it is easy to use,noninvasive, effective, safe, and acceptable to patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. However, OTFC is expensive and approved for use only in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breakthrough pain in patients with cancer is a common problem with characteristics that make it difficult to treat. Oncology nurses should familiarize themselves with OTFC's unique characteristics to be able to best help patients manage their therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA. db.gordon@hosp.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Debra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing; D017186:Titrimetry / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl