title: Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus: enhanced prognostic prediction using a simple risk score.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) for predicting long-term outcomes in a large cohort with diabetes mellitus and to develop a simple risk score using clinical and echocardiographic data.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Neither risk scores nor long-term prognostic value of DSE has been described in a large diabetic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 2,349 patients with diabetes mellitus (1,338 men, 67 +/- 11 years of age) during a follow-up of 5.4 +/- 2.2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality and morbidity (myocardial infarction and late coronary revascularization) occurred in 1,044 (44%) and 309 (13%) patients, respectively. Addition of stress echocardiographic variables to the clinical and rest echocardiographic model provided incremental prognostic information for predicting mortality (chi-square = 243 to 270, p < 0.0001) and morbidity (chi-square = 38 to 78, p < 0.0001). For each end point, a simple risk score was derived according to the estimated values of beta coefficients of multivariate predictors (insulin therapy, smoking, failure to achieve target heart rate, percentage of ischemic segments, and impaired left ventricular systolic function) and resulted in an assessment of risk among all age groups. The C-statistic values were 0.60 to 0.64, indicating modest discrimination. The estimated five-year event-free survivals of patients in three risk categories were 94%, 86%, and 80% for morbidity (p < 0.00001) and 69%, 60%, and 47% for mortality (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with diabetes mellitus, a simple and practical risk score using clinical variables and results of DSE stratified patients into three risk groups for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Nithima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaowalit
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: McCully
authors.forename: Kent R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors