title: An internal dose model of incapacitation and lethality risk from inhalation of fire gases.
abstract: A mathematical model for estimating the likelihood of incapacitation and lethality from the inhalation of toxic gases is presented. The model computes an internal dose, equal to retained toxic gas per body mass, which is used to extrapolate outcomes across species. Account is taken for ventilation changes due to species, activity, and chemical response. The internal dose is correlated with each outcome using a cumulative, log-normal, probability distribution, which allows the estimation of tolerances for any population incidence. No internal interactions of gases are modeled and probabilities are combined independently. The model compares favorably with combined gas and large animal data.
authors.affiliation: Simulation, Engineering, and Test Group, Applied Technologies, L-3 Communications, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stuhmiller
authors.forename: Diane W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stuhmiller
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000633:toxicity; D005390:Fires; D005740:Gases / Q000633:toxicity*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide / Q000633:toxicity; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D012906:Smoke; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide; D000171:Acrolein; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide