title: The relationship of acoustic emission and pulse-repetition frequency in the detection of gas body stability and cell death.
abstract: The effect of pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) and number of exposures on membrane damage and subsequent death of contrast agent-attached phagocytic cells was examined. Phagocytic cells of a mouse macrophage cell line were grown as monolayers on thin Mylar sheets. Optison microbubbles were attached to these cells by incubation. Focused ultrasound exposures (Pr = 2 MPa) were implemented at a frequency of 2.25 MHz with 46 cycle pulses and clinically relevant PRFs of 1 kHz, 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz and 0.1 Hz in a degassed water bath. A 1-MHz receive transducer measured the scattered signal. The frequency spectrum was normalized to a control spectrum from linear scatterers. Photomicrographs of the cell monolayer were made before and after exposure, and a dye exclusion test (Trypan blue) was used to find the percentage of blue-stained cells indicating cell death, which was then related to acoustic emission. For 10 acoustic pulses and a high prerinse gas body concentration, there was less cell death and correspondingly lower change in the acoustic emissions at a PRF of 1 kHz than with PRFs of 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz and 0.1 Hz (p < 0.001). The reduced effect at high PRF may be indicative of some evolution of the shelled microbubble that requires significant total exposure duration (> 10 ms, but < 100 ms).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553, USA. ssamuel@umich.edu
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J Brian
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D051379:Mice; D045423:Microbubbles; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons