title: A cross-sectional evidence-based review of pharmaceutical promotional marketing brochures and their underlying studies: is what they tell us important and true?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major marketing technique used by pharmaceutical companies is direct-to-physician marketing. This form of marketing frequently employs promotional marketing brochures, based on clinical research, which may influence how a physician prescribes medicines. This study's objective was to investigate whether or not the information in promotional brochures presented to physicians by pharmaceutical representatives is accurate, consistent, and valid with respect to the actual studies upon which the promotional brochures are based.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians in five clinics were asked to consecutively collect pharmaceutical promotional brochures and to send them all to a centralized location. The brochures for any class of medication were collected on a continuous basis until 20 distinct promotional brochures were received by a central location. Once the brochure was received, the corresponding original study was obtained. Two blinded reviewers performed an evidence-based review of the article, comparing data that was printed on the brochure to what was found in the original study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 20 studies, 75% of the studies were found to be valid, 80% were funded by the pharmaceutical company, 60% of the studies and the corresponding brochures presented patient-oriented outcomes, and 40% were compared to another treatment regimen. Of the 19 brochures that presented the data as graphs, 4 brochures presented a relative risk reduction while only 1 brochure presented an absolute risk reduction. 15% of the promotional marketing brochures presented data that was different from what was in the original published study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the present findings, physicians should be cautious about drawing conclusions regarding a medication based on the marketing brochures provided by pharmaceutical companies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine/Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. rcardare@hsc.unt.edu
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cardarelli
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Licciardone
authors.forename: Lockwood G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000592:standards*; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D008192:Deception; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000592:standards*; D004346:Drug Information Services / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010174:Pamphlets; D017712:Peer Review, Research; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D010820:Physicians; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior