title: Is reduced baroreflex gain a component of the metabolic syndrome? Insights from the LINOSA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between insulin resistance and baroreflex gain (BRS) in the context of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational population study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the healthy population of a small Mediterranean island (Linosa, about 0.5 square miles, 450 inhabitants) where genetic, psychosocial and behavioral bias is likely to be minimal for historical and social reasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baroreflex gain (BRS, by the frequency domain alpha index) and indices of autonomic regulation of the sino-atrial (SA) node derived from spectral analysis of RR interval variability were obtained, together with metabolic and behavioral indicators in the 144 participating subjects (age range 20-82 years). Carotid artery thickness (CCA) was also obtained with computer-aided ultrasound techniques. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and subjects divided in tertiles accordingly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BRS appeared to be reduced progressively with increasing levels of HOMA (respectively, 21.0 +/- 2.6, 17.7 +/- 1.7, 15.7 +/- 1.9 ms/mmHg, P < 0.03), while spectral indices of autonomic SA regulation appeared to be only insignificantly affected. Conversely, CCA was significantly increased with increasing HOMA (P < 0.024). Furthermore, BRS appeared to be significantly correlated with various elements of the metabolic syndrome, with CCA and abdominal obesity showing the strongest link.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an otherwise healthy population, BRS, but not spectrally derived indices of SA node autonomic regulation, are progressively reduced with increasing severity of insulin resistance, possibly as a consequence of attendant carotid artery thickening.
authors.affiliation: Centro ricerca Terapia Neurovegetativa, Universita' di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lucini
authors.forename: Gaspare
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cusumano
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellia
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozakova
authors.forename: Gaetana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Difede
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauro
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000502:physiology