Early psychological consequences of the March 11, 2004, terrorist attacks in Madrid, Spain.
On March 11, 2004, Al-Qaeda set off 10 bombs on several train routes in Madrid. 192 people were killed and 2,000 wounded. In this study, 1,179 questionnaires were administered Week 2 after the attacks to residents 18 years and over from the affected geographical areas. The questionnaire included items about sociodemographic variables and exposure to the attacks. Psychological effects were assessed as presence of acute stress and depressive symptomatology and functional impairment. 46.7% of the sample presented symptomatology of acute stress and 49.6% depressive symptoms. Among the symptoms of acute stress, the most frequent were re-experiencing (72.5%) and dissociative symptoms (71.8%). The chief predicting variables in symptomatology were being female, over 65 yr. old, and a habitual train user. The large number of affected people was refined with an item analysis and the consideration of severity of interference in psychosocial functioning.
Muñoz
Manuel
M
Psychology School, Madrid Complutense University, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223 Madrid, Spain. mmunoz@psi.ucm.es
Crespo
María
M
Pérez-Santos
Eloísa
E
Vázquez
José Juan
JJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors