title: Estimates of dietary exposure of children to artificial food colours in Kuwait.
abstract: To assess the intake of artificial food colour additives by 5-14-year-old children in the State of Kuwait, a 24-h dietary recall was conducted twice on 3141 male and female Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti children from 58 schools. The determination of colour additives in 344 foods items consumed was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. A comparison with the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) was undertaken to evaluate the potential risk associated with the consumption of artificial colour additives by children in Kuwait. The results indicated that out of nine permitted colours, four exceeded their ADIs by factors of 2-8: tartrazine, sunset yellow, carmoisine and allura red. Further, follow-up studies to provide insight into potential adverse health effects associated with the high intakes of these artificial colour additives on the test population are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Department, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Divisionz, PO Box 24885 Safat 13109, Kuwait. ahussain@kisr.edu.kw
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sawaya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Omair
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Zenki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Amiri
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Sinan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013645:Tartrazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; C005915:Allura Red AC Dye; C006671:azo rubin S; C005842:6-hydroxy-5-((p- sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt; D013645:Tartrazine