title: Neuroglobin and cytoglobin: oxygen-binding proteins in retinal neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to describe the detailed localization of the novel oxygen-binding molecules, neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb), in mammalian retinas and to determine whether Ngb and Cygb are neuronal or glial proteins in the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibodies directed against Ngb and Cygb were used to examine their patterns of distribution in normal canine retinas. Immunoblot analysis was performed to verify antibody specificity and the presence of Ngb and Cygb in canine tissues. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry was performed with the Ngb and Cygb antibodies along with antibodies against neuronal (MAP-2, class III beta-tubulin (TUJ1), PKCalpha, and calretinin) and glial antigens (vimentin and CRALBP). Tissue sections were analyzed with light and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ngb and Cygb proteins were observed in different retinal cells. Cygb (but not Ngb) was also present in canine kidney, liver, lung, and heart tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of canine retinas demonstrated Ngb immunoreactivity (IR) in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner (INL) and outer (ONL) nuclear layers, inner (IPL) and outer plexiform (OPL) layers, photoreceptor inner segments (IS), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Ngb IR was localized within retinal neurons, but not in glia. Cygb IR was found in neurons and their processes in the GCL, IPL, INL, and OPL and within the RPE, but not in glia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ngb and Cygb are widely distributed in retinal neurons and RPE, but not in glial cells of the canine retina. Their structure and distribution is suggestive of a possible role in oxygen transport in the mammalian retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostojić
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: Yancy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: de Lathouder
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Trent
authors.forename: Young H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Randy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kardon
authors.forename: Markus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.forename: Sinisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grozdanić
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D064032:Calbindin 2; D004285:Dogs; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005914:Globins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064032:Calbindin 2; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D014404:Tubulin; D014746:Vimentin; D005914:Globins; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D012172:Retinaldehyde; D010100:Oxygen