title: Safety assessment of intradiscal gene transfer: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several recent in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the beneficial properties of gene delivery of therapeutic factors to the intervertebral disc, as a potential treatment strategy for degenerative disc disease; however, to date, no studies have assessed the safety and toxicity of the practical application of this treatment modality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety of inappropriately dosed or misdirected gene delivery to the spinal column in an in vivo model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The potential toxicity of gene therapy to the spinal column was assessed in this pilot study by monitoring clinical and histological changes in the spinal cord after intradural injections of an adenoviral vector containing the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) for potentially therapeutic factors in the treatment of degenerative disc disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen New Zealand White rabbits were divided into experimental groups to receive an intradural injection (<10 microL) of saline alone or saline in combination with recombinant transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) or an adenoviral vector containing the cDNA for either TGF-beta1 (at previously established therapeutic or elevated concentrations) or bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). Animals were monitored clinically and spinal cords were harvested for histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No neurological deficits developed in any of the animals receiving injections of saline alone or saline in combination with the therapeutic dose of Ad-TGF-beta1, Ad-BMP-2, or with recombinant TGF-beta1. However, animals receiving a higher concentration of Ad-TGF-beta1 developed bilateral lower extremity paralysis with significant histological changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inappropriately dosed or directed gene delivery to the spinal column may result in significant complications. However, with appropriate dosing, a therapeutic window may exist where the potential benefits of gene therapy in the treatment of degenerative disc disease outweigh its risks.
authors.affiliation: Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, C313-PUH, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Corey J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wallach
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sobajima
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lattermann
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Oxner
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1