title: Beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist-enhanced recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury is glutathione dependent.
abstract: The beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist, clenbuterol, has been shown to spare spinal cord tissue and enhance locomotor recovery in an experimental model of spinal cord contusion injury. A likely mechanism of neurodegeneration following spinal cord injury involves generation of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., O2-*, H2O2 and OH*, which overwhelm endogenous antioxidants. Agents, such as clenbuterol, that oppose neurodegeneration and improve recovery of locomotor function may possibly act by improving redox status. Consistent with reduced oxidative stress by beta2-agonist treatment following injury, prior blockade of synthesis of the antioxidant tripeptide, glutathione, with buthionine sulfoximine completely inhibited the ability of clenbuterol to enhance locomotor recovery and spare spinal cord tissue. Moreover, at 8 h postinjury, clenbuterol caused an increase in glutathione reductase activity, an indicator of cellular redox status, at the injury site that was also blocked by buthionine sulfoximine. Although clenbuterol improved locomotor recovery only when administered within a therapeutic window of several days postinjury, the accumulation of protein carbonyls in the spinal cord at 1 week postinjury, a consequence of ongoing ROS-mediated neurodegeneration, was also decreased by clenbuterol in a glutathione-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that activation of beta2-adrenoreceptors during the acute phase of injury stimulates glutathione-dependent antioxidative processes, that lead to reduced oxidative damage and greater locomotor function as the injury evolves during the subacute and chronic phases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA. zeman@nymc.edu
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zeman
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Etlinger
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D002976:Clenbuterol