title: Trends in prescribing of antipsychotic medications for US children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify frequencies of prescribing for antipsychotics among all US children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which are national samples of health care services rendered to the US population. Survey data were used to determine antipsychotic prescription frequencies for 2-18 year old US children from 1995-2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1995-2002, there were 5 762 193 visits to health providers by US children during which an antipsychotic was prescribed. Almost one third (32.4%) of the prescriptions were associated with visits to nonmental health providers. Fifty-three percent of the prescriptions were for behavioral indications or affective disorders, conditions for which antipsychotics have not been carefully studied in children. The overall frequency of antipsychotic prescribing increased from 8.6 per 1000 US children in 1995-1996 to 39.4 per 1000 US children in 2001-2002 (rate ratio 4.89, 95% CI, 2.50-9.55). Across all age groups, increases for nonstudied indications were even more pronounced than increases for approved indications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in frequencies of antipsychotic prescribing and the large number of children receiving antipsychotics each year reinforce the urgent need to conduct well-controlled studies of these medications in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics/Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. william.cooper@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Arbogast
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hickson
authors.forename: D Catherine
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents