title: Analysis of phenothiazines in human body fluids using disk solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography.
abstract: Seven phenothiazine derivatives, perazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, propericiazine, thioproperazine, trifluoperazine, and flupentixol, have been found to be extractable from human plasma and urine samples using disk solid-phase extraction (SPE) with an Empore C18 cartridge. Human plasma and urine (1 mL each) containing the 7 phenothiazine derivatives were mixed with 2 mL of 0.1M NaOH and 7 mL distilled water and then poured into the disk SPE cartridges. The drugs were eluted with 1 mL chloroform- acetonitrile (8 + 2) and determined by liquid chromatography with ammonium formate/formic acid-acetonitrile gradient elution. The detection was performed by ultraviolet absorption at 250 nm. The separation of the 7 phenothiazine derivatives from each other and from impurities was generally satisfactory using a SymmetryShield RP8 column (150 x 2.1 mm id, 3.5 microm particle size). The recoveries of the 7 phenothiazine derivatives spiked into plasma and urine samples were 64.0-89.9% and 65.1-92.1%, respectively. Regression equations for the 7 phenothiazine derivatives showed excellent linearity, with detection limits of 0.021-0.30 microg/mL for plasma and 0.017-0.30 microg/mL for urine. The within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation for both samples were commonly below 9.0 and 14.9%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marumo
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumazawa
authors.forename: Xiao-Pen
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimaki
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuriki
authors.forename: Chika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seno
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012015:Reference Standards; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D010640:Phenothiazines; D014867:Water; D002725:Chloroform; C031637:phenothiazine; C032159:acetonitrile