title: Frameless image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy procedure: diagnostic yield, surgical morbidity, and comparison with the frame-based technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gold standard for stereotactic brain biopsy target localization has been frame-based stereotaxy. Recently, frameless stereotactic techniques have become increasingly utilized. Few authors have evaluated this procedure, analyzed preoperative predictors of diagnostic yield, or explored the differences in diagnostic yield and morbidity rate between the frameless and frame-based techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 110 frameless and 160 frame-based image-guided stereotactic biopsy procedures was reviewed. Associated variables for both techniques were reviewed and compared. All stereotactic biopsy procedures were included in a risk factor analysis of nondiagnostic biopsy sampling. Frameless stereotaxy led to a diagnostic yield of 89%, with a total permanent morbidity rate of 6% and a mortality rate of 1%. Larger lesions were fivefold more likely to yield diagnostic tissues. Deep-seated lesions were 2.7-fold less likely to yield diagnostic tissues compared with cortical lesions. Frameless compared with frame-based stereotactic biopsy procedures showed no significant differences in diagnostic yield or transient or permanent morbidity. For cortical lesions, more than one needle trajectory was required more frequently to obtain diagnostic tissues with frame-based as opposed to frameless stereotaxy, although this factor was not associated with morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With regard to diagnostic yield and complication rate, the frameless stereotactic biopsy procedure was found to be comparable to or better than the frame-based method. Smaller and deep-seated lesions together were risk factors for a nondiagnostic tissue yield. Frameless stereotaxy may represent a more efficient means of obtaining biopsy specimens of cortical lesions but is otherwise similar to the frame-based technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. gw@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Graeme F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McGirt
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samdani
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garonzik
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivi
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Weingart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques