title: The relationship between aldosterone, oxidative stress, and inflammation in chronic, stable human heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aldosterone antagonists reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure, but the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. Observations in animal models suggest that elevated levels of aldosterone promote oxidative stress and inflammation in the myocardium. It is unknown if these findings are relevant to heart failure patients who may have much lower aldosterone levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We therefore examined the relationship of plasma aldosterone levels to markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and matrix turnover in 58 patients with chronic, stable heart failure from systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction <0.40) who were not receiving aldosterone antagonists. Chronic, stable heart failure patients had modestly elevated levels of aldosterone. Additionally, these patients had elevated levels of 8-isoprostaglandin F(2alpha), C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, osteopontin, brain natriuretic peptide, procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Among these patients with heart failure, aldosterone levels correlated with 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (P = .003), ICAM-1 (P = .008), and TIMP-1 (P = .006) after adjustment for age, gender, race, diabetes, smoking, heart rate, left ventricular mass, and body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In chronic, stable heart failure patients on standard therapy, higher aldosterone levels are associated with systemic evidence of oxidative stress, inflammation, and matrix turnover.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University, 88 E. Newton Street D-8, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kotlyar
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Awtry
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Siwik
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keaney
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: L Adrienne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.forename: Wilson S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sam
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D053495:Osteopontin; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000097:blood; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011347:Procollagen; C506895:SPP1 protein, human; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C041876:procollagen Type III-N-terminal peptide; D053495:Osteopontin; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D000450:Aldosterone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015237:Dinoprost