title: Hemodynamic instability after extracranial carotid stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemodynamic instability (hypertension, hypotension and bradycardia) is a well-known complication of carotid endarterectomy. Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is becoming a valuable alternative treatment for patients with severe carotid stenosis and increased surgical risk. CAS implies instrumentation of the carotid bulb, so baroceptor dysfunction may provoke hemodynamic instability. The aim of this work was to calculate the incidence of this complication and to detect factors to predict it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records and angiograms of 51 consecutive patients submitted to CAS for severe atherosclerotic stenosis (40 cases) or postsurgical restenosis (11 cases) were retrospectively reviewed in order to detect the occurrence of intra- and post-procedural hypertension (systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg), hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg) and bradycardia (heart rate <60 beats/min). The relationship between clinical, procedural and angiographic factors and the occurrence of hemodynamic instability was assessed with univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient mild systolic post-procedural hypertension occurred in five cases (10%); preprocedural hypertension, asymptomatic stenosis and ipsilateral post-surgical restenosis predicted this. Hypotension with bradycardia also occurred in five cases (10%), one with neurological sequelae. Transient periprocedural bradycardia occurred in 19 cases (37%). Severe bradycardia without hypotension arose in one case only. Factors predicting post-procedural hypotension included the presence of a fibrous plaque and the ratio between the pre- and post-stenting diameter of the internal carotid artery. Peri-procedural bradycardia predicted post-procedural bradycardia. None of these factors were confirmed by multivariate analysis as a significant prognostic predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild systolic hypertension may occur after CAS, but is resolved by medical treatment. Prolonged hypotension and bradycardia may also arise and this can be dangerous because it may cause neurological deterioration due to hypoperfusion. These complications cannot be predicted by clinical, procedural, and angiographic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza-Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pappadà
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marina
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cesana
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Legnani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parolin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sganzerla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*