title: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can alleviate the adverse effects of chlorothalonil on Oryza sativa L.
abstract: A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the fungicide chlorothalonil on the growth of upland rice, in the absence or presence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae (NM and GM treatments). The plants were grown with three concentrations of chlorothalonil (0, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) soil). Mycorrhizal colonization decreased significantly with increasing chlorothalonil concentrations. Plant biomass decreases were smaller in GM plants than in non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants. Mycorrhizal dependency was the highest with 50 mg kg(-1) chlorothalonil. Chlorothalonil affected physiological processes in upland rice irrespective of inoculation. Chlorothalonil at 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and soluble protein concentrations in shoots and roots of NM upland rice. However, values of APX, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were reduced more in GM plants than in NM plants. These results showed that chlorothalonil induced oxidative stress in upland rice and it is needed to evaluate the side effects of chlorothalonil on rice and AMF.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-Guan
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Ai-Jun
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Bao-Dong
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: F Andrew
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D010940:Plant Proteins; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile