title: Changes in motor cortex excitability with stimulation of anterior thalamus in epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for movement disorders and pain. Recently, bilateral DBS of the anterior nucleus of thalamus (AN) was performed for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. This surgery reduced seizure frequency in an initial group of patients. However, its physiologic effects on the cortex and mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Different classes of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have distinct effects on the excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the motor cortex, which can be studied noninvasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of bilateral AN DBS on motor cortex excitability in epilepsy and compare these to the known effects of AEDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortical excitability was assessed in five medicated epilepsy patients with bilateral stimulators implanted in the anterior thalamus and nine healthy controls. Single and paired TMS were used to examine cortical inhibitory and facilitatory circuits. Electromyography was recorded from the dominant hand, and TMS was applied over the contralateral motor cortex. Patients were studied during DBS turned off (OFF condition), DBS with cycling stimulation mode (1 minute on, 5 minutes off; CYCLE), and DBS with continuous stimulation (CONTINUOUS) in random order on 3 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motor thresholds were increased in the patients regardless of DBS condition. Active short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly reduced in the OFF and CYCLE conditions but returned toward normal levels in the CONTINUOUS condition. Rest SICI, long interval intracortical inhibition, and silent period duration were unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased short-interval intracortical inhibition with continuous deep brain stimulation (DBS) suggests that thalamic DBS might drive cortical inhibitory circuits, similar to antiepileptic drugs that enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sailer
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gunraj
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Cunic
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D012016:Reference Values; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology*