title: Learning curve using robotic surgery.
abstract: The da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) surgical system is being used by an increasing number of surgeons across several surgical specialties. The robotic interface is different not only to open surgery, but also to laparoscopy because it involves remote surgical control, stereoscopic vision, and lack of haptic feedback. As the transition is made from traditional open to robotic surgery, factors such as learning of robotic skills, assessment of proficiency in robotics, and structured training for urologists in practice and residents assumes importance. Understanding how the robotic surgical technique is learned and how such learning can be best assessed will enable us to define protocols for training and set standards for proficiency. Learning curve and surgical dexterity are two parameters that are used to compare surgical learning and training. This article presents the current gold standard for assessing skill training and compares surgical skill acquisition and proficiency using conventional laparoscopy and robotic interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Vattikuti Urology Institute, 2799 West grand Boulevard, K-9, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. skaul1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Nikhil L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*