title: Increased cholinergic contractions of jejunal smooth muscle caused by a high cholesterol diet are prevented by the 5-HT4 agonist--tegaserod.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excess cholesterol in bile and in blood is a major risk factor for the respective development of gallbladder disease and atherosclerosis. This lipid in excess negatively impacts the functioning of other smooth muscles, including the intestine. Serotonin is an important mediator of the contractile responses of the small intestine. Drugs targeting the serotonin receptor are used as prokinetic agents to manage intestinal motor disorders, in particular irritable bowel syndrome. Thus, tegaserod, acting on 5-HT4 receptor, ideally should obviate detrimental effects of excessive cholesterol on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. In this study we examined the effect of tegaserod on cholesterol-induced changes in the contractile responses of intestinal smooth muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of a high cholesterol (1%) diet on the in vitro contractile responses of jejunal longitudinal smooth muscle from Richardson ground squirrels to the cholinergic agonist carbachol were examined in the presence or absence of tetrodrodotoxin (TTX). Two groups of animals, fed either low (0.03%) or high cholesterol rat chow diet, were further divided into two subgroups and treated for 28 days with either vehicle or tegaserod.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high cholesterol diet increased, by nearly 2-fold, contractions of the jejunal longitudinal smooth muscle elicited by carbachol. These cholinergic contractions were mediated by muscarinic receptors since they were blocked by scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, but not by the nicotinic receptor antagonist, hexamethonium. Tegaserod treatment, which did not affect cholinergic contractions of tissues from low cholesterol fed animals, abrogated the increase caused by the high cholesterol diet. With low cholesterol diet TTX enhanced carbachol-evoked contractions, whereas this action potential blocker did not affect the augmented cholinergic contractions seen with tissues from animals on the high cholesterol diet. Tegaserod-treatment removed the effects of a high cholesterol diet on neuronal muscarinic receptors, as the potentiating effect of TTX on carbachol-elicited contractions was maintained in these animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high cholesterol diet causes significant changes to cholinergic neurotransmission in the enteric nerves of the jejunum. The mechanisms by which these effects of cholesterol are reversed by tegaserod are unknown, but relate to removal of an inhibitory effect of cholesterol on enteric nerves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. Ronald.Mathison@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathison
authors.forename: Eldon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017615:Enteric Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D018738:Hexamethonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012589:Sciuridae; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers; D007211:Indoles; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D018738:Hexamethonium; C105050:tegaserod; D002217:Carbachol