title: Toward resolution of the debate regarding purported crypto-Jews in a Spanish-American population: evidence from the Y chromosome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ethnic heritage of northernmost New Spain, including present-day northern New Mexico and southernmost Colorado, USA, is intensely debated. Local Spanish-American folkways and anecdotal narratives led to claims that the region was colonized primarily by secret- or crypto-Jews. Despite ethnographic criticisms, the notion of substantial crypto-Jewish ancestry among Spanish-Americans persists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the null hypothesis that Spanish-Americans of northern New Mexico carry essentially the same profile of paternally inherited DNA variation as the peoples of Iberia, and the relevant alternative hypothesis that the sampled Spanish-Americans possess inherited DNA variation that reflects Jewish ancestry significantly greater than that in present-day Iberia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report frequencies of 19 Y-chromosome unique event polymorphism (UEP) biallelic markers for 139 men from across northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, USA, who self-identify as 'Spanish-American'. We used three different statistical tests of differentiation to compare frequencies of major UEP-defined clades or haplogroups with published data for Iberians, Jews, and other Mediterranean populations. We also report frequencies of derived UEP markers within each major haplogroup, compared with published data for relevant populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tests of differentiation showed that, for frequencies of the major UEP-defined clades, Spanish-Americans and Iberians are statistically indistinguishable. All other pairwise comparisons, including between Spanish-Americans and Jews, and Iberians and Jews, revealed highly significant differences in UEP frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that paternal genetic inheritance of Spanish-Americans is indistinguishable from that of Iberians and refute the popular and widely publicized scenario of significant crypto-Jewish ancestry of the Spanish-American population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York 10003, USA. ws204@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Wesley K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Alec
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Neulander
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Disotell
authors.forename: Joanna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mountain
mesh_terms: D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013030:Spain / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers