title: Reclassification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae as Paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation.
abstract: A polyphasic taxonomic study of the two subspecies of Paenibacillus larvae, Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens, supported the reclassification of the subspecies into one species, Paenibacillus larvae, without subspecies separation. Our conclusions are based on the analysis of six reference strains of P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and three reference strains and 44 field isolates of P. larvae. subsp. larvae. The latter originated from brood or honey of clinically diseased honey bee colonies or from honey of both clinically diseased and asymptomatic colonies from Sweden, Finland and Germany. Colony and spore morphology, as well as the metabolism of mannitol and salicin, did not allow a clear identification of the two subspecies and SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins did not support the subspecies differentiation. For genomic fingerprinting, repetitive element-PCR fingerprinting using ERIC primers and PFGE of bacterial DNA were performed. The latter method is a high-resolution DNA fingerprinting method proven to be superior to most other methods for biochemical and molecular typing and has not previously been used to characterize P. larvae. ERIC-PCR identified four different genotypes, while PFGE revealed two main clusters. One cluster included most of the P. larvae subsp. larvae field isolates, as well as all P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens reference strains. The other cluster comprised the pigmented variants of P. larvae subsp. larvae. 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for some strains. Finally, exposure bioassays demonstrated that reference strains of P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens were pathogenic for honey bee larvae, producing symptoms similar to reference strains of P. larvae subsp. larvae. In comparison with the type strain for P. larvae subsp. larvae, ATCC 9545T, the P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens strains tested were even more virulent, since they showed a shorter LT100. An emended description of the species is given.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Genersch
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forsgren
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, PL 92, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentikäinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ainura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashiralieva
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.affiliation: Staatliches Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Arnsberg, Zur Taubeneiche 10-12, D-59821 Arnsberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kilwinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fries
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S