title: Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: risk factors for adverse outcome and implications for rational empiric antibiotic therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia (NBP) was once considered a common cause of morbidity and mortality among advanced AIDS patients. However, clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcome-associated risk factors in this population are poorly defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of all HIV-infected patients admitted during the period 1988-2002 at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Milan, Italy, to determine incidence rate and factors affecting mortality of NBP, and to gather clinical and microbiological findings about the condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 120 episodes of NBP among 4,967 admissions of HIV-infected individuals. A reduction of incidence became evident after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The more common causative agents were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33%) Staphylococcus aureus (25%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21%). Methicillin resistance was frequent among staphylococci (65%). The mortality rate of NBP was 25.8%. Non-statistically significant factors associated with shorter survival were: CD4(+) count < 10 cells/microl, concomitant lung neoplasm, and complicated roentgenographic picture. Only one factor was significantly associated with lower survival, both in univariate and multivariate analysis: a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus serving as an etiologic agent of pneumonia (RR 4.05; 95% CI, 1.076-15.239; p = 0.039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decline in incidence of NBP in HIV-infected individuals was observed after introduction of HAART. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the leading causes of NBP, but frequency of pneumococcal pneumonia was significant. The sole predictor for mortality was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus as a pneumonia-causing agent.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Milano, Italy. Fabio.Franzetti@unimi.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franzetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grassini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degl'innocenti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bandera
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gazzola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gori
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents