title: Air-activated chemical warming devices: effects of oxygen and pressure.
abstract: Air-activated chemical warming devices use an exothermic chemical reaction of rapidly oxidizing iron to generate heat for therapeutic purposes. Placing these products in a hyperbaric oxygen environment greatly increases the supply of oxidant and thus increases the rate of reaction and maximum temperature. Testing for auto-ignition and maximum temperatures attained by ThermaCare Heat Wraps, Playtex Heat Therapy, and Heat Factory disposable warm packs under ambient conditions and under conditions similar to those encountered during hyperbaric oxygen treatments in monoplace and multiplace hyperbaric chambers (3 atm abs and > 95% oxygen) revealed a maximum temperature of 269 degrees F (132 degrees C) with no spontaneous ignition. The risk of thermal burn injury to adjacent skin may be increased significantly if these devices are used under conditions of hyperbaric oxygen.
authors.affiliation: Center for Comprehensive Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raleigh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabus
mesh_terms: D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D018605:Spontaneous Combustion
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen