title: Estrogen-mediated regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human endometrium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogen predominantly exerts its biological effects through the genomic pathway by binding to its intracellular receptors, interacting with the estrogen response element located in the promoter region of the target gene, and thus regulating gene transcription. There has been an increasing body of evidence regarding nongenomic actions of estrogen. Estrogen activates multiple signaling cascades, including the MAPK pathway. p38 MAPK plays key roles in mediating apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammation, which all take place in the endometrium during cyclical changes under the influence of estrogen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that estrogen might activate the p38 MAPK pathway in endometrial cells and exert some of its actions through this pathway in the endometrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  p38 MAPK phosphorylation was analyzed using in vivo and in vitro techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total and phosphorylated p38 MAPK immunostainings were more intense in epithelial cells compared with stromal cells, and the phosphorylated/total p38 MAPK ratio was significantly higher in the functional endometrial layer compared with the basal layer (P < 0.05). Estradiol significantly increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation in endometrial stromal cells in culture within 2 min (P < 0.05), and this phosphorylation was blocked by a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor. Moreover, tamoxifen and raloxifene also increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. The estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 reversed the estrogen-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in endometrial stromal and epithelial cells, suggesting involvement of the estrogen receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate the involvement of estrogen in regulating p38 MAPK activity in endometrial cells, suggesting a nongenomic action of estrogen through this MAPK in the endometrium.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA. aydin.arici@yale.edu
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seval
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.forename: Umit A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Kayisli
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004717:Endometrium / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases