title: The development, validity, and reliability of a manual muscle testing device with integrated limb position sensors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the development and validation of a new hand-held muscle strength-testing device that is integrated with orientation sensors and designed to test the strength of major muscle groups at a given limb or joint position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Design description and validation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based human movement facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight able-bodied, healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A device was developed based on a hand-held force dynamometer with integrated orientation sensors. The validity and reliability (interrater, intertrial) of 5 maximum isometric contractions of hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion were assessed. The results were compared with those from an isokinetic dynamometer (KinCom).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new manual muscle tester was highly reliable and valid in estimating muscle strength of the lower limbs. The coefficient of variation between trials of all movements was low, with a mean less than 10% (range, 3.7%-8.9%). The only significant difference in muscle strength between the new device and the isokinetic dynamometer was found for hip flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new hand-held muscle strength tester appears to be a reliable and valid clinical assessment tool that can be used to objectively assess muscle strength at particular limb positions and/or joint angles. This feature appears to represent a technical advance in portable muscle strength devices, providing comparable information to those obtained by isokinetic dynamometers at a fraction of the cost and size. However, the device needs to be validated in clinical populations, such as patients with spinal cord injury and stroke, in order to demonstrate its general clinical utility.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, Centre for Health Research, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jasiewicz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Condie
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barriskill
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hebnes
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Purcell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results