title: Human sensory-evoked responses differ coincident with either "fusion-memory" or "flash-memory", as shown by stimulus repetition-rate effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new method has been used to obtain human sensory evoked-responses whose time-domain waveforms have been undetectable by previous methods. These newly discovered evoked-responses have durations that exceed the time between the stimuli in a continuous stream, thus causing an overlap which, up to now, has prevented their detection. We have named them "A-waves", and added a prefix to show the sensory system from which the responses were obtained (visA-waves, audA-waves, somA-waves).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When A-waves were studied as a function of stimulus repetition-rate, it was found that there were systematic differences in waveshape at repetition-rates above and below the psychophysical region in which the sensation of individual stimuli fuse into a continuity. The fusion phenomena is sometimes measured by a "Critical Fusion Frequency", but for this research we can only identify a frequency-region [which we call the STZ (Sensation-Transition Zone)]. Thus, the A-waves above the STZ differed from those below the STZ, as did the sensations. Study of the psychophysical differences in auditory and visual stimuli, as shown in this paper, suggest that different stimulus features are detected, and remembered, at stimulation rates above and below STZ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results motivate us to speculate that: 1) Stimulus repetition-rates above the STZ generate waveforms which underlie "fusion-memory" whereas rates below the STZ show neuronal processing in which "flash-memory" occurs. 2) These two memories differ in both duration and mechanism, though they may occur in the same cell groups. 3) The differences in neuronal processing may be related to "figure" and "ground" differentiation. We conclude that A-waves provide a novel measure of neural processes that can be detected on the human scalp, and speculate that they may extend clinical applications of evoked response recordings. If A-waves also occur in animals, it is likely that A-waves will provide new methods for comparison of activity of neuronal populations and single cells.
authors.affiliation: Abratech Corporation, Sausalito, CA, USA. don.jewett@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Don L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.forename: Toryalai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Larson-Prior
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: Marram
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trumpis
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makayed
authors.forename: Payam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bavafa
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011601:Psychophysics; D013997:Time Factors