title: Computerized three-dimensional localization of prostate cancer using contrast-enhanced power Doppler and clustering analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential benefit of semiautomated localization of prostate cancer using clustering analysis on three-dimensional (3-D) contrast-enhanced power Doppler images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer and scheduled for radical prostatectomy underwent a 3-D contrast-enhanced power Doppler scan prior to surgery. A 3-D ellipsoid model was manually fitted around the prostate. The model automatically divided the prostate into 12 zones. After calculation of a so-called clustering map, the clustering values of each zone were calculated. They were compared with whole-mount section histopathology. Region-of-interest (ROI) analysis was performed with bootstrapping to evaluate overall performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ROI analysis yielded area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.65 with a corresponding standard error of 0.03.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Semiautomatic localization based on clustering analysis of blood flow aids in localization of prostate tumors. A clustering map is an easy-to-interpret extension to standard power Doppler images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hilco
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Moerkerk
authors.forename: Stijn W T P J
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Heijmink
authors.forename: Christina A Hulsbergen-V D
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kaa
authors.forename: Jelle O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Barentsz
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003287:Contrast Media; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media