title: Antegrade cerebral perfusion reduces apoptotic neuronal injury in a neonatal piglet model of cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonates with congenital heart disease might require surgical repair with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, a technique associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Antegrade cerebral perfusion is thought to minimize ischemic brain injury, although there are no supporting experimental data. We sought to evaluate and compare the extent of neurologic injury in a neonatal piglet model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade cerebral perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal piglets undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or antegrade cerebral perfusion for 45 minutes. Animals were killed after 6 hours of recovery, and brain tissue was stained for evidence of cellular injury and for the apoptotic markers activated caspase 3 and cytochrome c translocation from mitochondria to cytosol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Piglets from the antegrade cerebral perfusion group exhibited less apoptotic or necrotic injury (4 +/- 3 vs 29 +/- 12 cells per field, P = .03). The piglets undergoing antegrade cerebral perfusion also had less evidence of apoptosis, with fewer cells staining for activated caspase 3 (57 +/- 8 vs 93 +/- 9 cells per field, P = .001) or showing cytochrome c translocation (6 +/- 2 vs 15 +/- 4 cells per field, P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of antegrade cerebral perfusion in place of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest reduces evidence of apoptosis and histologic injury in neonatal piglets. Neonates with congenital heart disease might benefit from antegrade cerebral perfusion during complex cardiac surgery to improve their overall neurologic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif, USA. vchock@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Valerie Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Chock
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.forename: Corrine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
authors.forename: R Kirk
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Riemer
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Rona G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Giffard
authors.forename: V Mohan
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology*; D010477:Perfusion; D013552:Swine