title: Mechanisms of patulin toxicity under conditions that inhibit yeast growth.
abstract: Patulin, 4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2(6H)-one, is one of the best characterized and most widely disseminated mycotoxins found in agricultural products. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which patulin causes toxicity are not well understood. Thus, the cytotoxicity of patulin was characterized by analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon challenge with patulin. Interestingly, patulin-induced yeast gene expression profiles were found to be similar to gene expression patterns obtained after treatment with the antifungal agricultural chemicals thiuram, maneb, and zineb. Moreover, patulin treatment was found to activate protein degradation, especially proteasome activities, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and the defense system for oxidative stress. Damage to DNA by alkylation was also suggested, and this seemed to be repaired by recombinational and excision repair mechanisms. Furthermore, the results provide potential biomarker genes for the detection of patulin in agricultural products. The results suggest the possibility of applying the yeast transcriptome system for the evaluation of chemicals, especially for natural chemicals that are difficult to get by organic synthesis.
authors.affiliation: National Food Research Institute (NFRI), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan. yumiko@affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwahashi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosoda
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Joo-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yoshiteru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Satomi Mizukami
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Nam-Soo
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jwa
authors.forename: Man-Bock
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwahashi
mesh_terms: D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010365:Patulin / Q000633:toxicity*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010365:Patulin