title: Relation of C-reactive protein to oxidative stress and to endothelial activation in essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  C-reactive protein (CRP) predicts cardiovascular outcome. Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in endothelial alteration. We hypothesized that in essential hypertension (EH), oxidative stress, as measured by 8-iso-prostaglandin-F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), should be associated with increased CRP and endothelial activation, as evaluated by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) plasma levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 83 subjects with mild EH and in 50 healthy control subjects we measured, in basal conditions, plasma levels of hs-CRP, 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with EH had higher levels of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (P < .0001), CRP (P < .001), ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (P < .001), and TNF-alpha (P < .001) than did control subjects. We divided successively EH according to CRP values (<1, 1-3, >3 mg/L), and we observed increasing and significantly different levels of the endothelial parameters and of TNF-alpha along with increasing CRP. Linear analysis of correlation pointed out significant correlation of CRP with 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (r = 0.730, P < .001), ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (r = 0.642 and 0.468, P < .001 respectively), and TNF-alpha (r = 0.609, P < .001). Multiple regression analysis using CRP as a dependent variable confirmed the relationship of CRP with systolic blood pressure (beta 0.216, P = 0.039) and with 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (beta 0.602, P = .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that in EH, inflammatory molecules such as CRP and TNF-alpha are increased and related to both oxidative stress and endothelial activation.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Medicina Interna, Nefrologia ed Ipertensione Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Malattie Cardiovascolari e Nefrourologiche-Cattedra di Medicina Interna, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy. sancott@tin.it
authors.forename: Santina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cottone
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulè
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vadalà
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guarneri
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Briolotta
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arsena
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riccobene
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cerasola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011460:Prostaglandins F / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D011460:Prostaglandins F; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein