title: GFAP promoter directs lacZ expression specifically in a rat hepatic stellate cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The GFAP was traditionally considered to be a biomarker for neural glia (mainly astrocytes and non-myelinating Schwann cells). Genetically, a 2.2-kb human GFAP promoter has been successfully used to target astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. More recently, GFAP was also established as one of the several makers for identifying hepatic stellate cells (HSC). In this project, possible application of the same 2.2-kb human GFAP promoter for targeting HSC was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GFAP-lacZ transgene was transfected into various cell lines (HSC, hepatocyte, and other non-HSC cell types). The transgene expression specificity was determined by X-gal staining of the beta-galactosidase activity. And the responsiveness of the transgene was tested with a typical pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-beta1. The expression of endogenous GFAP gene was assessed by real-time RT-PCR, providing a reference for the transgene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated for the first time that the 2.2 kb hGFAP promoter was not only capable of directing HSC-specific expression, but also responding to a known pro-fibrogenic cytokine TGF-beta1 by upregulation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, similar to the endogenous GFAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, these findings suggested novel utilities for using the GFAP promoter to specifically manipulate HSC for therapeutic purpose.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #04-01, 138669, Singapore.
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maubach
authors.forename: Michelle Chin Chia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Chun-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004274:DNA, Recombinant / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007763:Lac Operon; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1