title: Biofeedback is superior to laxatives for normal transit constipation due to pelvic floor dyssynergia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Uncontrolled trials suggest biofeedback is an effective treatment for pelvic floor dyssynergia (PFD), a type of constipation defined by paradoxical contraction, or inability to relax, pelvic floor muscles during defecation. The aim was to compare biofeedback to laxatives plus education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic, severe PFD were first treated with 20 g/day fiber plus enemas or suppositories up to twice weekly. Nonresponders were randomized to either 5 weekly biofeedback sessions (n = 54) or polyethylene glycol 14.6-29.2 g/day plus 5 weekly counseling sessions in preventing constipation (n = 55). Satisfaction with treatment, symptoms of constipation, and pelvic floor physiology were assessed 6 and 12 months later. The biofeedback group was also assessed at 24 months. Laxative-treated patients were instructed to increase the dose of polyethylene glycol from 14.6 to 29.2 g/day after 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months, major improvement was reported by 43 of 54 (80%) biofeedback patients vs 12 of 55 (22%) laxative-treated patients (P < .001). Biofeedback's benefits were sustained at 12 and 24 months. Biofeedback also produced greater reductions in straining, sensations of incomplete evacuation and anorectal blockage, use of enemas and suppositories, and abdominal pain (all P < .01). Stool frequency increased in both groups. All biofeedback-treated patients reporting major improvement were able to relax the pelvic floor and defecate a 50-mL balloon at 6 and 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five biofeedback sessions are more effective than continuous polyethylene glycol for treating PFD, and benefits last at least 2 years. Biofeedback should become the treatment of choice for this common and easily diagnosed type of constipation.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Division, Valeggio sul Mincio Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiarioni
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pezza
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Gabrio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bassotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002400:Cathartics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics