title: Optimized contrast-enhanced CT protocols for diagnostic whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT: technical aspects of single-phase versus multiphase CT imaging.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare various PET/CT examination protocols that use contrast-enhanced single-phase or contrast-enhanced multiphase CT scans under different breathing conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with different malignant tumors were randomized into 4 different PET/CT protocols. Single-phase protocols included an intravenous contrast-enhanced (Ultravist 370; iodine at 370 mg/mL) single-phase whole-body CT scan (90 mL at 1.8 mL/min; delay, 90 s) during shallow breathing (protocol A) or during normal expiration (NormExp; protocol B). Multiphase protocols included 2 separate CT scans in the arterial contrast enhancement phase (90 mL at 2.5-2.8 mL/min; bolus tracking; scan range, base of the skull to the kidneys) and the portal-venous contrast enhancement phase (delay, 90 s; scan range, base of the lungs to the proximal thighs) during shallow breathing (protocol C) or during NormExp (protocol D) followed by a low-dose CT scan during shallow breathing for attenuation correction and whole-body PET. Feasibility was assessed by comparing the misalignment of the upper abdominal organs quantitatively by means of the craniocaudal, lateral, and anterior-posterior differences on coregistered PET/CT images. For image quality, the occurrence of CT artifacts and mismatching of rigid body points were evaluated qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Misalignment was significantly lower for protocol B in almost all organs and represented the best coregistration quality. Surprisingly, protocol A showed significantly better alignment than the multiphase CT scans during NormExp. Misalignment values between the multiphase protocols were not significantly different, with a trend toward lower values for protocol D. The best CT image quality, with a significantly lower occurrence of artifacts, was found for protocols B and D (NormExp). The levels of mismatching of rigid body points because of patient movement in between the transmission and emission scans were similar for all protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiphase CT protocols presented a technical disadvantage represented by suboptimal image coregistration compared with single-phase protocols. Nevertheless, multiphase protocols are technically feasible and should be considered for patients who will benefit from a contrast-enhanced multiphase CT examination for diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. brechtkla@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brechtel
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aschoff
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Susanna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Eschmann
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bares
authors.forename: Claus D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pfannenberg
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide