title: [Psychiatric and cognitive long-term effects of ecstasy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MDMA (ecstasy) has been a popular recreational drug among young people. MDMA modulates serotonergic activity in the brain and has been shown to be toxic to serotonergic neurons in animals. Disturbances in this neurotransmitter system lead to neuropsychiatric symptoms, hence it has been a concern that use of ecstasy in humans would lead to a higher frequency of psychiatric disease and cognitive impairment. We wanted to review human studies to find evidence for these side effects of ecstasy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 10 studies regarding the connection between use of ecstasy and mental health, as well as 20 studies regarding the connection between use of ecstasy and cognitive impairment. Three of these studies were longitudinal, the others were cross-sectional.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a higher frequency of both psychiatric illness and cognitive impairment among ecstasy users. On the other hand, many methodological factors must be considered before causality is assumed.
authors.affiliation: Divisjon for rettstoksikologi og rusmiddelforskning, Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt, Postboks 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo. gugu@fhi.no
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Høiseth
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Løvåsdal
authors.forename: Thomas Kjenner
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Titze
authors.forename: Jørgen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bramness
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bachs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine