title: In vitro organ culture of the bovine intervertebral disc: effects of vertebral endplate and potential for mechanobiology studies.
abstract: METHODS
  Whole bovine coccygeal discs were cultured under static load, with or without vertebral endplates (VEPs), and assessed for cell viability, biochemical stability, biosynthetic activity, and biosynthetic responsiveness to changes in mechanical load.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of VEPs on biochemical and cellular stability of disc cells during in vitro culture of large disc explants. To determine whether cultured discs could respond to mechanical perturbation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous methods for culturing the intervertebral disc have focused on rabbit and rat discs, but the small size of these discs limits the relevance of these culture systems to the human condition. Bovine coccygeal discs have similar dimensions to the human lumbar disc (i.e., similar size and nominal stresses), but long-term culture of these discs has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine coccygeal discs were harvested with or without VEPs, cultured under static load (5 kg, approximately 0.25 MPa, in situ swelling pressure) for up to 1 week, and evaluated for changes in hydration, glycosaminoglycan content, cell viability, and biosynthetic activity. Additionally, the biochemical and biosynthetic response of discs cultured without VEP to increasing the load to a 20-kg (approximately 1 MPa, the estimated stress in human lumbar disc during heavy lifting) static load for 6 hours was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 24 hours, culturing discs with endplates was moderately better with regards to maintaining in situ anulus hydration and nucleus glycosaminoglycan levels. The endplates, however, obstructed media flow to the disc, resulting in a marked decrease in cell viability after 1 week of culture. Nucleus pulposus cell viability was maintained in discs cultured without endplates, but there was a significant drop in biosynthetic activity within 2 days of culture. Despite this drop, the disc cells in the discs without VEP remained biosynthetically responsive to changes in mechanical loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to maintain cell viability and the biosynthetic responsiveness of large discs for up to 1 week in vitro when the discs are cultured under static load and without VEP.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Cell Biology Division, AO Research Institute, Davos, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cynthia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Iatridis
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poveda
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003050:Coccyx / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003890:Desiccation; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011509:Proteoglycans