title: Proteomics of the retinal pigment epithelium reveals altered protein expression at progressive stages of age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized clinically by changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), formation of drusen between the RPE and the underlying vasculature, geographic atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. Later clinical stages are accompanied by impaired central vision. A limited understanding of the molecular events responsible for AMD has constrained the development of effective treatments. A proteomics approach was used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of AMD and to identify proteins exhibiting significant changes in expression with disease onset and progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human donor eyes were categorized into one of four progressive stages of AMD. Proteins from the RPE were resolved and quantified by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Proteins exhibiting significant expression changes at different disease stages were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. 2-D and semiquantitative one dimensional (1-D) Western blot analyses were used to determine whether changes identified by the proteomic analysis were specific for a protein subpopulation or representative of the entire protein population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteins were identified from several critical pathways that changed at early and late disease stages, indicating potential causal mechanisms and secondary consequences of AMD, respectively. Proteins involved in protecting from stress-induced protein unfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial trafficking and refolding, and regulating apoptosis changed early in the disease process. Late-stage changes occurred in proteins that regulate retinoic acid and regeneration of the rhodopsin chromophore.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide the first direct evidence of AMD stage-specific changes in human RPE protein expression and provide a basis for functional investigation of AMD that may ultimately suggest new therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Curtis L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Nordgaard
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kapphahn
authors.forename: Cavan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ferrington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018450:Disease Progression; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins