title: Cyclic nucleotide specific phosphodiesterases of Leishmania major.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmania represent a complex of important human pathogens that belong to the systematic order of the kinetoplastida. They are transmitted between their human and mammalian hosts by different bloodsucking sandfly vectors. In their hosts, the Leishmania undergo several differentiation steps, and their coordination and optimization crucially depend on numerous interactions between the parasites and the physiological environment presented by the fly and human hosts. Little is still known about the signalling networks involved in these functions. In an attempt to better understand the role of cyclic nucleotide signalling in Leishmania differentiation and host-parasite interaction, we here present an initial study on the cyclic nucleotide-specific phosphodiesterases of Leishmania major.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper presents the identification of three class I cyclic-nucleotide-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs) from L. major, PDEs whose catalytic domains exhibit considerable sequence conservation with, among other, all eleven human PDE families. In contrast to other protozoa such as Dictyostelium, or fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida ssp or Neurospora, no genes for class II PDEs were found in the Leishmania genomes. LmjPDEA contains a class I catalytic domain at the C-terminus of the polypeptide, with no other discernible functional domains elsewhere. LmjPDEB1 and LmjPDEB2 are coded for by closely related, tandemly linked genes on chromosome 15. Both PDEs contain two GAF domains in their N-terminal region, and their almost identical catalytic domains are located at the C-terminus of the polypeptide. LmjPDEA, LmjPDEB1 and LmjPDEB2 were further characterized by functional complementation in a PDE-deficient S. cerevisiae strain. All three enzymes conferred complementation, demonstrating that all three can hydrolyze cAMP. Recombinant LmjPDEB1 and LmjPDEB2 were shown to be cAMP-specific, with Km values in the low micromolar range. Several PDE inhibitors were found to be active against these PDEs in vitro, and to inhibit cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genome of L. major contains only PDE genes that are predicted to code for class I PDEs, and none for class II PDEs. This is more similar to what is found in higher eukaryotes than it is to the situation in Dictyostelium or the fungi that concomitantly express class I and class II PDEs. Functional complementation demonstrated that LmjPDEA, LmjPDEB1 and LmjPDEB2 are capable of hydrolyzing cAMP. In vitro studies with recombinant LmjPDEB1 and LmjPDEB2 confirmed this, and they demonstrated that both are completely cAMP-specific. Both enzymes are inhibited by several commercially available PDE inhibitors. The observation that these inhibitors also interfere with cell growth in culture indicates that inhibition of the PDEs is fatal for the cell, suggesting an important role of cAMP signalling for the maintenance of cellular integrity and proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. aj511@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shakur
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seebeck
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000201:enzymology*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases