title: Alterations of the proton-T2 time in relaxed skeletal muscle induced by passive extremity flexions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate reciprocal changes of the apparent proton-T2 time in the biceps and triceps due to passive contraction and extension of the muscle fibers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The contraction state of the upper arm muscles of six healthy volunteers was passively changed by alternating the forearm position between the straight-arm position and an elbow flexion of 90 degrees. The relaxation of the muscle during passive contraction and extension was measured with the use of muscle electromyography (EMG) experiments. Spin-echo (SE) MRI with increasing echo times (TEs) of 12-90 msec was used to acquire the averaged signal decay of the segmented biceps and triceps. The apparent T2 was deduced using monoexponential least-square fitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median T2 alterations in biceps and triceps among all volunteers were found to be 1.2 and -1.3 msec in the straight and bent forearm positions, respectively. The confidence intervals (0.5 to 1.7 msec in biceps, and -2.6 to -1.1 msec in triceps) clearly indicate that proton-T2 in MR images is significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged with muscle contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed increase of the proton-T2 time was correlated with a passive contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. This passive effect can be attributed to changes in the intracellular water mobility corresponding to the well-known "active" T2 increase that occurs after stimulation of muscle.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rump
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papazoglou
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taupitz
authors.forename: Ingolf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sack
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016684:Prone Position; D011522:Protons; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons