title: Phytoestrogens and the risk of breast cancer: a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade, interest in the physiological role of bioactive compounds in plants has increased dramatically. Of particular interest in relation to human health are the class of compounds known as the phytoestrogens, which embody several groups of nonsteroidal estrogens that are widely distributed within the plant kingdom, including isoflavones and lignans. Epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in phytoestrogens, particularly soy and unrefined grain products, may be associated with low risk of breast cancer. This review presents the studies published so far exploring a link between dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was conducted using the key words below. Further articles were obtained by cross-matching references of relevant articles. Twenty-one case-control and 15 prospective studies were identified since 1978. One meta-analysis and several review articles also were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from previous studies were analyzed and comparisons were made between each type of study. Controversy exists regarding this subject, and we found conflicting evidence in recent literature regarding this hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no clear evidence that phytoestrogen intake influences the risk of developing breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery St George's Hospital London, United Kindgom.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gikas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokbel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000009:adverse effects; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013025:Glycine max; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D030262:Soybean Proteins