title: Angiostatic activity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors.
abstract: Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and histone deacetylases can reactivate epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes and thereby decrease tumor cell growth. Little, however, is known on the effects of these compounds in endothelial cell biology and tumor angiogenesis. Here, we show that the DNMT inhibitors 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and zebularine markedly decrease vessel formation in different tumor models. We show that DNMT inhibitors are antiproliferative for tumor-conditioned endothelial cells, without affecting endothelial cell apoptosis and migration. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo as shown by inhibition of endothelial cells sprouting in a three-dimensional gel and inhibition of microvessel formation in the chorioallantoic membrane, respectively. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, as well as the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, reactivates the growth-inhibiting genes TSP1, JUNB, and IGFBP3, which are suppressed in tumor-conditioned endothelial cells. Despite enhanced DNMT activity and increased overall genomic methylation levels in tumor-conditioned endothelial cells, silencing of these genes seemed not to be regulated by direct promoter hypermethylation. For IGFBP3, gene expression in endothelial cells correlated with histone H3 acetylation patterns. In conclusion, our data show that DNMT inhibitors have angiostatic activity in addition to their inhibitory effects on tumor cells. This dual action of these compounds makes them promising anticancer therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University and University Hospital, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Debby M E I
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hellebrekers
authors.forename: Kam-Wing
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jair
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viré
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Nicole T H
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Hoebers
authors.forename: Mario F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteller
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fuks
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Baylin
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Engeland
authors.forename: Arjan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Griffioen
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D003562:Cytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000235:genetics; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D019700:Thrombospondin 1 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D019700:Thrombospondin 1; C012589:trichostatin A; D003562:Cytidine; C009131:pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D001374:Azacitidine