title: Immediate functional effects of left ventricular reduction: a Doppler echocardiographic study in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immediate functional effects of left ventricle reduction (LVR) are not yet fully defined. Those effects have been studied in the experimental model of myocardial infarction scar plication (MISP) in the rat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Doppler echocardiogram was performed immediately before and after MISP in 20 rats with infarction of the left ventricle (LV) larger than 40%. LV diastolic volume reduction (475 +/- 114 versus 185 +/- 65 muL) was accompanied by heart rate decrease (230 +/- 25 versus 166 +/- 27 beats/min) and increase of ejection fraction (37 +/- 7 versus 67 +/- 12%), fractional shortening (18 +/- 3 versus 46 +/- 8%) and posterior wall shortening velocity (1.50 +/- 0.62 versus 2.01 +/- 0.46 cm/s). LV diastolic volume/stroke volume slope was steeper after LVR, suggesting enhancement of the Frank-Starling mechanism. Restrictive pattern of left atrial emptying was alleviated after LVR (E wave: 101 +/- 15 versus 66 +/- 14 cm/s; E/A ratio: 6.8 +/- 2.9 versus 5.0 +/- 2.2; E wave deceleration time: 36 +/- 6 versus 51 +/- 10 msec) even though left atrial diameter (0.69 +/- 0.07 versus 0.66 +/- 0.06 cm) and A wave (18.0 +/- 9.4 versus 15.8 +/- 7.8 cm/s) did not vary. Additionally, a pulmonary flow profile suggesting pulmonary hypertension was observed in 12 of 17 animals before, and in only 3 after, LVR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LVR favors cardiac function not only by reducing afterload. The present data are in consonance with previous suggestions that the Frank-Starling mechanism is enhanced after MISP and, in addition to LV ejection function improvement, the unprecedented facilitation of left atrial emptying after LVR was particularly noteworthy. Even though LVR restricts ventricular distensibility, atrial emptying can be facilitated, probably on account of LV ejection improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Estado de Israel 181/94, CEP: 04022-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosemeire M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kanashiro
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberta
authors.forename: Ednei L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.forename: Valdir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Moisés
authors.forename: Paulo J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tucci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology