title: Improved method for the determination of anatoxin-a and two of its metabolites in blue-green algae using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
abstract: Anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin produced by blue-green algae (BGA) species, can cause death to exposed organisms. In North America, BGA are harvested and sold as food supplements, some of which contain elevated levels of other algal toxins, such as microcystins. Concern that elevated levels of anatoxin-a also may be present in BGA food supplements has led to the development of a simple method to determine the presence of anatoxin-a in BGA. Some researchers have successfully analyzed this compound using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection by forming a fluorescent derivative with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-F) in water and phytoplankton extracts. With this method, the background noise is high in BGA extracts due to the presence of co-extractives. Addition of o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and mercaptoethanol to the extract before addition of the NBD-F resulted in the successful removal of primary amines from the background noise when the NBD-F derivatives were detected with fluorescence. Improved chromatograms were obtained when extracts were cleaned up in this manner, leading to a lower detection limit (approximately 50 microg/kg) for anatoxin-a. The detection limits obtained for the 2 degradation products dihydroanatoxin-a and epoxyanatoxin-a in BGA extracts were similarly low (55 and 65 microg/kg, respectively).
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Address Locator: 2203D, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0L2. thea_rawn@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Dorothea F K
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Rawn
authors.forename: Benjamin P Y
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niedzwiadek
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D002845:Chromatography; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D005453:Fluorescence; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008623:Mercaptoethanol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D052998:Microcystins; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000378:metabolism; D053545:Spirulina; D013997:Time Factors; D014326:Tropanes; D009764:o-Phthalaldehyde / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010710:Phosphates; D014326:Tropanes; C032930:7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole; D008623:Mercaptoethanol; D009764:o-Phthalaldehyde; C509783:anatoxin a; D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan