title: Left insular stroke is associated with adverse cardiac outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After stroke, 10% of patients have adverse cardiac outcomes. Left insular damage may contribute to this by impairing sympathovagal balance (associated with cardiac structural damage and arrhythmias).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a prospective study of 32 patients with left insular stroke (Group 1) and 84 patients with non-insular stroke/TIA (Group 2). Adverse cardiac outcomes (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, angina, and heart failure) were assessed over 1 year. Myocardial wall motion was investigated with transesophageal echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1's cardiac outcome relative risk (RR) compared with Group 2 was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.02, 3.00, p = 0.05). Left insular stroke remained an independent predictor of cardiac outcome in multivariate analyses. Sensitivity analysis excluding TIA and angina showed similar results. For Group 1 patients without symptomatic coronary artery disease (SCAD), cardiac outcome RR = 4.06 (95% CI: 1.83, 9.01, p = 0.002). For Group 1 with SCAD, RR = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.06, 2.13, p = 0.14). Cardiac wall motion impairment was also associated with left insular stroke independent of CAD or nonischemic heart disease. Right insular stroke was not associated with adverse cardiac outcomes or cardiac wall motion impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left insular stroke is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiac outcome and decreased cardiac wall motion compared to stroke in other locations and TIA. This was particularly marked in patients without symptomatic coronary artery disease (SCAD). In patients with SCAD, the cardioprotective effect of medications, especially beta-blockers alone or combined with ischemic preconditioning, may explain the lack of association in this subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laowattana
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zeger
authors.forename: J A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Wittstein
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*