title: A prospective analysis of life events, problem behaviours and depression in adults with intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Life events have consistently been found to be associated with behaviour problems and depression among individuals with intellectual disability (ID). However, prior findings have typically been based on correlational or retrospective analyses of case files. The current study attempted to replicate prior findings from life events with concurrent data and extend them to the prospective prediction of behaviour problems and depression. The influence of impact ratings of life events was also explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four informants rated 104 adults with ID on measures of life events, behaviour problems and depressive symptoms. Life events were rated as having either a positive, negative or no impact on the life of the individual with ID. Measures were completed twice, at a 4-month interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviour problems were both correlated with and predicted by frequency counts of life events and life events perceived as negative. However, the predictive ability depended on which measure of problem behaviour was selected. Positive life events were not associated with concurrent behaviour problems. Depressive symptoms were correlated with all life changes, but only predicted by frequency counts of life events and life events perceived as negative. Again, the predictive ability depended on which measure of depression was selected. Findings were corroborated with a group of individuals with clinical diagnoses of major depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency counts of all life events and life events perceived as negative play a role in the development of behaviour problems and depressive symptoms among adults with ID. The results have implications for interventions for behaviour problems following a life event, and for reducing depressive symptoms for adults with mild ID.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. esbensen@waisman.wisc.edu
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Esbensen
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic