title: In-vehicle workload assessment: effects of traffic situations and cellular telephone use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of drivers' on-road workload is an important traffic safety consideration. This study was conducted to examine the effects of cellular phone communication on driving performance, with particular emphasis on variations in task demand in different traffic situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve participants were asked to drive on urban roads and motorways with or without concomitant mathematical-addition tests relayed via cellular phone. Measurements included task and driving performance, physiological responses, and compensatory behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of task performance revealed that mean response time was markedly increased (11.9%) for driving on urban roads compared to motorways. The mean driving speed only decreased 5.8% in the presence of phone tasks in comparison to normal driving without distractions. In addition, overall physiological workload increased through compensatory behavior in response to the phone tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Driving with phone use in different traffic environments induced measurable variations in driver workload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When faced with heavy traffic, a greater safety margin is typically adopted, with more lowered driving speed and restricted phone use, and it can be assumed that there is a general trade-off between tasks to preserve driving safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, St. John's University, No. 499, Sec. 4, Tam King Road, Tamsui, Taipei 25135, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bor-Shong
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yung-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013624:Taiwan