title: Effects of intensity of electroacupuncture upon experimental pain in healthy human volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: Electroacupuncture is commonly used for pain relief. Despite an extensive evidence-base guiding the selection of stimulation parameters, little methodologically robust research exists regarding the level of intensity required to provide effective doses. This study investigated the hypoalgesic effects of two stimulation intensities compared to placebo on pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in pain-free humans. Forty-eight acupuncture-naïve volunteers (mean age 23), stratified by gender, were screened for relevant contraindications and randomly allocated to four groups: control, placebo, high-intensity ("to tolerance but sub-noxious") or low-intensity ("strong but comfortable"). True or placebo electroacupuncture, using the Streitberger placebo needle, was administered to acupoints on dominant forearm (LI10, TH5) and ipsilateral leg (GB34, ST38). True needles (30 mm long, 0.3 mm diameter) were inserted 20-25 mm and "de-qi" was elicited from active groups, prior to administering 30 min of 4 Hz, 200 micros electroacupuncture. No electrical stimulation was performed on control and placebo groups, and placebo needles were used. After the intervention period, all needles were removed. Volunteers were monitored for 30 further minutes. Two PPT measurements were taken bilaterally from muscle bellies of first dorsal interosseous by an independent rater, at baseline and at six subsequent 10-min intervals. Square-root transformed data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA, with baseline data as covariate. The high-intensity group was significantly different from the placebo group for both measurement sites (p=.020, p=.033). The control group displayed stable PPT readings over time. No significant differences were observed between the placebo and control groups. These findings suggest that high-intensity levels may be important in optimal dose selection.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barlas
authors.forename: Sharlene L H
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chesterton
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059408:Pain Management; D017288:Pain Threshold; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016896:Treatment Outcome