title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for ectopic kidneys: over, around, or through.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of patients with complex urolithiasis in ectopic kidneys can be challenging. Because the location of an ectopic kidney can vary, each case requires a unique and, at times, unconventional approach. We reviewed the techniques we have developed to treat such patients, including laparoscopic-assisted tubeless, transhepatic, and transiliac percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with congenital pelvic kidneys who underwent PNL at our institution. Six patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted PNL, one underwent transiliac PNL, and one underwent transhepatic PNL. All laparoscopic-assisted procedures were performed tubeless, with an internalized ureteral stent placed at the conclusion of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients underwent successful PNL. On computed tomography, performed on the morning of postoperative day 1, all patients who underwent laparoscopic-assisted PNL were stone free. The patients who underwent transiliac PNL and transhepatic PNL required secondary procedures to attain a stone-free status. The mean length of hospitalization was 3 days for the laparoscopic-assisted cohort, 1 day for the transhepatic patient, and 3 days for the transiliac patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the patient with a large or complex stone burden in an ectopic kidney, laparoscopic-assisted PNL is the optimal treatment. Performing such a procedure tubeless may be associated with a reduced hospital stay. For those patients with a hostile peritoneal cavity owing to prior surgical exploration, consideration should be given to a more individualized approach.
authors.affiliation: Methodist Hospital Institute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Kidney Stone Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Matlaga
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Ramsay L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Larry C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Munch
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lingeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies