title: Adherence to and effectiveness of positive airway pressure therapy in children with obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positive airway pressure therapy (PAP) is frequently used to treat children who have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and do not respond to adenotonsillectomy. However, no studies have evaluated objectively adherence to PAP in children, and few studies have evaluated objectively the effectiveness of PAP. The objective of this study was to determine adherence and effectiveness of PAP (both continuous [CPAP] and bilevel [BPAP] pressure) in children with obstructive apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, multicenter study was performed of children who were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to 6 months of CPAP versus BPAP. Adherence was measured objectively using the equipment's computerized output. Effectiveness was evaluated using polysomnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine children were studied. Approximately one third of children dropped out before 6 months. Of the 21 children for whom 6-month adherence data could be downloaded, the mean nightly use was 5.3 +/- 2.5 (SD) hours. Parental assessment of PAP use considerably overestimated actual use. PAP was highly effective, with a reduction in the apnea hypopnea index from 27 +/- 32 to 3 +/- 5/hour, and an improvement in arterial oxygen saturation nadir from 77 +/- 17% to 89 +/- 6%. Results were similar for children who received CPAP versus BPAP. Children also had a subjective improvement in daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both CPAP and BPAP are highly efficacious in pediatric obstructive apnea. However, treatment with PAP is associated with a high dropout rate, and even in the adherent children, nightly use is suboptimal considering the long sleep hours in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Sleep Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. marcus@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Sally L Davidson
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Halbower
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sterni
authors.forename: Janita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stading
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bolduc
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017286:Polysomnography; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome