title: Pathogenic bacteria and viruses in induced sputum or pharyngeal secretions of adults with stable asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory infections are well known triggers of asthma exacerbations, but their role in stable adult asthma remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  103 asthmatics and 30 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Sputum was induced by inhalation of 3% NaCl solution. Oropharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from the posterior wall of the oropharynx. Respiratory specimens were analysed by RT-PCR for rhinovirus, enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus and by PCR for adenovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sputum samples from two of the 30 healthy controls (6.7%), five of 53 patients with mild asthma (9.4%), and eight of 50 with moderate asthma (16.0%) were positive for rhinovirus. Rhinovirus positive asthmatic subjects had more asthma symptoms and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) (79% predicted) than rhinovirus negative cases (93.5% predicted; p = 0.020). Chlamydia pneumoniae PCR was positive in 11 healthy controls (36.6%), 11 mild asthmatics (20.8%), and 11 moderate asthmatics (22%), and PCR positive asthmatics had lower FEV(1)/FVC than negative cases (78.2% v 80.8%, p = 0.023). Bordetella pertussis PCR was positive in 30 cases: five healthy controls (16.7%), 15 mild asthmatics (28.3%), and 10 moderate asthmatics (20%). Bordetella pertussis positive individuals had lower FEV(1)/FVC (77.1% v 80.7%, p = 0.012) and more asthma symptoms than B pertussis negative cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinovirus, C pneumoniae, and B pertussis are found in the sputum or pharyngeal swab specimens of asthmatic subjects without concurrent symptoms of infection or asthma exacerbation, as well as in some healthy controls. Positivity is associated with lower lung function and more frequent asthma symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, P O Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland. terttu.harju@oulu.fi
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Harju
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nokso-Koivisto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Räty
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hovi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mertsola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bloigu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rytilä
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saikku
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D001886:Bordetella pertussis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology