title: Radiation dose-response relationships for thyroid nodules and autoimmune thyroid diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors 55-58 years after radiation exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effects of irradiation on thyroid diseases such as thyroid nodules and autoimmune thyroid diseases have not been evaluated among people exposed to radiation more than 50 years in the past.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases and their radiation-dose responses in atomic bomb survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey study comprising 4091 cohort members (mean age, 70 [SD, 9] years; 1352 men and 2739 women) who participated in the thyroid study at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Thyroid examinations were conducted between March 2000 and February 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of thyroid diseases, including thyroid nodules (malignant and benign) and autoimmune thyroid diseases, and the dose-response relationship of atomic bomb radiation in each thyroid disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thyroid diseases were identified in 1833 (44.8%) of the total participants (436 men [32.2% of men] and 1397 women [51.0% of women]) (P<.001). In 3185 participants, excluding persons exposed in utero, not in the city at the time of the atomic bombings, or with unknown radiation dose, the prevalence of all solid nodules, malignant tumors, benign nodules, and cysts was 14.6%, 2.2%, 4.9%, and 7.7%, respectively. The prevalence of positive thyroid antibodies, antithyroid antibody-positive hypothyroidism, and Graves disease was 28.2%, 3.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. A significant linear dose-response relationship was observed for the prevalence of all solid nodules, malignant tumors, benign nodules, and cysts (P<.001). We estimate that about 28% of all solid nodules, 37% of malignant tumors, 31% of benign nodules, and 25% of cysts are associated with radiation exposure at a mean and median thyroid radiation dose of 0.449 Sv and 0.087 Sv, respectively. No significant dose-response relationship was observed for positive antithyroid antibodies (P = .20), antithyroid antibody-positive hypothyroidism (P = .92), or Graves disease (P = .10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant linear radiation dose response for thyroid nodules, including malignant tumors and benign nodules, exists in atomic bomb survivors. However, there is no significant dose response for autoimmune thyroid diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan. misaima@rerf.or.jp
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usa
authors.forename: Tan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neriishi
authors.forename: Masazumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akahoshi
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Kiyoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashizawa
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Saeko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ejima
authors.forename: Naokata
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugino
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Renju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Shigenobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagataki
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eguchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000453:epidemiology; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D015995:Prevalence; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D047789:World War II
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D011847:Radioactive Fallout