title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral thalidomide in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacokinetics of thalidomide in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced HCC who were not feasible for definitive local therapy were eligible. Patients were enrolled in a cohort of three to receive thalidomide twice daily for 1 week to determine the MTD. Intra-patient dose escalation was permitted. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed at the first dose level and repeated at the second dose level of each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were accrued at four dose levels with the starting dose range 100-400 mg/day. Two patients at 400 mg/day experienced DLT (grade 3 angioedema and dyspnea, respectively). The MTD of twice-daily schedule was determined as 300 mg/day. The mean steady-state maximal blood concentration and mean steady-state area under the curve had a trend toward positive correlation, but non-linear proportionate, to the daily dose of thalidomide. Pharmacokinetic parameters are comparable for patients of Child-Pugh's A and B. Apparent mild, transient drug-induced transaminitis was early onset, self-limited, which occurred in 30.7% of patients. Serum hepatitis B or C viral titers was largely not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absorption and elimination of thalidomide are not significantly different in HCC patients with compensated or decompensated hepatic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Ward 191 Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Her-Shyong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shiah
authors.forename: Yee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Li-Tzong
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tzy-Jyun
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jin-Ding
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jang-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Pei-Jer
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tsai-Rong
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Yung-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whang-Peng
authors.forename: Tsang-Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D013792:Thalidomide; D000410:Alanine Transaminase