title: Absorption and metabolism of Astragali radix decoction: in silico, in vitro, and a case study in vivo.
abstract: To profile absorption of Astragali Radix decoction and identify its orally absorbable constituents and their metabolites, four complementary in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods, i.e., a computational chemistry prediction method, a Caco-2 cell monolayer model experiment, an improved rat everted gut sac experiment, and a healthy human volunteer experiment, were used. According to the in silico computation result, 26 compounds of Astragali Radix could be regarded as orally available compounds, including 12 flavonoids. In the in vitro and in vivo experiments, 21 compounds were tentatively identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry data, which involved calycosin, formononetin, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan, 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan, calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, formononetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucoside-6''-O-malonate, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, and phase II metabolites calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, formononetin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, and calycosin sulfate. Calycosin and formononetin were proved absorbable by four methods; (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan were proved absorbable by three methods; formononetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucoside were proved absorbable by two methods. The existence of calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, formononetin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, and calycosin sulfate was proved by two or three methods. We found that besides isoflavones, pterocarpans and isoflavans also could be metabolized by the intestine during absorption, and the major metabolites were glucuronides. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the flavonoids in Astragali Radix decoction, including isoflavones, pterocarpans, and isoflavans, could be absorbed and metabolized by the intestine. These absorbable compounds, which were reported to have various bioactivities related to the curative effects of Astragali Radix decoction, could be regarded as an important component of the effective constituents of Astragali Radix decoction.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China 100083.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shengyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoda
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Changling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mingying
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Shaoqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D027885:Astragalus propinquus / Q000737:chemistry; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019295:Computational Biology; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D018517:Plant Roots; D036343:Pterocarpans / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005419:Flavonoids; D020719:Glucuronides; D007529:Isoflavones; D036343:Pterocarpans