title: Finite-element-method (FEM) model generation of time-resolved 3D echocardiographic geometry data for mitral-valve volumetry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitral Valve (MV) 3D structural data can be easily obtained using standard transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) devices but quantitative pre- and intraoperative volume analysis of the MV is presently not feasible in the cardiac operation room (OR). Finite element method (FEM) modelling is necessary to carry out precise and individual volume analysis and in the future will form the basis for simulation of cardiac interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the present retrospective pilot study we describe a method to transfer MV geometric data to 3D Slicer 2 software, an open-source medical visualization and analysis software package. A newly developed software program (ROIExtract) allowed selection of a region-of-interest (ROI) from the TEE data and data transformation for use in 3D Slicer. FEM models for quantitative volumetric studies were generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROI selection permitted the visualization and calculations required to create a sequence of volume rendered models of the MV allowing time-based visualization of regional deformation. Quantitation of tissue volume, especially important in myxomatous degeneration can be carried out. Rendered volumes are shown in 3D as well as in time-resolved 4D animations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The visualization of the segmented MV may significantly enhance clinical interpretation. This method provides an infrastructure for the study of image guided assessment of clinical findings and surgical planning. For complete pre- and intraoperative 3D MV FEM analysis, three input elements are necessary: 1. time-gated, reality-based structural information, 2. continuous MV pressure and 3. instantaneous tissue elastance. The present process makes the first of these elements available. Volume defect analysis is essential to fully understand functional and geometrical dysfunction of but not limited to the valve. 3D Slicer was used for semi-automatic valve border detection and volume-rendering of clinical 3D echocardiographic data. FEM based models were also calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Philips/HP Sonos 5500 ultrasound device stores volume data as time-resolved 4D volume data sets. Data sets for three subjects were used. Since 3D Slicer does not process time-resolved data sets, we employed a standard movie maker to animate the individual time-based models and visualizations. Calculation time and model size were minimized. Pressures were also easily available. We speculate that calculation of instantaneous elastance may be possible using instantaneous pressure values and tissue deformation data derived from the animated FEM.
authors.affiliation: MVIP ImagingProducts GmbH, Nörten-Hardenberg, Germany. jverhey@mvip.de
authors.forename: Janko F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: Nadia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rienhoff
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rakebrandt
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: D'Ambra
mesh_terms: D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software