title: Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and P(ET) O2 and P(ET) CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers.
abstract: Breath-hold divers train and compete in maximal apnea performance. Glossopharyngeal inhalation (GI) is commonly used to increase lung volume above vital capacity (VC) prior to apnea. We investigated the hypothesis that this practice would increase apnea performance and relaxed airway pressure. Seven well-trained breath-hold divers performed maximal bouts of apnea at three different lung volumes (85% VC, VC and VC + GI) both at rest (dry static apnea) and during underwater swimming (dynamic apnea). Heart rate, apnea time and end tidal PCO(2) and PO(2) (P (ET) CO(2) and P (ET) O(2)) were recorded. In addition, relaxed airway pressure was measured after GI. Maximal GI increased lung volume by 1.59+/-0.57 l above VC and increased relaxed airway pressure to from 3.5+/-0.5 to 8.7+/-1.7 kPa. Dry static apnea time was higher at VC + GI (346+/-46 s) than at VC (309+/-38 s, P<0.05) and 85% VC (297+/-48 s, P<0.01). Likewise, dynamic apnea time was higher at VC + GI (97+/-27 s) than at VC (78+/-14 s, P<0.05) and 85% VC (71+/-17 s, P<0.05). P (ET) O(2) values reached 3.5+/-0.6 kPa at the end of dry static apnea bouts and this was not different from dynamic apnea when taking hydrostatic pressure at swimming depth into account (3.7+/-0.6 kPa, P=0.48). In conclusion, GI increases lung volume, relaxed airway pressure and apnea performance in well-trained breath-hold divers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Aarhus, Katrinebjergvej 89C, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. ko@idraet.au.dk
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: Rasmus Bak
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lykkeboe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011312:Pressure; D012115:Residual Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014109:Total Lung Capacity / Q000502:physiology*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen