title: In vivo porcine liver radiofrequency ablation with simultaneous MR temperature imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate in vivo MR-guided temperature mapping during radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the liver with a commercially available RF generator modified to allow simultaneous RF treatment and MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A commercial RF generator was modified using passive filtering to allow the continuous application of the treatment current during MRI studies. A total of six ablations were performed with the device in vivo in three porcine livers, and imaging was concurrently performed using one of two different temperature mapping strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MR images acquired during RF ablation demonstrated no noticeable interference from the RF ablation device, which was operated at clinically relevant power levels. Temperature maps showed areas of heating that were consistent with the dimensions of the RF ablation probe, with some asymmetry (likely depending on the orientation of the probe and heat propagation effects), and some differences in heating-spot area stability depending on the specific temperature mapping strategy used. Lesions were visualized on post-ablation imaging and sectioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility of performing RF ablation with a modified commercial RF generator simultaneously with MRI was demonstrated. Interference-free MR temperature maps were produced with both variable respiratory motion and mechanical ventilation, and showed the extent of heating as the ablation progressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Karl K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Vigen
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarrard
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rieke
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frisoli
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Butts Pauly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature