title: Increased inflammatory markers in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While data are abundant on increased levels of inflammatory markers in adult patients with hypercholesterolaemia, such data in children are limited. Therefore, we sought to investigate the degree and character of inflammation in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) by measuring levels of neopterin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we compared the concentration of inflammatory markers in children suffering from heterozygous FH (n = 207) with those in unaffected siblings (n = 84). Furthermore, we investigated the effect of 2-year treatment with pravastatin (20-40 mg qd) or placebo on plasma levels of those markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our main finding was that serum levels of neopterin and hsCRP were significantly higher in FH children compared with healthy siblings, whereas sCD40L was not. Body mass index and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significant independent predictors of hsCRP and neopterin. Furthermore, pravastatin therapy decreased neopterin, but not hsCRP and sCD40L, in the FH children, but these changes were not different from the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate low-grade monocyte/macrophage hyperactivity in the early stages of atherogenesis, but our findings also suggest that inflammation as well as anti-inflammatory effects of statins are less prominent features of atherosclerosis in FH children than in FH adults.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway. thor.ueland@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Vissers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hutten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gullestad
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ose
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.forename: J J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukrust
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Semb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D019798:Neopterin / Q000097:blood; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D035781:Siblings; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D019798:Neopterin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D017035:Pravastatin