title: Molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analyses of the S gene.
abstract: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a group 2 member of the genus Coronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is an important pathogen in cattle worldwide. It causes diarrhea in adult animals (winter dysentery), as well as enteric and respiratory diseases in calves. The annual occurrence of BCoV epidemics in Sweden and Denmark led to this investigation, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV epidemiology at the molecular level. A total of 43 samples from outbreaks in both countries were used for PCR amplification and direct sequencing of a 624-nucleotide fragment of the BCoV S gene. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results showed (i) identical sequences from different animals in the same herds and from paired nasal and fecal samples, suggesting a dominant virus circulating in each herd at a given time; (ii) sequence differences among four outbreaks in different years in the same herd, indicating new introduction of virus; (iii) identical sequences in four different Danish herds in samples obtained within 2 months, implying virus transmission between herds; and (iv) that at least two different virus strains were involved in the outbreaks of BCoV in Denmark during the spring of 2003. This study presents molecular data of BCoV infections that will contribute to an increased understanding of BCoV epidemiology in cattle populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7019, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hägglund
authors.forename: Mikhayil
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakhverdyan
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alenius
authors.forename: Lars Erik
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Sándor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belák
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017938:Coronavirus, Bovine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D005814:Genes, Viral; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins