Mechanisms of patulin toxicity under conditions that inhibit yeast growth.
Patulin, 4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2(6H)-one, is one of the best characterized and most widely disseminated mycotoxins found in agricultural products. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which patulin causes toxicity are not well understood. Thus, the cytotoxicity of patulin was characterized by analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon challenge with patulin. Interestingly, patulin-induced yeast gene expression profiles were found to be similar to gene expression patterns obtained after treatment with the antifungal agricultural chemicals thiuram, maneb, and zineb. Moreover, patulin treatment was found to activate protein degradation, especially proteasome activities, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and the defense system for oxidative stress. Damage to DNA by alkylation was also suggested, and this seemed to be repaired by recombinational and excision repair mechanisms. Furthermore, the results provide potential biomarker genes for the detection of patulin in agricultural products. The results suggest the possibility of applying the yeast transcriptome system for the evaluation of chemicals, especially for natural chemicals that are difficult to get by organic synthesis.
Iwahashi
Yumiko
Y
National Food Research Institute (NFRI), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan. yumiko@affrc.go.jp
Hosoda
Hiroshi
H
Park
Ji-Hyun
JH
Lee
Joo-Hee
JH
Suzuki
Yoshiteru
Y
Kitagawa
Emiko
E
Murata
Satomi Mizukami
SM
Jwa
Nam-Soo
NS
Gu
Man-Bock
MB
Iwahashi
Hitoshi
H
D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010365:Patulin / Q000633:toxicity*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*
D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010365:Patulin