title: Rifampicin mono-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bujumbura, Burundi: results of a drug resistance survey.
abstract: METHODS
  Bujumbura, Burundi.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine resistance levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) to the main anti-tuberculosis drugs after 11 years of a DOTS programme using a WHO-recommended partially intermittent 6-month rifampicin (RMP) first-line regimen and fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug susceptibility testing of systematic samples of M. tuberculosis isolated from newly registered sputum smear-positive cases in the capital during a 15-month period (2002-2003).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 496 strains from new cases, 16.1% showed resistance to any drug, 6.3% to isoniazid (INH), 2.0% to RMP (1.4% multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB]), 13.3% to streptomycin and 1.6% to ethambutol. Among 69 strains from previously treated cases, the prevalence of resistance was 30%, 19%, 15% (12% MDR-TB strains), 25% and 6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of drug resistance in Bujumbura are higher than average for Africa, despite long-term use of the DOTS strategy with FDCs and a ban on sales of TB drugs. Most worrying is the appearance of MDR-TB and RMP-resistant, INH-susceptible strains in new cases. Although a survey cannot prove that high HIV prevalence, elevated levels of resistance to some other drugs and irregular intake allowed acquisition of drug resistance, the effectiveness and safety of 6-month regimens with (partially) intermittent RMP throughout under such conditions should be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Programme National de Lutte contre la Lèpre et la Tuberculose, Bujumbura, Burundi.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Deun
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ntakirutimana
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Masabo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rukundo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rigouts
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fissette
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portaelst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002063:Burundi / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D012293:Rifampin