title: A new experimental approach to computer-aided face/skull identification in forensic anthropology.
abstract: The present study introduces a new approach to computer-assisted face/skull matching used for personal identification purposes in forensic anthropology. In this experiment, the authors formulated an algorithm able to identify the face of a person suspected to have disappeared, by comparing the respective person's facial image with the skull radiograph. A total of 14 subjects were selected for the study, from which a facial photograph and skull radiograph were taken and ultimately compiled into a database, saved to the hard drive of a computer. The photographs of the faces and corresponding skull radiographs were then drafted using common photographic software, taking caution not to alter the informational content of the images. Once computer generated, the facial images and menu were displayed on a color monitor. In the first phase, a few anatomic points of each photograph were selected and marked with a cross to facilitate and more accurately match the face with its corresponding skull. In the second phase, the above mentioned cross grid was superimposed on the radiographic image of the skull and brought to scale. In the third phase, the crosses were transferred to the cranial points of the radiograph. In the fourth phase, the algorithm calculated the distance of each transferred cross and the corresponding average. The smaller the mean value, the greater the index of similarity between the face and skull.A total of 196 cross-comparisons were conducted, with positive identification resulting in each case. Hence, the algorithm matched a facial photograph to the correct skull in 100% of the cases.
authors.affiliation: University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Public Health, Chair of Legal Medicine, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Gian Luca
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Marella
authors.forename: Mario Alexandru
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Apostol
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging