title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in kidneys with fusion and rotation anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fusion and rotation anomalies are among the most common anomalies of the kidneys especially the horseshoe kidneys that have abnormal mixtures of malrotation, ectopia and fusion. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in horseshoe kidney and malrotation kidney is challenging. We report PCNL in 10 horseshoe kidneys and 4 kidneys with congenital malrotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  PCNL was done in 14 kidneys of 12 patients who had horseshoe kidneys (6 patients) and malrotation kidneys (4 patients). Two patients with horseshoe kidney had bilateral calculi. One patient had simultaneous PCNL. Upper pole access was done in 12 kidneys under fluoroscopic guidance with modified PCNL technique. Tubeless PCNL was done in 7 kidneys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stone-free rate was 86% and the fragment of stones less than 4 mm was 14%. Only minimal pleural effusion was found in one patient that no intervention was needed. Average hospital stay was 3.3 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in horseshoe kidney and malrotation kidney is effective and a safe method in wish only a minor modified technique is needed. Upper pole access was used in most of the cases. No increasing of the complications of PCNL in horseshoe kidneys and malrotion kidneys is found comparing to the same procedure done in the normal kidney.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Bannakit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lojanapiwat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D016896:Treatment Outcome