title: Combined ethanol injection therapy and radiofrequency ablation therapy in percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 4 cm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal treatment of large-sized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still debated, because percutaneous ablation therapies alone do not always achieve complete necrosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience in the treatment of patients with HCC larger than 4 cm in diameter by combined percutaneous ethanol injection and radiofrequency thermal ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 5-year period there were 40 consecutive patients meeting the inclusion criteria (24 men and 16 women; age range 41-72 years, mean 58 years). These subjects had a single HCC larger than 4 cm. Twelve subjects also had one or two additional nodules smaller than 4 cm (mean 1.2 nodules per patient). Patients were submitted to one to three sessions consisting of ethanol injection at two opposite tumor poles (mean 12 ml) and then of radiofrequency application through one or two electrodes placed at the tumor center (mean treatment duration 30 min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete necrosis was obtained in all cases with one to three sessions (mean 1.3 sessions per patient). All patients experienced pain and fever but one only subject had a major complication requiring treatment (abscess development and fistulization). Overall follow-up was 7-69 months. Two patients showed local recurrence and 9 developed new etherotopic HCC nodules. Seven subjects died during follow-up while 33 were free from recurrence 8-69 months after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation is effective in the treatment of large HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione Pascale, via Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vallone
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Izzo
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol