title: Machine learning approaches to supporting the identification of photoreceptor-enriched genes based on expression data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinal photoreceptors are highly specialised cells, which detect light and are central to mammalian vision. Many retinal diseases occur as a result of inherited dysfunction of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Development and maintenance of photoreceptors requires appropriate regulation of the many genes specifically or highly expressed in these cells. Over the last decades, different experimental approaches have been developed to identify photoreceptor enriched genes. Recent progress in RNA analysis technology has generated large amounts of gene expression data relevant to retinal development. This paper assesses a machine learning methodology for supporting the identification of photoreceptor enriched genes based on expression data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the analysis of publicly-available gene expression data from the developing mouse retina generated by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), this paper presents a predictive methodology comprising several in silico models for detecting key complex features and relationships encoded in the data, which may be useful to distinguish genes in terms of their functional roles. In order to understand temporal patterns of photoreceptor gene expression during retinal development, a two-way cluster analysis was firstly performed. By clustering SAGE libraries, a hierarchical tree reflecting relationships between developmental stages was obtained. By clustering SAGE tags, a more comprehensive expression profile for photoreceptor cells was revealed. To demonstrate the usefulness of machine learning-based models in predicting functional associations from the SAGE data, three supervised classification models were compared. The results indicated that a relatively simple instance-based model (KStar model) performed significantly better than relatively more complex algorithms, e.g. neural networks. To deal with the problem of functional class imbalance occurring in the dataset, two data re-sampling techniques were studied. A random over-sampling method supported the implementation of the most powerful prediction models. The KStar model was also able to achieve higher predictive sensitivities and specificities using random over-sampling techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approaches assessed in this paper represent an efficient and relatively inexpensive in silico methodology for supporting large-scale analysis of photoreceptor gene expression by SAGE. They may be applied as complementary methodologies to support functional predictions before implementing more comprehensive, experimental prediction and validation methods. They may also be combined with other large-scale, data-driven methods to facilitate the inference of transcriptional regulatory networks in the developing retina. Furthermore, the methodology assessed may be applied to other data domains.
authors.affiliation: School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Ulster, UK. wang@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Huiru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azuaje
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors