title: Deposition measurement of particulate matter in connection with corrosion studies.
abstract: A new passive particle collector (inert surrogate surface) that collects particles from all directions has been developed. It was used to measure particle deposition at 35 test sites as part of a project that examined corrosion of materials in order that variation in particulate material could be used in development of dose-response functions in a modern multi-pollutant environment. The project, MULTI-ASSESS, was funded by the EU to examine the effects of air pollution on cultural heritage. Passive samplers were mounted rain-protected, and both in wind-protected and wind-exposed positions, to match the exposure of the samples for corrosion studies. The particle mass and its chemical content (nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, calcium, sodium, chloride, magnesium and potassium) were analysed. The loss of light reflectance on the surrogate surface was also measured. Very little ammonium and potassium was found, and one or more anions are missing in the ion balance. There were many strong correlations between the analysed species. The mass of analysed water-soluble ions was fairly constant at 24% of the total mass. The particle mass deposited to the samplers in the wind-protected position was about 25% of the particles deposited to an openly exposed sampler. The Cl-/Na+ ratios indicate a reaction between HNO(3) and NaCl. The deposited nitrate flux corresponds to the missing chloride. The Ca2+ deposition equals the SO4(2-) deposition and the anion deficiency. The SO4(2-) deposition most likely originates from SO2 that has reacted with basic calcium-containing particles either before or after they were deposited. The particle depositions at the urban sites were much higher than in nearby rural sites. The deposited mass correlated surprisingly well with the PM(10) concentration, except at sites very close to traffic.
authors.affiliation: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, PO Box 5302, 400 14, Gothenburg, Sweden. Martin.Ferm@ivl.se
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferm
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Hanlon
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varotsos
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D003343:Corrosion; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002712:Chlorides; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium