title: Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic literature review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) represents a spectrum of anatomic abnormalities that can result in permanent disability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to gather and synthesize the published evidence regarding screening for DDH by primary care providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of the literature by using a best-evidence approach as used by the US Preventive Services Task Force. The review focused on screening relevant to primary care in infants from birth to 6 months of age and on interventions used in infants before 1 year of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature on screening and interventions for DDH suffers from significant methodologic shortcomings. No published trials directly link screening to improved functional outcomes. Clinical examination and ultrasound identify somewhat different groups of newborns who are at risk for DDH. A significant proportion of hip abnormalities identified through clinical examination or ultrasound in the newborn period will spontaneously resolve. Very few studies examine the functional outcomes of patients who have undergone therapy for DDH. Because of the high rate and unpredictable nature of spontaneous resolution of DDH and the absence of rigorous comparative studies, the effectiveness of interventions is not known. All surgical and nonsurgical interventions have been associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head, the most common and most severe harm associated with all treatments of DDH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening with clinical examination or ultrasound can identify newborns at increased risk for DDH, but because of the high rate of spontaneous resolution of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia and the lack of evidence of the effectiveness of intervention on functional outcomes, the net benefits of screening are not clear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. shipmans@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shipman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helfand
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: Barbara P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yawn
mesh_terms: D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors