title: Assessing health systems for type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: developing a 'Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access'.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to improve the health of people with Type 1 diabetes in developing countries, a clear analysis of the constraints to insulin access and diabetes care is needed. We developed a Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access, comprising a series of questionnaires as well as a protocol for the gathering of other data through site visits, discussions, and document reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access draws on the principles of Rapid Assessment Protocols which have been developed and implemented in several different areas. This protocol was adapted through a thorough literature review on diabetes, chronic condition management and medicine supply in developing countries. A visit to three countries in sub-Saharan Africa and meetings with different experts in the field of diabetes helped refine the questionnaires. Following the development of the questionnaires these were tested with various people familiar with diabetes and/or healthcare in developing countries. The Protocol was piloted in Mozambique then refined and had two further iterations in Zambia and Mali. Translations of questionnaires were made into local languages when necessary, with back translation to ensure precision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each country the protocol was implemented in 3 areas--the capital city, a large urban centre and a predominantly rural area and their respective surroundings. Interviews were carried out by local teams trained on how to use the tool. Data was then collected and entered into a database for analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access was developed to provide a situational analysis of Type 1 diabetes, in order to make recommendations to the national Ministries of Health and Diabetes Associations. It provided valuable information on patients' access to insulin, syringes, monitoring and care. It was thus able to sketch a picture of the health care system with regards to its ability to care for people with diabetes. In all countries where this tool was used the involvement of local stakeholders resulted in the process acting as a catalyst in bringing diabetes to the attention of the health authorities.
authors.affiliation: International Insulin Foundation, International Health and Medical Education Centre, University College London, Highgate Hill, London N19 5LW, UK. david.beran@access2insulin.org
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beran
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yudkin
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Courten
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003906:Developing Countries; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010594:Pharmacies; D017149:Private Sector; D011361:Professional Competence; D011635:Public Health Administration; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013594:Syringes / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D014837:Voluntary Health Agencies
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin