title: Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical significance of Candida cultured from peritoneal fluid specimens remains a matter of debate. None of the studies that have addressed this issue have clearly distinguished between community-acquired peritonitis and nosocomial peritonitis. The current study tried to differentiate the pathogenic role of Candida in these two clinical settings and assess its importance on outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiple-center, retrospective, case-control study was conducted in intensive care unit patients. The interaction between mortality rates and type of patients was assessed. In the case of a significant interaction, a separate analysis of mortality and morbidity was planned.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen intensive care units in teaching and nonteaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were patients operated on for peritonitis with Candida cultured from the peritoneal fluid, whereas controls were operated patients free from yeast. Cases and controls were matched for type of infection, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, age, and time period of hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following characteristics were collected: demographic variables, underlying disease, severity score, site of infection, microbiological features, and anti-infective treatments. Survival was defined as the main outcome criterion and morbidity variables as secondary criteria. Odds ratios of mortality were calculated. Matching was achieved in 91 cases and 168 controls. Matching criteria, clinical characteristics, and mortality rate were not statistically different between cases and controls. A significant interaction was demonstrated between mortality rates and type of infection, leading to separate analysis of patients with community-acquired peritonitis and nosocomial peritonitis. The subgroup analysis demonstrated an increased mortality rate only in nosocomial peritonitis with fungal isolates (48% vs. 28% in controls, p<.01). Upper gastrointestinal tract site (odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-14.8) and isolation of Candida species (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.7, p<.001) were found to be independent risk factors of mortality in nosocomial peritonitis patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolation of Candida species appears to be an independent risk factor of mortality in nosocomial peritonitis but not in community-acquired peritonitis.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Anesthesie Réanimation (DAR), CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Université Paris VII, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montravers
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Remy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gauzit
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Veber
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Auboyer
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blin
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hennequin
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents