title: Are insecticide-treated bednets more protective against Plasmodium falciparum than Plasmodium vivax-infected mosquitoes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcomes of insecticide-treated bednet (ITN) interventions for malaria control in Papua New Guinea tend to suggest a differential protective effect against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Little is known about the impact of ITNs on the relative abundance of mosquitoes infected with either P. falciparum or P. vivax. This paper describes the biting cycle of P. falciparum and P. vivax-infected mosquitoes and the impact of an ITN intervention on the proportion of mosquitoes infected with either parasite species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Entomological investigations were performed in East Sepik (ESP) and New Ireland Provinces (NIP) of PNG. Mosquitoes were collected using the all-night (18:00-06:00) landing catch and CDC light-trap methods and species specific malaria sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of sporozoite positive mosquitoes in three four-hour periods (18:00-22:00, 22:00-02:00 & 02:00-06:00) showed that a higher proportion of P. vivax-infected mosquitoes were biting before people retired to bed under the protection of bednets. In the intervention village, the 308 mosquitoes collected before ITNs were introduced included eight (2.0%) P. falciparum-positive and four (1.0%) P. vivax-positive specimens, giving a parasite ratio of 2:1. The sporozoite rate determined from 908 mosquitoes caught after ITNs were introduced showed a significant decrease for P. falciparum (0.7%) and a slight increase for P. vivax (1.3%), resulting in a post intervention parasite ratio of 1:2. In the East Sepik Province, where ITNs were not used, P. falciparum remained the dominant species in 12 monthly mosquito collections and monthly P. falciparum:P. vivax formula varied from 8:1 to 1.2:1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that people sleeping under treated bednets may be more exposed to P. vivax than P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes before going to sleep under the protection of bednets. This difference in the biting behaviour of mosquitoes infected with different malaria parasites may partly explain the change in the P. falciparum:P. vivax formula after the introduction of ITNs.
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 378, Madang, Papua New Guinea. mjb12@case.edu
authors.forename: Moses J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bockarie
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dagoro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D001512:Bedding and Linens / Q000592:standards*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors