title: Moderate alcohol intake and motor vehicle crashes: the conflict between health advantage and at-risk use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence on moderate alcohol intake and motor vehicle crash (MVC) risk, and discuss the possible public health tension in balancing risk reduction and increment with respect to moderate alcohol intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline review was conducted on moderate alcohol intake, MVC, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate alcohol intake (24 g ethanol, two US standard drinks, or less a day) is associated with 20% reduction in risk of CVD. Public awareness of this may contribute to why rates of driving with blood alcohol content (BAC) <0.08 g/dl in the United States are static. Studies show 3- to 17-fold increased risk of a fatal MVC with BAC < 0.08 g/dl compared to sober drivers. The United States has 0.08 g/dl BAC laws, higher than that reached by a driver drinking two drinks per day or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The public should be educated that although moderate alcohol drinking may not violate BAC laws, it still carries significant risk of MVC. Current BAC laws in some countries needs re-evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Injury Research Centre and Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hargarten
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Layde
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: Shankuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000401:mortality*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol