title: Gene characterization, analysis of expression and in vitro synthesis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck].
abstract: Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR, EC 1.1.1.219) catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanins, a key "late" step in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. In this study we showed that a strong reduction in DFR expression occurs in the non-red orange cultivar (Navel and Ovale) compared to that of the red orange (Tarocco) suggesting that the enzyme could be involved in the lack of production of anthocyanins. Therefore, we isolated and compared the cDNAs, the genomic clones, as well as the promoter regions of blood and blond orange dfrs. Our data revealed that the cDNA sequences of pigmented and non-pigmented orange DFRs were 100% homologous and contained a 1017 bp open reading frame which encodes a protein of 338 amino acid residues, corresponding to a molecular mass of 38010.76 Da, with a theoretical pI of 5.96. Moreover, we found that there were no significant differences in non-coding regions (introns and 5' upstream region) of dfr sequences. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that dfr was present as a single copy gene in both cultivars. From these findings the low expression level of blond orange dfr, which might play a role in the phenotypic change from blood to blond orange, is thought to be the result of a likely mutation in a regulatory gene controlling the expression of dfr. In addition, here we reported the successful expression of orange DFR cDNAs leading to an active DFR enzyme which converts dihydroquercetin to leucoanthocyanidin, thus confirming the involvement of the isolated genes in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Moreover, as far as we know, this is the first report concerning the in vitro expression of DFR from fruit flesh whose biochemical properties might be very different from those of other plant organ DFRs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni, Animali, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi, via S. Sofia no. 98-95123, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela Roberta
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lo Piero
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Puglisi
authors.forename: Goffredo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petrone
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000201:enzymology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044948:Flavonols / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D023281:Genomics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D044948:Flavonols; D011794:Quercetin; C003377:taxifolin; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C056570:dihydroflavanol 4-reductase