title: Does unemployment in family affect pregnancy outcome in conditions of high quality maternity care?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of unemployment in the family on pregnancy outcome is controversial. Only a few studies have involved investigation of the effect of unemployment of the father on pregnancy. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unemployment of one or both parents on obstetric outcome in conditions of free antenatal care attended by the entire pregnant population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data of 24,939 pregnancies included maternal risk factors, pregnancy characteristics and outcome, and was based on a self administered questionnaire at 20 weeks of pregnancy and on clinical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unemployment was associated with adolescent maternal age, unmarried status and overweight, anemia, smoking, alcohol consumption and prior pregnancy terminations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that after controlling for these maternal risk factors small differences only were found in pregnancy outcomes between unemployed and employed families. Unemployed women had significantly more often small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, at an OR of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.12-1.42) whereas, in families where both parents were unemployed, the risk of SGA was even higher at an OR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.18-1.73). Otherwise, pregnancy outcome was comparable in the groups studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Free antenatal care was unable to fully overcome the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with unemployment, SGA risk being highest when both parents are unemployed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. kaisa.e.raatikainen@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raatikainen
authors.forename: Nonna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heiskanen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019472:Universal Health Insurance