title: Quantitative analysis of carbonic anhydrase IX mRNA in human non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Hypoxia is associated with malignant progression and poor outcome in human cancers. The effects of hypoxia are mediated by a series of genomic changes that enable tumor cells to survive or escape their oxygen deficient environment. Recent studies indicated that carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an intrinsic marker of hypoxia. In the present study we investigated with quantitative RT-PCR the expression of CA IX mRNA in 93 non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and in their paired not affected tissues. CA IX mRNA was expressed in 100% NSCLC and in 76% of paired not affected tissues, even if tumoral CA IX expression was found constantly higher (p < 0.02) than that found in normal tissues. The increase of CA IX mRNA expression in cancer tissues was significantly correlated to the increase of corresponding protein, as determined with conventional immunoblotting (p = 0.027). In addition the expression of CA IX mRNA in NSCLC samples was significantly correlated to VEGF (p = 0.002) and MMP-9 (p = 0.002) mRNAs. Whereas CA IX mRNA expression was not associated to any clinical-pathological parameters in our patients, global survival analysis of cancer-related death revealed that high expression of CA IX mRNA predicted unfavorable outcome (p = 0.001) and shorter disease free survival interval (p = 0.004). A multivariate analysis showed that CA IX expression was the strongest prognostic parameter (p = 0.000) in comparison to other conventional predictive markers. In addition, differences emerged on the basis of clinical-pathological parameters: in fact separate Kaplan-Meyer analyses of patients indicated that whereas high levels of CA IX mRNA expression were not predictive of worse prognosis in early NSCLC (G1, T1, Stage 1 and pN- patients), this parameter appeared highly significant in advanced NSCLC (G2-G3, T2-T3, Stage 2-3 and pN+ patients). Finally we demonstrated that CA IX expression was not able to discriminate different survival probability in adenocarcinomas, whereas the same parameter was highly predictive in squamous (p = 0.03) and adenosquamous cell carcinomas (p = 0.001).
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simi
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venturini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malentacchi
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gelmini
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreani
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janni
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pastorekova
authors.forename: Claudiu T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Supuran
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pazzagli
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orlando
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000235:genetics*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015996:Survival Rate; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases