Changes in active and passive smoking in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
The aim of the present investigation was to study changes and determinants for changes in active and passive smoking. The present study included 9,053 adults from 14 countries that participated in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. The mean follow-up period was 8.8 yrs. Change in the prevalence of active and passive smoking was expressed as absolute net change (95% confidence interval) standardised to a 10-yr period. Determinants of change were analysed and the results expressed as adjusted hazard risk ratio (HRR) or odds ratio (OR). The prevalence of active smoking declined by 5.9% (5.1-6.8) and exposure to passive smoking in nonsmokers declined by 18.4% (16.8-20.0). Subjects with a lower educational level (HRR: 0.73 (0.54-0.98) and subjects living with a smoker (HRR: 0.45 (0.34-0.59)) or with workplace smoking (HRR: 0.69 (0.50-0.95)) were less likely to quit. Low socio-economic groups were more likely to become exposed (OR: 2.21 (1.61-3.03)) and less likely to cease being exposed to passive smoking (OR: 0.48 (0.37-0.61)). In conclusion, the quitting rate was lower and the risk of exposure to passive smoking higher among subjects with lower socio-economic status. Exposure to other peoples smoking decreased quitting rates and increased the risk of starting to smoke.
Janson
C
C
Dept of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE 751 85 University of Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland Hospital, Bergen, Norway. christer.janson@medsci.uu.se
Künzli
N
N
de Marco
R
R
Chinn
S
S
Jarvis
D
D
Svanes
C
C
Heinrich
J
J
Jõgi
R
R
Gislason
T
T
Sunyer
J
J
Ackermann-Liebrich
U
U
Antó
J M
JM
Cerveri
I
I
Kerhof
M
M
Leynaert
B
B
Luczynska
C
C
Neukirch
F
F
Vermeire
P
P
Wjst
M
M
Burney
P
P
D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution