title: Common bile duct injection as a novel method for establishing red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing human pancreatic cancer in nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In our previous pancreatic cancer mouse models, we have used surgical orthotopic implantation of human pancreatic tumors to establish clinically relevant fluorescent mouse models of pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since exocrine pancreatic cancer is thought to arise from the cells lining the ducts of the pancreas, we hypothesized that direct injection of tumor cells into the common bile duct would also result in pancreatic tumor formation and metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we injected a suspension of the low passage human pancreatic cancer cell line xPA-1 transfected with red fluorescent protein into the common bile duct of nude mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis formation was monitored by intravital and whole body fluorescent imaging. Single fluorescent pancreatic cancer cells were imaged in the pancreatic duct shortly after injection using the Olympus OV100 Whole Mouse Imaging System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five days after tumor cell injection in the common bile duct, tumor colonies could be imaged forming within the pancreatic duct. Metastases in the liver were imaged 14 days post common bile duct injection. By day 28, massive tumors were imaged encompassing the entire pancreas. By day 42, RFP-expressing metastases were imaged in the omentum and liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common bile duct injection is a novel technique for the development of fluorescent mouse models of metastatic pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Sharmeela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Abdool R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moossa
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouvet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein