title: Biosolids--a fuel or a waste? An integrated appraisal of five co-combustion scenarios with policy analysis.
abstract: An integrated appraisal of five technology scenarios for the co-combustion of biosolids in the UK energy and waste management policy context is presented. Co-combustion scenarios with coal, municipal solid waste, wood, and for cement manufacture were subject to thermodynamic and materials flow modeling and evaluated by 19 stakeholder representatives. All scenarios provided a net energy gain (0.58-5.0 kWh/kg dry solids), having accounted for the energy required for transportation and sludge drying. Co-combustion within the power generation and industrial (e.g., cement) sectors is most readily implemented but provides poor water utility control, and it suffers from poor public perception. Co-combustion with wastes or biomass appears more sustainable but requires greater investment and presents significant risks to water utilities. Incongruities within current energy and waste management policy are discussed and conclusions for improved understanding are drawn.
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Systems Department, School of Industrial and Manufacturing Science, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 OAL, UK.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cartmell
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gostelow
authors.forename: Drusilla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riddell-Black
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oakey
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howsam
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D018533:Biomass; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D004777:Environment; D017745:Incineration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012307:Risk Factors; D013816:Thermodynamics; D006113:United Kingdom