title: Relations among parental substance use, violence exposure and mental health: the national survey of adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relations among parental substance use, violence exposure and psychopathology in a nationally representative sample of adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random digit dialing methodology was used to obtain a nationally representative sample of 4023 adolescents, ages 12-17. Telephone surveys, conducted in 1995, assessed demographics, parental substance use, violence exposure, and three psychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder (MDE), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse/dependence (SA/D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obtained prevalence rates included: 8.2% for sexual assault, 22.5% for physical assault, and 39.7% for witnessing violence at home or in the community. Substance use by a family member was reported by 18.4% (n=721) of adolescents, with 50.6% reporting parental alcohol use and 19.1% (n=138) reporting parental drug use. Consistent with hypotheses, violence exposure and parental substance use, particularly parental alcohol abuse, were independently associated with outcomes. Additionally, parental substance use emerged as a moderator for MDE, PTSD, and SA/D; however, the moderating relations varied according to the outcome variable investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Violence-exposed adolescents reporting parental alcohol or drug use had the highest rates of psychiatric diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. hansonrf@musc.edu <hansonrf@musc.edu>
authors.forename: Rochelle F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Self-Brown
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fricker-Elhai
authors.forename: Dean G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012742:Sex Offenses; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*