title: Cerebrolysin decreases amyloid-beta production by regulating amyloid protein precursor maturation in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Cerebrolysin is a peptide mixture with neurotrophic effects that might reduce the neurodegenerative pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously shown in an amyloid protein precursor (APP) transgenic (tg) mouse model of AD-like neuropathology that Cerebrolysin ameliorates behavioral deficits, is neuroprotective, and decreases amyloid burden; however, the mechanisms involved are not completely clear. Cerebrolysin might reduce amyloid deposition by regulating amyloid-beta (Abeta) degradation or by modulating APP expression, maturation, or processing. To investigate these possibilities, APP tg mice were treated for 6 months with Cerebrolysin and analyzed in the water maze, followed by RNA, immunoblot, and confocal microscopy analysis of full-length (FL) APP and its fragments, beta-secretase (BACE1), and Abeta-degrading enzymes [neprilysin (Nep) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE)]. Consistent with previous studies, Cerebrolysin ameliorated the performance deficits in the spatial learning portion of the water maze and reduced the synaptic pathology and amyloid burden in the brains of APP tg mice. These effects were associated with reduced levels of FL APP and APP C-terminal fragments, but levels of BACE1, Notch1, Nep, and IDE were unchanged. In contrast, levels of active cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta [GSK-3beta; but not stress-activated protein kinase-1 (SAPK1)], kinases that phosphorylate APP, were reduced. Furthermore, Cerebrolysin reduced the levels of phosphorylated APP and the accumulation of APP in the neuritic processes. Taken together, these results suggest that Cerebrolysin might reduce AD-like pathology in the APP tg mice by regulating APP maturation and transport to sites where Abeta protein is generated. This study clarifies the mechanisms through which Cerebrolysin might reduce Abeta production and deposition in AD and further supports the importance of this compound in the potential treatment of early AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rockenstein
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrance
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mante
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adame
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paulino
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moessler
authors.forename: Eliezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masliah
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D007339:Insulysin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D015260:Neprilysin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C006952:cerebrolysin; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D010450:Endopeptidases; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509282:Bace1 protein, mouse; D015260:Neprilysin; D007339:Insulysin