title: Curcumin mediates ceramide generation via the de novo pathway in colon cancer cells.
abstract: A wealth of evidence supports the notion that curcumin, a phytochemical present in turmeric, is a potent chemopreventive agent for colon cancer. Its mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. Here we report that curcumin's apoptosis-inducing effects in colon cancer cell lines are accompanied by robust ceramide generation. This occurs through de novo synthesis as the increase in ceramide could be attenuated by pre-incubation of the cells with myriocin, and no changes were observed in sphingomyelin levels, or in either acidic or neutral sphingomyelinase activities. Furthermore, cell death could in part be reversed by myriocin, indicating, for the first time, that endogenous ceramide generation by this agent contributes towards its biological activity. We then investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this phenomenon and demonstrated that curcumin induced robust oxidant generation in the cell lines tested, and its reversal by N-acetylcysteine, completely attenuated apoptosis. We next confirmed that curcumin could activate c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and that its modulation could reverse cell death; however, this intervention could not block ceramide generation, or ROS production. Conversely, however, the inhibition of ROS using N-acetylcysteine led to an inhibition of JNK activation. Hence, we conclude that curcumin induces apoptosis via a ROS-associated mechanism that converges on JNK activation, and to a lesser extent via a parallel ceramide-associated pathway.
authors.affiliation: The Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moussavi
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Assi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Muñoz
authors.forename: Baljinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salh
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002518:Ceramides; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D003474:Curcumin; D000111:Acetylcysteine; C001996:thermozymocidin