title: Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to provide information that can be used as a guide to clinicians when advising breastfeeding mothers on normal lactation with regard to the frequency and volume of breastfeedings and the fat content of breast milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers (71) of infants who were 1 to 6 months of age and exclusively breastfeeding on demand test-weighed their infants before and after every breastfeeding from each breast for 24 to 26 hours and collected small milk samples from each breast each time the infant was weighed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants breastfed 11 +/- 3 times in 24 hours (range: 6-18), and a breastfeeding was 76.0 +/- 12.6 g (range: 0-240 g), which was 67.3 +/- 7.8% (range: 0-100%) of the volume of milk that was available in the breast at the beginning of the breastfeeding. Left and right breasts rarely produced the same volume of milk. The volume of milk consumed by the infant at each breastfeeding depended on whether the breast that was being suckled was the more or less productive breast, whether the breastfeeding was unpaired, or whether it was the first or second breast of paired breastfeedings; the time of day; and whether the infant breastfed during the night or not. Night breastfeedings were common and made an important contribution to the total milk intake. The fat content of the milk was 41.1 +/- 7.8 g/L (range: 22.3-61.6 g/L) and was independent of breastfeeding frequency. There was no relationship between the number of breastfeedings per day and the 24-hour milk production of the mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastfed infants should be encouraged to feed on demand, day and night, rather than conform to an average that may not be appropriate for the mother-infant dyad.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. jkent@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Leon R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Mitoulas
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cregan
authors.forename: Donna T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Dorota A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats