title: Low femoral bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound are risk factors for new osteoporotic fracture and total and cardiovascular mortality: a 5-year population-based study of Brazilian elderly women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prospective and cross-sectional studies have confirmed a significant association between bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and fracture risk. However, the relationship among incident fracture risk, mortality, BMD, and quantitative ultrasound is controversial and less studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, 275 postmenopausal elderly women were evaluated by clinical questionnaire regarding fracture risk factors and had radiological analysis of the spine, spine and femur dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and calcaneous quantitative ultrasound measurements. Five years later, 42 (15.3%) women had died, 25 (9.1%) were lost to follow-up, and 208 (75.6%) continued the study. Specific questionnaire items regarding fracture risk were reevaluated, and thoracic and lumbar spine x-rays were taken to identify new fractures. Causes of mortality in this population were also assessed. All reported deaths were confirmed by review of death certificates or hospital records and were classified according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustments for age, weight, body mass index, smoking status, previous fracture, physical activity, drug use, and presence of chronic diseases, each 1 standard deviation (SD) reduction in stiffness index (SI) at baseline was significantly associated with future fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.83) and total mortality 5 years later (HR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.10-2.47). Femoral neck and trochanter BMD values at baseline were also related to new fracture (HR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.27-3.18 and HR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08-2.42, respectively) and total mortality (HR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.06-2.22 and HR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.07-2.36, respectively). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with decreased baseline femur BMD (HR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.08-2.26) and lower SI values (HR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that low femoral BMD and low SI are able to predict fracture risk and are related to non-cause-specific and cardiovascular mortality, independently of other factors associated with osteoporosis, death, or aging.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Botucatu, 740, 3th andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo-SP, Brazil, CEP 04023-062. mpinheiro@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Marcelo M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Vera L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Szejnfeld
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001938:Brazil; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000737:chemistry*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014965:X-Rays