title: Extension of wavelength-modulation spectroscopy to large modulation depth for diode laser absorption measurements in high-pressure gases.
abstract: Tunable diode laser absorption measurements at high pressures by use of wavelength-modulation spectroscopy (WMS) require large modulation depths for optimum detection of molecular absorption spectra blended by collisional broadening or dense spacing of the rovibrational transitions. Diode lasers have a large and nonlinear intensity modulation when the wavelength is modulated over a large range by injection-current tuning. In addition to this intensity modulation, other laser performance parameters are measured, including the phase shift between the frequency modulation and the intensity modulation. Following published theory, these parameters are incorporated into an improved model of the WMS signal. The influence of these nonideal laser effects is investigated by means of wavelength-scanned WMS measurements as a function of bath gas pressure on rovibrational transitions of water vapor near 1388 nm. Lock-in detection of the magnitude of the 2f signal is performed to remove the dependence on detection phase. We find good agreement between measurements and the improved model developed for the 2f component of the WMS signal. The effects of the nonideal performance parameters of commercial diode lasers are especially important away from the line center of discrete spectra, and these contributions become more pronounced for 2f signals with the large modulation depths needed for WMS at elevated pressures.
authors.affiliation: High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. hejieli@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Hejie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Rieker
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jay B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.forename: Ronald K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hanson