title: Change in neurocognition by housing type and substance abuse among formerly homeless seriously mentally ill persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect of living in group housing rather than independent apartments on executive functioning, verbal memory and sustained attention among formerly homeless persons with serious mental illness and to determine whether substance abuse modifies this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  In metropolitan Boston, 112 persons in Department of Mental Health shelters were randomly assigned to group homes ("Evolving Consumer Households", with project facilitator, group meetings, resident decision-making) or independent apartments. All were case managed. A neuropsychological test battery was administered at baseline, at 18 months (Time 2), with an 81% follow-up rate, and at 48 months (Time 3), with a 59% follow-up rate. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was applied to executive functioning--assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Perseverations)-Logical Memory story recall, and an auditory Continuous Performance Test (CPT) for sustained attention. Subject characteristics were controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When moved to group homes, subjects without a lifetime substance abuse history improved on Perseverations, while those who moved to independent apartments deteriorated on Perseverations. Across the two housing conditions, subjects showed no change in Perseverations, but improved on Logical Memory story recall and the CPT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type of housing placement can influence cognitive functioning; notably, socially isolating housing is associated with weakened executive functioning. Substance abuse significantly diminishes environmental effects. These are important factors to consider in housing placement and subsequent treatment.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Research Center of the Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 170 Morton St., Boston, 02130, USA. BCaplan@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Brina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: Russell K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schutt
authors.forename: Winston M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goldfinger
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston; D003071:Cognition; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D016352:Group Homes; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation