title: Evidence for intestinal oxidative stress in patients with obstructive jaundice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstructive jaundice results in failure of the intestinal barrier with consequent systemic endotoxemia associated with septic complications. We have recently shown that gut barrier failure in experimental obstructive jaundice is associated with high intestinal oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to investigate whether oxidative alterations occur in the intestinal mucosa of patients with obstructive jaundice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with malignant biliary obstruction and no signs of cholangitis and 15 control patients were subjected to duodenal biopsy to assess intestinal oxidative stress, estimated by lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde - MDA) and glutathione redox state [reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and GSH/GSSG ratio]. In addition, mucosal biopsies were examined histologically and intestinal mucosal protein content was determined biochemically as an index of intestinal trophic state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with obstructive jaundice presented high levels of intestinal oxidative stress, with significantly increased lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001). Glutathione redox state was also suggestive of high intestinal oxidative stress in jaundiced patients, indicated by significantly decreased GSH (P = 0.001) and GSH/GSSG ratio (P = 0.006) and increased GSSG (P = 0.026). Histological examination showed a mild infiltration of the lamina propria by chronic inflammatory cells in obstructive jaundice, whereas duodenal architecture remained intact and epithelial continuity was retained. Duodenal mucosa was atrophic in jaundiced patients as indicated by a significant reduction of mucosal protein content compared with controls (P = 0.001). Among oxidative stress parameters, intestinal GSH exhibited a significant positive correlation with mucosal protein content (r = 0.588, P = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obstructive jaundice in humans induces intestinal oxidative stress, which may be a key factor contributing to intestinal barrier failure and the development of septic complications in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 261 10 Patras, Greece. sassim@upatras.gr
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Assimakopoulos
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thomopoulos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patsoukis
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Scopa
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulou
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Vagianos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D041781:Jaundice, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide