title: Association of fiber intake and fruit/vegetable consumption with weight gain in a Mediterranean population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the association between fiber intake and fruit/vegetable consumption with the likelihood of weight gain in the previous 5 y in a Mediterranean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of participants (5094 men and 6613 women) in a multipurpose prospective cohort (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Study). Diet was measured by using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire that was previously validated in Spain. We calculated the odds ratios of weight gain in the previous 5 y according to quintiles of energy-adjusted fiber intake and quintiles of energy-adjusted of fruit/vegetable consumption. We also considered the joint exposure to fiber intake and fruit/vegetable consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for weight gain across quintiles 1 to 5 of fiber intake were 1.00 (reference), 0.86, 0.86, 0.70, and 0.52 (P for trend < 0.001) among men and 1.00 (reference), 0.99, 1.08, 1.05, and 0.72 (P for trend = 0.005) among women. We also observed a significant inverse association between total fruit/vegetable consumption and weight gain, but only among men (adjusted odds ratios, 0.78, 0.89, 0.70, and 0.54 for quintiles 2 to 5, P for trend < 0.001). The inverse association between fruit/vegetable consumption and weight gain in the previous 5 y was more evident among those with a high intake of total fiber, and the benefit of total fiber was more evident among those with a high consumption of fruits and vegetables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides additional support to the inverse association between fiber or fruit/vegetable consumption and weight gain, thus emphasizing the importance of replacing some dietary compounds by such foods and fiber-rich products, which may help to avoid weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona (Navarra), Spain.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Villegas
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Fuente Arrillaga
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*