title: Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant cell clones resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy frequently lead to treatment failure in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Preliminary studies suggest that adding chloroquine to conventional therapy may improve treatment outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of adding chloroquine to conventional therapy for glioblastoma multiforme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 patients with surgically confirmed glioblastoma confined to 1 cerebral hemisphere, with a Karnofsky performance score greater than 70, no comorbid disease, and age younger than 60 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral chloroquine at 150 mg/d for 12 months beginning on postoperative day 5 or placebo. All patients received conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome was survival after surgery; surviving patients were followed up to October 2005. Periodic evaluation using the Karnofsky scale and imaging studies, as well as hematologic tests and ophthalmologic examinations, was done in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median survival after surgery was 24 months for chloroquine-treated patients and 11 months for controls. At the end of the observation period, 6 patients treated with chloroquine had survived 59, 45, 30, 27, 27, and 20 months, respectively; 3 patients from the control group had survived 32, 25, and 22 months, respectively. Although not statistically significantly different, the rate of death with time was approximately half as large in patients receiving chloroquine as in patients receiving placebo (hazard ratio, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.21 to 1.26]; P = 0.139).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed advantage of chloroquine may be due to chance; differences in pretreatment characteristics and conventional treatment regimens could not be adjusted for because of the small sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chloroquine may improve mid-term survival when given in addition to conventional therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. These results suggest that larger, more definitive studies of chloroquine as adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma are warranted.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. jsotelo@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sotelo
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briceño
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: López-González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002330:Carmustine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D002738:Chloroquine; D002330:Carmustine