title: Inequity in mental health care under Canadian universal health coverage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has produced conflicting evidence about socioeconomic disparities in mental health care under universal health coverage in Canada. This study sought to determine equity in the delivery of ambulatory services from psychiatrists and family physicians for mental health problems in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient billing claims and neighborhood socioeconomic status were examined with cross-sectional analysis. The study area consisted of the central southern portion of the city of Toronto, Ontario, including the city's downtown core. This urban setting is an economically and culturally diverse area. A total of 1,221 homogeneous enumeration areas (local neighborhoods) were surveyed, and data were examined for the 746,141 residents of these areas who had had a health visit in 2000. Rates of mental health visits to family physicians and psychiatrists were compared across socioeconomic quintiles. Socioeconomic status was determined according to educational attainment in the enumeration area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Claimants from neighborhoods with the highest socioeconomic status were 1.6 times as likely as those from neighborhoods with the lowest socioeconomic status to use psychiatric care. Among persons who received care from a psychiatrist, claimants from neighborhoods with the highest socioeconomic status had significantly more psychiatric claims than those from neighborhoods with the lowest socioeconomic status. No significant gradients were found for either sex for any use of mental health care provided by family physicians. Among females, service users from the highest socioeconomic areas had more mental health visits to family physicians than those from the lowest socioeconomic areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked socioeconomic disparities were found in the use of care from a psychiatrist. Unlimited coverage of physician-provided mental health care is insufficient to fairly distribute services to those most in need.
authors.affiliation: Health Systems Research and Consulting Unit, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, 3rd Floor Tower, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1 Canada. leahsteele@camh.net
authors.forename: Leah S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Glazier
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016014:Linear Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009819:Office Visits; D009864:Ontario; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population