title: A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent female swimmers, soccer players, and weight lifters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to examine the effect of sports of varying skeletal loading on bone density in adolescent female athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone mineral densities of female swimmers, soccer players, and weight lifters were examined. Between-sport comparisons were made using a one-way analysis of covariance with age and body mass index as covariates and group bone mass density (BMD) was compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) normative values for adult females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMD was significantly greater in the soccer group compared to the weight lifting (p = 0.025) and swimming groups (p = 0.001) with no difference between weight-lifting and swimming groups (p = 0.209). Compared to normative data from the WHO, soccer was the only sport whose participants' BMDs were significantly greater than adult norms (p = 0.003), while those of the swimmers were significantly less (p < 0.001) than adult females, and the weight lifters were not different (p = 0.103).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participation in sports such as soccer or weight lifting with significant skeletal loading may enhance BMD in adolescent females.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Physical Therapy, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, 71130, USA. jbelle@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bellew
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gehrig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003720:Densitometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012016:Reference Values; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*; D014944:World Health Organization