title: Origin of Bolivian Quechua Amerindians: their relationship with other American Indians and Asians according to HLA genes.
abstract: The Incas were Quechua-speaking people who settled down near Cuzco (Peru). They had an empire ranging from Ecuador to Chile, when Spanish conquerors seized their kingdom around 1532 AD. Nowadays, Quechua-speaking people inhabits Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Argentina; however, Quechua language was imposed by both Incas and Spaniards to many non-Quechua speaking communities. We have taken a sample of Quechuan Bolivian blood donors from La Paz (Titicaca Lake region) where Inca-Quechuas themselves believed that came from. This group was compared with 6892 individuals from 68 different world populations regarding HLA/DNA allele frequencies distribution. Genetic distances, dendrograms and correspondence analyses were carried out in order to establish relationships among populations. The main conclusions are: (1) DRB1 and -DQB1 haplotypes shared with Asians are found in Quechuas and are not observed in other (Mesoamerican) Amerindians. (2) Aymara-speaking people from the same Titicaca Lake (La Paz) area shows close genetic distances with Quechuas in one dimension results (genetic distances); however, their HLA gene frequency distribution differs according to Neighbor-Joining (NJ) trees and correspondence analysis (multidimensional and more reliable analyses). Also, the common high frequency Asian and Athabascan HLA-DRB1*0901 allele is found in Quechuas in a significant frequency. Quechuas are clearly included within the Amerindian group.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Pabellon 5, planta 4. Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez-Laso
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siles
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moscoso
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Juan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Serrano-Vela
authors.forename: Juan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: R-A-Cachafeiro
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrano-Rios
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnaiz-Villena
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001208:Asia; D001838:Bolivia; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D015234:HLA-A Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D015235:HLA-B Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006239:Haplotypes; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D015234:HLA-A Antigens; D015235:HLA-B Antigens; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains