title: Opportunities for cost-effective prevention of late-life depression: an epidemiological approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinically relevant late-life depression has a prevalence of 16% and is associated with substantial societal costs through its disease burden and unfavorable prognosis. From the public health perspective, depression prevention may be an attractive, if not imperative, means to generate health gains and reduce future costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To target high-risk groups for depression prevention such that maximum health gains are generated against the lowest cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study over 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  General population in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two hundred community residents aged 55 to 85 years. Of these, 1925 were not depressed at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The onset of clinically relevant depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. For each of the risk factors (and their combinations), we calculated indices of potential health gain and the effort (costs) required to generate those health gains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One in every 5 cases of clinically relevant late-life depression is a new case. Consequently, depression prevention has to play a key role in reducing the influx of new cases. This is best done by directing prevention efforts toward elderly people who have depressive symptoms, experience functional impairment, and have a small social network, in particular women, as well as people who have attained only a low educational level or who suffer from chronic diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Directing prevention efforts toward selected high-risk groups could help reduce the incidence of depression and is likely to be more cost-effective than alternative approaches. This article further shows that we have the methodology at our disposal to conduct ante hoc cost-benefit analysis in preventive psychiatry. This helps set a rational research and development agenda before testing the cost-effectiveness of interventions in time-consuming and expensive trials.
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands. fsmit@trimbos.nl
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Agnieska
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ederveen
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: Dorly
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: Aartjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003363:Cost Control / Q000379:methods; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011316:Preventive Psychiatry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support