title: Reconstruction of a 450-My-old ancestral vertebrate protokaryotype.
abstract: From recent work the putative eutherian karyotype from 100 Mya has been derived. Here, we have applied a new in silico technique, electronic chromosome painting (E-painting), on a large data set of genes whose positions are known in human, chicken, zebrafish and pufferfish. E-painting identifies conserved syntenies in the data set, and it enables a stepwise reconstruction of the ancestral vertebrate protokaryotype comprising 11 protochromosomes. During karyotype evolution in land vertebrates interchromosomal rearrangements by translocation are relatively frequent, whereas the karyotypes of birds and fish are much more conserved. Although the human karyotype is one of the most conserved in eutherians, it can no longer be considered highly conserved from a vertebrate-wide perspective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, D-89070 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Högel
authors.forename: Walther
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minich
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kehrer-Sawatzki
authors.forename: Jennifer A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hameister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics; D020223:Chromosome Painting / Q000379:methods; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny; D023721:Tetraodontiformes / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics