title: Delay discounting predicts behavioral sensitization to ethanol in outbred WSC mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcoholic individuals discount the value of future rewards more steeply than social drinkers, which is viewed as symptomatic of higher levels of impulsivity. However, the mechanisms underlying this difference are unknown. This study examined 2 hypotheses about the relationship between discounting and ethanol's effects in mice: (1) steep discounters are less sensitive to the initial stimulant-like effects of ethanol and (2) steep discounters exhibit greater behavioral adaptation to stimulant effects with repeated ethanol exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  An adjusting amount procedure was used to assess discounting as a function of delay in ethanol-naïve genetically heterogeneous WSC mice. Mice chose between a small amount of sucrose solution delivered immediately and 19.5 microL delivered following a delay (0, 2, 4, 8, or 12 seconds, varied between sessions). Within sessions, the amount (microL) of immediate sucrose was adjusted until animals became indifferent between the immediate and specific delayed reward. Hyperbolic discount functions were fitted to quantify the degree of delay discounting. Then, in a within-subjects design over 13 days, mice received a pattern of daily injections of saline or ethanol, and after certain treatments their locomotor activity was assessed for 15 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals with steeper discount functions (greater impulsivity) tended to exhibit less locomotor stimulation on their initial exposure to ethanol. However, steeper discounting was positively associated with increases in locomotor activity after repeated exposure (sensitization), indicating that steep discounters showed higher levels of sensitization to the stimulating effects of ethanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest 2 behavioral effects of ethanol, associated with an increased risk for alcohol abuse, that are associated with variations in delay discounting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. mitchsu@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Suzanne H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tamara J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D012201:Reward; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000431:Ethanol; D013395:Sucrose