title: Causes and prevention of carotid artery rupture.
abstract: Rupture of the carotid arteries, which provide blood supply to the head and neck, results in massive haemorrhage leading to death within a matter of minutes in 33% of cases. Those who survive are frequently left handicapped. Patients with head and neck cancer who are over 50 years of age with excessive weight loss and reduced haemoglobin, have a greater risk of carotid artery damage leading to rupture, as have those with existing nutritional deficiencies, cardiovascular or renal disease, or endocrine disorders. Prevention includes improving the nutritional status, preventing infection and constipation, promoting healing and using safe suctioning. The signs of impending rupture are few and include: retro-sternal or high epigastric pain, pulsation of the wound, ballooning of the artery and, occasionally, a small 'herald' bleed. Nurses need to be aware of 'at risk' patients, and the warning signs. All ear, nose and throat wards should document an evidence-based protocol for the management of carotid artery rupture.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ireland.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frawley
authors.forename: Cecily M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Begley
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015984:Causality; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004630:Emergencies / Q000451:nursing; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D015431:Weight Loss