title: Bone mineral density and its determinants in diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on bone density and metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed bone mineral density (BMD) measured at the hip, spine and forearm using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 34 patients with type 1 and 194 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients were from the community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study, and findings for them were compared with those from normal age- and sex-matched control subjects from the local community. Biochemical and hormonal markers of bone metabolism were measured in a subset of 70 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age and BMI, there was a lower BMD at total hip (p<0.001) and femoral neck (p=0.012) in type 1 men vs control subjects, but type 1 women and matched controls had similar BMD at each site. There was a higher BMD at total hip (p=0.006), femoral neck (p=0.026) and forearm (p<0.001) in type 2 women vs control subjects, but diabetes status was not associated with BMD in type 2 men after adjustment for age and BMI. Serum oestradiol, BMI, C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type 1 and male sex were consistently and independently associated with BMD at forearm, hip and femoral neck and explained 61, 55 and 50% of the total variance in BMD, respectively, at these sites. Spine BMD was independently associated with BMI and ln(oestradiol).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with type 1 diabetes may be at increased risk of osteoporosis, while type 2 women appear to be protected even after adjusting for BMI. Low serum oestradiol concentrations may predispose to diabetes-associated osteoporosis regardless of sex.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, P.O. Box 480, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rakic
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S A P
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chubb
authors.forename: F M A
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: T M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin