title: Efficacy of caudal butorphanol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of butorphanol with or without bupivacaine for caudal epidural anesthesia in children undergoing infraumbilical surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty ASA physical status I and II patients of either sex aged 1-10 yr were randomized to one of three groups. Group L received 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine; Group B received 1 ml/kg of 25 microg/kg butorphanol diluted in normal saline; and Group LB received 1 ml/kg of 25 microg/kg butorphanol in combination with 0.25% bupivacaine, in caudal epidural anesthesia. Hemodynamic variables (HR and MAP) and respiratory rate were monitored in all patients. Sedation score, pain score and requirement of rescue analgesia were recorded at preset time intervals alongwith post-operative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference among the groups regarding sedation scores, requirement of rescue analgesia and post-operative complications. Mean duration of analgesia was maximum in group BL (14.5 +/- 3.5 hr, P<0.001), than in group L (8.8 +/- 4.8 hr) and group B (6.8 +/- 2.9 hr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of 25 microg/kg butorphanol to bupivacaine resulted in superior analgesia with a longer period compared with caudal bupivacaine and butorphanol alone, without an increase of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. vinitasingh70@indiatimes.com
authors.forename: Vinita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanaujia
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002077:Butorphanol; D002045:Bupivacaine