title: Long-term exercise training improves autonomic nervous system profile in professional runners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate-intensity endurance training causes increased parasympathetic activity while very intensive (extreme) exercise loads may lead to persistently elevated sympathetic tone in champion class athletes preparing for competitions. Exercise training loads used by regional class sportsmen are usually somewhat less intensive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the changes in autonomic nervous system activity in a group of regional class runners during a long-term training cycle preparing them for competitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four regional class runners (including 22 males) with a mean age of 24+/-4 years (18 to 34 years) were enrolled in the study. Resting heart rate (mean HR) and autonomic system tone were assessed in the final period of the preparatory training (1) and in the terminal phase of the competition period (2). Additionally, ten-minute long continuous non-invasive acquisitions of systolic arterial blood pressure--SAP (Finapress, Ohmeda) and heart rate period--HP (Mingograf 72oC) were carried out in each subject. Then arterial baroreflex sensitivity by means of spectral analysis (BRS_WBA) and indices of heart rate variability (SDNN, pNN50, RMSSD, TP, LF, LFnu, HF, LF/HF) were calculated from the recorded SAP and HP signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant increase in indices of heart rate variability such as BRS_WBA, SDNN, pNN50, TP and LF in period 2 when compared with period 1 was found. Their values were 17.2+/-8.2 vs 11.5+/-5.1 ms/mmHg (p=0.0001), 91+/-55 vs 70+/-36 ms (p=0.0002), 48+/-24 vs 38+/-23% (p=0.03), 4364+/-2614 vs 3384+/-2298 ms2 (p=0.01), 2262+/-2031 vs 1398+/-1203 ms2 (p=0.002), respectively. Borderline elevation of the RMSSD index (83+/-62 and 67+/-37 ms respectively for period 1 and period 2; p=0.09) was also noted. The other calculated parameters did not differ significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term intensive exercise training, employed by regional class runners preparing for competitions, changes the autonomic profile, promoting parasympathetic dominance. This may be an important argument to encourage many young and healthy people to engage in endurance sports at such intensity.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiac Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Debinki 7, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland. gracz@amg.gda.pl
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raczak
authors.forename: Ludmiła
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz
authors.forename: Mariola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobuszewska-Chwirot
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ratkowski
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figura-Chmielewska
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szwoch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011361:Professional Competence; D012420:Running; D013995:Time