title: Involvement of phosphatidylserine, alphavbeta3, CD14, CD36, and complement C1q in the phagocytosis of primary necrotic lymphocytes by macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Uningested dead cells may be an important source of autoantigens and may trigger autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Multiple receptors involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells have been described; however, little is known about the receptors and ligands involved in uptake of necrotic cells that release autoantigens as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  The uptake of autologous necrotic peripheral blood lymphocytes into human monocyte-derived macrophages was qualitatively and quantitatively monitored by confocal microscopy and 2-color flow cytometry, respectively. Blocking experiments were performed to examine the receptors and molecules involved in the phagocytosis of necrotic cells. Cytokine secretion by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes and macrophages was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphatidylserine, which was exposed on necrotic as well as apoptotic cells, promoted the recognition and removal of primary necrotic lymphocytes. Several macrophage receptor systems, including the thrombospondin-CD36-alphavbeta3 complex, CD14, and the complement component C1q, contributed to the engulfment of necrotic cells. Necrotic peripheral blood lymphocytes slightly increased the lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of interleukin-10 and reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha in monocytes and macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that at least some of the receptors and adaptors mediating the uptake of apoptotic cells are also involved in the clearance of necrotic cells. Hence, necrotic cells engage phagocyte receptors such as CD36, which mediate antiinflammatory signals from apoptotic cells. Necrotic cells consequently also have the potency to provide antiinflammatory signals to phagocytes; however, these signals may be overridden by proinflammatory factors released during necrosis. These findings have implications regarding the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as SLE, in which impaired clearance of dead cells may foster autoimmunity by the release of potential autoantigens.
authors.affiliation: University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böttcher
authors.forename: Udo S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Gaipl
authors.forename: Barbara G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fürnrohr
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Irute
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Girkontaite
authors.forename: Joachim R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kalden
authors.forename: Reinhard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Voll
mesh_terms: D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death; D015922:Complement C1q / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000502:physiology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology*; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015922:Complement C1q