title: Disorders of glucose metabolism in the context of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the pathophysiology and the current treatment approaches for the dysregulation of glucose metabolism in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected research, clinical studies, clinical guidelines, and review articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV infection, multiple factors are associated with the pathogenesis of glucose dysregulation. Studies suggest that protease inhibitors, a class of antiretroviral agent, as well as viral factors, lipodystrophy, hepatitis C infection, injection drug use, and second-generation antipsychotics have been implicated in the development of glucose disorders and diabetes. Current treatment recommendations are based on extrapolated data from non-HIV diabetic patients. More research is needed to establish the most appropriate management for the disorders of glucose metabolism in the context of HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If left untreated, patients are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and complications associated with untreated diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Niagara Falls Memorial Medical Center, Lewiston, NY 14092, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Capili
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eckert-Norton
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Colagreco
authors.forename: Joyce K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Anastasi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000009:adverse effects; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003663:Decision Trees; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents