title: The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is sequestered in the cytoplasm of mammalian cancer cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is an important regulator of G1 to S-phase transition and an important cofactor for several transcription factors in numerous cell types. Studies on neonatal cardiomyocytes and postmitotic neurons indicate that the activity of cyclin D1 may be regulated through its cytoplasmic sequestration. We have demonstrated previously, that TSA induces the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin D1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Additional studies were initiated in order to further investigate the effect of TSA on cyclin D1 regulation using sub-cellular fractionation techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our studies revealed cyclin D1 to be localized predominantly within the cytoplasmic fraction of all cell lines tested. These observations were confirmed by confocal microscopy. GSK3beta was found to be localized within both the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle. Inhibition of GSK3beta or CRM1-dependent nuclear export resulted in only modest nuclear accumulation, suggesting that the cytoplasmic localization of cyclin D1 results from the inhibition of its nuclear import.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown by several different experimental approaches, that cyclin D1 is in fact a predominantly cytoplasmic protein in mammalian cancer cell lines. Recent studies have shown that the cytoplasmic sequestration of cyclin D1 prevents apoptosis in neuronal cells. Our results suggest that cytoplasmic sequestration may additionally serve to regulate cyclin D1 activity in mammalian cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK. j.alao@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Alao
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.forename: Alexandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Stavropoulou
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Pomeranz
authors.forename: Eric W-F
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: R Charles
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Coombes
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Vigushin
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein
chemical_list: D019938:Cyclin D1; D003513:Cycloheximide; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D028884:Karyopherins; D007976:Leupeptins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C012589:trichostatin A; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde; C038753:leptomycin B