title: Race and sex: predictors of the severity of hyperparathyroidism in peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uraemic hyperparathyroidism remains a common clinical problem. Conversely, oversuppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH), particularly in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis, has been implicated in low bone turnover disease. Race may also be an important factor determining susceptibility to hyperparathyroidism and the different forms of renal osteodystrophy. These compounding factors that might influence the severity of hyperparathyroidism have been studied in US dialysis and predialysis populations. Dialysis-dependant Africans and Afro-Caribbeans (AC) are known to have higher circulating PTH concentrations than comparable Caucasians (C) but Indo-Asians (IA) living in temperate climates have not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of all patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis at St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospital on 1 May 2000. The highest historical recorded PTH was recorded with concurrent biochemical and demographic details. Regression models were used for the analysis of covariance and separate manova was performed incorporating the factors that were shown on univariate analysis to be significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current study confirmed that in 50 AC patients on peritoneal dialysis, the mean (+/- SEM) peak PTH concentration (93.9 +/- 9.3 pmol/L) was higher than in 148 C (56.7 +/- 4.3 pmol/L) and 67 IA (60.2 +/- 5.7 pmol/L), P < 0.0001 and P < 0.002, respectively. This is despite there being no significant difference in serum calcium concentrations and AC having a lower serum phosphate concentration at the time of peak hyperparathyroidism. There was no significant difference in mean peak PTH concentration between C and IA. Females were also found to have higher peak PTH concentrations, but the presence of diabetes did not influence the peak PTH concentration in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we have demonstrated that patients of African (but not Asian) descent undergoing peritoneal dialysis have more severe hyperparathyroidism than Caucasians, other studies suggest that Afro-Americans develop low bone turnover at higher PTH. This would suggest that PTH values should be interpreted with care and that bone biopsies to determine histology remain important. It may emerge that there are different optimal PTH concentrations according to race.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, St Bartholomew's and The London NHS Trust, London, UK. s.fan@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stanley L-S
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raftery
authors.forename: Magdi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone