title: Upper limb disorders among coopers in the Scotch whisky industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coopering is a physically demanding trade which has existed for >500 years. Anecdotal clinical evidence suggested increased prevalence of upper limb disorders in the population of coopers in one organization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of upper limb disorders in coopers and non-coopers. To identify differences in prevalence, and any relationship between the findings and the work practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 108 coopers and 110 non-coopers. The Standardized Nordic questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms was administered to all participants, who also underwent a clinical assessment for upper limb disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coopers were more likely to report elbow pain in the past 12 months (OR 3.4; 95% CI: 1.8-6.2) and pain in the last 7 days (OR 4.7; 95% CI: 2.0-8.9) and this was likely to lead to prevention of activity in the past 12 months associated with the elbow (P < 0.05). Clinical evaluation highlighted a higher prevalence of upper limb disorders in coopers (OR 9.8; 95% CI: 3.9-24.3) with epicondylitis predominating (OR 8.4; 95% CI: 2.8-25.0). There was also a higher prevalence of problems in the wrist and hand among coopers (OR 8.15; 95% CI: 1.04-64; P = 0.03). Logistic regression analysis confirmed the risk of upper limb disorder in coopers (P < 0.03) accounting for age (P < 0.05) and years of service (P > 0.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coopers appear to be at an increased risk of upper limb disorders. Work practices have been reviewed and a number of changes have been implemented to reduce this risk. Further study of this group is merited in future to determine the effect of changes in work practice on the risk of upper limb disorders.
authors.affiliation: Diageo-Occupational Health, Inchinnan Road, Renfrew PA4 9EB, UK. dr.f.macdonald@diagero.com
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waclawski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D034941:Upper Extremity