title: Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: a propensity-modeling approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether retail tobacco outlet density was related to youth cigarette smoking after control for a diverse range of neighborhood characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered from 2116 respondents (aged 11 to 23 years) residing in 178 census tracts in Chicago, Ill. Propensity score stratification methods for continuous exposures were used to adjust for potentially confounding neighborhood characteristics, thus strengthening causal inferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retail tobacco outlets were disproportionately located in neighborhoods characterized by social and economic disadvantage. In a model that excluded neighborhood confounders, a marginally significant effect was found. Youths in areas at the highest 75th percentile in retail tobacco outlet density were 13% more likely (odds ratio [OR]=1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.99, 1.28) to have smoked in the past month compared with those living at the lowest 25th percentile. However, the relation became stronger and significant (OR=0.21; 95% CI=1.04, 1.41) after introduction of tract-level confounders and was statistically significant in the propensity score-adjusted model (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.001, 1.44). Results did not differ significantly between minors and those legally permitted to smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in retail tobacco outlet density may reduce rates of youth smoking.
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Epidemiology, Prevention, and Risk Behavior, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. snovak@rti.org
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Raudenbush
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014026:Nicotiana