title: Ten- and 20-year survivors of pediatric orthotopic heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric heart transplantation is entering its third decade, allowing for the first time an analysis of a large group of true long-term survivors, specifically children who have survived > or =10 years post-transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients < or =18 years, who had undergone heart transplantation at Stanford between August 1974 and June 1993 and survived > or =10 years, were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty (77%) patients are currently alive. Thirteen survived >15 years and 5 >20 years (the longest being 26 years). Actuarial survival was 79.4% at 14 years and 53.1% at 20 years. Cardiomyopathy was the reason for transplantation in 71% and congenital heart disease (CHD) in 29%. At last evaluation, 71% were on a cyclosporine-based regimen and 23% a tacrolimus-based regimen; 33% were steroid-free. Twenty-seven percent were totally free from treatable rejection, 44% developed serious infections, 69% were receiving anti-hypertensives, and 8% required renal transplantation. Neoplasms occurred in 23%, graft coronary artery disease (CAD) in 31%, and 15% required re-transplantation. Of the 12 deaths, CAD was the most common cause (n = 4), followed by non-specific late graft failure (n = 3), infection (n = 2), rejection (n = 1), non-lymphoid cancer (n = 1) and lymphoid cancer (n = 1). Physical rehabilitation and return to normal lifestyle has been nearly 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart transplantation in pediatric patients is compatible with true long-term survival with a growing cohort of children approaching their second and third decades. The gradual constant-phase decrease in survival noted in earlier studies appears to be continuing. Rejection and infection are low but persistent risks after the first years. Graft CAD and non-specific late graft dysfunction are the leading causes of death after 10 years. Rehabilitation is excellent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kouretas
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gamberg
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus