title: Peripherality, income inequality, and life expectancy: revisiting the income inequality hypothesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent criticisms of the income inequality and health hypothesis have stressed the lack of consistent significant evidence for the stronger effects of income inequality among rich countries. Despite such criticisms, little attention has been devoted to the income-based criteria underlying the stratification of countries into rich/poor groups and whether trade patterns and world-system role provide an alternative means of stratifying groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare income-based and trade-based criteria, 107 countries were grouped into four typologies: (I) high/low income, (II) OECD membership/non-membership, (III) core/non-core, and (IV) non-periphery/periphery. Each typology was tested separately for significant differences in the effects of income inequality between groups. Separate group comparison tests and regression analyses were conducted for each typology using Rodgers (1979) specification of income, income inequality, and life expectancy. Interaction terms were introduced into Rodgers specification to test whether group classification moderated the effects of income inequality on health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that the effects of income inequality are stronger in the periphery than non-periphery (IV) (-0.76 vs -0.23; P < 0.05). An incremental F-test confirmed significant differences in the coefficient subsets between the two groups (F(2,101) = 6.31; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-national analyses of income inequality and population health have assumed (i) income differences between countries best capture global stratification and (ii) the negative effects of income inequality are stronger in high-income countries. However, present findings emphasize (i) the importance of measuring global stratification according to trading patterns and (ii) the strong, negative effects of income inequality on life expectancy among peripheral populations.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de Centre Hôpital de Université de Montréal, 3875 St Urbain, Montréal, QC, Canada H2W 1V1. spencer.moore@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Spencer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007390:International Agencies; D008017:Life Expectancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors