title: Gingival involvement in a case series of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This case series presents the polymorphic clinical characteristics of gingival acquired immunodeficieny syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a malignancy that is gradually becoming uncommon in developed nations. An up-to-date overview of the related epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, histopathology, and treatment is provided, along with a pictorial guide to ease clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oral/maxillofacial pathology records at Aristotle University and the University of Geneva were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-two cases diagnosed with oral AIDS-related KS were retrieved between 1991 and 2004. KS diagnosis was established histologically by incisional biopsies from intraoral lesions. All charts contained clinical oral examination data, radiological images, and detailed photographic records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients (12 males and one female) presented with KS gingival involvement (40.6%). Eleven of the male patients were homosexual/bisexual men. The mean age of the patients at the time of intraoral KS diagnosis was 42.1 years, and the mean CD4 cell count was 103 (0 to 481). Gingival epidemic KS presented with various degrees of pigmentation and a wide range of clinical patterns, from relatively flat macules (early stage) to tumors with variable nodular morphology (advanced disease). Solitary or multiple gingival involvement may appear concomitantly with palatal and/or cutaneous lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the incidence of intraoral KS had fallen precipitously in developed countries after the mid-1990s, gingival KS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every pigmented gingival lesion. Periodontists are in a unique position to identify gingival involvement of intraoral KS and facilitate early diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Christos D R
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kalpidis
authors.forename: Stella N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lysitsa
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Alexandros E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kolokotronis
authors.forename: Demetrios Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Antoniades
authors.forename: Jacky
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005887:Gingival Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D010157:Palatal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology