title: Effectiveness of cemented rescue screws for anterior cervical plate fixation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among the various ways to optimize the fixation of bone implants is to use bone cement, for example, in a total hip prosthesis. No data exist, however, concerning the effectiveness of cemented rescue screws for anterior cervical plate fixation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cemented rescue screws increase fixation strength in comparison with uncemented standard screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cervical spine segments (C4-7) were explanted during routine autopsy studies from fresh human cadavers. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured for each vertebral body (VB) using quantitative computerized tomography scanning, and 24 VBs were dissected from the segments. Two initial pilot holes were drilled into each VB parallel to the sagittal plane. Based on their BMD, the specimens were assigned to one of two groups in which torque and pullout force were tested. The test was begun with standard screws and was repeated with cannulated slotted rescue screws into which bone cement was injected. The mean values of peak torque and pullout forces resulting from the left and right measurements were used for statistical analysis. A t-test was performed to determine the effect of screw type on peak torque and pullout force. Moment correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the effect of BMD on peak torque and pullout force for each type of screw. The mean insertional peak torque was 67.1 N/cm for the standard screw and 102.6 N/cm for the cemented screw (p < 0.05). The mean pullout force was 526.9 N for standard osteoporosis screws and 531.5 N for cemented screws (p > 0.05). The effect of increased holding strength as measured by peak torque and pullout force was more pronounced in the presence of low bone density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cemented rescue screws that have been inserted into a fatigued pilot hole in the cervical VB strengthen the screw-bone interface compared with the strength initially conferred by a standard screw.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany. pitzen@t-online.de
authors.forename: Tobias Rainer
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pitzen
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drumm
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bruchmann
authors.forename: Dragos Doru
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Barbier
authors.forename: Wolf-Ingo
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Steudel
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements; D015519:Bone Density; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000601:surgery; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements