title: Early intervention in low birth weight premature infants: results at 18 years of age for the Infant Health and Development Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether improvements in cognitive and behavioral development seen in preschool educational programs persist, we compared those in a multisite randomized trial of such a program over the first 3 years of life (INT) to those with follow-up only (FUO) at 18 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective follow-up of the Infant Health and Development Program at 8 sites heterogeneous for sociodemographic characteristics. Originally 985 children were randomized to the INT (n = 377) or FUO (n = 608) groups within 2 birth weight strata: heavier low birth weight (HLBW; 2001-2499 g) and lighter low birth weight (LLBW; < or = 2000 g). Primary outcome measures were the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III), reading and mathematics subscales of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, youth self-report on the Total Behavior Problem Index, and high-risk behaviors on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Secondary outcomes included Weschler full-scale IQ, caregiver report on the Total Behavior Problem Index, and caregiver and youth self-reported physical health using the Medical Outcome Study measure. Assessors were masked as to study status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed 636 youths at 18 years (64.6% of the 985, 72% of whom had not died or refused at prior assessments). After adjusting for cohort attrition, differences favoring the INT group were seen on the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement in math (5.1 points), YRBSS (-0.7 points), and the PPVT-III (3.8 points) in the HLBW youth. In the LLBW youth, the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement in reading was higher in the FUO than INT group (4.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings in the HLBW INT group provide support for preschool education to make long-term changes in a diverse group of children who are at developmental risk. The lack of observable benefit in the LLBW group raises questions about the biological and educational factors that foster or inhibit sustained effects of early educational intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mmccormi@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brooks-Gunn
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salganik
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Forrest C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Libby L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Judy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bernbaum
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Camilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012309:Risk-Taking