title: Impact of in vivo preconditioning by isoflurane on adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in the rat heart: lasting modulation of nucleotide sensitivity during early memory period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The early memory of anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) is a period when myocardial protection continues even after removal of the anesthetic. Because adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are important mediators of APC, the authors investigated the hypothesis that the memory involves channel priming by isoflurane via a long-term modulation of the sensitivity to intracellular adenosine nucleotides.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventricular cardiomyocytes were obtained from the rat hearts after 30 min in vivo APC with 1.4% isoflurane and from control non-APC rat hearts. Whole cell and excised inside-out patch clamp techniques were used to study the sarcolemmal KATP channel. Membrane expression of KATP channel proteins, the pore-forming inward rectifier Kir6.2, and the regulatory sulfonylurea receptor SUR2A were assessed in APC and non-APC hearts by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation of whole cell KATP current by isoflurane was enhanced after in vivo APC. At the single-channel level, this was paralleled by a 12-fold decrease in adenosine 5'-triphosphate sensitivity and a 3-fold decrease in adenosine 5'-diphosphate sensitivity, without changing the probability of channel opening or single-channel conductance. The membrane expression of Kir6.2 and SUR2A subunits was not altered by in vivo APC. A direct in vitro application of isoflurane to excised membrane patches increased the channel open probability and produced a 4-fold decrease in adenosine 5'-triphosphate sensitivity only of channels in non-APC myocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo APC by isoflurane decreases sensitivity of the sarcolemmal KATP channel to inhibition by adenosine 5'-triphosphate and decreases adenosine 5'-diphosphate sensitivity. These effects persist even after discontinuation of the anesthetic, suggesting a possible novel factor that may contribute to the mechanism of early memory of APC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. astadnic@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stadnicka
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marinovic
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bienengraeber
authors.forename: Zeljko J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020110:Pinacidil / Q000494:pharmacology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D020110:Pinacidil; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007530:Isoflurane