title: (Sub)microscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia in Kenyan children after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapy or in combination with artesunate.
abstract: The effects of drugs on Plasmodium falciparum transmission stages may reduce the spread of parasites in the population and contribute to malaria control. Detailed quantitative studies on (sub)microscopic gametocytaemia have become feasible with the availability of real-time Pfs25 quantitative Nucleic Acid Sequence-based Amplification (QT-NASBA), which can be used to detect gametocyte densities above 20 gametocytes per millilitre from in vitro cultures. Gametocyte dynamics were investigated in children with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) or a combination of SP and artesunate (SP+AS), in a 28-days drug efficacy study. This study demonstrated that gametocyte prevalence in 873 samples from symptomatic Kenyan children was 2.8 times higher by QT-NASBA compared with microscopy. Microscopy-positive cases showed a significant correlation with QT-NASBA for gametocyte density. At enrolment, gametocyte prevalence was 86% by QT-NASBA compared with 22% by microscopy. Gametocytes were detected in 97% of children in at least one blood sample and in 38% of children in all samples obtained during the 28-days follow-up. Both the risk of gametocyte carriage and gametocyte density were considerably higher after treatment with SP compared with SP+AS. Gametocyte prevalence and density decreased with time in the SP+AS group, but not in the SP-treated children. Our data suggest that the potential of malaria transmission remains high even after treatment with artemisinin combination therapy, although prevalence and density of gametocytes is lower after SP+AS.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Medical Microbiology 268, P.O.Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. petraschneider2@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Teun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bousema
authors.forename: Sabah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gouagna
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schallig
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077332:Artesunate; D002353:Carrier State / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D000077332:Artesunate; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine