Reliability of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel classification system.
OBJECTIVE
This paper reports a study examining the interrater and intrarater reliability of classifying pressure ulcers according to the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel classification system when using photographs of pressure ulcers and incontinence lesions.


BACKGROUND
Pressure ulcer classification is an essential tool for assessing ulcers and their severity and determining which preventive or therapeutic action is needed. Many classification systems are described in the literature. There are only a limited number of studies that evaluate the interrater reliability of pressure ulcer grading scales. The intrarater reliability is seldom studied.


METHODS
The study consisted of two phases. In the first phase 56 photographs, together with a random selection of nine photographs from the same set, were presented to 473 nurses. In the second phase, the 56 photographs were presented twice to 86 other nurses with an interval of one month and in a different order. All the nurses were familiar with the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel classification. They did not receive any additional training on classification, and were asked to classify the lesions as normal skin, blanchable erythema, pressure ulcers (four grades, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel classification) or incontinence lesions.


RESULTS
In the first phase, the multirater-Kappa for the 473 participating nurses was 0.37 (P < 0.001). Non-blanchable erythema was often confused with blanchable erythema and incontinence lesions. Also incontinence lesions were frequently not correctly classified. The intrarater agreement was low (kappa = 0.38). In the second phase, the interrater agreement was not significantly different in both sessions. The intrarater agreement was 0.52.


CONCLUSIONS
Both the interrater and intrarater reliability of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel classification of lesion photographs by nurses was very low. Differentiation between pressure ulcers and incontinence lesions seems to be difficult.
Nursing Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium. tomdefloor@ugent.be
Tom
T
Defloor
Lisette
L
Schoonhoven
Vanderwee
V
Katrien
Jan
J
Weststrate
Dries
D
Myny
D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004890:Erythema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology