How to kill a mocking bug?
All metazoans have evolved means to protect themselves from threats present in the environment: injuries, viruses, fungi, bacteria and other parasites. Insect protection includes innate physical barriers and both cellular and humoral responses. The insect innate immune response, best characterized in Drosophila melanogaster, is a rapid broad response, triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognition, which produces a limited range of effectors that does not alter upon continued pathogen exposure and lacks immunological memory. The Drosophila response, particularly its humoral response, has been investigated by both low and high-throughput methods. Three signalling pathways conserved between insects and mammals have been implicated in this response: Toll (equivalent to mammalian TLR), Imd (equivalent to TNFalpha) and Hop (equivalent to JAK/STAT). This review provides an entry point to the insect immune system literature outlining the main themes in D. melanogaster bacterial pathogen detection and humoral and cellular immune responses. The Drosophila immune response is compared with other insects and the mammalian immune system.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
Vitor B
VB
Pinheiro
David J
DJ
Ellar
D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D053612:Janus Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology
D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C068721:Tl protein, Drosophila; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C439909:imd protein, Drosophila; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D053612:Janus Kinases; C085845:hop protein, Drosophila