Analgesic use in intubated patients during acute resuscitation.
BACKGROUND
Pain relief can often be overlooked during a busy trauma resuscitation, especially in patients who are intubated. We sought to investigate qualitative and quantitative aspects of analgesic use in intubated patients during the acute phase of resuscitation.


METHODS
We evaluated a retrospective cohort of consecutive adult patients who were intubated during the acute trauma resuscitation (first 6 hours) from January 2001 to May 2002 at a Level I trauma center in the United States. Patient demographics, injuries, vital signs, medications, trauma bay procedures, and disposition status were analyzed. Analgesia was recorded as the type of analgesic, route of administration, elapsed time to receive the first analgesic, total dosage, and time intervals between two successive doses. Fisher's exact test, chi test, and ANOVA were used to analyze data.


RESULTS
A total of 120 patients were included. Sixty-one (51%) patients received analgesia during their stay in the emergency department. Using logistic regression analysis, patients who more likely to receive analgesia were those who did not require immediate surgical operation and were transferred to the intensive care unit (odds ratio [OR]=3.91; 95% CI=1.75-8.76) and those who were admitted during the hours of 8 am to 6 pm (OR=3.17; CI=1.40-7.16). Among those patients receiving analgesia, 30 (25%) patients received analgesia within 30 minutes upon arrival. The mean time of receiving the first analgesia dose was 57 minutes. The average morphine equivalent dose given to the patients was 15.7 mg. The most frequently given single dose was 100 mug of intravenous fentanyl. Most of the analgesics (37%) were given between 30 to 60 minutes apart.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that patients who are intubated during the acute resuscitation probably receive inadequate analgesia. The inadequacy appears to be in the timing and repetition of administration, rather than the dose. Patients who were transferred early to the intensive care unit were more likely to receive analgesics.
Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Anne
A
Chao
Chi-Hsiang
CH
Huang
John P
JP
Pryor
Patrick M
PM
Reilly
C William
CW
Schwab
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012151:Resuscitation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl