Hypnotic trait and specific phobia: EEG and autonomic output during phobic stimulation.
In a previous study we showed that healthy highly hypnotizable subjects, during the suggestion of a moderately unpleasant situation administered in awake conditions, exhibited a sympathetic response greatly attenuated with respect to non-hypnotizable individuals. This was interpreted as a natural protection of hypnotizable subjects against the cardiovascular effects of cognitive stress. Aim of the present study was to investigate whether the hypnotic trait is able to modulate the autonomic and cerebral activities also in specific phobic awake hypnotizable (Highs) and non-hypnotizable (Lows) subjects. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromiogram of corrugator muscle, electrocardiogram, respirogram and tonic electrodermal activity were recorded during a guided mental imagery of an animal phobic object. Phobic stimulation induced in both groups the rise of heart and respiratory frequency and the lowering of skin resistance. These changes are less pronounced in Highs than in Lows and are sustained by a different modulation of the sympatho-vagal balance. During phobic stimulation both groups exhibited a similar significant increase of EEG gamma relative power. At variance, significant stimulation-related decrements of alpha1, theta1 and theta2 activities were found only in Highs that exhibited similar changes during the control and phobic stimulation. Results suggest that hypnotizability is able to modulate cerebral and autonomic responses also in specific phobic subjects. However, the presence of a specific phobia attenuates the effectiveness of hypnotizability as a protective factor against possible stress-related cardiac illness.
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, G. Moruzzi, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy. gemignan@dfb.unipi.it
Angelo
A
Gemignani
Laura
L
Sebastiani
Alfredo
A
Simoni
Enrica L
EL
Santarcangelo
Brunello
B
Ghelarducci
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology