Sonographic quantitative evaluation of scrotal veins in healthy subjects: normative values and implications for the diagnosis of varicocele.
OBJECTIVE
To define the normative values of scrotal vein diameters, investigate the eventual presence and characteristics of scrotal reflux in healthy subjects, and describe its implication for the diagnosis of scrotal varicocele.


METHODS
Color-Doppler ultrasonography was performed on a population of 145 healthy, symptomless subjects, with clinical examinations and semen analyses within normal limits.


RESULTS
The upper limit of the scrotal veins diameter (3.7-3.8mm) exceeds values presently employed for a diagnosis of varicocele. Furthermore, a high percentage of healthy subjects (53%) were found to have reflux in the scrotal veins, currently considered one of the criteria for diagnosing varicocele, especially in its subclinical form.


CONCLUSIONS
To reduce the risk of misinterpretations between the various specialists involved in Color-Doppler ultrasonography and urologists, quantitative data of the scrotal veins (i.e., maximum diameter and the presence, velocity, and duration of reflux) should be described in reports of sonographic examinations performed for scrotal varicocele.
Cina
Alessandro
A
Department of Radiology, Agostino Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University, Rome, Italy. alescina@tin.it
Minnetti
Marco
M
Pirronti
Tommaso
T
Vittoria Spampinato
Maria
M
Canadè
Adolfo
A
Oliva
Giulio
G
Ribatti
Domenico
D
Bonomo
Lorenzo
L
D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012611:Scrotum / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging