PCR detection of lizard malaria parasites: prevalence of Plasmodium infections with low-level parasitemia differs by site and season.
Plasmodium-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers allowed detection of infections with very low-level parasitemia for 3 species of malaria parasites infecting Anolis lizards at 2 Caribbean sites, Puerto Rico and Saba, Netherlands Antilles. A verification study, using a single-tube nested PCR to eliminate contamination, showed that infections as low as 1 parasite per millions of erythrocytes could be detected by amplifying a 673 bp fragment of the cytochrome b gene. Very low-level parasitemia infections, subpatent under the microscope, were common in A. sabanus on Saba sites, with no significant seasonal difference (31% of infections appearing uninfected by microscopic examination in summer were found infected by PCR, 38% in winter). At the Puerto Rico site, the subpatent infections were also common in A. gundlachi, but were more prevalent in winter (53%) than in summer (17%). A similar high frequency of subpatent infections is known from studies on human and bird malaria, but a previous PCR-based study on a temperate lizard malaria system found few such low-level infections. Differences in the prevalence of subpatent infections by site and season suggest transmission biology may select for distinct life history strategies by the parasite.
Vardo
Anne M
AM
Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.
Wargo
Andrew R
AR
Schall
Jos J
JJ
D000818:Animals; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D008116:Lizards / Q000469:parasitology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009427:Netherlands Antilles / Q000453:epidemiology; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D015995:Prevalence; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D016054:DNA, Protozoan