Male violence, stress, and neuroendocrine parameters in pregnancy: a pilot study.
Stress during pregnancy has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes. This study compared and correlated neuroendocrine parameters in women (n=8) who self-reported battering during their pregnancy to those in women who did not (n=8). Women who identified themselves as having a violent relationship with an intimate partner were recruited from a rural midwestern community. They were matched on age, self-reported ethnicity, parity, gestational age, and personal and family income with nonbattered controls. Midgestational measures of self-reported stress levels showed that battered women reported markedly higher levels of anxiety and depression. Neuroendocrine levels were not different between groups (battered vs. nonbattered); however, the relationships among hormones were different between groups. In nonbattered women, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels were correlated but not in battered women. Beta endorphin and ACTH levels in battered women showed a significant linear relationship but not in nonbattered women. These results suggest that the maternal experience of stress alters the relationship of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-placental axis hormones despite the lack of absolute differences in blood levels.
Department of Family & Child Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. ptalley@u.washington.edu
Pam
P
Talley
Margaret
M
Heitkemper
Alexandra
A
Chicz-Demet
Curt A
CA
Sandman
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D012424:Rural Population; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone