The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle.
Signaling by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been reported to be necessary for mechanical load-induced growth of skeletal muscle. The mechanisms involved in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling are not known, but several studies indicate that a unique [phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)- and nutrient-independent] mechanism is involved. In this study, we have demonstrated that a regulatory pathway for mTOR signaling that involves phospholipase D (PLD) and the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) plays a critical role in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling. First, an elevation in PA concentration was sufficient for the activation of mTOR signaling. Second, the isozymes of PLD (PLD1 and PLD2) are localized to the z-band in skeletal muscle (a critical site of mechanical force transmission). Third, mechanical stimulation of skeletal muscle with intermittent passive stretch ex vivo induced PLD activation, PA accumulation, and mTOR signaling. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of PLD blocked the mechanically induced increase in PA and the activation of mTOR signaling. Combined, these results indicate that mechanical stimuli activate mTOR signaling through a PLD-dependent increase in PA. Furthermore, we showed that mTOR signaling was partially resistant to rapamycin in muscles subjected to mechanical stimulation. Because rapamycin and PA compete for binding to the FRB domain on mTOR, these results suggest that mechanical stimuli activate mTOR signaling through an enhanced binding of PA to the FRB domain on mTOR.
Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA.
T A
TA
Hornberger
W K
WK
Chu
Y W
YW
Mak
J W
JW
Hsiung
S A
SA
Huang
S
S
Chien
D020001:1-Butanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D009355:Neomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids; D020001:1-Butanol; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; C105606:phospholipase D2; D010739:Phospholipase D; C106801:phospholipase D1; D009355:Neomycin; D020123:Sirolimus