Bacterial vaginosis: risk factors among Kenyan women and their male partners.
OBJECTIVE
To simultaneously examine associations of bacterial vaginosis (BV) with potential risk factors in both the female and her male partner.


METHODS
We recruited women 18-45 years of age and their male partners from clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. All underwent face-to-face standardized interview physical examination, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and syphilis serologic testing, endocervical cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and vaginal swabs for diagnosis of BV by Gram stain and trichomoniasis by culture.


RESULTS
Of 219 women, 97 (44%) had BV. BV was significantly associated by univariate analyses with women's own risk factors (young age, being unmarried, early sexual debut, more than 1 sexual partner, lifetime, rectal sex, trichomoniasis, HIV infection, and by principal components analysis, with low socioeconomic status [SES]) and also with male partners' characteristics (HIV infection, and by principal components analysis, low SES, and poor hygiene). In multivariate analysis including risk factors from both genders, the odds of having BV was 5.7 times higher if either partner was HIV seropositive, 13.2 times higher if the female had trichomoniasis, 2.5 times higher if the female had more than 1 sex partner ever, and decreased with increasing age of the female.


CONCLUSIONS
In this population, characteristics of males and of females were independently associated with BV. Close association of male hygiene and male HIV status precluded distinguishing the influence of male hygiene on partner's BV.
Bukusi
Elizabeth A
EA
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya.
Cohen
Craig R
CR
Meier
Amalia S
AS
Waiyaki
Peter G
PG
Nguti
Rosemary
R
Njeri
Jane N
JN
Holmes
King K
KK
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*