Sedation and analgesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy.
Endoscopy during pregnancy raises the unique issue of fetal safety. Endoscopic medications comprise a significant component of fetal risks from endoscopy. Before endoscopy, the gastroenterologist or anesthesiologist should evaluate the potential fetal risks of sedation and analgesia, identify any contraindications to endoscopy, stabilize the maternal medical status as necessary, and correct maternal hypoxia or hypotension. The mother should be informed about the potential teratogenic risks of endoscopic medications during pregnancy. Patients who receive sedation and analgesia should be monitored during endoscopy by continuous electrocardiography, continuous pulse oximetry, and intermittent sphygmomanometry, as well as by the pulse and respiratory rate. General principles of sedation and analgesia during pregnancy include use of the minimal effective dose, avoidance of unnecessary medications, and preferable use of Food and Drug Administration category B medications.
Cappell
Mitchell S
MS
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Klein Professional Building, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA. mscappell@yahoo.com
D000698:Analgesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008614:Meperidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014218:Triage
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009270:Naloxone; D005442:Flumazenil; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008614:Meperidine; D003975:Diazepam; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol