Epidemiology, outcomes, and costs of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised children in the United States, 2000.
OBJECTIVE
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most common filamentous fungal infection observed in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of invasive aspergillosis has increased significantly in recent decades in parallel with the increasing number and improved survival of immunocompromised patients. IA in adults has been well characterized; however, only a few small studies of IA in children have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the incidence and outcomes of children with IA.


METHODS
We performed a retrospective cohort study using the 2000 Kids Inpatient Database, a national database of hospital inpatient stays during 2000. IA was defined as aspergillosis that occurred in a child with malignancy (solid tumor, leukemia, or lymphoma), hematologic/immunologic deficiency, or transplant (bone marrow or solid organ). Discharge weighting was applied to the data to obtain nationally representative estimates of disease.


RESULTS
During 2000, there were an estimated 666 pediatric cases of IA among 152,231 immunocompromised children, yielding an annual incidence of 437/100,000 (0.4%) among hospitalized immunocompromised children. Children with malignancy accounted for the majority (74%) of cases of IA. The highest incidence of IA was seen in children who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (4.5%) and those with acute myelogenous leukemia (4%). The overall in-hospital mortality of immunocompromised children with IA was 18%. Children with malignancy and IA were at higher risk for death than children with malignancy and without IA. Pediatric patients with IA had a significantly longer median length of hospital stay (16 days) than immunocompromised children without IA (3 days). The median total hospital charges for patients with IA were $49309 compared with immunocompromised children without IA ($9035).


CONCLUSIONS
The impact of IA on increases in mortality, length of hospital stay, and the burden of cost in the hospital setting underscores the need for improved means of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of IA in immunocompromised children.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. zaoutis@email.chop.edu
Theoklis E
TE
Zaoutis
Kateri
K
Heydon
Jaclyn H
JH
Chu
Thomas J
TJ
Walsh
William J
WJ
Steinbach
D000293:Adolescent; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology