Prenatally diagnosed pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: echocardiography, genetics, associated anomalies and outcome.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis, the association with genetic and extracardiac anomalies, and outcome in fetuses with isolated pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD).


METHODS
Retrospective study in a tertiary centre for fetal cardiology.


METHODS
Echocardiographic video recordings of 27 consecutive fetuses with PA-VSD were reviewed for: (1) intracardiac anatomy; (2) presence of confluence and size of the branch pulmonary arteries; (3) source of pulmonary blood supply; and (4) side of the aortic arch. Postmortem and postnatal data were added. Karyotyping was performed in 25 patients and, in 23 of these, fluorescent in situ hybridisation to identify 22q11.2 deletion.


RESULTS
PA-VSD was correctly diagnosed in 19 of 21 patients (90%) with postnatal or autopsy confirmation of diagnosis. Central pulmonary arteries were correctly identified in 79% (15/19), the source of pulmonary blood supply in 62% (13/21) and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries in 44% (4/9). Aneuploidy was detected in 4 of 25 patients (16%) and 22q11.2 deletion in 6 of 23 patients (26%). Five of 27 patients (19%) had extracardiac anomalies. Eleven pregnancies were interrupted. Eleven of 16 liveborn babies survived. Neonatal survival was 15 of 16 (94%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 70 to 100), one-year survival was 9 of 12 (75%, 95% CI 43 to 95) and two-year survival was 5 of 9 (56%, 95% CI 21 to 86).


CONCLUSIONS
PA-VSD can be diagnosed by fetal echocardiography with a high degree of accuracy. However, it can be difficult to determine the morphology of the central pulmonary arteries and to locate the source of pulmonary blood supply. In most liveborn infants, complete surgical repair can be achieved.
Vesel
S
S
University Medical Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Cardiology Unit, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Rollings
S
S
Jones
A
A
Callaghan
N
N
Simpson
J
J
Sharland
G K
GK
D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D005865:Gestational Age; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*