The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.
Human chromosome 12 contains more than 1,400 coding genes and 487 loci that have been directly implicated in human disease. The q arm of chromosome 12 contains one of the largest blocks of linkage disequilibrium found in the human genome. Here we present the finished sequence of human chromosome 12, which has been finished to high quality and spans approximately 132 megabases, representing approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Alignment of the human chromosome 12 sequence across vertebrates reveals the origin of individual segments in chicken, and a unique history of rearrangement through rodent and primate lineages. The rate of base substitutions in recent evolutionary history shows an overall slowing in hominids compared with primates and rodents.
Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. sscherer@bcm.tmc.edu
Steven E
SE
Scherer
Donna M
DM
Muzny
Christian J
CJ
Buhay
Rui
R
Chen
Andrew
A
Cree
Yan
Y
Ding
Shannon
S
Dugan-Rocha
Rachel
R
Gill
Preethi
P
Gunaratne
R Alan
RA
Harris
Alicia C
AC
Hawes
Judith
J
Hernandez
Anne V
AV
Hodgson
Jennifer
J
Hume
Andrew
A
Jackson
Ziad Mohid
ZM
Khan
Christie
C
Kovar-Smith
Lora R
LR
Lewis
Ryan J
RJ
Lozado
Michael L
ML
Metzker
Aleksandar
A
Milosavljevic
George R
GR
Miner
Kate T
KT
Montgomery
Margaret B
MB
Morgan
Lynne V
LV
Nazareth
Graham
G
Scott
Erica
E
Sodergren
Xing-Zhi
XZ
Song
David
D
Steffen
Ruth C
RC
Lovering
David A
DA
Wheeler
Kim C
KC
Worley
Yi
Y
Yuan
Zhengdong
Z
Zhang
Charles Q
CQ
Adams
M Ali
MA
Ansari-Lari
Mulu
M
Ayele
Mary J
MJ
Brown
Guan
G
Chen
Zhijian
Z
Chen
Kerstin P
KP
Clerc-Blankenburg
Clay
C
Davis
Oliver
O
Delgado
Huyen H
HH
Dinh
Heather
H
Draper
Manuel L
ML
Gonzalez-Garay
Paul
P
Havlak
Laronda R
LR
Jackson
Leni S
LS
Jacob
Susan H
SH
Kelly
Li
L
Li
Zhangwan
Z
Li
Jing
J
Liu
Wen
W
Liu
Jing
J
Lu
Manjula
M
Maheshwari
Bao-Viet
BV
Nguyen
Geoffrey O
GO
Okwuonu
Shiran
S
Pasternak
Lesette M
LM
Perez
Farah J H
FJ
Plopper
Jireh
J
Santibanez
Hua
H
Shen
Paul E
PE
Tabor
Daniel
D
Verduzco
Lenee
L
Waldron
Qiaoyan
Q
Wang
Gabrielle A
GA
Williams
Jingkun
J
Zhang
Jianling
J
Zhou
Carlana C
CC
Allen
Anita G
AG
Amin
Vivian
V
Anyalebechi
Michael
M
Bailey
Joseph A
JA
Barbaria
Kesha E
KE
Bimage
Nathaniel P
NP
Bryant
Paula E
PE
Burch
Carrie E
CE
Burkett
Kevin L
KL
Burrell
Eliana
E
Calderon
Veronica
V
Cardenas
Kelvin
K
Carter
Kristal
K
Casias
Iracema
I
Cavazos
Sandra R
SR
Cavazos
Heather
H
Ceasar
Joseph
J
Chacko
Sheryl N
SN
Chan
Dean
D
Chavez
Constantine
C
Christopoulos
Joseph
J
Chu
Raynard
R
Cockrell
Caroline D
CD
Cox
Michelle
M
Dang
Stephanie R
SR
Dathorne
Robert
R
David
Candi Mon'Et
CM
Davis
Latarsha
L
Davy-Carroll
Denise R
DR
Deshazo
Jeremy E
JE
Donlin
Lisa
L
D'Souza
Kristy A
KA
Eaves
Rain
R
Simons
Alexandra J
AJ
Emery-Cohen
Michael
M
Escotto
Nicole
N
Flagg
Lisa D
LD
Forbes
Abdul M
AM
Gabisi
Melissa
M
Garza
Cerissa
C
Hamilton
Nicholas
N
Henderson
Omar
O
Hernandez
Sandra
S
Hines
Marilyn E
ME
Hogues
Mei
M
Huang
DeVincent G
DG
Idlebird
Rudy
R
Johnson
Angela
A
Jolivet
Sally
S
Jones
Ryan
R
Kagan
Laquisha M
LM
King
Belita
B
Leal
Heather
H
Lebow
Sandra
S
Lee
Jaclyn M
JM
LeVan
Lakeshia C
LC
Lewis
Pamela
P
London
Lorna M
LM
Lorensuhewa
Hermela
H
Loulseged
Demetria A
DA
Lovett
Alice
A
Lucier
Raymond L
RL
Lucier
Jie
J
Ma
Renita C
RC
Madu
Patricia
P
Mapua
Ashley D
AD
Martindale
Evangelina
E
Martinez
Elizabeth
E
Massey
Samantha
S
Mawhiney
Michael G
MG
Meador
Sylvia
S
Mendez
Christian
C
Mercado
Iracema C
IC
Mercado
Christina E
CE
Merritt
Zachary L
ZL
Miner
Emmanuel
E
Minja
Teresa
T
Mitchell
Farida
F
Mohabbat
Khatera
K
Mohabbat
Baize
B
Montgomery
Niki
N
Moore
Sidney
S
Morris
Mala
M
Munidasa
Robin N
RN
Ngo
Ngoc B
NB
Nguyen
Elizabeth
E
Nickerson
Ogechi O
OO
Nwaokelemeh
Stanley
S
Nwokenkwo
Melissa
M
Obregon
Maryann
M
Oguh
Njideka
N
Oragunye
Rodolfo J
RJ
Oviedo
Bridgette J
BJ
Parish
David N
DN
Parker
Julia
J
Parrish
Kenya L
KL
Parks
Heidie A
HA
Paul
Brett A
BA
Payton
Agapito
A
Perez
William
W
Perrin
Adam
A
Pickens
Eltrick L
EL
Primus
Ling-Ling
LL
Pu
Maria
M
Puazo
Miyo M
MM
Quiles
Juana B
JB
Quiroz
Dina
D
Rabata
Kacy
K
Reeves
San Juana
SJ
Ruiz
Hongmei
H
Shao
Ida
I
Sisson
Titilola
T
Sonaike
Richard P
RP
Sorelle
Angelica E
AE
Sutton
Amanda F
AF
Svatek
Leah Anne
LA
Svetz
Kavitha S
KS
Tamerisa
Tineace R
TR
Taylor
Brian
B
Teague
Nicole
N
Thomas
Rachel D
RD
Thorn
Zulma Y
ZY
Trejos
Brenda K
BK
Trevino
Ogechi N
ON
Ukegbu
Jeremy B
JB
Urban
Lydia I
LI
Vasquez
Virginia A
VA
Vera
Donna M
DM
Villasana
Ling
L
Wang
Stephanie
S
Ward-Moore
James T
JT
Warren
Xuehong
X
Wei
Flower
F
White
Angela L
AL
Williamson
Regina
R
Wleczyk
Hailey S
HS
Wooden
Steven H
SH
Wooden
Jennifer
J
Yen
Lillienne
L
Yoon
Vivienne
V
Yoon
Sara E
SE
Zorrilla
David
D
Nelson
Raju
R
Kucherlapati
George
G
Weinstock
Richard A
RA
Gibbs
D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D002881:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000235:genetics; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics