West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean.
OBJECTIVE
West Nile virus (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae; WNV) has spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean Basin since its initial detection there in 2001. This report summarizes our current knowledge of WNV transmission in tropical America.


METHODS
We reviewed the published literature and consulted with key public health officials to obtain unpublished data.


RESULTS
West Nile virus infections first appeared in human residents of the Cayman Islands and the Florida Keys in 2001, and in apparently healthy Jamaican birds sampled early in 2002. Serologic evidence of WNV infection in 2002 was detected in horses, chickens and resident free-ranging birds in Guadeloupe, the Dominican Republic, and eastern Mexico. In 2003, WNV spread in Mexico and northern Central America, and serologic evidence was detected in the Bahamas, Puerto Rico and Cuba. In 2004, the first serologic evidence of WNV activity in South American ecosystems surfaced in September-October in Colombia and Trinidad, where domestic animals circulated WNV-neutralizing antibodies.


CONCLUSIONS
The sparse reports of equine, human and avian disease in Latin America and the Caribbean is puzzling. Isolates are needed to evaluate viral attenuation or other possible explanations for reduced disease burden in tropical ecosystems.
Komar
Nicholas
N
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA. nkomar@cdc.gov
Clark
Gary G
GG
D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D001717:Birds / Q000821:virology; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006736:Horses / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification
D000914:Antibodies, Viral