The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.
Human chromosome 12 contains more than 1,400 coding genes and 487 loci that have been directly implicated in human disease. The q arm of chromosome 12 contains one of the largest blocks of linkage disequilibrium found in the human genome. Here we present the finished sequence of human chromosome 12, which has been finished to high quality and spans approximately 132 megabases, representing approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Alignment of the human chromosome 12 sequence across vertebrates reveals the origin of individual segments in chicken, and a unique history of rearrangement through rodent and primate lineages. The rate of base substitutions in recent evolutionary history shows an overall slowing in hominids compared with primates and rodents.
Scherer
Steven E
SE
Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. sscherer@bcm.tmc.edu
Muzny
Donna M
DM
Buhay
Christian J
CJ
Chen
Rui
R
Cree
Andrew
A
Ding
Yan
Y
Dugan-Rocha
Shannon
S
Gill
Rachel
R
Gunaratne
Preethi
P
Harris
R Alan
RA
Hawes
Alicia C
AC
Hernandez
Judith
J
Hodgson
Anne V
AV
Hume
Jennifer
J
Jackson
Andrew
A
Khan
Ziad Mohid
ZM
Kovar-Smith
Christie
C
Lewis
Lora R
LR
Lozado
Ryan J
RJ
Metzker
Michael L
ML
Milosavljevic
Aleksandar
A
Miner
George R
GR
Montgomery
Kate T
KT
Morgan
Margaret B
MB
Nazareth
Lynne V
LV
Scott
Graham
G
Sodergren
Erica
E
Song
Xing-Zhi
XZ
Steffen
David
D
Lovering
Ruth C
RC
Wheeler
David A
DA
Worley
Kim C
KC
Yuan
Yi
Y
Zhang
Zhengdong
Z
Adams
Charles Q
CQ
Ansari-Lari
M Ali
MA
Ayele
Mulu
M
Brown
Mary J
MJ
Chen
Guan
G
Chen
Zhijian
Z
Clerc-Blankenburg
Kerstin P
KP
Davis
Clay
C
Delgado
Oliver
O
Dinh
Huyen H
HH
Draper
Heather
H
Gonzalez-Garay
Manuel L
ML
Havlak
Paul
P
Jackson
Laronda R
LR
Jacob
Leni S
LS
Kelly
Susan H
SH
Li
Li
L
Li
Zhangwan
Z
Liu
Jing
J
Liu
Wen
W
Lu
Jing
J
Maheshwari
Manjula
M
Nguyen
Bao-Viet
BV
Okwuonu
Geoffrey O
GO
Pasternak
Shiran
S
Perez
Lesette M
LM
Plopper
Farah J H
FJ
Santibanez
Jireh
J
Shen
Hua
H
Tabor
Paul E
PE
Verduzco
Daniel
D
Waldron
Lenee
L
Wang
Qiaoyan
Q
Williams
Gabrielle A
GA
Zhang
Jingkun
J
Zhou
Jianling
J
Allen
Carlana C
CC
Amin
Anita G
AG
Anyalebechi
Vivian
V
Bailey
Michael
M
Barbaria
Joseph A
JA
Bimage
Kesha E
KE
Bryant
Nathaniel P
NP
Burch
Paula E
PE
Burkett
Carrie E
CE
Burrell
Kevin L
KL
Calderon
Eliana
E
Cardenas
Veronica
V
Carter
Kelvin
K
Casias
Kristal
K
Cavazos
Iracema
I
Cavazos
Sandra R
SR
Ceasar
Heather
H
Chacko
Joseph
J
Chan
Sheryl N
SN
Chavez
Dean
D
Christopoulos
Constantine
C
Chu
Joseph
J
Cockrell
Raynard
R
Cox
Caroline D
CD
Dang
Michelle
M
Dathorne
Stephanie R
SR
David
Robert
R
Davis
Candi Mon'Et
CM
Davy-Carroll
Latarsha
L
Deshazo
Denise R
DR
Donlin
Jeremy E
JE
D'Souza
Lisa
L
Eaves
Kristy A
KA
Simons
Rain
R
Emery-Cohen
Alexandra J
AJ
Escotto
Michael
M
Flagg
Nicole
N
Forbes
Lisa D
LD
Gabisi
Abdul M
AM
Garza
Melissa
M
Hamilton
Cerissa
C
Henderson
Nicholas
N
Hernandez
Omar
O
Hines
Sandra
S
Hogues
Marilyn E
ME
Huang
Mei
M
Idlebird
DeVincent G
DG
Johnson
Rudy
R
Jolivet
Angela
A
Jones
Sally
S
Kagan
Ryan
R
King
Laquisha M
LM
Leal
Belita
B
Lebow
Heather
H
Lee
Sandra
S
LeVan
Jaclyn M
JM
Lewis
Lakeshia C
LC
London
Pamela
P
Lorensuhewa
Lorna M
LM
Loulseged
Hermela
H
Lovett
Demetria A
DA
Lucier
Alice
A
Lucier
Raymond L
RL
Ma
Jie
J
Madu
Renita C
RC
Mapua
Patricia
P
Martindale
Ashley D
AD
Martinez
Evangelina
E
Massey
Elizabeth
E
Mawhiney
Samantha
S
Meador
Michael G
MG
Mendez
Sylvia
S
Mercado
Christian
C
Mercado
Iracema C
IC
Merritt
Christina E
CE
Miner
Zachary L
ZL
Minja
Emmanuel
E
Mitchell
Teresa
T
Mohabbat
Farida
F
Mohabbat
Khatera
K
Montgomery
Baize
B
Moore
Niki
N
Morris
Sidney
S
Munidasa
Mala
M
Ngo
Robin N
RN
Nguyen
Ngoc B
NB
Nickerson
Elizabeth
E
Nwaokelemeh
Ogechi O
OO
Nwokenkwo
Stanley
S
Obregon
Melissa
M
Oguh
Maryann
M
Oragunye
Njideka
N
Oviedo
Rodolfo J
RJ
Parish
Bridgette J
BJ
Parker
David N
DN
Parrish
Julia
J
Parks
Kenya L
KL
Paul
Heidie A
HA
Payton
Brett A
BA
Perez
Agapito
A
Perrin
William
W
Pickens
Adam
A
Primus
Eltrick L
EL
Pu
Ling-Ling
LL
Puazo
Maria
M
Quiles
Miyo M
MM
Quiroz
Juana B
JB
Rabata
Dina
D
Reeves
Kacy
K
Ruiz
San Juana
SJ
Shao
Hongmei
H
Sisson
Ida
I
Sonaike
Titilola
T
Sorelle
Richard P
RP
Sutton
Angelica E
AE
Svatek
Amanda F
AF
Svetz
Leah Anne
LA
Tamerisa
Kavitha S
KS
Taylor
Tineace R
TR
Teague
Brian
B
Thomas
Nicole
N
Thorn
Rachel D
RD
Trejos
Zulma Y
ZY
Trevino
Brenda K
BK
Ukegbu
Ogechi N
ON
Urban
Jeremy B
JB
Vasquez
Lydia I
LI
Vera
Virginia A
VA
Villasana
Donna M
DM
Wang
Ling
L
Ward-Moore
Stephanie
S
Warren
James T
JT
Wei
Xuehong
X
White
Flower
F
Williamson
Angela L
AL
Wleczyk
Regina
R
Wooden
Hailey S
HS
Wooden
Steven H
SH
Yen
Jennifer
J
Yoon
Lillienne
L
Yoon
Vivienne
V
Zorrilla
Sara E
SE
Nelson
David
D
Kucherlapati
Raju
R
Weinstock
George
G
Gibbs
Richard A
RA
D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D002881:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000235:genetics; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics