Select estrogens within the complex formulation of conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin) are protective against neurodegenerative insults: implications for a composition of estrogen therapy to promote neuronal function and prevent Alzheimer's disease.
BACKGROUND
Results of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) raised concerns regarding the timing and formulation of hormone interventions. Conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), used as the estrogen therapy in the WHIMS trial, is a complex formulation containing multiple estrogens, including several not secreted by human ovaries, as well as other biologically active steroids. Although the full spectrum of estrogenic components present in CEE has not yet been resolved, 10 estrogens have been identified. In the present study, we sought to determine which estrogenic components, at concentrations commensurate with their plasma levels achieved following a single oral dose of 0.625 mg CEE (the dose used in the WHIMS trial) in women, are neuroprotective and whether combinations of those neuroprotective estrogens provide added benefit. Further, we sought, through computer-aided modeling analyses, to investigate the potential correlation of the molecular mechanisms that conferred estrogen neuroprotection with estrogen interactions with the estrogen receptor (ER).


RESULTS
Cultured basal forebrain neurons were exposed to either beta-amyloid(25-35) or excitotoxic glutamate with or without pretreatment with estrogens followed by neuroprotection analyses. Three indicators of neuroprotection that rely on different aspects of neuronal damage and viability, LDH release, intracellular ATP level and MTT formazan formation, were used to assess neuroprotective efficacy. Results of these analyses indicate that the estrogens, 17alpha-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol, equilin, 17alpha-dihydroequilin, equilinen, 17alpha-dihydroequilenin, 17beta-dihydroequilenin, and Delta8,9-dehydroestrone were each significantly neuroprotective in reducing neuronal plasma membrane damage induced by glutamate excitotoxicity. Of these estrogens, 17beta-estradiol and Delta8,9-dehydroestrone were effective in protecting neurons against beta-amyloid25-35-induced intracellular ATP decline. Coadministration of two out of three neuroprotective estrogens, 17beta-estradiol, equilin and Delta8,9-dehydroestrone, exerted greater neuroprotective efficacy than individual estrogens. Computer-aided analyses to determine structure/function relationships between the estrogenic structures and their neuroprotective activity revealed that the predicted intermolecular interactions of estrogen analogues with ER correlate to their overall neuroprotective efficacy.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study provides the first documentation of the neuroprotective profile of individual estrogens contained within the complex formulation of CEE at concentrations commensurate with their plasma levels achieved after an oral administration of 0.625 mg CEE in women. Our analyses demonstrate that select estrogens within the complex formulation of CEE contribute to its neuroprotective efficacy. Moreover, our data predict that the magnitude of neuroprotection induced by individual estrogens at relatively low concentrations may be clinically undetectable and ineffective, whereas, a combination of select neuroprotective estrogens could provide an increased and clinically meaningful efficacy. More importantly, these data suggest a strategy for determining neurological efficacy and rational design and development of a composition of estrogen therapy to alleviate climacteric symptoms, promote neurological health, and prevent age-related neurodegeneration, such as AD, in postmenopausal women.
Zhao
Liqin
L
Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. liqinz@usc.edu
Brinton
Roberta Diaz
RD
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D020532:Basal Nucleus of Meynert / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004967:Estrogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D004967:Estrogens; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C074636:amyloid beta-protein (25-35); D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase