A novel approach to age determination of traumatic injuries by reflectance spectroscopy.
OBJECTIVE
Aging of injuries on a victim's body is an important aspect of forensic medicine. Currently, visual assessment and colorimetry based on empirical criteria are the most common techniques for this task, although the results are uncertain. A trauma causing localized vessel damage will rapidly result in a pool of blood in subcutaneous tissues. The color of the bruise is, however, primarily due to hemoglobin transport into dermis and secondarily to its breakdown products. This transport is analyzed in terms of hemoglobin diffusion followed by clearance by macrophage activity, lymphatic flow, and conversion to breakdown products such as bilirubin. The color of a bruise is caused by hemoglobin and hemoglobin breakdown products. The color will change with time, and such color changes can be recorded using reflectance spectroscopy. The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to describe blood diffusion within bruised skin, and to use this method to retrieve the age of a bruise from measured skin reflectance.


METHODS
An analytic model was established to describe the development and fading of bruise color. The model, which is based on Darcy's law of convection flow and Fick's law of diffusion, describes the distribution of blood and hemoglobin breakdown products within a hematoma as a function of time after injury. The initial phase after injury is described by a convective extravascular blood flow in subcutaneous tissues, and further development of the bruise is described by diffusion and breakdown of whole erythrocytes and hemoglobin in dermis. Experimental data were used to verify the model. Reflection spectra in the 400-850 nm wavelength range were collected from normal and bruised skin using an integrating sphere setup. The subjects were adult patients admitted to the Department of cardiothoracic surgery, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. The skin hematomas were caused by external trauma, cardiothoracic examinations, or surgery.


RESULTS
Preliminary results show that measured and simulated skin reflectance agrees well. The model predicts the age of a hematoma with an accuracy of approximately 1 day. The accuracy of the method depends on precise information of skin thickness in the injured area. The quality of the estimates from the model will thus be enhanced if a reliable measure of skin thickness is collected concurrently with the reflection measurement.


CONCLUSIONS
The time development of a skin hematoma is described with good accuracy by the implemented model. The analytic method provides a theoretical basis for developing an apparatus to determine the age of injuries in forensic medicine.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. Lise.Randeberg@iet.ntnu.no
Lise Lyngsnes
LL
Randeberg
Olav A
OA
Haugen
Rune
R
Haaverstad
Lars O
LO
Svaasand
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001810:Blood Volume; D003288:Contusions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
D006454:Hemoglobins