A conceptual model of factors influencing children's responses to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches.
The purpose of this article is to present a model of factors that may influence a child's response to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches during the procedure. Nonpharmacological interventions, in particular, distraction, and parents as coaches for their children during procedures are discussed. A conceptual model is presented that illustrates the multiple factors and their possible relationships. A selected review of studies is provided that supports the inclusion of these factors in the model. The model and literature review focus on three major areas: characteristics of the child, characteristics of the parent, and procedural variables. The model presented is currently being tested in a large multisite study on the use of distraction during intravenous line insertion.
McCarthy
Ann Marie
AM
College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. ann-mccarthy@uiowa.edu
Kleiber
Charmaine
C
D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D002666:Psychology, Child