Evaluation of impingement syndromes in the overhead-throwing athlete.
OBJECTIVE
We outline impingement entities, describe the history and physical examination, and provide an overview of treatment beyond that routinely used in glenohumeral and scapulothoracic dysfunction.


BACKGROUND
In the athlete, pain and dysfunction due to excessive overhead use or abnormal positioning of the shoulder is common and can result from multiple etiologies, including impingement syndromes. Primary, secondary, internal, and coracoid impingement have all been described.


METHODS
These entities will be discussed, including pathology, evaluation, and treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Incorporating a systematic evaluation and treatment of impingement syndromes optimizes care for the patient with shoulder pain.
Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA.
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Jobe
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Coen
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Screnar