Clarifying the concepts in knowledge transfer: a literature review.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this paper is to examine the concepts of opinion leaders, facilitators, champions, linking agents and change agents as described in health, education and management literature in order to determine the conceptual underpinnings of each.


BACKGROUND
The knowledge utilization and diffusion of innovation literature encompasses many different disciplines, from management to education to nursing. Due to the involvement of multiple specialties, concepts are often borrowed or used interchangeably and may lack standard definition. This contributes to confusion and ambiguity in the exactness of concepts.


METHODS
A critical analysis of the literature was undertaken of the concepts opinion leaders, facilitators, champions, linking agents and change agents. A literature search using the concepts as keywords was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, Proquest and ERIC from 1990 to March 2003. All papers that gave sufficient detail describing the various concepts were included in the review. Several 'older' papers were included as they were identified as seminal work or were frequently cited by other authors. In addition, reference lists were reviewed to identify books seen by authors as essential to the field.


RESULTS
Two similarities cut across each of the five roles: the underlying assumption that increasing the availability of knowledge will lead to behaviour change, and that in essence each role is a form of change agent. There are, however, many differences that suggest that these concepts are conceptually unique.


CONCLUSIONS
There is inconsistency in the use of the various terms, and this has implications for comparisons of intervention studies within the knowledge diffusion literature. From these comparisons, we concluded that considerable confusion and overlap continues to exist and these concepts may indeed be similar phenomena with different labels. All concepts appear to be based on the premise that interpersonal contact improves the likelihood of behavioural change when introducing new innovations into the health sector.
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. gen24@shaw.ca
Genevieve N
GN
Thompson
Carole A
CA
Estabrooks
Lesley F
LF
Degner
D003210:Concept Formation; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D019451:Information Management; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D019359:Knowledge; D009626:Terminology as Topic