A special report on the chitosan-based hemostatic dressing: experience in current combat operations.
BACKGROUND
Hemorrhage remains a leading cause of death in both civilian and military trauma patients. The HemCon chitosan-based hemostatic dressing is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hemorrhage control. Animal data have shown the HemCon dressing to reduce hemorrhage and improve survival. The purpose of this article is to report preliminary results of the hemostatic efficacy of the HemCon dressing used in the prehospital setting on combat casualties.


METHODS
A request for case information on use of HemCon dressings in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom was sent to deployed Special Forces combat medics, physicians, and physician assistants.


RESULTS
Sixty-eight uses of the HemCon dressing were reported and reviewed by two US Army physicians. Four of the 68 cases were determined duplicative resulting in a total of 64 combat uses. Dressings were utilized externally on the chest, groin, buttock, and abdomen in 25 cases; on extremities in 35 cases; and on neck or facial wounds in 4 cases. In 66% of cases, dressings were utilized following gauze failure and were 100% successful. In 62 (97%) of the cases, the use of the HemCon dressing resulted in cessation of bleeding or improvement in hemostasis. There were two reported dressing failures that occurred with blind application of bandages up into large cavitational injuries. Dressings were reported to be most useful on areas where tourniquets could not be applied to control bleeding. The dressings were reported to be most difficult to use in extremity injuries where they could not be placed easily onto or into the wounds. No complications or adverse events were reported.


CONCLUSIONS
This report on the field use of the HemCon dressing by medics suggests that it is a useful hemostatic dressing for prehospital combat casualties and supports further study to confirm efficacy.
Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, Washington, USA.
Ian
I
Wedmore
John G
JG
McManus
Anthony E
AE
Pusateri
John B
JB
Holcomb
D001458:Bandages; D048271:Chitosan / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014857:Warfare; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
D006490:Hemostatics; D048271:Chitosan