Quantification of ciliary beat frequency in sinonasal epithelial cells using differential interference contrast microscopy and high-speed digital video imaging.
BACKGROUND
Mucociliary clearance is a critical upper airway host defense mechanism. Ciliated epithelium in the mammalian airway continually beat at a baseline frequency. Importantly, during times of stress such as exercise or infection, the cilia beat faster to increase clearance. Nasal epithelial ciliary beat frequency (CBF) has been analyzed previously in ex vivo specimens using a variety of methods including photodiode detectors and conventional video recording. Recent studies performed using lower airway ciliated mucosa have shown poor correlation between CBF quantified by photodiode/conventional video and those using high-speed digital video capture at temperatures close to physiological temperatures. Thus, to more rigorously interrogate sinonasal CBF at physiological conditions, we have incorporated a high-speed digital video camera to our CBF analysis system. This is the first report of sinonasal epithelial CBF analysis performed using high-speed video digital analysis.


METHODS
Ex vivo samples of sinonasal epithelium were placed in lactated Ringer's in a temperature-controlled microscope stage chamber. An edge of tissue containing beating cilia was observed at a magnification of 630x using differential interference contrast microscopy. The images were captured using a high-speed digital camera with a sampling rate of 250 frames per second. CBF was determined using computerized data analysis.


RESULTS
The mean nasal CBF was calculated from a minimum of five regions for each sample. Temperature curves were generated from tissue obtained from chronically infected subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of high-speed digital video capture of sinonasal CBF observed under differential interference contrast microscopy is a powerful method to investigate environmental as well as host influences on mucociliary clearance within the upper airways.
Schipor
Ioana
I
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Palmer
James N
JN
Cohen
Akiva S
AS
Cohen
Noam A
NA
D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008857:Microscopy, Interference; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D014420:Turbinates / Q000166:cytology; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods