Thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension: an update.
Thiazide diuretics were the first tolerated efficient antihypertensive drugs that significantly reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in placebo-controlled clinical studies. Although these drugs today still are considered a fundamental therapeutic tool for the treatment of hypertensive patients, the following considerations should be taken into account. Although there are some indications that chlorthalidone can offer additional advantages as compared with other compounds, a recent meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials suggested that the beneficial effects of thiazide diuretics could be a class effect. Thiazide diuretics must be used at appropriate and/or optimal doses to achieve the optimal antihypertensive effect with the smallest occurrence of side effects, including alterations in glucose and lipid profiles and hypokalemia. Moreover, because thiazide diuretics can increase the incidence of new-onset diabetes, especially when combined with beta blockers, caution is advised in using these drugs above all in patients who are at high risk for developing diabetes, in whom thiazide diuretics should be used at the lowest active dose and possibly in combination with drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system. Finally, the current debate on whether thiazide diuretics are the first-choice drug for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, as stated in the Seventh Joint National Committee Report, or are included in the major classes of antihypertensive agents that are suitable for initiation and maintenance of therapy, as reported in the European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, derives from different interpretations of controlled clinical trial data on drug class comparison and of cost-benefit analyses. However, considering that the benefit of antihypertensive drugs seems to be due principally to BP lowering per se without definitive evidence of the superiority of a particular drug class and that there is no cost-benefit analysis showing the superiority of thiazide diuretics, it is believed that these drugs should not be considered as the only first-choice drug but included among first-choice drugs.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127 Pisa, Italy. a.salvetti@med.unipi.it
Antonio
A
Salvetti
Lorenzo
L
Ghiadoni
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D010919:Placebos; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008055:Lipids; D010919:Placebos; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D005947:Glucose; D002752:Chlorthalidone