A probabilistic arsenic exposure assessment for children who contact CCA-treated playsets and decks, Part 1: Model methodology, variability results, and model evaluation.
Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of young children who may contact arsenic residues while playing on and around chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood playsets and decks. Although CCA registrants voluntarily canceled the production of treated wood for residential use in 2003, the potential for exposure from existing structures and surrounding soil still poses concerns. The EPA's Office of Research and Development developed and applied the probabilistic Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation model for wood preservatives (SHEDS-Wood) to estimate children's absorbed dose of arsenic from CCA. Skin contact with, and nondietary ingestion of, arsenic in soil and wood residues were considered for the population of children in the United States who frequently contact CCA-treated wood playsets and decks. Model analyses were conducted to assess the range in population estimates and the impact of potential mitigation strategies such as the use of sealants and hand washing after play events. The results show predicted central values for lifetime annual average daily dose values for arsenic ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-5) mg/kg/day, with predicted 95th percentiles on the order of 10(-5) mg/kg/day. There were several orders of magnitude between lower and upper percentiles. Residue ingestion via hand-to-mouth contact was determined to be the most significant exposure route for most scenarios. Results of several alternative scenarios were similar to baseline results, except for the scenario with greatly reduced residue concentrations through hypothetical wood sealant applications; in this scenario, exposures were lower, and the soil ingestion route dominated. SHEDS-Wood estimates are typically consistent with, or within the range of, other CCA exposure models.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. zartarian.valerie@epa.gov
Valerie G
VG
Zartarian
Jianping
J
Xue
Halûk
H
Ozkaynak
Winston
W
Dang
Graham
G
Glen
Luther
L
Smith
Casson
C
Stallings
D001149:Arsenates / Q000009:adverse effects; D001151:Arsenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010988:Play and Playthings; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014934:Wood
D001149:Arsenates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C040890:chromated copper arsenate; D001151:Arsenic