Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Depriving healthy subjects of sleep has been shown to acutely increase blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity. Prolonged short sleep durations could lead to hypertension through extended exposure to raised 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate, elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, and increased salt retention. Such forces could lead to structural adaptations and the entrainment of the cardiovascular system to operate at an elevated pressure equilibrium. Sleep disorders are associated with cardiovascular disease, but we are not aware of any published prospective population studies that have shown a link between short sleep duration and the incidence of hypertension in subjects without apparent sleep disorders. We assessed whether short sleep duration would increase the risk for hypertension incidence by conducting longitudinal analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=4810) using Cox proportional hazards models and controlling for covariates. Hypertension incidence (n=647) was determined by physician diagnosis, hospital record, or cause of death over the 8- to 10-year follow-up period between 1982 and 1992. Sleep durations of < or =5 hours per night were associated with a significantly increased risk of hypertension (hazard ratio, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.58 to 2.79) in subjects between the ages of 32 and 59 years, and controlling for the potential confounding variables only partially attenuated this relationship. The increased risk continued to be significant after controlling for obesity and diabetes, which was consistent with the hypothesis that these variables would act as partial mediators. Short sleep duration could, therefore, be a significant risk factor for hypertension.
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. jeg64@columbia.edu
James E
JE
Gangwisch
Steven B
SB
Heymsfield
Bernadette
B
Boden-Albala
Ruud M
RM
Buijs
Felix
F
Kreier
Thomas G
TG
Pickering
Andrew G
AG
Rundle
Gary K
GK
Zammit
Dolores
D
Malaspina
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors