Brominated indoles and phenols in marine sediment and water extracts from the north and baltic seas-concentrations and effects.
This work presents results from analytical as well as ecotoxicologic investigations of sediment and water samples from the North and Baltic Seas. A bioassay-directed procedure was used to investigate cause-effect relationships between observed effects in acute laboratory bioassays (luminescent bacteria assay with Vibrio fischeri and embryo test with Danio rerio) and analyte concentrations in extracted samples. Brominated phenols and indoles-including 4-bromophenol; 2,4-dibromophenol; 4- and 6-bromoindole; 3,4-, 4,6-, and 3,6-dibromoindole; and tribrominated compounds-were identified in partly remarkable concentrations (up to 40,000 ng g(-1) total organic carbon TOC for 4-bromophenol) in North Sea sediment samples and water samples (913 ng L(-1) 3,6-dibromoindole) from the German Bight. The toxicity of some of the identified brominated substances was low, with median effect concentration levels (EC(50)) ranging from 0.08 to 21.7 mg/L for V. fischeri and 4.3 to 46.3 mg/L for D. rerio. Comparison of the concentrations of analytes with ECs showed a toxicity contribution of brominated phenols and indoles to overall toxicity of the fraction. In the case of one water sample from the German Bight, brominated phenols and indoles accounted for the observed toxicity. Brominated phenols and indoles, which are assumed to be of biogenic origin, have rarely been discussed so far in the context of ecotoxicologic effects in marine ecosystems.
Reineke
N
N
Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.
Biselli
S
S
Franke
S
S
Francke
W
W
Heinzel
N
N
Hühnerfuss
H
H
Iznaguen
H
H
Kammann
U
U
Theobald
N
N
Vobach
M
M
Wosniok
W
W
D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017605:Bromine Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D049449:Luminescence; D009659:North Sea; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology
D017605:Bromine Compounds; D007211:Indoles; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical