Expression of folate pathway genes in the cartilage of Hoxd4 and Hoxc8 transgenic mice.
BACKGROUND
Hox transcription factors are well known for their role in skeletal patterning in vertebrates. They regulate gene expression during the development of cartilage, the precursor to mature bone. We previously reported that overexpression of the homeobox genes Hoxc8 and Hoxd4 results in severe cartilage defects, reduced proteoglycan content, accumulation of immature chondrocytes, and decreased maturation to hypertrophy. We have also shown that Hoxd4 transgenic mice whose diets were supplemented with folate had their skeletal development restored. Since folate is required for growth and differentiation of chondrocytes, we hypothesized that the beneficial effect of folate in Hoxd4 transgenic mice might indicate a local deficiency in folate utilization, possibly caused by deregulation of genes encoding folate transport proteins or folate metabolic enzymes.


METHODS
We assayed the prevalence of transcripts for 22 folate transport proteins and metabolizing enzymes, here collectively referred to as folate pathway genes. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on cDNA samples derived from RNA isolated from primary chondrocytes of individual rib cartilages from Hoxd4 and Hoxc8 transgenic mice, respectively.


RESULTS
This study shows that the Hox transgenes produce overexpression of Hoxd4 and Hoxc8 in primary chondrocytes from perinatal transgenic mice. However, no differences were found in expression levels of the folate pathway genes in transgenic cells compared to littermate controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide evidence that folate pathway genes are only indirect targets of Hox transgene overexpression in our transgenic animals. These expression studies provide a baseline for future studies into the role of folate metabolism in chondrocyte differentiation.
Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198, USA.
Claudia
C
Kruger
Catherine
C
Talmadge
Claudia
C
Kappen
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
D017931:DNA Primers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C489816:Hoxc8 protein, mouse; C489520:Hoxd4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005492:Folic Acid