Cardiac risk stratification before noncardiac surgery.
The history and the physical examination remain the most important elements in cardiac risk stratification of patients prior to noncardiac surgery. Indications for further cardiac tests and interventions are usually the same as in the nonsurgical setting. No test should be performed unless the results will affect patient management. In many cases, noninvasive testing is being replaced by prophylactic medical therapy, a topic explored in the next article in this supplement.
Cohn
Steven L
SL
Division of General Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. steven.cohn@downstate.edu
D006304:Health Status; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative