Post-traumatic stress disorder in Polish stroke patients who survived Nazi concentration camps.
BACKGROUND
Many persons who survived Nazi concentration camps are now in advanced age, so that rehabilitation centers in Poland are seeing increasing numbers of such patients, especially after strokes. In many cases, the process of rehabilitation is severely hampered by Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), while the neuropsychological consequences of the stroke itself often evoke traumatic memories and simultaneously disorganize or destroy the patient's previous coping mechanisms. The present study describes the program developed by the authors for concentration camp survivors in post-stroke rehabilitation, including the use of art therapy and specially prepared films to help the patients cope with PTSD.


METHODS
The experimental group (KL) consisted of 8 such patients (4 men, 4 women, average age 79.1+/-4.28) with mild post-stroke aphasia who went through the PTSD program, while the comparison group (C) included 8 post-stroke patients, matched for age and gender, who were not concentration camp survivors and showed no premorbid symptoms of PTSD. All subjects were tested at baseline and again 3 months later, using structured interview and observation, self-rating scales for three basic negative emotions (anger, anxiety and sadness) and the Frustration and Aggression Test for the Disabled.


RESULTS
The results showed significant differences between the groups at baseline, while at follow-up the differences between groups had changed in both extent and distribution.


CONCLUSIONS
Qualitative analysis of the results allows for some important observations about the etiology and course of PTSD in these persons.
Department of Developmental Psychology and Neurolinguistics, Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. m.pachalska@medscimonit.com
Maria
M
Pachalska
Bozena
B
Grochmal-Bach
Bruce Duncan
BD
MacQueen
Bogusław
B
Frańczuk
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001155:Art Therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003209:Concentration Camps / Q000266:history; D005260:Female; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D028683:National Socialism; D011044:Poland; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000266:history / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*