The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review.
BACKGROUND
Neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit are exposed to a high number of painful procedures. Since repeated and sustained pain can have consequences for the neurological and behaviour-oriented development of the newborn, the greatest attention needs to be paid to systematic pain management in neonatology. Non-pharmacological treatment methods are being increasingly discussed with regard to pain prevention and relief either alone or in combination with pharmacological treatment.


OBJECTIVE
To identify effective non-pharmacological interventions with regard to procedural pain in neonates.


METHODS
A literature search was conducted via the MedLine, CINAHL, Cochrane Library databases and complemented by a handsearch. The literature search covered the period from 1984 to 2004. Data were extracted according to pre-defined criteria by two independent reviewers and methodological quality was assessed.


RESULTS
13 randomised controlled studies and two meta-analyses were taken into consideration with regard to the question of current nursing practice of non-pharmacological pain management methods. The selected interventions were "non-nutritive sucking", "music", "swaddling", "positioning", "olfactory and multisensorial stimulation", "kangaroo care" and "maternal touch". There is evidence that the methods of "non-nutritive sucking", "swaddling" and "facilitated tucking" do have a pain-alleviating effect on neonates.


CONCLUSIONS
Some of the non-pharmacological interventions have an evident favourable effect on pulse rate, respiration and oxygen saturation, on the reduction of motor activity, and on the excitation states after invasive measures. However, unambiguous evidence of this still remains to be presented. Further research should emphasise the use of validated pain assessment instruments for the evaluation of the pain-alleviating effect of non-pharmacological interventions.
Cignacco
Eva
E
Department for Obstetrics and Neonatology, Women's and Children's Clinic, University Hospital Insel, Bern, Effingerstr. 102, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. eva.cignacco@insel.ch
Hamers
Jan P H
JP
Stoffel
Lilian
L
van Lingen
Richard A
RA
Gessler
Peter
P
McDougall
Jane
J
Nelle
Mathias
M
D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D009147:Music Therapy; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D041361:Pacifiers; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management; D011677:Punctures; D013391:Sucking Behavior