Short-term effects of psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal stressors on criminal violence--a case-crossover study.
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to analyse the triggering or acute risk effect of psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal stressors on criminal violence.


METHODS
One hundred and thirty three violent offenders were recruited from a forensic psychiatric evaluation (FPE) unit and a national prison evaluation unit in Sweden during 2002-2003, and were interviewed about trigger exposures. A case-crossover design was used eliminating long-term within individual confounding.


RESULTS
Suicidal ideation or parasuicide within 24 h before the violent event conferred a ninefold risk increase. In contrast, violent ideation did not trigger criminal violence. Hallucinations yielded a fourfold risk increase, whereas paranoid thoughts were associated with a small and statistically non-significant risk increase. Acute conflicts with others and being denied psychiatric care within 24 h before violence also increased the risk of acting violently.


CONCLUSIONS
Some tested psychiatric symptoms and stressors triggered criminal violence, whereas others did not. The case-crossover design may be particularly useful for the study of triggers of violence.
Haggård-Grann
Ulrika
U
Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Violence Prevention, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 23000, 104 35, Stockholm, Sweden. ulrika.haggard@ki.se
Hallqvist
Johan
J
Långström
Niklas
N
Möller
Jette
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003702:Delusions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016079:Refusal to Treat / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*