Tarsal tunnel syndrome in athletes.
BACKGROUND
The details of the occurrence of tarsal tunnel syndrome in athletes have not been well documented in the literature, and more data on tarsal tunnel syndrome related to sporting activity are necessary to enable better recognition of this condition.


OBJECTIVE
Sporting activities make athletes vulnerable to the occurrence of tarsal tunnel syndrome under specific conditions.


METHODS
Case series; Level of evidence, 4.


METHODS
Between 1986 and 2002, 18 patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome related to sporting activities were surgically treated, of whom 15 patients (21 feet; mean age, 17.8 years) were competitive athletes and 3 were recreational sports amateurs (4 feet; mean age, 52.7 years). To assess the role of physical factors and sporting activities in making athletes vulnerable to the occurrence of tarsal tunnel syndrome, the authors reviewed the medical charts and evaluated the results of treatment. The mean duration of follow-up was 58.6 months.


RESULTS
Activities that triggered tarsal tunnel syndrome were those that applied a heavy burden on the ankle joint such as sprinting, jumping, and performing ashibarai in judo under specific physical conditions. Predisposing underlying physical factors were flatfoot deformity and an existence of talocalcaneal coalition, accessory muscles, and bony fragments around the tarsal tunnel. The majority of patients were able to return to the same sport after treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Tarsal tunnel syndrome occurs in athletes involved in strenuous sporting activities, especially when predisposing physical factors are present.
Kinoshita
Mitsuo
M
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan. mitsuok@poh.osaka-med.ac.jp
Okuda
Ryuzo
R
Yasuda
Toshito
T
Abe
Muneaki
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005532:Foot Deformities, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013177:Sports; D013380:Subtalar Joint / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013641:Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed