Sedation using dexmedetomidine in pediatric burn patients.
Maintaining appropriate sedation and analgesia in pediatric burn patients can be quite challenging and often requires high doses of analgesics and anxiolytics because tolerance quickly develops. Escalating doses of opioids and benzodiazepines provide little additional benefit while increasing the incidence of side effects. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a novel alpha2-adrenergic agonist that provides sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia with much less respiratory depression than other sedatives. In addition, DEX stimulation of alpha2 receptors on pancreatic beta cells may inhibit insulin secretion. Hyperglycemia has not been studied specifically in patients receiving DEX. Therefore, we hypothesized that DEX would improve sedation compared with our standard sedation regimen. In addition, we studied the effects of DEX on blood glucose levels. We performed a retrospective chart review of 65 pediatric burn patients (42 boys, 23 girls) in the intensive care unit admitted between 2001 and 2004 who received DEX infusion because of failure to achieve adequate sedation with our standard regimen of opioids and benzodiazepines. We recorded age, TBSA burn size, weight, dose and duration of infusion, adequacy of sedation before and after initiation of DEX, blood glucose levels before and after DEX, and the presence or absence of mechanical ventilation. The mean age was 5 years (range, 0.6-17), burn size was 36% TBSA (range, 3-94), and weight was 26 kg (range, 8-100). All patients were rated "inadequately sedate" before DEX infusion was initiated at 0.2 mug/kg/hr and titrated to effect. Twenty-six patients received a loading dose of 1 mug/kg. The average duration of DEX infusion was 11 days (range, 2-50), and no tachyphylaxis was noted. The mean dose was 0.5 mug/kg/hr (range, 0.1-2). Infusions were weaned over the course of 12 to 24 hours without evidence of rebound hypertension or withdrawal. With DEX titration, all patients were rated "adequately sedate," even though all were sedation failures with opioids and benzodiazepines. Eleven of 42 patients receiving ventilatory support were extubated while on DEX infusion, and no patient showed evidence of DEX induced respiratory depression. Patient's blood glucose levels averaged 121.2 +/- 8.9 mg/dl while on DEX infusion and 117.1 +/- 12.1 mg/dl while off, a nonsignificant difference.
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
James
J
Walker
Matt
M
Maccallum
Carl
C
Fischer
Robert
R
Kopcha
Roy
R
Saylors
John
J
McCall
D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002056:Burns / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D009020:Morphine; D008874:Midazolam