The indirect costs of arthritis resulting from unemployment, reduced performance, and occupational changes while at work.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to assess the cost attributable to lost productivity from arthritis and the association between the degree of loss and demographic, disease-related, occupational, and psychosocial variables for people.


METHODS
In a prospective study, 383 employed individuals with arthritis were recruited from southwestern Ontario, Canada. Respondents completed structured questionnaires assessing demographic, disease-related, workplace, and psychosocial variables as well as employment-related transitions at 2 time points 18 months apart. Indirect costs resulting from arthritis-related absences, reduced performance, decreased work hours, job change, and work disability were estimated. A proportional odds model was used to assess the impact of the various variables on lost productivity.


RESULTS
The average cost attributable to arthritis was CAN Dollars 11,553(Dollars CAN = 0.75 Dollars US) per person per year. The largest component of the loss was the result of reduced performance at work, which accounted for 41% (Dollars 4724) of the total loss. This was followed by wage loss resulting from stopping working or changing jobs, which comprised 37% (Dollars 4309) of the total. Another 12% (Dollars 1398) and 10% (Dollars 1121) of the loss were the result of the decrease in hours of work and absenteeism, respectively. Four variables were associated with the productivity loss: greater symptom severity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11), low or medium control over the work schedule (OR = 0.55 and 0.60, respectively), greater workspace limitation (OR = 1.10), and higher depression (OR = 1.04).


CONCLUSIONS
Indirect arthritis-related costs are substantial. Our results show that not only the disease itself, but also psychosocial and work-related factors affect the magnitude of the costs.
Li
Xin
X
Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Gignac
Monique A M
MA
Anis
Aslam H
AH
D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002322:Career Mobility; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004526:Efficiency; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation