Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorders in women: a community survey in India.
BACKGROUND
Gender disadvantage and reproductive health are major determinants of women's health in developing countries.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the association of factors indicative of gender disadvantage and reproductive health with the risk of common mental disorders (CMDs) in women.


METHODS
Cross-sectional survey from November 1, 2001, to June 15, 2003.


METHODS
A total of 3000 women randomly selected from a sampling frame of women aged 18 to 45 years in Goa; 2494 women participated.


METHODS
The primary outcome was the presence of a CMD, as defined by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. An interview and blood and vaginal/urine specimens were collected to ascertain risk factors.


RESULTS
The prevalence of CMD was 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7%-7.6%). Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder was the most common diagnosis (64.8%). Factors independently associated with the risk for CMD were factors indicative of gender disadvantage, particularly sexual violence by the husband (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6), being widowed or separated (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.0-30.0), having low autonomy in decision making (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2), and having low levels of support from one's family (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-3.3); reproductive health factors, particularly gynecological complaints such as vaginal discharge (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.2-4.8) and dyspareunia (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.6); and factors indicative of severe economic difficulties, such as hunger (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.6-4.6). There was no association between biological indicators (anemia and reproductive tract infections) and CMD.


CONCLUSIONS
The clinical assessment of CMD in women must include exploration of violence and gender disadvantage. Gynecological symptoms may be somatic equivalents of CMD in women in Asian cultures.
Patel
Vikram
V
Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, England. Vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk
Kirkwood
Betty R
BR
Pednekar
Sulochana
S
Pereira
Bernadette
B
Barros
Preetam
P
Fernandes
Janice
J
Datta
Jane
J
Pai
Reshma
R
Weiss
Helen
H
Mabey
David
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018456:Reproductive Medicine; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data