Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in estrogen receptor alpha-positive breast cancer cells in vitro induces an in vivo molecular phenotype of estrogen receptor alpha-negative human breast tumors.
Breast cancer presents as either estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) positive or negative, with ERalpha+ tumors responding to antiestrogen therapy and having a better prognosis. By themselves, mRNA expression signatures of estrogen regulation in ERalpha+ breast cancer cells do not account for the vast molecular differences observed between ERalpha+ and ERalpha- cancers. In ERalpha- tumors, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or c-erbB-2, leading to increased growth factor signaling, is observed such that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) is significantly hyperactivated compared with ERalpha+ breast cancer. In ERalpha+/progesterone receptor-positive, estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we stably overexpressed EGFR or constitutively active erbB-2, Raf, or MAP/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase, resulting in cell lines exhibiting hyperactivation of MAPK, estrogen-independent growth, and the reversible down-regulation of ERalpha expression. By global mRNA profiling, we found a "MAPK signature" of approximately 400 genes consistently up-regulated or down-regulated in each of the MAPK+ cell lines. In several independent profile data sets of human breast tumors, the in vitro MAPK signature was able to accurately distinguish ER+ from ER- tumors. In addition, our in vitro mRNA profile data revealed distinct mRNA signatures specific to either erbB-2 or EGFR activation. A subset of breast tumor profiles was found to share extensive similarities with either the erbB-2-specific or the EGFR-specific signatures. Our results confirm that increased MAPK activation causes loss of ERalpha expression and suggest that hyperactivation of MAPK plays a role in the generation of the ERalpha- phenotype in breast cancer. These MAPK+ cell lines are excellent models for investigating the underlying mechanisms behind the ERalpha- phenotype.
Bioinformatics Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Chad J
CJ
Creighton
Amy M
AM
Hilger
Shalini
S
Murthy
James M
JM
Rae
Arul M
AM
Chinnaiyan
Dorraya
D
El-Ashry
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D048490:raf Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D066246:ErbB Receptors; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D048490:raf Kinases