Endoscopic forehead rejuvenation: I. Limitations, flaws, and rewards.
BACKGROUND
The efficacy of endoscopic forehead rejuvenation has been questioned. However, many proponents of the technique are convinced that this procedure is indeed an optimal choice for the majority of patients desiring forehead rejuvenation and have found the means of preventing adversities.


METHODS
The purpose of this article is to discuss the common features and reasons for suboptimal endoscopic forehead rejuvenation outcomes and avoidance of these flaws based on the author's experience with 372 procedures.


RESULTS
These imperfections include inadequate muscle resection, under- or overelevation of the eyebrows, asymmetry, glabellar dimpling or depression, displeasing eyebrow arch, and excessive separation of the eyebrows.


CONCLUSIONS
In this report, the details of these flawed outcomes are discussed, and the ways in which they can be avoided or corrected are reviewed to improve the learning curve for less-experienced surgeons and to aid in producing more predictable and pleasing results.
Guyuron
Bahman
B
Division of Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. bguyuron@aol.com
D004724:Endoscopy; D005138:Eyebrows; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012060:Rejuvenation; D012535:Scalp / Q000601:surgery; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome