Reactivation of an aged commercial three-way catalyst by oxalic and citric acid washing.
The efficiency of dilute oxalic and citric acid solutions on improving the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and catalytic activity of a severely aged (83,000 km) commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) has been investigated. Washing procedures applied after optimization of experimental parameters, namely, temperature, flow-rate, and concentration of acid solution, led to significant improvements of OSC and catalytic activity (based on dynamometer test measurements) of the aged TWC. The latterwas made possible due to the removal of significant amounts of various contaminants accumulated on the catalyst surface (e.g., P, S, Pb, Ca, Zn, Si, Fe, Cu, and Ni) during driving conditions, as revealed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. For the first time, it is demonstrated that dilute oxalic acid solution significantly improves the catalytic activity of an aged commercial TWC toward CO, Cx,Hy, and NOx conversions under real exhaust gas conditions (dynamometer tests) by two to eight times in the 250-450 degrees C range and the OSC quantity by up to 50%. Oxalic acid appears to be more efficient than citric acid in removing specifically P- and S-containing compounds from the catalyst surface, whereas citric acid in removing Pb- and Zn-containing compounds, thus uncovering surface active catalytic sites.
Christou
Stavroula Y
SY
Department of Chemistry, Heterogeneous Catalysis Laboratory, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
Birgersson
Henrik
H
Fierro
José L G
JL
Efstathiou
Angelos M
AM
D002384:Catalysis; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013696:Temperature
D008670:Metals; D019343:Citric Acid; D007854:Lead; D013455:Sulfur; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D010100:Oxygen