Neuronal input pathways to the brain's biological clock and their functional significance.
Circadian rhythms are entrained daily by environmental photic and non-photic cues. The present review describes the anatomy and functional characteristics of the three major input pathways to the circadian clock mediating entrainment: the retino-hypothalamic tract, the geniculo-hypothalamic tract and the midbrain raphe projection.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispjebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. j.hannibal@inet.uni2.dk
J
J
Hannibal
J
J
Fahrenkrug
D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D000099210:Melanopsin
D005136:Eye Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D017299:Rod Opsins; D000099210:Melanopsin; C539022:PER1 protein, human