The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
BACKGROUND
Only limited information exists about the epidemiology of DSM-IV panic attacks (PAs) and panic disorder (PD).


OBJECTIVE
To present nationally representative data about the epidemiology of PAs and PD with or without agoraphobia (AG) on the basis of the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication findings.


METHODS
Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted using the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview.


METHODS
English-speaking respondents (N=9282) 18 years or older.


METHODS
Respondents who met DSM-IV lifetime criteria for PAs and PD with and without AG.


RESULTS
Lifetime prevalence estimates are 22.7% for isolated panic without AG (PA only), 0.8% for PA with AG without PD (PA-AG), 3.7% for PD without AG (PD only), and 1.1% for PD with AG (PD-AG). Persistence, lifetime number of attacks, and number of years with attacks increase monotonically across these 4 subgroups. All 4 subgroups are significantly comorbid with other lifetime DSM-IV disorders, with the highest odds for PD-AG and the lowest for PA only. Scores on the Panic Disorder Severity Scale are also highest for PD-AG (86.3% moderate or severe) and lowest for PA only (6.7% moderate or severe). Agoraphobia is associated with substantial severity, impairment, and comorbidity. Lifetime treatment is high (from 96.1% for PD-AG to 61.1% for PA only), but 12-month treatment meeting published treatment guidelines is low (from 54.9% for PD-AG to 18.2% for PA only).


CONCLUSIONS
Although the major societal burden of panic is caused by PD and PA-AG, isolated PAs also have high prevalence and meaningful role impairment.
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
Ronald C
RC
Kessler
Wai Tat
WT
Chiu
Robert
R
Jin
Ayelet Meron
AM
Ruscio
Katherine
K
Shear
Ellen E
EE
Walters
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology