Noninvasive diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: nasopharyngeal brushings reveal high Epstein-Barr virus DNA load and carcinoma-specific viral BARF1 mRNA.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most prevalent ENT-tumour in Indonesia. We investigated the primary diagnostic value of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load and mRNA detection in noninvasive nasopharyngeal (NP) brushings, obtained prospectively from consecutive Indonesian ENT-patients with suspected NPC (N=106) and controls. A subsequent routine NP biopsy was taken for pathological examination and EBER-RISH, yielding 85 confirmed NPC and 21 non-NPC tumour patients. EBV DNA and human DNA load were quantified by real-time PCR. NP brushings from NPC patients contained extremely high EBV DNA loads compared to the 88 non-NPC controls (p<0.0001). Using mean EBV DNA load in controls plus 3 SD as cut-off value, specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values were 98, 90, 97 and 91%, respectively. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and the carcinoma-specific BARF1 mRNA were detected by nucleic acid sequence based amplification and found in 86 and 74% of NP brushings, confirming NPC tumour cell presence. EBV RNA positivity was even higher in fresh samples stored at -80 degrees C until RNA expression analyses (88% for both EBNA1 and BARF1). EBV RNA-negative NP brushings from proven NPC cases had the lowest EBV DNA loads, indicating erroneous sampling. No EBV mRNA was detected in NP brushings from healthy donors and non-NPC patients. In conclusion, EBV DNA load measurement combined with detection of BARF1 mRNA in simple NP brushings allows noninvasive NPC diagnosis. It reflects carcinoma-specific EBV involvement at the anatomical site of tumour development and reduces the need for invasive biopsies. This procedure may be useful for confirmatory diagnosis in large serological NPC screening programs and has potential as prognostic tool.
Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Servi J C
SJ
Stevens
Sandra A W M
SA
Verkuijlen
Bambang
B
Hariwiyanto
Harijadi
Dewi K
DK
Paramita
Jajah
J
Fachiroh
Marlinda
M
Adham
I Bing
IB
Tan
Sophia M
SM
Haryana
Jaap M
JM
Middeldorp
D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019562:Viral Load; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
C086495:BARF1 protein, Human herpesvirus 4; D004279:DNA, Viral; C037662:EBV-associated membrane antigen, Epstein-Barr virus; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C417029:EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1