title: Intrauterine growth restriction induces increased capillary density and accelerated type I fiber maturation in newborn pig skeletal muscles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Humans with low birth weight exhibit evidences of vascular dysfunction. Recent findings indicate a microvascular rarefaction in skeletal muscles soon after postnatal development in rats suffered by intrauterine protein restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the effects of intrauterine growth restriction on capillary density, muscle fiber distribution and accompanying muscular and systemic circulation immediately after birth, studies were conducted on 1-day-old anesthetized normal weight (n = 7) and intrauterine growth restricted (n = 6) piglets. Cardiac output and hind limb muscle blood flow were measured by colored microspheres. Counting of type I fibers and skeletal capillary numbers was done by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased proportion of type I fibers and capillary density was found in the flexor digitalis superficialis and gastrocnemius medialis (P < 0.05) in newborn IUGR piglets. Furthermore, a marked correlation was shown between capillary density and type I fiber fraction for all flexor muscles studied (P < 0.05). Moreover, cardiac output and muscular blood flow were markedly increased in IUGR piglets (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, total peripheral resistance, as well as vascular resistance, of hind limb flexors appeared significantly decreased (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compromised intrauterine environmental conditions leading to fetal growth restriction provokes coordinated structural and functional adaptation of skeletal muscles.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Pathophysiology Lab, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany. Reinhard.Bauer@mti.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002196:Capillaries / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D013552:Swine