title: Risk factors for chronic transplant dysfunction and cardiovascular disease are related to accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic transplant dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients. We aimed to investigate which factors are associated with tissue AGE accumulation in renal transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The AGE accumulation was assessed using a validated skin-autofluorescence reader (AFR) in 285 consecutive renal transplant recipients (57% male, aged 50+/-12 years) visiting the outpatient clinic at a median (interquartile range) time of 73 (32-143) months after transplantation. Furthermore, various transplant- and recipient-related factors of interest were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average skin-autofluorescence of lower arm and leg was 2.7+/-0.8 a.u. Skin-autofluorescence was positively determined by recipient age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, duration of pre-transplant dialysis, and negatively by plasma vitamin C levels, creatinine clearance at baseline, and change in creatinine clearance since one year after transplantation in linear multivariate regression analysis. Together, these factors explained 41% of the variance of skin-autofluorescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin-autofluorescence was associated with several risk factors for cardiovascular disease and chronic renal transplant dysfunction. These results are in line with the hypothesis that AGEs play a role in the pathogenesis of these conditions in renal transplant recipients. Prospective studies are required to investigate whether the AFR can be used as a simple, non-invasive tool to identify and monitor patients at risk for chronic renal transplant dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. j.w.l.hartog@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Jasper W L
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hartog
authors.forename: Aiko P J
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Reindert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graaff
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Son
authors.forename: Jaap J Homan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: Reinold O B
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Gans
authors.forename: Bruce H R
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wolffenbuttel
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D051799:Delayed Graft Function / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005470:Fluorometry; D005542:Forearm; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006648:Histocompatibility; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007866:Leg; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014810:Vitamin E