title: Inhibition of SMAD2 expression prevents murine palatal fusion.
abstract: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 3 is known to regulate the disappearance of murine medial edge epithelium (MEE) during palatal fusion. Our previous studies showed that SMAD2, a TGF-beta signaling mediator, was expressed and phosphorylated primarily in the MEE and that SMAD2 phosphorylation in the MEE was temporospatially regulated by TGF-beta 3. The goal of this study was to examine the requirement for SMAD2 to complete the developmental events necessary for palatal fusion. SMAD2 expression was inhibited with Smad2 siRNA transfection into palatal tissues in vitro. The results showed that Smad2 siRNA transfection resulted in the maintenance of MEE cells in the palatal midline. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that the endogenous SMAD2 and phospho-SMAD2 levels were reduced following siRNA transfection. The SMAD3 level was not altered by the Smad2 siRNA transfection. The persistence of the MEE and the decreased SMAD2/phospho-SMAD2 levels were coincident with increased MEE cell proliferation. Addition of exogenous TGF-beta 3 increased p-SMAD2 level but not the total SMAD2 level. Therefore, exogenous TGF-beta 3 was not able to induce p-SMAD2 enough to rescue the palatal phenotype in the Smad2 siRNA group. The results indicated that the endogenous SMAD2 level is crucial in the regulation of disappearance of MEE during palatal fusion.
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-9062, USA.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiomi
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Shuler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051379:Mice; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; C509045:Tgfb3 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3