title: Simultaneous cardiac and respiratory synchronization in oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the lung using a pneumotachograph for respiratory monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate an optimized method for oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the lung, using electrocardiogram-trigger and a pneumotachograph for simultaneous cardiac and respiratory synchronization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five series of IR-SSFSE images (echo time = 28.2 milliseconds; inversion time = 1,200 milliseconds) were obtained in 6 volunteers during the ventilation-paradigm room-air/oxygen/room-air: series 1, respiratory-triggered; series 2, cardiac-triggered; series 3, cardiac-triggered and respiratory-synchronized using the signal of the pneumatic belt; series 4, cardiac-triggered and respiratory-synchronized using the external signal of the pneumotachograph; and series 5, not cardiac-triggered and respiratory-synchronized using the signal of the pneumotachograph. Standard deviations of the lung (SI(var)) and diaphragm mismatch (DM) were measured. The relative SI change (DeltaSI) was computed from room-air and oxygen-enhanced images. Parametric maps were obtained from cross-correlation analysis of the ventilation paradigm. Mean correlation coefficients (cc) and the percentage of activated pixels over the lung (Act%) were calculated from these maps. All 5 parameters were compared among the 5 series (Friedman-analysis of variance, Dunn's posthoc test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In series 4, DM and SI(var) were significantly lower than in respiratory and cardiac-triggered series (DM = 4.7 vs. 14.3 and 18.4; SI(var) = 4.9 vs. 10 and 11). In the same series cc and Act% also were significantly higher than in series 1 and 2 (cc = 0.86 vs. 0.7 and 0.6; Act% = 71.3 vs. 44.7 and 41.2). DeltaSI was not significantly different among all series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective respiratory and cardiac synchronization can be achieved in oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the lung, using a pneumotachograph for real-time targeting of end-expiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy. fmolinari@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaudino
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Giuseppe Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Corbo
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pirronti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonomo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003948:Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System / Q000295:instrumentation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010100:Oxygen