title: Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proteases regulate many biological pathways in humans and are components of several bacterial toxins. Protease studies and development of protease inhibitors do not follow a single established methodology and are mostly protease specific.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have created recombinant fusion proteins consisting of a biotinylated attachment sequence linked to a GFP via a protease cleavage site to develop a multiplexable microsphere-based protease assay system. Using the proteases lethal factor and factor Xa, we performed kinetic experiments to determine optimal conditions for inhibitor screens and detect known inhibitors using the HyperCyt flow cytometry system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have demonstrated specific cleavage of lethal factor and factor Xa substrates, optimized screening conditions for these substrates, shown specific inhibition of the proteases, and demonstrated high throughput detection of these inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assay developed here is adaptable to any site-specific protease, compatible with high throughput flow cytometry systems, and multiplexable. Coupled with flow cytometry, which provides continuous time resolution and intrinsic resolution of free vs. bound fluorophores, this assay will be useful for high throughput screening of protease inhibitors in general and could simplify assays designed to determine protease mechanism.
authors.affiliation: National Flow Cytometry Resource, Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Heungbok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Travis A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sklar
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008863:Microspheres; D008954:Models, Biological; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013535:Suspensions; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D013535:Suspensions; C030325:anthrax toxin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D001710:Biotin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D015951:Factor Xa