title: Electroencephalographic and electromyographic changes during the use of detomidine and detomidine-butorphanol combination in standing horses.
abstract: Clinically, the use of detomidine and butorphanol is suitable for sedation and deepening of analgosedation. The aim of our study was to establish the influence of detomidine used alone and a butorphanol-detomidine combination on brain activity and to evaluate and compare brain responses (using electroencephalography, EEG) by recording SEF90 (spectral edge frequency 90%), individual brain wave fractions (beta, alpha, theta and delta) and electromyographic (EMG) changes in the left temporal muscle in standing horses. Ten clinically healthy cold-blooded horses were divided into two groups of five animals each. Group I received detomidine and Group II received detomidine followed by butorphanol 10 min later. SEF90, individual brain wave fractions and EMG were recorded with a pEEG (processed EEG) monitor using computerised processed electroencephalography and electromyography. The present study found that detomidine alone and the detomidine-butorphanol combination significantly reduced SEF90 and EMG, and they caused changes in individual brain wave fractions during sedation and particularly during analgosedation. The EMG results showed that the detomidine-butorphanol combination provided greater and longer muscle relaxation. Our EEG and EMG results confirmed that the detomidine-butorphanol combination is safer and more appropriate for painless and non-painless procedures on standing horses compared to detomidine alone.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Reproduction and Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, Slovenia. peter.kruljc@vf.uni-lj.si
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kruluc
authors.forename: Alenka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemec
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary; D004576:Electromyography / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006736:Horses; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; C041255:detomidine; D002077:Butorphanol