title: Overwintering of West Nile virus in Southern California.
abstract: West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) invaded southern California during 2003, successfully overwintered, amplified to epidemic levels, and then dispersed to every county in the state. Although surveillance programs successfully tracked and measured these events, mechanisms that allowed the efficient overwintering and subsequent amplification of WNV have not been elucidated. Our current research provided evidence for three mechanisms whereby WNV may have persisted in southern California during the winters of 2003-2004 and 2004-2005: 1) continued enzootic transmission, 2) vertical transmission by Culex mosquitoes, and 3) chronic infection in birds. WNV was detected in 140 dead birds comprising 32 species, including 60 dead American crows, thereby verifying transmission during the November-March winter period. Dead American crows provide evidence of recent transmission because this species always succumbs rapidly after infection. However, WNV RNA was not detected concurrently in 43,043 reproductively active female mosquitoes comprising 11 species and tested in 1,258 pools or antibody in sera from 190 sentinel chickens maintained in 19 flocks. Although efficient vertical transmission by WNV was demonstrated experimentally for Culex tarsalis Coquillett infected per os, 369 females collected diapausing in Kern County and tested in 32 pools were negative for WNV. Vertical transmission was detected in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say adults reared from field-collected immatures collected from Kern County and Los Angeles during the summer transmission period. Chronic infection was detected by finding WNV RNA in 34 of 82 birds that were inoculated with WNV experimentally, held for >6 wk after infection, and then necropsied. Frequent detection of WNV RNA in kidney tissue in experimentally infected birds >6 wk postinfection may explain, in part, the repeated detection of WNV RNA in dead birds recovered during winter, especially in species such as mourning doves that typically do not die after experimental infection. In summary, our study provides limited evidence to support multiple modes of WNV persistence i n southern California. Continued transmission andvertical transmission by Culex p. quinquefasciatus Say seem likely candidates for further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. arbo123@pacbell.net
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Reisen
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Hugh D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lothrop
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oconnor
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cahoon-Young
authors.forename: Marzieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafii
authors.forename: Aaron C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Brault
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D001717:Birds; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*