title: Molecular evolution of the periphilin gene in relation to human endogenous retrovirus m element.
abstract: HERV-M (human endogenous retrovirus M), related to the super family of HERV-K, has a methionine (M) tRNA primer-binding site, and is located within the periphilin gene on human chromosome 12q12. HERV-M has been integrated into the periphilin gene as the truncated form, 5'LTR-gag-pol-3'LTR. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approaches were conducted to investigate its evolutionary origins. Interestingly, the insertion of retroelements in a common ancestor genome can make different transcript variants in different species. In the case of the periphilin gene, human (10 variants) and mouse (2 variants) lineages show different transcript variants. Insertion of HERV-M (variant 1-3) could affect the protein-coding region. Also, Alusq/x (variant 4-9) and L1ME4a (mammalian-wide subfamilies of LINE-1) (variant 10) in humans and SINE (short interspersed repetitive element) and RLTR15 (the mouse putative long terminal repeat) (variant 2) in mice could be driving forces in transcript diversification of the periphilin gene during mammalian evolution. The HERV-M derived transcripts (variant 1-3) were expressed in different human tissues, whereas they were not detected in crab-eating monkey and squirrel monkey tissues by RT-PCR amplification. Taken together, HERV-M seems to have been integrated into our common ancestor genome after the divergence of simians and prosimians, and then was actively expressed during hominoid evolution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Tae-Hyung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joo-Mi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Eun-Sil
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Woo-Yeon
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ho-Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.forename: Dae-Soo
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Do-Sik
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Sang-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang-Bae
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung-Hwa
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Soo-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jin-Sup
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Won-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Heui-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019295:Computational Biology; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C478775:PPHLN1 protein, human