title: FDTD calculations of specific energy absorption rate in a seated voxel model of the human body from 10 MHz to 3 GHz.
abstract: Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations have been performed to investigate the frequency dependence of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in a seated voxel model of the human body. The seated model was derived from NORMAN (NORmalized MAN), an anatomically realistic voxel phantom in the standing posture with arms to the side. Exposure conditions included both vertically and horizontally polarized plane wave electric fields between 10 MHz and 3 GHz. The resolution of the voxel model was 4 mm for frequencies up to 360 MHz and 2 mm for calculations in the higher frequency range. The reduction in voxel size permitted the calculation of SAR at these higher frequencies using the FDTD method. SAR values have been calculated for the seated adult phantom and scaled versions representing 10-, 5- and 1-year-old children under isolated and grounded conditions. These scaled models do not exactly reproduce the dimensions and anatomy of children, but represent good geometric information for a seated child. Results show that, when the field is vertically polarized, the sitting position causes a second, smaller resonance condition not seen in resonance curves for the phantom in the standing posture. This occurs at approximately 130 MHz for the adult model when grounded. Partial-body SAR calculations indicate that the upper and lower regions of the body have their own resonant frequency at approximately 120 MHz and approximately 160 MHz, respectively, when the grounded adult model is orientated in the sitting position. These combine to produce this second resonance peak in the whole-body averaged SAR values calculated. Two resonance peaks also occur for the sitting posture when the incident electric field is horizontally polarized. For the adult model, the peaks in the whole-body averaged SAR occur at approximately 180 and approximately 600 MHz. These peaks are due to resonance in the arms and feet, respectively. Layer absorption plots and colour images of SAR in individual voxels show the specific regions in which the seated human body absorbs the incident field. External electric field values required to produce the ICNIRP basic restrictions were derived from SAR calculations and compared with ICNIRP reference levels. This comparison shows that the reference levels provide a conservative estimate of the ICNIRP whole-body averaged SAR restriction, with the exception of the region above 1.4 GHz for the scaled 1-year-old model.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dimbylow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D008954:Models, Biological; D011187:Posture; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011846:Radio Waves; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000379:methods*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation