title: Nanomechanical measurements of the sequence-dependent folding landscapes of single nucleic acid hairpins.
abstract: Nucleic acid hairpins provide a powerful model system for probing the formation of secondary structure. We report a systematic study of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the folding transition for individual DNA hairpins of varying stem length, loop length, and stem GC content. Folding was induced mechanically in a high-resolution optical trap using a unique force clamp arrangement with fast response times. We measured 20 different hairpin sequences with quasi-random stem sequences that were 6-30 bp long, polythymidine loops that were 3-30 nt long, and stem GC content that ranged from 0% to 100%. For all hairpins studied, folding and unfolding were characterized by a single transition. From the force dependence of these rates, we determined the position and height of the energy barrier, finding that the transition state for duplex formation involves the formation of 1-2 bp next to the loop. By measuring unfolding energies spanning one order of magnitude, transition rates covering six orders of magnitude, and hairpin opening distances with subnanometer precision, our results define the essential features of the energy landscape for folding. We find quantitative agreement over the entire range of measurements with a hybrid landscape model that combines thermodynamic nearest-neighbor free energies and nanomechanical DNA stretching energies.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2V4. michael.woodside@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Woodside
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Behnke-Parks
authors.forename: Kevan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larizadeh
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Travers
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herschlag
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Block
mesh_terms: D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D012107:Research Design; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids