title: Body image, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa in male bodybuilders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Male bodybuilders (MBB) exhibit more severe body dissatisfaction, bulimic eating behaviour, and negative psychological characteristics, compared with male athletic and nonathletic control subjects, but few studies have directly compared MBB and men with eating disorders. This study compared men with bulimia nervosa (MBN), competitive male bodybuilders (CMBB), and recreational male bodybuilders (RMBB) on a broad range of eating attitudes and behaviours and psychological characteristics to more accurately determine similarities and differences among these groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anonymous questionnaires, designed to assess eating attitudes, body image, weight and shape preoccupation, prevalence of binge eating, weight loss practices, lifetime rates of eating disorders, anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use, and general psychological factors, were completed by 22 MBN, 27 CMBB, and 25 RMBB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High rates of weight and shape preoccupation, extreme body modification practices, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa (BN) were reported among MBB, especially among those who competed. CMBB reported higher rates of binge eating, BN, and AAS use compared with RMBB, but exhibited less eating-related and general psychopathology compared with MBN. Few psychological differences were found between CMBB and RMBB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MBB, especially competitors, and MBN appear to share many eating-related features but few general psychological ones. Longitudinal research is needed to determine whether men with a history of disordered eating or BN disproportionately gravitate to competitive bodybuildin and (or) whether competitive bodybuilding fosters disordered eating, BN, and AAS use.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Mental Health Research, Ottawa. ggoldfield@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Goldfield
authors.forename: Arthur G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Blouin
authors.forename: D Blake
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Woodside
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents; D001828:Body Image; D002032:Bulimia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013177:Sports; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents