title: Psychometric testing of the heart failure somatic awareness scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-management of heart failure relies on patients to assess their symptoms, but their ability to do so is often difficult to determine. The 12-item self-report Heart Failure Somatic Awareness Scale (HFSAS) was developed to measure awareness of and distress secondary to heart failure symptoms. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the HFSAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feasibility and discriminant validity of the HFSAS were tested in 49 patients admitted for an exacerbation of heart failure. The HFSAS was acceptable to patients and discriminated between heart failure symptoms and anxiety (r = 0.25, P = .08). When reliability and validity were tested in 201 patients with acute heart failure, theta reliability was adequate (0.71). The HFSAS was low to moderately correlated with general bodily awareness (r = 0.48). No difference was found based on gender, but younger patients had higher mean and median HFSAS scores (more distress). The HFSAS was a significant predictor of symptom duration prior to seeking care for heart failure; higher scores were associated with longer delay before seeking care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HFSAS is reliable with content, discriminant, and construct validity. Evaluation of its usefulness in teaching patients to monitor daily symptoms is needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8240, USA. corrine.jurgens@stonybrook.edu
authors.forename: Corrine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Jurgens
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015430:Weight Gain