title: Challenge studies in anxiety disorders.
abstract: In psychiatry, the use of pharmacological challenges in panic disorder is unique in that the clinical phenomenon of central interest (i.e., the panic attack) can be provoked readily and assessed in the clinical laboratory setting. During the past 20 years pharmacological challenge studies have increased our knowledge concerning the neurobiology of panic disorder remarkably and may ultimately result in novel and more causal treatment strategies. Moreover, the differences in sensitivity to certain panicogens such as serotonergic agents, lactate, carbon dioxide and cholecystokinin tetrapeptide are likely to be fruitful in serving as biological markers of subtypes of panic disorders and should be a major focus of research, as the identification of reliable endophenotypes is currently one of the major rate-limiting steps in psychiatric genetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany. keck@mpipsykl.mpg.de
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ströhle
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000502:physiology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012701:Serotonin; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D009638:Norepinephrine