title: Vesicovaginal fistula: obstetric causes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstetric fistula has a devastating impact on the lives of women in poor countries. Currently, there is an international campaign by the World Health Organisation, United Nations Population Fund and other bodies to address this problem. This article reviews recent literature and highlights the paucity of evidence-based data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Articles on the pathophysiology, co-morbidities and sequelae including physical injury to 'multiorgan systems' and social consequences associated with obstetric fistula, are discussed. In particular, the devastating social, economic and psychological effects on the health and well-being, reintegration and rehabilitation are addressed. There is a need for prevalence and incidence studies to measure the extent of this problem. The creation of well-equipped fistula centres with multidisciplinary teams to evaluate patients should be the aim. Expert surgeons and optimal databases with personnel to do research will benefit patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention should involve alleviation of poverty and improvement in education, maternity services and health. Research on issues such as persistent stress incontinence following fistula closure, management of reduced bladder capacity, best technique for fistula repair, role of vaginoplasty, role of early repair in selective obstetric fistula, future reproductive function, dermatological management, and social and cultural issues must be done to improve women's health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and MRC/UKZN Pregnancy Hypertension Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Suran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramphal
authors.forename: Jagidesa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D014719:Vesicovaginal Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016387:Women's Health