title: Assessing therapeutic efficacy in a progressive disease: a study of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of continued donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease for whom clinical benefit was initially judged to be uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of three phases: (i) a 12- to 24-week, pre-randomisation, open-label donepezil-treatment phase; (ii) a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase; and (iii) a 12-week, single-blind (i.e. patient-blind) donepezil-treatment phase. Patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease received open-label treatment with donepezil (5 mg/day for 4 weeks, then 10 mg/day for the remainder of the phase) for 12-24 weeks. Patients who exhibited a decline or no change from baseline on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and whose physician was not sufficiently certain of clinical benefit to warrant continued treatment were randomised into the double-blind phase in which patients received 12 weeks of treatment with donepezil (10 mg/day) or placebo. At the end of the double-blind phase, donepezil-treated patients continued to receive donepezil, while placebo-treated patients were rechallenged with donepezil, in a 12-week single-blind phase. Patients were assessed at the start of the double-blind phase and at weeks 6 and 12 of this phase, and at the end of the single-blind phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred and nineteen patients completed the open-label phase; 69% showed clear clinical benefit and 31% showed uncertain benefit. 202 patients were randomised to continued donepezil treatment (n = 99) or placebo (n = 103). Differences in favour of continued donepezil versus placebo were observed in cognition and behaviour. In addition, there was a non-significant trend favouring donepezil in activities of daily living (ADL) [week 12 observed case mean treatment differences: MMSE, 1.13 (p = 0.02); Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - cognitive subscale, 0.57 (p = 0.5); the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, -3.16 (p = 0.02); Disability Assessment for Dementia scale, 3.67 (p = 0.1)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients showed clear clinical benefit during initial donepezil treatment. Among patients for whom clinical benefit was uncertain, improvement in cognition and behaviour were observed for those who continued donepezil treatment compared with the group switched to placebo. Initial decline or stabilisation does not necessarily indicate a lack of efficacy in Alzheimer's disease, and the decision to discontinue treatment should be based on an evaluation of all domains (cognition, behaviour and ADL) and performed at several timepoints.
authors.affiliation: Memory Disorder Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. peterj@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johannsen
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: Yikang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qvitzau
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schindler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D000077265:Donepezil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007189:Indans; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D000077265:Donepezil