title: The prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in hospitalised patients in the Netherlands: a prospective inception cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure ulcers frequently occur in hospitalised patients. The prevalence of pressure ulcers grade 2 or worse varies from 3% to 12% in hospitalised patients. Incidence figures are not frequently reported. While incidence and prevalence are both measures of disease frequency, they provide different perspectives on pressure ulcers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence rate and prevalence of pressure ulcers in hospitalised patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective inception cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two large hospitals, one general (530-beds) and one teaching (1042-beds), in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-selected, though not strictly random, sample of 1536 patients was eligible for inclusion in the study. One thousand four hundred and thirty one patients (93.2%) consented to participate. Eventually, 1229 patients (80%) had a complete follow-up. The sample consisted of patients admitted to the surgical, internal, neurological and geriatric wards for more than 5 days between January 1999 and June 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up once a week until pressure ulcer occurrence, discharge or length of stay over 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Occurrence of a pressure ulcer grade 2 or worse during admission to hospital, according to the classification of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty four patients developed 172 pressure ulcers during follow-up. The overall weekly incidence rate was 0.06 per week (95% confidence interval 0.05-0.07 per week). Highest rates were observed for surgical patients and lowest for geriatric and neurologic patients (0.08 and 0.02, respectively). The week specific prevalence varied between 12.8% and 20.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients hospitalised for more than 5 days overall one may expect 6% per week to develop pressure ulcers. It would appear that any preventive measures can only be effective if taken timely. Accordingly, preventive measures should be considered early, because pressure ulcers were observed already within the first week of admission.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Quality of Care Research, Department of Nursing Science, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. l.schoonhoven@kwazo.umcn.nl <l.schoonhoven@kwazo.umcn.nl>
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schoonhoven
authors.forename: Mente T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bousema
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buskens
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies