title: Increased levels of Candida albicans mannan-specific T-cell-derived antigen binding molecules in patients with invasive candidiasis.
abstract: In addition to cytokines, CD4+ T cells have been found to secrete soluble, T-cell-derived antigen binding molecules (TABMs). These antigen-specific immunoproteins are thought to have immunoregulatory properties in the suppression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) because they often associate with interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta. Decreased CMI causes susceptibility to infections caused by organisms which are normally nonpathogenic. In this situation, e.g., Candida albicans saprophytism may develop into invasive candidiasis. The difficult diagnosis of invasive candidiasis is based on the findings obtained from blood cultures and with tissue biopsy specimens, with some additional diagnostic value gained by the detection of Candida albicans mannan antigenemia and antimannan antibodies. In the present study, Candida albicans mannan-specific TABM (CAM-TABM) levels in the sera of patients with invasive candidiasis (n = 11), Candida colonization (n = 11) and noncolonization (n = 10), recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (n = 30), and atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome (n = 59) and healthy controls (n = 30) were analyzed. For 14 participants, the effect of mannan stimulation on TABM production and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-4 mRNA expression by peripheral blood lymphocytes was also studied. It was demonstrated that CAM-TABM production was the highest in patients with invasive candidiasis and that CAM-TABM levels could distinguish Candida-colonized patients from noncolonized patients. In addition, the CAM-TABM level was directly related to mRNA expression for IL-4 but not IFN-gamma. These results reinforce the view that TABMs are associated with decreased CMI, immunoregulation, and the T-helper cell 2-type immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseasesand Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. jankos@utu.fi
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosonen
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Colin H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lintu
authors.forename: Pirjo-Riitta
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Harjamäki
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savolainen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000946:Antigens, Fungal; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D008351:Mannans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma