Hypertension prevalence, awareness, control and association with metabolic abnormalities in the San Marino population: the SMOOTH study.
BACKGROUND
The aim of the SMOOTH (San Marino Observational Outlooking Trial on Hypertension) study was to explore hypertension awareness, treatment and control and the associated metabolic abnormalities and risk factors in the population of San Marino, a small state in the Mediterranean area, for which limited evidence is available.


METHODS
Nine general practitioners enrolled 4590 consecutive subjects (44% of the San Marino population age 40-75 years), seen in their office by collecting history, physical and laboratory data and office blood pressure (BP) measurements.


RESULTS
Of these subjects, 2446 were normotensive and 2144 hypertensive; 62.3% of hypertensive patients were aware of their condition, 58.6% were treated (monotherapy 31.5%, combination therapy 27.1%), and 21.7% were controlled. Hypertension awareness and treatment were more frequent above age 50 and in females; BP control was similarly low in both genders. As compared to normotensives, hypertensive subjects were less frequently smokers (20.1 versus 27.8%), had greater body mass index (28.1 +/- 4.5 versus 25.8 +/- 3.7 g/m), and a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (15.8 versus 6.3%), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and higher prevalence of increased blood total cholesterol (66.1 versus 51.3%), triglycerides and serum uric acid. Values of subjects with 'high-normal' blood pressure were closer to those of hypertensive subjects. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects, and in treated than in untreated hypertensives.


CONCLUSIONS
Even in a small Mediterranean country with high health-care standards, hypertension awareness, treatment and control are inadequate and hypertension clusters with metabolic abnormalities and risk factors as in non-Mediterranean areas.
Mancia
Giuseppe
G
Clinica Medica and Department Medicina Clinica, Prevenzione e Biotecnologie Sanitarie, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy. giuseppe.mancia@unimib.it
Parati
Gianfranco
G
Borghi
Claudio
C
Ghironzi
Giuseppe
G
Andriani
Egidio
E
Marinelli
Liano
L
Valentini
Mariaconsuelo
M
Tessari
Francesco
F
Ambrosioni
Ettore
E
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001364:Awareness; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012496:San Marino / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D002784:Cholesterol