title: Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant brain swelling due to closed traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 48-month period (March 2000-March 2004), 50 of 967 consecutive patients with closed TBI experienced diffuse brain swelling and underwent decompressive craniectomy, without removal of clots or contusion, to control intracranial pressure (ICP) or to reverse dangerous brain shifts. Diffuse injury was demonstrated in 44 patients, an evacuated mass lesion in four in whom decompressive craniectomy had been performed as a separate procedure, and a nonevacuated mass lesion in two. Decompressive craniectomy was performed urgently in 10 patients before ICP monitoring; in 40 patients the procedure was performed after ICP had become unresponsive to conventional medical management as outlined in the American Association of Neurological Surgeons guidelines. Survivors were followed up for at least 3 months posttreatment to determine their Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score. Decompressive craniectomy lowered ICP to less than 20 mm Hg in 85% of patients. In the 40 patients who had undergone ICP monitoring before decompression, ICP decreased from a mean of 23.9 to 14.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Fourteen of 50 patients died, and 16 either remained in a vegetative state (seven patients) or were severely disabled (nine patients). Twenty patients had a good outcome (GOS Score 4-5). Among 30-day survivors, good outcome occurred in 17, 67, and 67% of patients with postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 15, respectively (p < 0.05). Outcome was unaffected by abnormal pupillary response to light, timing of decompressive craniectomy, brain shift as demonstrated on computerized tomography scanning, and patient age, possibly because of the small number of patients in each of the subsets. Complications included hydrocephalus (five patients), hemorrhagic swelling ipsilateral to the craniectomy site (eight patients), and subdural hygroma (25 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decompressive craniectomy was associated with a better-than-expected functional outcome in patients with medically uncontrollable ICP and/or brain herniation, compared with outcomes in other control cohorts reported on in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. baarabi@smail.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Bizhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aarabi
authors.forename: Dale C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hesdorffer
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aresco
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Scalea
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003399:Craniotomy; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate