title: Circadian variation in expression of G1 phase cyclins D1 and E and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p21 in human bowel mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the cellular proliferation rate in the large bowel epithelial cells is characterized by circadian rhythm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2003 and December 2004, twenty patients who were diagnosed as suffering from primary, resectable, non-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum, infiltrating the sphincter mechanism, underwent abdominoperineal resection, total mesorectal excision and permanent left iliac colostomy. In formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens obtained from the colostomy mucosa every six hours (00:00, 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00), we studied the expression of G(1) phase cyclins (D(1) and E) as well as the expression of the G(1) phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16 and p21 as indicators of cell cycle progression in colonic epithelial cells using immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of both cyclins showed a similar circadian fashion obtaining their lowest and highest values at 00:00 and 18:00, respectively (P<0.001). A circadian rhythm in the expression of CDK inhibitor proteins p16 and p21 was also observed, with the lowest levels obtained at 12:00 and 18:00 (P<0.001), respectively. When the complexes cyclins D(1) -p21 and E-p21 were examined, the expression of the cyclins was adversely correlated to the p21 expression throughout the day. When the complexes the cyclins D(1) -p16 and E-p16 were examined, high levels of p16 expression were correlated to low levels of cyclin expression at 00:00, 06:00 and 24:00. Meanwhile, the highest expression levels of both cyclins were correlated to high levels of p16 expression at 18:00.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colonic epithelial cells seem to enter the G(1) phase of the cell cycle during afternoon (between 12:00 and 18:00) with the highest rates obtained at 18:00. From a clinical point of view, the present results suggest that G(1) -phase specific anticancer therapies in afternoon might maximize their anti-tumor effect while minimizing toxicity.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece. johngrin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griniatsos
authors.forename: Othon P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Michail
authors.forename: Stamatios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theocharis
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arvelakis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papaconstantinou
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Felekouras
authors.forename: Emmanouel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pikoulis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karavokyros
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bakoyiannis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marinos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bramis
authors.forename: Panayiotis O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Michail
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003106:Colon / Q000737:chemistry*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000032:analysis*; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000032:analysis*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000032:analysis*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D019927:Cyclin E; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D019938:Cyclin D1