title: Polymeric nano/microcapsules of liquid perfluorocarbons for ultrasonic imaging: physical characterization.
abstract: Ultrasonic imaging is a widely available, noninvasive, and cost-effective diagnostic modality, but vessels smaller than 200 mum in diameter are impossible to visualize. Commercial ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), consisting of encapsulated gas microbubbles injected intravenously, enable only a qualitative visualization of the microvascularization for a short period of time since they are rather unstable. In a strategy to develop more stable UCAs, we designed a process to obtain nano/microcapsules with a single core of liquid perfluorocarbons within a biodegradable polymeric shell of homogeneous thickness. The polymer shell should improve the stability of the capsules as compared to UCAs stabilized by a monomolecular layer, while the acoustic impedance of the perfluorocarbons should ensure their echogenicity. These capsules have been optimized to encapsulate several liquid perfluorocarbons: perfluorohexane, perfluorodecalin, and perfluorooctyl bromide. The system is rather versatile: the mean size of the capsules can be adjusted between 70 nm and 25 microm and the thickness-to-radius ratio (T/R) can be easily modulated by simply modifying the polymer-to-perfluorocarbon ratio. T/R does not depend on the size of the capsules and is between 0.2 and 0.6. The dependence of the echogenic properties of the capsules with their size and their T/R has yet to be studied experimentally before this system can be evaluated in vivo.
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 8612, School of Pharmacy, Univ. Paris Sud, France, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsapis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cattel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fattal
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D005614:Freeze Fracturing; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D053769:Nanocapsules; D011108:Polymers