title: Small volume of hypertonic saline as the initial fluid replacement in experimental hypodynamic sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted the present study to examine the effects of hypertonic saline solution (7.5%) on cardiovascular function and splanchnic perfusion in experimental sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs received an intravenous infusion of live Escherichia coli over 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, they were randomized to receive lactated Ringer's solution 32 ml/kg (LR; n = 7) over 30 minutes or 7.5% hypertonic saline solution 4 ml/kg (HS; n = 8) over 5 minutes. They were observed without additional interventions for 120 minutes. Cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), portal and renal blood flow (PBF and RBF, respectively), gastric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2; gas tonometry), blood gases and lactate levels were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E. coli infusion promoted significant reductions in CO, MAP, PBF and RBF (approximately 45%, 12%, 45% and 25%, respectively) accompanied by an increase in lactate levels and systemic and mesenteric oxygen extraction (sO2ER and mO2ER). Widening of venous-arterial (approximately 15 mmHg), portal-arterial (approximately 18 mmHg) and gastric mucosal-arterial (approximately 55 mmHg) pCO2 gradients were also observed. LR and HS infusion transiently improved systemic and regional blood flow. However, HS infusion was associated with a significant and sustained reduction of systemic (18 +/- 2.6 versus 38 +/- 5.9%) and mesenteric oxygen extraction (18.5 +/- 1.9 versus 36.5 +/- 5.4%), without worsening other perfusional markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large volume of LR or a small volume of HS promoted similar transient hemodynamic benefits in this sepsis model. However, a single bolus of HS did promote sustained reduction of systemic and mesenteric oxygen extraction, suggesting that hypertonic saline solution could be used as a salutary intervention during fluid resuscitation in septic patients.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil. alejandragg@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Alejandra del Pilar Gallardo
authors.initials: Adel P
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: Ruy Jorge
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Luiz Francisco
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Poli de Figueiredo
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocha e Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic