title: Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition associated with high morbidity, mortality and cost to the community. Patients often report symptomatic improvement with short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) and anticholinergic bronchodilator medications, and both are recommended in COPD guidelines. These medications have different mechanisms of action and therefore could have an additive effect when combined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the relative efficacy and safety of regular long term use (at least four weeks) of ipratropium bromide and short- acting beta-2 agonist therapy in patients with stable COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of Trials was searched. Bibliographies were checked to identify relevant cross-references. Drug companies were contacted for relevant trial data. The searches are current to August 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials comparing at least 4 weeks of treatment with an anticholinergic agent (ipratropium bromide) alone or in combination with a beta-2 agonist (short acting) versus the beta-2 agonist alone, delivered via metered dose inhaler or nebuliser, in non-asthmatic adult subjects with stable COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction and study quality assessment was performed independently by three reviewers. Authors of studies and relevant manufacturers were contacted if data were missing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies (3912 participants) met the inclusion criteria of the review. Small benefits of ipratropium over a short-acting beta-2 agonist were demonstrated on lung function outcomes. There were small benefits in favour of ipratropium on quality of life (HRQL), as well as a reduction in the requirement for oral steroids. Combination therapy with ipratropium plus a short-acting beta-2 agonist conferred benefits over a short-acting beta-2 agonist alone in terms of post-bronchodilator lung function. There was no significant benefit of combination therapy in subjective improvements in HRQL, but again there was a reduction in the requirement for oral steroids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available data from the trials included in this review suggest that the advantage of regular long term use of ipratropium alone or in combination with a short-acting beta-2 agonist or over a beta-2 agonist alone are small, if the aim is to improve lung function, symptoms and exercise tolerance. Until further data are available, the strategy of providing a short-acting beta-2 agonist on a PRN basis, and then either continuing with the short-acting beta-2 agonist regularly or conducting an "n of 1" trial of regular beta-2 agonist or regular anticholinergic to determine the treatment that gives the best relief of symptoms (and continuing with it), would seem cost effective. This strategy does need formal evaluation. Patient preference is also important, as is the relative importance of avoiding the use of systemic corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Dept. of Medicine, Woodville Rd., Woodville, Adelaide, Australia 5011. sappleto@medicine.adelaide.edu au
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lasserson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muhammad
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D009241:Ipratropium