title: Reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenol toxicity to Pseudomonas putida after oxidative incubation with humic substances and a biomimetic catalyst.
abstract: The effect of a synthetic iron(III)-porphyrin meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinate as a biomimetic catalyst in the oxidative treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) with humic substances and H(2)O(2) was evaluated in factorial design experiments conducted at different concentrations of 2,4-DCP (0-25 ppm) and different incubation treatment times (0, 24, 96, or 120 h). In the absence of this treatment, bioassays with the bacterium Pseudomonas putida (ATCC11250) showed decreasing specific growth rates mu (used here to quantify 2,4-DCP toxicity) with increasing concentrations of 2,4-DCP. However, when 2,4-DCP was treated as mentioned above the toxicity of the resulting 2,4-DCP solution was reduced significantly. At low 2,4-DCP concentrations (up to 5 ppm) and long incubation periods (as long as 120 h), the specific growth rate mu was comparable to that of cultures grown in the absence of 2,4-DCP. The reduction in toxicity was directly correlated to a decrease in the concentration of 2,4-DCP in the treated solutions, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The reduced concentrations of 2,4-DCP in the treated solutions could be correctly predicted based on the relationship between the specific growth rates and the 2,4-DCP concentrations in untreated solutions. These results indicate that the oxidative coupling of 2,4-DCP to humic substances catalyzed by the synthetic iron(III)-porphyrin catalyst in the presence of H(2)O(2) is responsible for the removal of 2,4-DCP from solutions. This approach appears to be a promising alternative treatment to reduce 2,4-DCP bioavailability and thus toxicity in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Blvd., Newark, NJ 07102, USA. dh49@txstate.edu
authors.forename: Dittmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Annunziata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.forename: Piero M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Armenante
mesh_terms: D032701:Biomimetics; D002384:Catalysis; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D006812:Humic Substances; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D002733:Chlorophenols; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006812:Humic Substances; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C004762:2,4-dichlorophenol