title: Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of antiretroviral agents and clinical factors on the development of elevated blood pressure (BP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study of patients initiating their first HAART regimen. We evaluated mean BP prior to HAART and while receiving HAART in relation to antiretroviral classes and individual agents, and demographic and clinical characteristics including change in body mass index (BMI) while on HAART. We used logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with elevated BP [> or = 10 mmHg increase in systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) or new diagnosis of hypertension].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 444 patients who had 4592 BP readings, 95 patients developed elevated SBP (n = 83), elevated DBP (n = 33), or a new diagnosis of hypertension (n = 11) after initiating HAART. In multivariate analysis, patients on lopinavir/ritonavir had the highest risk of developing elevated BP [odds ratio (OR), 2.5; P = 0.03] compared with efavirenz-based regimens. When change in BMI was added to the model, increased BMI was significantly associated with elevated BP (OR, 1.3; P = 0.02), and the association between lopinavir/ritonavir and elevated BP was no longer present. Compared with lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens, patients receiving atazanavir (OR, 0.2; P = 0.03), efavirenz (OR, 0.4; P = 0.02), nelfinavir (OR, 0.3; P = 0.02), or indinavir (OR, 0.3; P = 0.01) had significantly lower odds of developing elevated BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir is significantly associated with elevated BP, an effect that appears to be mediated through an increase in BMI. Patients receiving atazanavir were least likely to develop elevated BP. The impact of antiretroviral medications on cardiovascular disease risk factors will increasingly influence treatment decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS and STD Research, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. hcrane@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Van Rompaey
authors.forename: Mari M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kitahata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D048588:Benzoxazines; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000009:adverse effects; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000009:adverse effects; D010078:Oxazines / Q000009:adverse effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000009:adverse effects; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010078:Oxazines; D011725:Pyridines; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D061466:Lopinavir; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D019469:Indinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; C098320:efavirenz; D019438:Ritonavir