title: Responses of inflammatory markers to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet: effects of energy intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation contributes to atherogenesis. Dietary fats may be proinflammatory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether energy intake modulates the effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate intakes on inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy postmenopausal women with a mean (+/-SD) age of 61 +/- 11 y, who were not receiving hormone replacement therapy, were fed eucaloric diets to reduce their fat intake from 35% to 15% of energy. Next, the women consumed a 15%-fat ad libitum diet under free-living conditions. Serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, HDL serum amyloid A, and adiponectin concentrations were measured at the end of the eucaloric and ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate intakes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eucaloric diet decreased adiponectin from 16.3 +/- 2.1 to 14.2 +/- 2.0 mg/L (P < 0.05) and increased triacylglycerol from 131 +/- 11 to 164 +/- 14 mg/dL (P < 0.01). The ad libitum low-fat diet caused 6 kg weight loss and decreased highly sensitive C-reactive protein from 4.3 +/- 0.6 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 mg/L (P < 0.01), decreased HDL serum amyloid A from 10.3 +/- 1.8 to 5.7 +/- 1.3 mg/L (P < 0.001), increased adiponectin from 14.2 +/- 2.0 to 16.3 +/- 1.7 mg/L (P < 0.05), and decreased triacylglycerol from 164 +/- 14 to 137 +/- 15 mg/dL (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the eucaloric phase, the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet exerted unfavorable effects on the inflammatory markers. In contrast, the ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate intake caused weight loss and affected inflammatory markers favorably. Thus, the energy content of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet determines changes in inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis, 4150 V Street, PSSB Suite G400, Sacramento, CA 94817, USA. sekarakas@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Sidika E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kasim-Karakas
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsodikov
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ishwaral
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jialal
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015930:Diet Records; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein