title: Tuberculosis and oral Candida species surveillance in HIV infected individuals in Northern Kenya, and the implications on tuberculin skin test screening for DOPT-P.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pattern of opportunistic infections such as TB and Candida species in HIV infected patients in Northern Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five health facilities in Moyale (n=224), Mandera (n=121) and Turkana Kakuma; (n=83), Lopiding; (n=94) districts during different periods in 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and fifty two patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 94 (18%) patients were found to be HIV positive (Moyale=42, Mandera=13, Turkana; Kakuma=8, Lopiding=31). Only 65 of 94 HIV positive patients provided saliva samples. Of these, 11 (17%) were TB smear positive and 19 (29.2%) were colonized by oral Candida species. The Candida isolates were as follows; Co-infection of Candida species and TB (n=4), C. albicans only (n=12), C. tropicalis only (n=1), C. albicans and C. glabarata (n=1) and C. albicans, C. glabarata and C. tropicalis. co-infection (n=1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provides an important insight into the differences in mucosal susceptibility to bacteria (TB) infection and fungal (Candida species) colonization during HIV immunosuppression, based on collected blood, sputum and saliva specimens. Further studies are needed to elucidate the comparative transmission dynamics and pathogenetic mechanisms of these opportunistic infections-in different regions of Kenya. Such studies would improve the efficiency of directly observed preventive therapy programme (DOPT-P) whose implementation involves screening by tuberculin skin testing.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Virus Research, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ochieng
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wanzala
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bii
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichimura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lihana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mpoke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mwaniki
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Okoth
mesh_terms: D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control