title: Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short acting insulin analogue use for diabetic patients is still controversial, as reflected in many scientific debates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE, EMBASE until September 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials with an intervention duration of at least 4 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trial selection and evaluation of study quality was done independently by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether 8274 participants took part in 49 randomised controlled studies. Most studies were of poor methodological quality. In patients with type 1 diabetes, the weighted mean difference (WMD) of HbA1c was -0.1% (95% CI: -0.2 to -0.1) in favour of insulin analogue, whereas in patients with type 2 diabetes the WMD was 0.0% (95% CI: -0.1 to 0.0). In subgroup analyses of different types of interventions in type 1 diabetic patients, the WMD in HbA1c was -0.2% (95% CI: -0.3 to -0.1) in favour of insulin analogue in studies using continuous subcutaneous insulin injections (CSII), whereas for conventional intensified insulin therapy (IIT) studies the WMD in HbA1c was -0.1% (95% CI: -0.1 to 0.0). The WMD of the overall mean hypoglycaemic episodes per patient per month was -0.2 (95% CI: -1.1 to 0.7) and -0.2 (95% CI: -0.5 to 0.1) for analogues in comparison to regular insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, respectively. For studies in type 1 diabetes patients the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia ranged from 0 to 247.3 (median 21.8) episodes per 100 person-years for insulin analogues and from 0 to 544 (median 46.1) for regular insulin, in type 2 the incidence ranged from 0 to 30.3 (median 0.3) episodes per 100 person-years for insulin analogues and from 0 to 50.4 (median 1.4) for regular insulin. No study was designed to investigate possible long term effects (e.g. mortality, diabetic complications), in particular in patients with diabetes related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis suggests only a minor benefit of short acting insulin analogues in the majority of diabetic patients treated with insulin. Until long term efficacy and safety data are available we suggest a cautious response to the vigorous promotion of insulin analogues. For safety purposes, we need a long-term follow-up of large numbers of patients and well designed studies in pregnant women to determine the safety profile for both the mother and the unborn child.
authors.affiliation: Leopold Auenbrugger Medical University of Graz, University of Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria, 8036. andrea.siebenhofer@meduni-graz.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siebenhofer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plank
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berghold
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jeitler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narath
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gfrerer
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D061268:Insulin Lispro; C479079:insulin glulisine