title: Escalation of i.v. cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats bred for high and low saccharin intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rats selectively bred for high saccharin (HiS) intake consume more alcohol, acquire intravenous (i.v.) cocaine self-administration more rapidly, and show more dysregulated patterns of cocaine self-administration than their low saccharin-consuming (LoS) counterparts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to determine whether HiS and LoS rats also differ in the escalation, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of i.v. cocaine self-administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were conducted in separate groups of rats. In the first experiment, HiS and LoS female rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine [0.4 mg/kg; fixed ratio (FR) 1] under short (ShA, 2 h per day) or long (LgA, 12 h per day) access conditions for 21 days. Session lengths were subsequently equated (2 h), and FR1-maintained cocaine self-administration was examined. In the second experiment, additional groups of HiS and LoS female rats were given access to cocaine (0.4 mg/kg; FR 1) self-administration during 2-h sessions for 10 days. Subsequently, saline was substituted for cocaine, and responding was extinguished. After a 14-day extinction period, saline- and cocaine-[5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HiS LgA rats escalated their cocaine intake more rapidly than LoS rats, and during the 2 h sessions after escalation cocaine self-administration was significantly higher in HiS LgA rats, compared to LoS LgA rats. HiS rats responded on the cocaine-paired lever more than LoS rats during maintenance, extinction, and cocaine-(15 mg/kg) induced reinstatement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that HiS and LoS rats have distinct drug-seeking and drug-taking profiles. The HiS and LoS rats differ along a wide range of behavioral dimensions and represent an important model to study the interactions of excessive intake of dietary substances and vulnerability to drug abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. perry050@umn.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Nancy K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Dess
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012439:Saccharin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D012646:Self Administration; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D012439:Saccharin; D003042:Cocaine