title: Actigraphy: A new diagnostic tool for hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the actigraphy, an ambulatory and continuous monitoring of wrist motor activity fitted to study sleep/wake patterns in hepatic encephalopathy (HE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five cirrhotic patients (17 M, 8 F, mean age 56+/-11 years, 24/25 alcoholic, Child-Pugh A , B, C: 2, 6, 17) were included. The patients were classified into 3 groups: stage 0 group (n = 12), stage 1-2 group (n = 6), and stage 3-4 group (n = 7) of encephalopathy. Over three consecutive days, patients had clinical evaluation 3 times a day with psychometric test, venous ammoniemia, flash visually evoked potentials (VEP), electroencephalogram and continuous actigraphic monitoring for 3 d, providing 5 parameters: mesor, amplitude, acrophase, mean duration of activity (MDAI) and inactivity (MDII) intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum ammonia and VEP did not differ among the 3 groups. Electroencephalography mean dominant frequency (MDF) correlated significantly with clinical stages of HE (r = 0.65, P = 0.003). The best correlation with HE stage was provided by actigraphy especially with MDAI (r = 0.7, P < 10(-4)) and mesor (r = 0.65, P < 10(-4)). MDAI correlated significantly with MDF (r = 0.62, 0.004) and was significantly shorter in case of HE compared to patients without HE (stage 0: 5.33+/-1.6 min; stage 1-2: 3.28+/-1.4 min; stage 3-4: 2.52+/-1.1 min; P < 0.05). Using a threshold of MDAI of less than 4.9 min, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value for HE diagnosis were 85%, 67%, 73% and 80%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actigraphy may be an objective method to identify HE, especially for early HE detection. Motor activity at the wrist correlates well with clinical stages of HE. MDAI and mesor are the most relevant parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Hepatogastroenterology, CHU Cote de Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France. ollivierhourmand-i@chu-caen.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hourmand-Ollivier
authors.forename: Marie-Astrid
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Piquet
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Toudic
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denise
authors.forename: Thông
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors