title: Lack of animal welfare assessment regarding trans-vaginal spaying of heifers.
authors.affiliation: Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation National Excellence Award Laureate, Office of the Chief Veterinarian, Manitoba Agriculture Food and Rural Initiatives, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba. umpinner@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Kelli K R
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Pinner
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D002417:Cattle / Q000601:surgery*; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D014481:United States