title: Determination of diphacinone residues in Hawaiian invertebrates.
abstract: A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic analysis combined with a solid-phase extraction clean-up method is used to assess the quantity of diphacinone residue found in invertebrates. Three invertebrate species are exposed to commercially available diphacinone-fortified bait used for rat control. The invertebrate samples are collected, frozen, and shipped to the laboratory. The samples are homogenized after cryogenic freezing. A portion of the homogenized samples are extracted with acidified chloroform-acetone, followed by cleanup with a silica solid-phase extraction column. Diphacinone is detected by UV absorption at 325 nm after separation by the chromatographic system. The method limit of detection (MLOD) for snail and slug samples averaged 0.055 and 0.066 mg/kg, respectively. Diphacinone residues in snail tissue ranges from 0.83 to 2.5 mg/kg for Oxychilus spp. The mean recoveries from snails at 0.20 and 2.0 are 97 +/- 21% and 84 +/- 6%. Diphacinone residues in slug tissue ranges from 1.3 to 4.0 mg/kg for Deroceras laeve and < MLOD to 1.8 mg/kg for Limax maximus, respectively. The mean recoveries from slugs at 0.20 and 2.0 mg/kg are 91% +/- 15% and 86% +/- 5%.
authors.affiliation: USDA/APHIS/WS [corrected] National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D006254:Hawaii; D010630:Phenindione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012908:Snails / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D012378:Rodenticides; C100262:diphenadione; D010630:Phenindione