title: Angiotensin receptor blockade with candesartan in heart failure: findings from the Candesartan in Heart failure--assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Randomized clinical trials in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have demonstrated the life-saving and symptomatic benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and, in more selected patients, spironolactone. Despite these major advancements, the prevalence of heart failure continues to increase mainly as a consequence of aging populations. The development of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) provides a pharmacologically distinct mechanism of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ARBs offer the potential to produce further clinical improvements for patients with heart failure above and beyond ACE inhibitors, as well as an alternative for those intolerant to an ACE inhibitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Candesartan in Heart failure--Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme was designed as three parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials comparing candesartan with placebo in three different but complementary populations of patients with symptomatic heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with intolerance to an ACE inhibitor and an LVEF of 40% or less (the CHARM-Alternative trial), candesartan reduced cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for heart failure by 23% (P < 0.001). In patients with an LVEF of 40% or less treated with an ACE inhibitor (the CHARM-Added trial), candesartan reduced cardiovascular death and hospitalization for chronic heart failure by 15% (P = 0.011). In patients with a LVEF greater than 40% (the CHARM-Preserved trial), hospitalizations for heart failure and new-onset diabetes were significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CHARM programme, together with evidence from mechanistic studies and from other large trials with ARBs, constitutes a firm basis for including an ARB in the therapeutic arsenal in the treatment for chronic heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. jan.ostergren@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ostergren
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; C081643:candesartan