title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human breast carcinoma: a modulator of estrogenic actions.
abstract: It has been reported that agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) inhibit proliferation of breast carcinoma cells, but the biological significance of PPARgamma remains undetermined in human breast carcinomas. Therefore, we immunolocalized PPARgamma in 238 human breast carcinoma tissues. PPARgamma immunoreactivity was detected in 42% of carcinomas, and was significantly associated with the status of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ERbeta, progesterone receptor, retinoic X receptors, p21 or p27, and negatively correlated with histological grade or cyclooxygenase-2 status. PPARgamma immunoreactivity was significantly associated with an improved clinical outcome of breast carcinoma patients by univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis demonstrated that PPARgamma immunoreactivity was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in ERalpha-positive patients. We then examined possible mechanisms of modulation by PPARgamma on estrogenic actions in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. A PPARgamma activator, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)- prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), significantly inhibited estrogen-responsive element-dependent transactivation by estradiol in MCF-7 cells, which was blocked by addition of a PPARgamma antagonist GW9662. Subsequent study, employing a custom-made microarray focused on estrogen-responsive genes, revealed that mRNA expression was significantly regulated by estradiol in 49 genes, but this significance vanished on addition of 15d-PGJ(2) in 16 out of 49 (33%) genes. These findings were confirmed by real-time PCR in 11 genes. 15d-PGJ(2) significantly inhibited estrogen-mediated proliferation of MCF-7 cells, and caused accumulation of p21 and p27 protein. These results suggest that PPARgamma is mainly expressed in well-differentiated and ER-positive breast carcinomas, and modulates estrogenic actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. t-suzuki@patholo2.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004967:Estrogens; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D015230:Prostaglandin D2