title: 2-chlorophenol induced ROS generation in fish Carassius auratus based on the EPR method.
abstract: In the present study, a secondary spin trapping technique was used followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, to study the potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after fish (Carassius auratus) were injected i.p. with different doses (50, 100, 200, 250, 500mgkg(-1)) of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). The ROS signal intensity of the EPR spectrum showed a significant increase (p<0.05, compared with the control) when the 2-CP dose was as low as 50mgkg(-1). There is a good relationship between the 2-CP administered doses and ROS generation. Based on the hyperfine splitting constants and shape of the EPR spectrum, the ROS which was generated in fish liver after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 2-CP was identified as ()OH. SOD and CAT activities were found to be induced at lower doses of 2-CP. GSH levels fell below the control level following all treatments with 2-CP, and GSSG levels changed along with those of GSH. These observations indicated that the fish experienced oxidative stress. The strong positive correlation (r=0.966, p<0.005) between ()OH radical and lipid peroxidation suggested that lipid peroxidation was possibly induced by ()OH. The phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) may play an important role in 2-CP metabolism or excretion and, consequently, reduce ROS production. This study provides strong evidence that level of ROS is significantly increased in 2-CP stressed fish, and ROS may serve as a potential biomarker to indicate 2-CP contamination.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. yiluo2006@tom.com
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ren-Zhang
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hua-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Xiao-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000378:metabolism*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002733:Chlorophenols; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C030683:2-chlorophenol