title: Polymorphisms in the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and breast cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in promoting angiogenesis and is over-expressed in breast cancer. At least four polymorphisms in the VEGF gene have been associated with changes in VEGF expression levels: -2578C/A, -1154G/A and -634G/C are all located in the promoter region; and +936C/T is located in the 3'-untranslated region.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between these four VEGF polymorphisms and risk for breast cancer among postmenopausal women in CPS-II (Cancer Prevention Study II) Nutrition Cohort. This cohort was established in 1992 and participants were invited to provide a blood sample between 1998 and 2001. Included in this analysis were 501 postmenopausal women who provided a blood sample and were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1992 and 2001 (cases). Control individuals were 504 cancer-free postmenopausal women matched to the cases with respect to age, race/ethnicity, and date of blood collection (controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no association between any of the polymorphisms examined and overall breast cancer risk. However, associations were markedly different in separate analyses of invasive cancer (n = 380) and in situ cancer (n = 107). The -2578C and -1154G alleles, which are both hypothesized to increase expression of VEGF, were associated with increased risk for invasive breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-2.14 for -2578 CC versus AA; OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.02-2.64 for -1154 GG versus AA) but they were not associated with risk for in situ cancer. The +936C allele, which is also hypothesized to increase VEGF expression, was not clearly associated with invasive breast cancer (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.88-1.67 for +936 CC versus TT/CT), but it was associated with reduced risk for in situ cancer (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.93 for CC versus TT/CT). The -634 C/G polymorphism was not associated with either invasive or in situ cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide limited support for the hypothesis that the -2578C and -1154G VEGF alleles are associated with increased risk for invasive but not in situ breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. eric.jacobs@cancer.org
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Heather Spencer
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Feigelson
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Kerri A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Alpa V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: Eugenia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A