title: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by lauryl gallate.
abstract: Lauryl gallate is an antioxidant food additive showing low toxicity to normal cells. Here, its antiproliferative effect has been studied on three human breast cancer cell lines: estrogen-dependent, wild-type p53, MCF7; estrogen-independent, non-functional p53, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 ADR, which overexpresses P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and displays a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Lauryl gallate inhibited proliferation and induced cell cycle alterations in all three cell lines without altering P-gp functionality in the drug-resistant cells. A stable arrest in G(1) phase was observed in MCF7, while a slow-down of cell cycle progression was induced in the other two cell lines. Lauryl gallate increased p53 expression only in MCF7, and upregulated p21(Cip1) and reduced cyclin D1 levels in all three cell lines. The induction of apoptosis, demonstrated by annexin V-FITC labeling, PARP cleavage and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and morphological alterations, were clearly detected in MCF7 ADR and MDA-MB-231 and to a minor extent in MCF7. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in MCF7 ADR cells demonstrated its protective role against morphological alterations and apoptosis. Lauryl gallate induction of p21(Cip1) and apoptosis observed in all three cell lines was regulated by Erk1/2 activation. These findings suggest a potential use of lauryl gallate against tumors harboring p53 mutations and drug-resistant phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma.
authors.forename: Annarica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calcabrini
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Mercedes Julián
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tendero
authors.forename: María Teresa Agulló
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ortuño
authors.forename: Pasqualina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crateri
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Rivas
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arancia
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: González-Porqué
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martín-Pérez
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D016193:G1 Phase; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019938:Cyclin D1; C008259:lauryl gallate; D005707:Gallic Acid; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3