title: Toxicoepidemiology in Zimbabwe: admissions resulting from exposure to paraffin (kerosene).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paraffin (kerosene) ingestion is the most common form of childhood poisoning in most developing countries. Despite this, there is a paucity of toxicoepidemiological data which could potentially be used in measures to reduce preventable exposures. This article reports on the patterns of hospital admissions resulting from paraffin exposure in Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cases of paraffin ingestion admitted to eight major referral hospitals in Zimbabwe from January 1998 to December 1999 (inclusive), were identified using ICD-9 codes and ward registers and relevant information recorded on a standard data collection sheet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 327 admissions due to oral exposure to paraffin. This represented 11.8% of all the poisoning admissions to the eight study hospitals. Most exposures (300; 91.7%) occurred accidentally, with only 6.7% resulting from deliberate ingestion of the chemical. The median age on admission was 2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1-2 yrs) with over 85% of cases in the 0-5 year age range and less than 10% above the age of 12 years. The median age on admission was much higher for deliberate self poisoning (23 yrs; IQR 19-26 yrs) compared to that for accidental poisoning (1.5 yrs; IQR 1-2 yrs). Accidental poisoning from paraffin occurred throughout the year. Over three-quarters of patients received an antibiotic either alone, or in combination with another antibiotic or drug. Paracetamol (24.3%) was the next most commonly encountered treatment. The case fatality rate (CFR) was therefore 0.3 deaths per 100 admissions (95% Confidence Interval 0.0-1.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paraffin ingestion remains an important cause of poisoning morbidity in Zimbabwe throughout the year, particularly in children. Clinical management appears adequate with a low mortality, although there may be overuse of prophylactic antibiotics. Further study specific to this area is warranted to prevent unnecessary antibiotic use and wastage of resources.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Information Service, Department of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare. dtagwireyi@medsch.uz.ac.zw
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tagwireyi
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: C F B
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Nhachi
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007648:Kerosene / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007648:Kerosene