title: Cyanidin-3-glucoside, a natural product derived from blackberry, exhibits chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity.
abstract: Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower incidence of cancer. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a compound found in blackberry and other food products, was shown to possess chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity in the present study. In cultured JB6 cells, C3G was able to scavenge ultraviolet B-induced *OH and O2-* radicals. In vivo studies indicated that C3G treatment decreased the number of non-malignant and malignant skin tumors per mouse induced by 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin. Pretreatment of JB6 cells with C3G inhibited UVB- and TPA-induced transactivation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These inhibitory effects appear to be mediated through the inhibition of MAPK activity. C3G also blocked TPA-induced neoplastic transformation in JB6 cells. In addition, C3G inhibited proliferation of a human lung carcinoma cell line, A549. Animal studies showed that C3G reduced the size of A549 tumor xenograft growth and significantly inhibited metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that C3G inhibited migration and invasion of A549 tumor cells. These finding demonstrate for the first time that a purified compound of anthocyanin inhibits tumor promoter-induced carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505. Electronic address: mid5@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Rentian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
authors.forename: Shiow Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Yongju
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castranova
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Bing-Hua
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
authors.forename: Xianglin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D002273:Carcinogens; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005638:Fruit; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D002273:Carcinogens; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C046810:7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate