title: Different modes of human papillomavirus DNA replication during maintenance.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) begins its life cycle by infecting the basal cells of the epithelium. Within these proliferating cells, the viral genomes are replicated, maintained, and passed on to the daughter cells. Using HPV episome-containing cell lines that were derived from naturally infected cervical tissues, we investigated the mode by which the viral DNAs replicate in these cells. We observed that, whereas HPV16 DNA replicated in an ordered once-per-S-phase manner in W12 cells, HPV31 DNA replicated via a random-choice mechanism in CIN612 cells. However, when HPV16 and HPV31 DNAs were separately introduced into an alternate keratinocyte cell line NIKS, they both replicated randomly. This indicates that HPV DNA is inherently capable of replicating by either random-choice or once-per-S-phase mechanisms and that the mode of HPV DNA replication is dependent on the cells that harbor the viral episome. High expression of the viral replication protein E1 in W12 cells converted HPV16 DNA replication to random-choice replication and, as such, it appears that the mode of HPV DNA replication in proliferating cells is dependent on the presence or the increased level of this protein in the host cell. The implications of these observations on maintenance, latency, and persistence are discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hirt
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bechtold
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raj
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002457:Cell Extracts; D002460:Cell Line; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D016196:S Phase; D013539:Simian virus 40 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D004279:DNA, Viral; C093478:E1 protein, Human papillomavirus 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral