title: Detection of Norovirus genogroup I and II by multiplex real-time RT- PCR using a 3'-minor groove binder-DNA probe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to an increasing number of norovirus infections in the last years rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic tools are needed. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) have become the methods of choice. To minimize the working time and the risk of carryover contamination during the multi-step procedure of PCR the multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) offers advantages for the handling of large amounts of clinical specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed and evaluated a multiplex one-tube RT-PCR using a combination of optimized GI and GII specific primers located in the junction between ORF1 and ORF2 of the norovirus genome. For the detection of GI samples, a 3'-minor groove binder-DNA probe (GI-MGB-probe) were designed and used for the multiplex real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparable results to those of our in-house nested PCR and monoplex real-time-PCR were only obtained using the GI specific MGB-probe. The MGB-probe forms extremely stable duplexes with single-stranded DNA targets, which enabled us to design a shorter probe (length 15 nucleotides) hybridizing to a more conserved part of the GI sequences. 97% of 100 previously norovirus positive specimens (tested by nested PCR and/or monoplex real-time PCR) were detected by the multiplex real-time PCR. A broad dynamic range from 2 x 10(1) to 2 x 10(7) genomic equivalents per assay using plasmid DNA standards for GI and GII were obtained and viral loads between 2.5 x 10(2) and 2 x 10(12) copies per ml stool suspension were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The one-tube multiplex RT real-time PCR using a minor groove binder-DNA probe for GI is a fast, specific, sensitive and cost-effective tool for the detection of norovirus infections in both mass outbreaks and sporadic cases and may have also applications in food and environmental testing.
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany. hoehnem@rki.de
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoehne
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schreier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D012367:RNA, Viral