title: Systematic review of antimicrobial treatments for diabetic foot ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foot ulcers in diabetes are associated with increased mortality, illness and reduced quality of life. Ulcer infection impairs healing and antimicrobial interventions may cure infection, aid healing and reduce amputation rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence for antimicrobial interventions for foot ulcers in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched 16 databases, 11 Internet sites, three books, conference proceedings, a journal and bibliographies in November 2002. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three studies investigated the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial agents: intravenous antibiotics (n = 8); oral antibiotics (n = 5); topical antimicrobials (n = 4); subcutaneous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (n = 4); Ayurvedic preparations (n = 1): and sugar vs. antibiotics vs. standard care (n = 1). The trials were small and too dissimilar to be pooled. There is no strong evidence for any particular antimicrobial agent for the prevention of amputation, resolution of infection, or ulcer healing. Pexiganan cream may be as effective as oral ofloxacin for resolution of infection. Ampicillin and sulbactam cost less than imipenem/cilastatin, G-CSF cost less than standard care and cadexomer iodine dressings may cost less than daily dressings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence is too weak to recommend any particular antimicrobial agent. Large studies are needed of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. e.a.nelson@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Meara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iglesias
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents