title: UV matters in shoaling decisions.
abstract: Shoaling behaviour in fish is influenced by numerous factors, such as familiarity, kinship, group size and shoal composition. Grouping decisions are based on both olfactory and visual cues. The visual system of many vertebrates is extended into the ultraviolet (UV) wave range as in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L.). We investigated whether the presence or absence of UV wavelengths has an influence on shoaling behaviour in this species. Reproductively non-active three-spined sticklebacks were given the choice between two shoals, equal in numbers of individuals, which could be seen either through a UV-transmitting [UV(+)] or a UV-blocking [UV(-)] filter. Test fish preferred to join the shoal seen under UV(+) conditions. Due to differences in quantal flux between the UV(+) and UV(-) filters used, control experiments with neutral-density optical filters were performed in order to clarify the role of luminance. Here, test fish spent significantly more time near shoals that were seen in a darker environment, suggesting a potential trade-off between UV radiation and lower brightness during shoal choice. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time that shoaling decisions are influenced by UV wavelengths.
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Okologie, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany. rmodarressie@evolution.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Ricarda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Modarressie
authors.forename: Ingolf P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Rick
authors.forename: Theo C M
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bakker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004777:Environment; D005858:Germany; D011156:Population Density; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000502:physiology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays