title: Bioactive steroids from Oryza sativa L.
abstract: Rice is one of the most interesting crops in the world from both the social and the economic point of views. The monoculture practices along with the heavy use of herbicides are characteristic of modern agriculture and are inducing the appearance of tolerant and/or herbicide resistant weed biotypes. This is the case the world's main weed of rice barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Alternative strategies for weed suppression consist of the use of chemicals from rice due to necessity of obtaining new herbicides with new modes of action that could prevent resistance phenomena. In order to carry out a study that guides to the isolation of the most active compounds from rice, different extracts were achieved, and their activities evaluated. So, all the plant material was divided into three parts: fresh plant, dried plant, and fresh plant from Pluviotron. The aerial part was separated from roots in all cases and extracted in water, in organic solvents as well as with the Pluviotron device. The activity of the 12 extracts obtained was evaluated using a generalist bioassay, wheat etiolated coleoptiles bioassay, and a phytotoxic bioassay on barnyardgrass as target species. The bioactive extracts were fractionated and 15 compounds were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Eight of these compounds were isolated for the first time in Oryza sativa. The most phytotoxic compounds on E. crus-galli were ergosterol peroxide and 7-oxo-stigmasterol. In the case of ergosterol peroxide the activity was higher than the commercial herbicide Logran. This is the first report of potential allelopathic activity of steroids on weeds based on their phytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, c/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain. famacias@uca.es
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Macías
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chinchilla
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.forename: José M G
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Molinillo
mesh_terms: D018548:Cotyledon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D031747:Echinochloa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013261:Sterols / Q000494:pharmacology; D014908:Triticum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C513608:7-oxo-stigmasterol; D006540:Herbicides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013256:Steroids; D013261:Sterols; C036071:ergosterol-5,8-peroxide; D004875:Ergosterol