title: Unloading mechanism in the total contact cast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of total contact casts is postulated to be due to the reduction of plantar pressure. We investigated plantar loads to evaluate the mechanism by which total contact casts off-load the plantar surface of the foot to determine if it is the intimate molding of the weightbearing plantar surface or if a below-knee cast is necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plantar pressures and forces in a total contact cast (TCC) were recorded in 12 healthy subjects, using the Pedar (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany) pedobarographic system. The measurements were repeated after removal of the 'shank' portion of the cast (proximal to malleoli), leaving in effect, a well-molded shoe-cast (SC). Measurements included average force and peak pressure. All parameters were measured under two different loading conditions: single-leg standing balanced on the casted limb and over-ground walking. To assess the contribution of calf geometry, the 'calf ratio' was calculated by dividing the largest by the smallest circumferences of the calf. All parameters were compared between TCC and SC for each subject in each of the two conditions. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate significance, which was set at a level of p < 0.006 due to the Bonferroni Correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of the shank portion of the TCC significantly increased the average plantar force by 31% during walking. The force only increased 9% during standing, which was not significant. Peak pressure increased 53% after removal of the shank portion of the TCC during walking. Peak pressure was not significantly different during standing on one limb. No correlation was found between the calf ratio and the magnitude of change in the measured values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results help to partially explain the widely recognized clinical observation that molded insoles and shoes, no matter how well conformed to the foot, do not reduce plantar loads as effectively as a total contact cast. The mechanism appears to be a critical unloading function of the proximal, 'shank' portion of the cast, presumably due to reduction in ankle motion.
authors.affiliation: Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Efraim D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Leibner
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brodsky
authors.forename: Fabian E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Pollo
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Bentley W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Edmonds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001915:Braces; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing