title: The effect of ageing on the bioaccessibility and fractionation of cadmium in some typical soils of China.
abstract: Ingestion of contaminated soil has been recognized as an important exposure pathway of cadmium (Cd) for humans, especially for children through outdoor hand-to-mouth activities. The effect of ageing process following the input of Cd into soil on the bioaccessibility of Cd in five typical soils of China was investigated using physiologically based in vitro test in this study. A sequential extraction procedure was employed with attempt to identify the bioaccessible fraction(s) of Cd in soils. The bioaccessibility of Cd in strongly acidic (approximately pH 4.5) soils reached nearly steady levels (76.5-76.9% and 52.0-52.6% in the gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively) after a sharp decline in the first week of ageing. In contrast, the bioaccessibility of Cd in higher pH (>6.0) soils was found to be much lower (53.3-72.7% and 29.9-43.4% in gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively) and took 2 weeks of ageing to reach steady levels. The freshly spiked Cd was more labile than native Cd. The main proportion of spiked Cd was found in exchangeable Cd which was higher in strongly acidic soils (68.6-71.8%) than in higher pH soils (53.4-61.4%) at day 120 after a sharp decline to the nearly steady state in the first 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. Significant correlations between Cd bioaccessibility and either water soluble and exchangeable Cd individually, or the sum of water soluble and exchangeable Cd throughout the incubation period for all soils, indicate that these forms of Cd are likely to constitute the main proportion of bioaccessible Cd in soils.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Environmental Sciences, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yong-Guan
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yan-Shan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium