Viral piracy: HIV-1 targets dendritic cells for transmission.
Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells, are critical for host immunity by inducing specific immune responses against a broad variety of pathogens. Remarkably the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) subverts DC function leading to spread of the virus. At an early phase of HIV-1 transmission, DCs capture HIV-1 at mucosal surfaces and transmit the virus to T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Capture of the virus on DCs takes place via C-type lectins of which the dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is the best studied. DC-SIGN-captured HIV-1 particles accumulate in CD81(+) multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in DCs and are subsequently transmitted to CD4+ T cells resulting in infection of T cells. The viral cell-to-cell transmission takes place at the DC-T cell interface termed the infectious synapse. Recent studies demonstrate that direct infection of DCs contributes to the transmission to T cells at a later phase. Moreover, the infected DCs may function as cellular reservoirs for HIV-1. This review discusses the different processes that govern viral piracy of DCs by HIV-1, emphasizing the intracellular routing of the virus from capture on the cell surface to egress in the infectious synapse.
Lekkerkerker
Annemarie N
AN
Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, v.d. Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
van Kooyk
Yvette
Y
Geijtenbeek
Teunis B H
TB
D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000276:immunology; D008251:Macaca; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin
D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin