Intracellular restriction factors in mammalian cells--An ancient defense system finds a modern foe.
Cross-species transmission of retroviruses poses a threat to mammalian species. Zoonoses have given rise to devastating diseases because the host organism is not prepared to resist a new pathogen. Mammals have developed several layers of defense against viruses, including an intracellular antiretroviral defense, a part of innate immunity. Retroviral restrictions had been studied for decades using murine leukemia virus in mice, however it has become clear that primates too have intrinsic mechanisms to ward off infections by retroviruses. Several of these antiretroviral restriction mechanisms have recently been identified, with two particularly well described factors being members of the tripartite motif (Trim) and APOBEC families. Both systems provide a strong barrier against lentiviral infections. The viruses have developed countermeasures that allow them to replicate despite the host factors. This review discusses our current knowledge of this ancient battle between mammalian hosts and their retroviral opponents.
Baumann
Jörg G
JG
HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA. jbaumann@ncifcrf.gov
D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D000818:Animals; D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases / Q000276:immunology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D014779:Virus Replication
D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C103189:Fv1 protein, mouse; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; C477346:TRIM5 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; C464924:APOBEC3G protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase