title: Transhepatic approach for catheter interventions in infants and children with congenital heart disease.
abstract: We report on our experience with transhepatic access for catheter interventions in six children (age range 2.5 months-9 years). Three had systemic venous anomalies, and one infant a femoral venous occlusion. In two further patients with bradyarrhythmia after a Fontan operation with an intraatrial Gore-Tex tunnel, transhepatic access was chosen to achieve a perpendicular orientation of the transseptal needle to the atrial baffle, allowing puncture of the Gore-Tex membrane. Two of the patients underwent ablation of an accessory pathway; in one an atrial septal defect was closed. A 2.5 month old baby after Norwood I operation, underwent balloon dilation of the pulmonary arteries. Two patients after prior Fontan surgery underwent DDDR pacemaker implantation. The size of the introducer sheath ranged from 4 F up to two 9 F introducers in the same vein for pacemaker insertion. At the end of the procedure, hemostasis was achieved by external compression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transhepatic access could be established in all six patients (using a mirror image approach in children with left atrial isomerism) and the interventional procedures could be performed as planned. In one patient with implantation of a permanent pacemaker, a subcutaneous hematoma occurred, requiring blood transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In selected pediatric patients, transhepatic access for catheter intervention can easily be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderkardiologie, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emmel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sreeram
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pillekamp
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brockmeier
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies