title: Pathogenomic sequence analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis isolates closely related to Bacillus anthracis.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are closely related gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the B. cereus sensu lato group. While independently derived strains of B. anthracis reveal conspicuous sequence homogeneity, environmental isolates of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis exhibit extensive genetic diversity. Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of the genomes of two members of the B. cereus group, B. thuringiensis 97-27 subsp. konkukian serotype H34, isolated from a necrotic human wound, and B. cereus E33L, which was isolated from a swab of a zebra carcass in Namibia. These two strains, when analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism within a collection of over 300 of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis isolates, appear closely related to B. anthracis. The B. cereus E33L isolate appears to be the nearest relative to B. anthracis identified thus far. Whole-genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis 97-27and B. cereus E33L was undertaken to identify shared and unique genes among these isolates in comparison to the genomes of pathogenic strains B. anthracis Ames and B. cereus G9241 and nonpathogenic strains B. cereus ATCC 10987 and B. cereus ATCC 14579. Comparison of these genomes revealed differences in terms of virulence, metabolic competence, structural components, and regulatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
authors.forename: Cliff S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Jean F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Challacombe
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Altherr
authors.forename: Smriti S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bhotika
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Connie S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chertkov
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dimitrijevic
authors.forename: Norman A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Doggett
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: Tijana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glavina
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Lance D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hitchcock
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Avinash Ramesh
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kewalramani
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Longmire
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malfatti
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McMurry
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Meincke
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Bernice L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Moseman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: A Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Munk
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Okinaka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parson-Quintana
authors.forename: Lee Philip
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: Judith G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tesmer
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thayer
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tice
authors.forename: Lawrence O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Ticknor
authors.forename: Patti L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Brettin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilna
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics*; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics*; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids