title: Chemokine receptor CCR6 expression level and liver metastases in colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The liver is the primary organ of metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Chemokine receptor CCR6 is expressed on a subset of T cells and is associated with their migration into the liver. This study was performed to analyze a possible association between CCR6 expressed by primary CRC and liver metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  CCR6 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistology in 64 CRC primary tumor specimens. Twenty-four of 64 patients had synchronous liver metastases. Evaluation of immunostaining was performed semiquantitatively by visual assessment and quantitatively by digital image analysis (DIA). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess relevant parameters for liver metastases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCR6 expression was verified in all 64 primary tumor specimens with considerable variations in intensity; 21 tumors (33%) demonstrated weak CCR6 staining, 32 (50%) demonstrated intermediate staining, and 11 (17%) demonstrated strong staining. Quantitative assessment by DIA showed an up to 5-log difference in CCR6 values. CCR6 staining was significantly stronger in tumor cells compared with adjacent colon epithelial cells (P < .0005). Multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, tumor stage, nodal status, pathologic grade, and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels, revealed that CCR6 staining in the primary tumor was independently associated with the presence of liver metastases (odds ratio = 2.1; P = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between expression level of CCR6 in primary CRC and synchronous liver metastases suggests that CCR6 and its ligand may be involved in the metastatic spread to the liver. Therefore, CCR6 may be a potential target for specific therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Pirus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghadjar
authors.forename: Sarah Ellen
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Coupland
authors.forename: Il-Kang
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noutsias
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Letsch
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stroux
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Heinz J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Buhr
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheibenbogen
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Keilholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008024:Ligands; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054399:Receptors, CCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: C106311:CCR6 protein, human; D008024:Ligands; D054399:Receptors, CCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine