title: Measuring longitudinal white matter changes: comparison of a visual rating scale with a volumetric measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Detection of longitudinal changes in white matter hyperintensities (WMH) by using visual rating scales is problematic. We compared a widely used visual rating scale with a volumetric method to study longitudinal white matter changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  WMH were assessed with the visual Scheltens scale and a volumetric method in 100 elderly subjects aged 70-81 years for whom repetitive MR images were available with an interval of 33 (SD, 1.4) months. Reliability was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients. To examine the sensitivity of both the visual and volumetric method, we calculated Spearman rank correlations of WMH ratings and volume measurements with age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability of the visual rating scale was good, whereas reliability of the volumetric measurement was excellent. For baseline measurements of WMH, we found weaker associations between WMH and age when assessed with the visual scale (r = 0.20, P = .045) than with the volumetric method (r = 0.31, P = .002). Longitudinal evaluation of WMH assessments showed regression in 26% of the subjects when analyzed with the visual rating scale against 12% of the subjects when using volumetric measurements. Compared with the visual rating, the correlation between progression in WMH and age was twice as high when using the volumetric measurement (r = 0.19, P = .062 and r = 0.39, P < .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volumetric measurements of WMH offer a more reliable, sensitive, and objective alternative to visual rating scales in studying longitudinal white matter changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: D M J
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: ten Dam
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Admiraal-Behloul
authors.forename: A C G M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Es
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spilt
authors.forename: E L E M
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bollen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Blauw
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.forename: R G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Buchem
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity