title: Crystallographic studies on N-azidoacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine, an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase: comparison with N-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine.
abstract: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (NAG) is a potent inhibitor (Ki=32 microM) of glycogen phosphorylase b (GPb), and has been employed as a lead compound for the structure-based design of new analogues, in an effort to utilize its potential as a hypoglycaemic agent. Replacement of the acetamido group by azidoacetamido group resulted in an inhibitor, N-azidoacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (azido-NAG), with a Ki value of 48.7 microM, in the direction of glycogen synthesis. In order to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we determined the ligand structure in complex with GPb at 2.03 A resolution, and the structure of the fully acetylated derivative in the free form. The molecular packing of the latter is stabilized by a number of bifurcated hydrogen bonds of which the one involving a bifurcated C-H...N...H-C type hydrogen bonding is rather unique in organic azides. Azido-NAG can be accommodated in the catalytic site of T-state GPb at approximately the same position as that of NAG and stabilizes the T-state conformation of the 280 s loop by making several favourable contacts to residues of this loop. The difference observed in the Ki values of the two analogues can be interpreted in terms of desolvation effects, subtle structural changes of protein residues and changes in water structure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Petsalakis
authors.forename: Evangelia D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Chrysina
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tiraidis
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadjiloi
authors.forename: Demetres D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Leonidas
authors.forename: Nikos G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Oikonomakos
authors.forename: Udayanath
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aich
authors.forename: Babu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: Duraikkannu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loganathan
mesh_terms: D001386:Azides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D024981:Glycogen Phosphorylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D001386:Azides; C513027:N-azidoacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine; C098108:N-acetylglucopyranosylamine; D024981:Glycogen Phosphorylase; D005944:Glucosamine