title: Angiotensin-sympathetic system interactions in cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood pressure, as well as blood volume homeostasis, depends to a large extent on humoral influences stemming from the renin-angiotensin axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Evidence has been provided that a large part of this homeostatic modulation is effected by the complex interactions between the two systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present review will focus on three major issues. First it will examine the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of angiotensin-sympathetic crosstalk discussing possible sites, mechanisms and effects of the interaction. It will then address the clinical relevance of these inter-relationships by reviewing data collected in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. Finally, the influences of angiotensin II on adrenergic function will be examined as possible targets of cardiovascular drug treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By interrupting the influences of angiotensin II on sympathetic function, therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking the renin-angiotensin system exert favourable effects on the haemodynamic, metabolic and renal profile. This has important implications for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, renal insufficiency and metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina Clinica, Prevenzione e Biotecnologie Sanitarie, Ospedale S. Gerardo dei Tintori (Monza), Università Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy. guiseppe.mancia@unimib.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancia
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dell'Oro
authors.forename: Fosca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quarti-Trevano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scopelliti
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grassi
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000502:physiology; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000804:Angiotensin II