title: Chlorine residual efficiency in inactivating bacteria from secondary contamination in Isfahan, 2002.
abstract: To investigate the inactivation of potential pathogens, we evaluated survival rates for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella typhi in samples taken from the Isfahan drinking water system. Chlorine residual, pH, temperature and total organic carbon levels were measured. The organism most sensitive to chlorine was A. hydrophila. It was inactived in < 100 minutes at chlorine levels of 0.11 mg/L to 0.90 mg/L. The other 3 organisms showed higher resistance. E. coli tolerated 0.30 mg/L chlorine for > 1000 minutes while Ent. faecalis and S. typhi survived at total chlorine concentration of 0.50 mg/L for 100 minutes. We concluded that total chlorine levels of less than 0.71 mg/L in water supply systems cannot provide the recommended safety levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. ak_ta_ir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shahmansouri
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Isfahani
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000187:drug effects; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007492:Iran; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D002244:Carbon