title: Collagen XVIII/endostatin shows a ubiquitous distribution in human ocular tissues and endostatin-containing fragments accumulate in ocular fluid samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endostatin domain of type XVIII collagen (ColXVIII) inhibits neovascularization and regulates cell migration and matrix turnover. This study was designed to demonstrate the protein and gene expression patterns of ColXVIII/endostatin in the human eye and to ascertain whether endostatin is detectable in ocular fluid samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty human eyes enucleated on account of choroidal melanoma were used for immunohistochemical stainings with antibodies against ColXVIII and endostatin. In situ hybridization was used to localize cells responsible for the production of mRNA for ColXVIII. Tear fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous gel samples were used for Western immunoblotting to detect endostatin fragments in these samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ColXVIII was immunolocalized to almost all ocular structures, namely the basement membranes (BMs) of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, Descement's membrane, the anterior border layer and posterior pigmented epithelium of the iris, the BMs of the pigmented and non-pigmented ciliary epithelia, the internal wall of Schlemm's canal and trabeculae, the ciliary and iris muscle cells, the BMs of the pigment epithelium of the retina, and the internal limiting membrane. Universal expression was seen in the BMs of vascular endothelial cells, and in fibroblasts located in the conjunctiva, the iris, and the ciliary body. Endostatin showed a corresponding pattern, but additional immunostaining was present in the corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Most epithelial and mesenchymal cells expressed the mRNA for ColXVIII. Endostatin-containing fragments varying in size were detected in tear fluid, aqueous humor and vitreous gel samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practically all structures of the human eye contain ColXVIII/endostatin, emphasizing its possible important structural and functional role in the human eye. Furthermore, ocular fluid samples contain endostatin fragments, which may contribute to the antiangiogenic properties of the eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 220, 00029 Helsinki, HUS, Finland. mmaatta@mailcity.com
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Määttä
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heljasvaara
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pihlajaniemi
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D043170:Collagen Type XVIII / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043169:Endostatins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043170:Collagen Type XVIII; D043169:Endostatins; D012333:RNA, Messenger