title: Does pervasive developmental disorder protect children and adolescents against drug and alcohol use?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is (1) to compare the rates of reported drug and/or alcohol use (DAU) in treatment seeking adolescents with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), and those with other psychiatric diagnoses (psychiatric controls) seen in tertiary child and adolescent mental health services and (2) to explore the relationship of psychopathology, environmental stressors, and social communication difficulties to DAU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the chart review of children and adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years with psychiatric diagnosis seen in tertiary child and adolescent mental health services between 1992 and 2001 (n=1484) was used to investigate the relationship between DAU, psychopathology, environmental stressors and items related to social communication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 97 subjects (7%) met criteria for PDD. Subjects with PDD report significantly lower DAU than psychiatric controls, 3% vs. 17% respectively (P<0.000). Factors reflecting PDD such as speech and language difficulties, developmental difficulties, discordant peer relationships in adolescents are negatively associated with DAU, while conduct problems, affective symptoms, inadequate parental supervision or control have positive association with DAU. DAU was present in PDD only when comorbid with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with speech and language difficulties, developmental difficulties and discordant peer relationships, all reflecting PDD, are less likely to have DAU.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK. SantoP@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Paramala J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Santosh
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mijovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000523:psychology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology