title: Laparoscopic implantation of the Tenckhoff catheter for the treatment of end-stage renal failure and congestive heart failure: experience with the pelvic fixation technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peritoneal dialysis is a widely accepted route for renal replacement. With the advent of endoscopy, many surgical techniques for the prevention of catheter failure have been proposed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic Tenckhoff catheter implantation using the pelvic fixation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data analysis was retrospective. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. A double-cuffed catheter was inserted using two 5 mm trocars and one 10 mm trocar, fixing its internal tip to the dome of the bladder and its inner cuff to the fascia. Catheter failure was defined as persistent peritonitis/exit-site/tunnel infection, severe dialysate leak, migration or outflow obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LTCI was performed in 34 patients. Mean patient age was 65 +/- 17 years. In 12 of the 34 patients the indication for LTCI was end-stage renal failure combined with NYHA class IV congestive heart failure. Operative time was 35 +/- 15 minutes. A previous laparotomy was performed in 9 patients. Hospital stay was 1.5 +/- 0.6 days. The first continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was performed after 20 +/- 12 days. Median follow-up time was 13 months. There were several complications, including 5 (14%) exit-site/tunnel infections, 27 episodes (0.05 per patient-month) of bacterial peritonitis, 3 (9%) incisional hernias, 1 case of fatal intraabdominal bleeding, 2 (5.8%) catheter migrations (functionally significant), and 10 (30%) cases of catheter plugging, 8 of which were treated successfully by instillation of urokinase and 2 surgically. A complication-mandated surgery was performed in 8 patients (23.5%). The 1 year failure-free rate of the catheter was 80.8%. One fatal intraabdominal bleeding was recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LTCI is safe, obviating the need for laparotomy in high risk patients. Catheter fixation to the bladder may prevent common mechanical failures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery B, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bar-Zohar
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sagie
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lubezky
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: Subhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abu-Abeid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome