title: Differing effects of antihypertensive drugs on the incidence of diabetes mellitus among patients with hypertensive kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension was a multicenter trial of African Americans with hypertensive kidney disease randomized to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril), a beta-blocker (metoprolol succinate), or a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine besylate). We compared the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the composite outcome of impaired fasting glucose or DM (IFG/DM) for the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox regression models were used to evaluate (post hoc) the association of the randomized interventions and the relative risk (RR) of DM and IFG/DM and to assess the RR of DM and IFG/DM by several prerandomization characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1017 participants, 147 (14.5%) developed DM; 333 (42.9%) of 776 participants developed IFG/DM. Respective DM event rates were 2.8%, 4.4%, and 4.5% per patient-year in the ramipril-, amlodipine-, and metoprolol-treated groups. The RRs of DM with ramipril treatment were 0.53 (P = .001) compared with metoprolol treatment and 0.49 (P = .003) compared with amlodipine treatment. Respective IFG/DM event rates were 11.3%, 13.3%, and 15.8% per patient-year in the ramipril-, amlodipine-, and metoprolol-treated groups. The RRs of IFG/DM with ramipril treatment were 0.64 (P<.001) compared with metoprolol treatment and 0.76 (P = .09) compared with amlodipine treatment. The RRs of DM and IFG/DM with amlodipine treatment compared with metoprolol treatment were 1.07 (P = .76) and 0.84 (P = .26), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ramipril treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk of DM in African Americans with hypertensive kidney disease than amlodipine or metoprolol treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. dtb@uab.edu
authors.forename: Denyse
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thornley-Brown
authors.forename: Xuelei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jackson T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Otelio S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: Edgar R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lash
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gassman
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Lawrence Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Agodoa
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheek
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine; D008790:Metoprolol; D017257:Ramipril