title: Delay discounting and the behavioural economics of cigarette purchases in smokers: the effects of nicotine deprivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In smokers, nicotine deprivation may increase impulsive decision-making and the demand for cigarettes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of acute nicotine deprivation on (a) the delay discounting of monetary and cigarette rewards, and (b) the behavioural economics of hypothetical cigarette purchases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated measures design was employed, with participants (daily cigarette smokers, N=30) repeating experimental tasks in two different sessions, once after at least 13 h of abstinence from smoking and once after ad lib smoking. Participants completed measures of cigarette craving, impulsivity, delay discounting and a behavioural economic simulation in which participants made hypothetical purchases of cigarettes and other commodities as the price of cigarettes was systematically varied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants showed more pronounced delay discounting of both cigarette and monetary rewards after abstinence compared to after ad lib smoking. In the behavioural economic simulation, nicotine deprivation had no influence on hypothetical cigarette purchases. However, spending on some commodities (alcohol, clothing, household goods, leisure activities and long-distance travel) was reduced as the price of cigarettes increased in order to fund increased spending on cigarettes, although the number of packs of cigarettes purchased actually decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine deprivation increases impulsive choices for both cigarette and monetary rewards in a delay-discounting task. Results from a behavioural economic simulation suggest that increases in the price of cigarettes may increase smokers' spending on cigarettes, while also reducing the number of cigarettes purchased.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK. mfield@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santarcangelo
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sumnall
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goudie
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology