title: Cranial strains and malocclusion: IV. Torsion.
abstract: The cranial strain known as torsion does not fit within the Angle Classification. This strain is described and how to identify it. Torsion may occur as the only strain or is more commonly superimposed on another strain. Recognizing the presence of a torsion has a significant bearing on treatment sequencing. An approach to treatment is demonstrated.
authors.forename: Gavin A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strokon
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation; D011859:Radiography; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000150:complications*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000150:complications*