title: Characteristics of adolescents and young adults with ADHD who divert or misuse their prescribed medications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the risks and characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients who misuse or divert their stimulant medications. As part of a 10-year longitudinal study of youths with ADHD, the authors evaluated medication diversion or misuse at the last follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured psychiatric interviews for diagnosis and a self-report questionnaire regarding medication use in medicated subjects with ADHD compared with controls without ADHD receiving psychotropics for non-ADHD treatment were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 98 subjects receiving psychotropic medications (mean age of 20.8 +/- 5 years), 55 (56%) were ADHD subjects and 43 (44%) were controls receiving medications for other purposes. The authors found that 11% of the ADHD group reported selling their medications compared with no subjects in the control group (z = 0.00, p <.05). An additional 22% of the ADHD group reported misusing their medications compared with 5% of the control subjects (z = 1.7 p =.09) and that those with conduct or substance use disorders accounted for the misuse and diversion. A minority of subjects reported escalating their doses and concomitant use with alcohol and drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that the majority of ADHD individuals, particularly those without conduct or substance use disorders, use their medications appropriately. The authors' findings also highlight the need to monitor medication use in ADHD individuals with conduct and/or substance use disorders and to carefully select agents with a low likelihood of diversion or misuse in this group.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. twilens@partners.org
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilens
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gignac
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swezey
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monuteaux
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs