title: Management of unsuccessful thrombolysis in acute massive pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE) who do not respond to fibrinolytic therapy remains unclear. We aimed to compare rescue surgical embolectomy and repeat thrombolysis in patients who did not respond to thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective single-center registry of PE patients who underwent thrombolytic therapy. Lack of response to thrombolysis within the first 36 h was prospectively defined as both persistent clinical instability and residual echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction. Patients underwent surgical embolectomy or repeat thrombolysis, at the discretion of the attending physician. The clinical end point was a combined end point including recurrent PE, bleeding complications, or PE-related death, which was defined as death from recurrent PE or cardiogenic shock. Long-term adverse outcomes included death, recurrent thromboembolic events, and congestive heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 1995 to January 2005, 488 PE patients underwent thrombolysis, of whom 40 (8.2%) did not respond to thrombolysis. Fourteen patients were treated by rescue surgical embolectomy, and 26 were treated by repeat thrombolysis. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The in-hospital course was uneventful in 11 of the surgically treated patients (79%) and in 8 patients (31%) treated by repeat thrombolysis (p = 0.004). There was a trend for higher mortality in the medical group than in the surgical group (10 vs 1 deaths, respectively; p = 0.07). There were significantly more recurrent PEs (fatal and nonfatal) in the repeat-thrombolysis group (35% vs 0%, respectively; p = 0.015). While no significant difference was observed in number of major bleeding events, all bleeding events in the repeat-thrombolysis group were fatal. The rate of uneventful long-term evolution was the same in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rescue surgical embolectomy led to a better in-hospital course when compared with repeat thrombolysis in patients with massive PE who have not responded to thrombolysis. The transfer of patients who have not responded to thrombolysis to tertiary cardiac surgery centers could be considered as an alternative option.
authors.affiliation: FESC, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Jean-Minjoz, Blvd Fleming, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France. nicolas.meneveau@ufc-chu.univ-fcomte.fr
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meneveau
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Séronde
authors.forename: Marie-Cécile
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Blonde
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Legalery
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Didier-Petit
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schiele
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bassand
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017128:Embolectomy; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D019233:Retreatment; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator