title: Emergence and recovery in children after desflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia: effect of anaesthetic duration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that increasing duration of inhalation anaesthesia is associated with slower emergence and recovery in children, and that this effect would be less marked with desflurane in comparison with isoflurane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four infants and children assigned in groups according to age and expected length of operation were prospectively randomized to receive either isoflurane (I) or desflurane (D) for anaesthesia. After standard induction, the anaesthesia was maintained using an age-related 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) equivalent for either agent in air and oxygen. Local analgesia was used as appropriate. End-tidal volatile agent concentration was recorded until extubation. Clinical evaluation of recovery was made by observers, blinded to group allocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For patients <4 yr of age, the median (95% CI) times in minutes to first movement [5.27 (D), 9.22 (I)], eye opening [9.42(D), 13.3(I)] and extubation [7.18 (D), 12.5 (I)] were significantly shorter (P<0.05) for desflurane. In the group >4 yr of age, the median (95% CI) times in minutes to first movement [4.42 (D), 11.6 (I)], eye opening [8.55(D), 18.0(I)] and extubation [7.08 (D), 16.7 (I)] were significantly shorter (P<0.001) for desflurane. Times to leave recovery were not significantly different for the group <4 yr of age, but were significantly shorter for desflurane in the group >4 yr of age (P<0.01). The isoflurane, but not desflurane, had a time-dependent effect on arousal. There were no significant differences in incidence of airway irritation or emergence delirium between the two agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of recovery in children after exposure to desflurane was faster than those patients receiving isoflurane; recovery from desflurane, but not isoflurane, was relatively unaffected by the duration of anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK. gliesnordmann@blueyonder.co.uk
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Nordmann
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sale
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stoddart
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D000077335:Desflurane; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane