title: Medication utilization in an urban homebound population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of medically homebound adults has grown with the aging of the U.S. population, yet little is known about their health care utilization. We sought to characterize the health status and medication utilization of an urban cohort of homebound adults and to identify factors associated with medication use in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 415 patients enrolled in a primary care program for homebound adults in New York City during October 2002. Numbers of medications were obtained from formularies corroborated by home visits. For patients without prescription insurance, medication out-of-pocket costs were estimated according to average wholesale pricing. Sociodemographic and disease characteristics were obtained by chart abstraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 83 years (range 25-106 years). Seventy-seven percent of patients were female, 63% were non-white, and 28% spoke Spanish. Sixty-four percent of patients had Medicaid. The cohort had a mean of 8.2 (range 1-27, standard deviation 4.5) medications prescribed per month. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age was associated with fewer medications (p <.001). Charlson comorbidity score was positively associated with number of medications (p <.001), whereas Activities of Daily Living score, a measure of functional dependence, was not. Twenty-seven percent of the cohort lacked prescription drug coverage. The total number of medications per month among the uninsured patients was 7.4 (standard deviation 4.4). Estimated median monthly out-of-pocket cost for the uninsured patients was dollar 223 (range dollar 1-dollar 1512).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For homebound patients without prescription drug coverage, medication use may represent substantial financial burden. Additional research is needed to determine whether out-of-pocket medication costs represent a barrier to care in this population.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. ian.kronish@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kronish
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: R Sean
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boal
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D018577:Homebound Persons; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health