title: Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between depression severity and functional status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major depression has a negative impact on functional status and quality of life, but little is known about racial or ethnic differences in the relationship between depression and functional disability. This study compared the association between depression severity and functional status among three different racial or ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from participants in the original Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Primary Care Study and PHQ Obstetrics-Gynecology Study (N=5,427). Among the study participants, 62.0 percent were non-Hispanic white, 14.8 percent were African American, and 23.1 percent were Latino. Depression severity was assessed with the PHQ-9, the self-administered DSM-IV criteria-based depression module of the PHQ diagnostic instrument for mental disorders. Functional status was measured with the scales of the Medical Outcomes Study 20-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-20), self-reported disability days, clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Groups were compared in terms of mean PHQ-9 scores and functional status at varying levels of depression severity. Linear regression was used to control for age, gender, education level, and language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean PHQ-9 scores were not significantly different between the three different racial or ethnic groups. Similar linear associations were found in all three racial or ethnic groups between increasing PHQ-9 scores (more severe depression) and worsening function on the SF-20 scales and an increased number of disability days and clinic visits. Latinos reported significantly less functional impairment on all measures of functionality compared with non-Hispanic whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional impairment increased with increasing levels of depression severity in all three racial or ethnic groups, although Latinos consistently reported fewer functional disturbances compared with non-Hispanic whites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Suite 7E15, San Francisco, California 94110, USA. freddy@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Frederick Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Spitzer
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D044469:Racial Groups; D012650:Self Disclosure; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires