title: The delivery of critical care services in US trauma centers: is the standard being met?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is substantial evidence supporting the benefits of an intensivist model of critical care delivery, the extent to which this model has been adopted by trauma centers across the United States is unknown. We set out to evaluate how critical care is delivered in Level I and II trauma centers and the extent to which these centers implement evidence-based patient care practices known to improve outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Level I and Level II trauma centers in the United States were surveyed using a previously validated questionnaire pertaining to the organizational characteristics of critical care units. Questions identifying the impediments to the implementation of an intensivist model of critical care delivery were added to the original survey. An intensivist model intensive care unit (ICU) was defined as one meeting all of the following criteria: a) the physician director was board certified in critical care; b) >50% of physicians responsible for care were board certified in critical care; c) an intensivist made daily rounds on the patients; and d) an intensive care team had the authority to write orders on the patients. The survey respondents were also queried regarding the extent to which they complied with evidence-based guidelines for care in the ICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was 65% (295 centers). Only 61% of Level I centers and 22% of Level II centers provided an intensivist model of critical care delivery. Sixty-nine percent of centers had a form of collaborative care with an intensivist, but few centers had dedicated intensivists without responsibilities outside the ICU. The most common reason cited for not involving an intensivist in the delivery of critical care services was a concern regarding a loss of continuity of care. There was limited implementation of evidence-based practices in the ICU; the model of critical care delivery had no effect on rates of implementation of these practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process of trauma center verification and designation should assure a high quality of trauma care. In keeping with these expectations of quality, the delivery of critical care services in trauma centers should evolve to a model that both includes the trauma surgeon in the care of the injured and allows for collaboration with a dedicated intensivist, who may or may not be a surgeon. The benefits of an intensivist model might be distinct from the utilization of evidence-based practices, suggesting that there might be incremental benefit in using these practices as markers of quality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and General Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. anathens@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Avery B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Nathens
authors.forename: Ronald V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jurkovich
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monary
authors.forename: Frederick P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Rivara
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States