title: Chronic hyperglycemia modulates osteoblast gene expression through osmotic and non-osmotic pathways.
abstract: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; type I) is a chronic disease stemming from little or no insulin production and elevated blood glucose levels. IDDM is associated with osteoporosis and increased fracture rates. The mechanisms underlying IDDM associated bone loss are not known. Previously we demonstrated that osteoblasts exhibit a response to acute (1 and 24 h) hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality. Here we examined the influence of chronic hyperglycemia (30 mM) and its associated hyperosmolality on osteoblast phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that osteoblasts respond to chronic hyperglycemia through modulated gene expression. Specifically, chronic hyperglycemia increases alkaline phosphatase activity and expression and decreases osteocalcin, MMP-13, VEGF and GAPDH expression. Of these genes, only MMP-13 mRNA levels exhibit a similar suppression in response to hyperosmotic conditions (mannitol treatment). Acute hyperglycemia for a 48-h period was also capable of inducing alkaline phosphatase and suppressing osteocalcin, MMP-13, VEGF, and GAPDH expression in differentiated osteoblasts. This suggests that acute responses in differentiated cells are maintained chronically. In addition, hyperglycemic and hyperosmotic conditions increased PPARgamma2 expression, although this increase reached significance only in 21 days chronic glucose treated cultures. Given that osteocalcin is suppressed and PPARgamma2 expression is increased in type I diabetic mouse model bones, these findings suggest that diabetes-associated hyperglycemia may modulate osteoblast gene expression, function and bone formation and thereby contribute to type I diabetic bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Research Center, 2201 Biomedical Physical Science Building, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Sergiu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Botolin
authors.forename: Laura R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017364:Collagenases / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009995:Osmosis; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D017364:Collagenases; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C507081:Mmp13 protein, mouse