title: Evaluation of the energy expenditure in competitive swimming strokes.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the total energy expenditure of the four competitive swimming strokes. Twenty-six swimmers of international level were submitted to an incremental set of 200-m swims (5 swimmers at Breaststroke, 5 swimmers at Backstroke, 4 swimmers at Butterfly and 12 swimmers at Front Crawl). The starting velocity was approximately 0.3 m x s (-1) less than a swimmer's best performance and thereafter increased by 0.05 m x s (-1) after each swim until exhaustion. Cardio-pulmonary and gas exchange parameters were measured breath-by-breath (BxB) for each swim to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2) and other energetic parameters by portable metabolic cart (K4b(2), Cosmed, Rome, Italy). A respiratory snorkel and valve system with low hydrodynamic resistance was used to measure pulmonary ventilation and to collect breathing air samples. Blood samples from the ear lobe were collected before and after each swim to analyze blood lactate concentration (YSI 1500 L, Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA). Total energy expenditure (E(tot)), was calculated for each 200-m stage. E (tot) differed significantly between the strokes at all selected velocities. At the velocity of 1.0 m x s (-1) and of 1.2 m x s (-1) the E(tot) was significantly higher in Breaststroke than in Backstroke, in Breaststroke than in Freestyle and in Butterfly than in Freestyle. At the velocity of 1.4 m x s (-1), the E(tot) was significantly higher in Breaststroke than in Backstroke, in Backstroke than in Freestyle, in Breaststroke than in Freestyle and in Butterfly than in Freestyle. At the velocity of 1.6 m x s (-1), the E(tot) was significantly higher in Breaststroke and in Butterfly than in Freestyle. As a conclusion, E(tot) of well-trained competitive swimmers was measured over a large range of velocities utilising a new BxB technique. Freestyle was shown to be the most economic among the competitive swimming strokes, followed by the Backstroke, the Butterfly and the Breaststroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal. barbosa@ipb.pt
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Keskinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colaço
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vilas-Boas
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid