title: Free radicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serum of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the current study was to analyze both serum and salivary composition and oxidative stress markers in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consenting patients with DM but otherwise healthy patients aged 13-19 years and 12 healthy controls, matching in age and gender (Group 1), participated in the study. The patients were divided according to those who had controlled diabetes mellitus (Group 2) or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (Group 3). All were analyzed for saliva composition and antioxidants. Saliva was also analyzed for its levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and amylase activity, total IgA and total IgG concentrations and potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium electrolyte concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant correlation was found between the severity of the DM/HbA1c values and the increase in both salivary and/or serum antioxidants (peroxidase, SOD and TAS), and the various TCL parameters (H1, H3, pre-incubation and oxygenation-potential).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two most important findings of the current study relate to the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and to the involvement of salivary glands in the disease. The profound effects of DM on salivary antioxidant parameters may be also of great importance in respect to the diagnosis and evaluation of the disease. The correlation between altered salivary parameters and the severity of the disease may indicate that evaluation of the salivary status of DM patients as part of the assessment of their disease activity and severity is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rambam Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Abraham Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Reznick
authors.forename: Naim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shehadeh
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shafir
authors.forename: Rafael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nagler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000681:Amylases / Q000032:analysis; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D049449:Luminescence; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000681:Amylases; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005609:Free Radicals; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014527:Uric Acid