title: Permutation testing of orthogonal factorial effects in a language-processing experiment using fMRI.
abstract: The block-paradigm of the Functional Image Analysis Contest (FIAC) dataset was analysed with the Brain Activation and Morphological Mapping software. Permutation methods in the wavelet domain were used for inference on cluster-based test statistics of orthogonal contrasts relevant to the factorial design of the study, namely: the average response across all active blocks, the main effect of speaker, the main effect of sentence, and the interaction between sentence and speaker. Extensive activation was seen with all these contrasts. In particular, different vs. same-speaker blocks produced elevated activation in bilateral regions of the superior temporal lobe and repetition suppression for linguistic materials (same vs. different-sentence blocks) in left inferior frontal regions. These are regions previously reported in the literature. Additional regions were detected in this study, perhaps due to the enhanced sensitivity of the methodology. Within-block sentence suppression was tested post-hoc by regression of an exponential decay model onto the extracted time series from the left inferior frontal gyrus, but no strong evidence of such an effect was found. The significance levels set for the activation maps are P-values at which we expect <1 false-positive cluster per image. Nominal type I error control was verified by empirical testing of a test statistic corresponding to a randomly ordered design matrix. The small size of the BOLD effect necessitates sensitive methods of detection of brain activation. Permutation methods permit the necessary flexibility to develop novel test statistics to meet this challenge.
authors.affiliation: Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK. js369@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Cinly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Alle Meije
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fadili
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Welchew
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sendur
authors.forename: Vochita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maxim
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bullmore
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D012984:Software / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D012986:Software Validation; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology