title: Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome, achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy. Children who fail to respond may be treated with immunosuppressive agents such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil or cyclosporin, or with non-immunosuppressive agents such as ACE inhibitors. Optimal combinations of these agents with the least toxicity remain to be determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefits and harms of interventions used to treat idiopathic steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings. Date of most recent search: June 2005
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs and quasi-RCTs were included if they compared different immunosuppressive agents or non-immunosuppressive agents with placebo, prednisone or other agent given orally or parenterally in children aged three months to 18 years with SRNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently searched the literature, determined trial eligibility, assessed quality, extracted data and entered it in RevMan. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven RCTs (312 children) were included. Cyclosporin when compared with placebo or no treatment significantly increased the number of children who achieved complete remission (three trials, 49 children: RR for persistent nephrotic syndrome 0.64, 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.88). There was no significant difference in the number of children who achieved complete remission between oral cyclophosphamide with prednisone and prednisone alone (two trials, 91 children: RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.36), between intravenous cyclophosphamide and oral cyclophosphamide (one study, 11 children: RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.39) and between azathioprine with prednisone and prednisone alone (one trial 31 children: RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.32). ACE inhibitors significantly reduced proteinuria (two trials, 70 children). After 12 weeks of treatment fosinopril reduced proteinuria by 0.95 g/24 h (95% CI -1.21 to -0.69). No RCTs were identified comparing combination regimens comprising high dose steroids, alkylating agents or cyclosporin with single agents, placebo or no treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further adequately powered and well designed RCTs are needed to confirm the efficacy of cyclosporin and to evaluate other regimens for idiopathic SRNS including high dose steroids with alkylating agents or cyclosporin.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Westmead, Centre for Kidney Research, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145. Elisah@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Habashy
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012074:Remission Induction
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone