title: Artifact simulating subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage on single-shot, fast spin-echo fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images caused by head movement: A trap for the unwary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Single-shot, fast spin-echo, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (SS-FSE-FLAIR) images are frequently used to detect disease in the brain and subarachnoid space in confused or uncooperative patients who may move during the examination. In some of these patients, high signal intensity areas are seen on good-quality images in the subarachnoid space and ventricular system in locations not associated with high CSF flow. These artifacts may simulate hemorrhage or leptomeningeal disease. The purpose of this article was to determine the cause of these artifacts, describe ways to recognize them, and find methods to reduce or eliminate them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers were studied on 6 occasions with conventional multisection FSE-FLAIR images and SS-FSE-FLAIR images while at rest and while nodding and rotating their heads at different speeds. In addition, SS-FSE-FLAIR images with different section widths of the initial inverting pulse and a non-section-selective initial inversion pulse were performed with the subjects moving their heads in the same way. The scans of 30 successive patients with acute neurologic syndromes who had been studied with SS-FSE-FLAIR sequences were reviewed for evidence of high signal intensity in the CSF in regions not associated with high CSF flow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the volunteers showed areas of increased signal intensity in CSF at sites apart from those associated with rapid pulsatile CSF flow on SS-FSE-FLAIR images acquired during head motion. The images were otherwise virtually free of motion artifact. The use of a wider initial inversion pulse section and a non-section-selected initial inversion pulse reduced the extent of these artifacts. Nineteen of the 30 patients showed areas of high signal intensity in the CSF in regions not associated with highly pulsatile CSF flow. Six of these patients had negative lumbar punctures for blood and xanthochromia and normal CSF protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High signal intensity artifacts may be seen in CSF as a result of head movement on otherwise artifact-free images when imaging uncooperative patients with SS-FSE-FLAIR sequences. These artifacts have a different mechanism and distribution from those caused by CSF pulsation and may simulate subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. Artifact recognition is aided by signs of patient motion during the examination. The artifacts can be reduced by use of increased section width and non-section-selective initial inversion pulses. Recognition of these artifacts is important, because the circumstances in which the SS-FSE-FLAIR sequence is used and the particular properties of the sequence may conspire to produce a trap for the unwary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8756, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cianfoni
authors.forename: M G M
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hesselink
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Imbesi
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bydder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009068:Movement; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis*