title: Application of monitored natural attenuation to remediate a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site.
abstract: Contamination of groundwater by petroleum-hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem. The Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) approach is a passive remediation to degrade and dissipate groundwater contaminants in situ. In this study, a full-scale natural bioremediation investigation was conducted at a gasoline spill site. Results show that concentrations of major contaminants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) dropped to below detection limit before they reached the downgradient monitor well located 280 m from the spill location. The results also reveal that natural biodegradation was the major cause of the observed contaminant reduction. The calculated natural first-order attenuation rates for BTEX and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TMB) ranged from 0.051 (benzene) to 0.189 1/day (1,2,4-TMB). Evidence for the occurrence of natural attenuation includes the following: (1) depletion of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate; (2) production of dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and CO2; (3) decreased BTEX concentrations and BTEX as carbon to TOC ratio along the transport path; (4) increased alkalinity and microbial populations; (5) limited spreading of the BTEX plume; and (6) preferential removal of certain BTEX components along the transport path. Additionally, the biodegradation capacity (44.73 mg/L) for BTEX and 1,2,4-TMB was much higher than other detected contaminants within the plume. Hence, natural attenuation can effectively contain the plume, and biodegradation processes played an important role in contaminant removal.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013624:Taiwan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; C010313:pseudocumene