title: Intradermal immune response after infection with Vaccinia virus.
abstract: Although Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used to eradicate smallpox by dermal vaccination, there is little information available about the immune response induced at the vaccination site. Previously, an intradermal murine model that mimics smallpox vaccination was established. Here, this model was used to investigate which leukocytes are recruited to the infected lesion and what are the kinetics of recruitment. Data presented show that VACV infection induced the infiltration of macrophages, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. Up to 4 days post-infection, the major lymphocyte population was TCRgammadelta T cells, but thereafter, there was a large recruitment of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Interestingly, the majority of T cells expressed the natural killer-cell marker DX5. This report is the first to characterize the local immune response sequence to VACV infection and represents a benchmark against which the responses induced by genetically modified VACVs may be compared.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Ron A-J
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gubser
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Najarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002452:Cell Count; D016694:Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor; D015334:Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology*; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000276:immunology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D012900:Smallpox Vaccine