title: Lymphatic mapping to tailor selective lymphadenectomy in cN0 tongue carcinoma: beyond the sentinel node concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical lymph node status is the most important pathological determinant of prognosis and decision making in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The aim of this study was to demonstrate that lymphoscintigraphy (LS) can supply a complete map of the lymphatic drainage before surgery, allowing planning of the type of intervention and serving to guide lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 14 patients with T2-4 SCCs of the tongue and clinically negative lymph nodes in the neck (cN0) who were scheduled to undergo tumour resection and selective level I-IV neck dissection extended to level V. LS was performed in all patients following the injection of (99m)Tc-colloidal sulphide in three aliquots around the primary lesion. Dynamic, static and tomographic images of the head and neck were acquired. The operative specimens were subjected to lymphoscintigraphic evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative imaging results were compared with the pathological findings. All nodes were examined using haematoxylin-eosin staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative LS was successful in all patients. Preferential pathways of lymphatic drainage were identified: level II of the neck was the most common lymphatic drainage pattern, followed by levels IV and III. Contralateral drainage occurred in 11 patients and in two of them metastatic nodes were found on the contralateral side. Metastases were observed only in radioactive lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LS is able to supply a complete map of the lymphatic drainage before surgery, making it possible to tailor selective neck dissection to each individual patient based on the results of preoperative mapping, thereby sparing healthy lymphatic tissue and reducing surgery-related morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy. direzione.mnu@ieo.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Cicco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trifirò
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruschini
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Travaini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiorenza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viale
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D011379:Prognosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*