title: Fluoride in drinking water and its removal.
abstract: Excessive fluoride concentrations have been reported in groundwaters of more than 20 developed and developing countries including India where 19 states are facing acute fluorosis problems. Various technologies are being used to remove fluoride from water but still the problem has not been rooted out. In this paper, a broad overview of the available technologies for fluoride removal and advantages and limitations of each one have been presented based on literature survey and the experiments conducted in the laboratory with several processes. It has been concluded that the selection of treatment process should be site specific as per local needs and prevailing conditions as each technology has some limitations and no one process can serve the purpose in diverse conditions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India. mpahwa2000@yahoo.com
authors.lastname: Meenakshi
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D004867:Equipment Design; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000379:methods*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007194:India; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009995:Osmosis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014873:Water Pollutants; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014867:Water; D005459:Fluorides