title: Dynamic pitch rotation affects eye torsion.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the subjects studied had eye torsion responses to pitch, although the direction of torsion varied between subjects. Opposite responses may be the result of individual variation in anatomical or physiological vector orientations of hair cells in the anterior or posterior utricle or in the saccule.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine whether systematic changes in eye torsion occur when subjects are rotated in forward and backward pitch.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one normal subjects were seated in a dual axis human rotator, positioned so that the interaural axis was aligned with the axis of pitch rotation. Fixation LED suppressed vertical or horizontal eye movement. Recordings were carried out in darkness apart from the fixation LED, using a three-dimensional eye tracker based on CMOS image sensors. Subjects were twice tilted from upright to 90 degrees occiput down, then forward to 45 degrees face down.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most subjects had eye torsion changes in response to pitch, with mean amplitudes of approximately 2 degrees to 90 degrees backward tilt and 1 degree to 45 degrees forward tilt. Ten subjects had clockwise torsion to backward pitch and counterclockwise to forward pitch; six subjects had the opposite responses. Statistical testing of the distributions of the regression slopes between these two groups were significant (p<0.001). Five subjects had unclear responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. shirleygdiamond@cox.net
authors.forename: Shirley G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004584:Electronystagmography; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009760:Nystagmus, Physiologic; D012016:Reference Values; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity