title: Phase II clinical trial design: methods in translational research from the Genitourinary Committee at the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
abstract: Given the increase in novel agents and difficulty with planning and completing many phase III studies, various phase II trial design options should be considered to more effectively guide phase III trial plans. The need for novel phase II trial designs has increased, given the number of novel molecular targeted therapies now available for testing, an abundance of cytostatic agents, and limited resources to conduct phase III studies for all interesting agents or combinations. This review will focus on options for phase II trial designs. We review randomized phase II designs with placebo control, randomized selection designs, and randomized discontinuation designs. As agents become available for testing in the clinic, the strengths and weaknesses of different phase II trial designs should be considered to optimize a trial development plan that guides phase III trial decisions more effectively.
authors.affiliation: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manola
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxman
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutcher
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: See
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dreicer
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilding
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: DiPaola
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D011367:Professional Staff Committees; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design