title: Rapid induction of cerebral hypothermia by aortic flush during normovolemic cardiac arrest in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Induction of deep cerebral hypothermia before reperfusion might improve neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. We hypothesized that an aortic flush with cold saline during cardiac arrest is able to induce deep cerebral hypothermia and that the cooling efficiency can be enhanced by a) increasing the arteriovenous pressure gradient during the flush with vasopressin; b) improving the cerebral microcirculation during the flush with the thrombolytic agent alteplase; and c) increasing the arteriovenous pressure gradient further with venting the right heart by draining blood during the flush.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four pigs Large White breed (31-42 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  After 10 mins of ventricular fibrillation, pigs received an aortic flush (100 mL/kg, 4 degrees C, flow rate 35 mL/kg/min) into the descending aorta via a balloon catheter. The animals were subjected randomly to either an aortic flush with saline, saline plus vasopressin 1.2 IU/kg, saline plus alteplase 1 mg/kg, saline plus a combination of vasopressin 1.2 IU/kg and alteplase 1 mg/kg, or saline plus vasopressin 1.2 IU/kg and venting the right heart. Arterial and venous pressures and brain temperatures were recorded for an observation time of 10 mins after flush.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sufficient arteriovenous pressure gradient and deep cerebral hypothermia were only achieved with a flush containing vasopressin (brain temperature 16.1+/-1.3 degrees C in the vasopressin group vs. 35.4+/-1.5 degrees C in the saline group, p<.001); combining vasopressin with alteplase, or venting the right heart, did not further enhance the cooling efficiency of the flush.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cold saline aortic flush with vasopressin rapidly decreases brain temperature during prolonged normovolemic cardiac arrest in pigs. Whether deep cerebral hypothermia induced before reperfusion can improve neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest needs further investigation in large animal outcome studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine and Core Center of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janata
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: Keywan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bayegan
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frossard
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sterz
authors.forename: Udo M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Losert
authors.forename: Anton N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Laggner
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Behringer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal; D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride