Outcomes in African Americans and Hispanics with lupus nephritis.
Poor outcomes have been reported in African Americans and Hispanics compared to Caucasians with lupus nephritis. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to identify independent predictors of outcomes in African Americans and Hispanics with lupus nephritis. In total, 93 African Americans, 100 Hispanics, and 20 Caucasians with a mean age of 28 +/- 13 years and an annual household income of 32.9 +/- 17.3 (in 1000 US dollars) were studied. World Health Organization (WHO) lupus nephritis classes II, III, IV, and V were seen in 9, 13, 52, and 26%, respectively. Important baseline differences were higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) in African Americans compared to Hispanics and Caucasians (107 +/- 19, 102 +/- 15, and 99 +/- 13 mmHg, P < 0.05), and higher serum creatinine (1.66 +/- 1.3, 1.25 +/- 1.0, and 1.31 +/- 1.0 mg/dl, P < 0.025). African Americans had lower hematocrit compared to Hispanics and Caucasians (29 +/- 5, and 31 +/- 6, and 32 +/- 7%, P < 0.05), and lower annual household income (30.8 +/- 14.9, 33.1 +/- 15.9, and 42.2 +/- 29.3 in 1000 US dollars; P < 0.05). Lower prevalence of WHO class IV was seen in Caucasians (30%) compared to Hispanics (57%, P = 0.03) and African Americans (51%, P = 0.09). Development of doubling creatinine or end-stage renal disease was higher in African Americans and Hispanics than in Caucasians (31, 18, and 10%; P < 0.05), as was the development of renal events or death (34, 20, and 10%; P < 0.025). Our results suggest that both biological factors indicating an aggressive disease and low household income are common in African Americans and Hispanics with lupus nephritis, and outcomes in these groups are worse than in Caucasians.
Contreras
G
G
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida 33136, USA. gcontrer@med.miami.edu
Lenz
O
O
Pardo
V
V
Borja
E
E
Cely
C
C
Iqbal
K
K
Nahar
N
N
de La Cuesta
C
C
Hurtado
A
A
Fornoni
A
A
Beltran-Garcia
L
L
Asif
A
A
Young
L
L
Diego
J
J
Zachariah
M
M
Smith-Norwood
B
B
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007182:Income; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003404:Creatinine