title: Anesthesia for percutaneous transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the anesthetic management for percutaneous transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) with an Amplatzer asymmetric occluder device and to highlight the hemodynamic effects and potential complications associated with its delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine consecutive children undergoing elective percutaneous transcatheter closure of perimembranous VSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  General anesthesia with sevoflurane for cardiac catheterization and percutaneous transcatheter device placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten anesthetics were delivered in 9 children ages 23 to 65 months with perimembranous VSD for attempted placement of an Amplatzer asymmetric device. The device was successfully placed in 7 patients. In 1 patient the device embolized to the right femoral artery, and was retrieved with a bioptome. Fluoroscopy time (59.8 +/- 17.24 min) was prolonged compared to that in other studies of placement of this device. All patients had episodes of arrhythmia and hemodynamic disturbance. Arrhythmias ranged from atrial or ventricular ectopic events to various degrees of atrioventricular block. Complete heart block occurred during the procedure in 1 patient and after the procedure in another patient. Hypotensive episodes occurred in 7 patients, and were attributed to arrhythmias in 5 patients and hypovolemia in 2 patients. Two patients were given blood transfusions after the procedure because they had signs of hypovolemia and a greater than 10% decrease in hemoglobin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anesthesia for perimembranous VSD occluder placement is associated with hemodynamic instability, arrhythmias, prolonged procedure times, and inevitable and sometimes substantial blood loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology, Military Hospital (CTC), Golibar Maidan, Pune, India. mukulanjali@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Mukul Chandra
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Suveer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Vipul Krishen
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Jaskaran Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dugal
authors.forename: Charanjit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome