title: How depth of anesthesia influences the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal from the visual cortex of children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional MR imaging (fMRI) is playing an important role in investigations of cortical development and maturation. Functional MR imaging in young children or infants frequently involves measuring a clinical population under sedation or anesthesia. We examined the effect of depth of anesthesia on the extent and amplitude of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed BOLD-based fMRI on a visual stimulus flickering at 8 Hz at sevoflurane concentrations of 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 0.75 MAC, and 1.0 MAC, on 16 children at least 5 years of age. We determined the extent of activation by counting the number of activated voxels and assessed the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin concentration by comparing DeltaR2*.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of activated voxels of the positive BOLD response was higher at 0.75 MAC than at 0.5 MAC or 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean DeltaR2* steadily declined as the level of sevoflurane was increased from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The extent of activation of the negative BOLD response declined progressively from 0.5 MAC to 1.0 MAC. The magnitude of their mean amplitude of the DeltaR2* did not change with sevoflurane concentrations. The change in the extent of activation and the magnitude of DeltaR2* when the concentration of sevoflurane increased from 0.5 MAC to 0.75 MAC was due to its vasodilative property. The change in the extent of activation and the amplitude of DeltaR2* following the increase in the concentration of sevoflurane from 0.75 MAC and 1.0 MAC was due to its anesthetic property. This was the case for both the positive and negative BOLD response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful adjustment of anesthetic depth can be used advantageously when performing BOLD-based fMRI measurements in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Marcar
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loenneker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen