title: Active and passive smoking and development of glucose intolerance among young adults in a prospective cohort: CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether active and passive smokers are more likely than non-smokers to develop clinically relevant glucose intolerance or diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) is a prospective cohort study begun in 1985-6 with 15 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants recruited from Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Oakland, California, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Black and white men and women aged 18-30 years with no glucose intolerance at baseline, including 1386 current smokers, 621 previous smokers, 1452 never smokers with reported exposure to secondhand smoke (validated by serum cotinine concentrations 1-15 ng/ml), and 1113 never smokers with no exposure to secondhand smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time to development of glucose intolerance (glucose > or = 100 mg/dl or taking antidiabetic drugs) during 15 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at baseline was 25, 55% of participants were women, and 50% were African-American. During follow-up, 16.7% of participants developed glucose intolerance. A graded association existed between smoking exposure and the development of glucose intolerance. The 15 year incidence of glucose intolerance was highest among smokers (21.8%), followed by never smokers with passive smoke exposure (17.2%), and then previous smokers (14.4%); it was lowest for never smokers with no passive smoke exposure (11.5%). Current smokers (hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 2.13) and never smokers with passive smoke exposure (1.35, 1.06 to 1.71) remained at higher risk than never smokers without passive smoke exposure after adjustment for multiple baseline sociodemographic, biological, and behavioural factors, but risk in previous smokers was similar to that in never smokers without passive smoke exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support a role of both active and passive smoking in the development of glucose intolerance in young adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Deep South Center on Effectiveness Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA. thouston@uab.edu
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Sharina D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Person
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pletcher
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: Catarina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kiefe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution