Assessing hope at the end of life: validation of an experience of hope scale in advanced cancer patients.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to gather validity evidence for an innovative experience of hope scale, the Hope Differential-Short (HDS), and evaluate its clinical utility for assessing hope in advanced cancer patients.


METHODS
A consecutive sampling approach was used to recruit 96 patients from an inpatient tertiary palliative care unit and three hospice settings. Each participant completed an in-person survey interview, consisting of the following measures: HDS (nine items), Herth Hope Index (HHI), hope visual analog scale (Hope-VAS) and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS).


RESULTS
Using factor analytic procedures, a two-factor structure for the HDS was identified, consisting of authentic spirit (Factor I) and comfort (Factor II). The HDS factors had good overall internal consistency (alpha = 0.83), with Factor I (alpha = 0.83) being higher than Factor II (alpha = 0.69). The two factors positively correlated with the HHI, Hope-VAS, and one of the ESAS visual analog scales, well-being (range: 0.38 to 0.64) and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety, as measured by the ESAS (range: -0.25 to -0.42).


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first validation study of the HDS in advanced cancer patients. Its promising psychometric properties and brief patient-oriented nature provide a solid initial foundation for its future use as a clinical assessment measure in oncology and palliative care. Additional studies are warranted to gather further validity evidence for the HDS before its routine use in clinical practice.
Nekolaichuk
Cheryl L
CL
Alberta Cancer Board, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. CLN1@ualberta.ca
Bruera
Eduardo
E
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001293:Attitude to Death; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012494:Sampling Studies; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires