title: Dynamic swallowing study and radiation dose to patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to define an optimal radiological procedure to evaluate the results of rehabilitation therapy for swallowing disorders and to calculate both the effective and organ dose to the patient to provide a measure of the radiation risk associated with the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to define the optimal radiological procedure, kerma-area product (KAP) measurements and evaluations of image quality in fluoroscopy and fluorography mode were made using dedicated phantoms. Twenty-two patients were included in the study, and the values of KAP, screening time and average voltage selected were individually recorded. The recorded KAP values were used to estimate radiation risk with the use of dedicated calculation software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median, first and third quartiles of the KAP distribution were, respectively, 2.1, 1.5 and 2.7 Gy cm2, with a corresponding effective dose of 0.35, 0.26 and 0.46 mSv. A good correlation between KAP and exposure time was also found (R2=0.85). Exposure of the thyroid, which is inside the radiation field, accounts for the greatest share to the effective dose, with a calculated median dose of 6 mGy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the defined radiological procedure, the obtained KAP values are lower than recorded doses in interventional radiology, and the corresponding values of entrance skin dose are lower than the threshold dose for deterministic effects. Considering the effective dose at the median KAP value, the probability for stochastic effects is shown to be low, at approximately 1 in 39,000.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 8, 1-27100 Pavia, Italy. l.moro@fsm.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cazzani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003679:Deglutition; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D014741:Video Recording