title: [Non-invasive urodynamics in male patient].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pressure-flow studies are currently recognized as the criterion standard to quantify urethral obstruction and its consequence on detrusor contractility. These tests have some disadvantages: they are invasive, time-consuming and expensive and entail risk of disease for the patient. Less invasive methods have been proposed to give the same results without the disadvantages. In this study, we conducted a critical analysis of the devices and techniques and their results.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a brief reminder of the general behavior of the flow in an obstructed urethra, we describe the main non-invasive techniques: penile urethral compression-release (PCR), cuffs, and condoms. Using the VBN method, we tried to quantify data from these techniques to specify the relation with the usual parameters of bladder outlet obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of brisk change of the flow rate, the voiding phases are easily analyzed. With minor corrections, recorded external or cuff pressures could be used in the ICS nomogram; unfortunately, these pressures are greatly modified by perturbations of the nervous control. The spike of flow (due to urine storage in the urethra) observed at resumption of flow after each interruption presents mathematical difficulties for quantitative and reliable modeling but could give a consistent empirical interpretation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the reported non-invasive tests, all except PCR have an important instrumental heaviness and induce strong perturbations of the nervous control. If they cannot allow an accurate quantification of urethral obstruction and detrusor contractility, they could allow for classification of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) patients. Despite the mathematical problems set by the theory of spikes, the empirical use of the spikes amplitude could perhaps be clinically useful.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U731, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France. francoise.valentini@jrs.aphp.fr
authors.forename: F-A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: P-P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology