title: Diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical presentation and precipitating factors at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinico-laboratory features and precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient medical and surgical wards of KNH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients aged 12 years and above with known or previously unknown diabetes hospitalised with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a nine month period, 48 patients had DKA out of 648 diabetic patients hospitalised within the period, one died before full evaluation. Mean (SD) age was 37 (18.12) years for males, 29.9 (14.3) for females, range of 12 to 77 years. Half of the patients were newly diagnosed. More than 90% had HbA1c > 8%, only three patients had HbA1c of 7-8.0%. More than 90% had altered level of consciousness, with almost quarter in coma, 36% had systolic hypotension, almost 75% had moderate to severe dehydration. Blunted level of consciousness was significantly associated with severe dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Over 65% patients had leucocytosis but most (55%) of them did not have overt infection. Amongst the precipitating factors, 34% had missed insulin, 23.4% had overt infection and only 6.4% had both infection and missed insulin injections. Infection sites included respiratory, genito-urinary and septicaemia. Almost thirty (29.8%) percent of the study subjects died within 48 hours of hospitalisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in about 8% of the hospitalised diabetic patients. It was a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The main precipitant factors of DKA were infections and missed insulin injections. These factors are preventable in order to improve outcomes in the diabetic patients who complicate to DKA.
authors.affiliation: Kenyatta National Hospital, P. O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mbugua
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kayima
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amayo
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: McLigeyo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin