title: Resolution of common dietary sugars from probe sugars for test of intestinal permeability using capillary column gas chromatography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most widely accepted method for the evaluation of intestinal barrier integrity is the measurement of the permeation of sugar probes following an oral test dose of sugars. The most-widely used sugar probes are sucrose, lactulose, mannitol and sucralose. Measuring these sugars using a sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method, we noticed interference on the area of the lactulose and mannitol peaks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested different sugars to detect the possible makeup of these interferences and finally detected that the lactose interferes with lactulose peak and fructose interferes with mannitol peak. On further developing of our method, we were able to reasonably separate these peaks using different columns and condition for our assay. Sample preparation was rapid and simple and included adding internal standard sugars, derivitization and silylation. We used two chromatographic methods. In the first method we used Megabore column and had a run time of 34 min. This resulted in partial separation of the peaks. In the second method we used thin capillary column and was able to reasonably separate the lactose and lactulose peaks and the mannitol and fructose peaks with run time of 22 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sugar probes including mannitol, sucrose, lactulose, sucralose, fructose and lactose were detected precisely, without interference. The assay was linear between lactulose concentrations of 0.5 and 40 g/L (r(2)=1.000, P<0.0001) and mannitol concentrations of 0.01 and 40 g/L (r(2)=1.000). The sensitivity of this method remained high using new column and assay condition. The minimum detectable concentration calculated for both methods was 0.5 mg/L for lactulose and 1 mg/L for mannitol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of interference of commonly used sugars with test of intestinal permeability. These sugars are found in most of fruits and dairy products and could easily interfere with the result of permeability tests. Our new GC assay of urine sugar probes permits the simultaneous quantitation of sucralose, sucrose, mannitol and lactulose, without interference with lactose and fructose. This assay is a rapid, simple, sensitive and reproducible method to accurately measure intestinal permeability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Ashkan_farhadi@rush.edu
authors.forename: Ashkan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farhadi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keshavarzian
authors.forename: Jeremy Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Maliha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banan
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose