title: Kidney injury: an experimental investigation of blunt renal trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The abdomen ranks third with regard to injured body regions, and urogenital trauma accounts for up to 10% of all abdominal injuries. Predictive numerical models are evolving as important tools for the development of preventative measures and preliminary clinical diagnostics. Such models require accurate biomechanical input data that at present is not sufficiently available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of the present study was to determine the biomechanical response of whole, perfused porcine kidneys to blunt impact. Specifically of interest were the force-displacement characteristics of the organs, as well as the injury thresholds. Thirty nine young, adult pig kidneys (kidney mass 0.17 +/- 0.02 kg) were infused with physiologic saline solution, and impacted on their dorsal surface by a freely swinging right cylindrical pendulum. Two impact masses (2.1 and 4.7 kg) were used at varying impact velocities and corresponding impact energies. Resulting injuries were graded according to the AAST injury scale, and injury was related to impact mass, impact velocity, and impact energy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was determined that injury was best predicted by impact energy, and that for a given impact energy the resulting injury severity was relatively independent of either impact mass or impact velocity. For a moderate to severe injury, an impact energy threshold of 4 J, or a corresponding strain energy density of 25 kJ/m, was established. This information is essential to the development and implementation of accurate, predictive computational trauma models.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) and University of Zurich, Switzerland. schmitt@biomed.ee.ethz.ch
authors.forename: K-U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Snedeker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries*; D013552:Swine; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000145:classification*