title: A twin study of lifetime Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in older adults: genetic and environmental influences shared by neuroticism and GAD.
abstract: The nature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and worry across the lifespan remains incompletely understood. We investigated genetic and environmental influences on GAD and the proportion of genetic and environmental variation in GAD that is shared with neuroticism in older adult twins. Participants included 1618 monozygotic and 2291 same-sexed dizygotic twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Registry aged 55 to 74. Participants provided personality information in 1973 and also participated in a telephone screening between 1998 and 2002 that included an assessment for lifetime GAD. Univariate biometric models indicated that both GAD and neuroticism were moderately heritable (.27 and .47, respectively), while the balance of variation reflected environmental factors unique to the individual. Bivariate analyses indicated that approximately one third of the genetic influences on GAD were in common with genetic influences on neuroticism, while individual specific environmental influences were virtually unshared between GAD and neuroticism. Analyses of sex effects suggested that men and women differed in the frequency of lifetime GAD and level of neuroticism; however, no sex differences for genetic and environmental influences for either trait were identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1061, USA. mackinto@usc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mackintosh
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gatz
authors.forename: Julie Loebach
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wetherell
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology