title: Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is the primary method used to diagnose prostate cancer in the United States. Methods to integrate other risk factors associated with prostate cancer into individualized risk prediction are needed. We used prostate biopsy data from men who participated in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) to develop a predictive model of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 5519 men from the placebo group of the PCPT who underwent prostate biopsy, had at least one PSA measurement and a digital rectal examination (DRE) performed during the year before the biopsy, and had at least two PSA measurements performed during the 3 years before the prostate biopsy. Logistic regression was used to model the risk of prostate cancer and high-grade disease associated with age at biopsy, race, family history of prostate cancer, PSA level, PSA velocity, DRE result, and previous prostate biopsy. Risk equations were created from the estimated logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1211 (21.9%) men were diagnosed with prostate cancer by prostate biopsy. Variables that predicted prostate cancer included higher PSA level, positive family history of prostate cancer, and abnormal DRE result, whereas a previous negative prostate biopsy was associated with reduced risk. Neither age at biopsy nor PSA velocity contributed independent prognostic information. Higher PSA level, abnormal DRE result, older age at biopsy, and African American race were predictive for high-grade disease (Gleason score > or =7) whereas a previous negative prostate biopsy reduced this risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This predictive model allows an individualized assessment of prostate cancer risk and risk of high-grade disease for men who undergo a prostate biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. thompsoni@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Donna Pauler
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ankerst
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Phyllis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tangen
authors.forename: M Scott
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lucia
authors.forename: Ziding
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Parnes
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Coltman
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen