title: Hydroxyapatite dip coated and uncoated titanium poly-axial pedicle screws: an in vivo bovine model.
abstract: METHODS
  A 1-year-old calf was implanted with titanium pedicle screws either uncoated (n = 7) or coated with hydroxyapatite (n = 7) by the dipping method on the pedicles of vertebrae (t10-l3).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate biomechanical and histomorphologic responses to titanium pedicle screws uncoated and coated with hydroxyapatite.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Failure of fixation caused by loosening of pedicle screws is a problem in spinal surgery. Enhancement of the fixation ability of screws by coating with biocompatible materials may improve prognosis of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The calf was euthanized 4 months after implantation for determination of insertion and extraction torques for screws, and histologic and scanning electron microscopic examinations of areas screw embedded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insertion torques did not differ by the kind of screws (99 +/- 5.7 Ncm). However, extraction torques for screws coated with hydroxyapatite were higher than for screws uncoated (249 vs. 133 Ncm, P < 0.01). As compared with uncoated screws, implanted areas for hydroxyapatite-coated screws were denser, had more cracks, and provided better bonding. Fibrous tissue and new bone formation were observed around the areas of uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated screws embedded, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxyapatite coating of titanium pedicle screws by the dipping method improved fixation and vertebral bone-implant interface, suggesting a decreased risk of a screw-loosening problem.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. omers@atauni.edu.tr
authors.forename: Omer S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Yildirim
authors.forename: Bunyamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aksakal
authors.forename: Salih C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hanyaloglu
authors.forename: Fazli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards; D002417:Cattle; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000592:standards; D017886:Durapatite / Q000592:standards; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D023421:Models, Animal; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014025:Titanium / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium