Rapid dissemination of a pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus to systemic organs and active replication in lymphoid tissues following intrarectal infection.
A better understanding of virological events during the early phase of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is important for development of effective antiviral vaccines. In this study, by using quantitative PCR and an infectious plaque assay, virus distribution and replication were examined in various internal organs of rhesus macaques for almost 1 month after intrarectal inoculation of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV-C2/1-KS661c). At 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.), proviral DNA was detected in the rectum, thymus and axillary lymph node. In lymphoid tissues, infectious virus was first detected at 6 days p.i. and a high level of proviral DNA and infectious virus were both detected at 13 days p.i. By 27 days p.i., levels of infectious virus decreased dramatically, although proviral DNA load remained unaltered. In the intestinal tract, levels of infectious virus detected were much lower than in lymphoid tissues, whereas proviral DNA was detected at the same level as in lymphoid tissues throughout the infection. In the thymus and jejunum, CD4CD8 double-positive T cells were depleted earlier than CD4 single-positive cells. These results show that the virus spread quickly to systemic tissues after mucosal transmission. Thereafter, infectious virus was actively produced in the lymphoid tissues, but levels decreased significantly after the peak of viraemia. In contrast, in the intestinal tract, infectious virus was produced at low levels from the beginning of infection. Moreover, virus pathogenesis differed in CD4 single-positive and CD4CD8 double-positive T cells.
Miyake
Ariko
A
Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.|Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Ibuki
Kentaro
K
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Enose
Yoshimi
Y
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Suzuki
Hajime
H
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Horiuchi
Reii
R
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Motohara
Makiko
M
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Saito
Naoki
N
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Nakasone
Tadashi
T
National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Honda
Mitsuo
M
National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Watanabe
Toshiki
T
Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
Miura
Tomoyuki
T
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Hayami
Masanori
M
Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D011533:Proviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012007:Rectum / Q000821:virology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence
D004279:DNA, Viral