title: Posttraumatic syndromes in children and adolescents after road traffic accidents--a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of road traffic accidents (RTAs) on the physical health of children is well recognized, but their psychological consequences have only recently become a topic of research. While other traumatic experiences in childhood are well studied, this kind of trauma has been poorly investigated to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted of 8- to 18-year-old children and adolescents who were involved in RTAs in a large urban area during a 6-month period. The children and adolescents were interviewed within 1 week after the accident and, again, 3 months later. In total, 72 children and adolescents took part in the study. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression and anxiety were assessed by a structured clinical interview and standardized questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One week after the accident, 11% of the children met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to ICD-10 and a further 13% met the criteria for 'subsyndromal PTSD'. Complex syndromes consisting of subsyndromal posttraumatic stress, (separation) anxiety and depression were common among those children. Isolated cases of anxiety and depression symptoms were also observed but rarely reached an impairing level. Three months after the accident, 25% of the children reported persistence of the PTSD symptoms (measured by the Impact of Event Scale - Revised). The strongest predictor of the extent of posttraumatic stress after 3 months was proven to be the initial level of PTSD symptoms. This predictor alone accounted for 38% of its variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence that even after 'everyday' RTAs, psychological consequences are common. Special attention should be paid to the common occurrence of subsyndromal psychological disturbances and more complex syndromes. The results further indicate the limitations of the PTSD concept in the assessment of posttraumatic disturbances in childhood and adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. i.schaefer@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barkmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riedesser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulte-Markwort
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors