Surveillance for World Trade Center disaster health effects among survivors of collapsed and damaged buildings.
OBJECTIVE
Survivors of collapsed or damaged buildings from the attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) were among those most exposed to injury hazards, air pollution, and traumatic events.


METHODS
This report summarizes data from health outcomes collected during interviews conducted from September 5, 2003, to the close of the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) enrollment on November 20, 2004.


METHODS
WTCHR will be used to monitor periodically the mental and physical health of 71,437 enrollees for 20 years. The analysis is limited to 8,418 adult survivors of collapsed buildings (n = 5,095) and buildings with major or moderate damage (n = 3,323), excluding those who were involved in rescue and recovery.


RESULTS
A total of 62.4% of survivors of collapsed or damaged buildings were caught in the dust and debris cloud that resulted from the collapse of the WTC towers, and 63.8% experienced three or more potentially psychologically traumatizing events. Injuries were common (43.6%), but few survivors reported injuries that would have required extensive treatment. More than half (56.6%) of survivors reported experiencing new or worsening respiratory symptoms after the attacks, 23.9% had heartburn/reflux, and 21.0% had severe headaches. At the time of the interview, 10.7% of building survivors screened positive for serious psychological distress (SPD) using the K6 instrument. After multiple adjustments, data indicated that survivors caught in the dust and debris cloud were more likely to report any injuries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.9; p< or =0.05); any respiratory symptom (AOR = 2.7; p< or =0.05); severe headaches (AOR = 2.0; p< or =0.05); skin rash/irritation (AOR = 1.7; p< or =0.05); hearing problems or loss (AOR = 1.7; p< or =0.05); heartburn (AOR = 1.7; p< or =0.05); diagnosed stroke (AOR = 5.6; p< or =0.05); self-reported depression, anxiety, or other emotional problem (AOR = 1.4; p< or =0.05); and current SPD (AOR = 2.2; p< or =0.05). Adjustment for SPD did not diminish the observed associations between dust cloud exposure and physical health outcomes. Building type and time of evacuation were associated with injuries on September 11, 2001 and reported symptoms; building type (collapsed versus damaged) also was associated with mental distress.


CONCLUSIONS
Two to three years after September 11, survivors of buildings that collapsed or that were damaged as a result of the WTC attack reported substantial physical and mental health problems. The long-term ramifications of these effects are unknown. Many survivors were caught directly in the dust and debris of collapsing towers, a dense cloud of particulate matter that might have produced or exacerbated these health effects. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION RECOMMENDED: Long-term follow-up of building survivors and all other persons enrolled in WTCHR should be maintained, with particular attention to those persons exposed to the dust cloud. Some of these findings might lead to building designs that can minimize injury hazards.
Brackbill
Robert M
RM
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia, USA. rbrackbi@health.nyc.gov
Thorpe
Lorna E
LE
DiGrande
Laura
L
Perrin
Megan
M
Sapp
James H
JH
Wu
David
D
Campolucci
Sharon
S
Walker
Deborah J
DJ
Cone
Jim
J
Pulliam
Paul
P
Thalji
Lisa
L
Farfel
Mark R
MR
Thomas
Pauline
P
D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution; D003252:Construction Materials; D005107:Explosions; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008603:Mental Health; D009519:New York City; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012042:Registries; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D017741:Survivors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology