title: Interferon-gamma potentiates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced death by reducing pancreatic beta cell defence mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A tight control of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis is crucial for beta cell function and survival. We recently described that IL-1beta plus IFN-gamma deplete endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores in beta cells, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. IL-1beta alone induced endoplasmic reticulum stress but failed to induce beta cell death, while IFN-gamma alone neither caused endoplasmic reticulum stress nor induced beta cell death. This suggests that IFN-gamma aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by IL-1beta, eventually triggering apoptosis. Here we tested this hypothesis and the mechanisms involved, by investigating the effects of IFN-gamma on endoplasmic reticulum-stress-induced beta cell apoptosis caused by a specific blocker of the sarcoendoplasmic-reticulum pump Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  INS-1E cells or beta cells were pretreated with IFN-gamma and then exposed to the SERCA blocker cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) for induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell death was evaluated by Hoechst 342 and propidium iodide staining. Expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress was determined by real-time RT-PCR, while activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response was determined by analysing X-box binding protein-1 (Xbp1) splicing and using a reporter construct containing five copies of the unfolded protein response element (UPRE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CPA induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in insulin-producing cells. Pretreatment with IFN-gamma decreased the basal level of spliced Xbp1 mRNA, the basal and CPA-induced activity of the UPRE reporter, and the mRNA expression of several endoplasmic reticulum chaperones (Bip, Grp94 and Orp 150) and Sec61a. Furthermore, CPA-induced Chop mRNA expression and beta cell apoptosis were potentiated in cells that had been pretreated with IFN-gamma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPA-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis is enhanced in IFN-gamma-treated beta cells. These effects are mediated via downregulation of the expression of genes involved in beta cell defence against endoplasmic reticulum stress.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pirot
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eizirik
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002118:Calcium; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid