Macrophage nutriprive antimicrobial mechanisms.
In addition to oxidative and antibiotic mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, macrophages are able to deprive intracellular pathogens of required nutrients. Thus, microbial killing may not rely only in the toxic environment the microbe reaches but also may result from the scarcity of nutrients in the cellular compartment it occupies. Here, we analyze evidence for such nutriprive (from the latin privare, to deprive of nutrients), antimicrobial mechanisms. Although the direct analysis of nutrient availability is most often not feasible, indirect evidence of lack of nutrients in the microbial organelles has been inferred from the study of mutants, the analysis of gene expression, and the consequences of changing the intracellular location of the pathogen. We propose that according to the microbe and its survival strategy, different mechanisms to impede access to nutrients may be constitutively present or may be induced by cytokines and other pathways. Thus, membrane transporters may remove nutrients from vacuolar compartments, and enzymes may degrade some growth factors. A series of diverse compounds may sequester other molecules required for microbial growth, as exemplified by the action of iron chelators. Modulation of vesicular trafficking may prevent the fusion of certain vesicles containing nutrients with those containing the pathogen, counteracting the evasion strategies of the pathogen. The understanding of these mechanisms will certainly help in designing new therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to preventing infectious diseases.
Appelberg
Rui
R
IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal. rappelb@ibmc.up.pt
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000502:physiology; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000502:physiology
D000596:Amino Acids; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D014131:Trace Elements; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002784:Cholesterol; D007501:Iron