title: Correction of neglected clubfoot using the Ilizarov external fixator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to evaluate the corrective capability of the Ilizarov external fixator in the treatment of neglected clubfoot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients (38 feet) with a mean age of 19 (5 to 39) years with severe deformities and stiff feet associated with neglected clubfoot were studied. A limited soft-tissue dissection, Achilles tenotomy, and plantar fasciotomy were done. Progressive correction of the deformities was achieved through a standard setting of the Ilizarov external fixator. The device was used for 16 weeks, on average, and after removal a short-leg walking cast was used for an additional 6 weeks, followed by an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) for 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final outcome was scored as good (complete correction and no pain); fair (partial correction with plantigrade foot and occasional pain); or poor (nonplantigrade foot and continuous pain during walking). After a mean followup of 58 (range 12 to 107) months, the results were good in 30 feet (78.9%); fair in three feet (7.9%); and poor in five feet (13.2%). Early complications were a distal tibial fracture in one foot, dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in one foot, and arterial damage that resulted in amputation of the toes in one foot. Recurrence of the deformity was found in 19 feet (50%): 11 minor, three mild, and five severe. Spontaneous ankylosis developed in 28 feet (73.7%). Nine feet (23.7%) required arthrodesis for symptomatic arthritis of the ankle or midfoot and deformity that could not be treated with orthoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ilizarov external fixator allows simultaneous correction of all the severe foot deformities associated with neglected clubfoot with minimal surgery, reducing risks of cutaneous or neurovascular complications and avoiding excessive shortening of the foot. Even in those patients in whom final corrective arthrodesis is necessary, this may be carried out with minimal bone resection, since the severe deformities of the foot and ankle have been corrected.
authors.affiliation: ceckley@unisys.com.br
authors.forename: Ricardo Cardenuto
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Marco Túlio
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Costo
authors.forename: Gastão Guilherme
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Frizzo
authors.forename: Fernando Ferreira
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: da Fonseca Filho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018889:Ilizarov Technique; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome