title: Threonine 41 in beta-catenin serves as a key phosphorylation relay residue in beta-catenin degradation.
abstract: Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation, and regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Beta-catenin mutations at Ser45, Thr41, Ser37, and Ser33 perturb beta-catenin degradation and are frequently found in cancers. It is established that Ser45 phosphorylation by casein kinase I (CKI) initiates phosphorylation at Thr41, Ser37, and Ser33 by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and that phosphorylated Ser37 and Ser33 are recognized by the F-box protein beta-TrCP, a component of a ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates beta-catenin degradation. While the roles of Ser45, Ser37, and Ser33 are well documented, the function of Thr41 remains less defined. Here we show that Thr41 strictly acts as a phosphorylation relay residue and that the Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3. Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. These results suggest that Thr41 functions to bridge sequential phosphorylation from Ser45 to Ser37 and provide further insights into the discrete steps and logic in beta-catenin phosphorylation-degradation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012694:Serine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013912:Threonine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051176:beta Catenin; D013912:Threonine; D012694:Serine