title: Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both short and long interpregnancy intervals have been associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. However, whether this possible association is confounded by maternal characteristics or socioeconomic status is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between birth spacing and relative risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published in any language were retrieved by searching MEDLINE (1966 through January 2006), EMBASE, ECLA, POPLINE, CINAHL, and LILACS, proceedings of meetings on birth spacing, and bibliographies of retrieved articles, and by contact with relevant researchers in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included studies were cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies with results adjusted for at least maternal age and socioeconomic status, reporting risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (or data to calculate them) of birth spacing and perinatal outcomes. Of 130 articles identified in the search, 67 (52%) were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on study design, participant characteristics, measure of birth spacing used, measures of outcome, control for potential confounding factors, and risk estimates was abstracted independently by 2 investigators using a standardized protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A random-effects model and meta-regression analyses were used to pool data from individual studies. Compared with interpregnancy intervals of 18 to 23 months, interpregnancy intervals shorter than 6 months were associated with increased risks of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age (pooled adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 1.40 [1.24-1.58], 1.61 [1.39-1.86], and 1.26 [1.18-1.33], respectively). Intervals of 6 to 17 months and longer than 59 months were also associated with a significantly greater risk for the 3 adverse perinatal outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpregnancy intervals shorter than 18 months and longer than 59 months are significantly associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. These data suggest that spacing pregnancies appropriately could help prevent such adverse perinatal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios e Investigación en Salud and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia. condeagu@uniweb.net.co
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conde-Agudelo
authors.forename: Anyeli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosas-Bermúdez
authors.forename: Ana Cecilia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kafury-Goeta
mesh_terms: D001721:Birth Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012306:Risk