title: Effect of aggressive risk factor modification on cardiac events and myocardial ischaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether aggressive risk factor modification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) can limit the development of new ischaemia or reduce cardiac events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with CKD were randomly assigned to either an aggressive risk factor modification strategy (targeted treatment of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, homocysteine, haemoglobin and phosphate) or standard care. An intention to treat analysis was performed on 152 patients who had baseline dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), including 107 who had follow-up DSE. Biochemical parameters, cardiac risk factors and investigations (ECG, two-dimensional echocardiography) were recorded at baseline. New ischaemia was classed as new or worsening stress wall motion abnormality between follow-up and baseline DSE. Patients were followed up for the development of new ischaemia or cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome and non-fatal myocardial infarction over 1.8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The development of new ischaemia was common but not different between the standard and aggressively treated groups (15 (21%) v 18 (23%), p = 0.8). Independent predictors of new ischaemia were older age, abnormal ECG, higher systolic blood pressure and lower serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not treatment arm. The standard and aggressively treated groups did not differ in cardiac event rate (10% v 13%, p = 0.6) or all-cause mortality (10% v 19%, p = 0.2). In patients with an abnormal baseline DSE (non-diagnostic, scar or ischaemia), the event rate was similar (22% v 20%, p = 0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggressive risk factor modification in CKD does not limit the development of new ischaemia or reduce cardiac events in patients with an abnormal DSE.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rakhit
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Marwick
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leano
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Isbel
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine