title: Strict blood glucose control with insulin during intensive care after cardiac surgery: impact on 4-years survival, dependency on medical care, and quality-of-life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the impact of intensive insulin therapy during intensive care on long-term (4 years) outcome of high-risk cardiac surgery patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this pre-planned sub-analysis and follow-up study of a large, randomized controlled trial on the effects of intensive insulin therapy during critical illness, we assessed long-term outcome in the 970 patients who had been admitted after high-risk cardiac surgery (mean+/-SD EuroSCORE of 6.0+/-3.7; EuroSCORE-predicted hospital mortality of 9.9%; observed hospital mortality of 7.5% in the conventional insulin group and 3.4% in the intensive insulin group). Long-term outcome was quantified as: (a) 4 years survival; (b) incidence of hospital re-admission; (c) level of activity and medical care requirements at 4 years as assessed by the Karnofsky score; and (d) perceived health-related quality-of-life at 4 years as assessed by the Nottingham Health Profile. Four years after ICU admission, the number of post-hospital discharge deaths was similar in the two study groups, reflecting maintenance of the acute survival benefit with intensive insulin therapy. Survivors who had been treated with intensive insulin during ICU stay revealed a similar risk for hospital re-admission and a comparable level of dependency on medical care. There was no effect on quality-of-life in the total group, whereas the increased survival of sicker patients with at least 3 days of insulin therapy evoked a more compromised perceived quality-of-life, in particular regarding social and family life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term survival benefit obtained with insulin-titrated glycaemic control during intensive care after cardiac surgery was maintained after 4 years, without inducing increased medical care requirements but possibly at the expense of compromised perceived quality of social and family life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Debaveye
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Milants
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buelens
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peeraer
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Devriendt
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanhoutte
authors.forename: Aurelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.forename: Miet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schetz
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van den Berghe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin