title: Shear-induced variability in the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus 2: modifications to the existing system.
abstract: The hydrodynamics within the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus 2 have been shown to be highly non-uniform with a potential to yield substantial variability in dissolution rate measurements. Through the use of readily available engineering tools, several geometric modifications to the device were evaluated in this study. Specifically, we examined the influence of impeller clearance, agitator type (radial and axial), and vessel geometry (PEAK vessel) on the fluid flow properties and their relation to measured dissolution rates. Increasing the impeller clearance was observed to exacerbate the heterogeneity in shear and would likely result in greater variability in dissolution measurements. Altering the impeller type was shown to yield changes in the hydrodynamic behavior; however, the overall properties and problems with the test remain the same. Use of the PEAK vessel was observed to reduce shear heterogeneity in the regions where tablets are most likely to visit during testing; however, higher shear rates may result in the inability to discriminate between true differences in dissolution rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kukura
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Muzzio
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic; D033081:Shear Strength; D012995:Solubility; D013607:Tablets; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets