title: The place of detoxification in treatment of opioid dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes current research on the management of opioid withdrawal and considers the selection of the approach in different situations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recent publication of three controlled trials makes firm conclusions about the relative effectiveness of newer approaches (antagonist-induced withdrawal under anaesthesia or with minimal sedation; buprenorphine) to the management of opioid withdrawal possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antagonist-induced withdrawal under anaesthesia should not be pursued as it has an increased risk of life-threatening adverse events and has no additional benefits relative to antagonist-induced withdrawal under minimal sedation. Antagonist-induced withdrawal with minimal sedation is feasible and may be suitable for those who intend to enter antagonist-maintenance treatment with a clear commitment to abstinence and good support. Buprenorphine is suitable for quick withdrawal, supports transition to naltrexone maintenance treatment, is safe and effective in outpatient settings and can be extended into maintenance treatment if the detoxification attempt is unsuccessful. Adrenergic agonists (clonidine and lofexidine) remain an effective option for those who do not want to use an opioid and do not intend to transfer to naltrexone maintenance treatment, with lofexidine being preferable for outpatient settings. Through appropriate choice of approach, detoxification can be a gateway to multiple, long-term treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia, Australia. linda.gowing@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gowing
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000758:Anesthesia; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D002047:Buprenorphine