title: [Childhood diencephalic pilocytic astrocytoma. A review of seven observations].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is a WHO grade I tumor of the central nervous system mostly arising in children and young adults. Management of diencephalic PA is a difficult challenge. Surgical treatment has to cope with both the difficulties of deep location and eloquent area tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed seven pediatric cases (female: 4, male: 3) of diencephalic PA. Opto-chiasmatic tumors were excluded from the series. Mean age at diagnosis was 108 months (9 years) (range: 4 month-18 years), median age was 111 months. Median follow-up for the series was 125 months. Tumor locations were as followed: right thalamus: 2, both thalami: 1, hypothalamus: 3, and right basal ganglia: 1. At the onset, the first symptom was mostly raised intracranial pressure. The delay in diagnosis ranged from 48 hours up to 6 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  a shunting procedure was performed in 3 patients, a direct surgical approach in 5 patients (gross total removal: 2; partial removal: 3) and one patient had only a biopsy. Three children were re-operated. Three patients were treated by radiationtherapy (RT) after surgery. Chemotherapy was delivered for 4 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall survival rate was 71.4 months (almost 6 years) (range: 3-184 months). Median survival rate was 42 months (3.5 years). Three children died, two by tumor progression and one death related to late side-effects of RT. Four patients have a good quality of life with GOS I (n = 3) or II (n = 1). We observed tumor regression in two patients at 1 and 17 years after the beginning of treatment. Correct diagnosis was only made for two cases at the initial pathological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The course of diencephalic PA is still unpredictable. The tumor can be controlled by a partial surgical removal, and a residual tumor can sometimes decrease in size after surgery. Gross total removal of these tumors, although difficult, may be performed. With cranial navigation systems, the risk is low. Pathological diagnosis is sometimes difficult to assess.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique du Département de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Central, CHU de Nancy, Cedex, France. o.klein@chu-nancy.fr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Grignon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Civit
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auque
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marchal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007029:Hypothalamic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013786:Thalamic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed