title: Preparation and characterization of sodium hexameta phosphate cross-linked chitosan microspheres for controlled and sustained delivery of centchroman.
abstract: The cross-linked microspheres using chitosan with different molecular weights and degree of deacetylation have been prepared in presence of sodium hexameta polyphosphate (SHMP) as physical cross-linker. The degree of cross-linking through electrostatic interactions in chitosan microspheres has been evaluated by varying the charge density on chitosan and varying degree of dissociation of sodium hexameta polyphosphate by solution pH. The degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan has controlled electrostatic interactions between hexameta polyphosphate anions and chitosan, which played significant role in swelling, loading and release characteristics of chitosan microspheres for centchroman. The microspheres prepared by hexameta polyphosphate anions cross-linker were compact and more hydrophobic than covalently cross-linked microspheres, which has been attributed to the participation of all amino groups of chitosan in physical cross-linking with added hexameta polyphosphate anions. The microspheres prepared under different experimental conditions have shown an initial step of burst release, which was followed by a step of controlled release for centchroman. The extent of drug release in these steps has shown dependence on properties of chitosan and degree of cross-linking between chitosan and added polyanions. The degree of swelling and release characteristics of microspheres was also studied in presence of organic and inorganic salts, which shown significant effect on controlled characteristics of microspheres due to variations in ionic strength of the medium. The initial step of drug release has followed first order kinetics and become zero order after attaining an equilibrium degree of swelling in these microspheres. The microspheres prepared using chitosan with 62% (w/w) degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of 1134kgmol(-1) have shown a sustained release for centchroman for 50h at 4% (w/w) degree of cross-linking with SHMP.
authors.affiliation: Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India. kcgptfcy@iitr.ernet.in
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Fawzi Habeeb
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Jabrail
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions; D002486:Centchroman / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D010710:Phosphates; D002486:Centchroman; D048271:Chitosan; C009285:sodium polymetaphosphate