title: Enhanced lipid peroxidation in tourniquet-release mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion involves generation of reactive oxygen and resulting lipid peroxidation. However, investigation that ischemia-reperfusion following tourniquet release enhances lipid peroxidation is insufficient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tourniquet was applied to a unilateral hind limb of mice for 3h followed by 5-, 15-, 30- and 60-min release. To examine superoxide production immunohistochemically in ischemia-reperfusion muscles, a primary antibody directed to 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) was used. Furthermore, we analyzed 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroperoxycholest-5-en-3beta-ol, 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol by HPLC in the gastrocnemius muscles, kidneys, liver, heart and lungs of mice after 1-h reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased HNE immunoreactivitiy was observed in the tourniquet-applied side of gastrocnemius muscles of hind limb particularly after 5-min reperfusion. All the oxysterols were significantly higher in the gastrocnemius muscles of the tourniquet-applied side than of the contralateral muscles. Oxysterols were elevated in the kidneys and the liver. Together with the presence of high blood urea nitrogen, these data indicate that the kidney is vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhanced oxidative stress due to ischemia-reperfusion appears to increase HNE in muscle and oxysterols by peroxidation not only in the gastrocnemius muscles but also in the kidneys and liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan. adachi@med.kobe-u.ac.jp <adachi@med.kobe-u.ac.jp>
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kurisaki
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatake
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiraiwa
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D013481:Superoxides; D002784:Cholesterol; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal