title: [Genetics and orthopedics: genetic implications of congenital limb abnormalities].
abstract: Limb malformations are frequent. These malformations are isolated or associated with anomalies of other developmental fields and accurate diagnostic is essential for prognosis evaluation, treatment and genetic counseling. Animal embryology and molecular biology techniques, have given us a better understanding of the processes of growth and patterning of the limb buds. The key genes that are involved in these processes have been identified and their interactions recognized. Human genetics has been able to identify, or at least localize, several genes implicated in limb development. We here review the present knowledge on these genes and their mutations responsible for limb anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Clinique Guy-Fontaine, Hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, avenue Eugène-Avinée, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille Cedex.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holder-Espinasse
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herbaux
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lacombe
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Devisme
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boute-Bénéjean
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dieux-Coeslier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escande
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manouvrier-Hanu
mesh_terms: D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery*; D009985:Orthopedics; D011379:Prognosis