title: Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B, a potential molecular therapeutic target in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  More brain tumor markers are required for prognosis and targeted therapy. We have identified and validated promising molecular therapeutic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) targets: human transmembrane glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB(wt)) and a splice variant form (GPNMB(sv), a 12-amino-acid in-frame insertion in the extracellular domain).
  
  
  METHODS
  We have done genetic and immunohistochemical evaluation of human GBM to determine incidence, distribution, and pattern of localization of GPNMB antigens in brain tumors as well as survival analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative real-time PCR on 50 newly diagnosed GBM patient tumor samples indicated that 35 of 50 GBMs (70%) were positive for GPNMB(wt+sv) transcripts and 15 of 50 GBMs (30%) were positive for GPNMB(sv) transcripts. Normal brain samples expressed little or no GPNMB mRNA. We have isolated and characterized an anti-GPNMB polyclonal rabbit antiserum (2640) and two IgG2b monoclonal antibodies (mAb; G11 and U2). The binding affinity constants of the mAbs ranged from 0.27 x 10(8) to 9.6 x 10(8) M(-1) measured by surface plasmon resonance with immobilized GPNMB, or 1.7 to 2.1 x 10(8) M(-1) by Scatchard analyses with cell-expressed GPNMB. Immunohistochemical analysis detected GPNMB in a membranous and cytoplasmic pattern in 52 of 79 GBMs (66%), with focal perivascular reactivity in approximately 27%. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis revealed GPNMB cell surface molecular density of 1.1 x 10(4) to 7.8 x 10(4) molecules per cell, levels sufficient for mAb targeting. Increased GPNMB mRNA levels correlated with elevated GPNMB protein expression in GBM biopsy samples. Univariate and multivariate analyses correlated expression of GPNMB with survival of 39 GBM patients using RNA expression and immunohistochemical data, establishing that patients with relatively high mRNA GPNMB transcript levels (wt+sv and wt), >3-fold over normal brain, as well as positive immunohistochemistry, have a significantly higher risk of death (hazard ratios, 3.0, 2.2, and 2.8, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased mRNA and protein levels in GBM patient biopsy samples correlated with higher survival risk; as a detectable surface membrane protein in glioma cells, the data indicate that GPNMB is a potentially useful tumor-associated antigen and prognostic predictor for therapeutic approaches with malignant gliomas or any malignant tumor that expresses GPNMB.
authors.affiliation: Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Chien-Tsun
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kuan
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakiya
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Graner
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Riggins
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wikstrand
authors.forename: Darell D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bigner
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C503042:GPNMB protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins