title: Bileaflet mechanical valve sound analysis using a continuous wavelet transform.
abstract: Bileaflet mechanical valve closing sounds have splits, the duration of which is not constant in normally functioning valves. However, no reports have discussed the influences of valve malfunction on the split interval, neither have any studies discussed the fact that mechanical valve closing sound signals must be analyzed using a time-frequency analysis because they are nonstationary signals. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT), a time-frequency analyzing method using mother wavelets modified by scale numbers, was selected in this study for analyzing bileaflet valve closing sounds because it is easy to understand and has no limitations such as the cross-terms in the Wigner-Ville distribution or the tradeoff between time and frequency resolutions of the short-time Fourier transform. This study compares the properties of the mother wavelets of various CWTs and selects one that is suitable for detection of the clear split in bileaflet mechanical valve closing sound signals. This article also establishes a standard frequency analyzing system for bileaflet mechanical valve sounds. A preliminary study with chirp Doppler signals for comparing the frequency properties of the mother wavelets of various CWTs suggested that Ishikawa's modified Morlet CWT has better time and frequency resolution at the highest frequency scale. Morlet/power CWT analysis of normal in vivo bileaflet valve closing sounds of the ST. Jude Medical (SJM), ATS, and Carbomedics (CM) valves demonstrated clear splits of very short interval at the highest level of frequency. Detection of the disappearance of the split by using this analytical method may be the key to identifying bileaflet mechanical valve malfunction in outpatient departments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Postgraduate School of Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North-14, West-4, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan. hsugiki@cvc-ohno.or.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiki
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiiya
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murashita
authors.forename: Keishu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler