title: The plasticity of immunoglobulin gene systems in evolution.
abstract: The mechanism of recombination-activating gene (RAG)-mediated rearrangement exists in all jawed vertebrates, but the organization and structure of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, as they differ in fish and among fish species, reveal their capability for rapid evolution. In systems where there can exist 100 Ig loci, exon restructuring and sequence changes of the constant regions led to divergence of effector functions. Recombination among these loci created hybrid genes, the strangest of which encode variable (V) regions that function as part of secreted molecules and, as the result of an ancient translocation, are also grafted onto the T-cell receptor. Genomic changes in V-gene structure, created by RAG recombinase acting on germline recombination signal sequences, led variously to the generation of fixed receptor specificities, pseudogene templates for gene conversion, and ultimately to Ig sequences that evolved away from Ig function. The presence of so many Ig loci in fishes raises interesting questions not only as to how their regulation is achieved but also how successive whole-locus duplications are accommodated by a system whose function in other vertebrates is based on clonal antigen receptor expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. hsue@hscbklyn.edu
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pulham
authors.forename: Lynn L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rumfelt
authors.forename: Martin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Flajnik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015322:Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D007127:Immunoglobulin Constant Regions / Q000235:genetics; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D007127:Immunoglobulin Constant Regions; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; D007136:Immunoglobulins