title: Short term urinary catheter policies following urogenital surgery in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary catheterisation (by the urethral or suprapubic routes) is common following urogenital surgery. There is no consensus on how to minimize complications and practice varies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the optimal way to manage urinary catheters following urogenital surgery in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group specialised trials register (searched 30 May 2005) and the reference lists of relevant articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials were identified. Studies were excluded if they were not randomised or quasi-randomised trials of adults being catheterised following urogenital surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection was performed independently by two of the review authors and cross-checked. Where data might have been collected but not reported, clarification was sought from the trialists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty nine randomised trials were identified for inclusion in the review. They were generally small and of poor or moderate quality reporting data on only few outcomes. Confidence intervals were all wide. USING A URINARY CATHETER VERSUS NOT USING ONE: The data from five trials were heterogeneous but tended to indicate a higher risk of (re)catheterisation if a catheter was not used postoperatively. The data gave only an imprecise estimate of any difference in urinary tract infection. URETHRAL CATHETERISATION VERSUS SUPRAPUBIC CATHETERISATION: In six trials, a greater number of people needed to be recatheterised if a urethral catheter rather than a suprapubic one was used following surgery (RR 3.66, 95% CI 1.41 to 9.49). SHORTER POSTOPERATIVE DURATION OF CATHETER USE VERSUS LONGER DURATION: In 11 trials, the seven trials with data suggested fewer urinary tract infections when a catheter was removed earlier (for example 1 versus 3 days, RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.87) with no pattern in respect of catheterisation. CLAMP AND RELEASE POLICIES BEFORE CATHETER REMOVAL VERSUS IMMEDIATE CATHETER REMOVAL: In a single small trial, the clamp-and-release group showed a significantly greater incidence of urinary tract infections (RR 4.00, 95% 1.55 to 10.29) and a delay in return to normal voiding (RR 2.50, 95% CI 1.16 to 5.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite reviewing 39 eligible trials, few firm conclusions could be reached because of the multiple comparisons considered, the small size of individual trials, and their low quality. Whether or not to use a particular policy is usually a trade-off between the risks of morbidity (especially infection) and risks of recatheterisation.
authors.affiliation: Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Department of Urology, Dundee, UK, DD1 9SY. simon.phipps@tuht.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McClinton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: N'Dow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures