title: Gender differences in role of alcohol in fatal injury events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to investigate the differences in alcohol involvement in fatal injury events between females and males.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained from the Forensic Medicine Database and the Forensic Toxicology Database of the National Board of Forensic Medicine, and from the inpatient register of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Alcohol was regarded to be involved in the injury event: if there was any indication that the deceased was a 'known alcoholic'; if the underlying or contributing causes of death were alcohol-related; if the deceased had alcohol-related inpatient diagnosis during a 3-year period prior to death; or if the deceased tested positive for blood alcohol at autopsy. All injured cases who underwent medico-legal autopsies (1992-1996) in Sweden were analysed (4471 females and 11 156 males).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to males, females died more often (P < 0.05) in intentional injury events (48.0% females, 44.2% males), were less often (P < 0.001) blood alcohol-positive (29% females, 43% males), had lower (P < 0.05) blood alcohol concentrations (0.17% in females, 0.18% in males), and were less likely (P < 0.001) to have an alcohol-related history (18.4% females, 24.4% males). For females, intentional deaths (31.4%) were significantly (P < 0.001) more often alcohol-related than unintentional deaths (22.9%). A significantly (P < 0.001) higher proportion of deaths in males (48.4%) were alcohol-related compared to females (32.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost every third injury event in females and in almost every other event in males is alcohol-related, showing that alcohol plays an important part in fatal injuries in females even though it is mostly a male problem.
authors.affiliation: Section of Family Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Harmeet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valverius
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D001344:Autopsy; D002423:Cause of Death; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019992:Databases as Topic; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol