title: Comparison of the pharmacology of hydroxamate- and carboxylate-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydroxamic-and carboxylic-acid based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) were compared for their potency against various MMPs, pharmacodynamic properties and in vivo efficacy in a model of cartilage degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MMPIs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit human MMPs using the quenched fluorescence assay. The ability of the MMPIs to inhibit the degeneration of the knee joint was evaluated in rats injected intraarticularly with iodoacetate. The amount of MMPI in the plasma and cartilage was determined using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/ MS/MS). Plasma protein binding was measured by ultrafiltration and unbound MMPI was quantitated using HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hydroxamic acid based inhibitor PGE-3321996 and the carboxylic acids PGE-2909492 and PGE-6292544 were potent MMP-13 inhibitors, but only the hydroxamic acid PGE 3321996 demonstrated significant inhibition of knee degeneration in the rat iodoacetate model. Both of the carboxylic acids demonstrated superior pharmacokinetic properties and established much higher plasma concentrations than the hydroxamic acid. However, neither of the carboxylic acids was detectable in the cartilage, whereas, the hydroxamic acid was present in both the cartilage and the plasma. The carboxylic acid based MMPIs also demonstrated higher plasma protein binding (>99%) than the hydroxamic acid (79%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carboxylic acid-based MMPIs were identified that had superior in vivo plasma exposure compared to a hydroxamic acid inhibitor but lacked in vivo efficacy in the rat iodoacetate model of cartilage degeneration. The lack of in vivo efficacy of the carboxylic acid based MMPIs were probably due to their lack of cartilage penetration which was related to their physicochemical properties.
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd., Mailbox 1069, Mason, OH 45040-9462, USA. Janusz.mj@pg.com
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Janusz
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hookfin
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Heitmeyer
authors.forename: Y O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Taiwo
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Natchus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pikul
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Almstead
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007461:Iodoacetates / Q000633:toxicity; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D007461:Iodoacetates; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; C511186:PGE 2909492; C511185:PGE 3321996; C511187:PGE 6292544; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; D010649:Phenylalanine