title: Antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from the nasopharynx of Japanese children with acute otitis media.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of penicillin-binding protein gene-mutated (PGM) strains of Haemophilus influenzae should be taken into account when treating otitis media in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of beta-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae with mutations in the ftsI gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) among children with otitis media.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 644 nasopharyngeal isolates of H. influenzae were collected from pediatric acute otitis media patients with or without otitis media with effusion at the clinics of the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University Hospital and 6 affiliated hospitals in Wakayama Prefecture between January 1999 and December 2003. MICs to ampicillin (AMP), cefdinir (CFD), cefaclor (CCL), cefpodoxime (CPD) and cefcapene (CFPN) were determined by a microbroth dilution method according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Types of mutations in the PBP3 gene (ftsI) were evaluated by means of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping method. The beta-lactamase gene (bla) was also identified by means of PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beta-lactamase-producing (BLP) strains having the bla gene were identified in 16 isolates (2.5%). PGM strains were identified in 279 isolates (43.3%). There were 242 PGM1-non-BLP strains (37.6%) with mutations in the variable mutated locus of ftsI, 35 PGM2-non-BLP strains (5.4%) with mutations in the highly mutated locus of ftsI and 2 BLP-PGM strains (0.3%) with mutations in ftsI that produced beta-lactamase. BLP-non-PGM strains producing beta-lactamase without mutations in ftsI were identified in 14 isolates (2.2%). MICs of PGM1-non-BLP strains to AMP were 0.5-2.0 microg/ml. The MIC90 of CDN to the PGM1-non-BLP strains was the lowest (0.06 microg/ml). The proportion of PGM1-non-BLP strains increased rapidly during 1999-2002 and then decreased in 2003. In contrast, the proportion of PGM2-non-BLP strains increased in 2003.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotomi
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujihara
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Dewan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Billal
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzumoto
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000668:Ampicillin Resistance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases