A review of the neuroprotective properties of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist repinotan HCl (BAYx3702) in ischemic stroke.
Repinotan HCl (repinotan, BAYx3702), a highly selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist with a good record of safety was found to have pronounced neuroprotective effects in experimental models that mimic various aspects of brain injury. Repinotan caused strong, dose-dependent infarct reductions in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and traumatic brain injury paradigms. The specific 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 blocked these effects, indicating that the neuroprotective properties of repinotan are mediated through the 5-HT1A receptor. The proposed neuroprotective mechanisms of repinotan are thought to be the result of neuronal hyperpolarization via the activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels upon binding to both pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Hyperpolarization results in inhibition of neuron firing and reduction of glutamate release. These mechanisms, leading to protection of neurons against overexcitation, could explain the neuroprotective efficacy of repinotan per se, but not necessarily the efficacy by delayed administration. The therapeutic time window of repinotan appeared to be at least 5 h in in vivo animal models, but may be even longer at higher doses of the drug. Experimental studies indicate that repinotan affects various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of brain injury. In addition to the direct effect of repinotan on neuronal hyperpolarization and suppression of glutamate release this compound affects the death-inhibiting protein Bcl-2, serotonergic glial growth factor S-100beta and Nerve Growth Factor. It also suppresses the activity of caspase-3 through MAPK and PKCalpha; this effect may contribute to its neuroprotective efficacy. The dose- and time-dependent neuroprotective efficacy of repinotan indicates that the drug is a promising candidate for prevention of secondary brain damage in brain-injured patients suffering from acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, however, the first, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial did not demonstrate the efficacy of repinotan in acute ischemic stroke.
Berends
A C
AC
Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 149750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
Luiten
P G M
PG
Nyakas
C
C
D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D001578:Benzopyrans; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists; D013844:Thiazoles; C111221:repinotan hydrochloride; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C090413:N-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide