title: Efficacy and adverse effects of oral iron chelator deferiprone (l1, 1,2- dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one) in patients with beta thalassaemia major in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deferiprone (DFP,L1) is a bidentate oral iron chelator which binds to iron in a 3:1 ratio. It has the potential advantage of reduced cost and increased compliance. We conducted a study in order to determine the efficacy and adverse effects of DFP in Pakistani thalassaemic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 26 thalassaemic patients entered the study during the period Jan 1999 to Aug 2002. DFP supplied by Lipomed, Switzerland was given at a daily dose of 75 mg/kg/day (range 50-75 mg/kg/day). After giving informed written consent all the patients were subjected to clinical examination and investigations for monitoring the response. Blood complete picture, liver function tests, blood urea & creatinine, antinuclear factor antibodies (ANF) were tested in all cases before starting DFP treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients ages ranged from 11 to 27 years, 16 were male and 10 were female. Initial serum ferritin level ranged from 3100-8800 microg/l, mean serum ferritin level was 7129 +/- 1467 microg/l (95% CI 6536 - 7721 microg/l). ECG and Echocardiography was performed in all cases and in 11 cases Cardiac Multigated acquisition (MUGA) Scan was also performed and six patients with impaired left ventricular function were identified. Four patients were lost to follow up and one patient died due to cardiomyopathy. Among the remaining 21 patients serum ferritin levels dropped to 1900 microg/l to 5600 microg/l with mean level of 4288 microg/l (95%CI 3874 - 4702 microg/l), SD 911 microg/l. Significance of difference was (p < 0.001) by Paired samples 't' test. Six patients had gastrointestinal symptoms along with two having arthropathy. ANF positivity was not detected in any patient while on DFP treatment. Similarly, agranulocytosis was not detected in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean serum ferritin level estimated at the start of trial was 7129 microg/l. This shows that Pakistani thalassaemic patients are quite iron overloaded due to socioeconomic reasons that are peculiar to our setup. In this study DFP was well tolerated and caused fewer side effects. It had much better patient compliance and was effective in lowering serum ferritin level in previously most poorly chelated patients.
authors.affiliation: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi. afippak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayyub
authors.forename: Waqar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waqar
authors.forename: M Naeem
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Aamir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ijaz
authors.forename: Tassawar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Shujaat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D000077543:Deferiprone; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011728:Pyridones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D011728:Pyridones; D000077543:Deferiprone; D005293:Ferritins