title: The effects of age and ethnicity on physical injury from rape.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether postmenopausal (age 50 years or older) women would sustain significantly more injury after rape than women younger than 50 and to determine the role of skin pigmentation in the observance of genital injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Registry data from a sexual assault forensic nurse examiners program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on date of examination, records from women of age 50 years or older (n = 40) were matched to two other participants: a premenopausal group younger than 40 years and a perimenopausal group of 40 to 49 years. The final sample consisted of 120 subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number, type, and location of injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of exact conditional logistic regression analyses indicated no significant association between age and genital, nongenital, or head injury. A significant association between race (Black versus White) and genital injury (adjusted odds ratio = 4.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-25.98, p = .03) indicated that Whites were more than four times as likely as Blacks to have genital injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the primary hypothesis was not supported, the role of racial/ethnic differences and their association with the observance of injury need further exploration to determine whether the standard forensic examination is appropriate for all women. Health disparities may exist if women of color are less likely than others to have genital injuries identified and treated. Alternatively, skin properties may explain racial/ethnic differences in injury prevalence.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0038, USA. lyn.sommers@uc.edu
authors.forename: Marilyn S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sommers
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Jamison D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fargo
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weybright
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schafer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D000367:Age Factors; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000293:injuries; D016015:Logistic Models; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D011902:Rape / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology