title: Lopinavir/ritonavir exposure in treatment-naive HIV-infected children following twice or once daily administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lopinavir/ritonavir is approved for treatment of HIV-infected children at a dosage regimen of 230/57.5 mg/m(2) twice daily. However, once daily administration could increase convenience and patient adherence. Our study aimed at evaluating whether inhibitory concentrations are maintained in plasma following administration of lopinavir/ritonavir once daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lopinavir/ritonavir was administered at the standard twice daily regimen to 21 HIV-infected children, as a component of their antiretroviral treatment. Following at least 1 month of administration, seven patients received a dose of 460/115 mg/m(2) once daily for three consecutive days. After the third dose of once daily administration, blood samples were drawn at the following times: 0 (pre-dose), 1, 2 and 4 h following administration. The pre-dose (C(min)) and the peak (C(max)) concentrations were compared with the values obtained following twice daily administration in all the study patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (interquartile range) C(min) with the once daily regimen was 1.59 (0.77-6.85) mg/L versus 7.90 (5.45-9.77) mg/L with the twice daily regimen (P < 0.05). C(min) was considered inhibitory for wild-type virus (>1.0 mg/L) in four out of seven patients. C(max) did not differ significantly between the once daily and twice daily regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our small pilot study suggests that lopinavir/ritonavir once daily may be a suitable regimen for antiretroviral-naive children. However, due to the high interindividual variability and low concentrations in some patients, therapeutic drug monitoring may be necessary to ensure that concentrations are adequate to inhibit viral replication. A formal clinical study of lopinavir/ritonavir once daily in treatment-naive children is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Martino Hospital and University of Genoa, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Biagio
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dentone
authors.forename: Guido Castelli
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gattinara
authors.forename: Alessandra Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giaquinto
authors.forename: Osvalda
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rampon
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bassetti
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viscoli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir