title: Metabolic factors associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benign prostatic hyperplasia poses a significant public health problem, but its etiology remains unclear. Obesity and associated abnormalities in glucose homeostasis may play a role in benign prostatic hyperplasia development by influencing prostate growth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether obesity, fasting plasma glucose concentration, and diabetes are associated with radiologically determined prostate enlargement, an objective measure of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a cross-sectional analysis with robust variance estimates to account for multiple measures over time in the same individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cohort study was composed of community volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients studied were 422 adult men enrolled in The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total prostate volume as determined by pelvic magnetic resonance imaging was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 422 participants, 91 (21.6%) had prostate enlargement (defined as total prostate volume >/= 40 cc) at first visit. Compared with men of normal weight [body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m(2)], the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for prostate enlargement for overweight men (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) was 1.41 (95% CI, 0.84-2.37), for obese men (BMI, 30-34 kg/m(2)) was 1.27 (95% CI, 0.68-2.39), and for severely obese men (BMI >/= 35 kg/m(2)) was 3.52 (95% CI, 1.45-8.56) (P = 0.01). Men with elevated fasting glucose (>110 mg/dl) were more likely to have an enlarged prostate than men with normal fasting glucose (</=110 mg/dl) (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.70-5.23), as were men with a diagnosis of diabetes (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.23-4.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity, elevated fasting plasma glucose, and diabetes are risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of California San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 21287, USA. k0parsons@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: J Kellogg
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: H Ballentine
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Partin
authors.forename: B Gwen
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.forename: E Jeffrey
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Metter
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D013739:Testosterone