title: Determination of benzodiazepines in human urine using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of benzodiazepines, on the market in Norway, and/or their metabolites in human urine. The following compounds were included: 7-aminonitrazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, oxazepam, 3-OH-diazepam, and n-desmethyldiazepam. The method includes hydrolysis of urine samples (0.5 mL) with beta-glucuronidase at 60 degrees C for 2 h before solid-phase extraction with a polymer-based mixed-mode column. The analytes were quantified in multiple reaction monitoring mode using two transitions. Deuterated analogues were used as internal standards for all analytes except 7-aminonitrazepam and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, which were quantified using 7-aminoclonazepam-d(4) and alprazolam-d(5), respectively. The concentration range was 0.1-8.0 microM for 7-aminonitrazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam and 0.5-40 microM for the other compounds. The average recovery for the different analytes ranged from 56% to 83%. The between-day precision of the method was in the range of 3-12%. The limits of quantification were found to be between 0.002 and 0.01 microM for the different compounds. Comparison with other analytical methods was performed for method validation, using approximately 500 samples provided by the routine laboratory at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. The LC-MS-MS method has proven to be robust and specific for the determination of benzodiazepines in urine. It has been routinely used for approximately 1800 samples in the past 7 months.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway. solfrid.hegstad@fhi.no
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegstad
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Øiestad
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Christophersen
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines