title: Prevention of percutaneous electrode migration in spinal cord stimulation by a modification of the standard implantation technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous spinal cord stimulation (SCS) electrodes are prone to migration even after scar tissue encapsulation. The authors devised a simple technique to eliminate longitudinal migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 99 patients who received implanted percutaneous electrodes, less than 0.1 cm3 of silicone elastomer adhesive was injected between the anchoring sleeve and the electrode. As a result, no patient required revision surgery due to longitudinal electrode migration over a mean follow-up period of 20.2 +/- 12.3 months (range 1.8-39.7 months). Postimplant SCS-related surgical procedures were required in 15 patients (15%) for the following indications: infection in three patients, expanded area of pain in four patients, lateral migration after the sutures eroded through the supraspinous ligament in one patient, postural changes in stimulation in one patient, receiver-site pain in two patients, technical failure in three patients, and inadequate pain relief in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With modification of the standard technique for implantation of percutaneous SCS electrodes, no longitudinal migration of electrodes was noted in this series of 99 patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-7713, USA.
authors.forename: Violette M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: North
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000628:therapy*