title: Estimating genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptoms in adolescence: differing effects on higher and lower levels of symptoms.
abstract: We estimate the relative effect sizes of genetic and environmental influences on both higher and lower levels of depressive symptoms with attention to persistence over a 1-year period in the genetically informative subsample of adolescents participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Shared environmental effects were significant for persistent higher levels of depressive symptoms but not nonpersistent symptoms. Genetic effects were significant for both persistent and nonpersistent lower levels of depressive symptoms. Nongenetic factors that promote similarity between siblings for high levels of depressive symptoms are important and should be considered in both etiological and applied research. Genetic contributions to lack of susceptibility to depression should be considered in biological models of depression suppression.
authors.affiliation: Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02906, USA. richard_rende@brown.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rende
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slomkowski
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Richardson
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stroud
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment