title: Black racial identity as a mediator of cardiovascular reactivity to racism in African-American college students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of Black racial identity to mediate cardiovascular reactivity to racism. The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), which consists of four dimensions, salience, centrality, regard, and ideology was used to define Black racial identity. The subdimensions of ideology are oppressed minority, nationalist, humanist, and assimilationist racial identities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and blood pressure were measured in 72 African-American men as they viewed a videotaped scene depicting racial profiling and a neutral scene. We hypothesized that individuals with high levels of Black-oriented identities (centrality, public regard, private regard, oppressed minority, and nationalist) would be less stressed by the racial profiling scenes than those low in these identities. In addition, we predicted that individuals with high levels of non-Black-oriented identities (assimilationist, humanist) would be more stressed by the racial profiling scenes than those with low levels of these identities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Private regard, humanist, and assimilationist racial identities were significantly associated with increased cardiovascular reactivity to the scenes. Specifically, private regard significantly predicted cardiac output and stroke volume responses to the scenes. In addition, assimilationist and humanist racial identities were associated with greater blood output and faster heart rates in response to the scenes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although private regard (Black oriented) and assimilationist and humanist (non- Black oriented) racial identities showed elevated cardiovascular reactivity to the scenes, the underlying mechanisms of these associations may differ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia State University, P.O. Box 9079, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA. vrclark@vsu.edu
authors.forename: Vernessa R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Renia E B
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities