title: Smoking and mortality from esophageal cancer in China: a large case-control study of 19,734 male esophageal cancer deaths and 104,846 living spouse controls.
abstract: An innovative population-based case-control study was conducted in a national mortality survey to assess the hazards of tobacco use on esophageal cancer among Chinese men. Cases were 19,734 males aged 35 years or older, who died of esophageal cancer during 1986-1988. Controls were 104,846 male living spouses of the same age when their wife died (of any cause) during the same period in the same county or city. The absolute esophageal cancer death rates were higher in smokers than those in nonsmokers in all geographical groups. The relative risks for esophageal cancer were 1.88 (95% CI: 1.73-2.05) and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.28-1.50) in urban and rural men, respectively, after adjustment for other relevant covariates including age group (5 years) and locality. When the calculation was restricted to men aged 35-69, the risk ratios for current cigarette smokers increased significantly with increasing number of cigarettes smoked daily and duration of smoking. Tobacco use, in any form, is an important risk factor for esophageal cancer in Chinese men. Selecting living spouses as controls is a unique and useful approach in the design of case-control studies of cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing-Mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xian-Jia
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jun-Shi
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jun-Yao
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kong-Lai
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bo-Qi
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate