title: Viral load, CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and antibody titres in HIV-1 infected untreated children in Kenya; implication for immunodeficiency and AIDS progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited reports on HIV-1 RNA load, CD4+ T-lymphocytes and antibody responses in relation to disease progression in HIV-1 infected untreated children in Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  To describe the relationships between these parameters, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study involving 51 perinatally HIV-1 infected children aged between 1 and 13 years. HIV status was determined by ELISA and confirmed by western blot and PCR. Antibodies were quantified by limiting dilution ELISA, plasma HIV-1 RNA load by RT-PCR and CD4+ T-lymphocytes by FACSCount.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asymptomatic and symptomatic disease had, respectively, a rise in median HIV-1 RNA load from 1,195 to 132,543 and from 42,962 to 1,109,281 copies/ml in children below 6 years. The increase in viral load was 10-fold higher for asymptomatic compared to other categories and 2-fold faster for children less than 6 years than those above. Similarly, symptomatic children below 6 years had initial median CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of 647 (22%) cells/muL, declining to 378 (20%) while those above 6 years had initial values of below 335 (15%) but which increased to 428 (17%). Median viral load correlated significantly with median CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage in children above 6 years (p=0.026) but not below.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viral load is lower in older than younger children and correlates significantly with percentage CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Survival by HIV-1 infected children requires a competent immune response early in infection to counter the rapidly replicating virus. Interventions aimed at boosting the naïve immune system may prolong survival in these children.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. eaglewashi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Washingtone
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ochieng
authors.forename: Dorington
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ogoyi
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Mulaa
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogola
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Musoke
authors.forename: Moses G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Otsyula
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D017186:Titrimetry; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015483:HIV Antibodies