title: Pitfalls when examining gap junction hemichannels: interference from volume-regulated anion channels.
abstract: Human HeLa cells transfected with mouse connexin45 were used to explore the experimental conditions suitable to measure currents carried by gap junction hemichannels. Experiments were performed with a voltage-clamp technique and whole-cell recording. Lowering [Ca(2+)](o) from 2 mM to 20 nM evoked an extra current, I (m), putatively carried by Cx45 hemichannels. However, the variability of I (m) (size, voltage sensitivity, kinetics) suggested the involvement of other channels. The finding that growth medium in the incubator increased the osmolarity with time implied that volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC) may participate. This assumption was reinforced by the following observations. On the one hand, keeping [Ca(2+)](o) normal while the osmolarity of the extracellular solution was reduced from 310 to 290 mOsm yielded a current characteristic of VRAC; I (VRAC) activated/deactivated at negative/positive voltage, giving rise to the conductance functions g (VRAC,inst)=f(V (m)) (inst: instantaneous; V (m): membrane potential) and g (VRAC,ss)=f(V (m)) (ss: steady state). Moreover, it was reversibly inhibited by mibefradil, a Cl(-)channel blocker (binding constant K (d)=38 microM, Hill coefficient n=12), but not by the gap junction channel blocker 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid. On the other hand, minimizing the osmotic imbalance while [Ca(2+)](o) was reduced led to a current typical for Cx45 hemichannels; I (hc) activated/deactivated at positive/negative voltage. Furthermore, it was reversibly inhibited by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid or palmitoleic acid, but not by mibefradil. Computations based on g (VRAC,ss)=f(V (m)) and g (hc,ss)=f(V (m)) indicated that the concomitant operation of both currents results in a bell-shaped conductance-voltage relationship. The functional implications of the data presented are discussed. Conceivably, VRAC and hemichannels are involved in a common signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weingart
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels; C082920:connexin 45