title: Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: Systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the strength and consistency with which a low ankle brachial pressure index (ABI), measured in the general population, is associated with an increased risk of subsequent death and/or cardiovascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, reference lists and grey literature were searched; studies known to experts were also retrieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease and stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal studies in which participants were representative of the general population (all ages, either sex) and which used any standard method for measurement and calculation of the ABI. Studies in which participants were selected according to presence of pre-existing disease or were post intervention (e.g. angioplasty or peripheral arterial grafting) were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  11 studies comprising 44,590 subjects from six different countries were included. Despite clinical heterogeneity between studies, the findings were remarkably consistent in demonstrating an increased risk of clinical cardiovascular disease associated with a low ABI. A low ABI (<0.9) was associated with an increased risk of subsequent all cause mortality (pooled RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.32-1.95), cardiovascular mortality (pooled RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.46-2.64), coronary heart disease (pooled RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.93) and stroke (pooled RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10-1.65) after adjustment for age, sex, conventional cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ABI may help to identify asymptomatic individuals in the general population who are at increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. Evaluation is now required of the potential of incorporating ABI measurement into cardiovascular prevention programmes.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Heald
authors.forename: F G R
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fowkes
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate