title: Increased expression of interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta is associated with experimental varicocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effect of varicocele, in an experimental rat model, on the levels of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta proteins in testis tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative and controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar male rats in experimental and control groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The control group underwent sham operation (n = 6). Experimental groups underwent partial ligation of the renal vein to induce experimental varicocele and were then killed at 9 (n = 6), 11 (n = 6), and 13 (n = 6) weeks after induction of varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histologic evaluation of the varicocele model was determined by periodic acid-Schiff staining of paraffin-embeded testicular tissues. Levels of cytokines were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Varicocele caused testicular damage, especially in 11- and 13-week-old varicocele groups. In sham-operated rats, Golgi complexes of round spermatids expressed especially the alpha form of IL-1. By the progression of varicocele, the IL-1alpha expression increased temporally in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells. The expression of IL-1beta was seen in Leydig cells in sham-operated rats. The IL-1beta expression was also increased upon progression of varicocele in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatogonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta are the regulators of testicular function. Certain pathologic conditions, e.g., varicocele, cause an increase in the expressions of such proinflammatory cytokines. The increased expression of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in varicocele shifts the balance in favor of inflammatory and immune responses and causes detrimental effects in testis tissue, which may cause male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeliha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Ciler
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celik-Ozenci
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akkoyunlu
authors.forename: Emin Turkay
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Korgun
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: Tibet
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erdogru
authors.forename: Ramazan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ustunel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014646:Varicocele / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1