title: Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR(R)) on human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zinc inhibits the growth of several carcinoma cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The intracellular concentration of zinc and its dynamic changes are critically important in cell biology. We investigated the effects of zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR) on normal human ovarian epithelial cells (NOSE) and human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the potential effect of CIZAR on cell growth and survival, cells were treated with different doses and exposed to different times. Intracellular concentration of zinc was measured by colorimetric assay. Mitochondrial aconitase activity was determined in cell extracts using aconitase assay. The flow cytometric assay, DNA laddering, and morphological analysis were done to investigate cytotoxic effects of CIZAR. Molecular mechanism of cell death was investigated by p53, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Bax protein, activity of caspase-3 and -12, and activity of telomerase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIZAR-induced zinc accumulation in OVCAR-3 cells was higher than that in NOSE cells. CIZAR(R) treatment resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell number in OVCAR-3 cells in comparison with NOSE cells. M-aconitase activity was significantly decreased in OVCAR-3 cells within 4 h exposure to CIZAR but relatively constant in NOSE cells. The flow cytometric assay, DNA laddering, and morphological analysis indicated apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cells but not in NOSE cells. CIZAR increased the expression of p21(waf1) which is a part of p53-independent pathway and induced reduction of telomerase activity. CIZAR reduced expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins but induced expression of Bax protein. CIZAR induced apoptosis of OVCAR-3 cells by activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3 pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to CIZAR induces apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cells which accumulate high intracellular levels of zinc, but not in NOSE cells, which do not accumulate high levels of zinc. CIZAR(R) prevents the proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells by inactivation of m-aconitase activity and induces apoptosis by induction of proapoptotic gene (Bax), repression of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), and consequently activation of caspase-3. CIZAR also induced activation of caspase-12. The CIZAR will offer new window in prevention and treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seog Nyeon
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Yong Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mi Yun
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Lae Ok
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000154:Aconitate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053454:Caspase 12; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D019343:Citric Acid; C016837:zinc chloride; D019098:Telomerase; C506444:CASP12 protein, human; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053454:Caspase 12; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D000154:Aconitate Hydratase; D015032:Zinc