title: Effect of cyclophosphamide and 61.22 GHz millimeter waves on T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage functions.
abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate whether millimeter waves (MMWs) at 61.22 GHz can modulate the effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA), an anti-cancer drug, on the immune functions of mice. During the exposure each mouse's nose was placed in front of the center of the antenna aperture (1.5 x 1.5 cm) of MMW generator. The device produced 61.22 +/- 0.2 GHz wave radiation. Spatial peak Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) at the skin surface and spatial peak incident power density were measured as 885 +/- 100 W/kg and 31 +/- 5 mW/cm(2), respectively. Duration of the exposure was 30 min each day for 3 consecutive days. The maximum temperature elevation at the tip of the nose, measured at the end of 30 min, was 1 degrees C. CPA injection (100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on the second day of exposure to MMWs. The animals were sacrificed 2, 5, and 7 days after CPA administration. MMW exposure caused upregulation in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in peritoneal macrophages suppressed by CPA administration. MMWs also caused a significant increase in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by splenocytes and enhanced proliferative activity of T-cells. Conversely, no changes were observed in interleukin-10 (IL-10) level and B-cell proliferation. These results suggest that MMWs accelerate the recovery process selectively through a T-cell-mediated immune response.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Makar
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Logani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhanushali
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Alekseev
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ziskin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007109:Immunity / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008872:Microwaves; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide