title: Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Faecal incontinence is a common and potentially distressing disorder of childhood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of behavioural and/or cognitive interventions for the management of faecal incontinence in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 1 February 2006).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of behavioural and/or cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reviewers selected studies from the literature, assessed study quality, and extracted data. Data were combined in a meta-analysis when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen randomised trials with a total of 1168 children met the inclusion criteria. Sample sizes were generally small. All studies but one investigated children with functional faecal incontinence. Interventions varied amongst trials and few outcomes were shared by trials addressing the same comparisons. Combined results of nine trials showed higher rather than lower rates of persisting symptoms of faecal incontinence up to 12 months when biofeedback was added to conventional treatment (OR 1.11 CI 95% 0.78 to 1.58). This result was consistent with that of two trials with longer follow-up (OR 1.31 CI 95% 0.80 to 2.15). In one trial the adjunct of anorectal manometry to conventional treatment did not result in higher success rates in chronically constipated children (OR 1.40 95% CI 0.72 to 2.73 at 24 months). In one small trial the adjunct of behaviour modification to laxative therapy was associated with a significant reduction in children's soiling episodes at both the three month (OR 0.14 CI 95% 0.04 to 0.51) and the 12 month assessment (OR 0.20 CI 95% 0.06 to 0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence that biofeedback training adds any benefit to conventional treatment in the management of functional faecal incontinence in children. There was not enough evidence on which to assess the effects of biofeedback for the management of organic faecal incontinence. There is some evidence that behavioural interventions plus laxative therapy, rather than laxative therapy alone, improves continence in children with functional faecal incontinence associated with constipation.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Bramwell Dott Building, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK, EH4 2XU. m.brazzelli@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brazzelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004688:Encopresis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents