title: Global gene expression profiles associated with retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells.
abstract: We have evaluated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) treatment of F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which induces differentiation into primitive endoderm, on gene expression patterns. F9 cells were exposed to RA in culture, and global expression patterns were examined with cDNA-based microarrays at early (8 hr) and later times (24 hr) after exposure. Of the 1,176 known transcripts examined, we identified 57 genes (4.8%) that were responsive to RA at 8 and/or 24 hr: 35 were induced, 20 were repressed, and 2 were differentially regulated at these time points. To determine if our results were dependent on the array technology employed, we also evaluated the response to RA at 24 hr with oligonucleotide-based arrays. With these more dense arrays (12,488 genes), we identified an additional 353 RA-regulated genes (2.8%): 173 were upregulated and 180 were downregulated. Thus, a total of 410 genes regulated by RA were identified with roughly equivalent numbers induced or repressed. Although the expression of many genes found on both array platforms was consistent, the results for some genes were disparate. Quantitative PCR studies on a subset of these genes supported the results obtained with the cDNA arrays. Our results confirmed the regulation of several known RA-responsive genes and we also identified a number of genes not previously known to be RA-responsive. Those novel genes that were induced presumably contribute to the cellular processes required for a shift from proliferation to differentiation, whereas those new genes that were downregulated may possibly contribute to the maintenance of cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, SUNY, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eifert
authors.forename: Niquiche
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sangster-Guity
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sridar V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Chittur
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tine
authors.forename: Paulette J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McCormick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D054278:Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells; D004707:Endoderm; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin