title: Serotypes and analysis of distribution of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli from cattle and sheep in the lower North Island, New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To serotype a subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates from cattle and sheep to determine whether any corresponding serotypes have been implicated in human diarrhoeal disease, both in New Zealand and worldwide, and to examine the distribution of STEC and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) amongst cattle (calves, heifers and dairy) and sheep (lambs, rams and ewes), to assess whether carriage of identified bacterial genotypes may be associated with a particular age of animal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recto-anal mucosal swabs (RAMS) were taken from 91 calves, 24 heifers and 72 dairy cattle, and 46 lambs, 50 ewes and 36 rams, from four sites in the Manawatu and Rangitikei regions of New Zealand. Strains of E. coli selected from primary isolation plates were subjected to a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to determine the presence of Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and the E. coli attaching and effacing gene (eae).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 186/319 (58.3%) animals sampled were positive for stx1, stx2, or eae isolates. More sheep (43.9%) were stx1-positive than cattle (2.7%; p = 0.036), and amongst sheep more lambs and ewes were stx1-positive than rams (p = 0.036). Amongst cattle, more calves and heifers were eae-positive than dairy cows (p = 0.030). Two or more different STEC were isolated from at least 28 (9%) animals (three cattle and 25 sheep), based on their stx/eae genotype. Enterohaemolysin genes were found in 39/51 (76%) isolates serotyped. Twenty-one different serotypes were detected, including O5:H-, O9:H51, O26:H11, O84:H-/H2 and O149:H8 from cattle, and O26:H11, O65:H-, O75:H8, O84:H-, O91:H-, O128:H2 and O174:H8 from sheep; O84:H-, O26:H11, O5:H-, O91:H- and O128:H2 serotypes have been associated with human disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If nationally representative, this study confirms that cattle and sheep in New Zealand may be a major reservoir of STEC serotypes that have been recognised as causative agents of diarrhoeal disease in humans. Distribution of STEC and EPEC in cattle and sheep indicates that direct contact with, in particular, calves or their faeces, or exposure to environments cross contaminated with ruminant faeces, may represent an increased risk factor for human disease in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: Rumen Microbial Functional Genomics Group, Metabolism and Microbial Genomics, AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand. adrian.cookson@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: S C S
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomson-Carter
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Attwood
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011634:Public Health; D012703:Serotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D022622:Shiga Toxin 1; D022641:Shiga Toxin 2; D022603:Shiga Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D022622:Shiga Toxin 1; D022641:Shiga Toxin 2; D022603:Shiga Toxins; C073819:eaeA protein, E coli