title: Heavy metal pollution affects consumption and reproduction of the landsnail Cepaea nemoralis fed on naturally polluted Urtica dioica leaves.
abstract: This study is one of the very first that investigates the effects of heavy metal pollution on food consumption and reproduction of terrestrial snails under semi-realistic field conditions. Two experiments were carried out using snails (Cepaea nemoralis) and food (Urtica dioica leaves) from different metal polluted locations and one reference location. The first experiment showed that both polluted and reference snails fed on high-metal leaves from a highly polluted location had significantly lower consumption rates than snails consuming leaves from the reference location. In the second experiment, snails from both locations used in the consumption experiment and from two low-polluted locations were kept on native soil and food in order to reproduce. No negative effect of heavy metal pollution on clutch size was found for the snails from the reference location and the low-polluted locations. Snails from the highly polluted location laid no eggs. This suggests that at high levels of metal pollution, reproduction is strongly negatively affected. We suggest that the absence of egg laying by snails from the highly polluted location results from a combination of decreased consumption and an increased demand of energy for the accumulation and detoxification of metals (decreased scope for growth).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecological Science, Department of Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. martje.notten@ecology.falw.vu.nl
authors.forename: Martje J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Notten
authors.forename: Annelies J P
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oosthoek
authors.forename: Jelte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rozema
authors.forename: Rien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aerts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012908:Snails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D026982:Urtica dioica / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy