title: Acute renal failure in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a new coronavirus, and results in respiratory failure. Acute renal failure (ARF) may also occur and/or complicate the disease course, however, its incidence, causes and impact in SARS patients are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  ARF patients were identified from a total of 78 (33 men and 45 women) probable SARS cases admitted to a single hospital. The clinical features of patients with ARF were characterized, and the etiologies analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were assigned to ARF (n = 13; 17%) and non-ARF groups (n = 65). Patients with ARF were older than their non-ARF counterparts. ARF developed 7.2 +/- 4.3 days after admission. The incidence of ARF was higher in males (77% vs 35%; p < 0.05). Comorbidities of diabetes and heart failure were more common in patients who developed ARF (38% vs 6%, p < 0.01 and 38% vs 2%, p < 0.001, respectively) and the incidence of respiratory failure (85% vs 26%, p < 0.001) and mortality (77% vs 8%, p < 0.001) were also higher. Multiple organ system failure usually accompanied ARF. Hypotension (77%) caused by nosocomial infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, or SARS per se, and rhabdomyolysis (43%) was associated with ARF in addition to pre-renal factors. Five patients in the ARF group and 1 female patient with end-stage renal failure underwent renal replacement therapy during hospitalization; however, both eventually died. Of the 16 medical staff performing renal replacement therapy, none was subsequently infected with SARS coronavirus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of ARF during the disease course in SARS patients is associated with catastrophic outcome. The cause of ARF in SARS patients is often associated with pre-renal factors, hypotension, rhabdomyolysis, and previous comorbidities including diabetes and old age. Universal precautions to prevent viral transmission are mandatory for medical staff performing renal replacement therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jenq-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kuan-Yu
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hung-Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Vin-Cent
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ya-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ming-Shiou
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tzong-Shinn
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Kwan-Dun
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology