title: Composting: a potentially safe process for disposal of genetically modified organisms.
abstract: The widespread use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may result in the release of GMOs into the environment. The potential risks regarding their use and implementation of disposal methods, especially the possibility of novel genes from GMOs being transferred to natural organisms, need to be evaluated and better understood. There is an increasingly accepted public view that GMO products introduced into the environment should be degradable and should disappear after a limited period of time. Due to the risk of possible horizontal gene transfer, disposal methods for GMOs need to address destruction of both the organism and the genetic material. During the last two decades, we have developed a greater understanding of the biochemical, microbiological and molecular concepts of the composting process, such that maximum decomposition may be achieved in the shortest time with minimal negative impacts to the environment. The conditions created in a properly managed composting process environment may help in destroying GMOs and their genes, thereby reducing the risk of the spread of genetic material. When considering composting as a potential method for the disposal of GMOs, the establishment of controlled conditions providing an essentially homogenous environment appears to be an important requirement. An evaluation of composting as a safe option for disposal of GMOs is provided in this review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Billingsley
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D016923:Cell Death; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil