title: [Clinical characteristics and speech therapy of lingua-apical articulation disorder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the clinical characteristics and speech therapy of 62 children with lingua-apical articulation disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), Gesell development scales (Gesell), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Preschool Children (WPPSI) and speech test were performed for 62 children at the ages of 3 to 8 years with lingua-apical articulation disorder. PPVT was used to measure receptive vocabulary skills. GESELL and WPPSI were utilized to represent cognitive and non-verbal ability. The speech test was adopted to assess the speech development. The children received speech therapy and auxiliary oral-motor functional training once or twice a week. Firstly the target sound was identified according to the speech development milestone, then the method of speech localization was used to clarify the correct articulation placement and manner. It was needed to change food character and administer oral-motor functional training for children with oral motor dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 62 cases with the apical articulation disorder were classified into four groups. The combined pattern of the articulation disorder was the most common (40 cases, 64.5%), the next was apico-dental disorder (15 cases, 24.2%). The third was palatal disorder (4 cases, 6.5%) and the last one was the linguo-alveolar disorder (3 cases, 4.8%). The substitution errors of velar were the most common (95.2%), the next was omission errors (30.6%) and the last was absence of aspiration (12.9%). Oral motor dysfunction was found in some children with problems such as disordered joint movement of tongue and head, unstable jaw, weak tongue strength and poor coordination of tongue movement. Some children had feeding problems such as preference of eating soft food, keeping food in mouths, eating slowly, and poor chewing. After 5 to 18 times of therapy, the effective rate of speech therapy reached 82.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lingua-apical articulation disorders can be classified into four groups. The combined pattern of the articulation errors is the most common one. Most of the apical sounds are replaced by velar sounds. The speech localization method is very useful in the therapy of apical articulation disorder. For children with feeding problems and oral motor dysfunction, it is needed to improve food texture and administer oral motor skill training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Feng-hua
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xing-ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yi-wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiao-ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007807:Language Tests; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D013070:Speech Therapy