title: Parenteral lipid emulsions in paediatrics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipid emulsions are crucial for providing essential fatty acids and energy in infants and children requiring parenteral nutrition. There is ongoing debate about the optimal composition of lipid emulsions and the optimal timing for introducing lipids to the parenteral nutrition of premature infants in order to enhance the benefits and to minimize the risk of complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several studies have investigated the effects of early compared with late administration of lipid emulsions. A meta-analysis demonstrated that early introduction of lipid emulsions does not improve short-term growth or prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. On the other hand, early introduction of lipid emulsions was not shown to increase the risk of complications. A number of studies have investigated the effects of different fatty acid compositions in lipid emulsions on peroxidation. In-vitro findings suggest that lipid peroxidation is related to the polyunsaturated fatty acid content and inversely related to the alpha-tocopherol/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of the fat emulsion. The composition of lipid emulsions has also been shown to influence fatty acid metabolism. A mixture of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides seems to enhance the incorporation of essential fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into circulating lipids when compared with an emulsion containing only long-chain triglycerides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the composition of lipid emulsions has been demonstrated to influence peroxidation and fatty acid metabolism, outcome studies are needed to confirm advantageous effects.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krohn
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides