title: Patterns of homocysteine in Kenyans with type 2 diabetes without overt cardiovascular disease at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased total homocysteine (tHcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The measurement of tHcy in blood is therefore of potential great importance especially in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the total homocysteine levels in ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient diabetic clinic of the Kenyatta National Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory patients with Type 2 diabetes without overt cardiovascular, renal, liver or other chronic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of tHcy, HbA1c, lipids and socio-demographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 115 patients, 48% males, with type 2 diabetes were included in the study. The mean (sd) age of the males was 56.85 (8.96) years and of the females was 55.68 (8.93) years. The mean (sd) total serum homocysteine for males of 12.97 (6.06) micromol/l was significantly higher than that of the females of 10.64 (4.41) micromol/l. The cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin, the body mass index and blood pressure of the study subjects did not show any statistically significant influence on their homocysteine levels. However, increasing age and duration of diabetes showed a significant linear relationship with rising level of total serum homocysteine. Some study participants reported smoking habit but unreliably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant proportion of the study patients with high levels of serum homocysteine, although most of them were of low to intermediate risk category. It may be prudent to assay homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes who are either older or have had diabetes for long duration for potential intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi. P. O. Box 19676 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaghela
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ogola
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Amayo
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine