title: Effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation to increase helmet use: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Head injuries related to bicycle use are common and can be serious. They can be prevented or reduced in severity with helmet use; however, education has resulted in modest helmet use in most developed countries. Helmet legislation has been proposed as a method to increase helmet wearing; while this social intervention is thought to be effective, no systematic review has been performed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review evaluates the scientific evidence for helmet use following legislation to identify the effectiveness of legislative interventions to increase bicycle helmet use among all age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, British Education Index, LILACS Database, TRIS (Transport Research Information Service), the grey literature, reference lists, and communication with authors was performed to identify eligible studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies for this review were community based investigations including cohort studies, controlled before-after studies, interrupted time series studies, non-equivalent control group studies Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers extracted the data regarding the percentage of helmet use before and after legislation from each study. Individual and pooled odds ratios were calculated along with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 86 prescreened articles, 25 were potentially relevant to the topic and 11 were finally included in the review. Of 11 studies, eight were published articles, two were published reports, and one was an unpublished article. One additional survey was incorporated following personal communication with the author. While the baseline rate of helmet use among these studies varied between 4% and 59%, after legislation this range changed to 37% and 91%. Helmet wearing proportions increased less than 10% in one study, 10-30% in four studies, and more than 30% in seven studies. While the effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation varied (n = 11 studies; OR range: 1.2-22), all studies demonstrated higher proportions of helmet use following legislation, particularly when the law was targeted to a specific age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Legislation increased helmet use among cyclists, particularly younger age groups and those with low pre-intervention helmet wearing proportions. These results support legislative interventions in populations without helmet legislation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karkhaneh
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kalenga
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hagel
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011640:Public Policy