title: Senseless physically interacts with proneural proteins and functions as a transcriptional co-activator.
abstract: The zinc-finger transcription factor Senseless is co-expressed with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proneural proteins in Drosophila sensory organ precursors and is required for their normal development. High levels of Senseless synergize with bHLH proteins and upregulate target gene expression, whereas low levels of Senseless act as a repressor in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism for this dual role is unknown. Here, we show that Senseless binds bHLH proneural proteins via its core zinc fingers and is recruited by proneural proteins to their target enhancers to function as a co-activator. Some point mutations in the Senseless zinc-finger region abolish its DNA-binding ability but partially spare the ability of Senseless to synergize with proneural proteins and to induce sensory organ formation in vivo. Therefore, we propose that the structural basis for the switch between the repressor and co-activator functions of Senseless is the ability of its core zinc fingers to interact physically with both DNA and bHLH proneural proteins. As Senseless zinc fingers are approximately 90% identical to the corresponding zinc fingers of its vertebrate homologue Gfi1, which is thought to cooperate with bHLH proteins in several contexts, the Senseless/bHLH interaction might be evolutionarily conserved.
authors.affiliation: Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Melih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafar-Nejad
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giagtzoglou
authors.forename: Sasidhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yallampalli
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Yuchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delidakis
authors.forename: Hugo J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bellen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009420:Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017354:Point Mutation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012679:Sense Organs / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C413162:sens protein, Drosophila