Statins, nitric oxide and neovascularization.
Several landmark clinical trials suggest that 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have additional cardiovascular protective activity that may function independently of their ability to lower serum cholesterol. The cardiovascular protective effects of statins are partly caused by the activation of postnatal neovascularization. At therapeutic doses, statins promote proliferation, migration and survival of endothelial cells, induce mobilization and differentiation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells by stimulating the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B) and nitric oxide (NO) signal pathway. However, at excessive doses, statins may decrease protein isoprenylation as well as inhibit endothelial cell growth and migration. NO is an important signaling molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological and pathological processes in different tissues. There is substantial evidence that effective neovascularization requires endothelium-derived NO. Statins have pleiotropic effects on the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and lead to improved NO bioavailability. NO plays an important role in the effects of statins on neovascularization. In this review, we focus on the effects of statins on neovascularization and highlight specific novel targets, such as endothelial progenitor cells and NO.
Ma
Feng Xia
FX
State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and National Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Tianjin, China.
Han
Zhong Chao
ZC
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D017368:Protein Prenylation
D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III