title: Accumulation and chemical fractionation of heavy metals in andisols after a different, 6-year fertilization management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Andisols are widespread in Japan and have some special properties such as high anion exchange capacity, low bulk density, and high organic matter content, which might influence the accumulation or chemical fractionation of heavy metals. However, few such data exist in Japanese andisols. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the soil profiles and subsequently to assess their potential environmental hazard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Soil samples were taken from a field experiment conducted on Japanese andisols, which had received either swine compost or chemical fertilizers for 6 years. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were determined for all of the obtained extract solutions by ICP-AES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerably higher total concentrations of Cu and Zn were observed in the top 20 cm layer of the compost-amended soil, relative to the unfertilized soil, while chemical fertilizers had little effect. Application of the swine compost increased the concentrations of Cu and Zn, but not Ni and Cr, in all fractions in the top 20 cm layer. The greatest increase in the organically bound fraction (OM) Cu and dilute acid-exchangeable fraction (DAEXCH) Zn was observed. This suggests that Cu and Zn are potentially bioavailable and mobile in the andisol profiles after 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost. On the other hand, distribution of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr among various soil fractions was generally unaffected by chemical fertilizers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost led to an increase in total metals of Cu and Zn, as well as their all-chemical fractions, in the top 20 cm soil layers. Potential hazard of heavy metals, especially of Cu and Zn, as a result of the use of swine compost on andisols, must be taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn, in various plant tissues and soils, as well as their potential risk to surface water via runoff and groundwater via leaching, needs to be carefully considered. Further investigations in the long-term experiments are therefore necessary.
authors.affiliation: State Experimental Station for Agro-Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China. bzhao@mail.issas.ac.cn
authors.forename: Bingzi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Morihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Jiabao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Anning
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozaki
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000838:Anions; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers; D007564:Japan; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D005308:Fertilizers; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants