title: The association of Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic ulcer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) affects 10% of the world population. Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) are the principal factors associated with PUD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a cohort of patients with PUD and determine the association between H pylori infection and NSAID use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical charts of patients with endoscopic diagnosis of PUD were retrospectively reviewed from September 2002 to August 2003. Patients were divided into three groups according to ulcer etiology: H pylori infection (group 1); NSAID use (group 2); and combined H pylori infection and NSAID use (group 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred two patients were evaluated: 36 men (35.3%) and 66 women (64.7%). Forty patients had H pylori infection, 43 had used NSAIDs and 15 had combined H pylori infection and NSAID use; four patients with ulcers secondary to malignancy were excluded. The frequency of women was significantly higher in group 2 (P=0.01). The mean age of patients in group 1 was significantly lower than in the other two groups (P=0.003). PUD developed earlier in group 3 than in group 2 (5.0+/-4.7 months versus 1.4+/-2.1 months, respectively, P=0.018). Thirty-two patients (32.7%) had bleeding peptic ulcer. Group 2 had a higher risk of bleeding peptic ulcer than the other two groups (P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of PUD was observed earlier in the combined H pylori and NSAID group than in patients with only NSAID use. This suggests a synergic effect between the two risks factors in the development of PUD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zapata-Colindres
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zepeda-Gómez
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montaño-Loza
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Ballesteros
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Jesús Villalobos
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valdovinos-Andraca
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal