title: A communication tool for cancer patients with pain: the art therapy technique of the body outline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The multidimensional aspect of pain suggests the use of multimodal interventions. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has recently utilized the art therapy modality to help patients communicate the painful side of their illness in such a way that they can feel understood and respected. In this paper we describe a simple innovative art therapy intervention that we have developed within the Art Therapy Service in the Psychiatric Department of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients work with a Body Outline as a starting template, together with the art therapist, in sessions lasting approximately 45 minutes. They are encouraged to fill the space inside and outside the Body Outline. They can use colored pastels, markers, or watercolor or cut out images for a collage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy hospitalized adult cancer patients, 60 women and 10 men, used this intervention between January 1999 and May 2000. We have analyzed the variety of responses from the 70 patients, and three main groups have emerged, which have focused on the following issues: (1) visualization of physical pain, (2) communication of emotions, and (3) search for meaning/spirituality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that because of its abstract symbolic feature, the Body Outline is a very flexible therapeutic intervention. It must be offered within the relationship with the art therapist, and it may fulfill quite a variety of expressive needs, from the description of physical pain to the elaboration of spiritual longings.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. paoluz@concentric.net
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luzzatto
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sereno
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capps
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001155:Art Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D029181:Spirituality