title: How can health services effectively meet the health needs of homeless people?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homelessness affects many people in contemporary society with consequences for individuals and the wider community. Homeless people experience poorer levels of general physical and mental health than the general population and there is a substantial international evidence base which documents multiple morbidity. Despite this, they often have problems in obtaining suitable health care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically examine the international literature pertaining to the health care of homeless people and discuss the effectiveness of treatment interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review and synthesis of current evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline (1966-2003), EMBASE (1980-2003), PsycINFO (1985-2003), CINAHL (1982-2003), Web of Science (1981-2003) and the Cochrane Library (Evidence Based Health) databases were reviewed using key terms relating to homelessness, intervention studies, drug misuse, alcohol misuse and mental health. The review was not limited to publications in English. It included searching the internet using key terms, and grey literature was also accessed through discussion with experts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internationally, there are differing models and services aimed at providing health care for homeless people. Effective interventions for drug dependence include adequate oral opiate maintenance therapy, hepatitis A, B and tetanus immunisation, safer injecting advice and access to needle exchange programmes. There is emerging evidence for the effectiveness of supervised injecting rooms for homeless injecting drug users and for the peer distribution of take home naloxone in reducing drug-related deaths. There is some evidence that assertive outreach programmes for those with mental ill health, supportive programmes to aid those with motivation to address alcohol dependence and informal programmes to promote sexual health can lead to lasting health gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As multiple morbidity is common among homeless people, accessible and available primary health care is a pre-requisite for effective health interventions. This requires addressing barriers to provision and multi-agency working so that homeless people can access the full range of health and social care services. There are examples of best practice in the treatment and retention of homeless people in health and social care and such models can inform future provision.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Community Drug Treatment Services, Leeds, UK. n.wright@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nat M J
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Charlotte N E
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Tompkins
mesh_terms: D006293:Health Promotion; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000592:standards*; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*