title: AT1 receptor blockade regulates the local angiotensin II system in cerebral microvessels from spontaneously hypertensive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blockade of angiotensin II AT1 receptors in cerebral microvessels protects against brain ischemia and inflammation. In this study, we tried to clarify the presence and regulation of the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in brain microvessels in hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls were treated with an AT1 receptor antagonist (candesartan, 0.3 mg/kg per day) via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks. The expression and localization of RAS components and the effect of AT1 receptor blockade were assessed by Affymetrix microarray, qRT-PCR, Western blots, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found transcripts of most of RAS components in our microarray database, and confirmed their expression by qRT-PCR. Angiotensinogen (Aogen), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and AT1 receptors were localized to the endothelium. There was no evidence of AT2 receptor localization in the microvascular endothelium. In SHR, (pro)renin receptor mRNA and AT1 receptor mRNA and protein expression were higher, whereas Aogen, ACE mRNA and AT2 receptor mRNA and protein expression were lower than in WKY rats. Candesartan treatment increased Aogen, ACE and AT2 receptor in SHR, and increased ACE and decreased Aogen in WKY rats, without affecting the (pro)renin and AT1 receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased (pro)renin and AT1 receptor expression in SHR substantiates the importance of the local RAS overdrive in the cerebrovascular pathophysiology in hypertension. AT1 receptor blockade and increased AT2 receptor stimulation after administration of candesartan may contribute to the protection against brain ischemia and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. jinzhou@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pavel
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macova
authors.forename: Zu-Xi
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imboden
authors.forename: Linna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishioku
authors.forename: Jingtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delgiacco
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Saavedra
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000804:Angiotensin II; C081643:candesartan