title: X-ray dose reduction in fluoroscopically guided electrophysiology procedures.
abstract: This study assessed the efficacy of a new dose reduction regime in fluoroscopically guided electrophysiology (EP) procedures, which included diagnostic electrophysiological investigations, radiofrequency ablation, and biventricular pacing. A modified dose regime for fluoroscopy was implemented in one of our cardiac electrophysiology laboratories. The x-ray system was programmed with a hierarchy of three fluoroscopy doses, and therefore image quality and settings. The default (lowest) dose mode was not expected to be suitable for all patient sizes or for the entirety of all procedures. Staff raised the dose level in a stepped manner as and when required to optimize the imaging requirements of the procedure. Phantom studies indicated that the low dose mode provided adequate image quality for visualizing EP catheters, while significantly lowering patient skin dose. In 52 clinical cases, questionnaires were used to assess the subjective clinical image quality. The mean image quality score for the low dose setting was rated between "adequate" and "good." The fluoroscopy dose level was raised from the lowest level for 6% of the total fluoroscopy time. Procedural Dose Area Product (DAP) meter readings were analyzed for patients prior to (n = 85) and after (n = 150) the implementation of the low dose regime and showed an overall reduction in DAP rate of 74%. The hierarchical dose regime proved to be acceptable in routine clinical practice for EP procedures, leading to significant reductions in patient doses.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. A.G.Davies@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Arnold R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cowen
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kengyelics
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Campbell
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Mohan U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Sivanathan
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014915:Whole-Body Counting; D014965:X-Rays