title: Transabdominal ultrasound-assisted embryo transfer and pregnancy outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical value of transabdominal ultrasound (TAS)--assisted embryo transfer on outcomes of in vitro fertilization--embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in comparison to the "clinical touch" method of transcervical embryo transfer by one physician and to determine if transabdominal ultrasound should be applied to all cases of embryo transfer in this practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective comparison study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-based IVF practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-nine patients who underwent transcervical transfer of fresh embryos created using autologous oocytes performed by the same physician from July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  On selected days, at time of embryo transfer, transabdominal ultrasound was performed to guide catheter placement depth approximately 1 cm from the uterine fundus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of at least one gestational sac on ultrasound was compared in the two study groups; additionally, the clinical pregnancy rate (presence of fetal cardiac activity observed on ultrasound), the ectopic pregnancy rate, the biochemical pregnancy rate, and the implantation rate (number of gestational sacs identified on ultrasound per number of embryos transferred) between groups was evaluated. Characteristics of the two cohorts were analyzed to verify similarities between the treatment and control groups, including age of recipient, prior IVF history, day of transfer (day 3 or day 5 after retrieval), difficulty of transfer, the use of a tenaculum, and the quality and number of embryos transferred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical difference was seen in the presence or number of gestational sacs following embryo transfer with or without transabdominal ultrasound guidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No additional advantage is conferred when using transabdominal ultrasound to perform embryo transfer. In experienced hands, the "clinical touch" method of embryo transfer yields equivalent results to transabdominal ultrasound-guided embryo placement. However, in patients with a prior history of difficult uterine sounding or embryo transfer, transabdominal ultrasound guidance may still play a role.
authors.affiliation: Program for In Vitro Fertilization, Reproductive Surgery and Infertility, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. flisse02@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flisser
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grifo
authors.forename: Lewis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Krey
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noyes
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography