title: The use of a working model for teaching functional and applied surgical anatomy of the subtalar joint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some aspects of functional and applied anatomy may be difficult to conceptualize if taught by conventional methods. In such situations, alternative methods of teaching may need to be adopted. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether a working model can facilitate understanding of the functional and applied surgical anatomy of the subtalar joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  A working model of the articulated talus and calcaneus was constructed and used to explain the mechanics of motion of the subtalar joint, the rationale of release of structures to correct hindfoot deformity in clubfoot, principles of tendon transfers, and the rationale of extra-articular subtalar joint arthrodesis. Twenty-four orthopedic residents were divided into two groups (A and B). Group A was taught these specific concepts of functional and applied anatomy with the help of the model, while Group B was taught the same concepts with a written text and diagrams. The level of knowledge of both groups was evaluated by a test with multiple-choice questions. A week later, Group A was given the text while Group B was shown the model. Both groups then answered a questionnaire assessing the value of the model in enhancing their understanding of the subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the test, the performance of students in Group A was better than those in Group B. Students of both groups felt that the model gave them a much clearer understanding of the functional anatomy of the subtalar joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that this simple, inexpensive model is a valuable teaching aid that helps students to understand the surgical anatomy of the subtalar joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons can use this model to effectively teach trainees in this field about the mechanics and anatomy of the subtalar joint and other relevant applications.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India. bjosephortho@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Gleeson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rebello
authors.forename: Sreemathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000193:education*; D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011336:Probability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013380:Subtalar Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D013664:Teaching Materials