title: Hopelessness and terminal illness: the construct of hopelessness in patients with advanced AIDS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the construct of hopelessness in the context of a life-threatening or terminal illness is a complex and challenging undertaking. The objective of this study was to examine the construct of hopelessness in patients with advanced AIDS by examining the structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in this specific population.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the past three decades, the primary measure used to study hopelessness in a variety of populations has been the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Several factor analytic studies have been published using this scale, with studies of nonclinical samples typically describing a two-factor model (optimism and pessimism), whereas clinical samples have consistently generated a third factor (lack of motivation to make changes). We used confirmatory factor analysis to analyze two data sets in patients with AIDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in two samples of patients with far advanced AIDS revealed a clear superiority for a three-factor model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Beck Hopelessness Scale has unique characteristics when applied to a terminally ill population. The implications of these results for studies of terminal illness are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, New York 10485, USA. rosenfeld@fordham.edu
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Breitbart
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States