title: The chromogranin A fragment catestatin: specificity, potency and mechanism to inhibit exocytotic secretion of multiple catecholamine storage vesicle co-transmitters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secretory granules of chromaffin cells and neurons co-store and release, by exocytosis, the acidic soluble protein chromogranin A (human, CHGA; rodent, Chga) along with catecholamines, neuropeptides and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). CHGA serves as a pro-protein and upon proteolytic cleavage it generates active peptides, including catestatin (human CHGA352-372), first discovered in adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. Studies in our laboratory demonstrated that catestatin acts at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to inhibit catecholamine secretion. However, the specificity of catestatin to exert nicotinic-cholinergic antagonism among its co-transmitters is not clearly known, nor is the potential effect of catestatin on multiple vesicle co-transmitters understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Here we probed the specificity of catestatin's actions among its co-transmitters: catecholamines, ATP, and neuropeptide Y (NPY).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effects of each transmitter on exocytotic secretion of its co-transmitters from PC12 chromaffin cells, stimulating secretion by triggering physiological pathways at multiple sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that, among chromaffin granule co-transmitters, only catestatin and NPY inhibited catecholamine release induced by nicotinic-cholinergic stimulation; catestatin was more than tenfold more potent than NPY in this setting. We also stimulated norepinephrine secretion by other chromaffin cell agonists: catestatin blocked norepinephrine release induced by nicotine, but not by other agents (such as membrane depolarization) acting at later stages in the secretory pathway, nor by agents acting on other receptor classes. By contrast, NPY acted less specifically, blocking norepinephrine release triggered by either nicotine or membrane depolarization. Catestatin inhibited nicotinic-cholinergic co-release of all classes of chromaffin granule co-transmitters: catecholamines, chromogranins, neuropeptides, and ATP. Naturally occurring variants of human catestatin (Gly364Ser and Pro370Leu) exhibited parallel changes in potency to inhibit secretion of catecholamines and ATP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that, among the chromaffin granule co-transmitters, catestatin acts as the most specific and potent inhibitor of physiological pathway (nicotinic-cholinergic) stimulated secretion. Furthermore, catestatin generally inhibits nicotinically triggered exocytotic release of multiple co-transmitters from chromaffin granules. The results have physiological and pharmacological implications for co-transmission in the sympathochromaffin system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0838, USA.
authors.forename: Nitish R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.forename: Manjula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahata
authors.forename: Sushil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mahata
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000276:immunology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins; D003470:Culture Media; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109084:chromogranin A (344-364); D009538:Nicotine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine