title: Effect of NaCl and Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on cytokine expression and viability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) regulates release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-6) or alters gastric epithelial cell viability and to determine whether NaCl affects these VacA-induced changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vacuolating activity was determined by measuring the uptake of neutral red into vacuoles of VacA-treated human gastric epithelial (AGS) cells. AGS cell viability was assessed by direct cell counting. Specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were performed to examine the effects of H pylori VacA and NaCl on cell pro-inflammatory cytokine production in AGS cells. Immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissue from Mongolian gerbils was used to confirm VacA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and the effects of NaCl on this VacA-induced response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of VacA alone reduced AGS cell viability (P < 0.05), and this reduction was enhanced by high doses of NaCl (P < 0.05). VacA alone induced expression of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-1beta, while NaCl alone induced expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Changes in mRNA levels in the presence of both VacA and NaCl were more complicated. For the case of TNF-alpha, expression was dose-dependent on NaCl. IL-6 mRNA was not detected. However, low levels of IL-6 were detected by ELISA. Positive immunohistochemical staining of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha was found in gastric tissue of H pylori-infected gerbils fed with either a normal diet or a high salt diet. However, the staining of these three cytokines was stronger in H pylori-infected animals fed with a 5 g/kg NaCl diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VacA decreases the viability of AGS cells, and this effect can be enhanced by NaCl. NaCl also affects the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by VacA, suggesting that NaCl plays an important role in H pylori-induced gastric epithelial cell cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Hygiene(II), Faculty of Medicine, Oita University Oita 879-5593, Japan.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Jin-Xu
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Bing-Zhong
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Xiao-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Misumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori; D012965:Sodium Chloride