title: Use of organ culture to study the human fetal testis development: effect of retinoic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In human, the chronology of the testicular development has been extensively studied, but the factors implicated in the onset and the regulation of gametogenesis and steroidogenesis remain hardly known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify these factors, we developed an organ culture system for human fetal testes recovered during the first trimester (6-12 wk) of gestation. We first aimed at investigating the characteristics of this system by comparing the in vivo and in vitro gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Second, we used organ culture to investigate the effect on the human testicular functions of retinoic acid (RA), previously described as a regulator of gonadal development in rodents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Organ culture proved to be an efficient tool for studying the early development of the testicular functions. Indeed, this system was able to maintain satisfactory development of the germ cells and Leydig cells in the absence of any added factor. For older fetuses, the number of germ cells decreased in culture and the LH was necessary to maintain the steroidogenic activity. The addition of 10(-6) m RA decreased the total number of germ cells in the fetal testis at all studied stages. This resulted from an increase in apoptosis, which slightly exceeded the increase of proliferation. However, RA had a stimulatory effect on the steroidogenic function for the youngest fetuses over a short period of time by increasing the expression of P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage, 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, RA appears as a potential regulator of both gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in human fetal testis. Our organ culture is an interesting tool for studying the effects of various factors on the development of human fetal testis, in particular the effect of hormone-disrupting chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 566, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris 7, Route du Panorama BP 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. romain.lambrot@cea.fr
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambrot
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coffigny
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pairault
authors.forename: Anne-Claire
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Donnadieu
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frydman
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habert
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rouiller-Fabre
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005854:Germ Cells; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D007985:Leydig Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D013256:Steroids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013256:Steroids; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D013739:Testosterone; D014212:Tretinoin; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme