title: [Assisted reproduction technologies and the risk of fetal, chromosomal and genetic malformations].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assisted reproduction techniques allowed thousands of otherwise infertile couples to attain pregnancy. As this technology moves into the mainstream of infertility treatment, it has become more critical to reassess its safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the birth outcome of patients undergoing conventional in-vitro fertilization and intracyto- plasmic sperm injection regarding fetal malformations, chromosomal and genetic abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the published data is from observational studies and is not randomized or blinded. Unfortunately, most articles are inherently biased. Chromosomal and genetic abnormalities are increased probably only as a direct corollary to the underlying parental risk and not due to the technology itself. There is a slight increase in the congenital malformations rate, but inspection of these malformations reveal no clustering of any specific abnormality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children born after assisted reproduction technologies have an increased risk of a major congenital malformation and chromosomal abnormalities compared with those born after natural conception. The risk is mainly due to paternal and maternal risk factors, which are more prevalent in couples who use assisted reproduction techniques for reproduction. Infertility-linked risk is highly probable for the observed findings. A technique-related risk, however, cannot be ruled out. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection appears to be a safe alternative for couples who otherwise would be unable to achieve pregnancy. The inherent risks associated with these genetically "at risk" couples mandate thorough evaluation and counseling before undertaking ICSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah University Hospital, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel. imbar_1@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imbar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsafrir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lev-Sagie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holzer
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*