title: The role of inhibitory molecules in fracture healing.
abstract: The balance between all the signalling molecules involved in bone formation with their inhibitors and most importantly between BMPs and their antagonists is critical determinant of osteogenesis, and therefore of skeletal development, fracture repair, and bone remodelling. The main identified inhibitory molecules of the osteogenic lineage, either from studies during embryonic development or from in vitro and in vivo studies are presented in the herein study. Potential treatments using these molecules either alone or in combination with BMPs to control the bone growth and overgrowth are already under investigation aiming in treatments that mimic as much as possible the natural process of bone generation in various situations including fracture healing, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis and other metabolic disorders, in order to more closely resemble the original tissue.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rozalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dimitriou
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsiridis
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Hamish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta