title: Hypomagnesemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hypomagnesemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, there is not a previous description concerning their potential interaction; thus, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypomagnesemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control design study. Incident cases of MetS (84 women and 63 men) were compared with healthy control subjects (163 women and 131 men) matched by age and gender. MetS was diagnosed according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criterion. Oxidative stress was defined by serum malondialdehyde concentration (MDA) > or =50 mg/dL, low-grade chronic inflammation by C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels > or =3 mg/L, and hypomagnesemia by serum magnesium concentrations < or =1.8 mg/dL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis adjusted by age, sex, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and total adiposity showed a strong association between MetS and hypomagnesemia (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-7.1), inflammation (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4-8.4), and oxidative stress (OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.9-12.6). Additional adjustment by CRP levels showed that MetS remained associated to hypomagnesemia (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.9) but not to oxidative stress (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9-5.9), and adjusted by MDA levels, MetS remained strongly associated to hypomagnesemia (1.6; CI 95% 1.1-7.4), but not to inflammation (OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.97-14.2). Adjusted by serum magnesium levels, inflammation (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-9.1) and oxidative stress (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.1-9.7) were slightly associated to MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interaction of inflammation and oxidative stress is related and increases the risk for MetS, whereas serum magnesium levels and MetS are independently associated.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Clinical Epidemiology, Mexican Social Security Institute, Research Group on Diabetes and Chronic Illnesses, Siqueiros 225 esq./Castañeda, 34000 Durango, Mexico. guerrero_romero@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Romero
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Morán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D008274:Magnesium