title: Atypical autoantibodies in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: clinical characteristics and follow-up of 82 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical characteristics, follow-up, and fulfillment of classification criteria for other systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD) in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SS) and atypical autoantibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 402 patients diagnosed with primary SS seen consecutively in our Department since 1994. We considered anti-DNA, anti-Sm, anti-RNP, anti-topoisomerase1/Scl70, anticentromere (ACA), anti-Jo1, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), anticardiolipin antibodies (aPL), and lupus anticoagulant as atypical autoantibodies. The patients were prospectively followed after inclusion into the protocol, focusing on the development of features that might lead to the fulfillment of classification criteria for additional SAD. As a control group, we selected an age-sex-matched subset of patients with primary SS without atypical autoantibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two (20%) patients showed atypical autoantibodies (36 had aPL, 21 anti-DNA, 13 ANCA, 10 anti-RNP, 8 ACA, 6 anti-Sm, 2 anti-Scl70, and 1 anti-Jo-1 antibodies). There were 77 (94%) women and 5 (6%) men, with a mean age of 57 years. Patients with atypical autoantibodies had no statistical differences in the prevalence of the main sicca features, extraglandular manifestations (except for a higher prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon, 28% versus 7%, P=0.001), immunological markers, and in the fulfillment of the 2002 classification criteria, compared with the control group. After a follow-up of 534 patient-years, 13 (16%) of the 82 patients with atypical autoantibodies developed an additional SAD (systemic lupus erythematosus in 5 cases, antiphospholipid syndrome in 4, limited scleroderma in 3, and microscopic polyangiitis in 1) compared with none in the control group (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows an immunological overlap (defined by the presence of autoantibodies considered typical of other SAD) in 20% of our patients with primary SS. However, the clinical significance of these atypical autoantibodies varies widely depending on the autoantibodies detected, with a broad spectrum of prevalence and clinical patterns of disease expression, and a specific predilection for association with some SAD in preference to others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. mramos@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos-Casals
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brito-Zerón
authors.forename: Sira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aguiló
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bové
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Font
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000276:immunology; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic / Q000276:immunology*; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D002503:Centromere / Q000276:immunology; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006643:Histidine-tRNA Ligase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear / Q000276:immunology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001324:Autoantigens; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins; D004247:DNA; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I; D006643:Histidine-tRNA Ligase