title: Glucose and haemoglobin in the assessment of prognosis after first hospitalisation for heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship with outcome of plasma haemoglobin and glucose concentrations, measured soon after first hospital admission with chronic heart failure (CHF), in standard clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital records of 528 patients (43% women, mean age 70 years) with first hospital admission for CHF were reviewed. During follow up (mean 1257 days, range 520-1800), 240 (45%) patients died. On admission, 140 of 528 (27%) and at discharge 179 of 472 survivors (38%) were receiving treatment for diabetes. World Health Organization criteria for anaemia were met by 39% of men and 43% of women. Lower haemoglobin (hazard ratio 0.879, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.828 to 0.933, p < 0.0001) and higher plasma glucose (hazard ratio 1.034, 95% CI 1.008 to 1.061, p = 0.009) had univariate association with all-cause mortality. On multivariate analysis, compared with patients with a normal haemoglobin for their sex, hazard ratio was 1.415 (95% CI 1.087 to 1.841, p = 0.010) for those with low haemoglobin. All-cause mortality fell linearly for haemoglobin up to 159 g/l, above which mortality increased. Glucose above the highest quartile (> 10 mmol/l) was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 1.966, 95% CI 1.376 to 2.810, p = 0.0002). In survivors of the index admission the association between glucose and mortality was linear, the relationship being stronger for patients without diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower haemoglobin and higher plasma glucose are associated with all-cause mortality in CHF. Higher glucose is associated with mortality irrespective of diabetic status.
authors.affiliation: University of Leicester Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Squire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006454:Hemoglobins