title: Interleukin-1 alpha mediates the growth proliferative effects of transforming growth factor-beta in p21 null MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta type 1 (TGF-beta) has been implicated as both a tumor suppressor and a tumor promoter in many solid epithelial cancers. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 acts as a molecular switch in determining a growth inhibitory versus growth proliferative response to TGF-beta in the spontaneously immortalized human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A. We now demonstrate that this proliferative effect of TGF-beta is mediated through the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). Using gene expression array analysis, we identified IL-1alpha as a cytokine specifically upregulated only in cells lacking p21 and only upon TGF-beta stimulation. Cell proliferation assays verified that recombinant IL-1alpha was capable of inducing a growth proliferative response in p21 null MCF-10A cells, while neutralizing antibodies against IL-1alpha prevented the growth proliferative effects of TGF-beta. Mechanistically, both the CDK and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibitory functions of p21 were responsible for preventing TGF-beta induced cell proliferation, but only PCNA inhibition by p21 regulated IL-1alpha gene expression. These studies demonstrate a novel role for IL-1alpha in mediating a proliferative response to TGF-beta signaling, and suggest that therapies directed against IL-1alpha could abate the growth proliferative effects of TGF-beta without compromising its tumor suppressive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karakas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weeraratna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abukhdeir
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Argani
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Marzo
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bachman
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D007375:Interleukin-1; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D003609:Dactinomycin