Transcription factor and kinase-mediated signaling in atherosclerosis and vascular injury.
Our understanding of the molecular signaling pathways regulating the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis or remodeling in response to injury has begun to cross the boundaries from regulation of well-described canonical pathways to the interplay between these pathways. The focus of this review is to summarize our current understanding of a finite group of transcription factors and kinases involved in vascular injury and atherosclerosis, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1), activator protein-1 (AP-1), hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), homeobox, and T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (Tcf-Lef), as well as the kinases janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), protein kinase C (PKC), p38, Rho, ERK5, JNK, p44/p42, and phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT.
Adhikari
Neeta
N
Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 508, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Charles
Nathan
N
Lehmann
Ute
U
Hall
Jennifer L
JL
D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology
C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010770:Phosphotransferases