title: Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution for limbs and bones in horses with fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and relationships with findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proximal sesamoid bones obtained from both forelimbs of cadavers of 328 racing Thoroughbreds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteophytes; large vascular channels; and fracture location, orientation, configuration, and margin distinctness were categorized by use of high-detail contact palmarodorsal radiographs. Distributions of findings were determined. Relationships between radiographic findings and fracture characteristics were examined by use of chi2 and logistic regression techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractures were detected in 136 (41.5%) horses. Biaxial fractures were evident in 109 (80%) horses with a fracture. Osteophytes and large vascular channels were evident in 266 (81%) and 325 (99%) horses, respectively. Medial bones typically had complete transverse or split transverse simple fractures, indistinct fracture margins, > 1 vascular channel that was > 1 mm in width, and osteophytes in abaxial wing and basilar middle or basilar abaxial locations. Lateral bones typically had an oblique fracture and distinct fracture margins. Odds of proximal sesamoid bone fracture were approximately 2 to 5 times higher in bones without radiographic evidence of osteophytes or large vascular channels, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biaxial fractures of proximal sesamoid bones were common in cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Differences between medial and lateral bones for characteristics associated with fracture may relate to differences in fracture pathogeneses for these bones. Osteophytes and vascular channels were common findings; however, fractures were less likely to occur in bones with these features.
authors.affiliation: JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Anthenill
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Ashley E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Bradd C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Deryck H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Bill J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Leslie W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Daft
authors.forename: Hailu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinde
authors.forename: Janet D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Farman
authors.forename: Jenee S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Odani
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pesavento
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Uzal
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ardans
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012716:Sesamoid Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D017678:Sex Distribution