Evolving paradigms for neuroprotection: molecular identification of ischemic penumbra.
Ischemic penumbra defines the existence of tissue at risk of infarction and which is, hence, potentially salvageable and the target for current stroke reperfusion and neuroprotective therapies. Penumbral tissue evolves toward irreversibly damaged tissue at different rates in individual stroke patients yielding different therapeutic windows depending on the individual duration of risk of infarction of this tissue. An accurate identification of the penumbra is then necessary in order to individualize the window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions. Imaging techniques, although helpful, may not give the most accurate information as to the existence of penumbra given that the threshold for identification of penumbra varies depending on the technique used. A better identification of the true penumbral tissue might be based on the cascade of molecular events that are responsible for the evolution of the penumbra toward infarcted tissue. Multiple penumbras can be defined in molecular terms taking into account which vessel is occluded, the time of evolution of the ischemia, the degree of the ischemia, and the sensitivity to ischemia of the different cells. Future studies are necessary to clarify whether the enhancement of cytoprotective mechanisms, and/or the block of cytotoxic mechanisms confirming the existence of penumbra at different times of ischemic evolution, are effective neuroprotective strategies.
Castellanos
Mar
M
Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
Sobrino
Tomás
T
Castillo
José
J
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C539821:NR4A1 protein, human; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002118:Calcium