title: Developmental toxicity evaluation of berberine in rats and mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Berberine, a plant alkaloid, is found in some herbal teas and health-related products. It is a component of goldenseal, an herbal supplement. Berberine chloride dihydrate (BCD) was evaluated for developmental toxicity in rats and mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Berberine chloride dihydrate was administered in the feed to timed-mated Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats (0, 3,625, 7,250, or 14,500 ppm; on gestational days [GD] 6-20), and Swiss Albino (CD-1) mice (0, 3,500, 5,250, or 7,000 ppm; on GD 6-17). Ingested doses were 0, 282, 531, and 1,313 mg/kg/day (rats) and 0, 569, 841, and 1,155 mg/kg/day (mice).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no maternal deaths. The rat maternal lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), based on reduced maternal weight gain, was 7,250 ppm. The rat developmental toxicity LOAEL, based on reduced fetal body weight per litter, was 14,500 ppm. In the mouse study, equivocal maternal and developmental toxicity LOAELs were 5,250 ppm. Due to scattering of feed in the high dose groups, a gavage study at 1,000 mg/kg/day was conducted in both species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rats, maternal, but not fetal adverse effects were noted. The maternal toxicity LOAEL remained at 7,250 ppm (531 mg/kg/day) based on the feed study and the developmental toxicity NOAEL was raised to 1,000 mg/kg/day BCD based on the gavage study. In the mouse, 33% of the treated females died. Surviving animals had increased relative water intake, and average fetal body weight per litter decreased 5-6% with no change in live litter size. The maternal toxicity LOAEL remained at 5,250 ppm (841 mg/kg/day) BCD, based on increased water consumption. The developmental toxicity LOAEL was raised to 1,000 mg/kg/day BCD based on decreased fetal body weight.
authors.affiliation: Sciences International Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. Janke@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Gloria D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: Christina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021461:Animals, Outbred Strains; D001599:Berberine / Q000633:toxicity*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D001599:Berberine