Hearts and bones: shared regulatory mechanisms in heart valve, cartilage, tendon, and bone development.
The mature heart valves are dynamic structures composed of highly organized cell lineages and extracellular matrices. The discrete architecture of connective tissue within valve leaflets and supporting structures allows the valve to withstand life-long functional demands and changes in hemodynamic forces and load. The dysregulation of ECM organization is a common feature of heart valve disease and can often be linked to genetic defects in matrix protein structure or developmental regulation. Recent studies have identified specific regulatory pathways that are active in the developing valve structures and also control cartilage, tendon, and bone development. This review will focus on the regulatory hierarchies that control normal and abnormal heart valve development in parallel with other connective tissue cell types.
Lincoln
Joy
J
Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, MLC 7020, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
Lange
Alexander W
AW
Yutzey
Katherine E
KE
D053674:Aggrecans; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D056657:Cathepsin K; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D019063:Tenascin / Q000378:metabolism; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
D053674:Aggrecans; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D056657:Cathepsin K; D002403:Cathepsins; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D019063:Tenascin; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C508320:Acan protein, mouse; C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; C503815:Scx protein, mouse; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; C534132:Ctsk protein, mouse