title: A randomized trial of directly administered antiretroviral therapy and adherence case management intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of a directly administered antiretroviral therapy program (DAART) and intensive adherence case management (IACM) intervention on virologic and immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among patients at 3 public human immunodeficiency virus clinics in Los Angeles County, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 250 treatment-naive and treatment-experienced persons for whom no more than 1 prior HAART regimen had failed. Five days per week for 6 months, a community worker delivered 1 HAART dose to DAART participants and observed the participant take it. IACM participants met weekly with a case manager to overcome barriers to HAART adherence. A control group (the standard of care [SOC] group) received the usual care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients were Latino (64%) or African American (24%); 57% were monolingual Spanish speakers. Seventy-five percent of the patients were male, and 64% reported an annual income of <10,000 dollars. In an intent-to-treat analysis, no statistical differences were observed in the percentage of patients with an undetectable viral load (i.e., <400 copies/mL) at 6 months between the DAART group (54%), IACM group (60%), and SOC group (54%; P>.05). An on-treatment analysis determined that there were no statistical differences in the percentage of patients with an undetectable viral load at 6 months between the DAART group (71%), IACM group (80%), and SOC group (74%; P>.05). Additionally, there were no statistical differences in 6-month changes in the CD4+ cell count or in self-reported adherence to therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with limited prior HAART experience and adherence barriers that had not been assessed before randomization, no differences were found in virologic or immunologic response for DAART or IACM, compared with SOC, at 6 months. DAART and IACM did not improve short-term outcomes when SOC included other means of adherence support that were not controlled for by the study design.
authors.affiliation: HIV Epidemiology Program, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA 90005, USA. awohl@ladhs.org
authors.forename: Amy Rock
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wohl
authors.forename: Wendy H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: Mallory D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hader
authors.forename: Monique-Nicole
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weidle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents