title: Freezing injury and resistance in spinach chloroplast grana.
abstract: Spinach grana appear to be injured by the same mechanism and by the same degree of dehydration and volume reduction that injures animal cells. Winter-hardened or artificially protected grana avoid injury by permitting a reversible influx of solute which forestalls excessive dehydration and shrinkage.
authors.affiliation: Blood Research Laboratory, American National Red Cross, Bethesda, Maryland 20014.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Meryman