title: Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in 593 sarcoma patients: a report from the Late Effects Surveillance System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ifosfamide is widely used in paediatric oncology, but its use is limited by nephrotoxic side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of tubulopathy, with special emphasis on the influence of age, where different findings have been published so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred ninety three children and adolescents treated for Ewing, osteo- or soft-tissue sarcoma (median age at diagnosis: 11.7 years) were prospectively investigated for nephrotoxicity in the Late Effects Surveillance System (LESS) study. Tubulopathy was diagnosed in case of continuing hypophosphatemia and proteinuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow up of 19 months, 27 patients (4.6%; 95% CI: 3.0-6.6%) had newly developed tubulopathy. This incidence was 0.4% (95% CI: 0-2.4%) in patients treated with a cumulative ifosfamide dose of < or =24 g/m2, 6.5% (95% CI: 3.6-10.7%) after 24-60 g/m2, and 8.0% (95% CI: 4.2-13.6%) after > or = 60 g/m2. In multivariate analysis, children younger than 4 years at time of diagnosis had an 8.7-fold (95% CI: 3.5-21.8) higher risk for tubulopathy than older patients. Neither carboplatin treatment nor abdominal irradiation showed any significant influence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity was found in 4.6% of patients. Risk factors were the cumulative ifosfamide dose and young age at treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology, LESS center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stöhr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paulides
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bielack
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treuner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000528:radiation effects; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D016190:Carboplatin; D007069:Ifosfamide