title: Cardiovascular responses and neurotransmitter changes during static muscle contraction following blockade of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) within the ventrolateral medulla.
abstract: The enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which is necessary for the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine exists in three isoforms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Our previous studies have demonstrated the roles of nNOS and eNOS within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in modulating cardiovascular responses during static skeletal muscle contraction via altering localized glutamate and GABA levels (Brain Res. 977 (2003) 80-89; Neuroscience Res. 52 (2005) 21-30). In this study, we investigated the role of iNOS within the RVLM and CVLM on cardiovascular responses and glutamatergic/GABAergic neurotransmission during the exercise pressor reflex. Bilateral microdialysis of a selective iNOS antagonist, aminoguanidine (AGN; 1.0 microM), for 60 min into the RVLM attenuated increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and extracellular glutamate levels during a static muscle contraction. Levels of GABA within the RVLM were increased. After 120 min of discontinuation of the drug, MAP and HR responses and glutamate/GABA concentrations recovered to baseline values during a subsequent muscle contraction. In contrast, bilateral application of AGN (1.0 microM) into CVLM potentiated cardiovascular responses and glutamate concentration while attenuating levels of GABA during a static muscle contraction. All values recovered after 120 min of discontinuation of the drug. These results demonstrate that iNOS within the ventrolateral medulla plays an important role in modulating cardiovascular responses and glutamatergic/GABAergic neurotransmission that regulates the exercise pressor reflex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, USA. ahmmed_ally@pba.edu
authors.forename: Ahmmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ally
authors.forename: Siripan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phattanarudee
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabadi
authors.forename: Maitreyee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C004479:pimagedine