title: Permeability of starch gel matrices and select films to solvent vapors.
abstract: Volatile agrochemicals such as 2-heptanone have potential in safely and effectively controlling important agricultural pests provided that they are properly delivered. The present study reports the permeability of starch gel matrices and various coatings, some of which are agricultural-based, that could be used in controlled release devices. Low-density, microcellular starch foam was made from wheat, Dent corn, and high amylose corn starches. The foam density ranged from 0.14 to 0.34 g/cm3, the pore volume ranged from 74 to 89%, and the loading capacity ranged from 2.3 to 7.2 times the foam weight. The compressive properties of the foam were not markedly affected by saturating the pore volume with silicone oil. The vapor transmission rate (VTR) and vapor permeability (VP) were measured in dry, porous starch foam and silicone-saturated starch gels. VTR values were highest in foam samples containing solvents with high vapor pressures. Silicone oil-saturated gels had lower VTR and VP values as compared to the dry foam. However, the silicone oil gel did not markedly reduce the VP for 2-heptanone and an additional vapor barrier or coating was needed to adequately reduce the evaporation rate. The VP of films of beeswax, paraffin, ethylene vinyl alcohol, a fruit film, and a laminate comprised of beeswax and fruit film was measured. The fruit film had a relatively high VP for polar solvents and a very low VP for nonpolar solvents. The laminate film provided a low VP for polar and nonpolar solvents. Perforating the fruit film portion of the laminate provided a method of attaining the target flux rate of 2-heptanone. The results demonstrate that the vapor flux rate of biologically active solvents can be controlled using agricultural materials.
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA. gmg@pw.usda.gov
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.forename: Artur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Klamczynski
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludvik
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shey
authors.forename: Syed H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.forename: Bor-Sen
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DeGrandi-Hoffman
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Orts
authors.forename: Delilah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Offeman
mesh_terms: D000688:Amylose / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007659:Ketones; D008925:Mites; D010539:Permeability; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D007659:Ketones; D012997:Solvents; C011917:2-heptanone; D013213:Starch; D000688:Amylose