title: Wide-pulse-width, high-frequency neuromuscular stimulation: implications for functional electrical stimulation.
abstract: Electrical stimulation (1-ms pulses, 100 Hz) produces more torque than expected from motor axon activation (extra contractions). This experiment investigates the most effective method of delivering this stimulation for neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Surface stimulation (1-ms pulses; 20 Hz for 2 s, 100 Hz for 2 s, 20 Hz for 3 s) was delivered to triceps surae and wrist flexors (muscle stimulation) and to median and tibial nerves (nerve stimulation) at two intensities. Contractions were evaluated for amplitude, consistency, and stability. Surface electromyograph was collected to assess how H-reflexes and M-waves contribute. In the triceps surae, muscle stimulation produced the largest absolute contractions (23% maximal voluntary contraction), evoked the largest extra contractions as torque increased by 412% after the 100-Hz stimulation, and was more consistent and stable compared with tibial nerve stimulation. Absolute and extra contraction amplitude, consistency, and stability of evoked wrist flexor torques were similar between stimulation types: torques reached 11% maximal voluntary contraction, and extra contractions increased torque by 161%. Extra contractions were 10 times larger in plantar flexors compared with wrist flexors with muscle stimulation but were similar with nerve stimulation. For triceps surae, H reflexes were 3.4 times larger than M waves during nerve stimulation, yet M waves were 15 times larger than H reflexes during muscle stimulation. M waves in the wrist flexors were larger than H reflexes during nerve (8.5 times) and muscle (18.5 times) stimulation. This is an initial step toward utilizing extra contractions for neuromuscular electrical stimulation and the first to demonstrate their presence in the wrist flexors.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience, E-435 Van Vliet Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.
authors.forename: Evan R L
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Piotr M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Klakowicz
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D014953:Wrist / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology