title: Determinants of aflatoxin levels in Ghanaians: sociodemographic factors, knowledge of aflatoxin and food handling and consumption practices.
abstract: Aflatoxins are among the most potent of carcinogens found in staple foods such as groundnuts, maize and other oil seeds. This study was conducted to measure the levels of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) albumin adducts in blood and aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) metabolite in urine of people in a heavy peanut and maize consuming region of Ghana and to examine the association between aflatoxin levels and several socio-demographic factors and food handling and consumption practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in the Ejura Sekyedumase district of Ghana. A socio-demographic survey was administered to 162 participants. Blood samples were collected from 140 and urine samples from 91 of the participants and AFB(1) albumin-adduct levels in blood and AFM(1) levels in urine were measured. High AFB(1) albumin-adduct levels were found in the plasma (mean+/-SD=0.89+/-0.46pmol/mg albumin; range=0.12-3.00pmol/mg; median=0.80pmol/mg) and high AFM(1) levels in the urine (mean+/-SD=1,800.14+/-2602.01pg/mg creatinine; range=non-detectable to 11,562.36pg/mg; median=472.67pg/mg) of most of the participants. There was a statistically significant correlation (r=0.35; p=0.007) between AFB(1)-albumin adduct levels in plasma and AFM(1) levels in urine. Several socio-demographic factors, namely, educational level, ethnic group, the village in which participants lived, number of individuals in the household, and number of children in the household attending secondary school, were found to be significantly associated with AFB(1) albumin-adduct levels by bivariate analysis. By multivariate analyses, ethnic group (p=0.04), the village in which participants live (p=0.02), and the number of individuals in the household (p=0.01), were significant predictors of high AFB(1) albumin-adducts. These findings indicate strongly that there is need for specifically targeted post-harvest and food handling and preparation interventions designed to reduce aflatoxin exposure among the different ethnic groups in this region of Ghana.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1665 University Boulevard, RPHB 217, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. jollyp@uab.edu
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Awuah
authors.forename: Obinna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nnedu
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jia-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Evans
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Afriyie-Gyawu
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Sharina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Person
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jolly
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000652:urine*; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D010367:Arachis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003710:Demography; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005869:Ghana; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D002273:Carcinogens; D016607:Aflatoxin M1; D016604:Aflatoxin B1