title: Mesenchymal stem cells and bone regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in bone formation and regeneration, and outline the development of strategies that use MSC in bone healing and regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline review, synopses of authors' published research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MSC is the basic cellular unit of embryologic bone formation. Secondary bone healing mimics bone formation with proliferation of MSC then their differentiation into components of fracture callus. Bone regeneration, where large amounts of bone must form, mimics bone healing and can be achieved with MSC combined with strategies of osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osteopromotion. MSC based strategies first employed isolated and culture expanded stem cells in an osteoconductive carrier to successfully regenerate a critical segmental defect in the femur of dogs, which was as effective as autogenous cancellous bone. Because MSC appeared to be immunologically privileged, a study using mismatched allogeneic stem cells demonstrated that these cells would regenerate bone without inciting an immunologic response, documenting the possibility of banked allogeneic MSC for bone regeneration. A technique was developed for selectively retaining MSC from large bone marrow aspirates at surgery for bone regeneration. These techniques utilized osteoconductive and osteoinductive carriers and resulted in bone regeneration that was similar to autogenous cancellous bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSC can be manipulated and combined with carriers that will result in bone regeneration of critically sized bone defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These techniques can be employed clinically to regenerate bone and serve as an alternative to autogenous cancellous bone.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. Karl.Kraus@Tufts.edu
authors.forename: Karl H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirker-Head
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D004285:Dogs / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000662:veterinary*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells