title: Acupuncture for chronic headaches--an epidemiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing acupuncture treatment for chronic headaches under conditions of routine care provided within the framework of statutory health insurance in Germany. Furthermore, we investigated correlations between different outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with migraine, episodic or chronic tension-type headache (TTH), or several other forms of chronic headache (cluster, vascular, drug-induced headache; other specific headaches) treated with acupuncture (mean number of sessions 8.6 +/- 3.0) were included into an observational study. Detailed questionnaires including questions on headache days and instruments measuring disability (Pain Disability Index) and quality of life (SF-36) were completed before treatment, after treatment, and at 6 months after inclusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,022 patients (732 with migraine, 351 with episodic and 440 with chronic TTHs, and 499 with other diagnoses) treated by 1,418 physicians were included in the main analysis. Sociodemographic and baseline characteristics differed considerably in the four diagnostic groups. Statistically highly significant and clinically relevant improvements were seen for all clinical outcome measures in all diagnostic groups. In 52.6% of patients headache frequency decreased by at least 50% compared to baseline. The comparison of headache frequency, pain intensity, and generic outcome measures showed that some of these outcomes correlate only weakly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this epidemiological study, headache patients reported clinically relevant improvements after receiving acupuncture. Randomized trials performed in parallel to this study confirm the relevant overall effect, however, the effect may largely be due to potent unspecific needling and placebo effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, Technische Universität München, Kaiserstr. 9, 80801 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melchart
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weidenhammer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Streng
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pfaffenrath
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linde
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome