title: Influence of perineal swellings on behavior and stress reaction in levonorgestrel implanted Macaca sylvanus females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contraceptives are common tools in controlling the reproductive physiology in primates. Levonorgestrel, a synthetic gestagen, can usually enable contraception and does not suppress the extension of perineal swellings.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the effects on intra-sexual behavior and fecal cortisol excretion rates in different swollen Barbary macaque females (N =24) during the non-reproductive phase of the year. The study was conducted on a semi-free population at Affenberg Salem (Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that females with reduced swellings received more aggressive encounters than females with enlarged perinea; whereas, at the same time the latter individuals have increased their active grooming interactions paralleled with decreased fecal cortisol excretion rates. No correlations were found between the perineal swelling size and the dominance rank, age, or implantation time of the females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This report shows that the rate of perineal swelling expression can modulate intra-sexual behavior and stress reactivity in levonorgestrel implanted Barbary macaque females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that large perineal swellings represent an influencing key factor in Barbary macaque females' social interactions, irrespective of whether these signals are shown naturally or induced biochemically.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria. bernard.wallner@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dittami
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallis
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004343:Drug Implants; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006120:Grooming / Q000187:drug effects; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008251:Macaca; D010502:Perineum / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D006854:Hydrocortisone