title: Motion as a phenotype: the use of live-cell imaging and machine visual screening to characterize transcription-dependent chromosome dynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene transcriptional activity is well correlated with intra-nuclear position, especially relative to the nuclear periphery, which is a region classically associated with gene silencing. Recently however, actively transcribed genes have also been found localized to the nuclear periphery in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When genes are activated, they become associated with the nuclear pore complex (NPC) at the nuclear envelope. Furthermore, chromosomes are not static structures, but exhibit constrained diffusion in real-time, live-cell studies of particular loci. The relationship of chromosome motion with transcriptional activation and active-gene recruitment to the nuclear periphery has not yet been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have generated a yeast strain that enables us to observe the motion of the galactose-inducible GAL gene locus relative to the nuclear periphery in real-time under transcriptionally active and repressed conditions. Using segmented geometric particle tracking, we show that the repressed GAL locus undergoes constrained diffusive movement, and that transcriptional induction with galactose is associated with an enrichment in cells with GAL loci that are both associated with the nuclear periphery and much more constrained in their movement. Furthermore, we report that the mRNA export factor Sac3 is involved in this galactose-induced enrichment of GAL loci at the nuclear periphery. In parallel, using a novel machine visual screening technique, we find that the motion of constrained GAL loci correlates with the motion of the cognate nuclei in galactose-induced cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcriptional activation of the GAL genes is associated with their tethering and motion constraint at the nuclear periphery. We describe a model of gene recruitment to the nuclear periphery involving gene diffusion and the mRNA export factor Sac3 that can be used as a framework for further experimentation. In addition, we applied to the analysis of chromosome motion a machine visual screening approach that used unbiased visual data rather than segmented geometric data. This novel analytical approach will allow for high-throughput study of processes that can be monitored via alterations in chromosome motion and connectivity with the nuclear periphery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. david_drubin@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Drubin
authors.forename: Arman M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Garakani
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D009068:Movement; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation