title: Plasma pharmacokinetics of desmopressin following sublingual administration: an exploratory dose-escalation study in healthy male volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Desmopressin is usually administered intranasally in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus or nocturnal enuresis. The sublingual administration of desmopressin is expected to be an alternative to the intranasal route with advantages to children and to patients with allergic rhinitis or chronic rhinosinusitis. Therefore, the present study was carried out to explore the time-versus-concentration profile of desmopressin in plasma after sublingual administration to healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this open, exploratory, 1-period, randomized, dose-escalation study. Volunteers received a single sublingual dose of either 20, 40, 80, 160, 240 or 320 microg of desmopressin acetate. Desmopressin plasma concentrations were measured over a 12-hour period using a validated radioimmunoassay method. Safety and tolerability were assessed simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of desmopressin were below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 pg/ml for doses lower than 80 microg. For the doses of 160 - 320 microg the time-versus-concentration profiles were higher than the LLOQ. The area under the curve from 0 - 12 h (AUC0-12h) was 54.66 +/- 25.92 pg x h/ml after the 160 microg dose, 104.38 +/- 79.10 pg x h/ml following the 240 microg dose and 133.18 +/- 181.84 pg x h/ml following the 320 microg dose. Given the data from previous experiments, the time-versus-concentration profile of desmopressin in plasma after a sublingual dose of 240 microg appeared to be in the range of previously published data on an intranasal dose of 20 microg. Sublingual administration of desmopressin proved to be safe and was well tolerated by all volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A very high inter-individual variability in desmopressin plasma concentrations was detected after sublingual administration. A sublingual dose of 240 microg of desmopressin appeared to result in a pharmacokinetic profile comparable to 20 microg administered intranasally. These data, however, need to be verified in a separate well-designed prospective clinical study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kaehler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rinösl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joukhadar
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin