title: Contraceptive counseling of diabetic women of reproductive age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of diabetes on provision of contraceptive counseling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared counseling provided to diabetic and nondiabetic women on 40,304 visits made to U.S. ambulatory practices by nonpregnant women, 14-44 years of age, included in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1997-2000. Logistic regression, adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, insurance status, and provider characteristics was used to estimate the relationship between provision of contraceptive counseling and diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visits made by diabetic women of reproductive age were significantly less likely to include contraceptive counseling than visits made by nondiabetic women of reproductive age (odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.81). Visits made by diabetic women under 25 years of age were less likely to include contraceptive counseling than visits made by older diabetic women (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06-0.54). Overall, only 4% of visits made by diabetic women documented contraceptive counseling. When family planning was the primary reason for a visit (OR 34.4, 95% CI 20.8-56.9) or women visited a gynecologist (OR 24.3, 95% CI 16.7-35.2), women were significantly more likely to receive contraceptive counseling. However, diabetic women made only 0.3% of all visits to gynecologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ambulatory physicians in the United States rarely provide contraceptive counseling to diabetic women. This may contribute to adverse birth outcomes for some diabetic mothers who conceive before optimal glucose control is obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. Schwarzeb@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Eleanor Bimla
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maselli
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzales
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003267:Contraception; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D037001:Directive Counseling; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D014481:United States