title: The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alterations of the endocrine system in patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP) are poorly described and have prompted us to perform a longitudinal study of the effects of GBP on serum calcium, 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (vitamin D), and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively collected data were compiled to determine how GBP affects serum calcium, vitamin D, and PTH. Student t test, Fisher exact test, or linear regression was used to determine significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium, vitamin D, and PTH levels were drawn on 243 patients following GBP. Forty-one patients had long-limb bypass (LL-GBP), Roux >100 cm, and 202 had short-limb bypass (SL-GBP), Roux < or =100 cm. The mean (+/-SD) postoperative follow-up time was significantly longer in the LL-GBP group (5.7 +/- 2.5 years) than the SL-GBP group (3.1 +/- 3.6 years, P < 0.0001). When corrected for albumin levels, mean calcium was 9.3 mg/dL (range, 8.5-10.8 mg/dL), and no difference existed between LL-GBP and SL-GBP patients. For patients with low vitamin D levels (<8.9 ng/mL), 88.9% had elevated PTH (>65 pg/mL) and 58.0% of patients with normal vitamin D levels (> or =8.9 ng/mL) had elevated PTH (P < 0.0001). In individuals with vitamin D levels <30 ng/mL, 55.1% (n = 103) had elevated PTH, and of those with vitamin D levels > or =30 ng/mL 28.5% (n = 16) had elevated PTH (P = 0.0007). Mean vitamin D levels were lower in patients who had undergone LL-GBP as opposed to those with SL-GBP, 16.8 +/- 10.8 ng/mL versus 22.7 +/- 11.1 ng/mL (P = 0.0022), and PTH was significantly higher in patients who had a LL-GBP (113.5 +/- 88.0 pg/mL versus 74.5 +/- 52.7 pg/mL, P = 0.0002). There was a linear decrease in vitamin D (P = 0.005) coupled with a linear increase in PTH (P < 0.0001) the longer patients were followed after GBP. Alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in 40.3% of patients and correlated with PTH levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency and elevated PTH are common following GBP and progress over time. There is a significant incidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in short-limb GBP patients, even those with vitamin D levels > or =30 ng/mL, suggesting selective Ca malabsorption. Thus, calcium malabsorption is inherent to gastric bypass. Careful calcium and vitamin D supplementation and long-term screening are necessary to prevent deficiencies and the sequelae of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, 23298, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: DeMaria
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: Luke G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kellum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D006801:Humans; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium