title: Fast gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with microscale volume sample preparation for the determination of benzodiazepines and alpha-hydroxy metabolites, zaleplon and zopiclone in whole blood.
abstract: Fast gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric (GC/NICI-MS) assay combined with rapid and nonlaborious sample preparation is presented for the simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines and alpha-hydroxy metabolites, zaleplon and zopiclone in whole blood. The compounds were extracted from 100 microl of whole blood by simultaneous multitube, microscale liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and derivatized by N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), without the need for the time-consuming concentration stage. In the analytical separation, various parameters of fast GC/NICI-MS were applied, e.g. the use of hydrogen as a GC carrier gas, a high carrier gas velocity, a small film thickness of the analytical column, fast MS data acquisition, fast temperature ramping, and high initial and final temperatures of GC column. Sensitive identification, screening and quantitation of 18 compounds of interest were achieved in chromatographic separation in only 4.40 min. Accurate and reproducible results were obtained by using five different and carefully selected deuterated analogues on the basis of the chemical properties of the target analytes. Nevertheless, for alpha-OH-midazolam, and for bromazepam and flunitrazepam at low concentrations, the results can be considered only semiquantitative on the basis of the validation data. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 74.3 to 105.7% and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) from 1 to 100 ng ml(-1). Rapid sample preparation and fast chromatographic separation allowed cost-efficient, reliable and high sample-throughput analyses with a low amount of manual work. The method was fully validated and accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025 standards and is applicable for sensitive, reliable and quantitative determination of benzodiazepines, zaleplon and zopiclone, e.g. in clinical and forensic toxicology.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Drug Research Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. teemu.gunnar@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Teemu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gunnar
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ariniemi
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lillsunde
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000097:blood*; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000379:methods*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000097:blood*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; C515050:zopiclone; D001569:Benzodiazepines; C085665:zaleplon