title: Glucose-induced incretin hormone release and inactivation are differently modulated by oral fat and protein in mice.
abstract: Monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (OA), and certain milk proteins, especially whey protein (WP), have insulinotropic effects and can reduce postprandial glycemia. This effect may involve the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). To explore this, we examined the release and inactivation of GIP and GLP-1 after administration of glucose with or without OA or WP through gastric gavage in anesthetized C57BL/6J mice. Insulin responses to glucose (75 mg) were 3-fold augmented by addition of WP (75 mg; P < 0.01), which was associated with enhanced oral glucose tolerance (P < 0.01). The insulin response to glucose was also augmented by addition of OA (34 mg; P < 0.05) although only 1.5-fold and with no associated increase in glucose elimination. The slope of the glucose-insulin curve was increased by OA (1.7-fold; P < 0.05) and by WP (4-fold; P < 0.01) compared with glucose alone, suggesting potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin release. WP increased GLP-1 secretion (P < 0.01), whereas GIP secretion was unaffected. OA did not affect GIP or GLP-1 secretion. Nevertheless, WP increased the levels of both intact GIP and intact GLP-1 (both P < 0.01), and OA increased the levels of intact GLP-1 (P < 0.05). WP inhibited dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in the proximal small intestine by 50% (P < 0.05), suggesting that luminal degradation of WP generates small fragments, which are substrates for dipeptidyl peptidase IV and act as competitive inhibitors. We therefore conclude that fat and protein may serve as exogenous regulators of secretion and inactivation of the incretin hormones with beneficial influences on glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden. thomas.gunnarsson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: P Thomas
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: Maria Sörhede
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Winzell
authors.forename: Carolyn F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: Marianne O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jelic
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrén
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; D005947:Glucose