title: CTLA-4 blockade by a human MAb enhances the capacity of AML-derived DC to induce T-cell responses against AML cells in an autologous culture system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cells from AML patients can differentiate into the phenotype of DC when cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4. Such cytokine-treated AML-derived DC (AML-DC) can stimulate autologous T cells. In this study we examined whether an anti-CTLA-4 MAb (MDX-010) could enhance the generation of autologous anti-AML T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  MAb MDX-010 was added to AML PBMC cultures in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, a previously reported AML-DC culture method of generating anti-AML T cells. T-cell activation and proliferation were examined thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of MDX-010 to GM-CSF/IL-4-conditioned AML-DC cultures induced a mean seven-fold increase in the numbers of autologous T cells compared with cultures without MDX-010 (P < 0.007). T cells stimulated by AML-DC with CTLA-4 blockade were significantly more cytotoxic towards autologous AML cells than those without MDX-010 (42 +/- 23% vs. 26 +/- 15%, E:T ratio of 20). T cells stimulated by AML-DC with CTLA-4 blockade had significantly greater proportions of T cells producing IFN-gamma in response to autologous AML cells than those cultured with AML-DC alone (10.7 +/- 4.7% vs. 4.5 +/- 2.4% for CD4+ IFN-gamma+ CD69+ and 9.8 +/- 4.1% vs. 4 +/- 2.1% for CD8+ IFN-gamma+ CD69+ with or without MDX-010; n = 7; P < 0.007, P < 0.003, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTLA-4 blockade enhances the activity and numbers of AML-reactive T cells that can be stimulated by autologous AML-DC and may enhance the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy of AML.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0960, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loken
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D007371:Interferon-gamma