title: Stress and alcohol consumption in heavily drinking men: 2 years of daily data using interactive voice response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between stress and alcohol consumption has been shown in recent research to be more complex than originally thought. Cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal studies may not provide adequate data to address subtle but important relationships that impact consumption frequency and/or quantity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 33 males recruited from local bars who reported their alcohol consumption, stress, and other related variables every day for 2 years. Reports were provided by automated telephone to a computer-based interactive voice response (IVR) system. By closely monitoring call completion, we were able to collect over 95% of the daily calls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using hierarchical linear modeling, daily stress was found to be associated with daily alcohol consumption, but in the opposite direction than would be predicted by a "drinking to cope" hypothesis. That is, same-day stress was found to be inversely related to consumption levels. Prior day's stress was not significantly associated with subsequent day's consumption; however, prior day's consumption was predictive of subsequent stress for up to 2 days. Similar analyses using week, rather than day, as the unit of measure paralleled these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the utility of using long-term daily process data to address important research and clinical questions in the alcohol field.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Health Behavior Research Center, University of Vermont, South Burlington, Vermont 05403, USA. John.Helzer@vtmednet.org
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Helzer
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Searles
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Joan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mongeon
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors