title: Infected chronic wounds show different local and systemic arginine conversion compared with acute wounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several experimental studies have shown the importance of arginine in wound healing. However, little is known about its role in human wound healing. In this study, we investigated arginine metabolism in impaired wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with chronic wounds and 10 patients with acute wounds were included in a prospective study. Amino acids, nitrate/nitrite, and arginase concentrations were determined in plasma and wound fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chronic wounds were divided into two groups: noninfected chronic wounds (n = 11) and infected chronic wounds (n = 9), based on quantitative bacterial analysis of wound fluid samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma arginine levels, next to total plasma amino acid levels, were significantly decreased in patients with infected chronic wounds compared with patients having acute or noninfected wounds. Citrulline and ornithine levels were significantly increased in infected chronic wounds and related to decreased nitrate/nitrite levels, whereas wound fluid arginine levels were similar in all groups. In addition, wound fluid arginase levels of infected chronic wounds were significantly enhanced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that patients with infected chronic wounds have decreased plasma arginine levels and suggests enhanced arginine conversion in the wound. In contrast to noninfected chronic wounds, arginine seems to be mainly metabolized by arginase in infected chronic wounds. In conclusion, our hypothesis is that impaired wound healing is related to an altered arginine usage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Maastricht Academic Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris B J G
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Debats
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Booi
authors.forename: Nicolaas E P
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Deutz
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
authors.forename: Willy D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Boeckx
authors.forename: Rene R W J
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: van der Hulst
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001119:Arginase / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001120:Arginine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002956:Citrulline / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D009952:Ornithine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014945:Wound Healing; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D002956:Citrulline; D001120:Arginine; D009952:Ornithine; D001119:Arginase