title: Reentrant and nonreentrant forms of atrio-ventricular nodal tachycardia mimicking atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) manifests disorganized atrial activity and irregular R-R intervals on electrocardiogram (ECG). Variation in R-R intervals can also be seen with other supraventricular tachycardias that may mimic AF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report our observations on three patients who were referred to our center to undergo pulmonary vein (PV) isolation for erroneously diagnosed AF in the setting of dual atrio-ventricular (AV) nodal pathways manifesting as AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and/or double response during sinus rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These three subjects (two females) were derived from a group of 456 consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation at our center over a 3-year period. All three patients had been symptomatic for over 2 years, having failed two or more antiarrhythmic medications. In each case AF was initially diagnosed on ECG and/or recordings from ambulatory monitoring. However, in all three cases the correct diagnosis was established during the invasive electrophysiologic study. In one patient during the stimulation protocol, two narrow complex tachycardias were serially induced (cycle lengths: 305 and 360 msecs; VA time: 60 and 240 msecs). The latter was confirmed to be atypical AVNRT and during this tachycardia, block in upper pathway was observed. In the other two patients, sinus rhythm with repetitive runs of double response and isolated junctional beats were observed in the absence of retrograde conduction. Successful slow pathway modification was performed in each subject and all three patients have remained arrhythmia free over a mean follow-up of 31 +/- 16 months off antiarrhythmic medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF can be erroneously diagnosed in patients with dual AV nodal pathways manifesting double response and/or AVNRT. Incorporating a stimulation protocol as a part of the AF ablation procedure may help in diagnosing these rare clinical presentations that can be cured by slow pathway modification alone.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Sanjay.Dixit@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Callans
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000175:diagnosis; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000175:diagnosis*