title: Observations on the adherence of Proteus mirabilis onto polymer surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infection of the catheterized urinary tract with Proteus mirabilis causes blockage of the catheter by crystalline bacterial biofilms. The aim of this work is to identify a surface-coating for catheters that is not vulnerable to colonization by Pr. mirabilis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A parallel-plate flow-cell and phase contrast microscopy were used to follow bacterial adhesion onto polymer films. Experiments with a urease-negative mutant of Pr. mirabilis suspended in buffer or urine, identified agarose as a polymer on which biofilm did not form. In tests with wild-type urease-producing cells in urine, no adhesion of cells onto agarose was observed for 3 h but then as the pH rose above 8.2, the surface rapidly became colonized by crystalline biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In urine at pH below 8.0, Pr. mirabilis does not adhere to agarose-coated surfaces. When the pH rises above 8.2, however, aggregates of crystals and bacteria form in the urine and are deposited on such surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies to prevent the formation of crystalline biofilms on urinary catheters will need to consider both the properties of the surface-coatings and the requirement to prevent the alkaline conditions that induce crystal formation in urine.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. stickler@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stickler
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lear
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Downer
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Cadd
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Feast
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D011108:Polymers; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000502:physiology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers