title: Surgery for obesity: panacea or Pandora's box?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, healthcare providers should be cognizant of various non-operative (diet, exercise, behavior therapy, and medications) and operative obesity treatments. This review critically evaluates these treatments, especially bariatric surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline analyses using a combination of the following terms: obesity, bariatric surgery, and outcomes were performed with particular emphasis on prospective studies and randomized trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-operative treatments result in modest sustained weight loss (5-8%) at one year. Surgery is recommended for those with BMI >40 or >35 with comorbidities. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, a restrictive procedure, causes 35-54% excess weight loss (EWL) at 1 year. Malabsorptive procedures (biliopancreatic diversions with and without duodenal switch) induce 72-77% EWL but are only performed at few centers. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, acting through a combination of restriction and malabsorption, results in 69% EWL at 1 year and 49% at 14 years. Each procedure is associated with unique anatomic and nutritional complications. Overall, operative treatment improves comorbidities and may improve all-cause mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgery is an effective long-term treatment for selected obese patients who have failed other treatments. Further research is needed on prospective comparisons of procedures, evaluation of long-term outcomes, especially between centers and increasingly unrealistic patient expectations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital/Yale University, Bridgeport, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pannala
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: Irvin M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Modlin
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016474:Weight-Bearing