title: Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiology of psychogenic dystonia has not been examined, but a growing body of literature suggests that abnormal sensory input from repetitive movements can lead to plastic cortical changes. Reduced cortical and spinal inhibition is well documented in organic dystonia. We tested the hypothesis that aberrant sensory input associated with abnormal posture may cause similar abnormalities by testing patients with psychogenic dystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed cortical and spinal inhibitory circuits and cortical activity associated with voluntary movement in 10 patients with clinically definite psychogenic dystonia, 8 patients with organic dystonia, and 12 age-matched healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three measures of cortical inhibition, resting short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition and cortical silent period, were reduced in both psychogenic dystonia and organic dystonia. Cutaneous silent period mediated by spinal circuitries was increased in psychogenic and organic dystonia. Forearm spinal reciprocal inhibition was reduced in psychogenic dystonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychogenic and organic dystonia share similar physiological abnormalities. Previous findings of abnormal cortical and spinal excitability in organic dystonia may, in part, be a consequence rather than a cause of dystonia. Alternatively, these findings may represent endophenotypic abnormalities that predispose to both types of dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alberto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Espay
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Purzner
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gunraj
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation