title: [Systemic bias in the photographic assessment of the first purkinje image].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The growing popularity of digital imaging leads to an increasing number of photos transferred by parents via E-mail to an ophthalmologist, showing a child with a displacement of corneal reflections. This must not necessarily lead to the diagnosis of manifest strabismus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The displacement of the first Purkinje image is demonstrated by moving the flash of a digital camera sideways from the objective. Photographs were taken at a distance of 0.6 m while the healthy test subject was looking into the camera. Flashlight was displaced gradually up to 20 cm to the left side of the objective. The resulting displacement of the corneal reflections was measured after transferring the photos to a computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Displacement of the source of light by 10 cm resulted in a displacement of the first Purkinje image of about 1 mm, i. e., about 0.1 mm per degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Displacement of corneal reflection was 0.1 mm per degree. Asymmetry of corneal reflections is twice as much, since the corneal reflections are displaced in the same direction on both eyes. Lateral displacement of the flash from the objective of the camera by 2.5 cm results in an asymmetry of 0.5 mm, thus suggesting a squint angle of 6 degrees. Vice versa, a real strabismus can be masked. This bias can be avoided by using the camera with the flash above the objective in relation to the patient's interpupillar axis. Nevertheless, it is impossible to diagnose or to exclude a microstrabismus by this method itself, because an angle kappa, if it is different on both eyes, can also mimic or mask a manifest strabismus.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen. ralph-becker@web.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gräf
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D015982:Bias; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology