title: Model projections on the required coverage of syringe distribution to prevent HIV epidemics among injecting drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although syringe distribution is effective in preventing HIV transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs), there is little evidence on the required coverage to substantially reduce HIV transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mathematical model is developed to explore the relationship between the endemic HIV prevalence among IDUs and the coverage of syringe distribution. Data from IDU populations in the United Kingdom and Belarus are used to explore the implications of increasing coverage and the effect of changes in other behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Projections suggest that there is a coverage threshold, which, if reached, could lead to substantial decreases in HIV prevalence. The threshold largely depends on the frequency that IDUs inject and (safely) reuse their syringes, and corresponds to less than 4 syringe-sharing events per IDU per month. Other factors, such as the injecting cessation rate and efficacy of syringe cleaning, only have substantial impact near threshold coverage levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support a policy of increasing the coverage of syringe distribution but highlight the difficulty in producing a universal coverage target. Great public health benefit could be conferred by encouraging the safe reuse of an IDU's own syringes and small stable injecting groups. Policies that discourage this will negate the impact of syringe distribution interventions.
authors.affiliation: HIVTools Research Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. peter.vickerman@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vickerman
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016485:Needle Sharing; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D013594:Syringes / Q000600:supply & distribution*