title: Treatment-refractory schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to critically review the current literature on treatment-refractory schizophrenia with an emphasis on emergent themes and key findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New information continues to emerge on the impact of each second-generation antipsychotic on the treatment-refractory patient population and on the traditionally more difficult-to-treat components (e.g. cognition, suicidality, violence) of the illness. There are continued efforts with pharmacogenetics to predict response and side-effect risk with antipsychotic medications. Polypharmacy continues to be a major and poorly understood treatment practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our field is advancing the therapeutic nuances of therapy with second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Additionally, there is a growing appreciation of the emergent adverse-effect profile of antipsychotic medications and these risk-benefit considerations are more pronounced in severely ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA. pbuckley@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shendarkar