title: Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on ankle and foot kinematics in patient with ankle osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if different foot orthoses have a similar effect on foot kinematics in subjects with ankle osteoarthritis (OA) when walking on various ground conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within-subject comparisons study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanics research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen subjects with unilateral ankle OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Custom-made ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), rigid hindfoot orthosis (HFO-R), and articulated hindfoot orthosis (HFO-A) were used by subjects when walking on level, ascending and descending ramp, and side-slope conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The range of motion of the hindfoot (calcaneus relative to tibia) and forefoot (metatarsal relative to calcaneus) was measured using an 8-camera motion analysis system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AFO and HFO-R provided the best sagittal plane hindfoot motion restriction over all ground conditions (P<.001). The HFO-R allowed the greatest sagittal plane forefoot motion when walking over level (P=.01) and side-slope (P<.02) conditions, the greatest frontal plane forefoot motion walking down the ramp (P=.003), and the greatest transverse plane forefoot motion when walking over level (P=.011) and ramp-ascending conditions (P=.005). The HFO-A restricted motion of the unaffected joint and did not effectively restrict hindfoot motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HFO-R not only provides selective restriction to the ankle-hindfoot motion, but also allows sufficient forefoot motion compared with the AFO. We consider the HFO-R to be the best option of all tested orthoses for treating patients with ankle OA pain arising from ankle motion.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Motion Analysis Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harbst
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kotajarvi
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Koff
authors.forename: Harold B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Kenton R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*