title: Are there gender differences in diabetes care among elderly Medicare enrolled veterans?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine gender differences in diabetes care process measures and intermediate outcomes among veteran clinic users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare files of VHA clinic users with diabetes. Diabetes care process measures were tests for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) values, and eye exams. Intermediate outcomes were HbA1c and LDL-C values below recommended thresholds. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to assess gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study population included 3,225 women and 231,922 men veterans with diabetes, enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service and alive at the end of fiscal year 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there were no significant gender differences in HbA1c or LDL-C testing. However, women had higher rates in these process measures than men among the non-African American minorities. Women were more likely to have completed eye exams (odds ratio [OR]=1.11; 99% confidence interval [CI]=1.10, 1.23) but were less likely to have LDL-C under 130 mg/dL (OR=0.77; 99% CI=0.69, 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among VHA patients with diabetes, clinically significant gender inequality was not apparent in most of diabetes care measures. However, there was evidence of better care among nonwhite and non-African American women than their male counterparts. Further research on interaction of race and gender on diabetes care is needed. This includes evaluation of integrated VHA women's health programs as well as cultural issues. Lower LDL-C control among women suggests areas of unmet needs for women and opportunities for future targeted quality improvement interventions at system and provider levels.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Knowledge and Management, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA. tseng@njneuromed.org
authors.forename: Chin-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sambamoorthi
authors.forename: Mangala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frayne
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pogach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D044469:Racial Groups; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin