title: Psychromonas ingrahamii sp. nov., a novel gas vacuolate, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Arctic polar sea ice.
abstract: A gas vacuolate bacterium, designated strain 37T, was isolated from a sea ice core collected from Point Barrow, Alaska, USA. Cells of strain 37T were large (6-14 microm in length), rod-shaped, contained gas vacuoles of two distinct morphologies, and grew well at NaCl concentrations of 1-10 % and at temperatures of -12 to 10 degrees C. The DNA G+C content was 40 mol%. Whole-cell fatty acid analysis showed that 16 : 1omega7c comprised 67 % of the total fatty acid content. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that this bacterium was closely related to members of the genus Psychromonas, with highest sequence similarity (96.8 %) to Psychromonas antarctica. Phenotypic analysis differentiated strain 37T from P. antarctica on the basis of several characteristics, including cell morphology, growth temperature range and the ability to hydrolyse polymers. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed a level of relatedness of 37 % between strain 37T and P. antarctica, providing further support that it represents a distinct species. The name Psychromonas ingrahamii sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species. The type strain is 37T (=CCUG 51855T=CIP 108865T).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447, USA.
authors.forename: Ann J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Auman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Breezee
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gosink
authors.affiliation: Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kämpfer
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Staley
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D001110:Arctic Regions; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001482:Base Composition; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D020459:Genes, rRNA / Q000235:genetics; D046448:Ice Cover / Q000382:microbiology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010802:Phylogeny; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D014617:Vacuoles
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005227:Fatty Acids; D011108:Polymers; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012965:Sodium Chloride