title: Study on the clinical application of pulsed DC magnetic technology for tracking of intraoperative head motion during frameless stereotaxy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tracking of post-registration head motion is one of the major problems in frameless stereotaxy. Various attempts in detecting and compensating for this phenomenon rely on a fixed reference device rigidly attached to the patient's head. However, most of such reference tools are either based on an invasive fixation technique or have physical limitations which allow mobility of the head only in a restricted range of motion after completion of the registration procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new sensor-based reference tool, the so-called Dynamic Reference Frame (DRF) which is designed to allow an unrestricted, 360 degrees range of motion for the intraoperative use in pulsed DC magnetic navigation was tested in 40 patients. Different methods of non-invasive attachment dependent on the clinical need and type of procedure, as well as the resulting accuracies in the clinical application have been analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apart from conventional, completely rigid immobilization of the head (type A), four additional modes of head fixation and attachment of the DRF were distinguished on clinical grounds: type B1 = pin fixation plus oral DRF attachment; type B2 = pin fixation plus retroauricular DRF attachment; type C1 = free head positioning with oral DRF; and type C2 = free head positioning with retroauricular DRF. Mean fiducial registration errors (FRE) were as follows: type A interventions = 1.51 mm, B1 = 1.56 mm, B2 = 1.54 mm, C1 = 1.73 mm, and C2 = 1.75 mm. The mean position errors determined at the end of the intervention as a measure of application accuracy were: 1.45 mm in type A interventions, 1.26 mm in type B1, 1.44 mm in type B2, 1.86 mm in type C1, and 1.68 mm in type C2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigid head immobilization guarantees most reliable accuracy in various types of frameless stereotaxy. The use of an additional DRF, however, increases the application scope of frameless stereotaxy to include e.g. procedures in which rigid pin fixation of the cranium is not required or desired. Thus, continuous tracking of head motion allows highly flexible variation of the surgical strategy including intraoperative repositioning of the patient without impairment of navigational accuracy as it ensures automatic correction of spatial distortion. With a dental cast for oral attachment and the alternative option of non-invasive retroauricular attachment, flexibility in the clinical use of the DRF is ensured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. olaf.suess@charite.de
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suess
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suess
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mularski
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Picht
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammersen
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stendel
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kombos