title: Refining the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer.
abstract: Since its initial description, the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has evolved considerably, from a purely diagnostic tool performed to stage germ cell testicular cancer to a therapeutic operation that fully duplicates the open technique. Herein, we describe the current technique employed at our institution, along with illustrations of all surgical steps, and delineate the refinements of the technique over time.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-8915, USA. fredromero@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Frederico R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muntener
authors.forename: Guilherme C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000601:surgery*; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*