title: Unexpected high prevalence of metabolic disorders and chronic disease among young male draftees--the Swiss Army XXI experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What are the benefits of laboratory screening examinations entailed in the new army recruitment concept (Swiss Army XXI)? PRINCIPLES/METHODS: Between January 1 and June 30, 2004, a total of 7714 of 11,322 (68%) draftees from 6 Swiss army recruitment centres underwent clinical examination and laboratory testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1.7% of the draftees we found elevated levels of the C-reactive protein (CRP) as evidence of infection or inflammation. Although we found no case of acute hepatitis, 16 draftees had active hepatitis B and 1 patient had active hepatitis C. Diseases, which were found by laboratory screening, and which forbid service in the army, included Crohn's disease, terminal renal insufficiency and essential thrombocytosis. In conditions such as anaemia (0.1%) or latent iron deficiency (7.2%), the cause may have to be elucidated before the start of military training. In other draftees (9.8%), we found elevated alanine-amino-transferase (ALAT) levels as a hint to possible alcohol abuse, which might impair the ability to serve in special units of the army. Finally, elevated levels of ferritin (0.1%), glucose (0.4%), and cholesterol (1.4%) may indicate iron overload/haemochromatosis, impaired glucose tolerance or even overt diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our studies indicate that laboratory evaluation may confirm findings of the medical examination and may help to explain unspecific symptoms. Draftees with severe diseases and conditions caused by serious underlying disease can be excluded from military services early on the basis of laboratory testing. Future cost benefit analyses will have to show whether laboratory screening and consecutive early preventive measures are also advantageous to society as a whole and will reduce public health costs.
authors.affiliation: Viollier AG, Basel, Switzerland. boris.schleiffenbaum@viollier.ch
authors.forename: Boris E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Schleiffenbaum
authors.forename: Dominik J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaer
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burki
authors.forename: Anne-Françoise
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Viollier
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viollier
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Stettler
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wegmüller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008889:Military Personnel; D010808:Physical Examination; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology