title: Short blocks from the noncoding parts of the human genome have instances within nearly all known genes and relate to biological processes.
abstract: Using an unsupervised pattern-discovery method, we processed the human intergenic and intronic regions and catalogued all variable-length patterns with identically conserved copies and multiplicities above what is expected by chance. Among the millions of discovered patterns, we found a subset of 127,998 patterns, termed pyknons, which have additional nonoverlapping instances in the untranslated and protein-coding regions of 30,675 transcripts from 20,059 human genes. The pyknons arrange combinatorially in the untranslated and coding regions of numerous human genes where they form mosaics. Consecutive instances of pyknons in these regions show a strong bias in their relative placement, favoring distances of approximately 22 nucleotides. We also found pyknons to be enriched in a statistically significant manner in genes involved in specific processes, e.g., cell communication, transcription, regulation of transcription, signaling, transport, etc. For approximately 1/3 of the pyknons, the intergenic/intronic instances of their reverse complement lie within 380,084 nonoverlapping regions, typically 60-80 nucleotides long, which are predicted to form double-stranded, energetically stable, hairpin-shaped RNA secondary structures; additionally, the pyknons subsume approximately 40% of the known microRNA sequences, thus suggesting a possible link with posttranscriptional gene silencing and RNA interference. Cross-genome comparisons reveal that many of the pyknons have instances in the 3' UTRs of genes from other vertebrates and invertebrates where they are overrepresented in similar biological processes, as in the human genome. These unexpected findings suggest potential unique functional connections between the coding and noncoding parts of the human genome.
authors.affiliation: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA. rigoutso@us.ibm.com
authors.forename: Isidore
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rigoutsos
authors.forename: Tien
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Aristotelis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsirigos
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McHardy
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Platt
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D034622:RNA Interference; D020506:Untranslated Regions
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D020506:Untranslated Regions; D004247:DNA