title: Decreasing pain and anxiety associated with patient-activated atrial shock: a placebo-controlled study of adjunctive sedation with oral triazolam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable atrial defibrillators (IADs) have proved to be safe and effective in the management of atrial fibrillation. A potential limitation of self-activated IAD therapy is patient-reported pain and anxiety. The main objective of the present study was to determine whether triazolam improved patient perception of the shock experience or altered patient memory of shock discomfort relative to placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 men and women (mean age: 59 +/- 6 years) were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of triazolam. Randomized study medication was administered orally 75 minutes prior to scheduled atrial shock delivery. Patient perception of the shock experience was assessed along with sedation, memory, anxiety, and mood. Triazolam reduced mean pre-shock anxiety (t= 2.98, df = 14, P = 0.01) and shock-related pain (t= 2.74, df = 13, P = 0.01) and intensity (t= 2.64, df = 13, P = 0.018) relative to placebo. Similarly, participants recalled less discomfort the morning after shock with triazolam than with placebo (t= 2.82, df = 11, P = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was the first to investigate the use of an oral benzodiazepine administered prior to patient-activated shock delivery with an IAD. Our data indicate that oral triazolam is beneficial in decreasing pain and anxiety associated with self-activated atrial defibrillation. If triazolam provides a similar benefit in the community to that which has been reported here, this medication could be offered to patients as an adjunct to intermittent IAD therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. fabiant@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Tanya J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schwartzman
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ujhelyi
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bigos
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kroboth
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014229:Triazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D014229:Triazolam