title: Stability of dynamic trunk movement.
abstract: METHODS
  Nonlinear systems analyses of trunk kinematics were performed to estimate control of dynamic stability during repetitive flexion and extension movements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine whether movement pace and movement direction of dynamic trunk flexion and extension influence control of local dynamic stability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal stability has been previously characterized in static, but not in dynamic movements. Biomechanical models make inferences about static spinal stability, but existing analyses provide limited insight into stability of dynamic movement. Stability during dynamic movements can be estimated from Lyapunov analyses of empirical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 20 healthy subjects who performed repetitive trunk flexion and extension movements at 20 and 40 cycles per minute. Maximum Lyapunov exponents describing the expansion of the kinematic state-space were calculated from the measured trunk kinematics to estimate stability of the dynamic system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complexity of torso movement dynamics required at least 5 embedded dimensions, which suggests that stability components of lumbar lordosis may be empirically measurable in addition to global stability of trunk dynamics. Repeated trajectories from fast paced movements diverged more quickly than slower movement, indicating that local dynamic stability is limited in fast movements. Movements in the midsagittal plane showed higher multidimensional kinematic divergence than asymmetric movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonlinear dynamic systems analyses were successfully applied to empirically measured data, which were used to characterize the neuromuscular control of stability during repetitive dynamic trunk movements. Movement pace and movement direction influenced the control of spinal stability. These stability assessment techniques are recommended for improved workplace design and the clinical assessment of spinal stability in patients with low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratories, Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, School of Biomedical Engineering & Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Granata@VT.edu
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: England
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018583:Pliability; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*