title: Heavy metal pollution disturbs immune response in wild ant populations.
abstract: Concern about the effects of environmental contaminants on immune function in both humans and wildlife is growing and practically nothing is known about this impact on terrestrial invertebrates, even though they are known to easily accumulate pollutants. We studied the effect of industrial heavy metal contamination on immune defense of a free-living wood ant (Formica aquilonia). To find out whether ants show an adapted immune function in a polluted environment, we compared encapsulation responses between local and translocated colonies. Local colonies showed higher heavy metal levels than the translocated ones but the encapsulation response was similar between the two groups, indicating that the immune system of local ants has not adapted to high contamination level. The encapsulation response was elevated in moderate whereas suppressed in high heavy metal levels suggesting higher risk for infections in heavily polluted areas.
authors.affiliation: Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. jouni.sorvari@utu.fi
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sorvari
authors.forename: Liisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakkarainen
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eeva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D049628:Body Size; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D007121:Immunocompetence / Q000187:drug effects; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005223:Fats; D019216:Metals, Heavy