title: Intussusception after administration of the rhesus tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotashield): the search for a pathogenic mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rhesus tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV) was withdrawn from the routine program for childhood immunization in the United States because of the rare and unexpected occurrence of intussusception in the 2-week period after administration of the first dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  To search for the pathogenesis of this association, we compared the pathology of surgical specimens from infants who had surgical reduction of their intussusceptions within 2 weeks of receiving the vaccine (case patients; n = 8) with the pathology of specimens from children who had surgery > 2 weeks after immunization (n = 6) or who had never been immunized (n = 26). Tissue was examined for evidence of the vaccine strain of rotavirus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RRV was identified by RT-PCR in tissue samples from 7 of the 8 case patients and in 2 of the 6 children who received the vaccine at a more distant time (29 and 58 days before surgery), but it was not identified in samples from any of the nonvaccinated children. No evidence of rotavirus tissue involvement was detected in any of the children by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemical staining. Pathologic evidence (for example, inclusion bodies, smudge cells) of adenovirus infection was present in 35% of the 37 specimens examined by routine staining and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that RRV was detected by RT-PCR but not by either of the other assays could be explained by RRV being present in the lumen of the gut but not in the tissues of appendix, ileum, or Peyer's patches. The Peyer's patches were not hyperplastic, and we could not establish the pathogenic mechanism for this association.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Wun-Ju
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bresee
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tatti
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gentsch
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Baoming
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hummelman
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Sherif R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: Roger I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Glass
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000821:virology; D007443:Intussusception / Q000821:virology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; C052014:rhesus rotavirus vaccine