title: Predictive factors of resolution of primary vesico-ureteric reflux: a multivariate analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify independent factors predicting the resolution of primary vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) in a cohort of medically managed children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1977 and 2003, 506 children were diagnosed with VUR and were conservatively managed and prospectively followed. All of the children were maintained on antibiotic prophylaxis. Follow-up imaging consisted of voiding cysto-urethrography (VCUG) or a direct isotope cystogram at intervals of 2-3 years. The predictive factors used are based on the patient data at the time of entry in the protocol. The dependent variable was VUR resolution. The criterion for resolution was based on a single negative VCUG or direct isotope cystogram. A survival analysis identified variables significantly associated with VUR resolution. Cox's regression model was applied to identify variables independently associated with the dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment, four variables remained as independent predictors of VUR resolution: nonwhite race, relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.5 (1.1-1.9; P = 0.009); mild grade of VUR, 3.3 (2.1-5.3; P < 0.001); absence of renal damage, 3.3 (2.4-4.5; P < 0.001); and absence of dysfunctional voiding, 2.0 (1.4-3.1; P < 0.001). For mild VUR, three variables were significantly associated: male gender, 1.7 (1.1-2.6; P = 0.012); absence of renal damage, 3.4 (1.8-6.4; P < 0.001); and unilateral VUR, 1.6 (1.1-2.3; P = 0.004). For moderate/severe VUR, three variables were significantly associated: nonwhite race, 1.7 (1.1-2.6; P = 0.01); absence of renal damage, 3.0 (2.0-4.4; P < 0.001); and absence of dysfunctional voiding, 2.8 (1.4-5.5; P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few factors are amenable to intervention to modify the natural history of VUR. According to our findings, there are only two possible interventions: avoiding renal scars and managing voiding dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Nephrourology Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose Maria P
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jose Silverio S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.forename: Eleonora M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Renata M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000628:therapy*