title: The use of somatosensory evoked potentials to determine the relationship between patient positioning and impending upper extremity nerve injury during spine surgery: a retrospective analysis.
abstract: Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring is used to prevent nerve damage in spine surgery and to detect changes in upper extremity nerve function. Upper extremity SSEP conduction changes may indicate impending nerve injury. We investigated the effect of operative positioning on upper extremity nerve function retrospectively in 1000 consecutive spine surgeries that used SSEP monitoring. The vast majority (92%) of upper extremity SSEP changes were reversed by modifying the arm position and were therefore classified as position-related. The incidence of position-related upper extremity SSEP changes was calculated and compared for five different surgical positions: supine arms out, supine arms tucked, lateral decubitus position, prone arms tucked, and the prone "superman" position. The overall incidence of position-related upper extremity SSEP changes was 6.1%. The lateral decubitus position (7.5%) and prone superman position (7.0%) had a significantly more frequent incidence of position-related upper extremity SSEP changes (P < 0.0001, Z-test for Poisson counts) compared with other positions (1.8%-3.2%). No patient with a reversible SSEP change developed a new postoperative deficit in the affected extremity. SSEP monitoring is of value in identifying and reversing impending upper extremity peripheral nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Temple University Hospital and School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA. ihab.kamel@temple.edu
authors.forename: Ihab R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Drum
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whitten
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: Rodger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Barnette
authors.forename: Woodrow W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wendling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology