title: Vaginal and rectal topical microbicide development: safety and efficacy of 1.0% Savvy (C31G) in the pigtailed macaque.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 1.0% gel formulation of C31G, a surfactant, has been shown to have in vitro antiviral and antibacterial activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaginal and rectal applications of 1.0% Savvy (C31G) in the nonhuman primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The safety of repeated 1.0% C31G application was evaluated by microflora, pH, vaginal biopsy, colposcopy, and rectal lavage. Efficacy in preventing chlamydial infection was documented by culture, nucleic acid amplification tests, and serology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated applications of Savvy (1.0% C31G) were not associated with significant changes in pH, microflora, or inflammatory infiltrates on tissues. No significant differences in epithelial desquamation were noted after rectal product use compared with placebo. Four of 6 animals were protected from chlamydial infection after pretreatment with Savvy. C31G was shown to be safe to both vaginal and rectal mucosal tissues and to the microflora with repeated daily use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Savvy has an acceptable safety profile after repeated vaginal and rectal use. A single intravaginal application of 1.0% C31G provided partial protection from acquiring cervical chlamydial infection.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA. dpatton@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Dorothy L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Yvonne T Cosgrove
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Balkus
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillier
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001622:Betaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014621:Vagina / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D001622:Betaine; C038360:C 31G