title: Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from a previous prospective study of lobar volumes in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reexamined using a measure of cortical thickness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether regional differences in cortical thickness or cortical changes across time characterize ADHD and predict or reflect its clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of 163 children with ADHD (mean age at entry, 8.9 years) and 166 controls recruited mainly from a local community in Maryland. Participants were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. Ninety-seven patients with ADHD (60%) had 2 or more images and baseline and follow-up clinical evaluations (mean follow-up, 5.7 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortical thickness across the cerebrum. Patients with ADHD were divided into better and worse outcome groups on the basis of a mean split in scores on the Children's Global Assessment Scale and persistence/remission of DSM-IV-defined ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ADHD had global thinning of the cortex (mean reduction, -0.09 mm; P=.02), most prominently in the medial and superior prefrontal and precentral regions. Children with worse clinical outcome had a thinner left medial prefrontal cortex at baseline than the better outcome group (-0.38 mm; P=.003) and controls (-0.25 mm; P=.002). Cortical thickness developmental trajectories did not differ significantly between the ADHD and control groups throughout except in the right parietal cortex, where trajectories converged. This normalization of cortical thickness occurred only in the better outcome group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with ADHD show relative cortical thinning in regions important for attentional control. Children with a worse outcome have "fixed" thinning of the left medial prefrontal cortex, which may compromise the anterior attentional network and encumber clinical improvement. Right parietal cortex thickness normalization in patients with a better outcome may represent compensatory cortical change.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500, USA. shawp@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Liv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clasen
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001284:Atrophy; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales