title: Intracranial delivery of the nitric oxide donor diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide from a controlled-release polymer: toxicity in cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide (DETA/NO) has been shown to be an effective treatment for delayed posthemorrhagic vasospasm when released abluminally from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc). However, the observed mortality associated with this drug warrants further investigation. To establish a maximum tolerable dose, this study evaluated the toxicity of DETA/NO released from EVAc in a dose-escalation series in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
  
  
  METHODS
  DETA/NO was incorporated into EVAc at a 20:80 dry weight ratio (DETA/NO:EVAc). A total of 13 animals underwent a right frontotemporal craniotomy for placement of a single polymer delivering no drug (n = 3), 0.5 +/- 0.1 mg/kg (n = 3), 0.9 +/- 0.1 mg/kg (n = 3), 1.9 +/- 0.2 mg/kg (n = 3), or a 3.2 mg/kg dose (n = 1) into the subarachnoid space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animal receiving the highest dose of DETA/NO (3.2 mg/kg) died 46 hours after surgery. The remaining animals survived for the planned duration of the study. One animal in the group receiving the 1.9 mg/kg dose experienced a seizure 25 hours after surgery and remained lethargic for 2 days before making a complete recovery. The remaining animals exhibited no adverse behavioral effects. Histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed hemorrhagic and ischemic changes at doses above 0.9 mg/kg. No evidence of vascular wall pathology or infection was observed in any animal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greatest amount of DETA/NO safely delivered from EVAc copolymer to the subarachnoid space of the cynomolgus monkey is approximately 1.0 mg/kg. These findings show that continuous intracisternal delivery of DETA/NO is a safe and potentially effective strategy for prophylactic treatment of delayed cerebral vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Travis S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pradilla
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clatterbuck
authors.forename: Rafael J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tamargo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000187:drug effects; D014226:Triazenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: C105351:1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3,3-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1-triazene; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D011108:Polymers; D014226:Triazenes