title: Alterations in circadian rhythm phase shifting ability in rats following ethanol exposure during the third trimester brain growth spurt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disruptions in sleep and feeding rhythms are among the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure. Previously, we reported that ethanol exposure during the second trimester equivalent in rats produces long-lasting impairments in circadian system functioning. In the present study, we examined the effects of ethanol exposure during the third trimester equivalent brain growth spurt on the development of the circadian clock system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley male rat pups were exposed to 6.0 g/kg/d ethanol via an artificial rearing procedure on postnatal days (PD) 4 through 9 (EtOH). An artificially reared gastrostomized control group and a normally reared suckle control group were also included. At 10 to 12 weeks of age, wheel-running behavior was measured continuously under a 12-hour/12-hour light/dark (LD) cycle. Thereafter, subjects were exposed to a 6-hour phase delay of the LD cycle, and the ability to adjust to the new LD cycle was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the phase delay, onset time of activity and acrophases of activity in all 3 groups were not significantly different from one another. After the 6-hour LD cycle delay, EtOH subjects were slower to adapt to the new cycle compared with both control groups, as measured by both activity onset and acrophase. Throughout the experiment, activity levels of EtOH subjects tended to be higher compared to both controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that ethanol exposure during the third trimester disrupts the ability to synchronize circadian rhythm to light cues. Disruptions in circadian regulation may cause abnormal behavioral rhythmicity, such as disrupted sleep and feeding patterns, as seen in individuals prenatally exposed to ethanol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92120, USA.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakata-Haga
authors.forename: Hector D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sei
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009043:Motor Activity; D017440:Photoperiod; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol