title: Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for isolated facial blushing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial blushing is one of the most peculiar of human expressions and has become a cardinal symptom of social phobia. The pathophysiology is unclear and the prevalence is unknown. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy may cure the symptom, but very few surgeons treat patients with isolated facial blushing. The literature is limited, and there are few long-term follow-up studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A follow-up study by questionnaire in 180 consecutive patients who underwent thoracoscopic sympathectomy for isolated facial blushing at two Danish university hospitals during a 6-year period. Patients routinely underwent T2 sympathectomy at the university hospital in Aarhus (n = 101) and T2-T3 sympathectomy at the university hospital in Odense (n = 79).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was returned by 96% of the patients after a median follow-up time of 20 months. Overall, 90% of the patients had some effect from the operation, and the result was excellent or satisfactory in 75%. There was no significant difference between the two extents of sympathectomy. Compensatory sweating occurred in 88% of all patients and was significantly more frequent after T2-T3 sympathectomy (p = 0.02) Ten percent of our patients regretted the operation because of side effects or no effect of the operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that thoracoscopic sympathectomy is an effective treatment for isolated facial blushing. The majority of patients achieve an excellent or satisfactory long-term result. Our results suggest that a T2 sympathectomy is superior for patients with isolated facial blushing because side effects are lower compared with a T2-T3 sympathectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. licht@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ladegaard
authors.forename: Hans K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Pilegaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001821:Blushing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006945:Hyperhidrosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D016896:Treatment Outcome