title: Three-year results of treatment for prostate cancer with low-dose rate temporary iridium-192 brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the 3-year treatment results of definitive irradiation by using a temporary interstitial implant with low-dose rate iridium-192 with or without external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and forty-three patients with pathologically defined prostate carcinoma were treated from December 1997 to April 2003. The patients were classified into a low-risk group (T2, PSA<or=20 ng/mL and Gleason score<or=6) or a high-risk group (T3, PSA>20 ng/mL or Gleason score>or=7). Low-risk patients were treated with low-dose-rate iridium brachytherapy as monotherapy delivering 70 Gy. High-risk patients were treated with the combination of brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy delivering 40 Gy and 36 Gy, respectively. Kaplan-Meier estimates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival rate were analysed. To assess the treatment quality in different periods, PSA progression-free survival rates in late era (year of 2000 and after) and in early era (before 2000) were compared. Morbidity was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grading scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and nineteen patients were analysed, of which 86 patients underwent monotherapy with an iridium implant, and 33 were treated with the combination of external beam radiotherapy. Twenty-four patients were excluded from the analysis because the classification of risk group did not suit the criteria. The total (n=119) PSA progression-free survival rate at 3 years was 80.3%. The PSA progression-free survival rate at 3 years for the monotherapy group (n=86) and the combination therapy group (n=33) were 78.2% and 86.9%, respectively. There were 23 patients who were followed for more than 36 to 63 months, and, during this period, only 1 patient who received the monotherapy was diagnosed as PSA failure at 50 months. The 3-year PSA progression-free survival rate of monotherapy in late era was significantly higher than that in early era; however, no significant difference was seen in the combination treatment. Morbidity for the combination treatment was low; however, for the monotherapy, three patients developed severe rectal ulcers, and colostomies were made.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSA progression-free survival rate after low-dose rate iridium-192 brachytherapy with or without external beam radiotherapy can be satisfactory and longer follow up is necessary to compare the efficacy of other treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Saitama Medical College, Japan. tmomma@ntmc.hosp.go.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Momma
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toya
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yorozu
authors.forename: Takushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dokiya
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murai
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes