title: A new graduated dosing regimen for phosphorus replacement in patients receiving nutrition support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypophosphatemia is a common metabolic complication in patients receiving specialized nutrition support. We changed our previously reported dosing algorithm because the low dose no longer appeared to be effective at increasing serum phosphorus concentrations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a revised weight-based phosphorus-dosing algorithm in critically ill trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine adult trauma patients with hypophosphatemia (serum phosphorus concentration < or = 0.96 mmol/L) receiving nutrition support received an IV dose of phosphorus on day 1 according to the serum concentration of phosphorus: 0.73-0.96 mmol/L (0.32 mmol/kg, low dose), 0.51-0.72 mmol/L (0.64 mmol/kg, moderate dose), and < or = 0.5 mmol/L (1 mmol/kg, high dose). The IV phosphorus bolus dose was administered at 7.5 mmol/hour. Generally, patients with a serum potassium concentration <4 mmol/L received potassium phosphate and patients with a serum potassium concentration > or = 4 mmol/L received sodium phosphate. Patients who still had hypophosphatemia on day 2 were dosed using the new dosing algorithm by the nutrition support service according to that day's serum concentration of phosphorus, or empirically by the trauma service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 79 patients studied, 57 were male and 22 were female with a mean age of 44.8 +/- 20.6 years. Mean Injury Severity Scores and APACHE-II scores were 27.1 +/- 11.6 and 15.2 +/- 6.8, respectively. There was no difference in baseline characteristics among the 3 dosing groups. Of the 79 patients, 34 received the low dose, 30 received the moderate dose, and 15 received the high dose of phosphorous. Mean serum phosphorous concentrations on day 2 were significantly increased in the moderate-dosed group (0.64 +/- 0.06 to 0.77 +/- 0.22 mmol/L, p < .05) and high-dosed group (0.38 +/- 0.06 to 0.93 +/- 0.32 mmol/L, p < .01), respectively, when compared with day 1. Mean serum phosphorus concentrations were normal in all 3 groups on day 3. Serum concentrations of magnesium, sodium, and potassium, as well as arterial pH, were stable across the study. Mean concentrations of ionized calcium were not significantly different in any of the 3 dosing groups across the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This weight-based phosphorus-dosing algorithm is safe for use in critically ill patients receiving nutrition support. The moderate and severe-dose regimens effectively increase serum phosphorus concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Kaleb A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Roland N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Laurie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Kathryn H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Gayle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minard
authors.forename: Rex O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D018529:Nutritional Support; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D010758:Phosphorus; C013216:potassium phosphate; C018279:sodium phosphate