title: In vitro evaluation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate as an imaging agent of tumor metabolism.
abstract: Adenosine appears to play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Synthesized (11)C-adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) has recently been reported as a potential tumor-imaging radiotracer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A variety of human tumor cell lines (SKOV-3, SCC-15, U251, U87, Raji, and Daudi) were incubated with 3.7 kBq (0.1 microCi) of [2-(3)H]AMP ((3)H-AMP), [5,6-(3)H]FDG ((3)H-FDG), or [2-(3)H]adenosine ((3)H-adenosine) in low-physiologic-glucose serum-free medium. Selected cells were exposed to caffeine, dipyridamole, adenosine 5'-(alpha,beta-methylene)diphosphate (APCP), or unlabeled adenosine before exposure to the radiotracer. R-phycoerythrin-conjugated mouse antihuman monoclonal antibody to human CD73 was used for immunophenotyping. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to characterize the intracellular metabolites of (3)H-AMP after intracellular uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracellular uptake of (3)H-AMP was significant-10 to 100 times the uptake of (3)H-FDG, depending on the particular tumor cell line. Preexposure of SKOV-3 cells to caffeine, a competitive inhibitor of adenosine receptors, did not affect cellular uptake of (3)H-AMP. However, preexposure of SKOV-3 cells to dipyridamole, an equilibrative nucleoside transporter inhibitor; APCP, a CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) inhibitor; or cold adenosine significantly inhibited cellular uptake of (3)H-AMP. SKOV-3 uptake of (3)H-adenosine was inhibited by dipyridamole but not APCP. U251 uptake of (3)H-AMP was significantly inhibited by dipyridamole and APCP. U87 uptake of (3)H-AMP was only partially inhibited by dipyridamole and APCP. However, Raji and Daudi cells had significantly lower uptake of (3)H-AMP than of (3)H-FDG but had significantly increased uptake of (3)H-adenosine, which was inhibited by dipyridamole. Raji and Daudi cells were negative, but the SKOV-3 cells positive, for CD73 cell-surface expression. (3)H-Adenosine metabolites were persistently retained after influx into the cell, predominantly as (3)H-adenosine triphosphate and (3)H-adenosine diphosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer cell lines evaluated in vitro had significantly elevated uptake of radiolabeled AMP, on the order of 10- to 100-fold, in comparison to radiolabeled FDG. The mechanism of intracellular uptake depends predominantly on equilibrative nucleoside transporters after conversion of AMP to adenosine by CD73 in SKOV-3, SCC-15, and U251 cells. Intracellular retention is due to phosphorylation to adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. Raji and Daudi cells have low uptake of radiolabeled AMP because of a lack of CD73 expression. This in vitro evaluation using (3)H-AMP with tumor cell lines supports the potential of (11)C-AMP for use in targeting the nucleoside transport pathway in PET imaging of tumors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Steve Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polster
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Engles
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002110:Caffeine; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; D000241:Adenosine