[Allergic rhinitis. Coexistent diseases and complications. A review and analysis].
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is rarely found in isolation and needs to be considered in the context of systemic allergic disease associated with numerous comorbid disorders, including asthma, chronic middle ear effusions, sinusitis, and lymphoid hypertrophy with obstructive sleep apnea, disordered sleep, and consequent behavioral and educational effects. The coexistence of allergic rhinitis and asthma is complex. First, the diagnosis of asthma may be confused by symptoms of cough caused by rhinitis and postnasal drip. This may lead to either inaccurate diagnosis of asthma or inappropriate assessment of asthma severity with over treatment of the patient. The term "cough variant rhinitis" is therefore proposed to describe rhinitis that manifest itself primarily as cough that results from postnasal drip. Allergic rhinitis, however, has also a causal role in asthma; it appears both to be responsible for exacerbating asthma and to have a role in its pathogenesis. Postnasal drip with nasopharyngeal inflammation leads to a number of other conditions. Thus sinusitis is a frequent extension of rhinitis and is one of the most frequently missed diagnoses. Allergen exposure in the nasopharynx with release of histamine and other mediators can cause Eustachian tube obstruction possibly leading to middle ear effusions. Chronic allergic inflammation of the upper airway causes lymphoid hypertrophy with prominence of adenoidal and tonsillar tissue. This may be associated with poor appetite, poor growth, obstructive sleep apnea, mouth breathing, pharyngeal irritation and dental abnormalities. Allergic rhinitis is therefore part of a spectrum of allergic disorders that can profoundly affect the well being and quality of life of a child. Prospective cohort studies are required to assess the disease burden caused by allergic rhinitis in childhood, its consequences due to delay in diagnosis and treatment, and to further assess the potential educational impairment that may result. Because allergic rhinitis is part of a systemic disease process, its diagnosis and management require a coordinated approach by the specialist in allergy-immunology-rhinology rather than a fragmented, organ based approach. There are other clinical presentations such as recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract, as well as pharyngeal and laryngeal disorders.
Sacre Hazouri
José Antonio
JA
FAAAI, Inmunólogo, alergólogo y pediatra del Instituto Privado de Alergia, Inmunología y Vías Respiratorias de Córdoba, Veracruz, México. sacre_1@hotmail.com
D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000209:etiology; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000209:etiology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000209:etiology; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000209:etiology; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology