title: Pretreatment serum levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and correlations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. M-CSF - an independent prognostic factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytokines are potential new serum markers, especially desirable for malignancies with poor prognosis like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, soluble TNF (sTNF) RI, sTNF RII, soluble IL-2 receptor-alpha, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and macrophage (M-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, as well as tumor markers - carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) and CYFRA 21.1 - were assessed in the sera of 103 untreated NSCLC patients, and these cytokines and tumor markers were referred to clinical parameters of the disease and to the overall survival of patients evaluated during a 6-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the factors analyzed were found to be elevated in the sera of NSCLC patients, and increases in IL-6, IL-8 and sTNF RI were noted in the greatest proportion of stage I patients. Most cytokine/cytokine receptor levels revealed higher sensitivity than the standard tumor markers; IL-6 and IL-1ra levels were significantly different in patients with squamous cell versus adenocarcinoma; IL-6 and IL-10 were related to the tumor size, while IL-6 and M-CSF levels significantly increased with disease progression. A significant prognostic value of pretreatment serum M-CSF and CEA levels in NSCLC patients has been shown, but only M-CSF proved to be an independent prognostic factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased pretreatment serum M-CSF level is a significant independent predictor of poor survival in patients with NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Markers, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warszawa, Poland. kaminskaj@coi.waw.pl
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaminska
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kowalska
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kotowicz
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuksiewicz
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glogowski
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chechlinska
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steffen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D053539:Keratin-19; D007633:Keratins / Q000097:blood; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000097:blood*; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000097:blood; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D015843:Serpins / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D053539:Keratin-19; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D015843:Serpins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C102012:antigen CYFRA21.1; C051072:squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007633:Keratins; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor