title: Physiological effects of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation in early spinal cord injury: lack of efficacy to prevent bone loss.
abstract: METHODS
  Controlled, repeat-measures study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if functional electrical stimulation (FES) can affect bone atrophy in early spinal cord injury (SCI), and the safety, tolerance and feasibility of this modality in bone loss remediation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal Injuries Units, Royal Adelaide Hospital and Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre, South Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acute SCI (ASIA A-D) were allocated to FES (n=23, 28+/-9 years, C4-T10, 13 Tetra) and control groups (CON, n=10, 31+/-11 years, C5-T12, four Tetra). The intervention group received discontinuous FES to lower limb muscles (15 min sessions to each leg twice daily, over a 5-day week, for 5 months). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measured total body bone mineral density (tbBMD), hip, spine BMD and fat mass (FM) within 3 weeks, and 3 and 6 months postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FES and CON groups' tbBMD differed significantly at 3 months postinjury (P<0.01), but not thereafter. Other DEXA measures (hip, spine BMD, FM) did not differ between groups at any time. No adverse events were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrically stimulated muscle activation was elicited, and tetanic effects were reproducible; however, there were no convincing trends to suggest that FES can play a clinically relevant role in osteoporosis prevention (or subsequent fracture risk) in the recently injured patient. The lack of an osteogenic response in paralysed extremities to electrically evoked exercise during subacute and rehabilitation/recovery phases cannot be fully explained, and may warrant further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jelbart
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rischbieth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strayer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chatterton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000528:radiation effects; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001862:Bone Resorption; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure