title: Population-scale assessment endpoints in ecological risk assessment. Part 1: Reflections of stakeholder values.
abstract: The selection of appropriate assessment endpoints is a basic element of an ecological risk assessment, especially at regional or watershed scales. Because ecological services often are tied to specific species, the risk to populations is a critical endpoint and feature of ecological risk assessments. The first item is a discussion of the replacement of population-level risk assessment with the construct of a population-scale assessment endpoint. Next, the criteria that are currently used for assessment endpoints are reviewed and evaluated for utility in an ecological risk assessment. Following this examination, assessment endpoints from a number of regional-scale ecological risk assessments are compared. The outcome of this evaluation is that population-scale assessment endpoints are important expressions of the valued components of ecological structures. Finally, a few recommendations for the selection of assessment endpoints at a population scale are listed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9180, USA. landis@cc.wwu.edu
authors.forename: Wayne G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Landis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004463:Ecology; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000506:poisoning*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012945:Social Values
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants