title: Platonin attenuates LPS-induced CAT-2 and CAT-2B induction in stimulated murine macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platonin, a cyanine photosensitizing dye, is a potent immunomodulator that suppresses acute inflammation. Platonin not only inhibits interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production but also improves circulatory failure in septic rats. In addition, platonin reduces plasma nitric oxide (NO) formation during sepsis. However, the effects of platonin on inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cationic amino-acid transporter (including CAT-2, CAT-2 A, and CAT-2B) expressions during sepsis remain uninvestigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups of confluent murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) were randomly allocated to receive a 1-h pretreatment of one of five doses of platonin (0.1 microM, 1 microM, 10 microM, 100 microM, or 1000 microM) followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 ng ml(-1)). For negative, positive, and platonin control, three other groups of cell cultures were randomly allocated to receive phosphate-buffered saline, LPS, or platonin (1000 microM). The cultures were harvested after exposing them to LPS for 18 h or a comparable duration in those groups without LPS. NO production, L-arginine transport, and expression of the relevant enzymes were then evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Platonin significantly attenuated LPS-induced up-regulation of iNOS expression and NO production in stimulated murine macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Platonin also significantly inhibited up-regulation of CAT-2 and CAT-2B expression as well as L-arginine transport in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, CAT-2 A expression in murine macrophages was not affected by LPS and/or platonin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Platonin attenuates NO production and L-arginine transport in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages possibly through inhibiting iNOS, CAT-2, and CAT-2B expression.
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Management College [corrected] Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P-S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Y-T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: C-L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D026923:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003720:Densitometry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D026923:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013844:Thiazoles; C032149:platonin; C087435:Slc7a2 protein, mouse; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II