title: Direct control of cell cycle gene expression by proto-oncogene product ACTR, and its autoregulation underlies its transforming activity.
abstract: ACTR (also called AIB1 and SRC-3) was identified as a coactivator for nuclear receptors and is linked to multiple types of human cancer due to its frequent overexpression. However, the molecular mechanism of ACTR oncogenicity and its function independent of nuclear receptors remain to be defined. We demonstrate here that ACTR is required for both normal and malignant human cells to effectively enter S phase. RNA interference-mediated depletion and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that endogenous ACTR directly controls the expression of genes important for initiation of DNA replication, which include cdc6, cdc25A, MCM7, cyclin E, and Cdk2. Moreover, consistent with its critical role in cell cycle control, ACTR expression appears to be cell cycle regulated, which involves E2F. Interestingly, ACTR is recruited to its own promoter at the G1/S transition and activates its own expression, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism for ACTR action in the control of cell cycle progression and for its aberrant expression in cancers. Importantly, overexpression of ACTR alone transforms human mammary epithelial cells, which requires its association with E2F. These findings reveal a novel role for ACTR in cell cycle control and support the notion that the ability of aberrant ACTR to deregulate the cell cycle through E2F underlies its oncogenicity in human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UCD Cancer Center/Basic Science, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Maggie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Alexey S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Revenko
authors.forename: June X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Hong-Wu
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004171:Diploidy; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018816:Genes, cdc; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D015534:Trans-Activators; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C007293:DAPI; D008156:Luciferases; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C538866:NCOA3 protein, human; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate