title: Imaging experimental atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE knockout mice: enhanced targeting with Z2D3-anti-DTPA bispecific antibody and 99mTc-labeled negatively charged polymers.
abstract: In vivo molecular imaging may be improved if specific radioactivity at the target site could be increased while maintaining low background activity. Bispecific antibody complexes and (99m)Tc-labeled negatively charged chelating polymers that react specifically with the capture arm of the bispecific antibody complex were used to demonstrate the feasibility of imaging very small atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left femoral artery denudation in ApoE(-/-) mice on a hyperlipidemic diet was used to induce accelerated atherosclerotic lesions. Approximately 40 microg of bispecific antibodies were injected intravenously after 2 wk of endothelial denudation. The next day, approximately 15.0 MBq (99m)Tc-DTPA-succinyl-polylysine (2 microg; DTPA is diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) were injected intravenously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo gamma-images showed that lesions were observed unequivocally by 2-3 h. Sham-operated right femoral regions showed no radiotracer accumulation. Ex vivo gamma-scintillation counting corrected for sham-operated nonspecific activity and lesion mass showed that the mean lesion activity was 10.10 +/- 6.76 %ID/g (percentage injected dose per gram), whereas nonspecific human IgG bispecific control (NSB control) also corrected similarly was 0.939 +/- 0.877 %ID/g (P < 0.03). Atherosclerotic lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Computer planimetry of immunohistograms showed the mean lesion size to be 2.64 +/- 2.46 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of bispecific antibody complexes and (99m)Tc-DTPA-succinyl-polylysine enabled in vivo visualization of very small atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE knockout mice.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Targeting, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. b.khaw@neu.edu
authors.forename: Ban-An
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Yared
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tekabe
authors.forename: Lynne L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific / Q000737:chemistry; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013667:Technetium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D002614:Chelating Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D011108:Polymers; D013667:Technetium; D004369:Pentetic Acid