title: Trends in drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral-naïve intravenous drug users of Rio de Janeiro.
abstract: DNA sequencing of a pol gene fragment from drug-naive injecting drug users samples obtained at two time points of the Brazilian AIDS epidemic (Pre-HAART era: 1994 to early 1997, n = 27; post-HAART era: 1999-2001, n = 38) was undertaken to assess HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance mutations and subtyping profiles. Genotypic analysis revealed the presence of PR primary L90M, D30N, M46I, and V82A mutations in 7.9% of the post-HAART group, and a high frequency of secondary mutations (84.2%). Nucleoside RT-associated mutations were observed in 13.2%. In the pre-HAART group, a higher frequency of RT mutations was observed (22.2%) and no PR primary mutations were found, in agreement with the introduction of protease inhibitors (PIs) in therapy during the same period. The identification of 7.9% of drug-naive injecting drug users already bearing RT/PR primary resistance mutations in the post-HAART era group constitutes a major concern in terms of dissemination of drug resistant viruses. The resistance mutations profile of the individuals may reflect the context of antiretroviral treatment in Brazil at the sample collection periods (1994-1997 and 1999-2001). In spite of the differences observed in the drug resistance profiles, similar frequencies of subtype B (63.0 vs. 73.7%), F (22.2 vs. 10.5%), and recombinant B/F (14.8 vs. 15.8%) viruses were found, respectively, in the pre- and post-HAART groups.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sylvia Lopes
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Maia Teixeira
authors.forename: Francisco Inácio
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Monick Lindenmeyer
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Mariza Gonçalves
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Morgado
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents