title: The other siblings: respiratory infections caused by Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae.
abstract: Respiratory infections remain substantial causes of morbidity and mortality globally. In this paper, two substantial players in bacterial-associated respiratory disease are assessed as to their respective roles in children and adults and in the developed and developing world. Moraxella catarrhalis, although initially thought to be a nonpathogen, continues to emerge as a cause of upper respiratory disease in children and pneumonia in adults. No vaccine is currently available to prevent M. catarrhalis infection. Haemophilus influenzae type b, originally thought to be the cause of influenza, has now been limited epidemiologically in the developed world due to an effective immunization but it continues to be a major player in the developing world. Nonencapsulated strains of H. influenzae still remain as significant causes of respiratory infections in the developing world especially in exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease. Finally, and in brief, the spectrum of Brazilian purpuric fever due to a specific biotype of H. influenzae is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases (IIIE), VA Medical Center, 800 Poly Place, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA. larry.lutwick@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lutwick
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandes