title: Thyroxine in goiter, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic gastritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malabsorption of thyroxine has been described in patients treated with drugs that modify an acidic environment. We determined whether there is an increased need for thyroxine in patients with euthyroid multinodular goiter and impaired secretion of gastric acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the dose of thyroxine required to obtain a low level of thyrotropin (0.05 to 0.20 mU per liter) in 248 patients with multinodular goiter. Of these 248 patients, 53 also had Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis and 60 had atrophic gastritis of the body of the stomach (31 with evidence of H. pylori infection and 29 without such evidence). The reference group comprised 135 patients with multinodular goiter and no gastric disorders. In addition, variation in the level of serum thyrotropin was prospectively studied in 11 patients treated with thyroxine before and after H. pylori infection and both before and during treatment with omeprazole in 10 patients treated with thyroxine who had gastroesophageal reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The daily requirement of thyroxine was higher (by 22 to 34 percent) in patients with H. pylori-related gastritis, atrophic gastritis, or both conditions than in the reference group. In prospective studies, the occurrence of H. pylori infection in the 11 patients treated with thyroxine led to an increase in the level of serum thyrotropin (P=0.002), an effect that was nearly reversed on eradication of H. pylori infection. In a similar way, omeprazole treatment was associated with an increase in the level of serum thyrotropin in all 10 patients treated with thyroxine, an effect that was reversed by an increase in the thyroxine dose by 37 percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with impaired acid secretion require an increased dose of thyroxine, suggesting that normal gastric acid secretion is necessary for effective absorption of oral thyroxine.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy. marco.centanni@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Centanni
authors.forename: Lucilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gargano
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canettieri
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Viceconti
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delle Fave
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Annibale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005756:Gastritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D006042:Goiter / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D013972:Thyrotropin; D009853:Omeprazole; D013974:Thyroxine