title: Risk factors and complications in free TRAM flap breast reconstruction.
abstract: METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed 500 free TRAM flaps performed between 1992 and 2003. This cohort was subdivided based on smoking history, obesity, preoperative chemotherapy, preoperative radiation therapy, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and hypertension, and compared surgical complication rates. Measured complications included fat necrosis, mastectomy flap necrosis, abdominal flap necrosis, partial TRAM flap loss, wound infection, hematoma, seroma, vessel thrombosis, and abdominal hernia. Chi2 analysis and Fisher exact test were performed to determine differences between groups, and linear regression models were used to predict the risk factors of surgical complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers were more likely to have a higher incidence of wound infection (P = 0.01), mastectomy flap necrosis (P = 0.015), abdominal flap necrosis (P = 0.033), and fat necrosis (P = 0.01). Obese patients were more likely to have higher rates of mastectomy flap necrosis (P = 0.01) and hematoma (P = 0.01). Patients with peripheral vascular disease were more likely to have a higher incidence of wound infection (P = 0.031), and patients with preoperative radiation therapy were more likely to have a higher incidence of seroma (P = 0.043). Logistic regression showed that smoking was found to be a risk factor for fat necrosis (P = 0.006), wound infection (P = 0.002), mastectomy flap necrosis (P = 0.039), and abdominal flap necrosis (P = 0.042). Obesity was a risk factor for mastectomy flap necrosis (P = 0.002). Peripheral vascular disease was a risk factor for wound infection (P = 0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness of risk factors and associated complications will lead to modification and individualization of surgical techniques in an attempt to limit these complications and continually improve outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. jesse.selber@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Selber
authors.forename: Jibby E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kurichi
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Seema S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sonnad
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serletti
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps