Selectivity lists of pesticides to beneficial arthropods for IPM programs in carrot--first results.
In order to improve IPM programs in carrot, 7 fungicides, 12 herbicides and 9 insecticides commonly used in Belgium were tested for their toxicity towards five beneficial arthropods representative of most important natural enemies encountered in carrot: parasitic wasps - Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani-Perez) (Hym., Aphidiidae), ladybirds - Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Col., Coccinellidae), hoverfly - Episyrphus balteatus (Dipt.. Syrphidae), rove beetle - Aleochara bilineata (Col., Staphylinidae) and carabid beetle - Bembidion lampros (Col., Carabidae). Initialy, all plant protection products were tested on inert substrate glass plates or sand according to the insect. Products with a corrected mortality (CM) or a parasitism reduction (PR) lower than 30% were kept for the constitution of positive list (green list). The other compounds were further tested on plant for A. rhopalosiphi, A. bipunctata, E. balteatus and soil for B. lampros and A. bilineata. With these extended laboratory tests results, products were listed in toxicity class: green category [CM or PR < or = 30%], yellow category [30% < CM or PR < or = 60%] and orange category [60% < CM or PR < or = 80%]. Products with toxicity higher than 80% on plants or that reduce parasitism more than 80% on soil were put in red category and are not recommended to Integrated Pest Management programs in carrot. Results showed that all fungicides tested were harmless to beneficials except Tebuconazole, which was slightly harmful for A. bipunctata. Herbicides were also harmless for soil beneficials, except Chlorpropham. This product was very toxic on sand towards A. bilineata and must be tested on soil. All soil insecticides tested were very toxic for ground beneficials and considered as non-selective. Their use in IPM is subject to questioning in view of negative impacts on beneficials. Among foliar insecticides, Dimethoate and Deltamethrin are not recommended for IPM because their high toxicity for all beneficials. The other foliar insecticides were more selective; any of them were harmless for all species tested.
Hautier
L
L
Department of Biological control and Plant genetic resources, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chemin de Liroux 2, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
Jansen
J-P
JP
Mabon
N
N
Schiffers
B
B
D000818:Animals; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000469:parasitology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013045:Species Specificity; D018675:Toxicity Tests
D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D010575:Pesticides