title: Subtle neurologic compromise as a vulnerability factor for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a twin study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated subtle neurologic dysfunction in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifest as increased neurologic soft signs (NSSs). The origin of this dysfunction is undetermined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To resolve competing origins of increased NSSs in PTSD, namely, preexisting vulnerability factor vs acquired PTSD sign.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of identical twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Veterans Affairs and academic medical center (ambulatory).
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of male Vietnam veteran twins with (n = 25) and without (n = 24) PTSD and their combat-unexposed identical (monozygotic) co-twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurologic examination for 45 NSSs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Average scores for 45 NSSs, each scored on an ordinal scale from 0 to 3, masked to diagnosis and combat exposure status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant between-pair main effect of PTSD diagnosis (as determined in the combat-exposed twin) on average NSS score in the absence of a significant combat exposure main effect or diagnosis x exposure interaction. Combat veterans with PTSD had significantly higher NSS scores than combat veterans without PTSD. The "high-risk," unexposed co-twins of the former also had significantly higher NSS scores than the "low-risk," unexposed co-twins of the latter. This result could not be explained by age, number of potentially traumatic lifetime noncombat events, alcoholism, or the presence of a comorbid affective or anxiety disorder. The average NSS score in unexposed co-twins was not significantly associated with combat severity in combat-exposed twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results replicate previous findings of increased NSSs in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. Furthermore, results from their combat-unexposed identical co-twins support the conclusion that subtle neurologic dysfunction in PTSD is not acquired along with the trauma or PTSD but rather represents an antecedent familial vulnerability factor for developing chronic PTSD on exposure to a traumatic event.
authors.affiliation: Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Manchester, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Gurvits
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Natasha B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Lasko
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cannistraro
authors.forename: Alexandra S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tarhan
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wedig
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pitman
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic