title: Hormonal contraception and false-positive cervical cytology: is there an association?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine if use of hormonal contraception influences the false-positive rate of cervical cytology when compared with loop electrosurgical excision procedure or cervical biopsy specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control analysis of 328 women referred for colposcopy after an abnormal Pap test. Patients were divided into cases (true-positive cytology results) and controls (false-positive cytology results). Univariate analysis was performed using the chi and Student t test to identify factors associated with false-positive cytology. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for the independent association of these factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The false-positive rate for the entire cohort was 44.8%. Cases were more likely to be pregnant and postmenopausal (odds ratio [OR] = 4.98, 95% CI = 2.16-11.47; OR = 5.48, 95% CI = 1.23-24.36, respectively). Use of hormonal contraception was not significantly different between groups (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.29-1.09 for combination oral contraceptive pills; OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.35-2.25 for progestin-containing contraception). Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion results were more likely to be false positives (51%) than high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (27%) (p <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There remains a substantial lack of correlation between cervical cytology and histology. Use of hormonal contraception was not shown to increase a patient's likelihood of having a false-positive Pap test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.forename: Warner K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Huh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D003127:Colposcopy; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate