title: Barley and rye prolamins induce an mRNA interferon-gamma response in coeliac mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In coeliac disease, wheat, barley and rye are traditionally excluded in the gluten-free diet. However, few studies have examined the small intestinal immune response to barley and rye.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the immunogenicity of barley and rye prolamins (hordein and secalin respectively) in comparison with wheat gliadin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Duodenal biopsies from 22 coeliac patients and 23 disease controls were cultured for 4 h with gliadin, hordein or secalin and compared with culture medium alone. Proinflammatory cytokines, interferon-gamma and interleukin-2, were quantified by TaqMan polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hordein caused the greatest increase in interferon-gamma mRNA in coeliac patients (median: 3.3-fold) in comparison with control subjects (median: 0.28-fold, P < 0.085). Secalin and gliadin induced similar levels of interferon-gamma mRNA with median fold-changes of 3.4 and 2.8, respectively, in coeliac patients in comparison with 1.6- and 1.1-fold increases in control subjects (P < 0.294 and P < 0.105, respectively). The median fold-changes for interleukin-2 mRNA did not differ between coeliac patients and controls. Cytokine protein was not upregulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study provide evidence that barley and rye cause immune activation in the mucosa of coeliac patients and support the practice that barley and rye should be excluded from the gluten-free diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bracken
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kilmartin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wieser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feighery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012434:Secale / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005983:Glutens; D007371:Interferon-gamma