title: [How can psychological help be provided for the patient/caregiver tandem home?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elderly people and their family helpers are often isolated at home and do not have access to the professional psychological help that they require. For an elderly population, the trips to consulting rooms are difficult, tedious and expensive. Besides, maintaining a patient at home is heavy to manage for close relatives because of the organization, financial issues and above all the risk of psychological burnout. The literature shows us that psychological assistance is more common at distance from home, in hospitals, in special institutions or specific organizations. However, there is a clear need of help at home. We propose to develop psychological assistance at home for the patient/helper tandem in cases of dementia. This prospective study reports three different cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a qualitative pilot study. Participants characteristics: patients were diagnosed with severe dementia, assistance showed deep fatigue of the helper, both members of the tandem lived at home, age above 69 years, the eed for nursing care at home. THERAPEUTIC ASSESSMENT: The psychological clinician acts after proposing his helpand not on a clear request from the patient. He will meet his patient 7 times during 4 months. The meetings always take place in the same place and last 45 minutes. Confidentiality during the meeting is explained and guaranteed so the patient can speak openly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An independent psychologist assessed the monitoring in the hospital. Our methodology included two assessments: the first, assessing the task of the helper before the evaluation and the second taking into account a new measurent of the task and the opinions of the participants following a semi-directed interview. The evaluation of the task was performed using Zarit's scale. The evaluation was also based on the clinical observation of the psychologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Organization of the monitoring: one meeting per week was sufficient for all participants with a minimal duration of 45 minutes. The fact that the meetingsrook place at home was appreciated, because of their simple and convenient organization. The patient/helper tandems in those suffering from advanced dementia could only have taken place in the home because transport any where else would have beent too difficult for them. The sessions during this research study were free of charge. Two out of three participants were ready to pay so long as the study could continue. The managers were bothered a few times by phone calls and/or unexpected visits, invitations for a cup of tea and requests for a small service (like mailing a letter). Assistance for the caregiver: all the caregivers declared that assistance was a personal improvement in a period of doubt, loss of self-confidence and isolation. Furthermore, clinical observation of the therapeutic assistance appears to show that psychological help at home could lead to the improved psychological function of the helper. This was emphasized when we established the limits of the caregiver/patient relationship. We observed a better balance in the input of investing and de-investing and better acceptance of the identity modifications which were required for the caregiver. Assistance for the patient: we believe that this sort of intervention has positive effects on the patients themselves. This care at home protects the destructurated identity of the patients and their intimity. Moreover, intrapsychic tension can be lowered by being shared with the psychologist. Assessment of the burden: among the three patients who wete studied, the burden was unaltered in one case (43/88; 43/88), significantly improved in one case (41/88; 24/88) and remained light in one case (18/88; 16/88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discovered that Zarit's test showed some limits. The time to complete the test is quite long and tedious for caregivers. Some questions are too direct and can put the caregivers in a guilty position. The mini Zarit version with only seven items, appears more satisfactory because it's shorter and provokes less guilt. The other point concerns the therapeutic frame at home. The usually represents all the constants of the therapeutic process including the role of the psychologist and all the items that refer to space, time, management of the timetable, payement and interruptions in care. Could the fact of being at home be harmful for the therapeutic process? Of course, the place of residence is less neutral than a office in an institution and the superposition of the frame of life and of the therapeutic frame raises lots of questions for the psychologist: entering a private house is like entering a private life, which is not without consequences on the follow-up. We are here far from a classical frame of therapeutic interviews, so the frame must be clearly defined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study leads us to the conclusion that the superposition of the frame of life and of the therapeutic frame represents a limit to psychotherapy but is not exclusive of psychological support at home. As a supplement to this face to face follow up at home, we could imagine other ways of providing such psychological support, by phone or by telemedicine for instance. Could the new technologies of communication help to compensate the lack of means in favour of the caregivers at home? Although these new technologies are more dedicated to institutions than to providing care at home, could they not be helpful for organizing psychological help at home? However, in order to validate such devices, they need to be fried and assessed at home.
authors.affiliation: Psychologue Clinicienne, Université Pierre Mendès-France, Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique, 38043 Grenoble.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boucharlat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myslinski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006699:Home Care Services; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012934:Social Isolation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications