title: Membranous and structural damage that occur during cryopreservation of human sperm may be time-related events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate sperm cryopreservation-induced injuries using sperm plasma membrane protein P34H and alpha-tubulin as two different subcellular compartment markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic hospital research center and fertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples obtained from healthy donors attending the fertility clinic. Sperm samples were either directly processed for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot experiments (control group) or cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for different periods of time before being analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and densitometric quantification of P34H and alpha-tubulin before and after cryopreservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in protein quantification between the different groups as a result of sperm cryopreservation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 31 sperm samples processed for P34H evaluation, a 50% decrease is observed after sperm cryopreservation as compared to the control group. The alpha-tubulin immunoblotting of 41 sperm samples revealed a 200% increase in the protein detection in the group of cryopreserved sperm as compared to the control group. Contrary to the P34H detection, this change in alpha-tubulin immunodetected levels appears to be related to the cryopreservation period as it increases during storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that cryopreservation of human semen induces damages at different cellular levels. Moreover, some cryoinjuries are immediate although others seem to take place over time stored in liquid nitrogen.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Département d'Obstétrique-Gynécologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desrosiers
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Légaré
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013401:Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases; D013997:Time Factors; D014404:Tubulin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins; D014404:Tubulin; D013401:Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases; C023300:L-xylulose reductase