title: Physical and microbiological stability of an extemporaneous tacrolimus suspension for paediatric use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An extemporaneous suspension of tacrolimus for paediatric use has recently been developed but poor bioavailability and erratic plasma concentrations were observed during clinical use. It was not clear whether this was due to changes in the physical properties of the suspension during storage. The aim of this work was to investigate the physical and microbiological stability over the recommended 8-week shelf-life of this extemporaneous tacrolimus suspension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suspensions (0.5 mg/mL) were custom made by a special manufacturer under Good Manufacturing Practice conditions. The procedure involved mixing tacrolimus capsule contents into Ora Plus and Simple Syrup (1 : 1) using a mortar and pestle followed by an homogenization step. The particle sizes of the suspensions were measured using a MasterSizer. A light microscope equipped with polarizers was used to visualize any particle size changes or crystal growth. Viable bacterial and fungal contamination was assessed using standard colony count techniques on solid media. The suspensions were kept at 22-26 degrees C and evaluated weekly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume mean diameter d((4,3)) from laser diffraction did not change significantly. Light microscopy did not reveal any significant change in particle size or crystal growth. Contamination by viable and culturable micro-organisms could not be detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suspension was physically (particle size) and microbiologically stable during the 8-week study period suggesting other factors including poor dosing could be responsible for the pharmacokinetic variation observed during clinical use which warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK. j.han@mema.keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beeton
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuleu
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004355:Drug Stability; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010316:Particle Size; D010372:Pediatrics; D013535:Suspensions; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013535:Suspensions; D016559:Tacrolimus