title: Face presentation: predictors and delivery route.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify associated characteristics of face presentation and to examine factors that were associated with mode of delivery in the setting of face presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of women who were diagnosed with face presentation during labor. We examined maternal, fetal, and labor characteristics to determine the associations and predictors of cesarean delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetuses in face presentation were more likely preterm, < 2500 g, and black. An Apgar score of < 7 at 5 minutes was more common in face presentation (10.9%) compared with vertex presentation (4.4%; P = .018). Rates of umbilical artery base excess < -12 or pH < 7.0 were not different. Cesarean delivery was less common in women who received oxytocin (adjusted odds ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03-0.95) and in women with mentum anterior (14%) as compared with mentum posterior presentation (85%; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the association between face presentation and prematurity. The association with black ethnicity may be related to differences in pelvic anatomy. Although face presentation was associated with decreased Apgar scores, no other indicators of fetal asphyxia were identified. Cesarean delivery rates were higher in women with mentum posterior face presentation and in women who did not receive oxytocin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Perinatal Medicine & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. shafferb@obgyn.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Yvonne W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Juan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Russell K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Laros
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Caughey
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D044383:Black People; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007746:Labor Presentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies