title: Novel multi-component nanopharmaceuticals derived from poly(ethylene) glycol, retro-inverso-Tat nonapeptide and saquinavir demonstrate combined anti-HIV effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current anti-AIDS therapeutic agents and treatment regimens can provide a dramatically improved quality of life for HIV-positive people, many of whom have no detectable viral load for prolonged periods of time. Despite this, curing AIDS remains an elusive goal, partially due to the occurrence of drug resistance. Since the development of resistance is linked to, among other things, fluctuating drug levels, our long-term goal has been to develop nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that can improve therapy by more precisely controlling drug concentrations in target cells. The theme of the current study is to investigate the value of combining AIDS drugs and modifiers of cellular uptake into macromolecular conjugates having novel pharmacological properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioconjugates were prepared from different combinations of the approved drug, saquinavir, the antiviral agent, R.I.CK-Tat9, the polymeric carrier, poly(ethylene) glycol and the cell uptake enhancer, biotin. Anti-HIV activities were measured in MT-2 cells, an HTLV-1-transformed human lymphoid cell line, infected with HIV-1 strain Vbu 3, while parallel studies were performed in uninfected cells to determine cellular toxicity. For example, R.I.CK-Tat9 was 60 times more potent than L-Tat9 while the addition of biotin resulted in a prodrug that was 2850 times more potent than L-Tat9. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies suggest that variations in intracellular uptake and intracellular localization, as well as synergistic inhibitory effects of SQV and Tat peptides, contributed to the unexpected and substantial differences in antiviral activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that highly potent nanoscale multi-drug conjugates with low non-specific toxicity can be produced by combining moieties with anti-HIV agents for different targets onto macromolecules having improved delivery properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-0789, USA. liwan@eden.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Simi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunaseelan
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pooyan
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Debrah
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
authors.forename: Arnold B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Rabson
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sinko