title: Sodium antimony gluconate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages.
abstract: Pentavalent antimony complexes, such as sodium stibogluconate and sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), are still the first choice for chemotherapy against various forms of leishmaniasis, including visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar. Although the requirement of a somewhat functional immune system for the antileishmanial action of antimony was reported previously, the cellular and molecular mechanism of action of SAG was not clear. Herein, we show that SAG induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK-1) and ERK-2 phosphorylation through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C, and Ras activation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation through PI3K and Akt activation. ERK-1 and ERK-2 activation results in an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 3 to 6 h after SAG treatment, while p38 MAPK activation and subsequent tumor necrosis factor alpha release result in the production of nitric oxide (NO) 24 h after SAG treatment. Thus, this study has provided the first evidence that SAG treatment induces activation of some important components of the intracellular signaling pathway, which results in an early wave of ROS-dependent parasite killing and a stronger late wave of NO-dependent parasite killing. This opens up the possibility of this metalloid chelate being used in the treatment of various diseases either alone or in combination with other drugs and vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India. sroy@iicb.res.in.
authors.forename: Jayati
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mookerjee Basu
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mookerjee
authors.forename: Prosenjit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Suniti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhaumik
authors.forename: Pradip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Subha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Ksudiram
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naskar
authors.forename: Soumitra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Choudhuri
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Sanghamitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raha
authors.forename: Syamal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006720:Homozygote; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000276:immunology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate