title: In vivo EPR dosimetry to quantify exposures to clinically significant doses of ionising radiation.
abstract: As a result of terrorism, accident or war, populations potentially can be exposed to doses of ionising radiation that could cause direct clinical effects within days or weeks. There is a critical need to determine the magnitude of the exposure to individuals so that those with significant risk can have appropriate procedures initiated immediately, while those without a significant probability of acute effects can be reassured and removed from the need for further consideration in the medical/emergency system. It is extremely unlikely that adequate dosemeters will be worn by the potential victims, and it also will be unlikely that prompt and accurate dose reconstruction at the level of individuals will be possible. Therefore, there is a critical need for a method to measure the dose from radiation-induced effects that occur within the individual. In vivo EPR measurements of radiation-induced changes in the enamel of teeth is a method, perhaps the only such method, which can differentiate among doses sufficiently to classify individuals into categories for treatment with sufficient accuracy to facilitate decisions on medical treatment. In its current state, the in vivo EPR dosemeter can provide estimates of absorbed dose of +/- 0.5 Gy in the range from 1 to >10 Gy. The lower limit and the precision are expected to improve, with improvements in the resonator and the algorithm for acquiring and calculating the dose. In its current state of development, the method is already sufficient for decision-making action for individuals with regard to acute effects from exposure to ionising radiation for most applications related to terrorism, accidents or nuclear warfare.
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, 703 Vail, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. harold.swartz@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Harold M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demidenko
authors.forename: Ildar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salikhov
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lesniewski
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romanyukha
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Starewicz
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes