title: Cost-effectiveness of olanzapine as first-line treatment for schizophrenia: results from a randomized, open-label, 1-year trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized, open-label trial was designed to help inform antipsychotic treatment policies. It compared the 1-year cost-effectiveness of initial treatment with olanzapine (OLZ) (n = 229) versus a "fail-first" algorithm on conventional antipsychotics (then olanzapine if indicated) (CON) (n = 214); and versus initial treatment with risperidone (RIS) (n = 221).
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited from May 1998 to September 2001. Clinical, functioning, and resource utilization data were collected at baseline and five postbaseline visits. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores defined "clinical effectiveness;" Lehman Quality of Life Scale social relations scores defined "social effectiveness."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Requiring failure on less expensive antipsychotics before use of olanzapine did not result in total cost savings, despite significantly higher antipsychotic costs with OLZ. Total 1-year mean costs were 21,283 dollars for CON; 20,891 dollars for OLZ; and 21,347 dollars for RIS (pair-wise comparisons nonsignificant). Intent-to-treat effectiveness comparisons (nonsignificant) were augmented by analyses that adjusted for duration on initial antipsychotic treatment, and by comparisons of patients remaining on initial antipsychotic treatment versus those who required switching. When accounting for differential switching rates (OLZ 0.14 vs. CON 0.53, P < 0.0001; vs. RIS 0.31, P < 0.0001), OLZ was significantly more effective than CON on clinical (P = 0.025) and social (P = 0.043) measures, and significantly more effective than RIS on the social (P = 0.002) measure. Further, patients initiated on an antipsychotic from which they needed to switch required additional resources for hospitalization (P = 0.036) and crisis services (P = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approaches that integrate costs, effectiveness, and treatment patterns are important for providing optimal information regarding the value of first-line antipsychotic options for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: US Medical Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tunis
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Faries
authors.forename: Allen W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nyhuis
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kinon
authors.forename: Haya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ascher-Svanum
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aquila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine