title: Inactivation of IkappaB contributes to transcriptional activation of spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase.
abstract: Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a key enzyme in polyamine catabolism. We recently reported that the combination of N(1), N(11)-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) synergistically induces SSAT expression, depletes polyamine levels and causes apoptosis in colon cancer cells. To determine whether new RNA and protein synthesis is required for SSAT induction, we examined the effect of actinomycin D (ActD) and cycloheximide (CHX). ActD alone blocked the induction of SSAT expression; however, the combination of CHX and DENSPM markedly induced SSAT expression and caused mitochondrial damage, suggesting that an inhibitory labile protein is involved in SSAT transactivation. SSAT promoter analysis identified two putative Rel/Nuclear Factor kappaB (NFkappaB) binding sites. Thus, we hypothesized that IkappaB is the labile inhibitory protein and that its removal contributes to the activation of NFkappaB. CHX quickly eliminated the IkappaB protein in the cells and increased the levels of the two subunits of NFkappaB, p65 and p50, in the nucleus. Luciferase reporter gene assay showed that SSAT promoter constructs containing the two putative NFkappaB binding elements responded to CHX as well as TNFalpha, whereas the promoter without the two sites did not. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that NFkappaB was indeed bound to the SSAT promoter after CHX treatment. Further, dominant negative IkappaB attenuated the CHX and DENSPM-induced SSAT expression and mitochondria damage. These results taken together suggest that the inhibition of IkappaB and activation of NFkappaB activate SSAT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Woonyoung
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Lynsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Qianghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Eugene W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gerner
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chiao
authors.forename: Stanley R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020218:Response Elements; D013096:Spermine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000099228:Diamine N-Acetyltransferase
chemical_list: D000123:Acetyltransferases; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003513:Cycloheximide; D003609:Dactinomycin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D013096:Spermine; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D000099228:Diamine N-Acetyltransferase; C059685:N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine