title: Energy expenditure, body composition and insulin response to glucose in male twins discordant for the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The tryptophan to arginine change in position 64 (Trp64Arg) polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3AR) gene has been associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this, decreased rates of energy expenditure and impaired insulin secretion could play a role.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 male twin pairs discordant for the Trp64Arg polymorphism, we examined insulin response to glucose by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT), body composition by the bioimpedance method, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and energy expenditure by indirect and direct calorimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twins heterozygous for the Trp64Arg polymorphism showed significantly lower fat mass independent of the method used, and significantly lower fasting insulin and glucose concentrations compared with their homozygous wild-type co-twins. Correspondingly, insulin resistance and insulin secretion determined by homeostasis model assessment were significantly lower in twins carrying the Trp64Arg polymorphism. However, there were no significant differences in adiponectin levels, insulinogenic index assessed by OGTT, or insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, glucose effectiveness or insulin disposition index assessed by minimal modelling of the FSIGT. Furthermore, there were no differences in sleeping, resting or post-prandial energy expenditure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In male twins with a high similarity in genetic and environmental background, the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3AR gene is associated with lower fat mass, fasting insulin levels and an appropriate insulin response to glucose. Thus, heterozygosity for the Trp64Arg variant is unlikely to increase the risk of obesity, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. k.hojlund@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Højlund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bjørnsbo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bathum
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lammert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beck-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000235:genetics*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000235:genetics*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3