title: Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils.
abstract: The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution.
authors.affiliation: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
authors.forename: Pirkko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siimes
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eronen
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rämö
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welling
authors.forename: Seija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oinonen
authors.forename: Leona
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mattsoff
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruohonen-Lehto
mesh_terms: D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000737:chemistry; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002219:Carbamates / Q000737:chemistry; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005387:Finland; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008698:Mesylates / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D001572:Benzofurans; D002219:Carbamates; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D008698:Mesylates; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D000097797:Glyphosate; C412911:ethofumesate; C003121:phosphinothricin; C047758:metamitron; C100128:phenmedipham