title: Effects of adenosine deaminase and A1 receptor deficiency in normoxic and ischaemic mouse hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine deaminase (ADA) may be multifunctional, regulating adenosine levels and adenosine receptor (AR) agonism, and potentially modifying AR functionality. Herein we assess effects of ADA (and A1AR) deficiency on AR-mediated responses and ischaemic tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normoxic function and responses to 20 or 25 min ischaemia and 45 min reperfusion were studied in isolated hearts from wild-type mice and from mice deficient in ADA and/or A1ARs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither ADA or A1AR deficiency significantly modified basal contractility, although ADA deficiency reduced resting heart rate (an effect abrogated by A1AR deficiency). Bradycardia and vasodilation in response to AR agonism (2-chloroadenosine) were unaltered by ADA deficiency, while A1AR deficiency eliminated the heart rate response. Adenosine efflux increased 10- to 20-fold with ADA deficiency (at the expense of inosine). Deletion of ADA improved outcome from 25 min ischaemia, reducing ventricular diastolic pressure (by 45%; 21+/-4 vs. 38+/-3mm Hg) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux (by 40%; 0.12+/-0.01 vs. 0.21+/-0.02 U/g/min ischaemia), and enhancing pressure development (by 35%; 89+/-6 vs. 66+/-5mm Hg). Similar protection was evident after 20 min ischaemia, and was mimicked by the ADA inhibitor EHNA (5 microM). Deletion of ADA also enhanced tolerance in A1AR deficient hearts, though effects on diastolic pressure were eliminated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficiency of ADA does not alter sensitivities of cardiovascular A1 or A2ARs (despite markedly elevated [adenosine]), but significantly improves ischaemic tolerance. Conversely, A1AR deficiency impairs ischaemic tolerance. Effects of ADA deficiency on diastolic pressure appear solely A1AR-dependent while other ARs or processes additionally contribute to improved contractile recovery and reduced cell death.
authors.affiliation: Heart Foundation Research Center, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4217, Australia.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Melissa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reichelt
authors.forename: Jose G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Chun-Xiao
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Janci L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chunn
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnermann
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Headrick
mesh_terms: D015762:2-Chloroadenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000241:Adenosine / Q000502:physiology*; D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D015762:2-Chloroadenosine; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D000241:Adenosine