title: Genistein inhibits radiation-induced activation of NF-kappaB in prostate cancer cells promoting apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New cancer therapeutic strategies must be investigated that enhance prostate cancer treatment while minimizing associated toxicities. We have previously shown that genistein, the major isoflavone found in soy, enhanced prostate cancer radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular interaction between genistein and radiation using PC-3 human prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor cell survival and progression was determined by clonogenic analysis, flow cytometry, EMSA analysis of NF-kappaB, and western blot analysis of cyclin B1, p21WAF1/Cip1, and cleaved PARP protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genistein combined with radiation caused greater inhibition in PC-3 colony formation compared to genistein or radiation alone. Treatment sequence of genistein followed by radiation and continuous exposure to genistein showed optimal effect. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a significant dose- and time-dependent G2/M arrest induced by genistein and radiation that correlated with increased p21WAF1/Cip1 and decreased cyclin B1 expression. NF-kappaB activity was significantly decreased by genistein, yet increased by radiation. Radiation-induced activation of NF-kappaB activity was strongly inhibited by genistein pre-treatment. A significant and striking increase in cleaved PARP protein was measured following combined genistein and radiation treatment, indicating increased apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A mechanism of increased cell death by genistein and radiation is proposed to occur via inhibition of NF-kappaB, leading to altered expression of regulatory cell cycle proteins such as cyclin B and/or p21WAF1/Cip1, thus promoting G2/M arrest and increased radiosensitivity. These findings support the important and novel strategy of combining genistein with radiation for the treatment of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. julian.raffoul@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Julian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Raffoul
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kucuk
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Fazlul H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Gilda G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism; D056744:Cyclin B1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor / Q000379:methods; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; C534699:CCNB1 protein, human; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D019926:Cyclin B; D056744:Cyclin B1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019833:Genistein