title: The risk of local infective complications after damage control procedures for femoral shaft fracture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine infection rates after damage control orthopaedics (DCO) and primary intramedullary nailing (1' IMN) in multiply injured patients with femoral shaft fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with New Injury Severity Score (NISS) >20 and femoral shaft fracture (AO 32-) treated in our unit between 1996 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Damage control orthopaedics, defined as primary external fixation of the femoral shaft fracture and subsequent conversion to an intramedullary nail, or primary IMN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of infection classified as contamination (positive swabs with no clinical change), superficial, deep (requiring surgery), and removal of hardware (those requiring removal of femoral instrumentation or amputation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 173 patients with 192 fractures were included; 111 fractures were treated by DCO and 81 by primary IMN. Mean follow-up was 19.1 months [median, 16.7, range, 1 (patient died)-67 months]. DCO patients had a significantly higher NISS and more grade III open fractures (P<0.001). IMN procedures took a median of 150 minutes compared with 85 minutes for DCO (P<0.0001). Although wound contamination (including contaminated pin sites) was more common in the DCO group (P<0.05), the risk of infectious complications was equivalent (P=0.86). Contamination was significantly more likely when conversion to IMN occurred after more than 14 days (P<0.05); however, this did not lead to more clinically relevant infections. Logistic regression analysis showed that although a DCO approach was not associated with infection, delay before conversion in the DCO group might be [P=0.002 for contamination and removal of hardware, P=0.065 for serious infection (deep or worse), not significant for other infection outcomes]. Grade III open injury also was significantly associated with serious infection in all patients (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection rates after DCO for femoral fractures are comparable to those after primary IMN. We see no contraindication to the implementation of a damage control approach for severely injured patients with femoral shaft fracture where appropriate. Pin-site contamination was more common where the fixator was in place for more than 2 weeks. For patients treated by using a DCO approach, conversion to definitive fixation should be performed in a timely fashion.
authors.affiliation: International AO Research Fellow, Hannover/Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pape
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies