title: Use of etomidate as an induction agent for rapid sequence intubation in a pediatric emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although etomidate is widely used for rapid sequence intubation (RSI), there is no consensus on the optimal induction agent and no prospective pediatric emergency department (ED) study exists. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of etomidate as an induction agent for RSI in the pediatric ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on RSI conditions and complications were collected prospectively on patients undergoing RSI in a tertiary pediatric ED from January 2003 to December 2003. ED hemodynamic data and inpatient data were collected retrospectively via chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-seven of 101 patients requiring intubation underwent RSI with etomidate. The mean (+/- SD) age was 8.2 (+/- 6.2) years. All 77 patients were successfully intubated. Intubation condition data were available for 69 of 77 patients (89.6%). Conditions were good in 68 of 69 (99%; 95% confidence interval = 92.2% to 99.9%). The mean (+/- SD) maximal percent decrease in systolic blood pressure was 10% (+/- 13.6%). A greater than 20% maximal percent decrease in systolic blood pressure occurred in 12 of 69 patients (17.4%; 95% confidence interval = 9.3% to 28.4%). There was no relationship between seizures after etomidate administration and prior seizure history (p = 0.25). Corticosteroids were given to 29 of 77 patients post-RSI for varying diagnoses. All eight patients given corticosteroids for shock were in shock at the time of intubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the pediatric ED setting, etomidate as an induction agent provided successful RSI conditions and resulted in varied hemodynamic changes that were especially favorable in those patients presenting in decompensated shock. Hypotension and seizures were uncommon and occurred in patients with confounding diagnoses. Until the significance of a single dose of etomidate on adrenal dysfunction is further clarified, caution should be used in those patients at risk for adrenal insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. zuckns@chp.edu
authors.forename: Noel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Zuckerbraun
authors.forename: Raymond D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pitetti
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005045:Etomidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D012769:Shock / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005045:Etomidate