title: The efficacy and tolerability of fosinopril in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with moderate renal insufficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The renoprotective effect of angiotensin II antagonists has been demonstrated in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy but similar data on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are limited. We examined the efficacy and tolerability of fosinopril, an ACE inhibitor with dual hepatic and renal clearance, in 38 type 2 diabetic patients with moderate renal impairment (plasma creatinine 130-300 micromol/l) over a 2-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-centre, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial comparing fosinopril 20 mg daily vs. placebo in addition to conventional antihypertensive treatment over a 2-year period. The primary endpoints were the rate of change and the percentage change in both 24-h urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and creatinine clearance (CrCl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 65 +/- 6 years (range 47-76 years, median 66 years) and plasma creatinine 190 +/- 49 micromol/l. For similar blood pressure control, the percentage change of UAE in patients with microalbuminuria was greater in the fosinopril than the placebo group (-24.2 +/- 28.8 vs. 11.6 +/- 42.1%, p = 0.003 after adjustment for baseline covariates). In the fosinopril group, the rate of change of endogenous CrCl was slower than the placebo group (-0.07 +/- 0.19 vs. -0.24 +/- 0.35 ml/min/week, p = 0.026). The incidence of adverse events was similar between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fosinopril treatment reduced albuminuria and rate of decline in renal function in type 2 diabetic patients with moderate renal insufficiency and did not increase the incidence of adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: P C Y
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: G T C
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: W-B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: R C W
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: W-Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: M K W
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: K-F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cockram
authors.forename: J C N
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D017328:Fosinopril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D017328:Fosinopril