title: Search for coloured objects in natural surroundings by people with abnormal colour vision.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with abnormal colour vision often report difficulty seeing coloured berries and flowers in foliage, which suggests they will have a diminished capacity for visual search when target objects are marked out by colour. There is very little experimental evidence of the effect of abnormal colour vision on visual search and none relating to search for objects in natural foliage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We showed 79 subjects with abnormal colour vision (seven protanopes, 10 deuteranopes, 16 protanomals and 46 deuteranomals) and 20 subjects with normal colour vision photographs of natural scenes and asked them to locate clumps of red berries, to trace the length of a red string on grass and to name the season depicted in a photograph taken in the Autumn and the same scene photographed in the Summer. Colour vision was assessed using the Ishihara, the Medmont C100, the Farnsworth D15, the Richmond HRR and the Nagel anomaloscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the subjects with abnormal colour vision located fewer clumps of red berries than those with normal colour vision. The subjects who failed the Farnsworth D15 performed significantly worse than those who passed but the distribution of scores in the two groups overlaps. The majority of subjects with abnormal colour vision could not trace the full length of the string: only 38 per cent of anomalous trichromats who passed the Farnsworth D15 test and three per cent of those who failed it were able to trace the full length of the string. Fifty-five per cent of those classed as having a mild deficiency by the HRR test could trace the whole string. Most dichromats were unable to identify the Autumn season and those who did may have been assisted by guessing. Most (94 per cent) of those who passed the Farnsworth D15 test and all those classified as having a 'mild' deficiency by the HRR test could identify the season.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All people with abnormal colour vision, even those with a very mild deficiency, have some degree of impairment of their ability to see coloured objects in natural surroundings. A pass at the Farnsworth D15 test or a 'mild' classification with the Richmond HRR test identifies those likely to have the least problems with visual search and identification tasks. The results have practical implications for the selection of personnel in occupations that involve visual search in natural terrain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne. bcole@optometry.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Ka-Yee
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography