title: A new nomogram to predict pathologic outcome following radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a preoperative nomogram to predict pathologic outcome in patients submitted to radical prostatectomy for clinical localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred and sixty patients with clinical stage T1 and T2 prostate cancer were evaluated following radical prostatectomy, and 898 were included in the study. Following a multivariate analysis, nomograms were developed incorporating serum PSA, biopsy Gleason score, and percentage of positive biopsy cores in order to predict the risks of extraprostatic tumor extension, and seminal vesicle involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analysis there was a significant association between percentage of positive biopsy cores (p < 0.001), serum PSA (p = 0.001) and biopsy Gleason score (p < 0.001) with extraprostatic tumor extension. A similar pathologic outcome was seen among tumors with Gleason score 7, and Gleason score 8 to 10. In multivariate analysis, the 3 preoperative variables showed independent significance to predict tumor extension. This allowed the development of nomogram-1 (using Gleason scores in 3 categories - 2 to 6, 7 and 8 to 10) and nomogram-2 (using Gleason scores in 2 categories - 2 to 6 and 7 to 10) to predict disease extension based on these 3 parameters. In the validation analysis, 87% and 91.1% of the time the nomograms-1 and 2, correctly predicted the probability of a pathological stage to within 10% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporating percent of positive biopsy cores to a nomogram that includes preoperative serum PSA and biopsy Gleason score, can accurately predict the presence of extraprostatic disease extension in patients with clinical localized prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. drcrippa@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
authors.forename: Marcos F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dall'Oglio
authors.forename: Alberto A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Katia R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Luciano J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Nesrallah
authors.forename: Valdemar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049451:Nomograms; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen