title: Impact of alcohol exposure after pregnancy recognition on ultrasonographic fetal growth measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 3 decades after Jones and Smith (1973) reported on the devastation caused by alcohol exposure on fetal development, the rates of heavy drinking during pregnancy remain relatively unchanged. Early identification of fetal alcohol exposure and maternal abstinence led to better infant outcomes. This study examined the utility of biometry for detecting alcohol-related fetal growth impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained fetal ultrasound measures from routine ultrasound examinations for 167 pregnant hazardous drinkers who were enrolled in a brief alcohol intervention study. The fetal measures for women who quit after learning of their pregnancies were compared with measures for women who continued some drinking throughout the course of their pregnancies. Because intensity of alcohol consumption is associated with poorer fetal outcomes, separate analyses were conducted for the heavy (average of >or=5 drinks per drinking day) alcohol consumers. Fetal measures from the heavy-exposed fetuses were also compared with measures from a nondrinking group that was representative of normal, uncomplicated pregnancies from our clinics. Analyses of covariance were used to determine whether there were differences between groups after controlling for influences of gestational age and drug abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly half of the pregnant drinkers abstained after learning of their pregnancies. When women reportedly quit drinking early in their pregnancies, fetal growth measures were not significantly different from a non-alcohol-exposed group, regardless of prior drinking patterns. Any alcohol consumption postpregnancy recognition among the heavy drinkers resulted in reduced cerebellar growth as well as decreased cranial to body growth in comparison with women who either quit drinking or who were nondrinkers. Amphetamine abuse was predictive of larger cranial to body growth ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in fetal biometric measurements were observed among the heavy drinkers only when they continued drinking after becoming aware of their pregnancies. Although the reliance on self-reported drinking is a limitation in this study, these findings support the benefits of early abstinence and the potential for ultrasound examinations in the detection of fetal alcohol effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Abuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. nshand@unm.edu
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Handmaker
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Rayburn
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jordan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Brittany B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Rayburn
authors.forename: Valerie J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Rappaport
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol