title: Use of treatment services and pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder in a general population-based mental health survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined characteristics of treatment utilization in a large general population-based sample of bipolar subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data source was the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health and Well-Being, a nationally representative, community mental health survey of over 36,000 individuals conducted from May to December 2002. Subjects who met study criteria for a current or past manic episode were classified as having bipolar disorder. Sociodemographic and illness-related factors influencing likelihood of accessing treatment, delay to contact with treatment services, and use of pharmacotherapy among bipolar subjects were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 852 bipolar subjects, 45.2% had never accessed treatment services. Male gender (p = .001), lower level of education (p = .003), and immigrant status (p < .001) were each significantly negatively correlated with use of treatment services. Mean delay from illness onset to contact with any treatment services was 3.1 years. Sixty-six percent of bipolar subjects had not taken a mood stabilizer or antidepressant medication in the past year, and 22% used antidepressants without a mood stabilizer. Female bipolar subjects were significantly more likely than male subjects to be prescribed an antidepressant medication (OR = 1.99, p = .01), even in the absence of higher frequency of recent depressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many individuals with bipolar disorder never receive any form of mental health treatment, and, among those that do, use of pharmacotherapy is not consistent with guideline-based recommendations. These findings reinforce the importance of continued efforts to better identify bipolar individuals early in their course of illness, and the need for further educational focus on bipolar disorder for all mental health treatment providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook & Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada. ayal.schaffer@sw.ca
authors.forename: Ayal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cairney
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veldhuizen
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Levitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs