title: Cost-minimization analysis for Portugal of five doublet chemotherapy regimens from two phase III trials in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Economic evaluations of chemotherapy regimens for stage IIIB or IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been conducted for many European countries, but not for Portugal. This study evaluates the total health care costs of five commonly used doublet regimens with similar efficacy results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the methodology reported by Schiller [Schiller JH, Tilden D, Aristides M, Lees M, Kielhorn A, Maniadakis N, et al. Restropective cost analysis of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer compared to other combination therapies in Europe. Lung Cancer 2004;43:101-12], we conducted a cost-minimization analysis to compare vinorelbine-cisplatin (Vin/Cis), gemcitabine-cisplatin (Gem/Cis), paclitaxel-carboplatin (Pac/Carb), docetaxel-cisplatin (Doc/Cis), and paclitaxel-cisplatin (Pac/Cis). The perspective was that of the Portuguese National Health Service and included only direct medical costs (reimbursed costs plus co-payments): chemotherapy acquisition, chemotherapy administration, hospitalizations due to adverse events, and other medical resources. Unit costs were drawn from official sources (Diagnosis Related Groups and retail/hospital costs) (2003 value [Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) published at Diário da República; 2003]). Resource use was estimated from two multicenter randomized phase III trials [Comella P, Frasci G, Panza N, Manzione L, De Cataldis G, Cioffi R, et al. Randomized trial comparing cisplatin, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine with either cisplatin and gemcitabine or cisplatin and vinorelbine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: interim analysis of a phase III trial of the Southern Italy Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1451-7; Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, Langer C, Sandler A, Krook J, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:92-8]. A time horizon of a full course of therapy was adopted. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The least and the most costly chemotherapy regimens were Gem/Cis and Pac/Carb, respectively. Total mean cost per patient was estimated at euro7083 for Gem/Cis and euro10,008 for Pac/Carb, a mean cost savings of euro2925 per patient for Gem/Cis. The differences were mainly due to the higher chemotherapy acquisition costs of Pac/Carb than for Gem/Cis. Gem/Cis was less costly in all sensitivity analyses except when 100% inpatient chemotherapy administration was assumed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gem/Cis should be considered as a cost-saving alternative to the other four regimens in treating NSCLC patients in Portugal.
authors.affiliation: Hospital São Sebastião, Oncology Department, R. Dr. Cândido Pinho, 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal. fpimentel@cs.ua.pt
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laranjeira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics; D000077143:Docetaxel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D011174:Portugal; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D043823:Taxoids; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000077143:Docetaxel; D016190:Carboplatin; D017239:Paclitaxel; D002945:Cisplatin; D000093542:Gemcitabine