title: [Landmark of facial nerve in middle ear surgery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To re-evaluate landmarks for facial nerve in middle ear surgery through temporal bone dissection and facial nerve surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some relative landmarks were found through 44 facial nerves dissection in cadaver and 106 cases of facial nerve decompression surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Landmarks for vertical segment of the facial nerve: the vertical line in combined point between posterior and middle 1/3 horizontal semicircular canal clews the posterior edge of facial nerve; the prolong line of superior radian of incus short process clues to the anterior edge of the facial nerve, the facial nerve and horizontal semicircular canal are almost in the same plane. (2) Landmarks for horizontal segment of the facial nerve: the facial nerve tracks forward inferior to short process of incus and anterior to horizontal semicircular canal carina in 30 angel. The facial nerve, locating posterior and superior to cochleariform process and parallel with it, forms the step of middle-superior tympanic cavity and tracks forward to geniculate ganglion. (3) location of geniculate ganglion: The same distance prolong line of stapes head to cochleariform process clues to geniculate ganglion. (4) Location of the chorda tympani nerve: chorda tympani nerve, leaving tympanic sulcus at 3 clock of bone canaline left ear and at 9 clock of bone canaline right ear, tracks forward along tympani sulcus and then cross between long process of incus and manubrium. It lies in the border of pars tensa and pars flaccid and is about 5 - 8 mm from the stylomastoid foramen to where the chorda tympani nerve leaves the facial nerve. There is no difference of facial nerve structure in temporal bone dissection and in surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fixed landmarks of middle ear are the frame of reference of facial nerve, in which horizontal semicircular canal is most invariable; and the safety of surgery will be improved by the reference of the facial nerve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China. chifanglu@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Fang-Lu
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ya-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Hong-Jiang
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000601:surgery*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery