title: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the basal subtype of breast carcinoma.
abstract: The recognition of subtypes of breast carcinomas based on their molecular features has brought new perspectives in breast cancer research. Some key regulators of angiogenesis and tumor infiltration were evaluated in breast carcinomas of basal phenotype (cytokeratin [CK]5+). Immunohistochemical analysis with 14 primary antibodies was performed in 100 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of invasive ductal carcinomas. CK5 correlated with indicators of poor outcome, including precocious age, high histologic grade, lymph node positivity, advanced pathologic stage, negativity for hormonal receptors, and a high proliferative rate (Ki-67 labeling index). CK5 also correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression but not with the microvessel density. Considering that VEGF-overexpressing neoplastic mammary cells display increased proliferative activity in vitro regardless of the angiogenic effect of VEGF, the differential expression of VEGF might contribute to the more aggressive behavior of these neoplasms. CK5 correlated with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, but not matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, TIMP-2 or plasminogen activator inhibitor, indicating that antiproteolytic stimuli might be preponderant in these neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Silva
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ribeiro do Vale
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zucoloto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D007633:Keratins; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1