title: Preclinical differentiation between apparently safe and potentially hepatotoxic applications of TRAIL either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) exhibits potent antitumor activity on systemic administration in nonhuman primates without deleterious side effects for normal tissue. However, there is a controversy about the potential toxicity of TRAIL on human hepatocytes. The use of different recombinant TRAIL forms only partially explains the contradicting reports on TRAIL sensitivity in primary human hepatocytes (PHH).
  
  
  METHODS
  To clarify this issue, we comprehensively tested four different recombinant forms of TRAIL for their apoptosis-inducing capacity on PHH obtained from a total of 55 human livers between day 1 and day 8 of in vitro culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One day after single-cell isolation, all but one recombinant form of TRAIL [i.e., an untagged form of TRAIL (TRAIL.0)] induced apoptosis in PHH. Apoptosis induction by TRAIL in these cells could only be fully inhibited by concomitant blockade of TRAIL receptor 1 and TRAIL receptor 2. At day 4 of in vitro culture, when surrogate markers indicated optimal hepatocyte in vitro function, only high doses of cross-linked FLAG-TRAIL killed PHH whereas the other three recombinant TRAIL forms did not. Strikingly, cotreatment of day 4 PHH with cisplatin sensitized for TRAIL-induced apoptosis whereas 5-fluorouracil, etoposide, gemcitabine, irinotecan, or oxaliplatin, which are commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers, did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that whereas TRAIL alone or together with selected chemotherapeutic drugs seems to be safe, the combination of TRAIL with cisplatin is toxic to PHH.
authors.affiliation: Divison of Apoptosis Regulation, D040, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tom M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ganten
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koschny
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sykora
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulze-Bergkamen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Büchler
authors.forename: Tobias L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Manuela B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schader
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Untergasser
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stremmel
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walczak
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053320:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013997:Time Factors; D053319:Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053320:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C105190:TNFRSF10A protein, human; C505639:TNFRSF10B protein, human; C108661:TNFRSF10C protein, human; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D053319:Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D005047:Etoposide; D000077146:Irinotecan; D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D002166:Camptothecin; D000093542:Gemcitabine