Spray irrigation of treated municipal wastewater as a potential source of atmospheric PBDEs.
Spray irrigation facilities utilizing treated municipal wastewater are a potential source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to the atmosphere. PBDEs are used as flame retardants in many household items and have been found in wastewaters and biosolids. Evidence of PBDE release from spray irrigation facilities was discovered during a multiyear project to measure semivolatile organic chemical concentrations in air. Four BDE congeners (47, 99, 100, and 154) were monitored at three remote/ rural locations in Maryland and Delaware from 2001 to 2003. Average concentrations at two of the sites (BDE-47, 10-17 pg/m3; BDE-99, 5.3-7.7 pg/m3) reflect background levels. Average concentrations at the third location were 5-10 times higher (BDE-47, 175 pg/m3; BDE-99, 26 pg/m3) and were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) with temperature indicating local source(s). Several spray irrigation facilities are located south and west of the third site, the prevailing wind direction during the spring and summer when most samples were collected. The fine mist released from the irrigation equipment may enhance release to the atmosphere via air-water gas exchange from water droplets. Temporal trends indicate that aerial concentrations of PBDEs in this area are increasing at an exponential rate; the atmospheric doubling times for the different congeners range from 1.1 to 1.7 yrs.
Goel
Anubha
A
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
McConnell
Laura L
LL
Torrents
Alba
A
Scudlark
Joseph R
JR
Simonich
Staci
S
D004987:Ethers; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D004987:Ethers; D005411:Flame Retardants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical