title: Working memory and decision-making biases in young adults with a family history of alcoholism: studies from the Oklahoma family health patterns project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol misuse is more common in persons with a family history of alcoholism (FH+) than in those with no such history (FH-). Among FH+, behavioral disinhibition and male sex seem to signal the presence of an increased risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined cognitive and behavioral characteristics of 175 nonabusing 18- to 30-year-olds, 87 FH+ and 88 FH-, who were further characterized by their degree of behavioral disinhibition using the Sociability scale of the California Personality Inventory. Working memory and decision making were tested using the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Iowa Gambling Task, a simulated card game.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons with a family history of alcoholism who were behaviorally disinhibited displayed significantly greater interference on the Stroop task than the other subgroups. On the Iowa Gambling Task, FH+ males, but not the females, were significantly more attentive to financial gains than other subgroups, and they had greater consistency in their choice behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with a family history of alcoholism, in combination with behavioral disinhibition, appears to signal working memory deficits and in combination with male sex indicates an attraction to the rewarding aspects of a risk-taking challenge. These findings are not secondary to heavy exposure to alcohol or other drugs, but instead reflect intrinsic risk-related familial and personal characteristics of the subjects.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Sciences Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA. bill@mindbody1.org
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lovallo
authors.forename: Eldad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yechiam
authors.forename: Kristen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Sorocco
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D001519:Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009825:Oklahoma; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012727:Sex Characteristics