title: Do visual analogue scale (VAS) derived standard gamble (SG) utilities agree with Health Utilities Index utilities? A comparison of patient and community preferences for health status in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) has become increasingly important and various direct and indirect methods and instruments have been devised to measure it. In direct methods such as Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Standard Gamble (SG), respondent both assesses and values health states therefore the final score reflects patient's preferences. In indirect methods such as multi-attribute health status classification systems, the patient provides the assessment of a health state and then a multi-attribute utility function is used for evaluation of the health state. Because these functions have been estimated using valuations of general population, the final score reflects community's preferences. The objective of this study is to assess the agreement between community preferences derived from the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2) and Mark 3 (HUI3) systems, and patient preferences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analog scale (VAS) and HUI scores were obtained from a sample of 320 rheumatoid arthritis patients. VAS scores were adjusted for end-aversion bias and transformed to standard gamble (SG) utility scores using 8 different power conversion formulas reported in other studies. Individual level agreement between SG utilities and HUI2 and HUI3 utilities was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Group level agreement was assessed by comparing group means using the paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After examining all 8 different SG estimates, the ICC (95% confidence interval) between SG and HUI2 utilities ranged from 0.45 (0.36 to 0.54) to 0.55 (0.47 to 0.62). The ICC between SG and HUI3 utilities ranged from 0.45 (0.35 to 0.53) to 0.57 (0.49 to 0.64). The mean differences between SG and HUI2 utilities ranged from 0.10 (0.08 to 0.12) to 0.22 (0.20 to 0.24). The mean differences between SG and HUI3 utilities ranged from 0.18 (0.16 to 0.2) to 0.28 (0.26 to 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the individual level, patient and community preferences show moderate to strong agreement, but at the group level they have clinically important and statistically significant differences. Using different sources of preference might alter clinical and policy decisions that are based on methods that incorporate HRQL assessment. VAS-derived utility scores are not good substitutes for HUI scores.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada. amiradel@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Amir Adel
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rashidi
authors.forename: Aslam H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Anis
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012219:Rheumatology / Q000295:instrumentation; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires