title: Comparison of results of virtual-reality simulator and training model for basic ureteroscopy training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The traditional method of acquiring surgical skills is by apprenticeship and involves an extensive period of training with patients. Model-based and virtual reality simulation is gaining interest as alternative training, allowing repetitive practice in a low-risk environment. The objective of this study was to determine if a materials, model-based training format and an interactive virtual-reality simulator could provide equivalent teaching of basic ureteroscopy skills to the inexperienced medical student.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen first-year medical students received the same didactic session and video viewing on cystoscopy, guidewire access to the upper urinary tract, and ureteroscopy with intracorporeal laser lithotripsy and stone extraction by the same instructor. The participants were then randomized into two study groups: Group 1 was trained on the ureteroscopy training model (TMU) from Limbs & Things and Group 2 on the Simbionix UROMentor virtual-reality simulator (VRS) until the participants could perform the procedure independently. Two months later, the participants independently performed a ureteroscopic procedure on a pig kidney/ureter model and were graded from 1 to 5 on their ability to complete the steps of the procedure and the quality of their performance (handling of tissue, efficiency, instrument handling, knowledge of instruments, flow of operation, use of assistants, and knowledge of the specific procedure) for a possible total of 35 points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants were able to perform the steps of the procedure correctly. The TMU group and the VRS group received a mean of 22.9 +/- 4.8 and 23.6 +/- 5.4 points, respectively (P = 0.38) for their qualitative assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The medical students' skills and ability to perform a basic ureteroscopic stone-management procedure was independent of the training modality (VRS or TMU). Incorporating either of these devices into the preliminary training of urology residents may improve their initial clinical performance of these skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Corollos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abdelshehid
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface