title: Interaction between X-Delta-2 and Hox genes regulates segmentation and patterning of the anteroposterior axis.
abstract: In vertebrates, the paraxial mesoderm already exhibits a complex Hox gene pattern by the time that segmentation occurs and somites are formed. The anterior boundaries of the Hox genes are always maintained at the same somite number, suggesting coordination between somite formation and Hox expression. To study this interaction, we used morpholinos to knockdown either the somitogenesis gene X-Delta-2 or the complete Hox paralogous group 1 (PG1) in Xenopus laevis. When X-Delta-2 is knocked down, Hox genes from different paralogous groups are downregulated from the beginning of their expression at gastrula stages. This effect is not via the canonical Notch pathway, as it is independent of the Notch effector Su(H). We also reveal for the first time a clear role for Hox genes in somitogenesis, as loss of PG1 gene function results in the perturbation of somite formation and downregulation of the X-Delta-2 expression in the PSM. This effect on X-Delta-2 expression is also observed during neurula stages, before the somites are formed. These results show that somitogenesis and patterning of the anteroposterior axis are closely linked via a feedback loop involving Hox genes and X-Delta-2, suggesting the existence of a coordination mechanism between somite formation and anteroposterior patterning. Such a mechanism is likely to be functional during gastrulation, before the formation of the first pair of somites, as suggested by the early X-Delta-2 regulation of the Hox genes.
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands. joao.peres@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: João N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Durston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005775:Gastrula / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019170:Somites; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051880:Receptors, Notch; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C510658:dlc protein, Xenopus