title: Intraoperative coagulation evaluation of ischemia-reperfusion injury in small bowel transplantation: a way to explore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The success of intestinal transplantation is affected by the extreme susceptibility of the small bowel to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Platelet aggregation decreases after reperfusion in small intestinal ischemia and liver transplantation. Thromboelastography (TEG) is a coagulation test performed whole on blood. The aims of this study were to assess coagulation derangements during bowel transplantation to define appropriate modalities of intraoperative coagulation monitoring. A secondary endpoint was to determine whether measurements of coagulation derangements were useful to estimate small intestinal I/R injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 19 patients who had undergone elective small bowel transplantation for primary short-gut syndrome. We divided our patients into two groups depending on their reperfusion injury as evaluated with a biopsy after reperfusion: group A composed of eight patients who had a reperfusion injury: group B composed of 11 patients who did not experience this problem. We measured five thromboelastogram indicators (r, k, angle, MA, CL30) at defined intervals: dissection phase (T1), vascular anastomoses phase (T2) as well as 30 minutes (T3) and 120 minutes (T4) after reperfusion during the intestinal reconstruction phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not observe any significant difference between intraoperative blood loss, core temperature, or volume of fluid fresh frozen plasma, or platelet administration. Angle and MA were decreased significantly among patients with reperfusion injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients showed a hypocoagulation pattern during all the manipulations. This derangement did not depend on the ischemia time. In patients with I/R injury the angle and MA did not change during ischemia, but did change significantly upon reperfusion. Several mechanisms may cause coagulation derangements. During the ischemic period, there may be damage to the vascular bed of the ischemic organ. When arterial blood passes through the damaged vascular bed after reperfusion, platelet activation occurs to varying degrees, resulting in reduced platelet function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are needed to confirm this preliminary work, which was limited by the low number of patients, in order to elucidate relevant mechanisms and develop predictive algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Liver and Multiorgan Transplant Unit, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy. sinianest@libero.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siniscalchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spedicato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauro
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cucchetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dazzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piraccini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Begliomini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Braglia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Serri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faenza
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001831:Body Temperature; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D017713:Platelet Transfusion; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous