title: Postmortem distribution of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethyl-amphetamine (MDDM or MDDA) in a fatal MDMA overdose.
abstract: In this manuscript, a newly identified compound, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine (MDDM or also called MDDA), was quantified. The substance was identified in the biological specimens of a 31-year-old man who died following a massive 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) overdose. In addition, the postmortem distribution of the identified substance in various body fluids and tissues was evaluated. For MDDM quantitation, a formerly reported and validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was adapted. The following quantitative results of the MDDM quantitation were obtained: Femoral blood, aorta ascendens, and right atrial blood contained 2.5, 21.7, and 11.6 ng MDDM/ml, respectively. In left and right pleural fluid and pericardial fluid, concentrations of 47.0, 21.7, and 31.9 ng/ml, respectively, were found. MDDM levels in urine, bile, and stomach contents were 42.4, 1,101, and 1,113 ng/ml, respectively. MDDM concentrations in lungs, liver, kidney, and left cardiac muscle ranged from 12.8 to 39.8 ng/g, whereas these levels were below the limit of quantitation (< LOQ) in right cardiac and iliopsoas muscle. In conclusion, for the first time, MDDM was unambiguously identified in a fatal MDMA overdose. MDDM was probably present as a synthesis by-product or impurity in the MDMA tablets, which were taken in a huge amount by the victim, or MDDM was ingested separately and prior to the MDMA overdose. A third option, i.e., the eventual formation of MDDM as a result of postmortem methylation of MDMA by formaldehyde, produced by putrefaction processes or during storage under frozen conditions, is also discussed. The MDDM levels, substantiated in various body fluids and tissues, are in line with the distribution established for other amphetamine derivatives and confirm that peripheral blood sampling, such as that of femoral blood, remains the "golden standard".
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Ghent University, Jozef Kluyskensstraat 29, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Els A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Letter
authors.forename: Willy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Marie-Paule L A
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bouche
authors.forename: Jan A C M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cordonnier
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Van Bocxlaer
authors.forename: Michel H A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Piette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062787:Drug Overdose; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine