title: Long-term effectiveness and cost of a systematic care program for bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the availability of efficacious treatments, the long-term course of bipolar disorder is often unfavorable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention program to improve the quality of care and long-term outcomes for persons with bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mental health clinics of a group-model prepaid health plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 785 patients in treatment for bipolar disorder who were invited to participate, 509 attended an evaluation appointment, 450 were found eligible to participate, and 441 enrolled in the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to a multicomponent intervention program or to continued care as usual. Three nurse care managers provided a 2-year systematic intervention program, including the following: a structured group psychoeducational program, monthly telephone monitoring of mood symptoms and medication adherence, feedback to treating mental health providers, facilitation of appropriate follow-up care, and as-needed outreach and crisis intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-person blinded research interviews every 3 months assessed mood symptoms using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Examination. Health plan administrative records were used to assess the use and cost of mental health services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated that the intervention significantly reduced the mean level of mania symptoms (z = 2.09, P = .04) and the time with significant mania symptoms (19.2 vs 24.7 weeks; F(1) = 6.0, P = .01). There was no significant intervention effect on mean level of depressive symptoms (z = 0.19, P = .85) or time with significant depressive symptoms (47.6 vs 50.7 weeks; F(1) = 0.56, P = .45). Benefits of the intervention were found only in a subgroup of 343 persons with clinically significant mood symptoms at the baseline assessment. The incremental cost (adjusted) of the intervention was 1251 dollars (95% confidence interval, 55-2446 dollars), including approximately 800 dollars for the intervention program services and an approximate 500 dollars increase in the costs of other mental health services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population-based systematic care programs can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of mania in bipolar disorder, and cost increases are modest considering the clinical gains. The incorporation of more specific cognitive and behavioral content or more effective medication regimens may be necessary to significantly reduce the symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98101, USA. simon.g@ghc.org
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Evette J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Unützer
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Operskalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000359:Aftercare / Q000191:economics; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007358:Insurance, Psychiatric / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington