title: Inheritance of proportionate dwarfism in Angus cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mode of inheritance of congenital proportionate dwarfism in Angus and Angus crossbred cattle, initially detected in two commercial beef herds in northern New South Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matings of normal carrier sires to unrelated cows of diverse breeds, and of one carrier sire to his unaffected daughters. An unrelated Piedmontese bull was also mated to unaffected daughters of the carrier sires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two carrier Angus bulls and nine unaffected daughters, all of whom were completely indistinguishable from normal animals, were purchased for controlled breeding studies under known nutritional and disease conditions. Affected and carrier individuals were examined for the presence of obvious chromosomal abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angus dwarfism has been successfully reproduced under controlled experimental conditions over successive years using unrelated dams and is undoubtedly heritable. The high frequency of occurrence of affected individuals (23/61 = 0.38 +/- .06) among the progeny of matings of the Angus sires to unrelated females of diverse breeding is not compatible with recessive inheritance, because of the negligible frequency of proportionate dwarfism in the breeds of the dams. Both paternal and maternal transmission of the defect was demonstrated, so that imprinting in the strict sense of a gene that is only expressed when received from the male parent appears not to be involved. Tested individuals showed no evidence of gross chromosomal abnormality. Dominant autosomal inheritance with incomplete penetrance was indicated by the lack of expression of the defective gene in the two Angus sires and in three unaffected daughters who produced dwarf calves from matings to the Piedmontese bull.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mode of inheritance is that of a single autosomal dominant gene with a penetrance coefficient of 0.75 +/- 0.12, estimated from the observed incidence of 23/61 affected offspring of the two carrier Angus bulls mated to unrelated dams. Simple genetic models involving either (i) an unstable mutant which changes at high frequency to the expressed dominant dwarfing allele during gametogenesis, or (ii) a dominant allele with penetrance determined by an unlinked modifying locus, are shown to be compatible with the experimental data. Both models indicate that penetrance of the dwarfing gene may possibly be higher in matings involving carrier daughters of the two Angus bulls.
authors.affiliation: NSW Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Advisory Station, Grafton, New South Wales. M.Latter@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Latter
authors.forename: B D H
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Latter
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Windsor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004392:Dwarfism / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology