title: Risk factors for Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium (DT104 and non-DT104) infections in The Netherlands: predominant roles for raw eggs in Enteritidis and sandboxes in Typhimurium infections.
abstract: Since 1996 Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 salmonellosis has increased in The Netherlands. This prompted a case-control study of risk factors for salmonellosis to inform transmission routes for this phage type. Cases were laboratory-confirmed patients with a Salmonella infection and controls were selected from population registries by frequency matching for age, sex, degree of urbanization and season. Cases and controls received a questionnaire on risk factors. Of the 1171 cases, 573 (49%) responded: 245 S. Enteritidis and 232 S. Typhimurium cases (both DT104 and non-DT104), of which 58 were DT104. Of the 10250 controls, 3409 (33%) responded. Use of H2 antagonists [odds ratio (OR) 4.4, 95% CI 1.6-12.2] and proton pump inhibitors (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.2-7.9), consumption of raw eggs (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.4) and products containing raw eggs (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0) were associated with endemic S. Enteritidis infection. Risk factors for endemic S. Typhimurium infection were use of proton pump inhibitors (OR 8.3, 95% CI 4.3-15.9), occupational exposure to raw meat (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1-7.9), playing in a sandbox (for children aged 4-12 years) (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6-3.7), consumption of undercooked meat (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.1) and use of antibiotics (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.4). Use of proton pump inhibitors (OR 11.2, 95% CI 3.9-31.9) and playing in a sandbox (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.8-10.7) were the only risk factors for S. Typhimurium DT104 salmonellosis. This study confirms known risk factors for salmonellosis. However, playing in a sandbox was a predominant new risk factor for S. Typhimurium salmonellosis in children [population attributable risk (PAR) 14%], and especially for S. Typhimurium DT104 (PAR 32%).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. yvonne.doorduyn@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doorduyn
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Van Den Brandhof
authors.forename: Y T H P
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Van Duynhoven
authors.forename: W J B
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wannet
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Pelt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012307:Risk Factors; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000209:etiology*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide