title: Ablation of nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia in children and adults with congenital heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia (NAFAT) has been characterized in adults with structurally normal hearts. This article characterizes NAFAT in a population of patients with complex congenital heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrophysiologic and electroanatomic mapping data and acute outcomes were reviewed in patients undergoing mapping and ablative procedures for atrial tachycardia at Children's Hospital, Boston, between January 1999 and December 2003. Twenty-two NAFAT foci were identified in 17 patients out of 216 patients studied. Fourteen of these 17 patients had congenital heart disease. The average age of the patients with a NAFAT mechanism was 27 years and there was no gender predilection. The presumptive diagnosis based on clinical grounds and surface ECG assessment in 11 of 17 patients with NAFAT was atrial flutter. None of the 17 patients were suspected of having a NAFAT mechanism by noninvasive assessment. Four of the 10 patients had both NAFAT and macroreentrant atrial tachycardias. NAFAT cycle lengths varied widely (200-680 ms) between patients. Sixteen of the 22 NAFAT foci were mapped to the anatomic right atrium (RA). Acute ablative success was achieved in 17 out of 22 foci (77%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAFAT is relatively uncommon in a pediatric tertiary care setting, and in that setting occurs most often in adults with congenital heart disease. NAFAT is indistinguishable from other forms of atrial tachycardia by noninvasive means and can mimic other forms of atrial tachycardia on electrocardiogram. The foci were predominantly found in the RA and were, in most cases, acutely amenable to catheter ablation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology & Pacing, Children's Specialists of San Diego, Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital San Diego, MC 5004, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. sseslar@chsd.org
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Seslar
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Charles I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Berul
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cecchin
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Triedman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013612:Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome