title: Preservation of mitochondrial structure and function after cardioplegic arrest in the neonate using a selective mitochondrial KATP channel opener.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to early postoperative neonatal heart dysfunction. Diazoxide, a mitochondrial-selective adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium-channel opener, is associated with mitochondrial preservation after cardioplegic arrest. We evaluated the mitochondrial-protective effect of diazoxide in terms of mitochondrial structure and function after neonatal cardioplegic arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn piglets (age, approximately 14 days) underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and 60 minutes of cardioplegic arrest using cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution (CCP, n = 5) or cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution with diazoxide (CCP+D, n = 5). After 6 hours of recovery, myocardium was harvested. Control myocardium from piglets that did not undergo cardiopulmonary bypass (non-CPB, n = 5) was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardioplegic arrest was associated with translocation of Bax to the mitochondria, which was not prevented by diazoxide. Nevertheless, by electron microscopy, CCP-associated remodeling of mitochondrial structure was subjectively diminished in CCP+D hearts. In addition, CCP-associated mitochondrial permeabilization and cytochrome c release into the cytosol were prevented with CCP+D (p < 0.05). In vitro oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria demonstrated deficient function of mitochondrial complex I in CCP, but it was preserved in the CCP+D myocardial mitochondria (p < 0.05). Complex II and IV activity was not different among groups. In parallel with impaired complex I function, the cardiac adenosine triphosphate content was diminished in CCP hearts, but well maintained in CCP+D hearts (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although early apoptotic signaling events (Bax translocation) are not prevented by diazoxide, addition of the mitochondrial-selective adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium-channel opener to the cardioplegic solution is associated with protection of mitochondrial structural and functional integrity in a clinically relevant model of neonatal cardiac surgery. The mitochondrial-protective effects of diazoxide may contribute to improved postoperative myocardial function in the neonate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lixing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kinnear
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hammel
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhongdong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Wenyu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Caldarone
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D015221:Potassium Channels; D013552:Swine; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D045304:Cytochromes c; D003981:Diazoxide