A review of vascular injection techniques for the study of perforator flaps.
BACKGROUND
With a new era of flap surgery, additional anatomical information is required. The relatively recent interest in musculocutaneous perforator flaps has once again sparked interest in the vascular anatomy of surgical flaps. There are a variety of anatomical techniques available to define the vascular anatomy of tissues of interest. In this article, the authors review vascular injection techniques available and describe the technique currently used in their laboratory.


METHODS
A comprehensive review of vascular injection techniques is summarized. Barium sulfate and lead oxide in particular are reviewed in detail.


RESULTS
This article reviews the historical development of vascular injection techniques, outlines current investigative methods, and expands on a radiopaque lead oxide and gelatin injection method that provides high-quality angiograms.


CONCLUSIONS
The standard method for the study of perforator flap is the lead oxide-gelatin technique. However, other methods can provide complementary information on vascular anatomy.
Bergeron
Leonard
L
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Tang
Maolin
M
Morris
Steven F
SF
D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002102:Cadaver; D002244:Carbon / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D004210:Dissection; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007840:Latex / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007854:Lead / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008833:Microcirculation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*
D003287:Contrast Media; D007840:Latex; D010087:Oxides; C028433:chinese ink; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D007854:Lead; C047365:lead oxide; D002244:Carbon