title: Biological validation of a sample preparation method for ER-CALUX bioanalysis of estrogenic activity in sediment using mixtures of xeno-estrogens.
abstract: The combined estrogenic effects of mixtures of environmental pollutants in the in vitro ER-CALUX (chemical activated luciferase gene expression) bioassaywere examined to biologically validate a sample preparation method for the analysis of estrogenic compounds in sediment. The method used accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and was validated with respect to recovery of biological response taking mixture effects into account. Four mixtures of three to six xenoestrogenic compounds (bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichloroethane, (2,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichloroethane, dieldrin, 4-n-octylphenol, alpha-chlordane, dibutylphthalate, (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichloroethylene, and 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl) were prepared. Experimentally determined mixture effects were well described by the concept of concentration addition (CA), as expected for similarly acting compounds. Observed estradiol equivalence factors of the mixtures (on average 1.2 +/- 0.3) agreed very well with the value predicted according to CA. The sample preparation method was then applied to pure mixtures of standards and to sediment spiked with one of the mixtures. Recoveries of estrogenic compounds were estimated by determination of their mixture potencies in ER-CALUX and compared to the mixture effects predicted by CA. Recoveries of estrogenic activity were between 80 and 129%, indicating that the additive behavior of mixtures of xeno-estrogens is well conserved during sample preparation. Together with an average repeatability of 18.3%, low average limit of detection (2.6 +/- 1.8 pg of EEQ/ g), and coefficient of variance (3.5 +/- 3.3%),this demonstrated the suitability of the sample preparation method for the analysis of mixtures of (xeno-)estrogenic compounds in sediment with the ER-CALUX assay.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Houtman
authors.forename: Yoni K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Van Houten
authors.forename: Pim E G
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leonards
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Marja H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lamoree
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Legler
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D015262:Xenobiotics