title: Morphine administration in horses anaesthetized for upper respiratory tract surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of morphine administration on commonly monitored cardio-respiratory variables and recovery quality in horses undergoing anaesthesia and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight thoroughbred horses, 32 geldings and six mares, 3-13 years old, weighing 411-600 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standard anaesthetic technique was used. Twenty minutes after induction of anaesthesia horses received 0.1 mg kg(-1) (0.1 m) or 0.2 mg kg(-1) (0.2 m) morphine by intravenous injection. A control group did not receive morphine. Heart rate, respiratory rate (fr), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood gases were measured before morphine administration and every 10 minutes thereafter. Horses were positioned for 35 minutes in right lateral recumbency for tension palatoplasty by cautery and were then moved into dorsal recumbency for additional intraluminal surgery comprising one or more of aryepiglottic fold resection, sub-epiglottal mucosal resection, ventriculectomy and cordectomy. A subjective recovery score from 0 (worst) to 5 (best) was assigned by a single observer who was unaware of treatment group. Two-way repeated measures anova, one-way anova, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and chi-squared tests were used to analyse the data where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO(2)) decreased significantly over time and was significantly lower in horses that received morphine. One horse in the control group and two horses in each of the morphine groups had a PaO(2) <13 kPa. No other significant cardiopulmonary effects were detected. Recovery scores [median (range)] were higher in morphine recipients: 4 (2-5) in 0.1 m, 4 (3-5) in 0.2 m compared with 3 (2-4) in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower PaO(2) in morphine recipients did not appear to be of clinical significance in healthy horses because the number of horses with a low PaO(2) was similar between groups. The quality of recovery was significantly better in morphine recipients. These results indicate that morphine may be considered for use in clinical cases although further work is required to assess the analgesic properties of the drug in this species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, UK. emma.love@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: J Geoffrey
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Murison
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine