title: The continuity of psychopathology from early childhood to preadolescence: a prospective cohort study of 3-12-year-old children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the continuity of psychopathology from the age of 3-12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based birth cohort, children's emotional and behavioral problems were assessed at age 3 using the Child Behavior Checklist 2-3 (CBCL 2-3), and at age 12 by parents using the CBCL 11-18, and the Youth Self Report (YSR) completed by the children. Behavioral ratings were obtained from 800 subjects at both time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  externalizing problems at age 3 predicted both externalizing and internalizing problems among both genders in preadolescence. In girls, internalizing behavior at age 3 predicted parent-reported internalizing behavior, and associated negatively with externalizing behavior in self-reports at age 12. Aggressive behavior was found to be remarkably stable, and both aggressive and destructive behavior independently predicted a wide range of later externalizing and internalizing problems. Parent ratings of withdrawal showed stability from early childhood to preadolescence in both genders. Somatic complaints of 3-year-old girls independently predicted both externalizing and internalizing problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the complexity of pathways in psychopathology from early childhood to preadolescence. In particular, aggressive and destructive behaviors in very early childhood predict later problems and necessitate early recognition and possible intervention at an early age. An instrument like the CBCL 2-3 is valuable in the early detection of children at risk of long-term problems.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland. leena.pihlakoski@utu.fi
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pihlakoski
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourander
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aromaa
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rautava
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sillanpää
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011599:Psychopathology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic