title: Understanding the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in pain treatment: insights from dual process models of stereotyping.
abstract: This article applied dual process models of stereotyping to illustrate how various psychological mechanisms may lead to unintentional provider bias in decisions about pain treatment. Stereotypes have been shown to influence judgments and behaviors by two distinct cognitive processes, automatic stereotyping and goal-modified stereotyping, which differ both in level of individual conscious control and how much they are influenced by the goals in an interaction. Although these two processes may occur simultaneously and are difficult to disentangle, the conceptual distinction is important because unintentional bias that results from goal-modified rather than automatic stereotyping requires different types of interventions. We proposed a series of hypotheses that showed how these different processes may lead providers to contribute to disparities in pain treatment: 1) indirectly, by influencing the content and affective tone of the clinical encounter; and 2) directly, by influencing provider decision making. We also highlighted situations that may increase the likelihood that stereotype-based bias will occur and suggested directions for future research and interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. diana.burgess@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ryn
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crowley-Matoka
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malat
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011287:Prejudice; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013240:Stereotyping