title: Smoking and young people's mental health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review addresses the evidence on smoking and young people's mental health, reported during 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research studies have confirmed the previously reported epidemiological associations of smoking with gender, race and social class, as well as suspected risk factors and antecedents. Among youths, the prevalence of smoking varies across subgroups of the population, classified by race/ethnicity and social class. Gender differences in smoking vary cross-nationally. Smoking among youths is higher when parents, siblings, or peers smoke. Smoking is also higher in youths with histories of early conduct problems, drinking and illegal drug use, depression, and suicidal behaviors. The protective role of youth involvement in sports and the lesser opportunity to smoke among youths involved in religious practice were also confirmed. Among young people, early conduct problems and associated early onset of daily smoking predict a greater likelihood of becoming nicotine dependent. The interpretation of the high smoking rate among schizophrenic patients as self-medication has been challenged by a recent study that reported that smoking predicted subsequent first hospitalization for schizophrenia. New findings suggest that young persons who experienced their first exposure to nicotine as relaxing are at elevated risk for becoming nicotine dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal cohort studies and cross-sectional studies have been published on smoking and young people's mental health. These studies describe smoking correlates and identify predictors of negative outcomes of smoking, as well as predictors of nicotine dependence, smoking initiation, and smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48834, USA. galvarado@epi.msu.edu
authors.forename: German F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Breslau