title: Hyperbaric oxygen reduces acetaminophen toxicity and increases HIF-1alpha expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. The authors further evaluated the effects of APAP poisoning and HBO2 on the expression and function of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) in an effort to further describe the mechanisms of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In vitro assays were performed to better understand the effects of HBO2 on HIF-1alpha function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo, four groups of C57BL/6 mice were treated as follows: APAP only, APAP followed by HBO2, HBO2 only, and untreated shams. Plasma alanine aminotransferase activity was measured, and hepatic HIF-1alpha induction was determined by Western blot. In vitro, cultured HEP G2 hepatocytes were exposed to HBO2, hypoxia (2.5% O2), or normoxia. HIF-1alpha DNA-binding and transcriptional activity were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alanine aminotransferase activity was reduced in the APAP+HBO2 group (2,606 IU/L +/- 4,080; vs. APAP: 6,743 +/- 3,397, p = 0.01 at 6 hours). APAP-only, HBO2-only, and APAP+HBO2 treatments all increased HIF-1alpha expression relative to shams (p = 0.02, p = 0.02, and p < 0.01, respectively). HBO2 increased HIF-1alpha DNA binding 5.7 (+/- 1.2)-fold relative to controls (p < 0.01); however, a parallel increase in HIF functional transcriptional activity did not occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperbaric oxygen reduced early APAP-induced hepatocellular injury. APAP poisoning increases HIF-1alpha protein levels and functional activity. HBO2 increases HIF-1alpha protein levels and DNA binding without a corresponding increase in transcriptional activity.
authors.affiliation: Program in Toxicology, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Salhanick
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Belikoff
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Orlow
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Wende
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reenstra
authors.forename: Jon A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buras
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; C495678:Slc2a1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000410:Alanine Transaminase