title: Relationship of dose of background angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor to the benefits of candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM)-Added trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether an angiotensin receptor blocker is of benefit when added to a full dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor in heart failure (HF) is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of candesartan, compared with placebo, in 2548 patients randomized in the CHARM-Added trial was analyzed according to (i) ACE inhibitor dose at baseline, (ii) ACE inhibitor dose during follow-up, and (iii) combination treatment with ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker at baseline. The main outcome was the composite of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The benefit of candesartan was not modified by the dose of ACE inhibitor. In all patients (n = 2548), the candesartan/placebo hazard ratio (HR) for the primary outcome was 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.96). In patients taking a guideline recommended dose of ACE inhibitor at baseline (n = 1291), this HR was 0.79 (95% CI 0.67-0.95; interaction P value .26). In patients taking a Food and Drug Administration-designated maximum dose of ACE inhibitor (n = 529), this HR was 0.75 (95% CI 0.57-0.98; interaction P value .29). The benefit of candesartan was preserved in patients taking beta-blockers in addition to a higher dose of ACE inhibitor and in patients maintaining a high dose of ACE inhibitor throughout follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These clinical findings support the pharmacologic evidence that ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have distinct mechanisms of action and show that their combined use improves outcomes in patients with HF more than an evidence-based dose of ACE inhibitor alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland. j.mcmurray@bio.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: John J V
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hainer
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Michelson
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Earle
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostergren
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; C081643:candesartan