title: Prediction of mortality among emergency medical admissions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) and Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) are risk adjustment methods for emergency medical admissions developed for use in audit, research, and clinical practice. Each predicts in hospital mortality using four (RAPS) or six (REMS) variables that can be easily recorded at presentation. We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of REMS, RAPS, and their constituent variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and oxygen saturation were recorded for 5583 patients who were transported by emergency ambulance, admitted to hospital and then followed up to determine in hospital mortality. The discriminant power of each variable, RAPS, and REMS were compared using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AROCC). Multivariate analysis was used to identify which variables were independent predictors of mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  REMS (AROCC 0.74; 95% CI 0.70 to 0.78) was superior to RAPS (AROCC 0.64; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.69) as a predictor of in hospital mortality. Although all the variables, except blood pressure, were associated with mortality, multivariate analysis showed that only age (odds ratio 1.74, p < 0.001), GCS (2.10, p < 0.001), and oxygen saturation (OR 1.36, p = 0.01) were independent predictors. A combination of age, oxygen saturation, and GCS (AROCC 0.80, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.83) was superior to REMS in our population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  REMS is a better predictor of mortality in emergency medical admissions than RAPS. Age, GCS, and oxygen saturation appear to be the most useful predictor variables. Inclusion of other variables in risk adjustment scores, particularly blood pressure, may reduce their value.
authors.affiliation: Medical Care Research Unit, University of Sheffield, UK. s.goodacre@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004630:Emergencies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006339:Heart Rate; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012119:Respiration; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen