title: Prevalence of movement disorders in adolescent patients with schizophrenia and in relationship to predominantly atypical antipsychotic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prevalence of movement disorders (MDs) such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), parkinsonism or akathisia in an adolescent population with schizophrenia and in relationship to predominantly atypical antipsychotic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three patients (aged 19.6+/-2.2 years) were ascertained in this cross-sectional/retrospective study. 76 patients (81.7%) received atypical, 10 (10.8%) typical antipsychotics and 7 (7.5%) combinations of atypical/typical antipsychotics. MD symptoms were assessed using Tardive Dyskinesia Rating Scale (TDRS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale (EPS), Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Movement disorder symptoms were found in 37 patients (39.8%) fulfilling strict/subthreshold criteria for TD (5.4/11.8%), parkinsonism (2.2/25.8%) or akathisia (1.1/11.8%), respectively. Patients treated with typical antipsychotics displayed a significantly higher EPS-score (P=0.036) and a tendency towards a higher BAS-score (P=0.061) compared to patients with atypical antipsychotics. Treatment durations with typical/atypical antipsychotics showed trends towards advantages of atypical antipsychotics with regard to parkinsonism/akathisia symptoms (P=0.061; P=0.054), but not with regard to TD symptoms (P=0.003), possibly due to confounding effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under treatment with atypical antipsychotics MD symptoms are less prevalent and less pronounced than under typical antipsychotics. We speculate that the finding of relatively high prevalence rates of subthreshold MD symptoms may be, at least partially, explained by previous or combined therapy with typical antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Strasse 8, 35033 Marburg, Germany. Stefan.Gebhardt@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Härtling
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittendorf
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolf-Ostermann
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fleischhaker
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Remschmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents