title: Occurrence and impact of unanticipated variation in intravenous methotrexate dosing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies using direct measurement suggest that the doses of up to 65% of drug infusions are outside industry standards. These preparation-associated errors occur despite routine safety procedures. As of April 5, 2006, the clinical impact of these errors had not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the occurrence and associated clinical outcomes of variations in intravenous methotrexate dosing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was performed on 47 methotrexate infusions of 800 mg/m2 that were administered to 19 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Serum methotrexate concentrations were measured at the end of the infusions, which were administered over 24 hours. The total methotrexate dose was determined by direct measurement of the concentration and the volume of each infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dosing errors greater than or equal to 10% occurred in 11 (23%) infusions and ranged from -61% to 55% of the ideal dose. Repeated measures regression analysis found the measured total methotrexate dose was not significantly associated with the serum methotrexate concentration (p = 0.58) or with clinical toxicities. The methotrexate dose administered over the last hours of infusion (p = 0.006) and the serum creatinine level at diagnosis (p = 0.05) were the most significant predictors of the methotrexate concentration. High methotrexate concentrations were significantly associated with increased hepatic aminotransferase levels; however, the degree of elevation was of limited clinical relevance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While unexpected errors in drug dosing are more common than is suggested by other methods, the clinical impact observed in this model of methotrexate infusion was not demonstrably greater than medication errors described by other methods. Subsequent studies in this model of dosing error will require larger sample sizes, and other drugs should be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Parshuram
authors.forename: L Lee
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: Sheila S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Weitzman
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laupacis
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008508:Medication Errors; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D008727:Methotrexate