title: Morphine antinociceptive potency on chemical, mechanical, and thermal nociceptive tests in the rat.
abstract: Many tests are used to assess nociception in laboratory animals. The objective of this study was to compare morphine potency across tests. Rats were injected with saline or morphine (1-20 mg/kg SC), and nociception was assessed 15-20 min later. A consistent definition of antinociception-a change in response greater than 4 times the standard deviation above the mean for the saline-treated controls-was used to compare morphine potency on different tests. These data revealed 4 things. 1) Morphine potency was greatest on the paw pressure, hot plate, and tail withdrawal tests and lowest on the formalin test. 2) Stimulus intensity had no effect on morphine potency on the hot plate (ED50 = 4.5, 2.8, and 2.6 mg/kg for 49 degrees C, 52 degrees C, and 55 degrees C tests, respectively) or tail withdrawal tests (ED50 = 2.9 and 2.6 for 48 degrees C and 52 degrees C water, respectively). 3) Assessment of morphine potency using a within-subjects cumulative dosing procedure resulted in lower ED50 values compared to data collected using a between-subjects design (hot plate: 2.6 vs 4.9; tail withdrawal: 2.6-2.9 vs 5.7 mg/kg). 4) Adjusting the cutoff value from 4 to 5, 6, 7, and 8 standard deviations greater than the mean resulted in a progressive increase in ED50 values. These data demonstrate that morphine potency is dependent, in part, on the nociceptive test even when all other factors (eg, species, strain, age, gender, and cutoff value) are held constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of morphine to block nociception is influenced by many factors. The present study shows that the test used to assess nociception, but not the stimulus intensity, can have a dramatic effect on morphine potency. This finding shows that morphine potency varies depending on how pain is assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington 98660, USA. morgan@vancouver.wsu.edu
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Fossum
authors.forename: Brandon M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stalding
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009020:Morphine