title: Dietary folate is associated with p16(INK4A) methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: Inactivation of the p16(INK4A) (CDKN2A) gene in the Rb pathway is among the most common somatic alterations observed in tobacco-related solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition, a low folate diet is an important risk factor for HNSCC. Decreased dietary folate in an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma has been associated with the induction of epigenetic silencing of the p16(INK4A) gene. In an ongoing population-based study of HNSCC, we sought to extend this observation to human disease testing the hypothesis that p16(INK4A) methylation is associated with decreased dietary folate. We also investigated the association of methylation silencing with functional polymorphisms in the folate metabolism enzyme methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). In 169 HNSCCs, the odds ratio for p16(INK4A) methylation among those with low dietary folate intake was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.1-4.8) when compared with those with high folate intake. Furthermore, this increased risk for epigenetic silencing at p16(INK4A) was modified by the MTHFR alleles previously associated with diminished serum folate levels. Hence, in HNSCC low dietary intake of folate is associated with p16(INK4A) methylation, and this relationship is modified by the MTHFR genotype. Our data provides important evidence for a mechanism of action of folate deficiency in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kim S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kraunz
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hsiung
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McClean
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osanyingbemi
authors.forename: Heather H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Karl T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005838:Genotype; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D005492:Folic Acid; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors