title: Polymer-based biodegradable drug delivery systems in pain management.
abstract: Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience commonly produced by damage to bodily tissues and it is one of the most significant public health problems, because 21.5% of the world population is estimated to suffer from pain. It results in a total loss of more than 165 billion US dollars each year in the United States alone. Pain reflects a mixture of various pathophysiologic, psychologic, and genetic contributions. When undertreated, pain usually results in serious immune and metabolic upset. Therefore, it requires wide understanding and intensive effort for a better management. Currently, pain control is limited by the modest efficiency of the used drugs, the serious side effects of these drugs, and the inefficacy of conventional drug administration. By the introduction of the technology of biodegradable controlled-release devices into clinical practice, pain control not only benefits from these novel methods for a better delivery of various drugs, but the side effects of the drugs are reduced because use of the devices improves patient compliance. Biodegradable controlled-release devices are polymer-based devices that are designed to deliver drugs locally in a predesigned manner. Recently, there was a high interest in developing these devices for the delivery of different drugs used for pain control. This paper first highlights the dimensions and basics of the problem of pain. Then, it presents an overview of the biodegradable polymers that are used in drug delivery systems and summarizes the studies carried out on these systems in the field of pain management. We refer to our experience in developing a device for multimodal drug delivery, including the use of nanotechnology. Future perspectives are also presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Florence University, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Malyan
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becchi
authors.forename: Lila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nikkola
authors.forename: Petrus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boncinelli
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiellini
authors.forename: Nureddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashammakhi
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008863:Microspheres; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid