title: Early vancomycin therapy and adverse outcomes in children with pneumococcal meningitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experts recommend that children with suspected pneumococcal meningitis should empirically receive combination therapy with vancomycin plus either ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. The relationship between timing of the first dose of vancomycin relative to other antibiotics and outcome in these children, however, has not been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of children with pneumococcal meningitis at a single institution from 1991-2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Vancomycin start time was defined as the number of hours from initiation of cefotaxime or ceftriaxone therapy until the administration of vancomycin therapy. Outcome variables were death, sensorineural hearing loss, and other neurologic deficits at discharge. Associations between independent variables and outcome variables were assessed in univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 114 subjects, 109 received empiric vancomycin therapy in combination with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Ten subjects (9%) died, whereas 37 (55%) of 67 survivors who underwent audiometry had documented hearing loss, and 14 (13%) of 104 survivors were discharged with other neurologic deficits. Subjects with hearing loss had a significantly shorter median vancomycin start time than did those with normal hearing (<1 vs 4 hours). Vancomycin start time was not significantly associated with death or other neurologic deficits in univariate or multivariate analyses. Multiple logistic regression revealed that hearing loss was independently associated with vancomycin start time <2 hours, blood leukocyte count <15000/microL, and cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration <30 mg/dL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early empiric vancomycin therapy was not clinically beneficial in children with pneumococcal meningitis but was associated with a substantially increased risk of hearing loss. It may be prudent to consider delaying the first dose of vancomycin therapy until > or =2 hours after the first dose of parenteral cephalosporin in children beginning therapy for suspected or confirmed pneumococcal meningitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. sbuckingham@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCullers
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luján-Zilbermann
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Orman
authors.forename: B Keith
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: English
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D002439:Cefotaxime