title: Risk factors for acute renal insufficiency induced by diuretics in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), continuous diuretic therapy may result in acute renal insufficiency (ARI). This study examines factors contributing to this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed clinical data from 318 consecutive patients who were hospitalized for CHF. All were treated with diuretics and had echocardiography performed within 4 days of hospitalization. Systolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is defined as an ejection fraction less than 50%, and diastolic LV dysfunction, as an ejection fraction of 50% or greater in the presence of LV hypertrophy and a reversed E/A ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ARI, defined as a 25% increase in serum creatinine level, occurred in 110 patients (35%) after diuretic therapy. Risk factors for ARI on univariate analyses were older age, higher baseline serum creatinine level, lower baseline serum sodium level, lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) during diuretic therapy, and greater doses and longer duration of diuretic therapy. In multivariate analyses, ARI occurred more frequently in patients with systolic (40%) than diastolic dysfunction (28%). The use of digoxin in patients with systolic LV dysfunction was observed to decrease the risk for ARI by 61%, independent of other agents used for the treatment of patients with CHF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, baseline renal function and serum sodium concentration, MAP, and intensity of diuretic therapy can identify individuals at risk for ARI while receiving diuretic therapy for CHF. This complication is observed more often in individuals with systolic dysfunction, and its risk may be decreased with the use of digoxin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA.
authors.forename: Wei Yue
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ira W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Shyan-Yih
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide