title: Improving risk assessments for manufactured gas plant soils by measuring PAH availability.
abstract: Remediation of soils at oil-gas manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites is driven primarily by the human health risks posed by the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), that are associated with lampblack residues. Although PAHs on lampblack are tightly sorbed, risk assessments do not account for this reduced availability. A multi-investigator study of 7 oil-gas MGP site soil samples demonstrated that the dermal and ingestion absorption factors are far lower than current default assumptions used in risk assessments. Using these sample-specific absorption factors in standard risk assessment equations increased risk-based cleanup levels by a factor of 72 on average (with a range from 23 to 142 times the default level). The rapidly released fraction of the BaP in each sample, as measured by supercritical fluid extraction, was closely correlated (r2 = 0.96) to these calculated cleanup levels. The weight of evidence developed during this research indicates that the risks posed by PAHs on lampblack are far less than assumed when using default absorption factors and that a tiered evaluation protocol employing chemical analyses, chemical release data, and in vitro bioassays can be used to establish more realistic site-specific criteria.
authors.affiliation: The RETEC Group, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, USA. hstroo@retec.com
authors.forename: Hans F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Stroo
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Nakles
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kreitinger
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Loehr
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Luthy
authors.forename: Hoi-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: LaPierre
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001681:Biological Assay; D001682:Biological Availability; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012867:Skin; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants