title: Municipal-wastewater treatment using upflow-anaerobic filters.
abstract: Three 12.5-L upflow-anaerobic filters (AF), with ceramic-saddle, plastic-ring, and crushed-stone packing, were used to evaluate the sustained treatment of municipal wastewater. The reactors were initially fed dogfood-fortified wastewater and then raw municipal wastewater, and operated at 25.4 degrees C (32 months) and 15.5 degrees C (2 months). During 23 months, the AF units treated municipal wastewater (mean chemical oxygen demand [COD] 442 mg/L and total suspended solids [TSS] 247 mg/L), the hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranged from 3.1 to 0.30 d (empty bed), and the organic loading rate ranged from 0.115 to 1.82 kg COD/m3d. At the higher temperature and an HRT (void volume) of 1.0 d, COD and TSS removals ranged from 74 to 79% and 95 to 96%, respectively; however, efficiencies declined substantially at HRT values less than 0.4 d. Reactor performance, under the same hydraulic and organic loadings, deteriorated with time and was adversely affected by lower temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: loannis D
authors.initials: lD
authors.lastname: Manariotis
authors.forename: Sotirios G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Grigoropoulos
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D018441:Biofilms; D019149:Bioreactors; D002947:Cities; D005374:Filtration; D006798:Housing; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012722:Sewage; D010100:Oxygen