title: Improvement of glycemic control, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels with muraglitazar, a dual (alpha/gamma) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activator, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy: A double-blind, randomized, pioglitazone-comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the effects of muraglitazar, a dual (alpha/gamma) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activator within the new glitazar class, on hyperglycemia and lipid abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was performed in 1,159 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. Patients received once-daily doses of either 5 mg muraglitazar or 30 mg pioglitazone for a total of 24 weeks in addition to open-label metformin. Patients were continued in a double-blind fashion for an additional 26 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses were conducted at week 24 for HbA1c (A1C) and at week 12 for lipid parameters. Mean A1C at baseline was 8.12 and 8.13% in muraglitazar and pioglitazone groups, respectively. At week 24, muraglitazar reduced mean A1C to 6.98% (-1.14% from baseline), and pioglitazone reduced mean A1C to 7.28% (-0.85% from baseline; P < 0.0001, muraglitazar vs. pioglitazone). At week 12, muraglitazar and pioglitazone reduced mean plasma triglyceride (-28 vs. -14%), apolipoprotein B (-12 vs. -6%), and non-HDL cholesterol (-6 vs. -1%) and increased HDL cholesterol (19 vs. 14%), respectively (P < 0.0001 vs. pioglitazone for all comparisons). At week 24, weight gain (1.4 and 0.6 kg, respectively) and edema (9.2 and 7.2%, respectively) were observed in the muraglitazar and pioglitazone groups; at week 50, weight gain and edema were 2.5 and 1.5 kg, respectively, and 11.8 and 8.9%, respectively. At week 50, heart failure was reported in seven patients (five with muraglitazar and two with pioglitazone), and seven deaths occurred: three from sudden death, two from cerebrovascular accident, and one from pancreatic cancer in the muraglitazar group and one from perforated duodenal ulcer in the pioglitazone group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that 5 mg muraglitazar resulted in greater improvements in A1C and lipid parameters than a submaximal dose of 30 mg pioglitazone when added to metformin. Weight gain and edema were more common when muraglitazar was compared with a submaximal dose of pioglitazone.
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Center and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: Cindy J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Pharis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohideen
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ledeine
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belder
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norwood
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Mahony
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sall
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Fred T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Fiedorek
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DeFronzo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000819:agonists; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010080:Oxazoles; D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014280:Triglycerides; D008687:Metformin; D005998:Glycine; C500085:muraglitazar; D000077205:Pioglitazone