title: Increased serum CXCL10 in Graves' disease or autoimmune thyroiditis is not associated with hyper- or hypothyroidism per se, but is specifically sustained by the autoimmune, inflammatory process.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum CXCL10 (an interferon-gamma-inducible chemokine) levels (sCXCL10) are increased in several autoimmune conditions, including Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT). Longitudinal assessment of sCXCL10 in autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism has not yet been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We longitudinally assayed sCXCL10 in the following groups: thirty-three GD and 11 toxic nodular goiter (TNG) patients when hyperthyroid (Hyper) and when reaching euthyroidism (Eu) with methimazole therapy (MMI) sixty-six AT (33 hypothyroid (Hypo) and 33 Eu) patients, basally and after reaching EU (for Hypo) with levothyroxine (L-T4) therapy twenty-two patients with thyroid cancer (CA) under L-T4-suppressive treatment, of whom 11 were re-evaluated after L-T4 withdrawal for diagnostic WBS, and 11 after recombinant TSH (rhTSH) administration thirty-three healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At initial evaluation, Hyper GD and AT (Hypo significantly higher than Eu) showed significantly higher mean sCXCL10 than all other groups. MMI treatment led to a significant decrease in sCXCL10 only in GD (not in TNG), while restoration of Eu, in Hypo AT, by L-T4 was not accompanied by significant sCXCL10 change. CA showed sCXCL10 comparable to controls, and both Hypo after L-T4 withdrawal and rhTSH injection had no effect on sCXCL10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of Hyper leads to a significant decrease in sCXCL10 only in GD, and this probably depends upon the MMI immunomodulatory effect. L-T4 correction of Hypo is not accompanied by significant modification of sCXCL10 in AT. Increased sCXCL10 is not associated with Hyper or Hypo per se, but is specifically sustained by the autoimmune inflammatory event occurring in both GD and AT.
authors.affiliation: Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa-School of Medicine, Via Roma, 67, I-56100, Pisa, Italy. a.antonelli@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: Poupak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotondi
authors.forename: Silvia Martina
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romagnani
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Ele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC