title: Stress fibers are generated by two distinct actin assembly mechanisms in motile cells.
abstract: Stress fibers play a central role in adhesion, motility, and morphogenesis of eukaryotic cells, but the mechanism of how these and other contractile actomyosin structures are generated is not known. By analyzing stress fiber assembly pathways using live cell microscopy, we revealed that these structures are generated by two distinct mechanisms. Dorsal stress fibers, which are connected to the substrate via a focal adhesion at one end, are assembled through formin (mDia1/DRF1)-driven actin polymerization at focal adhesions. In contrast, transverse arcs, which are not directly anchored to substrate, are generated by endwise annealing of myosin bundles and Arp2/3-nucleated actin bundles at the lamella. Remarkably, dorsal stress fibers and transverse arcs can be converted to ventral stress fibers anchored to focal adhesions at both ends. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis revealed that actin filament cross-linking in stress fibers is highly dynamic, suggesting that the rapid association-dissociation kinetics of cross-linkers may be essential for the formation and contractility of stress fibers. Based on these data, we propose a general model for assembly and maintenance of contractile actin structures in cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Pirta
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hotulainen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
mesh_terms: D051376:Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex / Q000235:genetics; D000185:Actinin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D036681:Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; D022001:Focal Adhesions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000080865:Formins; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024462:Myosin Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D022502:Stress Fibers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D016596:Vinculin / Q000032:analysis; D060589:Zyxin
chemical_list: D051376:Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex; D000199:Actins; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C108962:DIAPH1 protein, human; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000080865:Formins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D018994:Myosin Light Chains; D021122:Protein Subunits; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C092842:ZYX protein, human; D060589:Zyxin; D000185:Actinin; D016596:Vinculin; C472645:blebbistatin; D024462:Myosin Type II