title: Categorization of major and minor complications in the treatment of patients with resectable rectal cancer using short-term pre-operative radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision: a Delphi round.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To properly balance the benefit (reduction of local recurrence) of short-term pre-operative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer against its harm (complications), a consensus concerning the severity of complications is required. The aim of this study was to reach consensus regarding major and minor complications after short-term radiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision in the treatment of rectal carcinoma, using the Delphi technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Delphi round was performed in cooperation with 21 colo-rectal surgeons from the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Sweden. The key-question was: 'Which of the predefined complications, caused or substantially aggravated by radiotherapy, are so important (major) that they might lead to the decision to abandon short-term pre-operative radiotherapy (5 x 5Gy) when treating patients with resectable rectal cancer (T1-3N0-2M0)?'
  
  
  RESULTS
  After three rounds, consensus was reached for 37 (68%) of 54 complications of which 13 were considered major and 24 considered minor. The following complications were considered to be major: mortality, anastomotic leakage managed by relaparotomy, anastomotic leakage resulting in persisting fistula, postoperative haemorrhage managed by relaparotomy, intra-abdominal abscess without healing tendency, sepsis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, compartment syndrome of the lower legs, long-term incontinence for solid stool, long-term problems with voiding, pelvic fracture with persisting pain, and neuropathy with persisting pain (legs). Three of 17 complications without consensus showed a tendency to be considered as major: perineal wound dehiscence managed by surgical treatment, small bowel obstruction leading to relaparotomy and long-term incontinence for liquid stool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 13 major and three 'accepted as major' complications can be used to properly balance the benefit and harm of short-term pre-operative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. This may eventually lead to improved treatment strategies for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. r.bakx@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bakx
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emous
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Legemate
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: F A N
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zoetmulder
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: van Tets
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bemelman
authors.forename: J F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Slors
authors.forename: J J B
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Lanschot
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D003107:Colorectal Surgery; D032921:Consensus; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005104:Expert Testimony; D006801:Humans; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013548:Sweden; D006113:United Kingdom