title: Neurovascular transfer does not cause skeletal muscle fiber degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms responsible for the incomplete recovery of muscle function after microneurovascular transfer have not been fully determined. Because fiber degeneration and regeneration can impact muscle mechanical function, the authors tested the null hypothesis that ischemia-induced fiber degeneration is not responsible for the force deficits observed after neurovascular muscle transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were assigned to one of three groups: orthotopic, nonvascularized grafting of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (STD group); orthotopic, neurovascular transfer of the extensor digitorum longus muscle with no intraoperative ischemia (NV-0 group); or orthotopic, neurovascular transfer of the extensor digitorum longus muscle with 3 hours of intraoperative ischemia (NV-3 group). At 1 and 2 weeks, extensor digitorum longus muscle cross-sections were labeled for developmental myosin heavy chain isoforms, markers of fiber regeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In extensor digitorum longus muscles from animals in the STD group, many small cells strongly labeled for developmental myosin heavy chain were observed and identified as myoblasts, indicating recent muscle fiber necrosis with subsequent regeneration. Extensor digitorum longus muscles from rats in the NV-0 and NV-3 groups contained no cells labeled for developmental myosin heavy chain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After neurovascular muscle transfer (with ischemia times up to 3 hours), ischemia-induced muscle fiber degeneration and regeneration does not occur. Muscle fiber degeneration is not responsible for the force deficits observed after microneurovascular skeletal muscle transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeMeester
authors.forename: Jafar S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Melanie G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Urbanchek
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kuzon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains