title: The safety of thiamethoxam to pollinating bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.) when applied to tomato plants through drip irrigation.
abstract: Thiamethoxam, mainly sold under the trademark of Actara, is a neonicotinoid widely used in covered vegetables for the control of aphids and whiteflies. In these crops, and particularly in covered tomatoes, bumble-bees are used for cross-pollination as an alternative to labour intensive manual techniques. In this study, made on tomatoes grown in separated greenhouse plots in Murcia, Southern Spain, thiamethoxam was applied through drip irrigation at a rate of 200 g ai/ha, and as a split application of the same rate, to evaluate the effects on pollinating bumble bees compared to a foliar application of a toxic standard. The results showed that the toxic foliar standard had a clear effect on the pollination of tomato flowers, declining to zero pollination two weeks after application, whereas both the single and split drip irrigation applications of Actara had no effect on pollination when compared to the control plots. The count of dead adults and larvae did not show any differences between the treatments, whereas the measurement of sugar water consumption was shown to correlate well with pollination. The consumption of sugar water declined in the toxic standard plots by 69% with respect to the control, whilst the decline in lower dose drip irrigation application was only 3%. In regard to hive weight, and number of adults and brood after destructive sampling; there were no statistical differences between the treatments but a negative effect of the foliar treatment was observed. Based on these results we can conclude that a split application of Actara applied in drip irrigation to the soil/substrate has no effect on the bumble-bees used in tomatoes for pollination.
authors.affiliation: CIFACITA, Torre Pacheco, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cánovas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Correia
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D012449:Safety; D012621:Seasons; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000077922:Thiamethoxam