title: Usefulness of cardiac calcification on two-dimensional echocardiography for distinguishing ischaemic from nonischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aortic valve calcification (AVC) and/or mitral annulus calcification (MAC) is considered to be a marker of atherosclerosis and has been demonstrated to predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that the presence of cardiac calcification by echocardiography can be used in the differential diagnosis between ischaemic (DCMI+) and nonischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMI-).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 62 patients with DCM (38 males, mean age 66 +/- 10 years, LVEF < 40%), without any prior history of myocardial infarction or coronary intervention, who were undergoing coronary angiography for aetiological diagnosis. DCMI+ was considered present when a > or = 70% stenosis of at least one coronary artery was found. AVC, MAC, aortic wall and papillary muscle calcifications were semiquantitatively assessed by two-dimensional echocardiographic examination with a calcium score ranging from 0 (no calcifications) to 8 (calcium in all four sites).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DCMI+ was found in 20 out of 62 patients. As expected, there were no differences in LVEF and LV end-diastolic diameters between DCMI+ and DCMI--patients (29 +/- 8% versus 31 +/- 10% and 66 +/- 6 versus 68 +/- 8 mm, respectively; not significant). Regional wall motion abnormalities and conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, were significantly more frequent in the DCMI+ compared to the DCMI- group. On the other hand, the calcium echo score was 4.6 +/- 2 (range 1.7-7.3) in DCMI+ patients and 0.8 +/- 0.95 (range 0-4) in DCMI--patients (P < 0.05). A calcium score > or = 3 was observed in 18 out of 20 (90%) DCMI+ patients and only in three of 42 (8%) DCMI--patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of cardiac calcification by two-dimensional echocardiography could represent a simple, noninvasive and inexpensive approach to assess the aetiology (ischaemic versus nonischaemic) of dilated cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Ecocardiografia, Spedali Civili and Cattedra di Cardiologia, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy. faggiano@numerica.it
authors.forename: Pompilio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Faggiano
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Aloia
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonini-Canterin
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pinamonti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DiLenarda
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brentana
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metra
authors.forename: Savina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nodari
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dei Cas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000737:chemistry; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000737:chemistry; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000737:chemistry; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D014463:Ultrasonography