title: Secondary reanimation procedures in late obstetrical brachial plexus palsy patients.
abstract: The varying degrees of spontaneous reinnervation that occur in untreated obstetrical brachial plexus palsy leave characteristic deformities of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. Common sequelae are internal rotation and adduction deformity of the shoulder, elbow flexion contractures, forearm supination deformity, and lack of wrist extension and finger flexion. Early microsurgical reconstruction of the affected plexus leads to a more rewarding overall function of the upper arm, but residual deformities might appear later which are similar, although less serious, than those observed in untreated cases. Secondary procedures of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and hand will improve the appearance and function of the upper extremity in late cases of obstetrical brachial plexus. Careful preoperative planning is mandatory and a multistage approach should be applied, depending on the type of palsy and the age of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. soukakos@panafonet.gr
authors.forename: Panayotis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Soucacos
authors.forename: Marios D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vekris
authors.forename: Aristides B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zoubos
authors.forename: Elizabeth O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010246:Paralysis, Obstetric / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors