title: Matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: relationship between changes in proteolytic determinants of matrix composition and structural, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hypertension may cause left ventricular (LV) remodeling, alterations in cardiac function, and the development of chronic heart failure (CHF). Changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) known to occur in hypertension are believed to be causally related to these structural, functional, and clinical outcomes. However, whether the determinants of ECM composition, such as the balance between ECM proteases (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs]) and their tissue inhibitors [TIMPs]), are altered in hypertensive heart disease is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma MMP-2, -9, and -13 values, TIMP-1 and -2 values, and Doppler echocardiography images were obtained for 103 subjects divided into 4 groups: (1) reference subjects (CTL) with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, (2) hypertensive (HTN) subjects with controlled blood pressure and no LV hypertrophy, (3) hypertensive subjects with controlled blood pressure and with LV hypertrophy (HTN+LVH) but no CHF, and (4) hypertensive subjects with controlled blood pressure, LVH, and CHF (HTN+LVH+CHF). Compared with CTL, patients with HTN had no significant changes in any MMP or TIMP. Patients with HTN+LVH had decreased MMP-2 and MMP-13 values and increased MMP-9 values. Only patients with HTN+LVH+CHF had increased TIMP-1 values. A TIMP-1 level >1200 ng/mL was predictive of CHF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with hypertension but normal LV structure and function had normal MMP/TIMP profiles. Changes in MMP profiles that favor decreased ECM degradation were associated with LVH and diastolic dysfunction. An increased TIMP-1 level predicted the presence of CHF. Although these findings should be confirmed in a larger prospective study, these data do suggest that changes in the MMP/TIMP balance may play an important role in the structural, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: S Hinan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Leslie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Weems R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: Carson S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: D Dirk
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bonnema
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: Catherine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Francis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Spinale
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zile
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017364:Collagenases / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000097:blood*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D017364:Collagenases; C507079:MMP13 protein, human; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9