title: Identification of humoral immune responses in protein microarrays using DNA microarray data analysis techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present a study of antigen expression signals from a newly developed high-throughput protein microarray technique. These signals are a measure of antibody-antigen binding activity and provide a basis for understanding humoral immune responses to various infectious agents and supporting vaccine and diagnostic development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigate the characteristics of these expression profiles and show that noise models, normalization, variance estimation and differential expression analysis techniques developed in the context of DNA microarray analysis can be adapted and applied to these protein arrays. Using a high-dimensional dataset containing measurements of expression profiles of antibody reactivity against each protein (295 antigens and 9 controls) in 42 malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) protein arrays derived from 22 donors with various clinical presentations of malaria, we present a methodology for the analysis and identification of significantly expressed antigens targeted by immune responses for individual sera, groups of sera and across stages of infection. We also conduct a short study highlighting the top immunoreactive antigens where we identify three novel high priority antigens for future evaluation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  All software programs (in R) used for the analysis described in this paper are freely available for academic purposes at www.igb.uci.edu/servers/servers.html.
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundaresh
authors.forename: Denise L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Doolan
authors.forename: Siddiqua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: Yunxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Berkay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: D Huw
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Felgner
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baldi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D000941:Antigens