Effects of sleep fragmentation on the arousability to resistive loading in NREM and REM sleep in normal men.
OBJECTIVE
In healthy subjects, arousability to inspiratory resistive loading is greater during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared with non-REM (NREM) sleep but is poorest in REM sleep in patients with sleep apnea. We therefore examined the hypothesis that sleep fragmentation impairs arousability, especially from REM sleep.


METHODS
Two blocks of 3 polysomnographies (separated by at least 1 week) were performed randomly. An inspiratory-loaded night followed either 2 undisturbed control nights (LN(C)) or 2 acoustically fragmented nights (LN(F)) SETTING: Sleep laboratory.


METHODS
Sixteen healthy men aged 20 to 29 years.


METHODS
In both loaded nights, an inspiratory resistive load was added via a valved facemask every 2 minutes during sleep and turned off either when arousal occurred or after 2 minutes.


RESULTS
During LN(F), arousability remained significantly greater in REM sleep (71% aroused within 2 minutes) compared with stage 2 (29%) or stage 3/4 (16%) sleep. After sleep fragmentation, arousability was decreased in stage 2 sleep (LN(F): 29%; LN(C): 38%; p < .05) and low in early REM sleep, increasing across the night (p < .01). In stage 3/4 sleep, neither an attenuation nor a change across the night was seen after sleep fragmentation.


CONCLUSIONS
Mild sleep fragmentation is already sufficient to attenuate arousability in stage 2 sleep and to decrease arousability in early, compared with late, REM sleep. This means that sleep fragmentation affects the arousal response to increasing resistance and that the effects are different in stage 2 and REM sleep. The biologic reason for this increase in the arousal response in REM sleep across the night is not clear.
Zavodny
Jeannette
J
Sleep Medicine Center, Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
Roth
Corinne
C
Bassetti
Claudio L
CL
Mathis
Johannes
J
Douglas
Neil J
NJ
Gugger
Matthias
M