title: Th2 immunological inflammation in allergic fungal sinusitis, nonallergic eosinophilic fungal sinusitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Noninvasive fungal sinusitis is a heterogenous group of conditions including allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) and nonallergic eosinophilic fungal sinusitis (NEFS). Th2-mediated cascades have been postulated to be the major inflammatory response in patients with AFS although other mechanisms also may be involved. The detailed mucosal Th2 cytological status of NEFS still has not been studied in great depth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a meticulous patient selection algorithm over a 2-year period, infundibular mucosal tissue from patients with AFS, NEFS, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and normal controls was studied (n = 59). Immunohistochemistry for mast cells, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) cells was performed and cell counts per unit area were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mast cell, eosinophil, and IgE+ cell numbers were significantly raised in patients with AFS, NEFS, and CRS when compared with controls. There was no significant difference between cell numbers in patients with AFS and NEFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AFS exhibit a classic Th2 inflammatory response in nasal mucosal tissue with NEFS and CRS patients showing evidence of a similar Th2 cascade, including the presence of IgE+ cells.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. scarney@ent-surgery.com
authors: A Simon
authors: AS
authors: Carney
authors: Lor-Wai
authors: LW
authors: Tan
authors: Damian
authors: D
authors: Adams
authors: Antiopi
authors: A
authors: Varelias
authors: Eng Hooi
authors: EH
authors: Ooi
authors: Peter-John
authors: PJ
authors: Wormald