Genetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of Alzheimer's disease.
OBJECTIVE
To provide an updated overview of the methods used in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies in Alzheimer's disease and to demonstrate the importance of those methods for the improvement of the current diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.


METHODS
MEDLINE-based search of 233 peer-reviewed articles published between 1975 and 2006.


RESULTS
Alzheimer's disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Rare mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 genes have shown the importance of the amyloid metabolism for its development. In addition, converging evidence from population-based genetic studies, gene expression studies, and protein profile studies in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid suggest the existence of several pathogenetic pathways such as amyloid precursor protein processing, beta-amyloid degradation, tau phosphorylation, proteolysis, protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism.


CONCLUSIONS
The development of high-throughput genotyping methods and of elaborated statistical analyses will contribute to the identification of genetic risk profiles related to the development and course of this devastating disease. The integration of knowledge derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies will greatly advance our understanding of the causes of Alzheimer's disease, improve our capability of establishing an early diagnosis, help define disease subgroups, and ultimately help to pave the road toward improved and tailored treatments.
Papassotiropoulos
Andreas
A
Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. papas@bli.unizh.ch
Fountoulakis
Michael
M
Dunckley
Travis
T
Stephan
Dietrich A
DA
Reiman
Eric M
EM