title: Post caesarean vesicouterine fistulae-- Youssef syndrome: our experience and review of published work.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the incidence, symptomatology, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of Youssef syndrome (post caesarean vesicouterine fistula), and to review relevant published work.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study from the urosurgical unit of a tertiary care referral hospital was carried out. In a retrospective analysis of urogenital fistulae over 10 years, we identified 14 patients with uterovesical fistulae, resulting from caesarean section. All the patients were evaluated by history, physical examination, radiological tests and cystoscopy. All patients underwent transperitoneal repair of these fistulae with omental interposition. Results of surgery were evaluated by absence of cyclic haematuria, stoppage of urinary incontinence, and achievement of fertility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 patients who had minimum follow up was included in the present study. The results showed that 50% of the fistulae resulted from emergency caesarean operation with 58% of patients presenting after their second caesarean section. The mean age of the patients was 19 years (range 15-29) and mean duration of symptoms was 7 months (range 3-16). Menouria and amenorrhoea were predominant presenting symptoms. The results of surgical treatment were excellent with good continence and resolution of the cyclic haematuria. Three pregnancies (37.5%) which resulted in elective caesarean section were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vesicouterine fistulae, despite being infrequent, are no longer a rare diagnosis and are most commonly secondary to lower segment caesarean section. With patient history and selected investigations diagnosis is relatively easy. The surgical repair of these fistulae is standard treatment, especially with delayed fistulae with achievement of total continence, and complete resolution of cyclic haematuria. Meticulous practice of obstetric and surgical principles during caesarean section can prevent the formation of these fistulae.
authors: Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. mojjadaprasad@rediffmail.com
authors: M Prasad
authors: MP
authors: Rao
authors: U S
authors: US
authors: Dwivedi
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Datta
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Vyas
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Nandy
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Trivedi
authors: P B
authors: PB
authors: Singh