title: Linguistic validation of the US Spanish work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire, general health version.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no measures of health-related absenteeism and presenteeism validated for use in the large and increasing US Spanish-speaking population. Before using a Spanish translation of an available English-language questionnaire, the linguistic validity of the Spanish version must be established to ensure its conceptual equivalence to the original and its cultural appropriateness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the linguistic validity of the US Spanish version of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire, General Health Version (WPAI:GH).
  
  
  METHODS
  A US Spanish translation of the US English WPAI:GH was created through a reiterative process of creating harmonized forward and back translations by independent translators. Spanish-speaking and English-speaking subjects residing in the US self-administered the WPAI:GH in their primary language and were subsequently debriefed by a bilingual (Spanish-English) interviewer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  US Spanish subjects (N = 31) and English subjects (N = 35), stratified equally by educational level, with and without a high school degree participated in the study. The WPAI-GH item comprehension rate was 98.6% for Spanish and 99.6% for English. Response revision rates during debriefing were 1.6% for Spanish and 0.5% for English. Responses to hypothetical scenarios indicated that both language versions adequately differentiate sick time taken for health and non-health reasons and between absenteeism and presenteeism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linguistic validity of the US Spanish translation of the WPAI:GH was established among a diverse US Spanish-speaking population, including those with minimal education.
authors: Corporate Translations, Inc., Mansfield Center, CT06108, USA. mgawlicki@corptransinc.com
authors: Mary C
authors: MC
authors: Gawlicki
authors: Margaret C
authors: MC
authors: Reilly
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Popielnicki
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Reilly