title: Neural substrates, experimental evidences and functional hypothesis of acupuncture mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although acupuncture therapy has demonstrated itself to be effective in several clinical areas, the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in general and the analgesic effect in particular are, however, still not clearly delineated. We, therefore, have studied acupuncture analgesic effect through fMRI and proposed a hypothesis, based on the obtained result, which will enlighten the central role of the brain in acupuncture therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed model, termed as a broad sense hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (BS-HPA) axis, was based on our observed neuroimaging results. The model incorporates the stress-induced HPA axis model together with neuro-immune interaction including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained results coupled with accumulating evidence suggest that the central nervous system is essential for the processing of these effects via its modulation of the autonomic nervous system, neuroimmune system and hormonal regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our fMRI study, it appears that understanding the effects of acupuncture within a neuroscience-based framework is vital. Further, we have proposed the broad sense-HPA axis hypothesis which incorporates the experimental results.
authors: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. zcho@uci.edu
authors: Z H
authors: ZH
authors: Cho
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Hwang
authors: E K
authors: EK
authors: Wong
authors: Y D
authors: YD
authors: Son
authors: C K
authors: CK
authors: Kang
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Park
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Bai
authors: Y B
authors: YB
authors: Kim
authors: Y B
authors: YB
authors: Lee
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Sung
authors: B H
authors: BH
authors: Lee
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Shepp
authors: K T
authors: KT
authors: Min