title: Contemporary management of right atrial isomerism: effect of evolving therapeutic strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infants with right atrial isomerism have poor outcomes because of a complex combination of cardiac anomalies. Aggressive management of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage might have a positive effect on the prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes of all children with right atrial isomerism from 1994 to the present were reviewed. Management of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage evolved from no repair or conventional surgical technique to primary sutureless repair on initial palliation. Cox survival models were used to identify variables associated with reduced survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 55 children enrolled in the study. The median age at the initial visit was 2 days. Fifty-one patients had total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (obstructive in 22 patients). Withdrawal of treatment occurred in 11 (20%) of 55 patients during an interval of institutional bias toward no treatment. Thirteen (24%) of 55 patients had palliations without total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair, and 3 (23%) of 13 survived. Thirty-one (56%) of 55 patients had operations that included total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair, of whom 13 (42%) of 31 underwent primary sutureless repair for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Sixteen (52%) of 31 survived, and their current status 1 to 10 years (median, 5.8 years) after repair is post-Fontan (7/16 [44%]), postbidirectional Glenn (6/16 [38%]), and others (3 [20%]). In patients who underwent total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair (n = 31), 2 risk factors of decreased survival were identified: drainage site obstruction and infracardiac or mixed-type total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. After adjustment, sutureless repair appeared to be associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.43), but this beneficial effect did not reach significance (P = .19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality continues to be high; however, aggressive total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair for right atrial isomerism has resulted in improved survival. The role of primary sutureless repair for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage remains to be defined.
authors: Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae-Jin
authors: TJ
authors: Yun
authors: Osman O
authors: OO
authors: Al-Radi
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Adatia
authors: Christopher A
authors: CA
authors: Caldarone
authors: John G
authors: JG
authors: Coles
authors: William G
authors: WG
authors: Williams
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Smallhorn
authors: Glen S
authors: GS
authors: Van Arsdell