title: Inhibitory effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on migration of human periodontal ligament cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with chronic gingival inflammation and is suspected to influence periodontal destruction. However, the exact roles of TNF-alpha in wound healing and periodontal tissue regeneration are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of TNF-alpha on migration and proliferation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  PDL cells were cultured in the presence of TNF-alpha to determine its effects on cellular migration and proliferation. The protein expression profiles of alpha5 and beta1 integrin subunits and their related molecules, paxillin and focal adhesion kinases (FAK), were investigated. Gene expression of fibronectin also was assayed. Further, the activation of Rho-family small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein (RhoA) was evaluated using a GTP-loading pull-down assay, and focal adhesion formation by PDL cells after transfection with the expression vector of paxillin-fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) also was observed with confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cellular migration was impaired by TNF-alpha and recovered following the addition of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. In contrast, PDL cell proliferation was not affected by TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha upregulated the expression of the alpha5 and beta1 integrin subunits, whereas fibronectin was not overexpressed. Phosphorylation of paxillin and FAK by PDL cells was induced, and RhoA activation also was induced. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that TNF-alpha induced focal adhesion and stress fiber formation in all parts of the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggested that TNF-alpha impairs cellular migration by enhancing cellular adhesive ability following significant focal adhesion and stress fiber formation.
authors: Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan.
authors: Akane
authors: A
authors: Takemura
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Nakagawa
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Kawai
authors: Hiroaki
authors: H
authors: Inaba
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Kato
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Hamada
authors: Atsuo
authors: A
authors: Amano