title: Peritonitis in childhood: clinical relevance of cytokines in the peritoneal exudate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to assess pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin 6 [IL-6]) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 10 [IL-10]) responses in children with peritonitis secondary to hollow viscus perforation, and to evaluate the influence of peritoneal microbial status on cytokine expression and morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The peritoneal fluid of 13 children with perforated appendicitis was examined with qualitative analysis of bacteria, and measurement of cytokine levels, which were compared to cytokine plasma levels, over a five-day period following operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fluid specimens showed permanently elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10. IL-6 tended to decrease to normal levels by the 5th postoperative day. Peritoneal exudate levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 were more than 100 - 1000 times greater than those in plasma. The most common bacterial species isolated in the peritoneal fluid was Escherichia coli. Despite persisting high cytokine concentrations and bacterial load of the peritoneal cavity for 5 days postoperatively, the children recovered uneventfully and the systemic signs of infection disappeared rapidly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither the bacterial nor the pro-inflammatory cytokine load of the peritoneal cavity proved to be associated with the clinical course. We hypothesize that in peritonitis in childhood a significant and clinically relevant cytokine-mediated inflammatory response is compartmentalized in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore adjuvant surgical measures in addition to appendectomy and intraoperative debridement seem not to be necessary, at least for peritonitis due to perforated appendicitis in children.
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital and Kantonsspital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. frankmartin.haecker@ukbb.ch
authors: F-M
authors: FM
authors: Haecker
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Fasler-Kan
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Manasse
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Fowler
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hertel
authors: D
authors: D
authors: von Schweinitz