title: Identification of TRIO-GEFD1 chemical inhibitors using the yeast exchange assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rho GTPases are involved in many biological processes and participate in cancer development. Their activation is catalysed by exchange factors [RhoGEFs (Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide-exchange factor)] of the Dbl family. RhoGEFs display proto-oncogenic features, thus appearing as candidate targets for anticancer drugs. Dominant-negative Rho GTPase mutants have been widely used to block RhoGEF signalling. However, these tools suffer from limitations, due to the high number of RhoGEFs and the complex mechanisms that control Rho GTPase activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RhoG-T17N is a poor inhibitor of its exchange factor TRIO-GEFD1 (first exchange domain of the exchange factor TRIO) in vivo: although it binds to TRIO-GEFD1, RhoG-T17N does not block the downstream signalling. Using the yeast exchange assay, we show that in the presence of TRIO-GEFD1, RhoG-T17N can bind to its effectors, which illustrates how negative mutants may produce misleading interpretations and emphasizes the need for new types of RhoGEF inhibitors. In that prospect, we adapted the yeast exchange assay method to identify RhoGEF inhibitors. Using this novel approach, we screened a 3500-chemical-compound library and identified a potential inhibitor of TRIO-GEFD1. This molecule inhibited TRIO-GEFD1 in vitro. Among the chemical analogues of this compound, we identified two molecules with better inhibitory activity. The three TRIO-GEFD1 inhibitors had no effect on ARHGEF17 and ARNO [ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor) nucleotide-binding-site opener], two exchange factors for RhoA and Arf1 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of RhoGEF inhibitors appears as a valuable tool for the study of Rho GTPase signalling pathways. The yeast exchange assay adaptation we present here is suitable to screen for chemical or peptide libraries and identify candidate inhibitors.
authors: Centre de Recherches en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) FRE2593, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. anne.blangy@crbm.cnrs.fr
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Blangy
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Bouquier
authors: Cécile
authors: C
authors: Gauthier-Rouvière
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Schmidt
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Debant
authors: Jean-Paul
authors: JP
authors: Leonetti
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Fort