title: Occupational radiation exposure from fluoroscopically guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine occupational dose levels for projections commonly used in fluoroscopically guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary (PTB) drainage and stent placement procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure data from 71 consecutive PTB examinations were analyzed to determine average examination parameters for biliary drainage and stent placement procedures. An anthropomorphic phantom was exposed at three projections common in PTB interventions according to the actual geometric parameters recorded in the patient study. Scattered air-kerma dose rates were measured for neck, waist, and gonad levels at various sites in the interventional radiology laboratory. To produce technique- and instrumentation-independent data, dose rate values were converted to dose-area product (DAP)-normalized air-kerma values. In addition, sets of thermoluminescent dosimetry crystals were placed in both hands of the interventional radiologist to monitor doses during all PTB procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isodose maps of DAP-normalized air-kerma doses in the interventional laboratory for projections commonly used in PTB procedures are presented. To facilitate effective dose estimation, normalized dosimetric data at the interventional radiologist's position are presented for left and right access drainage procedures, metallic stent placement only, and drainage and metallic stent placement in one-session procedures with and without under-couch shielding. Doses to the hands of interventional radiologists are presented for left and right transhepatic biliary access and metallic stent placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body level-specific normalized air-kerma distributions from commonly used projections in PTB procedures may be useful to accurately quantify dose, maximum workloads, and possible radiogenic risks delivered to medical personnel working in the interventional radiology laboratory. Normalized dose data presented will enable occupational exposure estimation from other institutions.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Iraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Stratakis
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Damilakis
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Hatzidakis
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Theocharopoulos
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Gourtsoyiannis