title: Variability in the population pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide in South African tuberculosis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide in South African pulmonary tuberculosis patients, with special reference to interindividual and interoccasional variability (IIV and IOV, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentration-time measurements obtained from 227 patients receiving oral doses of pyrazinamide were pooled to create a dataset containing 3,092 data points spanning multiple dosing occasions. The software program NONMEM was used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A one-compartment model with first-order absorption, including a zero-order component describing release from formulation, and first-order elimination best described the data. The absorption rate constant was estimated to be bimodally distributed between two distinct subgroups, fast and slow, in approximately even proportion. Absorption rate was threefold greater in fast absorbers (3.56 h(-1)) in comparison to slow absorbers (1.25 h(-1)). Typical values of oral clearance and apparent volume of distribution were estimated as 3.42 L h(-1) and 29.2 l, respectively. IOV was supported in oral clearance (0.0238, variance) and absorption rate (0.623, variance). The duration of zero-order absorption was estimated as 0.290 h, and was quite variable between patients (0.957, variance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absorption of pyrazinamide in the studied population was highly variable and two separate subpopulations were identified. IOV accounted for a proportion of the variability in clearance and the absorption rate constant.
authors: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Justin J
authors: JJ
authors: Wilkins
authors: Grant
authors: G
authors: Langdon
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: McIlleron
authors: Goonaseelan Colin
authors: GC
authors: Pillai
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Smith
authors: Ulrika S H
authors: US
authors: Simonsson