title: The wake of a large vortex is associated with intraventricular filling delay in impaired left ventricles with a pseudonormalized transmitral flow pattern.
abstract: Although an intraventricular filling delay has been observed in patients with a psuedonormalized transmitral flow pattern, little is known about the underlying hydrodynamic nature of this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine those hydrodynamics, we studied every echocardiographic frame showing ventricular inflow (80 Hz) in the apical long-axis view and M-mode image using contrast echocardiography in 29 patients with a psuedonormalized pattern and in 26 normal controls. The velocity of the filling flow front (Vp), the ratio of Vp to E, and the mean radius of the vortices associated with the filling flow were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, vortices were observed at the ridge of the mitral valve during acceleration of the E-wave. The mean radius of the vortices was greater in the pseudonormalized filling group than that in the control group (8 +/- 2 vs 3 +/- 1 mm, P < 0.0001). Vp was smaller in the pseudonormalized group than in the control group (36 +/- 6 vs 47 +/- 6 cm/sec, P = 0.0008). Vp/E was < 1 and smaller in the pseudonormalized group than that in the control group (0.46 +/- 0.13 vs 0.59 +/- 0.07, P = 0.014) and negatively correlated with the mean radius of the vortices (r = 0.54, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast echocardiography identified uniform flow characteristics with blood in the filling flow front moving in well-developed vortices and resulting in a left ventricular filling delay in the impaired left ventricle in spite of an increased early transmitral flow velocity.
authors: Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors: Tomoko
authors: T
authors: Ishizu
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Seo
authors: Toshiyuki
authors: T
authors: Ishimitsu
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Obara
authors: Naoko
authors: N
authors: Moriyama
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Kawano
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Watanabe
authors: Iwao
authors: I
authors: Yamaguchi