title: Recovery from unusual attitudes: HUD vs. back-up display in a static F/A-18 simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spatial disorientation (SD) remains one of the most important causes of fatal fighter aircraft accidents. The aim of this study was to give a recommendation for the use of the head-up display (HUD) or back-up attitude directional indicator (ADI) in a state of spatial disorientation based on the respective performance in an unusual attitude recovery task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven fighter pilots joining a conversion course to the F/A-18 participated in this study. Flight time will be presented as range (and mean in parentheses). Total military flight experience of the subjects was 835-1759 h (1412 h). Flight time on the F/A-18 was 41-123 h (70 h). The study was performed in a fixed base F/A-18D Weapons Tactics Trainer. We tested the recovery from 11 unusual attitudes and analyzed decision time (DT), total recovery time (TRT), and error rates for the HUD or the back-up ADI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no differences regarding either reaction times or error rates. For the HUD we found a DT (mean +/- SD) of 1.3 +/- 0.4 s, a TRT of 9.1 +/- 4.1 s, and an error rate of 29%. For the ADI the respective values were a DT of 1.4 +/- 0.4 s, a TRT of 8.3 +/- 3.8 s, and an error rate of 27%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unusual attitude recoveries are performed equally well using the HUD or the back-up ADI. Switching from one instrument to the other during recovery should be avoided since it would probably result in a loss of time without benefit.
authors: Defense-Air Force, Institute of Aviation Medicine, Dübendorf, Switzerland. samuel.huber@vtg.admin.ch
authors: Samuel W
authors: SW
authors: Huber