title: The influence of volume, type of irrigant and flushing method on removing artificially placed dentine debris from the apical root canal during passive ultrasonic irrigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of volume, irrigant and method of flushing on the removal of artificially-placed dentine debris from the apical part of root canals during passive ultrasonic irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Access cavities were prepared in 15 canine teeth and their root canals instrumented to size 20, 0.10 taper. Each root was split longitudinally, forming two halves. A groove was cut in the canal wall 2-6 mm from the apex in each half which was then filled with dentine debris prior to the roots being reassembled. All canals were ultrasonically irrigated, using a size 15, 0.02 taper smooth wire to a length of 21 mm that was placed in the canal to the apical foramen. In group 1 the canal was flushed with a continuous flow of 50 mL 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In group 2 the continuous flow was not used but the canal was flushed with 12 mL 2% NaOCl, at a rate of 2 mL 30 s-1 using a syringe. Group 3 was treated in the same way as group 2 but the canal was flushed with 6 mL 2% NaOCl, at a rate of 2 mL min-1. Group 4 was treated in the same way as group 1 but water was used as the irrigant. Before and after irrigation, images of the grooves were captured and stored. The quantity of dentine debris in the groove was evaluated. The differences in debris scores between the experimental groups were analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. The level of significance was set at P=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference between all groups was statistically significant (K-W test P<0.001). Groups 1, 2 and 3 differed significantly from group 4 (P<0.001); there was no significant difference between groups 1, 2 and 3 (P=0.550).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Syringe delivery of 2% NaOCl (6 and 12 mL) was as effective as a continuous flow of 2% NaOCl (50 mL). Water was not effective in removing dentine debris from grooves in the apical portion of root canals.
authors: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.vd.sluis@acta.nl
authors: L W M
authors: LW
authors: van der Sluis
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Gambarini
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Wu
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Wesselink