title: Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of fractures: case-control study among patients with epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and risk of fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors obtained data from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). A case-control study was nested within a cohort of patients with active epilepsy. Cases were patients with a first fracture after cohort entry. Up to four controls were matched to each case by practice, sex, year of birth, timing of first epilepsy diagnosis, index date, and duration of GPRD history. Cumulative exposure to AEDs was assessed by summing the duration of all AED prescriptions. A distinction was made between AEDs that induce the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme system and AEDs that do not. Medical conditions and drugs known to be associated with bone metabolism or falls were evaluated as potential confounders. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population comprised 1,018 cases and 1,842 matched controls. The risk of fractures increased with cumulative duration of exposure (p for trend < 0.001), with the strongest association for greater than 12 years of use: adjusted OR 4.15 (95% CI 2.71 to 6.34). Risk estimates were higher in women than in men. There was no difference between users of AEDs that induce and AEDs that do not induce the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term use of AEDs was associated with an increased risk of fractures, especially in women. More research on mechanisms of AED-induced bone breakdown and female vulnerability to the effects of AEDs on bone health is warranted.
authors: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.c.souverein@pharm.uu.nl
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Souverein
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Webb
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Weil
authors: T P
authors: TP
authors: Van Staa
authors: A C G
authors: AC
authors: Egberts