title: Ocular motor differences between melancholic and non-melancholic depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder may be a heterogeneous disorder, yet melancholic depression is the most consistently described subtype, regarded as qualitatively different to non-melancholic depression in terms of cognitive and motor impairments. Eye movement studies in depression are infrequent and findings are inconclusive.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study employed a battery of saccadic eye movement tasks to explore reflexive saccades, as well as higher order cognitive aspects of saccades including inhibitory control and spatial working memory. Nineteen patients with major depressive disorder (9 melancholic; 10 non-melancholic) and 15 healthy controls participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences were revealed between melancholic and non-melancholic patients. Melancholia was associated with longer latencies, difficulty increasing peak velocities as target amplitudes increased, and hypometric primary saccades during the predictable protocol. In contrast, the non-melancholic depression group performed similarly to controls on most tasks, but saccadic peak velocity was increased for reflexive saccades at larger amplitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients were taking antidepressant medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latency increases, reduced peak velocity and primary saccade hypometria with more severe melancholia may be explained by functional changes in the fronto-striatal-collicular networks, related to dopamine dysfunction. In contrast, the serotonergic system plays a greater role in non-melancholic symptoms and this may underpin the observed increases in saccadic peak velocity. These findings provide neurophysiological support for functional differences between depression subgroups that are consistent with previous motor and cognitive findings.
authors: Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia. caroline.winograd@med.monash.edu.au
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Winograd-Gurvich
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Georgiou-Karistianis
authors: P B
authors: PB
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Millist
authors: O B
authors: OB
authors: White