title: An inherent acceleratory effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and its pharmacological characterization in normal mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study an inherent effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and to explore involvement of various systems/mechanisms in normal mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin at the doses of 2 microU/kg, 2 mU/kg, 2 U/kg or vehicle was subcutaneously administered to four groups of overnight fasted normal male mice. Blood glucose (BG) levels were measured 2 min before insulin administration and 2 min before sacrificing the animals for the measurement of small intestinal transit (SIT). Charcoal meal was administered (0.3 mL) intragastrically 20 min after insulin administration and animals were sacrificed after 20 min and SIT was determined. For exploration of the various mechanisms involved in insulin-induced effect on SIT, the dose of insulin which can produce a significant acceleration of SIT without altering BG levels was determined. The following drugs, atropine (1 mg/kg), clonidine (0.1 mg/kg), ondansetron (1 mg/kg), naloxone (5 mg/kg), verapamil (8 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), were administered intravenously 10 min prior to the administration of insulin (2 microU/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lower doses of insulin (2 microU/kg and 2 mU/kg) produced a significant acceleration of SIT from 52.0% to 70.7% and 73.5% without lowering blood glucose levels (P < 0.01), while the highest dose of insulin (2 U/kg) produced a fall in blood glucose levels which was also associated with significant acceleration of SIT (P < 0.01). After pretreatment of insulin (2 microU/kg) group with atropine, insulin could reverse 50% of the inhibition produced by atropine. In clonidine-pretreated group, insulin administration could reverse only 37% of the inhibition produced by clonidine and inhibition of SIT was significant compared with vehicle + insulin-treated group, i.e. from 74.7% to 27.7% (P < 0.01). In ondansetron-pretreated group, insulin administration could produce only mild acceleration of SIT (23.5%). In naloxone-pretreated group, insulin administration could significantly reverse the inhibition of SIT produced by naloxone when compared with naloxone per se group, i.e. from 32.3% to 53.9% (P < 0.01). In verapamil-pretreated group, insulin administration could only partially reverse the inhibition (65%). In glibenclamide-pretreated group, insulin administration produced further acceleration of SIT (12.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin inherently possesses an acceleratory effect on SIT in normal mice. Adrenergic and cholinergic systems can play a significant role. Calcium channels and opioidergic system can play a supportive role; in addition, enhancement of endogenous insulin release can augment the effect of exogenously administered insulin on SIT.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India. pmkreddy@jipmer.edu
authors: Murali-Krishna-Reddy
authors: MK
authors: Peddyreddy
authors: Steven Aibor
authors: SA
authors: Dkhar
authors: Subramanian
authors: S
authors: Ramaswamy
authors: Amrithraj Theophilus
authors: AT
authors: Naveen
authors: Deepak Gopal
authors: DG
authors: Shewade