title: Pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations: the role of stereotactic linac-based radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate retrospectively clinical outcome and obliteration rates after linac-based radiosurgery (RS) in children with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2002, 22 children with cerebral AVM were treated at our institution. Mean age at treatment was 11.8 years (range, 4.4-16.4 years). Classification according to Spetzler-Martin was 1 child grade I (4%), 7 grade II (32%), 12 grade III (56%), 1 grade IV (4%), and 1 grade V (4%). Median single dose was 18 Gy/80%-isodose. Median AVM volume was 4.2 mL (range, 0.4-26.5 mL). Median RS-based AVM-score was 1.07 (range, 0.61-3.55). Fifty-nine percent of children experienced intracranial hemorrhage before RS. Median follow-up was 3.1 years (range, 1.7-7.3 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial complete obliteration rate (CO) was 54% after 3 years and 65% after 4 years, respectively. Median time interval to CO was 27.1 months. Intracranial hemorrhage after RS was seen in five children after median 13.9 months. Annual bleeding risk was 9.1% after 1 year and 13.6% after 2 years. Maximum diameter>or=3 cm and AVM-volume>or=6 mL were significant predictors for intracranial hemorrhage. Neurologic deficits were improved/completely dissolved in 58% of children and remained stable in 42%. No new onset of neurologic dysfunction was seen after RS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RS is safe and effective in pediatric cerebral AVM with high obliteration rates. Size and volume of AVM are significant predictors for intracranial bleeding. The same treatment guidelines as in adults should be applied. Careful long-term follow-up observation is required after RS from long life expectation.
authors: Department of Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of RadioOncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. A.Zabel@dkfz-heidelberg.de
authors: Angelika
authors: A
authors: Zabel-du Bois
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Milker-Zabel
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Huber
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Schlegel
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Debus