title: Why are you calling me? How study introductions change response patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research on survey methodology has demonstrated that seemingly innocuous aspects of a survey's design, such as the order of questions, can produce biased results. The current investigation extends this work by testing whether standard survey introductions alter the observed associations between variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two experimental studies, we invited Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to participate in a telephone survey of (a) Parkinson's patients, conducted by a regional medical center, or (b) the general population, conducted by a regional university. The survey in Study 1 (n = 156) first assessed life-satisfaction, and subsequently health satisfaction. In Study 2 (n = 99), we reversed the order of the two questions, asking the health questions first.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the introduction focused on Parkinson's disease, we observed an increased correlation between life-satisfaction and a later question about health satisfaction (r = 0.34 vs. 0.63 after general population versus Parkinson's introduction, respectively; Study 1). In Study 2, asking the health questions first resulted in high correlations regardless of the introduction; in addition, judgments of life-satisfaction were lower after the Parkinson's-focused introduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When participants were informed prior to the survey that its purpose was to examine well-being in PD, health satisfaction was a much more important component of life-satisfaction, accounting for three times as much variation. We hypothesize that the survey introduction primed participants' health status, resulting in an artificially large correlation with life-satisfaction.
authors: VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. dylsmith@umich.edu
authors: Dylan M
authors: DM
authors: Smith
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Schwarz
authors: Todd R
authors: TR
authors: Roberts
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Ubel