title: Hybrid life-cycle assessment of natural gas based fuel chains for transportation.
abstract: This research compares the use of natural gas, methanol, and hydrogen as transportation fuels. These three fuel chains start with the extraction and processing of natural gas in the Norwegian North Sea and end with final use in Central Europe. The end use is passenger transportation with a sub-compact car that has an internal combustion engine for the natural gas case and a fuel cell for the methanol and hydrogen cases. The life cycle assessment is performed by combining a process based life-cycle inventory with economic input-output data. The analysis shows that the potential climate impacts are lowest for the hydrogen fuel scenario with CO2 deposition. The hydrogen fuel chain scenario has no significant environmental disadvantage compared to the other fuel chains. Detailed analysis shows that the construction of the car contributes significantly to most impact categories. Finally, it is shown how the application of a hybrid inventory model ensures a more complete inventory description compared to standard process-based life-cycle assessment. This is particularly significant for car construction which would have been significantly underestimated in this study using standard process life-cycle assessment alone.
authors: Industrial Ecology Program, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. anders.hammer.stromman@ntnu.no
authors: Anders Hammer
authors: AH
authors: Strømman
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Solli
authors: Edgar G
authors: EG
authors: Hertwich