title: Speech in children with an isolated cleft palate: A longitudinal perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe articulation and speech symptoms related to velopharyngeal impairment in children born with an isolated cleft palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blind assessment of speech at 3, 5, 7, and 10 years of age was performed. Two subgroups were formed based on the results at age 5 years, the no-VPI group and the VPI group, and they were compared with controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six children born with isolated cleft palate. Seventeen children served as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Soft palate closure at 7 months and hard palate closure at a mean age of 3 years and 11 months if the cleft extended into the hard palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceptual assessments of four variables related to velopharyngeal function and of articulation errors were performed at all ages. Phonetic transcriptions of target speech sounds were obtained at 5, 7, and 10 years and nasalance scores were obtained at age 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The no-VPI group continued to have no or minor difficulties. The VPI group improved but continued to have moderate velopharyngeal impairment. Both groups differed significantly from the controls at age 10 years. Persistent velopharyngeal impairment, as well as glottal misarticulation, were mostly found in children with the cleft as a part of a syndrome or together with multiple malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small changes in velopharyngeal impairment were found across ages. Improvement seemed to be related to surgical intervention, and persistent problems seemed to be related to the presence of additional multiple malformations or syndromes.
authors: Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. christina.persson@logopedi.gu.se
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Persson
authors: Anette
authors: A
authors: Lohmander
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Elander