title: Coital bleeding and HIV risks among men and women in Cape Town, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Africa has one of the world's fastest growing HIV epidemics. Genital bleeding during sexual intercourse may play a role in facilitating HIV transmission in South Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and sources of coital bleeding among men and women living in a Cape Town South Africa township.
  
  
  METHODS
  A purposive sample of 464 men and 531 women completed anonymous street intercept surveys of HIV risk history and sexual behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one percent of men and 26% of women had a lifetime history of engaging in sexual intercourse that involved genital bleeding, and 21% of men and 16% of women reported coital bleeding in the previous 3 months. Over 75% of coital bleeding was attributed to menses. Across genders and controlling for demographic, sexual behavior, and life history factors, coital bleeding in the previous 3 months was associated with being an indigenous African, having multiple sexual partners, and higher rates of unprotected intercourse during that time period. People who reported coital bleeding were over 3 times more likely to have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection even after controlling for having had genital ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coital bleeding may be common in South Africa. Prevention messages that promote condom use or refraining from sex when there is genital bleeding are therefore needed.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA. seth.k@uconn.edu
authors: Seth C
authors: SC
authors: Kalichman
authors: Leickness C
authors: LC
authors: Simbayi
authors: Demetria
authors: D
authors: Cain
authors: Charsey
authors: C
authors: Cherry
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Jooste