title: Conjoined twins--past, present, and future.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conjoined twins are rare and complex anomalies of the newborn. They require a highly experienced team and a center equipped to deal with such challenging anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of 31 sets of conjoined twins was managed by one team over a 15-year period. The spectrum of the anomalies, management strategies, and outcomes will be analyzed with future recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten sets of complete conjoined twins and two sets of parasitic conjoined twins were successfully separated. Tissue expanders and prosthetic meshes were not required. A separation of one set of craniopagus parasiticus conjoined twins was attempted, but abandoned owing to major vascular and brain sharing. The remaining 18 sets were not separable owing to major cardiac anomalies and/or sharing, and all died within several weeks of birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful planning, a multidisciplinary approach, rehearsal, and experience are important factors in dealing with conjoined twins. Tissue expanders and prosthetic meshes are not required in most cases. Selective abortion or fetal intervention may play a role in the future.
authors: Division of Pediatric Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh, PO Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. rabeeaha@ngha.med.sa
authors: Abdullah
authors: A
authors: Al Rabeeah