The symptom of pain with heart failure: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Pain is one of the most compelling reasons for seeking medical attention. Despite frequent hospitalizations and assessments, the symptom of pain is not often associated with heart failure (HF). The role of pain in exacerbations and hospitalization may be important. A systematic review to synthesize research related to reported pain in patients with HF was undertaken and factors considered to be related to the symptom of pain in this population were identified.


RESULTS
Relevant articles were identified using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Included studies focused on patients with HF and reporting on pain. Nine descriptive studies were identified. Five studies focused specifically on patients with HF. The remaining studies examined a population of seriously ill patients including those with HF as an itemized subset. From 23% to 75% of patients with HF reported pain. Factors identified as related to pain include: anxiety, depression, quality of life rated as poor, dyspnea, and more dependencies in activities of daily living.


CONCLUSIONS
People with HF report having pain but as a complex health group, the symptom of pain is not well understood. Pain could be a contributing factor in the breakdown of self-management and the cycle of exacerbations and hospitalization.
Godfrey
Christina
C
Queen's University, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Ontario, Canada.
Harrison
Margaret B
MB
Medves
Jennifer
J
Tranmer
Joan E
JE