title: Expression profiling and prediction of distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For breast and prostate cancer, a gene expression signature of the tumour is associated with the development of distant metastases. Regarding head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the only known risk factor is the presence of > or =3 tumour-positive lymph nodes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether a HNSCC gene expression signature can discriminate between the patients with and without distant metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with HNSCC with and without distant metastases had >3 tumour-positive lymph nodes, and did not differ with respect to other risk factors. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t test, as well as statistical analysis of microarrays (SAM), to assess the false discovery rate for each gene. These analyses were supplemented with a newly developed method that computed deviations from gaussian-order statistics (DEGOS). To validate the platform, normal mucosa of the head and neck was included as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2963 genes were differently expressed between HNSCC and normal mucosa (t test; p<0.01). More rigorous statistical analysis with SAM confirmed the differential expression of most genes. The comparison of genes in HNSCC with and without metastases showed 150 differently expressed genes (t test; p<0.01), none of which, however, could be confirmed using SAM or DEGOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence for a metastasis signature is found, and gene expression profiling of HNSCC has seemingly no value in determining the risk of developing distant metastases. The absence of such a signature can be understood when it is realised that, for HNSCC in contrast with breast cancer, the lymph nodes are a necessary in-between station for haematogenous spread.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. bjm.braakhuis@vumc.nl
authors: B J M
authors: BJ
authors: Braakhuis
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Senft
authors: R
authors: R
authors: de Bree
authors: J
authors: J
authors: de Vries
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Ylstra
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cloos
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Kuik
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Leemans
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Brakenhoff