Critical roles of AMP-activated protein kinase in the carcinogenic metal-induced expression of VEGF and HIF-1 proteins in DU145 prostate carcinoma.
Epidemiological and experimental animal data indicate that exposure to both metals and metalloid species exacerbates the risk of human diseases, particularly cancers. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which performs a primary function in both tumor progression and angiogenesis, is up-regulated due to exposure to an array of carcinogenic metals, but the mechanisms responsible for the metal activation remain somewhat poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which acts as an energy sensor, providing metabolic adaptation effects under ATP-deprived conditions, is critical for the expression of VEGF under oxygen- and glucose-deprived conditions. As carcinogenic metals are potent VEGF expression inducers, we hypothesized that AMPK would also play a crucial role in metal-induced VEGF expression. Here, we present evidence that carcinogenic metals such as arsenite, vanadate, and cobalt, induce AMPK activation and VEGF expression via several different mechanisms, and that AMPK is able to regulate the expression of VEGF mRNA in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent or -independent manner, depending on the metal applied. We also attempted to characterize the relevant signal transduction pathways in metal-induced VEGF expression and AMPK activation, as well as the role of reactive oxygen species within this context. Overall, our data suggest that AMPK is a critical regulatory component in metal-induced VEGF expression, which further implies its intrinsic involvement in metal-induced carcinogenesis.
Lee
Minyoung
M
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Tongdaemun-gu, Hoegi-dong 1, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
Hwang
Jin-Taek
JT
Yun
Hee
H
Kim
Eun Ju
EJ
Kim
Min-Jung
MJ
Kim
Sung-Soo
SS
Ha
Joohun
J