title: Validation of a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma using trimellitic anhydride, a respiratory sensitizer, and dinitrochlorobenzene, a dermal sensitizer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational asthma can be caused by chemicals. Previously, we established a murine model of immunologically mediated chemical-induced asthma using toluene diisocyanate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to verify this model using trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a respiratory sensitizer, and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), a dermal sensitizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice received dermal applications (vehicle or chemical) on days 1 and 7. On day 10, they received an intranasal instillation (vehicle or chemical). Whole-body plethysmography (enhanced pause) was used to monitor changes in ventilatory function and methacholine reactivity. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by using bronchoalveolar lavage (cells, TNF-alpha levels, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 levels). Immunologic parameters included total serum IgE levels, lymphocyte distribution in auricular and cervical lymph nodes, and IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels in supernatants of lymph node cells incubated with or without concanavalin A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice dermally treated and intranasally challenged with TMA experienced markedly increased enhanced pause immediately after intranasal challenge and increased methacholine reactivity (24 hours later). Mice similarly treated with DNCB did not show any ventilatory changes. Neutrophil influx and increased macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and TNF-alpha levels were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in both TMA- and DNCB-treated mice. The proportion of CD19+ B cells was increased in auricular and cervical lymph nodes of TMA-treated mice. IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels were increased in supernatants of concanavalin A-stimulated auricular and cervical lymph node cells of TMA- or DNCB-treated mice; however, the relative proportions of IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels differed between TMA- and DNCB-treated mice. Serum total IgE levels were increased in TMA-treated mice only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both compounds induce a mixed T(H)1-T(H)2 response, but only TMA induced ventilatory changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the workplace avoiding skin contact with chemical sensitizers might be advised to prevent chemical-induced asthma.
authors: Laboratory of Pneumology, Unit of Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Jeroen A J
authors: JA
authors: Vanoirbeek
authors: Maciej
authors: M
authors: Tarkowski
authors: Hadewijch M
authors: HM
authors: Vanhooren
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: De Vooght
authors: Benoit
authors: B
authors: Nemery
authors: Peter H M
authors: PH
authors: Hoet