Injection of botulinum toxin type A in the urethral sphincter to treat lower urinary tract dysfunction: a review of indications, techniques and results.
The first application of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in urology was its injection into the urinary sphincter to treat neurogenic detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) in quadriplegic men. Since that first report in the eighties, the results of focal BTA injections into the sphincter, the bladder wall and lately into the prostate, have raised the interest of the urology community in this promising new therapeutic modality. An evidence-based review is presented of current indications, techniques and outcome of BTA injections into the urethral sphincter.
Karsenty
Gilles
G
Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Baazeem
Abdulaziz
A
Elzayat
Ehab
E
Corcos
Jacques
J