title: Calcium adsorption and displacement: characterization of lipid monolayers and their interaction with membrane-active peptides/proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first target of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is the bacterial membrane. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria this is the outer membrane (OM), the lipid composition of which is extremely asymmetric: Whereas the inner leaflet is composed of a phospholipid mixture, the outer leaflet is made up solely from lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). LPS, therefore, represents the first target of AMPs. The binding and intercalation of polycationic AMPs is driven by the number and position of negatively charged groups of the LPS. Also, proteins other than cationic AMPs can interact with LPS, e.g. leading eventually to a neutralization of the endotoxic effects of LPS. We compared different biophysical techniques to gain insight into the properties of the electrical surface potentials of lipid monolayers and aggregates composed of LPSs and various phospholipids and their interaction with peptides and proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The net negative charge calculated from the chemical structure of the phospholipid and LPS molecules is linearly correlated with the adsorption of calcium to two-dimensional lipid monolayers composed of the respective lipids. However, the zeta-potentials determined by the electrophoretic mobility of LPS aggregates can only be interpreted by assuming a dependence of the plane of shear on the number of saccharides and charged groups. Various peptides and proteins were able to displace calcium adsorbed to monolayers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To characterize the electrical properties of negatively charged phospholipids and LPSs and their electrostatic interaction with various polycationic peptides/proteins, the adsorption of calcium to and displacement from lipid monolayers is a suitable parameter. Using the calcium displacement method, the binding of peptides to monolayers can be determined even if they do not intercalate. The interpretation of zeta-potential data is difficulty for LPS aggregates, because of the complex three-dimensional structure of the LPS molecules. However, the influence of peptides/proteins on the zeta-potential can be used to characterize the underlying interaction mechanisms.
authors: Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Division of Biophysics, Parkallee1-40, D-23845 Borstel, Germany. shagge@fz-borstel.de
authors: Sven O
authors: SO
authors: Hagge
authors: Malte U
authors: MU
authors: Hammer
authors: Andre
authors: A
authors: Wiese
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Seydel
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Gutsmann