title: Epicardial radiofrequency ablation of ventricular myocardium: factors affecting lesion formation and damage to adjacent structures.
abstract: We evaluated the factors affecting epicardial radiofrequency (RF) lesion formation in normal ventricular myocardium. In 16 dogs, a minithoracotomy was made and a sheath was placed in the pericardial space. Standard ablation lesions (4-mm tip catheter; 70 ( composite function) C/60 seconds) were created in each ventricle under fluoroscopy guidance (n = 7) or hand-held with direct visualization of the catheter to assure optimal electrode-tissue contact (n = 6). In the latter, thermally-shielded (TS) electrodes (50% tip surface along its 4 mm length) were used in 3/6 dogs. Catheter tip (4 mm) irrigation (13 mL/minutes; 40 ( composite function) C/60 seconds) was employed with conventional techniques in 3 additional dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With optimal electrode-tissue contact (11 lesions), power (3.4 +/- 2.3 W vs. 16 +/- 13 W; p < 0.001) and pacing thresholds (0.2 +/- 0.0 mA vs. 3.6 +/- 5.7 mA; p = 0.004) were lower than standard RF (25 lesions). However, lesion dimensions were similar and transmural lesions did not occur (depth 2.8 +/- 1.1 mm vs. 3.0 +/- 1.5 mm). Catheter irrigation allowed high power outputs (43 +/- 6.1 W; p < 0.001) generating transmural lesions, 5/9 (55%), depth 6.4 +/- 2.1 mm. At constant power (2 W), catheter-tip temperature (52 +/- 5.2( composite function) C vs. 57 +/- 6.6( composite function) C; p = NS) and lesion (10 in each group) dimensions were similar for conventional and TS electrodes, but damage to parietal pericardium and lungs occurred with conventional electrodes only (70% vs. 0% p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard epicardial RF ablation does not produce deep lesions and exhibits a significant energy loss probably due to poor electrode-tissue contact. Catheter irrigation allows delivery of high power outputs to the epicardium consistently creating deeper lesions than standard ablation. TS electrodes may reduce damage to neighboring structures during epicardial RF ablation.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br
authors: Guilherme
authors: G
authors: Fenelon
authors: Kleber Ponzi
authors: KP
authors: Pereira
authors: Angelo A V
authors: AA
authors: de Paola