title: Recognition of pollen-derived phosphatidyl-ethanolamine by human CD1d-restricted gamma delta T cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidences from mice and human beings indicate that gammadelta T cells could be relevant in recognition of stress-induced self and/or yet unidentified inhaled foreign antigens. Their specificity differs from classic MHC-restricted alphabeta T cells and involves the immunoglobulin-like structure of the gammadelta T-cell receptor with the recognition of small organic molecules, alkylamines, and self lipid compounds presented by CD1+ dendritic cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because CD1 receptors are mainly devoted to lipid antigen presentation, we sought to determine whether exogenous pollen membrane lipids may act as allergens for CD1-restricted gammadelta T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood and nasal mucosa-associated gammadelta T cells were cloned from normal controls and cypress-sensitive subjects and tested for their antigen specificity and CD1-restriction with phospholipids extracted from tree pollen grains, as well with other natural or synthetic compounds. Phospholipid reactivity of cloned gammadelta T cells was measured by mean of proliferative response and cytokine release as well as by testing their helper activity on IgE production in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cloned gammadelta T lymphocytes from subjects with allergy, but not normal controls, were found to recognize pollen-derived phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) in a CD1d-restricted fashion. Only 16:0/18:2 and 18:2/18:2 PE were stimulatory, whereas no response was recorded for disaturated PE, phosphatidylcholine, neutral lipids, or protein extract. Proliferating clones secreted both T(H)1-type and T(H)2-type cytokines and drove IgE production in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD1d-restricted gammadelta T cells specific for phospholipids can represent a key mucosal regulatory subset for the control of early host reactivity against tree pollens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By knowing how lipid allergen constituents interact with mucosal immune system, we can expand our possibilities in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
authors: Experimental Immunology and Allergy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors: Anna M
authors: AM
authors: Russano
authors: Elisabetta
authors: E
authors: Agea
authors: Lanfranco
authors: L
authors: Corazzi
authors: Antyony D
authors: AD
authors: Postle
authors: Gennaro
authors: G
authors: De Libero
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Porcelli
authors: Fernando M
authors: FM
authors: de Benedictis
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Spinozzi