title: Prevalence and prognosis of traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage in patients with blunt head trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage (tIVH) contain fewer than 25 subjects and are retrospective in design, providing minimal information about the entity and its clinical significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled trauma patients from 18 centers in North America in the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) II if they received an emergent head computed tomography (CT) scan, as determined by the managing physician. Clinical data were collected at the time of enrollment and CT reports were compiled at least 1 month later. We calculated prevalence and demographics of tIVH from the 18 sites, while outcome data were gathered from medical records of patients with tIVH who were seen at any of six sites that participated in the follow-up portion of the study. We considered patients who underwent a neurosurgical intervention or who had a "poor outcome" (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 to 3, death, persistent vegetative state, or severe disability) to have suffered a "combined outcome."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of tIVH among all trauma patients who received a head CT was 118 in 8,374, or 1.41%. Among tIVH patients, 70% had a "poor outcome" and 76% had a "combined outcome." A poor outcome appeared to be associated with an abnormal presenting Glasgow Coma Scale score and involvement of the third or fourth ventricle, whereas age appeared to be unrelated. Patients with tIVH and no major associated injury on CT tended to do well; only one patient with isolated tIVH had a poor outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traumatic IVH is rare and is associated with poor outcomes that seem to be the consequence of associated injuries. Isolated tIVH patients who are clinically well appear to have a functional outcome; we were unable to identify a case of isolated tIVH, combined with a normal neurologic examination, resulting in a poor or combined outcome.
authors: Emergency Medicine Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors: Clare
authors: C
authors: Atzema
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Mower
authors: Jerome R
authors: JR
authors: Hoffman
authors: James F
authors: JF
authors: Holmes
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Killian
authors: Allan B
authors: AB
authors: Wolfson