title: Predictors of between-family and within-family variation in parent-child relationships.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have found that multiple factors are associated with parent-child relationship quality, but have not distinguished potential sources of between-family and within-family variation in parent-child relationship quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately equal numbers of biological (non-stepfamilies), single-mother, stepfather, and complex/stepmother stepfamilies were selected from a large community study in England. The sample comprised 404 children in 171 families. Parent-child warmth/support and conflict/negativity were assessed using questionnaire and interview methods; family socio-demographic data were collected from parent report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multilevel model analyses indicated substantial within-family variation in parent-child relationship quality, and greater within-family variation in complex/stepmother families compared to other family types. Within-family variation was largely accounted for by differences in the siblings' biological relatedness to the mother and father and to child-specific factors, notably aggressive behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings illustrate how research using multilevel model designs and analytic strategies may enhance our understanding of family process.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA. Tom_OConnor@URMC.Rochester.edu
authors: Thomas G
authors: TG
authors: O'Connor
authors: Judy
authors: J
authors: Dunn
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Jenkins
authors: Jon
authors: J
authors: Rasbash