title: Lipid-laden macrophage index in healthy canines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quantity of lipids in alveolar macrophages is used clinically as an indicator of aspiration, which is associated with increased lung inflammation. This is determined in the macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and is expressed as lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI). Although there is ample data on LLMI in human subjects, there is no published data pertaining to the baseline measures of the LLMI in canines, which are extensively used for experimental studies on gastroesophageal reflex (GER) and airway diseases. Primary aim of the present study was to collect data pertaining to the cytology and LLMI in BAL fluids obtained from healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight dogs underwent a bronchoscopy with BAL collection, and esophageal pH monitoring to determine the reflux index (RI). The BAL fluid was processed and reviewed under a microscope to determine the proportions of the various cell types and the LLMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median RI among the subjects was found to be 0.6 (0.0, 1.2). The BAL cytology analysis showed 77.5% (71.0, 83.5) macrophages, 21.0 (13.0, 24.5) lymphocytes and 2.5 (1.5, 5.0) neutrophils. The median LLMI was found to be 156 (111, 208).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the differential cell counts in the dogs' BAL fluid was comparable to that of other experimental animals and humans, the LLMI was distinctly higher than the corresponding value reported for other species. As LLMI is a valuable modality for evaluation of intrapulmonary pathophysiology, these data on LLMI can be used as a species-specific standard for canine subjects used for experimental studies on GER and airway diseases.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11219, USA.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Savchenko
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Dhadwal
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pagala
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Bala
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Narwal
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Huang
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Vaynblat
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Marcus
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kazachkov