Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two.
Concern exists that a constellation of negative maternal emotions during pregnancy generates persistent negative consequences for child development. Maternal reports of anxiety, pregnancy-specific and nonspecific stress, and depressive symptoms were collected during mid-pregnancy and at 6 weeks and 24 months after birth in a sample of healthy women with low risk pregnancies. Developmental assessment and cardiac vagal tone monitoring were administered to 94 children at age 2. Higher levels of prenatal anxiety, nonspecific stress, and depressive symptoms were associated with more advanced motor development in children after postnatal control for each psychological measure; anxiety and depression were also significantly and positively associated with mental development. Mild to moderate levels of psychological distress may enhance fetal maturation in healthy populations.
DiPietro
Janet A
JA
Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jdipietr@jhsph.edu
Novak
Matthew F S X
MF
Costigan
Kathleen A
KA
Atella
Lara D
LD
Reusing
Sarah P
SP