title: Update on the evaluation and diagnosis of celiac disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our understanding of the pathophysiology of celiac disease has advanced with associated improvement in diagnostic modalities. Recent studies have placed the prevalence of celiac disease in Western populations at between 1:250 and 1:67. Celiac disease is common throughout the world and most cases go undiagnosed. Understanding the risk factors, clinical presentations and diagnostic modalities is necessary to identify and treat patients with this commonly misdiagnosed disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased prevalence of celiac disease in individuals with autoimmune diseases, reduced bone mineral density and undiagnosed liver disease have been confirmed. However, celiac disease may not be associated with Down's syndrome or epilepsy. Evidence supports high sensitivity and specificity of endomysial- and tissue transglutaminase-based tests in most settings. In children, high or low tissue transglutaminase levels may preclude the need for duodenal biopsy. Cost-effectiveness studies suggest using tissue transglutaminase or endomysial initially, while distal duodenal or jejunal biopsy may confirm celiac disease in the absence of proximal changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence to support mass screening for celiac disease. However, case finding in individuals with risk factors for celiac disease is recommended. Further study is necessary to define diagnostic algorithms and target populations likely to benefit from testing.
authors: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors: Daniel A
authors: DA
authors: Leffler
authors: Ciaran P
authors: CP
authors: Kelly