title: Errors in surgical neuropathology and the influence of cognitive biases: the psychology of intelligence analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant difficulty that pathologists encounter in arriving at a correct diagnosis is related to the way information from various sources is processed and assimilated in context.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  These issues are addressed by the science of cognitive psychology. Although cognitive biases are the focus of a number of studies on medical decision making, few if any focus on the visual sciences.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recent publication authored by Richards Heuer, Jr, The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis, directly addresses many of the cognitive biases faced by neuropathologists and anatomic pathologists in general. These biases include visual anticipation, first impression, and established mindsets and subconsciously influence our critical decision-making processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The book points out that while biases are an inherent property of cognition, the influence of such biases can be recognized and the effects blunted.
authors: Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. mclen001@mc.duke.edu
authors: Roger E
authors: RE
authors: McLendon