title: Are we measuring what matters in health technology assessment of disease management? Systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An overview was produced of indicators currently used to assess disease management programs and, based on these findings, provide a framework regarding sets of indicators that should be used when taking the aims and types of disease management programs into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. It appeared that a link between aims of disease management and evaluated structure, process, as well as outcome indicators does not exist in a substantial part of published studies on disease management of diabetes and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially when efficiency of care is concerned. Furthermore, structure indicators are largely missing from the evaluations, although these are of major importance for the interpretation of outcomes for purposes of decision-making. Efficiency of disease management is mainly evaluated by means of process indicators; the use of outcome indicators is less common. Within a framework, structure, process, and outcome indicators for effectiveness and efficiency are recommended for each type of disease management program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The link between aims of disease management and evaluated structure, process, and outcome indicators does not exist in a substantial part of published studies on disease management. The added value of this study mainly lies in the development of a framework to guide the choice of indicators for health technology assessment of disease management.
authors: Department of Health Care Studies, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. L.Steuten@zw.unimaas.nl
authors: Lotte
authors: L
authors: Steuten
authors: Bert
authors: B
authors: Vrijhoef
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Severens
authors: Frits
authors: F
authors: van Merode
authors: Cor
authors: C
authors: Spreeuwenberg