Emotional stress in pregnancy predicts human infant reactivity.
BACKGROUND
Infant distress to novelty at 4 months of life has previously been identified as an important predictor of longer term emotional development in childhood and adolescence.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between prenatal stress and infant reactivity to unfamiliar visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli.


METHODS
Maternal emotional stress, life events and medical adversities during pregnancy and maternal personality characteristics were assessed by interview, questionnaire and patient charts at 2 weeks postnatal age. Postnatal maternal psychopathology was assessed at 2 weeks and 4 months postnatal age. Infant outcome was examined 4 months postnatally.


METHODS
102 mother-infant pairs were recruited in local obstetric units, complete datasets were available for 96 mother-infant-pairs.


METHODS
Infant reactivity to unfamiliar stimuli was assessed when the infants were 4 months postnatal age.


RESULTS
Maternal prenatal emotional stress was significantly associated with infant affective reactivity to novelty. Maternal postnatal psychopathology did not have an influence on affective infant reactivity.


CONCLUSIONS
These data provide evidence for an impact of maternal emotional stress in pregnancy on early infant distress to novel stimuli, a behavioral trait whose stability throughout childhood and adolescence has previously been demonstrated.
Möhler
Eva
E
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr.8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
Parzer
Peter
P
Brunner
Romuald
R
Wiebel
Angelika
A
Resch
Franz
F