title: Effects of anti-Leishmania monoclonal antibodies on the development of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research in our laboratory has previously shown that immune-mediated transmission blocking may be applied to Leishmania infections and that the LPG molecule and anti-LPG monoclonal antibodies was found to be an excellent candidate against L. major infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect of monoclonal antibodies (MABs) raised against different species of Leishmania for their ability to inhibit development of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus duboscqi sand flies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sand fly dissections on days two, four and six post-feeding showed that monoclonal antibodies against L. donovani (Ld2cb and Ld3A3) were the most effective at inhibiting L. major development than those raised against L. aethiopica, L. major or L. tropica. Ld2cb inhibited L. major development by 82% in sand flies fed on 1 x 10(6) amastigotes while Ld3A3 inhibited by 72%; 58% and 74% in those fed on 1 x 10(5) amastigotes respectively. Monoclonal antibodies against L. aethiopica (Lae 3c6) inhibited L. major development by 28% and 40% for sand flies fed on 1 x 10(6) and 1 x 10(5) amastigotes respectively. Anti-L. major monoclonal antibody (Lm5A5) inhibited L. major development by 16% in sand flies fed on 1 x 10(6) amastigotes and 25% in sand flies fed on 1 x 10(5) amastigotes. Anti-L. tropica antibody (Lt2c8) inhibited L. major development in P. duboscqi fed on 1 x 10(6) by 28 %and 33% in those fed on 1 x 10(5) amastigotes. Most of the parasites seen in sand flies which fed on L. donovani mABs (Ld2cb and Ld3A3) were nectomonads and a few haptomonads. In all the control groups, parasite development followed the normal developmental stages up to the metacyclic stage. In sand fly groups fed on monoclonal antibodies raised against L. aethiopica, L. major or L. tropica there was limited parasite development inhibition, and the promastigotes developed and migrated forward in a normal pattern as observed in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggests a possible role of humoral mechanisms in protection against leishmaniasis and potentially useful in reducing parasite development in the sand fly.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anjili
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngumbi
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mbati
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Githure
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tonui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000917:Antibody Formation; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects; D007630:Kenya; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan