title: Quantitative comparison of different-shaped wavefront sensors and preliminary results for defocus aberrations on a mechanical eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a general acceptance among the scientific community of Cartesian symmetry wavefront sensors (such as the Hartmann-Shack (HS) sensor) as a standard in the field of optics and vision science. In this study it is shown that sensors of different symmetries and/or configurations should also be tested and analyzed in order to quantify and compare their effectiveness when applied to visual optics. Three types of wave-aberration sensors were developed and tested here. Each sensor has a very different configuration and/or symmetry (dodecagonal (DOD), cylindrical (CYL) and conventional Hartmann-Shack (HS)).
  
  
  METHODS
  All sensors were designed and developed in the Physics Department of the Universidade de São Paulo--São Carlos. Each sensor was mounted on a laboratory optical bench used in a previous study. A commercial mechanical eye was used as control. This mechanical eye has a rotating mechanism that allows the retinal plane to be positioned at different axial distances. Ten different defocus aberrations were generated: 5 cases of myopia from -1D to -5D and 5 cases of hyperopia, from +1D to +5D, in steps of 1D following the scale printed on the mechanical eye. For each wavefront sensor a specific image-processing and fitting algorithm was implemented. For all three cases, the wavefront information was fit using the first 36 VSIA standard Zernike polynomials. Results for the mechanical eye were also compared to the absolute Zernike surface generated from coefficients associated with the theoretical sphere-cylinder aberration value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Precision was analyzed using two different methods: first, a theoretical approach was used by generating synthetic Zernike coefficients from the known sphere-cylinder aberrations, simply by applying sphere-cylinder equations in the backward direction. Then comparisons were made of these coefficients with the ones obtained in practice. Results for DOD, HS and CYL sensors were, respectively, as follows: mean of root mean square (RMSE) for all aberrations, when theoretical Zernike coefficients were used as control, was 0.22, 0.66 and 0.26 microns; RMSE of sphere-cylinder values when compared to autorefractor measurements was 0.18D, 0.22D and 0.35D for sphere, 0.14D, 0.24D and 0.17D for cylinder, 34.36 degrees, 35.16 degrees and 26.36 degrees for axis; RMSE of sphere-cylinder values when theoretical values were used as control was 0.11D, 0.29D and 0.46D for sphere, 0.15D, 0.28D and 0.17D for cylinder, 19.71 degrees, 25.56 degrees and 18.56 degrees for axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main conclusion is that the symmetry of an optical sensor is not an important consideration when measuring typical eye aberrations such as defocus (myopic and hyperopic), but there are differences. In this sense, the polar symmetry sensors render results that are equivalent to the traditional Cartesian Hartmann-Shack sensor, but furnish an easier method for determining the optical center.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. lcarvalho@cvs.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Luis Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Wallace
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chamon
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schor
authors.forename: Jarbas Caiado de
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D003315:Cornea; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds