title: Slow-wave photic stimulation relieves patient discomfort during esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although pretreatment with a sedative drug is effective in relieving pain during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), such drugs can cause significant side-effects. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of slow-wave photic stimulation on discomfort and/or pain felt during EGD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty consecutive patients (25 men and 15 women) who underwent diagnostic EGD in our hospital were included in the study. Twenty patients received photic stimulation for 25 min, and underwent electroencephalographic recording, in addition to the usual premedications. Twenty control patients received the same treatment but without photic stimulation. All patients evaluated the discomfort/pain felt during endoscopy against a five-grade scale in comparison with what they had experienced in their previous examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with an improved discomfort/pain score were 18/20 and 3/20 in the treated and control groups, respectively. Overall comparison of pain scores between both groups was significant (P<0.0001). The proportion of slow-wave activity recorded in patients' electroencephalograms significantly increased in the treated group compared to control values (36.6+/-6.8% vs 29.1+/-3.4%, P<0.001). There was a close correlation between the degree of discomfort/pain felt during endoscopy and the proportion of slow-wave activity (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slow-wave photic stimulation shows promise as a treatment for relieving the discomfort and/or pain felt by patients undergoing EGD.
authors.affiliation: Endoscopy Center, Wakakusa First Hospital and Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka city University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002086:Butylscopolammonium Bromide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004569:Electroencephalography; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D002086:Butylscopolammonium Bromide; D008012:Lidocaine