title: The response of luteinizing hormone pulsatility to 5 days of low energy availability disappears by 14 years of gynecological age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of menstrual disorders declines during adolescence. The mechanism responsible is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis, formulated a priori, that the dependence of LH pulsatility and ovarian function on energy availability declines with gynecological age (years since menarche).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a controlled experiment repeated in two menstrual cycles, performed 2001-2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a university laboratory and general clinical research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of healthy, habitually sedentary, young women of normal body composition with 5-8 yr (adolescents, n = 9) and 14-18 yr (adults, n = 10) of gynecological age recruited by advertisement from approximately 9000 women aged 18-34 yr in a college community. Samples were similar in age of menarche, length of menstrual cycle and luteal phase, body size and composition, aerobic capacity, and dietary intake. None were withdrawn due to adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventions included energy availabilities of 45 and 10 kcal/kg of fat-free mass per day for 5 d in the early follicular phases of separate menstrual cycles in random order.
  
  
  METHODS
  LH pulsatility, estradiol, and luteal phase length were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low energy availability reduced LH pulse frequency in adolescents (P < 0.01) but not adults (P = 0.39), did not increase LH pulse amplitude in either group (both P = 0.13), and suppressed 24-h mean LH in adolescents (P = 0.01) but not adults (P = 0.72). Estradiol was unaffected (both P = 0.48), but the subsequent luteal phase was shorter in adolescents (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women of normal body composition, the response of LH pulsatility and ovarian function to 5 d of low energy availability disappears by 14 yr of gynecological age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA. loucks@ohiou.edu
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Loucks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging; D001823:Body Composition; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008183:Luteal Phase; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008572:Menarche; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology; D010507:Periodicity
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D004958:Estradiol; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone