title: Combined external-endonasal approach for complete excision of the lacrimal drainage apparatus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe a new surgical technique for the complete excision of the lacrimal drainage apparatus (LDA) that combines external and endoscopic approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved a noncomparative, retrospective chart review of the clinical and pathological findings of four patients presenting with LDA papillomas who underwent a combined open and endonasal excision of the lacrimal system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the four patients, three were male. The mean age at referral was 41 years, and all cases were unilateral. Histopathology revealed two transitional cell papillomas, one squamous cell papilloma, and one combined transitional/squamous papilloma. Epiphora and an external lesion were the main complaints at presentation. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction was present in all four patients. Papilloma virus infection was suggested in two cases and was confirmed in the only patient who had recurrence. CT identified a solid enhancing mass in two cases. The surgical approach in all cases was performed with the patient under general anesthetic supplemented with infiltration of local anesthesia with vasoconstriction. The lacrimal sac was exposed as per an external dacryocystorhinostomy with biopsy collection from the lacrimal sac lumen to confirm the diagnosis prior LDA excision. The superior aspect of the LDA was isolated by using lacrimal probes in each canaliculus to stabilized parallel incisions and careful dissection toward the common canaliculus until they met the medial aspect of the lacrimal sac. The sac was then separated from the periosteum from the medial orbital wall, using sharp dissection. Finally, an endoscopic dissection of the lower end of the nasolacrimal duct released the most inferior aspect of the LDA, allowing the surgeon to pull and excise the complete system from the external wound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive LDA papillomas required complete excision of the drainage system to prevent recurrence and/or malignant transformation. The use of a combined approach through an open excision of the superior part of the LDA in conjunction with the direct manipulation of the nasolacrimal duct guided by the nasal endoscope facilitates the complete excision of the system for extensive benign lesions.
authors.affiliation: Eyelid, Lacrimal, and Orbital Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital and the University of Queensland Medical School Australia. tjs@gil.com.au
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Alejandra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selva
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McNab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D010212:Papilloma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed