title: A new class of Gd-based DO3A-ethylamine-derived targeted contrast agents for MR and optical imaging.
abstract: Synthetic bifunctional probes based on [4,7-bis-carboxymethyl-10-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododec-1-yl]-acetic acid (DO3A-ethylamine) preloaded with gadolinium were prepared for applications in targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. A convenient route of synthesis is reported, which allowed conjugation of this probe with biomolecules for the preparation of model MR contrast agents for targeted imaging. The conjugated probes have the following interesting properties: GdDO3A-ethylamido-biotin (Gd-9) can be used for targeted imaging using an avidin-biotin system. The fluorescent probe GdDO3A-ethylthiourea-fluorescein (Gd-12) is a bimodal compound, which can be used for both MR and optical imaging. The precursors, DO3A-ethylamidopropyl-maleimide and DO3A-ethyl-isothiocyanate contain a highly reactive moiety, which can interact with free SH-terminals and N-terminals of biological molecules, respectively. In vitro MR relaxivity studies were performed at 300 MHz using different concentrations and chemical environments. MR relaxivity for ligand Gd-9 at pH 7.4, r1 was (3.32 +/- 0.03) s(-1) mM(-1) and r2 was (5.02 +/- 0.14) s(-1) mM(-1). For the mixture of Gd-9 with avidin, at pH 7.4, relaxivity increased linearly with the avidin concentration. A relaxivity enhancement of 45% for r1 and more than 400% for r2 with respect to the unbound biotinylated Gd3+ complex was found at a ratio of 4:1. MR relaxivity for ligand Gd-12, r1 was (5.36 +/- 0.05) s(-1) mM(-1) at pH 7.4. Fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy of Gd-12-labeled 3T3 mouse fibroblasts showed a concentration-dependent intracellular uptake, accompanied by a slight dose-dependent increase in toxicity up to 150 microM. MR studies on labeled cells indicated a contrast enhancement in both T1- and T2-weighted images by the internalized compound, with the effect being more pronounced in T2-weighted images. Our results indicate that DO3A-ethylamine is a multipurpose precursor, from which various targeted contrast agents can be synthesized after a single-step conjugation with organic/bioorganic molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department for Physiology of Cognitive Processes and High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeuffer
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engelmann
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ugurbil
authors.forename: Nikos K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Logothetis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells
chemical_list: C511915:(4,7-bis-carboxymethyl-10-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododec-1-yl)-acetic acid; D002412:Cations; D003287:Contrast Media; D005021:Ethylamines; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D008024:Ligands; D005682:Gadolinium; C041564:ethylamine