title: Design and evaluation of immunotoxicity studies.
abstract: The evaluation of potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on the immune system is part of the standard drug development procedures and needs to be available prior to the start of phase III clinical trials. Although the histopathological assessment of lymphoid organs/tissues is considered fundamental for the identification and characterization of immunotoxic reactions, additional investigations are now recommended by the European guidelines for repeated-dose toxicity testing of medicinal products in order to achieve an accurate assessment of immune system functionality with regard to immunomodulation. In the present paper, we describe and discuss a study design which permits the investigation of the immune function in a 4-week study in rats following immunization by subcutaneous administration of the T-dependent antigen Keyhole Limpet Hemocynin (KLH). This includes assessment of hematology parameters, titration of KLH-specific antibodies in serum, lymphocyte immunophenotyping in blood, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes, macroscopic pathology and histopathological evaluation of the lymphatic organs/tissues and of the injection sites.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, MUT-2881.408, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland. daniel_robert.roth@novartis.com
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perentes
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D000941:Antigens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002452:Cell Count; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000633:toxicity*; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012107:Research Design; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000941:Antigens; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin