title: Variability of grade and stage in simultaneous paired liver biopsies in patients with hepatitis C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grading and staging of liver biopsies in patients with chronic hepatitis remains an inexact "gold standard" that is influenced by variabilities in scoring systems, sampling, observer agreement and expertise. Spatial disease variability relative to markers of the adequacy of biopsy has not been studied previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired liver biopsy specimens were obtained from the right and left hepatic lobes of 60 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Histological grade and disease stage were assessed according to the Ludwig scoring system, and scores were evaluated in relation to differences in size and number of portal tracts in all paired samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative difference (%) in aggregate biopsy size and number of portal tracts was similar between paired samples with and without a difference in grade. Paired samples with a difference in stage showed a larger relative difference in biopsy size (p = 0.09) and in the number of portal tracts (p = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows a difference of one grade or one stage in 30% of paired liver biopsies, due to a combination of sampling variability and observer variability. Acknowledgment of "built-in" variability in grading and staging chronic hepatitis C by both clinicians and pathologists is essential for managing the individual patient with chronic hepatitis C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skripenova
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Trainer
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Krawitt
authors.forename: Hagen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blaszyk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index