title: Postprandial mononuclear NF-kappaB activation is independent of the AGE-content of a single meal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary uptake of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) is supposed to potentially contribute to inflammatory reactions linked to vascular dysfunction and late diabetic complications. One mechanism by which dietary AGE might exert these effects is by activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappa-B. The aim of this study was to analyze the postprandial effects of a casein meal with low or high AGE content on postprandial NF-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pBMC) of healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Casein was heated for 40 h at 50 degrees C in the presence of sorbitol or glucose, resulting in either minimal (Sorbitol [S]-casein) or large (glucose [G]-casein) amounts of AGE-modified casein. Nine healthy volunteers ate 250 g of both types of casein, whereas both meals were separated at least by 2 weeks. Plasma and pBMC were taken before and 2 h after each meal. Thereafter, the defined AGE carboxymethyllysine (CML) was determined by ELISA and Western blot. NF-kappaB activation in pBMC was assayed using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S-casein contained only minor amounts of CML and no pentosidine, while G-casein contained large amounts of both. 2 h after ingestion, the S-casein or the G-casein-meal, both, resulted in a non-significant increase in plasma CML and in the intracellular CML-content of pBMC. This was paralleled by a highly significant increase in postprandial mononuclear NF-kappaB-binding activity. Remarkably, neither the extent of NF-kappaB induction (178% for S-casein, 188% for G-casein), nor composition of the NF-kappaB heterodimer (mainly consisting of NF-kappaB p50/p65) were significantly different after intake of S-casein or G-casein. Consistently, Western blots confirmed an increased NF-kappaBp65 nuclear translocation and a decrease of NF-kappaBp65 in the cytoplasm, while no difference in postprandial NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was observed following intake of S-casein or G-casein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postprandial mononuclear NF-kappaB activation after a single meal is independent of the AGE-content of the ingested protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiekofer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrassy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rudofsky
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Eynatten
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morcos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kientsch-Engel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nawroth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bierhaus
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000284:Administration, Oral; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D005526:Food, Formulated; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D016328:NF-kappa B; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D008239:Lysine