title: Educating for empathy. A review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empathy in the medical setting is appreciation of the patient's emotions and expression of that awareness to the patient. Named as an essential learning objective by the American Association of Medical Colleges, empathy is believed to significantly influence patient satisfaction, adherence to medical recommendations, clinical outcomes, and professional satisfaction. The objective of this study was to identify effective strategies to enhance empathy in undergraduate medical students.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed for studies that address the effectiveness of strategies for teaching empathy to medical students. We identified 13 peer-reviewed, English language, qualitative and quantitative studies reporting primary data on interventions that aim to foster empathy in undergraduate medical students, using Medical Subject Heading terms education, medical, undergraduate or student, medical crossed with empathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These studies indicate that empathy may be amenable to positive change with a range of interventional strategies. Communication skill workshops addressing the behavioral dimension of empathy show greatest quantitative impact on participants. However, current studies are challenged by varying definitions of empathy, small sample sizes, lack of adequate control groups, and variation among existing empathy measurement instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the methodological limitations of the available studies, and uncertainty about which dimensions of empathy should be addressed, larger studies using validated measurement tools are recommended.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Stepien
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baernstein
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012648:Self Care; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*