title: The effects of i.v. fentanyl administration on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fentanyl decreases the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhaled anaesthetics and has been used clinically to reduce the requirements of other anaesthetic drugs in humans and small animals. We hypothesized that i.v. fentanyl would decrease the MAC of isoflurane in horses in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following determination of baseline MAC of isoflurane, fentanyl was administered i.v. to target plasma concentrations of 1, 8 and 16 ng ml(-1). Each horse was randomly assigned two of three target concentrations administered in ascending order. Loading and infusion doses for each horse were determined from previously derived individual pharmacokinetic values. Isoflurane MAC determination began 45 min after fentanyl administration at each target fentanyl concentration. Venous blood was collected at fixed intervals during the infusion for measurement of plasma fentanyl concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean actual fentanyl plasma concentrations were 0 (baseline), and 0.72 (SD 0.26), 8.43 (3.22), and 13.31 (6.66) ng ml(-1) for the target concentrations of 1, 8 and 16 ng ml(-1), respectively. The corresponding isoflurane MAC values were a baseline of 1.57 (0.23), and 1.51 (0.24), 1.41 (0.23) and 1.37 (0.09)%, respectively. The fentanyl concentrations of 0.72 and 8.43 ng ml(-1) did not significantly alter the MAC of isoflurane, but an 18 (7)% ISO-MAC reduction was observed at the 13.31 ng ml(-1) concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results cautiously encourage further study of fentanyl as an opioid anaesthetic adjunct to inhalant anaesthesia in horses.
authors.affiliation: K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thomasy
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Steffey
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Mama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000032:analysis*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007530:Isoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl