title: Early postnatal isolation reduces dopamine levels, elevates dopamine turnover and specifically disrupts prepulse inhibition in Nurr1-null heterozygous mice.
abstract: Sensorimotor gating is a phenomenon that is linked with dopamine neurotransmission in limbic and cortical areas, and disruption of sensorimotor gating has been consistently demonstrated in schizophrenia patients. The nuclear receptor Nurr1 is essential for development of dopamine neurons and, using Nurr1-null heterozygous mice, has been found to be important for normal dopamine neurotransmission as null heterozygous mice have reduced limbic and cortical dopamine levels and elevated open-field locomotor activity. The current investigation compared sensorimotor gating, as measured by prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, in Nurr1 wild-type and null heterozygous mice. When mice were weaned between 19 and 21 days of age either into isolation or groups of three to five and tested 12 weeks later, prepulse inhibition was elevated in group-raised null heterozygous mice and significantly disrupted in isolated null heterozygous mice as compared with isolation-raised wild-type mice and group-raised null heterozygous mice. Isolation had no effect on prepulse inhibition in wild-type mice. Isolation reduced tissue dopamine levels and elevated dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens and striatum in both wild-type and null heterozygous mice. In the prefrontal cortex, isolation reduced dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in null heterozygous as compared with isolation-raised wild-type mice, whereas no differences were observed between group-raised wild-type and null heterozygous mice. Neither the null heterozygous genotype nor isolation had any effect on basal or stress-induced corticosterone levels. These data suggest that the Nurr1 null heterozygous genotype predisposes these mice to isolation-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition that may be related to the interactions between intrinsic deficiencies in dopamine neurotransmission as a result of the null heterozygous genotype and isolation-induced changes in dopamine neurotransmission. Post-weaning isolation of Nurr1 null heterozygous mice provides a model to explore the interactions of genetic predisposition and environment/neurodevelopment on dopamine function that has important relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 900 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. eells@cvm.msstate.edu
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Eells
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Misler
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nikodem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000235:genetics*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000523:psychology; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C539883:Nr4a2 protein, mouse; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004298:Dopamine