title: Costs and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess overall resource consumption, work capacity and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis in nine European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on resource consumption related to multiple sclerosis, informal care by relatives, productivity losses and overall quality of life (utility) was collected with a standardised pre-tested questionnaire from 13,186 patients enrolled in national multiple sclerosis societies or followed up in neurology clinics. Information on disease included disease duration, self-assessed disease severity and relapses. Mean annual costs per patient (Euro, 2005) were estimated from the societal perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age ranged from 45.1 to 53.4 years, and all levels of disease severity were represented. Between 16% and 29% of patients reported experiencing a relapse in the 3 months preceding data collection. The proportion of patients in early retirement because of multiple sclerosis ranged from 33% to 45%. The use of direct medical resources (eg, hospitalisation, consultations and drugs) varied considerably across countries, whereas the use of non-medical resources (eg, walking sticks, wheel chairs, modifications to house and car) and services (eg, home care and transportation) was comparable. Informal care use was highly correlated with disease severity, but was further influenced by healthcare systems and family structure. All types of costs increased with worsening disease. The total mean annual costs per patient (adjusted for gross domestic product purchasing power) were estimated at Euro 18,000 for mild disease (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) <4.0), Euro 36,500 for moderate disease (EDSS 4.0-6.5) and Euro 62,000 for severe disease (EDSS >7.0). Utility was similar across countries at around 0.70 for a patient with an EDSS of 2.0 and around 0.45 for a patient with an EDSS of 6.5. Intangible costs were estimated at around Euro 13,000 per patient.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Lund, Sweden. gisela.kobelt@he-europe.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobelt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index