title: Toxicity of a mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and monosoduim methanearsonate to the red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii.
abstract: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and monosodium methanearsonate are often sold in commercial herbicide mixtures. Toxicity studies have been performed for each herbicide individually, but there is a dearth of information concerning the toxicity of these herbicides in a mixture. The following study examined the toxicity of a mixture of these two herbicides in the red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii. 96-hour acute toxicity assays were performed to determine whether surfactant significantly altered the toxicity of these herbicides individually or in combination. Markings additive index was calculated to identify the interactions of the herbicide mixture. Surfactant was observed to significantly increase the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the toxicity of the herbicide mixture. The herbicide mixture alone displayed half the toxicity of the individual herbicides, but the mixture with surfactant was twice as toxic as the individual herbicides. The synergistic action of surfactant may be attributed to increased pesticide absorption across biological membranes. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and surfactant may also compromise gill function, increasing the sensitivity of the crawfish to herbicide toxicity. The antagonistic effects of the herbicide mixture in the absence of surfactant may be caused by competition of both herbicides for the same sites of activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Rosalind M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Assaf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdelghani
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000187:drug effects*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D006540:Herbicides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C020300:monomethylarsonic acid