title: Extraction of polyphenols from processed black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) residues.
abstract: The total phenol and anthocyanin contents of black currant pomace and black currant press residue (BPR) extracts, extracted with formic acid in methanol or with methanol/water/acetic acid, were studied. Anthocyanins and other phenols were identified by means of reversed phase HPLC, and differences between the two plant materials were monitored. In all BPR extracts, phenol levels, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, were 8-9 times higher than in the pomace extracts. Acid hydrolysis liberated a much higher concentration of phenols from the pomace than from the black currant press residue. HPLC analysis revealed that delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were the major anthocyanins and constituted the main phenol class ( approximately 90%) in both types of black currant tissues tested. However, anthocyanins were present in considerably lower amounts in the pomace than in the BPR. In accordance with the total phenol content, the antioxidant activity determined by scavenging of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, the ABTS(*)(+) assay, showed that BPR extracts prepared by solvent extraction exhibited significantly higher (7-10 times) radical scavenging activity than the pomace extracts, and BPR anthocyanins contributed significantly (74 and 77%) to the observed high radical scavenging capacity of the corresponding extracts.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG66AP, United Kingdom. p.kapasakalidis@ reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: Petros G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kapasakalidis
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rastall
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006868:Hydrolysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols; D031965:Ribes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013451:Sulfonic Acids
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid