title: Limited contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 to the host response to a fungal infectious pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: The present study was designed to elucidate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the host response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Both TLR2 knockout (KO) and TLR4KO mice produced interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in sera and cleared this fungal pathogen from infected lungs at a comparable level to control littermate (LM) mice. Synthesis of these cytokines was not significantly different in the lungs of these KO mice and LM mice, although IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-12p40 tended to be lower in TLR2KO, but not TLR4KO, mice than in controls. In addition, there was no significant reduction detected in the synthesis of IL-12 and TNF-alpha by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from TLR2KO and TLR4KO mice upon stimulation with live yeast cells. Finally, HEK293 cells expressing either TLR2/dectin-1 or TLR4/MD2/CD14 did not respond to C. neoformans in the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) detected by a luciferase assay. Our results suggest that TLR2 and TLR4 do not or only marginally contribute to the host and cellular response to this pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. kawakami@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kiwamu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyagi
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koguchi
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinjo
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uezu
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinjo
authors.forename: Morikazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akamine
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitsuyama
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Naohito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyazato
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000276:immunology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D015850:Interleukin-6; D021122:Protein Subunits; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12