title: Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance, carcass characteristics, and trained sensory panel ratings.
abstract: To assess the effects of flax addition and flax processing on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics, 128 yearling beef heifers (360 +/- 14 kg of initial BW) were blocked by weight and assigned randomly to feedlot diets that included no flax (control), whole flax (WHL), rolled flax (RLD; 1,300 microm), or ground flax (GRD; 700 microm). Heifers were fed a growth diet (31% corn, 30% corn silage, 18% barley malt pellets, 14% alfalfa, 4% linseed meal, and 3% supplement; DM basis) for 56 d, after which they were adapted to a finishing diet (79% corn, 7% corn silage, 7% alfalfa, 4.75% linseed meal, and 2.25% supplement; DM basis). In WHL, RLD, and GRD, flax replaced all linseed meal and partially replaced corn at 8% of diet DM. All diets provided 0.5 mg of melengestrol acetate, 2,000 IU of vitamin E, and 232 mg of monensin per heifer daily. Cattle were slaughtered by block after 96, 97, and 124 (2 blocks) d on feed. At 24 h postmortem, carcass data were collected, and a portion of the loin was removed, vacuum-packaged, and aged for 14 d. After aging, 2 steaks were removed from each loin for Warner-Bratzler shear force measurement, sensory panel evaluation, and fatty acid analysis (approximately 100 g of muscle was collected). Flax inclusion (WHL, RLD, and GRD vs. control) did not affect DMI (P = 0.79), fat thickness over the 12th rib (P = 0.32), or LM area (P = 0.23). Flax inclusion increased ADG (P = 0.006), G:F (P = 0.006), and USDA yield grade (P = 0.01). Flax processing (RLD and GRD vs. WHL) increased ADG (P = 0.05), G:F (P = 0.08), and apparent dietary NEm and NEg (P = 0.003). Muscle from heifers fed flax had greater phospholipid 18:3n-3 (P < 0.001), 20:5n-3 (P < 0.001), 22:5n-3 (P < 0.001), and 22:6n-3 (P = 0.02) fractions, and greater neutral lipid 18:3n-3 (P < 0.001). Feeding 8% flax to feedlot heifers increased gain and efficiency, and processing flax increased available energy and resulted in increased efficiency of gain. Feeding 8% flax also increased levels of n-3 fatty acids in fresh beef.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105, USA.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Maddock
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Maddock
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barceló-Coblijn
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lardy
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*