title: Safety of high doses of influenza vaccine and effect on antibody responses in elderly persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune responses after influenza immunization are reduced in elderly individuals, the group at greatest risk for complications and death after influenza. Improved vaccines are needed to address this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory individuals 65 years and older (N = 202) were assigned randomly to receive a single intramuscular injection of the 2001-2002 formulation of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine containing 15, 30, or 60 microg of hemagglutinin per strain (up to 180 microg total per dose) or placebo. Clinical and serologic responses were assessed during the month after immunization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing dosages of vaccine elicited significantly higher serum antibody levels, frequencies of antibody responses, and putative protective titers after vaccination. Mean serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers 1 month after immunization in groups given 0-, 15-, 30-, and 60-microg dosages were 23, 37, 50, and 61 against influenza A/H1N1; 43, 86, 91, and 125 against influenza A/H3N2; and 10, 14, 18, and 24 against influenza B, respectively. Mean serum hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody levels against the 3 vaccine antigens in participants given the 60-microg dosage were 44% to 71% and 54% to 79%, respectively, higher than those in participants given the standard 15-microg dosage, and the 60-microg dosage level nearly doubled the frequency of antibody responses in those whose preimmunization antibody titers were in the lower half of the antibody range. Dose-related increases in the occurrence of injection site reactions were observed (P<.001), but all dosages were well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improved immunogenicity of high-dose influenza vaccine among elderly persons should lead to enhanced protection against naturally occurring influenza.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex 77030, USA. wkeitel@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Keitel
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Atmar
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cate
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruben
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Couch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D010045:Outpatients; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines