title: Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1984, the United States Congress enacted legislation requiring four new warning labels for cigarettes; warning labels in the United States have not changed since then. Other countries, such as Canada, have taken a more active and aggressive approach. The purpose of this study was to examine how U.S. smokers and former smokers might respond to stronger and more graphic warnings for U.S. cigarettes packages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in 2003 and analyzed in 2004. The perceived impact and effectiveness of the more-explicit Canadian labels was examined among young adult smokers (n=572) and former smokers (n=191) between the ages of 18 and 24 years in the United States, using a web-based survey that allowed participants to view both the text-only and the text-plus-graphic warning labels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both current and former smokers thought that cigarette warning labels with text plus graphics were substantially more of a deterrent than text-only labels. The perceived effectiveness of these labels was not only higher overall, but also for the specific areas of smoking-related health effects, prevention, cessation, and maintenance of abstinence. Few differences were noted by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this study support previous research that has found that text-plus-graphic warning labels are more salient and potentially more effective than text-only labels.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3717, USA. MOHegarty@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Hegarty
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pederson
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mowery
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gable
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wortley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States