title: Asthma symptoms in early childhood--what happens then?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the outcome in early adulthood for children with early asthma symptoms and to analyse the factors associated with current asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, we have re-investigated 89/101 children who were hospitalized before the age of two years due to wheezing. The children were investigated using a questionnaire and allergy and bronchial hyper-responsiveness tests at the age of 17-20 years and compared with age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cohort, 43% had had asthma symptoms in the preceding 12 months compared with 15% in the control group. The strongest risk factors for asthma were current allergy, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and female gender. Female gender and passive smoking in infancy were independent infantile risk factors. In addition to female gender, two pathways led to current asthma: an allergic pathway from family atopy via the development of allergy and another pathway from early passive smoking via hyper-responsiveness and active smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with early wheezing disorder, current allergy, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and female gender were the strongest risk factors for asthma in early adulthood, while female gender and passive smoking in infancy were independent infantile risk factors. The effects of early passive smoking persist longer than previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Göteborg University, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goksör
authors.forename: Mainor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amark
authors.forename: Bernt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wennergren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution