title: Direct evidence that receptor site-4 of sodium channel gating modifiers is not dipped in the phospholipid bilayer of neuronal membranes.
abstract: In a recent note to Nature, R. MacKinnon has raised the possibility that potassium channel gating modifiers are able to partition in the phospholipid bilayer of neuronal membranes and that by increasing their partial concentration adjacent to their receptor, they affect channel function with apparent high affinity (Lee and MacKinnon (2004) Nature 430, 232-235). This suggestion was adopted by Smith et al. (Smith, J. J., Alphy, S., Seibert, A. L., and Blumenthal, K. M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 11127-11133), who analyzed the partitioning of sodium channel modifiers in liposomes. They found that certain modifiers were able to partition in these artificial membranes, and on this basis, they have extrapolated that scorpion beta-toxins interact with their channel receptor in a similar mechanism as that proposed by MacKinnon. Since this hypothesis has actually raised a new conception, we examined it in binding assays using a number of pharmacologically distinct scorpion beta-toxins and insect and mammalian neuronal membrane preparations, as well as by analyzing the rate by which the toxin effect on gating of Drosophila DmNa(v)1 and rat brain rNa(v)1.2a develops. We show that in general, scorpion beta-toxins do not partition in neuronal membranes and that in the case in which a depressant beta-toxin partitions in insect neuronal membranes, this partitioning is unrelated to its interaction with the receptor site and the effect on the gating properties of the sodium channel. These results negate the hypothesis that the high affinity of beta-toxins for sodium channels is gained by their ability to partition in the phospholipid bilayer and clearly indicate that the receptor site for scorpion beta-toxins is accessible to the extracellular solvent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Department d'Ingenierie et d'Etudes des Proteines, C.E. Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gilles
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Izhar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karbat
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Nitza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ilan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: dgordon@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: mamgur@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurevitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D004330:Drosophila; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D018075:RNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D010743:Phospholipids; D018075:RNA, Complementary; D012604:Scorpion Venoms; D015222:Sodium Channels; D012997:Solvents