title: Predicting hypoxia in cystic fibrosis patients during exposure to high altitudes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)-related partial respiratory insufficiency and reduced arterial oxygen tension at ground level, the mild hypobaric environment on commercial jet aircraft poses the risk of severe hypoxemia. Thus, physicians should be able to estimate the extent of in-flight hypoxia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To derive tools for estimating the expected drop in arterial oxygen partial pressure (paO(2)) and oxygen saturation (saO(2)) in young adult CF patients with mild to moderate airway obstruction during exposure to the hypobaric conditions aboard commercial aircraft and to test the predictive power of a hypobaric chamber simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood gases of 12 CF patients were measured at ground level, at two altitudes in a hypobaric chamber (2000 and 3000 m) and during two 3.5-h flights at cabin altitudes of 1855 m and 1700 m. The altitude dependence of paO(2) and saO(2) in the chamber and during the flights was calculated and results were used to derive estimation equations for in-flight values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the chamber, saO(2) decreased by 0.33% per 100 m vertical ascent, and this rate increased significantly at altitudes >2000 m. Predicted saO(2) differed from in-flight value by <5%, and agreement between in-flight saO(2) decrease rate and chamber data was good. paO(2) decreased at a rate of 0.99 mm Hg/100 m in the chamber and by 1.33 mm Hg/100 m during flights. None of the subjects showed any clinical symptoms during the flights and the chamber simulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During our worst-case scenario, i.e. the hypobaric chamber simulation at 3000 m, 90% of patients tolerated paO(2) values below the commonly recommended threshold of 50 mm Hg, probably due to adaptation to chronic hypoxemia and lung function impairment. We propose the following equations for an estimation of the expected extent of in-flight hypoxemia in CF patients with mild to moderate airway obstruction and a flight duration of up to 3.5 h: -paO2[Alt]=paO2[ground] -1.33 x Alt[mm Hg], and -saO2[Alt]=saO2[ground] -0.33 x Alt [%], with Alt=altitude in 100 m. In addition to the overall clinical situation of a patient, these equations will serve as a practical supportive tool for the assessment of the fitness to fly in the primary care setting.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Mainz University, 55101 Mainz, Germany. kamin@kinder.klinik.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kamin
authors.forename: Birthe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: Dirk-Mathias
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thews
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thielen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014195:Travel