title: Effectiveness of excimer laser-assisted pacing and ICD lead extraction in children and young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High capture thresholds, decreased electrical sensing, and lead fractures continue to be a problem in children undergoing transvenous pacing. The clinician must therefore decide at the time of pacing system revision to either abandon chronically implanted transvenous pacing leads or extract them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report our experience using an excimer laser-assisted (LA) strategy for removing chronically implanted pacing (36) and implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) (7) leads in children and young adults. The study population consisted of 25 patients, in whom 29 procedures were performed. The patients ranged in age from 8.4 to 39.9 years, median age was 13.9 years, at the time of the extraction procedure. In all procedures, a Spectranectics locking stylet and excimer laser sheath were used to assist in lead extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lead removal was complete for 39 (91%) leads, and partial for four leads. In two patients, the pacing lead tip was retained and in two, the ring electrode from a bipolar pacing lead was left in situ. All ICD leads were removed completely. Two major complications occurred--cardiac perforation and tamponade (1), and thrombosis of the left subclavian/innominate vein (1). LA extraction facilitated the implantation of new pacing or ICD leads in three patients with obstructed venous access.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of pacing and ICD leads using an excimer LA technique was highly successful. Lead removal was complete in 91%. The most common indication for lead removal in our study was lead fracture. Complications were few, but may be significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, USA. jmoak@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moak
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Freedenberg
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramwell
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skeete
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020878:Device Removal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016896:Treatment Outcome