title: Estimation of the minimum number of Leishmania major amastigotes required for infecting Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease in which Leishmania parasites are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Amastigotes are ingested by the sand fly vector with a blood meal taken from an infected host. This is followed by their differentiation into metacyclic promastigotes which are selectively released and permitted to migrate interiorly so as to make them available for transmission by bite. However, the actual number of amastigotes ingested by the sand fly in the blood meal is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the minimum number of Leishmania major amastigotes required to cause an infection in Phlebotomus duboscqi following an infective blood meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research institute, Nairobi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dissection of all fed sand flies at six days post-infective blood meal revealed that blood containing one amastigote per 0.3 microl in a total volume of 0.5 ml was able to cause an infection in the sand flies, but very few sand flies got infected (7.6% and 9.6% respectively). Concentrations of ten amastigotes per 0.3 microl in 0.5 ml gave infection rates of 35.4% and 26.3% respectively, suggesting that even when the concentration of amastigotes in a bloodmeal was high, not all sand flies feeding on it were able to pick up the parasites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggests that one amastigote is sufficient to cause an infection to a sand fly and as a result of multiplication in the gut and the existence of mechanisms that increase the number of infective bites delivered by a female sand fly they are able to sustain the transmission of leishmaniasis in an area.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anjili
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langat
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lugalia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mwanyumba
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngumbi
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mbati
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Githure
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tonui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000469:parasitology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000469:parasitology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins