title: Oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs: computer simulation of fraction absorbed in humans from a miniscale dissolution test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a new system for computer simulation to predict fraction absorbed (F(a)) of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II (low solubility-high permeability) drugs after oral administration to humans, from a miniscale dissolution test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human oral absorption of 12 lipophilic drugs was simulated theoretically by using the dissolution and permeation parameters of the drugs. A miniscale dissolution test and a solubility study were carried out in a conventional buffer and a biorelevant medium (pH 6.5). A dissolution parameter, which can simulate in vivo dissolution, was obtained from the in vitro dissolution curve. Human intestinal permeability was estimated assuming that the permeation was limited by diffusion through the unstirred water layer. The F(a) in humans was predicted and then compared with clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dissolution and solubility of most model drugs were faster and higher in a biorelevant medium than in a conventional buffer. The simulated absorption was limited by the drug dissolution rate and/or solubility. Predicted F(a) was significantly correlated with clinical data (correlation coefficient r2 = 0.82, p < 0.001) when the dissolution profiles in biorelevant medium were used for the simulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new system quantitatively simulated human absorption and would be beneficial for the prediction of human F(a) values for BCS class II drugs.
authors.affiliation: Pre-clinical Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan. takanorus@chugai-pharm.co.jp
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Kiyohiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higashida
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aso
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D001702:Biopharmaceutics; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D006118:Griseofulvin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010078:Oxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D010078:Oxazines; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014867:Water; D006118:Griseofulvin; D007559:Ivermectin; C098320:efavirenz