title: Hospital consumption of antibiotics in 15 European countries: results of the ESAC Retrospective Data Collection (1997-2002).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To collect reliable, comparable and publicly available data on hospital use of antibiotics in Europe aggregated at the national level (1997-2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consumption data of systemic antibiotics in Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) class J01 were collected and expressed in defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day. Valid data for 2002 were available for 15 countries, and 6 year trends for 10 countries. Comparison with ambulatory care (AC) consumption data was possible in 14 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2002, median national hospital antibiotic consumption in Europe was 2.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in Europe, ranging from 3.9 in Finland and France to 1.3 in Norway and Sweden. Hospital care (HC) consumption as a proportion of total antibiotic consumption ranged from 17.8% to 6.4%. The consumption of hospital-specific antibiotics ranged from 0.43 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in Greece and 0.08 in Sweden. Six-year trends in consumption were stable, except for rising co-amoxiclav exposure and more rapid market penetration of new antibiotics (e.g. levofloxacin) in some countries. There was a strong, positive correlation between the extent of antibiotic use in AC and in HC (Spearman coefficient 0.745; P = 0.002), both for overall use and for use of five main classes (not macrolides and 'others'). In contrast to AC consumption no substantial seasonal variation in consumption was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was cumbersome but feasible to collect ecological data on hospital antibiotic consumption in a set of 15 European countries on a retrospective basis, illustrating substantial cross-national variations in the extent and distribution of exposure to antibiotics in hospital care.
authors.affiliation: ESAC Management Team, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Vander Stichele
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elseviers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferech
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blot
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goossens
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003625:Data Collection; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004469:Economics, Hospital; D005060:Europe; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents