title: Extracorporeal shockwaves induce the expression of ATF3 and GAP-43 in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.
abstract: Although extracorporeal shockwave has been applied in the treatment of various diseases, the biological basis for its analgesic effect remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the dorsal root ganglion neurons of rats following shockwave exposure to the footpad to elucidate its effect on the peripheral nervous system. We used activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and growth-associated phosphoprotein (GAP-43) as markers for nerve injury and axonal regeneration, respectively. The average number of neurons immunoreactive for ATF3 increased significantly in the treated rats at all experimental time points, with 78.3% of those neurons also exhibiting immunoreactivity for GAP-43. Shockwave exposure induced injury of the sensory nerve fibers within the exposed area. This phenomenon may be linked to the desensitization of the exposure area, not the cause of pain, considering clinical research with a particular absence of painful adverse effect. Subsequent active axonal regeneration may account for the reinnervation of exposed area and the amelioration of the desensitization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Children's Hospital, Japan. drryokun@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohtori
authors.forename: Nobuyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Norimasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saisu
authors.forename: Hideshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D019922:GAP-43 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; C497108:Atf3 protein, rat; D015415:Biomarkers; D019922:GAP-43 Protein