title: Computer-assisted, fluoroscopy-based ventral spondylodesis of thoracolumbar fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design and evaluate a novel computer-assisted, fluoroscopy-based planning and navigation system for minimally invasive ventral spondylodesis of thoracolumbar fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instruments and an image intensifier are tracked with the SurgiGATE navigation system (Praxim-Medivision). Two fluoroscopic images, one acquired from anterior-posterior (AP) direction and the other from lateral-medial (LM) direction, are used for the complete procedure of planning and navigation. Both of them are calibrated with a custom-made software to recover their projection geometry and to co-register them to a common patient reference coordinate system, which is established by attaching an opto-electronically trackable dynamic reference base (DRB) on the operated vertebra. A bi-planar landmark reconstruction method is used to acquire deep-seated anatomical landmarks such that an intraoperative planning of graft bed can be interactively done. Finally, surgical actions such as the placement of the stabilization devices and the formation of the graft bed using a custom-made chisel are visualized to the surgeon by superimposing virtual instrument representations onto the acquired images. The distance between the instrument tip and each wall of the planned graft bed are calculated on the fly and presented to the surgeon so that the surgeon could formalize the graft bed exactly according to his/her plan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laboratory studies on phantom and on 27 plastic vertebras demonstrate the high precision of the proposed navigation system. Compared with CT-based measurement, a mean error of 1.0 mm with a standard deviation of 0.1 mm was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed computer assisted, fluoroscopy-based planning and navigation system promises to increase the accuracy and reliability of minimally invasive ventral spondylodesis of thoracolumbar fractures.
authors.affiliation: MEM Research Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Guoyan.Zheng@MEMcenter.unibe.ch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ploss
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marzi
authors.forename: L-P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D003201:Computers; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed