title: Emergency department visits among pediatric patients for sports-related injury: basic epidemiology and impact of race/ethnicity and insurance status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To characterize the demographics and external causes of pediatric sports injury-related visits (SIRVs) to emergency departments (EDs). (2) To analyze the effect of race/ethnicity and insurance on SIRVs to EDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified random-sample cross-sectional survey of EDs in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was conducted from 1997-2001; for patients younger than 19 years, we used all visits [n = 33,654; injury-related visits (IRVs) = 13,496, SIRVs = 2990]. We examined both the external cause codes and the actual verbatim text of all IRVs. National estimates of pediatric IRVs were obtained using the assigned patient visit weights in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey databases and SUDAAN 9.1 software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sports injuries resulted in 2.5 million visits annually, or 23% of ED IRVs. Male sex, older age (6-18 years), and white race/ethnicity are associated with higher rates of SIRVs. Cycling, basketball, playground injuries, and football resulted in the largest numbers of ED SIRVs. Leading diagnoses for SIRVs included fractures and dislocations, sprains and strains, open wounds, and contusions. Hispanic race/ethnicity was associated with lower rates of SIRVs across all insurance types. After controlling for demographic factors and insurance, Hispanic children were less likely to have an SIRV than white children (odds ratio, 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sports and recreation are the leading causes of pediatric ED IRVs. Hispanic children, regardless of insurance status, had lower rates of SIRVs than white children, which helps explain the lower rate of nonfatal IRVs to EDs among Hispanic youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, USA. Tamara.Simon@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Tamara D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bublitz
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hambidge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology