title: Paternal insulin resistance and its association with umbilical cord insulin concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal growth is influenced by genetic factors as well as the intra-uterine environment. We hypothesised that some genetic factors may alter fetal insulin secretion and insulin action.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess this, we analysed plasma insulin concentration in umbilical cord blood from 644 normal, term, UK Caucasian deliveries from the Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health. We tested for associations between cord insulin and each of parental anthropometry, fasting glucose, insulin and lipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, cord insulin concentrations correlated with all measures of birth size (weight, length, head and arm circumferences, sum of skinfold thicknesses, ponderal index: r=0.16-0.4, p<0.01 for all) and maternal BMI (r=0.11, p=0.005), maternal glucose (r=0.25, p<0.001) and maternal insulin resistance (r=0.23, p<0.001). Paternal fasting insulin and insulin resistance were correlated with cord insulin (r=0.15, p=0.006; r=0.13, p=0.001, respectively), and this was independent of paternal BMI. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed paternal insulin resistance to be a predictor of cord insulin concentrations, independently of maternal factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show an independent relationship between paternal insulin resistance and cord insulin concentrations. This is consistent with heritability of insulin resistance from father to offspring and a compensatory increase in fetal insulin secretion, the latter occurring pre-natally before the homeostatic feedback loop between glucose and insulin is established.
authors.affiliation: Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilkins-Wall
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shakespeare
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannemann
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin