Impact of obesity and insulin resistance on vasomotor tone: nitric oxide and beyond.
1. Obesity is rapidly increasing in Western populations, driving a parallel increase in hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease. Prior to the development of overt diabetes or hypertension, obese patients spend years in a state of progressive insulin resistance and metabolic disease. Mounting evidence suggests that this insulin-resistant state has deleterious effects on the control of blood flow, thus placing organ systems at a higher risk for end-organ damage and increasing cardiovascular mortality. 2. The purpose of the present review is to examine the current literature on the effects of obesity and insulin resistance on the acute control of vascular tone. Effects on nitric oxide (NO)-mediated control of vascular tone are particularly examined with regard to proximal causes and distal mechanisms of the impaired NO-mediation of vasodilation. 3. Finally, novel pathways of impaired control of perfusion are summarized from the recent literature to identify new avenues of exploring impaired vascular function in patients with metabolic disease.
Stepp
David W
DW
Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2500, USA. dstepp@mail.mcg.edu
D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016232:Endothelins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014664:Vasodilation
D016232:Endothelins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009638:Norepinephrine