title: A controlled longitudinal 5-year follow-up study of children at high and low risk for panic disorder and major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders in children of parents with panic disorder (PD) and major depression (MD) as they transition through the period of risk from childhood into adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 5-year follow-up, we compared psychiatric disorders in four groups of children: (1) offspring of parents with PD plus MD (n=136); (2) offspring of parents with PD without MD (n=27); (3) offspring of parents with MD but without PD (n=53); and (4) offspring of non-PD non-MD parents (n=103).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental PD was significantly associated with increased risk for anxiety disorders, irrespective of parental MD. Parental MD was associated with increased risk for MD, disruptive behavior disorders, and deficits in psychosocial functioning, irrespective of parental PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These longitudinal findings confirm and extend previous cross-sectional results documenting significant associations between PD and MD in parents and patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in their offspring.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: Dina R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hirshfeld-Becker
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henin
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jakubowski
authors.forename: Jerrold F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012917:Social Adjustment