title: [The substitution effect of leadership substitutes for transformational leadership in nursing organization].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper was conducted to examine the effects of transformational leadership behaviors, within the substitutes for leadership model (Kerr & Jermier, 1978).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected from 181 staff nurses in 3 general hospitals, with self-reporting questionnaires (MLQ developed by Bass, rd-SLS developed by Podsakoff, et al., and MSQ developed by Weiss, et al.). Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and moderated regression analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) The transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership each had correlations with job satisfaction. 2) The total amount of variance accounted for by the substitutes for leadership was substantially greater than by the transformational leadership behaviors. 3) Few of the substitutes variables moderated the relationships between the transformational leader behaviors and job satisfaction in a manner consistent with that specified by Howell, Dorfman, and Kerr (1986).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of this study suggest that leaders need to have a better understanding of those contextual variables that influence job satisfaction. Thus future research should focus attention on the moderating effects of substitutes, as well as the things that leaders can do to influence them. In addition, it may be good to examine the effects of substitutes on other criterion variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Medical School, Cheju National University, 1, Ara-1 dong, Jeju-city, Jeju-Do 690-756, Korea. snukjh@cheju.ac.kr
authors.forename: Jeong-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory; D010557:Personnel Administration, Hospital / Q000379:methods; D012044:Regression Analysis