title: Modeling the role of incisures in vertebrate phototransduction.
abstract: Phototransduction is mediated by a G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated cascade, activated by light and localized to rod outer segment (ROS) disk membranes, which, in turn, drives a diffusion process of the second messengers cGMP and Ca2+ in the ROS cytosol. This process is hindered by disks-which, however, bear physical cracks, known as incisures, believed to favor the longitudinal diffusion of cGMP and Ca2+. This article is aimed at highlighting the biophysical functional role and significance of incisures, and their effect on the local and global response of the photocurrent. Previous work on this topic regarded the ROS as well stirred in the radial variables, lumped the diffusion mechanism on the longitudinal axis of the ROS, and replaced the cytosolic diffusion coefficients by effective ones, accounting for incisures through their total patent area only. The fully spatially resolved model recently published by our group is a natural tool to take into account other significant details of incisures, including their geometry and distribution. Using mathematical theories of homogenization and concentrated capacity, it is shown here that the complex diffusion process undergone by the second messengers cGMP and Ca2+ in the ROS bearing incisures can be modeled by a family of two-dimensional diffusion processes on the ROS cross sections, glued together by other two-dimensional diffusion processes, accounting for diffusion in the ROS outer shell and in the bladelike regions comprised by the stack of incisures. Based on this mathematical model, a code has been written, capable of incorporating an arbitrary number of incisures and activation sites, with any given arbitrary distribution within the ROS. The code is aimed at being an operational tool to perform numerical experiments of phototransduction, in rods with incisures of different geometry and structure, under a wide spectrum of operating conditions. The simulation results show that incisures have a dual biophysical function. On the one hand, since incisures line up from disk to disk, they create vertical cytoplasmic channels crossing the disks, thus facilitating diffusion of second messengers; on the other hand, at least in those species bearing multiple incisures, they divide the disks into lobes like the petals of a flower, thus confining the diffusion of activated phosphodiesterase and localizing the photon response. Accordingly, not only the total area of incisures, but their geometrical shape and distribution as well, significantly influence the global photoresponse.
authors.affiliation: Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bisegna
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andreucci
authors.forename: Heidi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: Emmanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: DiBenedetto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011898:Ranidae; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium