title: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates aortic calcification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arterial calcification has been associated with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated elastin degradation. In this study, we investigated whether inhibiting MMP activity could reduce calcium accumulation in rodent models of aortic calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortic calcification was first induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of vitamin D3. Treatment with doxycycline decreased aortic calcium and phosphorus accumulation, and it reduced aortic gelatinase levels; however, it also prevented the bone resorption associated with high doses of vitamin D3. Using an in vivo model of localized aortic calcification, systemic doxycycline treatment reduced aortic calcium accumulation without affecting serum calcium levels, suggesting a more specific effect of doxycycline in the arterial wall. In organ culture, doxycycline limited aortic calcification caused by exposure to alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphate. When GM6001, a synthetic and specific inhibitor of MMPs, was used instead of doxycycline, it had a similar effect. In vivo, periadventitial delivery of GM6001 to calcifying arteries significantly reduced calcification compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that MMPs are involved in aortic calcification, and inhibiting MMP activity could reduce calcium accumulation in the arterial wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Corriere
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Matrisian
authors.forename: Raul J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Guzman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000201:enzymology; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; C078131:N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D004318:Doxycycline; D002118:Calcium