title: Pubertal development predicts resistance to infection and reinfection with Schistosoma japonicum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In communities where Schistosoma species are endemic, the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis is disproportionately high among children, compared with adults. This epidemiologic pattern is consistent with either the slow development of resistance or the requirement of host developmental changes for the expression of resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 87 individuals aged 7-18 years who did not have Schistosoma japonicum infection and 641 individuals aged 7-30 years with S. japonicum infection, all of whom reside in 3 villages in Leyte, Philippines. At baseline, S. japonicum infection was assessed by Kato-Katz thick-smear stool examination, and the levels of the pubertal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in serum were determined. Individuals with S. japonicum infection were treated with praziquantel, after which stool examination and DHEA-S level measurement were performed every 3 months for 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cross-sectional analyses, the intensity of infection among individuals with high DHEA-S levels was 43% lower (28 eggs per g, n = 243), compared with individuals with low DHEA-S levels (50 eggs per g, n = 242), even after adjusting for age, sex, and village (P = .01). Following praziquantel treatment, increased DHEA-S levels were associated with resistance to reinfection (P = .006). The intensity of reinfection among individuals with high DHEA-S levels was 42% lower, compared with individuals with low DHEA-S levels, even after adjusting for age, baseline intensity of S. japonicum infection, village, sex and water contact (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased DHEA-S levels in serum, a marker for adrenal development, is associated with reduced S. japonicum infection and reinfection, even after adjusting for age and, by proxy, cumulative exposure. These data suggest that an intrinsic property of host pubertal development mediates, in part, the resistance to infection observed in older individuals.
authors.affiliation: Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Jonathan_Kurtis@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kurtis
authors.forename: Jennifer F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Tjalling
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leenstra
authors.forename: Gretchen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.forename: Hai-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Daria L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Manalo
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiz
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jarilla
authors.forename: Archie O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Pablo
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McGarvey
authors.forename: Remigio M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Olveda
authors.forename: Luz P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Acosta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D012554:Schistosomiasis japonica / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D011223:Praziquantel