title: Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease. A 3-year national case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease (LD) have been studied in the past, well before the widespread introduction of the urinary antigen test. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the concomitant decrease in underdiagnosis on established and unknown risk factors for LD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2001, 228 LD cases and 293 controls were included for a national case-control study. Patients were included upon notification provided that they fulfilled international criteria for confirmed LD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A history of diabetes mellitus, current tobacco smoking, travelling abroad, spending one or more nights away from home not leaving the country and being a driver by profession were independent risk factors. LD patients who had travelled abroad during their incubation period differed from LD patients who had not. They appeared healthier than non- or domestic travellers with respect to a history of coronary disease, pulmonary disease, current use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressives and any medication. Also the environmental risk factors differed significantly for the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of two distinct populations of LD patients calls for a differentiated preventive strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Municipal Health Service Kennemerland, Westergracht 72, P.O. Box 5514, 2000 GM Haarlem, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands. jwdenboer@hdk.nl
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Den Boer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nijhof
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Friesema
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000276:immunology; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial