title: Application of microwave-assisted extraction to the analysis of PCBs and CBzs in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators.
abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) are two classes of dioxin precursors formed in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) producing negative health effects similar to those of dioxins. Reducing the analytical time required for determining the concentrations of these compounds in MSWIs is important for quickly evaluating their importance and associated health risks. In the present study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is compared with traditional Soxhlet extraction (SE) to determine the extraction efficiencies attained for PCB and CBz analysis. The efficiencies of MAE are compared with those of SE under various experimental conditions, using fly ash spiked with standards. Water is used as a safe and environmentally friendly solvent in MAE for PCB and CBz analyses and MAE has high extraction efficiency for spiked fly ash compared with that of SE. Furthermore, the extraction time and organic solvent consumption are reduced with MAE compared with SE. The optimum conditions for MAE established in this study are using a 30-ml volume of toluene/acetone (1/1) or a 15-ml volume of toluene, samples with less than 60% water content (WC), and an irradiation time of 15 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban & Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaoka
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oshita
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D060729:Coal Ash; D004147:Dioxins / Q000737:chemistry; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry; D017745:Incineration; D007221:Industry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008872:Microwaves; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D060729:Coal Ash; D004147:Dioxins; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls