title: Novel beta-1,3-, 1,6-oligoglucan elicitor from Alternaria alternata 102 for defense responses in tobacco.
abstract: A novel elicitor that induces chitinases in tobacco BY-2 cells was isolated from Alternaria alternata 102. Six other fungi, including A. alternata IFO 6587, could not induce, or weakly induce chitinase activity. The purified elicitor was soluble in 75% methanol and showed the chitinase-inducing activity when applied at concentrations of as low as 25 ng x mL(-1). Structural determination by methylation analysis, reducing-end analysis, MALDI-TOF/MS, and NMR spectroscopy indicated that the elicitor was a mixture of beta-1,3-, 1,6-oligoglucans mostly with a degree of polymerization of between 8 and 17. Periodate oxidation of the elicitor suggested that the 1,6-linked and nonreducing terminal residues are essential for the elicitor activity. Further analysis of the elicitor responses in BY-2 cells indicated that the activity of this beta-1,3-, 1,6-glucan elicitor was about 1000 times more potent than that of laminarin, which is a known elicitor of defense responses in tobacco. Analyzing the expression of defense-related genes indicated that a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene and a coumaroyl-CoA O-methyltransferase gene were transiently expressed by this beta-1,3-, 1,6-glucan elicitor. The elicitor induced a weak oxidative burst but did not induce cell death in the BY-2 cells. In the tissue of tobacco plants, this beta-1,3-, 1,6-glucan elicitor induced the expression of basic PR-3 genes, the phenylpropanoid pathway genes, and the sesquiterpenoid pathway genes. In comparison with laminarin and laminarin sulfate, which are reported to be potent elicitors of defense responses in tobacco, the expression pattern of genes induced by the purified beta-1,3-, 1,6-glucan elicitor was more similar to that induced by laminarin than to that induced by laminarin sulfate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinya
authors.forename: Rozenn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ménard
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kozone
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kauffmann
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Mikako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002688:Chitinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005936:Glucans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D002688:Chitinases