title: Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003.
abstract: We reviewed the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of 89 reported outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease affecting 4321 people in England and Wales over the period 1992-2003. Public water supplies were implicated in 24 outbreaks (27%), private water supplies in 25 (28%), swimming pools in 35 (39%) and other sources in five outbreaks (6%). Cryptosporidium was implicated in 69% of outbreaks, Campylobacter sp. in 14%, Giardia in 2%, E. coli O157 in 3% and Astrovirus in 1%. From 2000, there was a consistent decline in the number of outbreaks of waterborne disease associated with public water supplies. The incidence rate of outbreaks in recipients of private water supplies may be as high as 35 times the rate in those receiving public water supplies (1830 vs. 53 per million population). Private water suppliers need to be aware of the importance of adequate treatment and the prevention of faecal contamination of storage water. Swimming-pool operators need to ensure chlorination and in particular adequate filtration measures are in place.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections London, UK. alan.smith@dh.gsi.gov.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reacher
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smerdon
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Adak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chalmers
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013550:Swimming; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*