title: Proteinuria, impaired kidney function, and adverse outcomes in people with coronary disease: analysis of a previously conducted randomised trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether data on proteinuria are useful for refining estimates of risk based on kidney function alone, and whether the results of kidney function tests can be a useful adjunct to data on proteinuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data from a randomised trial. Impaired kidney function was defined as low glomerular filtration rate (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and proteinuria (> or = 1+ protein) on dipstick urinalysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study of cholesterol and recurrent events: a randomised trial of pravastatin 40 mg daily versus placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  4098 men and women with previous myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause mortality and cardiovascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  371 participants died in nearly 60 months of follow-up. Compared with participants without proteinuria or impaired kidney function, patients with both characteristics were at high risk (hazard ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.72 to 3.30), and those with only proteinuria or only impaired kidney function were at intermediate risk (1.69, 1.32 to 2.16; 1.41, 1.12 to 1.79, respectively) of dying from any cause. The results were similar for cardiovascular outcomes, including new cases of heart failure, stroke, and coronary death or non-fatal myocardial infarction. A graded increase in the risk of all cause mortality was seen for severity of renal impairment and degree of proteinuria by dipstick.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence or absence of proteinuria on dipstick urinalysis may be used to refine estimates of risk based on kidney function alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2C3.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonelli
authors.forename: Powell
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Curhan
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braunwald
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality