title: Gene expression patterns in the developing murine placenta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Successful placental development is crucial for optimal growth, maturation, and survival of the embryo/fetus. To examine genetic aspects of placental development, we investigated gene expression patterns in the murine placenta at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), E12.5, E15.5, and E17.5.
  
  
  METHODS
  By use of the Affymetrix MU74A array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA), we measured expression levels for 12,473 probe sets. Using pairwise analysis we selected 622 probe sets, corresponding to 599 genes, that were up- or down-regulated by more than fourfold between time points E10.5 and E12.5, E12.5 and E15.5, E15.5 and E17.5. We analyzed and functionally annotated those genes regulated during development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparing E10.5 to E12.5 we found that angiogenesis and fatty acid metabolism and transport related genes were up-regulated at E10.5, while genes involved in hormonal control and ribosomal proteins were up-regulated at E12.5. When comparing E12.5 to E15.5 we noted that genes involved in the cell cycle and RNA metabolism were strongly up-regulated at E12.5, while genes involved in cellular transport were up-regulated at E15.5. Finally, when comparing E15.5 to E17.5, we found genes related to cell cycle control, genes expressed in the nucleus and involved in RNA metabolism were up-regulated at E17.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microarray analysis has allowed us to describe gene expression patterns and profiles in the developing mouse placenta. Further analysis has demonstrated that several functional classes are up- and down-regulated at specific time points in placental development. These changes may have significant implications for placental development in the human.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Ciprian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gheorghe
authors.forename: Subburaman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Lawrence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Longo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010929:Placentation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D015854:Up-Regulation