title: Increased TNF-alpha and decreased TGF-beta expression in peripheral blood leukocytes after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: Inflammation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Counteracting pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of serum cytokines have been reported, but the relevance of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta and IL-6 gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes and their contribution to systemic inflammation in atherosclerosis, especially after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), has not been investigated yet. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we determined temporal cytokine mRNA expression alterations in blood cells from patients with AMI (n = 51). Serum cytokine concentrations were analyzed in parallel using the ELISA technique. TNF-alpha mRNA expression rates and serum concentrations were significantly elevated in AMI patients compared to controls (n = 77), while mRNA expression and serum content of TGF-beta were decreased. Interestingly, we found no statistically significant correlation between transcript and protein levels, indicating that gene expression in leukocytes may be an independent sign for systemic inflammation. While IL-6 was significantly increased in serum from AMI patients with positive correlation to left ventricular dysfunction and negative correlation to ejection fraction, IL-6 mRNA levels did not differ between patients and controls. Gene expression alterations indicate a sophisticated regulation of counteracting TNF-alpha and TGF-beta cytokine expression in peripheral blood leukocytes after AMI with bias towards a pro-inflammatory situation.
authors.affiliation: German Diabetes Clinic, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. kerstin.kempf@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haltern
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Füth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller-Scholze
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gülker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha