title: Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few national or cross-cultural studies of the stigma associated with mental disorders. Australia and Japan have different systems of psychiatric health care, and distinct differences in cultural values, but enjoy similar standards of living. This study seeks to compare the nature and extent of stigma among the public in the two countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A household survey of the public was conducted in each country using similar methodologies. The Australian study comprised a national survey of 3998 adults aged over 18 years. The Japanese survey involved 2000 adults aged 20 to 69 from 25 regional sites distributed across the country. Interviewees reported their personal attitudes (personal stigma, social distance) and perceptions of the attitudes of others (perceived stigma, perceived discrimination) in the community with respect to four case vignettes. These vignettes described a person with: depression; depression with suicidal ideation; early schizophrenia; and chronic schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Personal stigma and social distance were typically greater among the Japanese than the Australian public whereas the reverse was true with respect to the perception of the attitudes and discriminatory behaviour of others. In both countries, personal stigma was significantly greater than perceived stigma. The public in both countries showed evidence of greater social distance, greater personal stigma and greater perceived stigma for schizophrenia (particularly in its chronic form) than for depression. There was little evidence of a difference in stigma for depression with and without suicide for either country. However, social distance was greater for chronic compared to early schizophrenia for the Australian public.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stigmatising attitudes were common in both countries, but negative attitudes were greater among the Japanese than the Australian public. The results suggest that there is a need to implement national public awareness interventions tailored to the needs of each country. The current results provide a baseline for future tracking of national stigma levels in each country.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia. kathy.griffiths@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Yoshibumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakane
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jorm
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D011639:Public Opinion; D012924:Social Conditions