title: Invited commentary: Considerations about specificity of associations, causal pathways, and heterogeneity in multilevel thinking.
authors.affiliation: Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2548, USA. sgalea@umich.edu
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population