title: Antecedents and concomitants of parenting stress in adolescent mothers in foster care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study's aim was to examine variables associated with different short-term trajectories in multiply disadvantaged adolescent mothers by investigating antecedents and concomitants of parenting stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 49 adolescent mothers (ages 14-18 at study outset) who were wards in Illinois foster care using a longitudinal correlational design. We examined whether parenting variables (childrearing beliefs, quality of parent-child interactions, and child abuse risk) and personal adjustment variables (emotional distress and social support) at initial assessment predicted parenting stress measured at follow-up (a mean of 22.5 months later). We also examined concurrent relationships between parenting stress and mothers' adaptive functioning in educational, social support, and childbirth areas at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that parenting variables, but not personal adjustment variables, predicted later parenting stress. Results also showed that current adaptive functioning was significantly related to parenting stress. Specifically, educational status and social support predicted concurrent parenting stress, whereas number of childbirths did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings extend the small literature on the link between parenting difficulties and parenting stress to adolescent mothers in foster care. Parenting challenges, particularly as reflected in unrealistic childrearing expectations, appear to be markers for later parenting stress. Considering the longitudinal relationships observed, early and periodic assessment of adolescent mothers' parenting knowledge, skills, and interactions is recommended. Also, given that this study found concurrent social support and educational status to covary with current parental stress, these variables, and others for which they may serve as proxy, are implicated for careful monitoring.
authors.affiliation: DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Budd
authors.forename: Michelle J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
authors.forename: Kathy D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: HoganBruen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires