title: Phylogeography of the genus Cardiandra based on genetic variation in cpDNA sequences.
abstract: We investigated the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cardiandra based on plastid DNA sequences. The phylogenetic tree showed that Cardiandra populations from the Ryukyu Islands (Japan) and Taiwan were monophyletic (Ryukyu-Taiwan clade), whereas taxa from China and mainland Japan were sisters to this clade. The divergence time between the Ryukyu-Taiwan clade and the other species was estimated to be 0.082 MYA, i.e., the late Pleistocene. The infrageneric and/or infraspecific differentiation of Cardiandra is estimated to have depended largely on allopatric differentiation caused by the presence or division of the past landbridge of the Ryukyu Islands, which connected mainland Japan to the Asian Continent during the Quaternary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. seto@botany.mbox.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Setoguchi
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yukawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokuoka
authors.forename: Arata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Momohara
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sogo
authors.forename: Tokushiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takaso
authors.forename: Ching-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics*; D003710:Demography; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005843:Geography; D029628:Hydrangeaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast