title: Internal barium shielding to minimize fetal irradiation in spiral chest CT: a phantom simulation experiment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a phantom to prospectively examine the attenuating effect of barium sulfate as an internal shield to protect the fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an adult-size phantom, 1- and 2-cm-thick acrylic slabs containing 315 or 630 mL of water, 2% or 40% barium sulfate suspension, and a 1-mm lead sheet were placed under the diaphragm. In 17 experiments, fetal dose was measured by using thermoluminescent dosimeters that were placed immediately under (near field) and 10 cm below (far field) the water slab (eight experiments), barium sulfate slab (eight experiments), and lead sheet (one experiment). In a pulmonary embolism protocol, the phantom was scanned with single-detector spiral computed tomography (CT) at 130 kVp and 230 mAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The control radiation dose was 3.60 mSv+/-0.54 (standard deviation) with the water slab at near field, where the uterus dome is at near term, and 0.507 mSv+/-0.07 with the water slab at far field, the uterus position during early gestation. Scattered radiation was attenuated 13% and 21% with 2% barium sulfate and 87% and 96% with 40% barium sulfate, as calculated in the near and far fields, respectively, and 99% with the 1-mm lead sheet. The extrapolated attenuations for 5%-40% barium sulfate suspensions indicated that beyond a 30% suspension, attenuation increased further only slightly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results in the phantom experiment suggest that fetal irradiation during maternal chest CT can be reduced substantially with barium shielding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. dyousefz@midway.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yousefzadeh
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Chester
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003964:Diaphragm; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014599:Uterus / Q000528:radiation effects; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D014867:Water; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D007854:Lead