title: Use of transabdominal ultrasonography to determine the location of cryptorchid testes in the horse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transrectal ultrasonography is a reliable technique to identify intra-abdominal testes, but can be hazardous or impractical in fractious, juvenile or small equids. The transabdominal approach therefore requires validation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of transabdominal ultrasonography to localise cryptorchid testes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight horses admitted for cryptorchidism underwent transabdominal ultrasonography to locate errant testes. Location of the testes was confirmed during surgery (n = 37) or necropsy (n = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Horses weighed 175-760 kg. Twenty-two testes were located within the abdomen, 19 in the inguinal space and 3 in a subcutaneous location. In 2 horses, a thick winter coat prevented adequate contact between the probe and the skin, and visualisation of their inguinal testis and one abdominal testis was missed during transabdominal ultrasonography. Excluding the 2 horses with excessive hair, the sensitivity of transabdominal ultrasonography to locate errant testes was 97.6% (93.2% when all horses were included), and its specificity 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transabdominal ultrasonography is a reliable, safe and immediate technique to diagnose cryptorchidism precisely in horses of all ages, sizes and temperaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transabdominal ultrasonography provides an immediate definitive diagnosis of adominal cryptorchidism and should enhance selection of an appropriate surgical approach for their removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Av., Charlottetown, C1A 4P3 Prince Edward Island.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schambourg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcoux
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laverty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*