title: Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular microparticles in healthy men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large body of evidence has accumulated indicating a relation between postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied possible mechanisms underlying the postprandial proatherogenic state by exposing healthy males to two consecutive high-fat mixed meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen healthy males [age 25.4 +/- 3 years, body mass index 23.6 +/- 2 kg m(-2)] were studied during two randomized visits. During the meal visit, subjects consumed standardized meals (50 g of fat, 55 g of carbohydrates and 30 g of proteins) as breakfast and 4 h later as lunch. During the control visit, subjects remained fasted. Prior to each blood collection (before and every 2 h after the first meal), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although within the normal range, postprandial plasma glucose and triacylglycerol concentrations increased significantly, especially after the second meal, as compared with baseline (4.8 +/- 0.3 to 5.4 +/- 0.4, 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 1.7 +/- 0.7 mmol L(-1), respectively; both P < 0.05) and the fasting visit. After the second meal, FMD was significantly impaired (6.9% vs. 3.7%, P < 0.05) whereas oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)/LDL cholesterol ratio and malondialdehyde concentrations were markedly elevated (both P < 0.01). Finally, an increase in total microparticle (MP) numbers was observed during the meal visit (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy males, after two consecutive fat-rich meals, mild elevations in plasma glucose and triacylglycerol were paralleled by impaired FMD, increased markers of oxidative stress and circulating MPs, in particular, after the second meal. These findings may have consequences for subjects with postprandial dysmetabolism, including those with Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology/Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.tushuizen@vumc.nl
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tushuizen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieuwland
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturk
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012016:Reference Values; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein