title: Canine intestinal contents vs. simulated media for the assessment of solubility of two weak bases in the human small intestinal contents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to assess the relative usefulness of canine intestinal contents and simulated media in the prediction of solubility of two weak bases (dipyridamole and ketoconazole) in fasted and fed human intestinal aspirates that were collected under conditions simulating those in bioavailability/bioequivalence studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  After administration of 250 mL of water or 500 mL of Ensure plus [both containing 10 mg/mL polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 as nonabsorbable marker], intestinal aspirates were collected from the fourth part of the duodenum of 12 healthy adults and from the mid-jejunum of four Labradors. Pooled samples were analyzed for PEG, pH, buffer capacity, osmolality, surface tension, pepsin, total carbohydrates, total protein content, bile salts, phospholipids, and neutral lipids. The shake-flask method was used to measure the solubility of dipyridamole and ketoconazole in pooled human and canine intestinal contents and in fasted-state-simulating intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and fed-state-simulating intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) containing various bile salts and pH-buffering agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both compounds, solubility in canine contents may be predictive of human intralumenal solubility in the fasting state but not in the fed state. The poor agreement of results in canine and human aspirates can be attributed to the higher bile salt content in canine bile. Solubility in FaSSIF containing a mixture of bile salts from crude bile predicted satisfactorily the intralumenal solubility of both drugs in the fasted state in humans. Solubility in FeSSIF, regardless of the identity of bile salts or of the buffering species, deviated from intralumenal values in the fed human aspirates by up to 40%. This was attributed to the lack of lipolytic products in FeSSIF, the higher bile salt content of FeSSIF, and the lower pH of FeSSIF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FaSSIF containing a mixture of bile salts from crude bile, and FeSSIF containing lipolytic products and, perhaps, having lower bile salt content but slightly higher pH, should be more useful than canine intestinal aspirates for predicting intralumenal solubilities in humans.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalantzi
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polentarutti
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goumas
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dressman
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reppas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000032:analysis; D002021:Buffers; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000737:chemistry*; D004285:Dogs; D004386:Duodenum; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007583:Jejunum; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012995:Solubility; D013045:Species Specificity; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002021:Buffers; C029401:Ensure Plus; D008055:Lipids; D014812:Vitamin K; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D004176:Dipyridamole; D007654:Ketoconazole