title: High blood pressure and inflammation are associated with poor prognosis in lacunar infarctions.
abstract: Lacunar infarction has long been considered to be associated with good prognosis, however a significant percentage of these patients remain functionally dependent. In this study we sought to investigate the factors associated with poor outcome in patients with lacunar infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have performed a secondary study in 113 patients with lacunar infarctions admitted within the first 24 h of symptom onset (mean age 70 years, 57.5% men). Blood pressure, body temperature, serum glucose levels, neurotransmitters and pro-inflammatory markers were measured at admission and during the first 72 h. Stroke severity was assessed by the Canadian Stroke Scale (CSS). Neuroimaging evaluation was performed at admission and between days 4 and 7. Poor functional outcome was considered as a Barthel index <85 at 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  36 patients (31.9%) had poor outcome. Older age (p = 0.009), history of hypertension (p = 0.005), higher body temperature (p < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.010), serum glucose (p = 0.002) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p < 0.0001) levels, as well as lower CSS score at admission (p < 0.0001) were all predictive factors of poor outcome in bivariate analyses. SBP at admission (OR 2.07, CI 95% 1.04-3.28, p = 0.015) was the only clinical predictor on multivariate analysis. When the logistic model was further adjusted for biomarkers of inflammation and excitotoxicity, IL-6 levels (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.01-1.26, p = 0.003), but not SBP, was independently associated with poor outcome. This association persisted even after adjusting for potential predictors recorded during the first 72 h of hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High SBP and IL-6 levels on admission may predict poor outcome in patients with lacunar infarction.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Yáñez
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sobrino
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leira
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vivancos
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lizasoain
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serena
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dávalos
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castillo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6