title: Radiation benefit and risk at the assessment stage of the UK Breast Screening Programme.
abstract: The balance between benefit and radiation risk in a breast cancer screening programme has received much attention at the initial screening stage. This paper extends that attention to first stage assessment, i.e. the first stage at which women are recalled for further investigation because of suspected lesions or other suspect film features, and prior to any biopsy. Numbers of films, including magnification films, taken at this stage, have been established in two UK regions by different methods. Average total mean glandular dose has been calculated using published data of dose per film from initial screening and a multiplying factor to allow for magnification film dose. It is concluded that the benefit/risk ratio is considerably higher at first stage assessment than at initial screening by a factor of between 4 and 9, because of the very much higher cancer detection rate in this well-defined sub-group of women. Qualitatively, this conclusion is unaffected by the quite wide variation between screening centres in the numbers of films taken at first stage assessment.
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh University Department of Medical Physics, Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faulkner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D018570:Risk Assessment