title: The relation between size at birth and risk of type 1 diabetes is not influenced by adjustment for the insulin gene (-23HphI) polymorphism or HLA-DQ genotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Associations have been described between higher birthweight and increased risk of type 1 diabetes, and of insulin (INS) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes that protect against diabetes with larger size at birth. We studied simultaneously the effects of size at birth, INS and HLA genotypes on the risk of type 1 diabetes to test whether the relation between size at birth and risk of type 1 diabetes would be strengthened after adjustment for INS and HLA genotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a population-based case-control study in Norway with 471 cases of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and 1,369 control subjects who were genotyped for the INS -23HphI polymorphism (surrogate for INS variable number of tandem repeats) and HLA-DQ alleles associated with type 1 diabetes. Data on birthweight and other perinatal factors were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway by record linkage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data fitted a multiplicative model for the protective INS class III allele both within the INS locus and for the model with INS- and HLA-DQ-conferred risk of type 1 diabetes. We found no overall significant association between weight or head circumference at birth and the risk of type 1 diabetes, and adjustment for INS and HLA genotype did not influence this result. There was also no evidence for association of INS or HLA with size at birth among control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to suggestions from previous indirect studies, direct adjustment for INS and HLA genotypes did not lead to a stronger relation between birthweight and the risk of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403, Oslo, Norway. lars.christian.stene@fhi.no
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Stene
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thorsby
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rønningen
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Undlien
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D007328:Insulin