title: Coping and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between coping style and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty three individuals who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (mean duration of posttraumatic amnesia = 32 days) between 1(1/2) months and almost 7 years previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coping Scale for Adults, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Sickness Impact Profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50% of the sample reported clinically significant levels of anxiety and depression. Coping characterized by avoidance, worry, wishful thinking, self-blame, and using drugs and alcohol was associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and psychosocial dysfunction and lower levels of self-esteem. Coping characterized by actively working on the problem and using humor and enjoyable activities to manage stress was associated with higher self-esteem. Lower premorbid intelligence (measured via the National Adult Reading Test) and greater self-awareness (measured via the Self-Awareness of Deficits Interview) were associated with an increased rate of maladaptive coping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong association between the style of coping used to manage stress and emotional adjustment suggests the possibility that emotional adjustment might be improved by the facilitation of more adaptive coping styles. It is also possible that improving emotional adjustment may increase adaptive coping. The development and evaluation of interventions aimed at facilitating adaptive coping and decreasing emotional distress represent important and potentially fruitful contributions to enhancing long-term outcome following brain injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. katie.anson@gmail.com
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anson
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ponsford
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D012647:Self-Assessment; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D014925:Wit and Humor as Topic / Q000523:psychology