title: Cost-efficient higher-order crossover designs in comparative bioavailability studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cost is an extremely important factor to consider when planning drug clinical trials. Higher-order crossover designs have recently drawn considerable attention in comparative bioavailability studies because of their desirable statistical properties. In this paper, we compared the cost efficiency of five commonly used higher-order crossover designs under certain cost function for comparative bioavailability studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate normal data were simulated under scenarios of a wide range of variability and correlations (coefficient of variation = 10-40%; correlation coefficient rho = 0.2-0.8). Monte Carlo simulations and mixed-effects models were carried out to obtain empirical sample sizes for each design using Schuirmann's two-one sided test procedure, under an 80% power and a 5% significance level, based on the US FDA bioequivalence criteria (80-125%). The five crossover designs studied were the two-period four-sequence (D2 x 4), the three-period two-sequence (D3 x 2), the three-period four-sequence (D3 x 4), the four-period two-sequence (D4 x 2), and the four-period four-sequence (D4 x 4). Costs for each design were then determined by a cost function, which takes into account costs for recruiting and screening, costs associated with period, and the overheads incurred for multiple sequences. Comparison of the costs for the above-mentioned designs was made under different scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no single design uniformly dominating the others in terms of cost efficiency for comparative bioavailability studies. The designs D3 x 2 and D4 x 4 (especially the former) have the best overall performance in terms of cost efficiency for comparative bioavailability studies. They dominated the other designs under most of the scenarios. The design D2 x 4 showed the worst performance among the five crossover designs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A D3 x 2, and D4 x 2 crossover designs are recommended to achieve cost efficiency with a given power. The D2 x 4 crossover design is not recommended in general for comparative bioavailability studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, California, USA. zhau_JIHAO@Allergan.com
authors.forename: Jihao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raber
authors.forename: Youjuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies