title: Current and emerging pharmacological treatment options for dementia.
abstract: Treatments for the symptomatic relief of Alzheimer's disease are available but despite advances in our ability to treat persons with various forms of dementia, more effective treatments are needed. The cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine have demonstrated efficacy in improving cognition and global status and to a lesser extent, behavioral abnormalities relative to placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Rivastigmine has been shown to benefit patients with dementia with Lewy Bodies and with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Donepezil and galantamine have also been shown to be mildly effective in dementia due to cerebral ischemia. Memantine has a distinct mechanism of action and is effective in moderate-to-severe AD. The benefits from these drugs, however, are limited and their long-term effectiveness has not been well-demonstrated. Their clinical utility is controversial. Many novel approaches that promise to provide more effective treatments are currently being pursued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA. jringman@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ringman
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003704:Dementia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077265:Donepezil; D005702:Galantamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D013619:Tacrine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D010880:Piperidines; D005702:Galantamine; D013619:Tacrine; D000077265:Donepezil; D000109:Acetylcholine; D000068836:Rivastigmine