title: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) acts as a paracrine and autocrine factor for prostate cancer growth and invasion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plays a key role in the recruitment and activation of monocytes during inflammation. Increased MCP-1 serum levels in patients with various cancers were correlated with advanced stage. Here, we evaluated the role of MCP-1 on prostate cancer (CaP) cell proliferation and invasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of MCP-1 in tissue specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. MCP-1 production was determined by ELISA in conditioned media collected from primary prostate epithelia (PrEC), LNCaP, C4-2B, PC3 cells, and hFOB. Cell proliferation and invasion were assayed by MTS assay and invasion chambers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CaP cells, as well as hFOB, produced high amount of MCP-1 compared to PrEC cells. MCP-1 expression levels were associated with advanced pathologic stage. MCP-1 induced proliferation and invasion of CaP cells and this was abolished partially either by CCR2 antagonist or PI3 Kinase inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCP-1 acts as a paracrine and autocrine factor for CaP growth and invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Galson
authors.forename: Guozhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Mona F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Melhem
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C515334:CCR2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D002867:Chromones; D009025:Morpholines; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one