Update on the acute management of status epilepticus in children.
OBJECTIVE
Status epilepticus is the most common neurologic emergency in children. The understanding of its less recognizable forms, its pharmacologic management, the role of electroencephalography and the long-term morbidity and mortality as a result of status epilepticus are consistently evolving. This review frames the current understanding of several issues as they apply to acute management in the emergency department.


RESULTS
Researchers are working to define less recognizable forms of status epilepticus such as nonconvulsive, autonomic and psychogenic. Buccal and intranasal forms of midazolam are emerging as suitable alternatives to rectal diazepam in the initial treatment of status epilepticus. Valproic acid, chloral hydrate and newer-generation antiepileptics are being proposed as safe and effective alternatives to the traditional drugs used to treat status epilepticus. The role of electroencephalography in diagnosis is being elucidated. Risk factors for neurologic sequelae and mortality after status epilepticus remain an area of research with conflicting findings and no real consensus.


CONCLUSIONS
The understanding of different types of status epilepticus, the options for pharmacologic treatment, the tools for diagnosis and the morbidity and mortality of the disease are still evolving. As a result, several areas for further research remain that will help clinicians in their approach to this complex condition.
Walker
David M
DM
Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA. dmwalker@cnmc.org
Teach
Stephen J
SJ
D000208:Acute Disease; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*
D000927:Anticonvulsants