title: Association between risk factors and carotid enlargement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors on the degree of adaptive response of the carotid arterial wall to atherosclerotic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the diameter and intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid artery (CCA) by ultrasonography in 351 men aged 70.3 (range, 14-97) years and 474 women aged 75.6 (range, 19-103) years in the medical department of Seiyo Municipal Nomura Hospital. We assessed cross-sectionally the relationships between CCA diameter and IMT and cardiovascular risk factors by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multiple linear regression analyses, after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, a significant correlation was found between CCA diameters and age (p=0.034), body mass index (BMI) (p<0.001), smoking status (p=0.039), alcohol consumption (<0.001) and uric acid (UA) (p=0.021) in men, and between CCA diameters and age (<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p=0.013) and antihypertensive drug use (p=0.005) in women. Analysis of covariance showed that the two regression lines between carotid IMT and diameter in those with or without plaque were significantly different in both men (F=16.4; p<0.001) and women (F=15.0; p<0.001). After adjustment for carotid IMT and plaque, associations with carotid diameters still persisted for age (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), smoking status (p=0.006), alcohol consumption (p<0.001) and SBP (p=0.001) in men, and age (p=0.005), BMI (p<0.001), SBP (p=0.047) and UA (p=0.001) in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the CCA diameters correlated with conventional cardiovascular risk factors including alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that the CCA diameters may reflect the ability of adaptive remodeling to the atherosclerosis before plaque formation and can be an important factor during the development of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Nomura Municipal Hospital, Ehime.
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid