title: A simple low-cost microcontroller-based photometric instrument for monitoring chloroplast movement.
abstract: A new microcontroller-based photometric instrument for monitoring blue light dependent changes in leaf transmission (chloroplast movement) was developed based on a modification of the double-beam technique developed by Walzcak and Gabrys [(1980) Photosynthetica 14: 65-72]. A blue and red bicolor light emitting diode (LED) provided both a variable intensity blue actinic light and a low intensity red measuring beam. A phototransistor detected the intensity of the transmitted measuring light. An inexpensive microcontroller independently and precisely controlled the light emission of the bicolor LED. A typical measurement event involved turning off the blue actinic light for 100 mus to create a narrow temporal window for turning on and measuring the transmittance of the red light. The microcontroller was programmed using LogoChip Logo (http://www.wellesley.edu/Physics/Rberg/logochip/) to record fluence rate response curves. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was utilized to correlate the changes in leaf transmission with intercellular chloroplast position. In the dark, the chloroplasts in the spongy mesophyll exhibited no evident asymmetries in their distribution, however, in the palisade layer the cell surface in contact with the overlying epidermis was devoid of chloroplasts. The low light dependent decrease in leaf transmittance in dark acclimated leaves was correlated with the movement of chloroplasts within the palisade layer into the regions previously devoid of chloroplasts. Changes in leaf transmittance were evident within one minute following the onset of illumination. Minimal leaf transmittance was correlated with chloroplasts having retreated from cell surfaces perpendicular to the incident light (avoidance reaction) in both spongy and palisade layers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Königer
authors.forename: Brit-Maren
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schjeide
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dikmak
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000528:radiation effects; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003624:Darkness; D008027:Light; D009068:Movement; D010783:Photometry / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors