title: Longitudinal relationship of work hours, mandatory overtime, and on-call to musculoskeletal problems in nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurses are at very high risk for work-related musculoskeletal injury/disorders (MSD) with low back pain/injury being the most frequently occurring MSD. Nurses are also likely to work extended schedules (long hours, on-call, mandatory overtime, working on days off). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of extended work schedules in nurses to MSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a longitudinal, three wave survey of 2,617 registered nurses, Wave 1 work schedule data were related to neck, shoulder, and back (MSD) cases occurring in Waves 2 or 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schedule characteristics increasing MSD risk included 13+ hour/days, off-shifts, weekend work, work during time off (while sick, on days off, without breaks), and overtime/on-call. These increases in risk were not explained by psychological demands, but were largely explained by physical demands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse schedules are significantly related to nurse MSD. Healthier schedules, less overtime, and reducing work on days off would minimize risk and recovery time.
authors.affiliation: Work and Health Research Center, Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. Trinkoff@son.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Trinkoff
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geiger-Brown
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipscomb
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009726:Nurses; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload