title: Alternative approaches can greatly reduce the number of fish used for acute toxicity testing.
abstract: Acute toxicity tests with algae, daphnids, and fish are required for the classification and environmental risk assessment of chemicals. The degree of risk is determined by the lowest of these acute toxicity values. Many ecotoxicological programs are seeking to reduce the numbers of fish used in acute toxicity testing. The acute threshold test is a recently proposed strategy that uses, on average, only 10 (instead of 54) fish per chemical. We examined the consequences of reducing the number of fish used in toxicity testing on the ultimate outcome of risk assessments. We evaluated toxicity data sets for 507 compounds, including agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals from our internal database. Theoretical applications of the acute threshold test gave similar results to those obtained with the standard fish median lethal concentration (LC50) test but required only 12% as many fish (3195 instead of 27,324 fish used for all compounds in the database). In 188 (90%) of the 208 cases for which a complete data set was available, the median effect concentration for algae or daphnids was lower than the LC50 for fish. These results show that replacement of the standard fish LC50 test by the acute threshold test would greatly reduce the number of fish needed for acute ecotoxicity testing without any loss of reliability.
authors.affiliation: NOTOX B.V., Hambakenwetering 7, PO. Box 3476, 5203 DL 's Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Conny C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hoekzema
authors.forename: Albertinka J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Murk
authors.forename: Beppy J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Van de Waart
authors.forename: Jan C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Daphne F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: De Roode
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects; D005399:Fishes; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests