title: Impact of concentration, temperature, and pH on inactivation of Salmonella spp. by volatile fatty acids in anaerobic digestion.
abstract: It is known that the presence of volatile fatty acids may play a role in the inactivation of pathogens for systems that employ an acid phase reactor. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of volatile fatty acids on the inactivation of Salmonella spp. over a range of digestion temperatures. In this study, digesters that were treating municipal wastewater treatment plant sludges were operated at temperatures that ranged from 35 to 49 degrees C and had a solids residence time of 15 days. Samples collected from the effluent of the digesters were dosed with solutions containing acetic, propionic, and butyric acids alone and in mixtures, and the dosed effluents were analyzed for Salmonella spp. over time. In the first round of testing, the digester effluents were dosed with individual organic acids and also a mixture containing all three volatile fatty acids over a range of concentrations from 750 to 6000 mg/L, and the pH of the samples was fixed at a value of 5.5. In the second round of testing, the sample sludges were spiked with a fixed amount of organic acid mixture, and the pH was varied from 4.5 to 7.5. The reduction of Salmonella spp. in digester effluents, when dosed with volatile organic acids, was found to depend on pH, temperature, the chain length of the acids, and the concentration and composition of the acids present. Increases in temperature appeared to increase the inhibitory effects of the volatile organic acids. At mesophilic temperatures, acidic pHs resulted in a greater inhibition of Salmonella spp.; whereas at higher temperatures neutral pHs were found to be more inhibitory. The results suggest that acid phase digesters that operate at elevated temperatures and low pH can achieve substantial reduction of Salmonella spp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. hsalsali@CRAorld.com
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Salsali
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sattar
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D012722:Sewage