title: Etomidate versus midazolam for out-of-hospital intubation: a prospective, randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study is to compare the intubation success rates of etomidate and midazolam when used for sedative-facilitated intubation, without paralytics, in out-of-hospital adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, double-blind, randomized trial was conducted with 2 ground out-of-hospital advanced life support systems (ALS); all patients aged 18 or older who required out-of-hospital sedative-facilitated intubation were eligible for participation. The ambulances were stocked with blinded numbered syringes containing either 7 mg of midazolam or 20 mg of etomidate. No paralytics were used. If sedation was not achieved with the study drug, medics could request additional sedation from a medical command physician; only midazolam or diazepam were available outside of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred ten patients were enrolled in the study; 55 patients received midazolam and 55 patients received etomidate. The 2 groups were similar with regard to age, sex, initial vital signs, and reasons for intubation or sedation. The overall intubation success rate was 76% (95% confidence interval [CI] 68% to 84%); 75% (41/55) for midazolam (95% CI 64% to 86%) and 76% (42/55) for etomidate (95% CI 65% to 87%). There was also no difference in incidence of hypotension, number of intubation attempts, or perceived difficulty of intubation. Additional sedation was requested almost equally for the 2 groups: 14 patients in the midazolam group and 12 patients in the etomidate group. A benzodiazepine was successful for rescue of a failed etomidate intubation 10 of 12 times (83%; 95% CI 62% to 100%). When used for rescue of failed midazolam intubations, benzodiazepines were effective in only 5 of 14 (36%, 95% CI 11% to 61%) attempts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no observed differences between midazolam and etomidate in sedation-facilitated intubation success rates; we could not fully evaluate global outcomes of these agents or the sedative-facilitated intubation strategy itself.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. jeanne_jacoby@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Nilesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cesta
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005045:Etomidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008874:Midazolam; D005045:Etomidate