title: Ras activation in response to phorbol ester proceeds independently of the EGFR via an unconventional nucleotide-exchange factor system in COS-7 cells.
abstract: Ras is a major mediator of PE (phorbol ester) effects in mammalian cells. Various mechanisms for PE activation of Ras have been reported [Downward, Graves, Warne, Rayter and Cantrell (1990) Nature (London) 346, 719-723; Shu, Wu, Mosteller and Broek (2002) Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 7758-7768; Roose, Mollenauer, Gupta, Stone and Weiss (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 4426-4441; Grosse, Roelle, Herrlich, Höhn and Gudermann (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12251-12260], including pathways that target GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins) for inactivation and those that result in activation of GEFs (guanine nucleotide-exchange factors) Sos (son of sevenless homologue) or RasGRP (RAS guanyl releasing protein). However, a biochemical link between PE and GAP inactivation is missing and GEF stimulation is hard to reconcile with the observation that dominant-negative S17N-Ras does not compromise Ras-dependent ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) activation by PE. We have addressed this controversy and carried out an in-depth biochemical study of PE-induced Ras activation in COS-7 cells. Using a cell-permeabilization approach to monitor nucleotide exchange on Ras, we demonstrate that PE-induced Ras-GTP accumulation results from GEF stimulation. Nucleotide exchange stimulation by PE is prevented by PKC (protein kinase C) inhibition but not by EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] blockade, despite the fact that EGFR inhibition aborts basal and PE-induced Shc (Src homology and collagen homology) phosphorylation and Shc-Grb2 (growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2) association. In fact, EGFR inhibition ablates basal nucleotide exchange on Ras in growth-arrested COS-7 cells. These data disclose the existence of two separate GEF systems that operate independently from each other to accomplish PE-dependent formation of Ras-GTP and to maintain resting Ras-GTP levels respectively. We document that COS-7 cells do not express RasGRP and present evidence that the PE-responsive GEF system may involve PKC-dependent phosphorylation of Sos. More fundamentally, these observations shed new light on enigmatic issues such as the inefficacy of S17N-Ras in blocking PE action or the role of the EGFR in heterologous agonist activation of the Ras/ERK pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747 Jena, Germany. b5igru@rz.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rennert
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wittig
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dürst
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wetzker
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins