Is smoking related to body image satisfaction, stress, and self-esteem in young adults?
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of smoking and gender with body image satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-esteem in young adults.


METHODS
Respondents completed a survey consisting of Perceived Stress Scale, Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Current smokers (n = 483) and never smokers (n = 973) are included.


RESULTS
Smoking and female gender were independently associated with higher perceived stress (P < 0.001). Female gender was associated with lower body image satisfaction and lower self-esteem (P < 0.001). Current smoking was associated with lower self-esteem (P = 0.007).


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking treatment should include stress management and self-esteem and body image improvement.
Croghan
Ivana T
IT
Nicotine Dependence Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. croghan.ivana@mayo.edu
Bronars
Carrie
C
Patten
Christi A
CA
Schroeder
Darrell R
DR
Nirelli
Liza M
LM
Thomas
Janet L
JL
Clark
Matthew M
MM
Vickers
Kristin S
KS
Foraker
Randi
R
Lane
Kristi
K
Houlihan
Daniel
D
Offord
Kenneth P
KP
Hurt
Richard D
RD
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology