title: Aldosterone antagonists: effective add-on therapy for the treatment of resistant hypertension.
abstract: Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure that remains above target levels despite treatment with three different antihypertensive agents. Cross-sectional analyses and hypertension outcome studies indicate that it is a common clinical problem, which will undoubtedly become increasingly prevalent with an aging and increasingly overweight population. Secondary causes of hypertension are common in patients with resistant hypertension, particularly hyperaldosteronism, with a prevalence of approximately 15-20%. This, however, is likely to be an underestimation of the role excess aldosterone plays in causing resistance to treatment. In subjects with resistant hypertension, suppressed renin levels are common, exceeding 60% in studies conducted by the authors and from centers elsewhere in the world, suggesting occurrence of excess aldosterone beyond cases of true primary aldosteronism. Recent clinical studies indicate that aldosterone antagonists provide significant additional blood pressure reduction when added to treatment regimens of patients with resistant hypertension independent of aldosterone levels. These agents are generally well tolerated. Hyperkalemia is an uncommon complication of aldosterone antagonists, but it can occur. Therefore, biochemical monitoring is necessary, particularly in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 115 Community Health Services Building, 933 19 Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. drgaddam@uab.edu
authors.forename: Krishna K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Gaddam
authors.forename: Monique N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pratt-Ubunama
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Calhoun
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone