title: Antifungal activity of Juniperus essential oils against dermatophyte, Aspergillus and Candida strains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing resistance to antifungal compounds and the reduced number of available drugs led us to search therapeutic alternatives among aromatic plants and their essential oils, empirically used by antifungal proprieties. In this work the authors report on the antifungal activity of Juniperus essential oils (Juniperus communis ssp. alpina, J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus and J. turbinata).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antifungal activity was evaluated by determination of MIC and MLC values, using a macrodilution method (NCCLS protocols), on clinical and type strains of Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophytes. The composition of the oils was ascertained by GC and GC/MS analysis. All essential oils inhibited test dermatophyte strains. The oil from leaves of J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus is the most active, with MIC and MLC values ranging from 0.08-0.16 microl ml(-1) to 0.08-0.32 microl ml(-1), respectively. This oil is mainly composed of alpha-pinene (65.5%) and delta-3-carene (5.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus leaf oil proved to be an emergent alternative as antifungal agent against dermatophyte strains. delta-3-Carene, was shown to be a fundamental compound for this activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support that essential oils or some of their constituents may be useful in the clinical management of fungal infections, justifying future clinical trials to validate their use as therapeutic alternatives for dermatophytosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy/CEF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. cavaleir@ff.uc.pt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavaleiro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salgueiro
mesh_terms: D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000628:therapy; D001230:Aspergillus; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D002175:Candida; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000628:therapy; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D018653:Juniperus; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D008517:Phytotherapy; D018515:Plant Leaves
chemical_list: D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; C030218:3-carene; C005451:alpha-pinene