title: Gender differentials in the evolution of cigarette smoking habits in a general European adult population from 1993-2003.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Describe the recent evolution of cigarette smoking habits by gender in Geneva, where incidence rates of lung cancer have been declining in men but increasing in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuous cross-sectional surveillance of the general adult (35-74 yrs) population of Geneva, Switzerland for 11 years (1993-2003) using a locally-validated smoking questionnaire, yielding a representative random sample of 12,271 individuals (6,164 men, 6,107 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both genders, prevalence of current cigarette smoking was stable over the 11-year period, at about one third of men and one quarter of women, even though smoking began at an earlier age in more recent years. Older men were more likely to be former smokers than older women. Younger men, but not women, tended to quit smoking at an earlier age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This continuous (1993-2003) risk factor surveillance system, unique in Europe, shows stable prevalence of smoking in both genders. However, sharp contrasts in age-specific prevalence of never and former smoking and of ages at smoking initiation indicate that smoking continues a long-term decline in men but has still not reached its peak in women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, 25, Rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. michael.costanza@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Costanza
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salamun
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morabia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology