title: The use of virtual patients to teach medical students history taking and communication skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At most institutions, medical students learn communication skills through the use of standardized patients (SPs), but SPs are time and resource expensive. Virtual patients (VPs) may offer several advantages over SPs, but little data exist regarding the use of VPs in teaching communication skills. Therefore, we report our initial efforts to create an interactive virtual clinical scenario of a patient with acute abdominal pain to teach medical students history-taking and communication skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the virtual scenario, a life-sized VP is projected on the wall of an examination room. Before the virtual encounter, the student reviews patient information on a handheld tablet personal computer, and they are directed to take a history and develop a differential diagnosis. The virtual system includes 2 networked personal computers (PCs), 1 data projector, 2 USB2 Web cameras to track the user's head and hand movement, a tablet PC, and a microphone. The VP is programmed with specific answers and gestures in response to questions asked by students. The VP responses to student questions were developed by reviewing videotapes of students' performances with real SPs. After obtaining informed consent, 20 students underwent voice recognition training followed by a videotaped VP encounter. Immediately after the virtual scenario, students completed a technology and SP questionnaire (Maastricht Simulated Patient Assessment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants had prior experience with real SPs. Initially, the VP correctly recognized approximately 60% of the student's questions, and improving the script depth and variability of the VP responses enhanced most incorrect voice recognition. Student comments were favorable particularly related to feedback provided by the virtual instructor. The overall student rating of the virtual experience was 6.47 +/- 1.63 (1 = lowest, 10 = highest) for version 1.0 and 7.22 +/- 1.76 for version 2.0 (4 months later) reflecting enhanced voice recognition and other technological improvements. These overall ratings compare favorably to a 7.47 +/- 1.16 student rating for real SPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite current technological limitations, virtual clinical scenarios could provide students a controllable, secure, and safe learning environment with the opportunity for extensive repetitive practice with feedback without consequence to a real or SP.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raij
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiPietro
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferdig
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cendan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duerson
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lind
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface