title: Cytokine concentrations during the first days of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cytokine concentration patterns during the first 5 days of life by measuring serum concentrations of type-1 cytokines, like interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and type-2 cytokines, like IL-4, as well as the receptors of IL-2 (sIL-2R) and IL-4 (sIL-4R) during the early neonatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two healthy term neonates were included in the study. Cytokine concentrations were measured in umbilical cord, in the 1st and 5th day after birth and compared with those in serum of 30 healthy adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-2 concentrations presented a decrease trend from umbilical cord to 5th day, while sIL-2R showed a significant elevation from umbilical cord to 5th day after birth. IL-4 concentrations did not differ significantly among umbilical cord, the 1st and the 5th day, while the sIL-4R showed the highest values in the 1st day after birth. Both IL-4 and sIL-4R concentrations in neonatal samples were elevated compared to adults. IFN-gamma concentrations increased significantly from umbilical cord to 5th day of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate a dysregulation among IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma concentrations during the 1st day after birth, favoring a more precocious expression of IL-2 and IL-4 against IFN-gamma that seems to be ameliorated in the end of the 1st week of life.
authors.affiliation: Hormone Laboratory, "Aretaieion" University Hospital, 76, Vas. Sophias Ave., 115 28 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: drizos@aretaieio.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rizos
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit of the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Efthimia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Protonotariou
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit of the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ariadne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malamitsi-Puchner
authors.affiliation: Hormone Laboratory, "Aretaieion" University Hospital, 76, Vas. Sophias Ave., 115 28 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Angeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarandakou
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eftichios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trakakis
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salamalekis
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000097:blood*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma