title: Evaluation of high-risk human papillomavirus types PCR detection in paired urine and cervical samples of women with abnormal cytology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last decade, increasing efforts have focused on HPV detection in self-obtained samples, to increase the overall proportion of patients participating in cervical cancer screening procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A clinical evaluation study of an optimized protocol for PCR detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types in urine compared with cervical samples in consecutive women referred to the colposcopy clinic with abnormal cervical cytology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired urine and cervical specimens were collected from 100 consecutive women referred to the colposcopy clinic with abnormal cervical cytology and normal urine parameters. In-house and a commercial PCR method for the detection of HPV types 16 and 18, and a commercial multiplex PCR for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, and 33 were performed. All HPV cervix-positive/urine-negative paired urine samples were spiked with serial dilutions of cell lines infected with HPV 16 or 18 to test the sensitivity of HPV detection in these urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all but two cases HPV type 16 was detected. In cancer cases, the urine/cervix HPV detection sensitivity was 88.8%; in cases with high-grade lesions it was 76.5%; and in cases with low-grade lesions it was 45.5%. In all concordant cases the same HPV type was detected in both samples. The urine/cervix HPV detection sensitivity was higher when urine samples contained two or more epithelial cells per field in urine microscopy. HPV detection in 9 cervix-positive but urine-negative urine samples spiked with serial dilutions of HPV-positive cell lines showed that in these cases urine PCR inhibitors did not affect PCR amplification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher urine/cervix HPV detection sensitivity in cancer and high-grade lesions suggests that urine testing could be used to detect HPV mainly when these lesions are present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Mezourlo, Larissa, Greece. dapontea@otener.gr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daponte
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pournaras
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mademtzis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hadjichristodoulou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kostopoulou
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Maniatis
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Messinis
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D003127:Colposcopy; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral