title: Structural effects and potential changes in growth factor signalling in penis-projecting autonomic neurons after axotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The responses of adult parasympathetic ganglion neurons to injury and the neurotrophic mechanisms underlying their axonal regeneration are poorly understood. This is especially relevant to penis-projecting parasympathetic neurons, which are vulnerable to injury during pelvic surgery such as prostatectomy. We investigated the changes in pelvic ganglia of adult male rats in the first week after unilateral cavernous (penile) nerve axotomy (cut or crush lesions). In some experiments FluoroGold was injected into the penis seven days prior to injury to allow later identification of penis-projecting neurons. Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are neurotrophic factors for penile parasympathetic neurons, so we also examined expression of relevant receptors, GFRalpha1 and GFRalpha2, in injured pelvic ganglion neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axotomy caused prolific growth of axon collaterals (sprouting) in pelvic ganglia ipsilateral to the injury. These collaterals were most prevalent in the region near the exit of the penile nerve. This region contained the majority of FluoroGold-labelled neurons. Many sprouting fibres formed close associations with sympathetic and parasympathetic pelvic neurons, including many FluoroGold neurons. However immunoreactivity for synaptic proteins could not be demonstrated in these collaterals. Preganglionic terminals showed a marked loss of synaptic proteins, suggesting a retrograde effect of the injury beyond the injured neurons. GFRalpha2 immunofluorescence intensity was decreased in the cytoplasm of parasympathetic neurons, but GFRalpha1 immunofluorescence was unaffected in these neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies show that there are profound changes within the pelvic ganglion after penile nerve injury. Sprouting of injured postganglionic axons occurs concurrently with structural or chemical changes in preganglionic terminals. New growth of postganglionic axon collaterals within the ganglion raises the possibility of the formation of aberrant synaptic connections between injured and un-injured ganglion neurons. Together these changes demonstrate a broader effect on the pelvic autonomic circuitry than simply loss of neuroeffector connections. These structural changes are accompanied by potential changes in neurotrophic factor signalling due to altered expression of receptors for members of the GDNF family. Together our results advance understanding of the responses of pelvic autonomic nerve circuits to injury and may assist in designing strategies for promoting regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia. catalina.palma@student.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Catalina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Keast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019771:Axotomy; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000166:cytology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000294:innervation; D010413:Penis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494992:Gfra2 protein, rat; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D006133:Growth Substances; D016708:Synaptophysin; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide