title: The anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin in an experimental model of sepsis is mediated by up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although phytochemical curcumin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, it remains unknown whether this agent has any beneficial effects in sepsis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether curcumin protects septic animals and, if so, whether activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, an anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor, plays any role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A research institute laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bolus injection of 0.2 micromol of curcumin was given intravenously to male adult rats, followed by continuous infusion of curcumin (0.24 micromol/day) for 3 days via a primed 2-mL mini-pump. The rats were then subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), lactate, albumin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured at 20 hrs after CLP (i.e., late stage of sepsis). In addition, a 10-day survival curve was conducted following CLP and cecal excision with or without curcumin treatment. Furthermore, macrophages cell line RAW 264.7 cells were treated with curcumin followed by stimulation with endotoxin. TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression were then measured. The results indicate that intravenous administration of curcumin before the onset of sepsis attenuated tissue injury, reduced mortality, and decreased the expression of TNF-alpha in septic animals. Similar results were also found when curcumin was administered after the onset of sepsis. Moreover, the down-regulated PPAR-gamma in the liver at 20 hrs after CLP was significantly improved by curcumin treatment. Concurrent administration of curcumin and GW9662, a specific PPAR-gamma antagonist, completely abolished the beneficial effects of curcumin under such conditions. In cultured RAW 264.7 cells, curcumin inhibited endotoxin-induced increases in TNF-alpha expression and markedly up-regulated PPAR-gamma expression without affecting cell viability. Curcumin also prevented morphologic alterations in macrophages induced by endotoxin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of curcumin makes it or its analogues strong candidates as a novel therapy for sepsis. The beneficial effect of curcumin appears to be mediated by up-regulation of nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Aqeel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Xiaoxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Rongqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Maowen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: H Hank
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003474:Curcumin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D000813:Anilides; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004731:Endotoxins; D007773:Lactates; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000637:Transaminases; D003474:Curcumin