title: Screening for children from families with Rendu-Osler-Weber disease: from geneticist to clinician.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder. The syndrome is characterized by telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) affecting skin, mucosae and internal organs. AVMs often remain clinically silent until provoking sudden serious complications, responsible for important morbidity and mortality which can occur both in adulthood and in children. The incidence of AVMs in HHT pediatric populations is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the screening protocol performed in the first genotypically confirmed HHT pediatric population and to estimate the incidence of occult brain, lung and liver AVMs and the different disease phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular analysis was performed on 35 children, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, who were family members of probands with a previously identified mutation. Clinical-instrumental examination was performed on the mutation positive cases. Nasal telangiectases were investigated by anterior rhinoscopy. Contrast echocardiography and high resolution thoracic multislice computed tomography (CT) were performed to detect pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), and echo-color Doppler, and abdominal CT to detect hepatic arteriovenous malformations (HAVMs). Brain magnetic resonance imaging was utilized to detect cerebral angiopathic involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecular analysis demonstrated the mutation-carrier status in 22/35 children. Nineteen children, 12 of whom had epistaxis, positive to molecular testing underwent clinical evaluation. Nasal teleangiectases were found in 68%, mucocutaneous telangiectases (fingers, lips and oral cavity) in 79%, PAVMs in 53%, HAVMs in 47% and cerebral anteriovenous malformations and/or cerebral ischemic changes secondary to PAVMs in 12%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We evidenced a high incidence of HHT children with occult visceral lesions suggesting that a diagnostic screening may be indicated to appropriately treat brain and lung malformations.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Unit, Medicine and Public Health University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lenato
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guanti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suppressa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lastella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DE Mattia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabbà
mesh_terms: D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015510:Clinical Medicine; D000071063:Endoglin; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005826:Genetics, Medical; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000002:abnormalities; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C064206:ENG protein, human; D000071063:Endoglin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C425364:ACVRL1 protein, human; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II