title: Modelling the health benefits and economic implications of implanting dual-chamber vs. single-chamber ventricular pacemakers in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the consequences of managing bradycardia due to sinoatrial node disease or atrioventricular block with dual-chamber vs. single-chamber ventricular pacemakers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A discrete-event simulation was conducted to predict outcomes over 5 years. Patients could develop post-operative complications, clinically relevant pacemaker syndrome leading to replacement of single-chamber with dual-chamber, atrial fibrillation (AF; which if chronic might require anticoagulants) or stroke. Survival, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), complications, and associated direct medical costs were estimated (2003 British Pounds pounds sterling). Identical patients were simulated after receiving a single-chamber device or a more expensive dual-chamber pacemaker. Probabilities of conditions were obtained from clinical trials. Benefits were discounted at 1.5% and costs at 6%. Post-operative complications increased from 6.4% with single-chamber to 7.7% with dual-chamber but AF decreased (22 vs. 18%) as did clinically relevant pacemaker symptoms (16.8 vs. 0%). Approximately 4300 pounds sterling were accrued per patient over 5 years. Additional health benefits with dual-chamber are achieved at a mean net cost of 43 pounds sterling per patient, leading to 0.09 QALY with a cost-effectiveness ratio of 477 pounds sterling/QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implanting the costlier device increases the cost of the initial operation; however, this is expected to be offset by a reduction in costs associated with re-operations and AF.
authors.affiliation: Caro Research Institute, 336 Baker Avenue, Concord, MA 01742, USA. jcaro@caroresearch.com
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Jorgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000145:classification* / Q000191:economics*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011475:Prosthesis Failure / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012086:Reoperation / Q000191:economics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology