Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the German Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).
OBJECTIVE
To cross-culturally adapt the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) from English into German, and to test the reliability and validity of the German version.


METHODS
Cross-cultural adaptation of the SPADI was performed according to international guidelines. One hundred and eighteen patients who had undergone shoulder arthroplasty, on average 4 yr previously, completed a questionnaire booklet containing the German SPADI, the Short Form 36 (SF-36), the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire for the shoulder to assess SPADI's construct validity. One week later, they completed the SPADI again to assess test-retest reliability.


RESULTS
The six-step cross-cultural adaptation procedure revealed no major problems with the content or language. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the individual items of the SPADI were between 0.68 and 0.89, and that for the SPADI total score was 0.94. The SPADI total score showed a correlation of 0.61-0.69 with the SF-36 physical scales, of 0.88 with the DASH and of 0.92 with the ASES.


CONCLUSIONS
The German SPADI is a practicable, reliable and valid instrument, and can be recommended for the self-assessment of shoulder pain and function.
Angst
F
F
Department of Upper Extremity and Hand Surgery, Schulthess Klinik, Zurich, Switzerland. fangst@datacomm.ch
Goldhahn
J
J
Pap
G
G
Mannion
A F
AF
Roach
K E
KE
Siebertz
D
D
Drerup
S
S
Schwyzer
H K
HK
Simmen
B R
BR
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001178:Arthroplasty; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards