title: Isolation of nucleic acids and cultures from fossil ice and permafrost.
abstract: Owing to their constant low temperatures, glacial ice and permafrost might contain the oldest nucleic acids and microbial cells on Earth, which could prove key to reconstructing past ecosystems and for the planning of missions to other planets. However, recent claims concerning viable cells and microbial nucleic acids obtained from ice- and permafrost cores from hundreds of thousands to millions of years old are not properly authenticated and the findings could be the result of contamination. Here, we discuss the processes that restrict the long-term survival of DNA and/or RNA molecules in ice and permafrost, and highlight sources of contamination that could result in false claims. Additionally, we present a set of precautions, controls and criteria to help ensure that future cultures and sequences are authentic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eske
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willerslev
authors.forename: Anders J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Hendrik N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Poinar