title: First experience with robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagolymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transthoracic esophagectomy with extended lymph node dissection is associated with higher morbidity rates than transhiatal esophagectomy. This morbidity rate could be reduced by the use of minimally invasive techniques. The feasibility of robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy (RTE) with mediastinal lymphadenectomy was assessed prospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated 21 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer who underwent RTE using the Da Vinci robotic system. Continuity was restored with a gastric conduit and a cervical anastomosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 (86%) procedures were completed thoracoscopically. The operating time for the thoracoscopic phase was 180 min (range, 120-240 min), and the median blood loss was 400 ml (range, 150-700 ml). A median of 20 (range, 9-30) lymph nodes were retrieved. The median intensive care unit stay was 4 days (range, 1-129 days), and the hospital stay was 18 days (range, 11-182 days). Pulmonary complications occurred in 10 patients (48%), and one patient (5%) died of a tracheoneoesophageal fistula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this initial experience, robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy was found to be feasible, providing an effective lymphadenectomy with low blood loss. Standardization of the technique and increased experience should reduce the complication rate, which is in the range of the rate for open transthoracic dissection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Hillegersberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Draaisma
authors.forename: I A M J
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Broeders
authors.forename: M J M M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Giezeman
authors.forename: I H M
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Borel Rinkes
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality