title: Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors previously proposed diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica (NMO) that facilitate its distinction from prototypic multiple sclerosis (MS). However, some patients with otherwise typical NMO have additional symptoms not attributable to optic nerve or spinal cord inflammation or have MS-like brain MRI lesions. Furthermore, some patients are misclassified as NMO by the authors' earlier proposed criteria despite having a subsequent course indistinguishable from prototypic MS. A serum autoantibody marker, NMO-IgG, is highly specific for NMO. The authors propose revised NMO diagnostic criteria that incorporate NMO-IgG status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using final clinical diagnosis (NMO or MS) as the reference standard, the authors calculated sensitivity and specificity for each criterion and various combinations using a sample of 96 patients with NMO and 33 with MS. The authors used likelihood ratios and logistic regression analysis to develop the most practical and informative diagnostic model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients with NMO (14.6%) had extra-optic-spinal CNS symptoms. NMO-IgG seropositivity was 76% sensitive and 94% specific for NMO. The best diagnostic combination was 99% sensitive and 90% specific for NMO and consisted of at least two of three elements: longitudinally extensive cord lesion, onset brain MRI nondiagnostic for MS, or NMO-IgG seropositivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors propose revised diagnostic criteria for definite neuromyelitis optica (NMO) that require optic neuritis, myelitis, and at least two of three supportive criteria: MRI evidence of a contiguous spinal cord lesion 3 or more segments in length, onset brain MRI nondiagnostic for multiple sclerosis, or NMO-IgG seropositivity. CNS involvement beyond the optic nerves and spinal cord is compatible with NMO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA. wingerchuk.dean@mayo.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wingerchuk
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pittock
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lucchinetti
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Weinshenker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C496030:AQP4 protein, human; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G