title: Detection of ganciclovir resistance in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis: correlation of genotypic methods with viral phenotype and clinical outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL97 gene can be sequenced either from blood specimens directly amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or from culture isolates, to detect resistance to ganciclovir.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective epidemiological study was conducted in which paired specimens were routinely obtained for sequencing of the UL97 gene from blood specimens (i.e., plasma and leukocytes) directly amplified by PCR and from CMV culture isolates. The specimens then were compared with each other and in terms of results of susceptibility testing and their association with progression of retinitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 845 paired specimens were obtained from 165 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis. There typically was >90% agreement between the UL97 gene sequences from blood specimens directly amplified by PCR and those from culture isolates. The agreement between phenotypic resistance and the detection of UL97 mutations was >92% for PCR-amplified blood specimens and >97% for culture isolates. Plasma and leukocytes performed similarly. Progression of retinitis was correlated with the detection of UL97 mutations in PCR-amplified blood specimens, with adjusted odds ratios of 7.02 (P=.002) for leukocytes, 9.11 (P=.02) for plasma, and 17.6 for culture isolates (P<.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because blood specimens directly amplified by PCR can be analyzed more rapidly than can cultures (< or =48 h vs. > or =4 weeks), sequencing the CMV UL97 gene from blood specimens directly amplified by PCR may be useful clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. djabs@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jabs
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Michelle O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ricks
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics; D010949:Plasma / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C075365:ganciclovir kinase; D015774:Ganciclovir