title: Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: impact of cognitive behavioural therapy on negative beliefs about psychosis and self-esteem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to test two hypotheses. Firstly, that participants who relapsed during the 12-month follow-up period of our randomized controlled trial, would show increased negative beliefs about their illness and reduced self-esteem, in comparison to the non-relapsed participants. Secondly, that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for early signs of relapse would result in a reduction in negative beliefs about psychosis and an improvement in self-esteem at 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 144 participants with schizophrenia or a related disorder were randomized to receive either treatment as usual (TAU; N=72) or CBT (N=72). Participants completed the Personal Beliefs about Illness Questionnaire (PBIQ; Birchwood, Mason, MacMillan, & Healy, 1993) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) at entry, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 months, relapsers showed greater increase in scores for PBIQ entrapment compared with non-relapsers. In addition, after controlling for baseline covariates (treatment group and PBIQ self versus illness), relapsers also showed greater increase in scores for PBIQ self versus illness at 12 months. Furthermore, in comparison to treatment as usual, participants who received CBT showed greater improvement in PBIQ loss and in Rosenberg self-esteem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides evidence that relapse is associated with the development of negative appraisals of entrapment and self-blame (self vs. illness). In addition, this is the first study to show that CBT reduces negative appraisals of loss arising from psychosis and improvements in self-esteem. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, UK. aig2r@clinmed.gla.ca.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gumley
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karatzias
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McNay
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Grady
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors