title: Impaired positioning of the gape in whiplash-associated disorders.
abstract: We have previously introduced a new concept for natural jaw function suggesting that "functional jaw movements" are the result of coordinated jaw and neck muscle activation, leading to simultaneous movements in the temporomandibular, atlanto-occipital and cervical spine joints. Thus, jaw function requires a healthy state of both the jaw and the neck motor systems. The aim of this study was to examine the positioning of the gape in space during maximal jaw opening at fast and slow speed in healthy as well as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) individuals. A wireless optoelectronic technique for three-dimensional movement recording was used. Subjects were seated in an upright position, with back support up to the mid-scapular level without headrest. The position of the gape in space was defined as the vertical midpoint position of the gape at maximal jaw opening (MP). In healthy, the MP generally coincided with the reference position at the start of jaw opening. In the WAD group, the MP was significantly lower than the reference position. No sex or speed related differences were found. The results suggest that both the width and orientation of the gape in space relies on coordinated jaw and neck muscle activation and mandibular and head-neck movements. This study also suggests an association between neck pain and dysfunction following trauma, and reduced width and impaired positioning of the gape in space. Finally, the MP seems to be a useful marker in evaluation of the functional state of the jaw-neck motor system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontology, Clinical Oral Physiology, Umeå University, Sweden. hamayun.zafar@odont.umu.se
authors.forename: Hamayun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nordh
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007568:Jaw / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*