title: Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: Pathogenic Escherichia coli cause over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year, whereas non-pathogenic E. coli constitute part of the normal intestinal flora of healthy mammals and birds. The evolutionary pathways underlying this dichotomy in bacterial lifestyle were investigated by multilocus sequence typing of a global collection of isolates. Specific pathogen types [enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, K1 and Shigella] have arisen independently and repeatedly in several lineages, whereas other lineages contain only few pathogens. Rates of evolution have accelerated in pathogenic lineages, culminating in highly virulent organisms whose genomic contents are altered frequently by increased rates of homologous recombination; thus, the evolution of virulence is linked to bacterial sex. This long-term pattern of evolution was observed in genes distributed throughout the genome, and thereby is the likely result of episodic selection for strains that can escape the host immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Schumannstrasse 21/22, Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, 10117 Berlin, Germany. thierry.wirth@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falush
authors.forename: Ruiting
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colles
authors.forename: Patience
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mensa
authors.forename: Lothar H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wieler
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karch
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Martin C J
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maiden
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ochman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Achtman
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic