title: [The origin of eukaryotic cells and origination of apoptosis].
abstract: The unified conception of the origin of eukaryotic cells has been proposed. In the author's opinion, evolutionary transformation of prokaryotic cell into eukaryotic cell took place 3.3-1.4 billion years ago and involved the next four stages: 1) the appearance of intracellular membranes due to prokaryotic cell plasmalemma invaginating into its cytoplasm; 2) the cell nucleus formation by the double sheet of intracellular membrane surrounding and sequestrating genetic material of the cell; 3) the appearance of cytoskeleton in parallel with mitotic spindle formation and gradual transition from prokaryotic way of cell division to mitosis; 4) the establishment of symbiosis between the evolving nucleated cell and prokaryotic microorganicsms that subsequently transform into mitochondria and chloroplasts. Apoptosis of cells of the present day multicellular eukaryotic organisms is supposed to be an evolutionary altered response of mitochondrian predecessors to the influence of factors, which are able to damage eukaryotic host cell. The initial biological significance of this reaction pertained to attempts of endosymbionts to leave the host cell as soon as possible, if the probability of its irreversible injury was very high, and by this to escape from their death. It is possible that numerous proteins, known as sensors or transducers of proapoptotic signals in Bcl-2--p53-dependent apoptotic pathway, were initially encoded by mitochondrial genome, whereas antiapoptotic factors and also components of receptor-mediated and granzyme B perforin dependent apoptotic pathways have cellular origin.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Galitskiĭ
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002736:Chloroplasts; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000502:physiology; D003599:Cytoskeleton; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011387:Prokaryotic Cells / Q000502:physiology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D008941:Spindle Apparatus; D013559:Symbiosis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins
chemical_list: C452184:Bcl-2 protein, Human herpesvirus 8; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014764:Viral Proteins