title: A prospective, randomized trial of cognitive intervention for postoperative pain.
abstract: A single-blind, randomized prospective trial was performed at a university hospital to determine if preoperative relaxation training will decrease pain and narcotic demand postoperatively. A convenience sample of 49 patients undergoing lumbar and cervical spine surgery was randomized to receive instruction on relaxation techniques or routine preoperative information before surgery. Pain score and narcotic demand in the first 48 hours after surgery were the primary outcomes. Pain scores were higher in the relaxation (4.8 +/- 1.7) versus the standard preparation group (3.9 +/- 1.7) on postoperative day one (POD) 1, but lower on POD 2 (3.9 +/- 1.9 vs 4.1 +/- 1.9), whereas narcotic use (milligrams of IV morphine per hour) was higher in the relaxation group on POD 1 (1.14 +/- 0.94 vs 0.54 +/- 0.55) and POD 2 (0.86 +/- 0.73 vs 0.50 +/- 0.61). The differences were significant for narcotic demand (P = 0.01) but not for pain (P = 0.94). In conclusion, our results could not support the use of relaxation training for reducing postoperative pain and narcotic demand in this selected surgical population.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gavin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onyiuke
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kozol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007796:Laminectomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012119:Respiration; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine