title: Antiangiogenic antithrombin induces global changes in the gene expression profile of endothelial cells.
abstract: Antithrombin, a serpin family protease inhibitor crucial to hemostasis, acquires antiangiogenic properties on undergoing conformational alterations induced by limited proteolysis or elevated temperature. To better understand the biochemical mechanisms underlying antithrombin antiangiogenic activity, we did genome-wide expression profiling, coupled with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, Northern blot, and Western blot analyses, to characterize the gene expression patterns that are induced by antiangiogenic antithrombin in cultured primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, 35 genes with significantly increased expression and 93 genes with significantly reduced expression (> or =2-fold changes) due to antiangiogenic antithrombin treatment were identified. More than half of the down-regulated genes have well-established proangiogenic functions in endothelial cells, including cell-surface and matrix proteoglycans (e.g., perlecan, biglycan, and syndecans 1 and 3) and mitogenesis-related signaling proteins (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 2, 3, and 6, and early growth response factor 1). In contrast, most up-regulated genes (e.g., caspase-3, p21, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3, and adenomatosis polyposis coli) are known for their antiangiogenic functions which include the promotion of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. These results show that the antiangiogenic activity of antithrombin is mediated at least in part by a global genetic reprogramming of endothelial cells and strongly implicate an endothelial cell ligand-receptor signaling mechanism in this reprogramming.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. zhang98@uic.edu
authors.forename: Weiqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yung-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Tianquan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000991:Antithrombins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2