title: Behavioural and neuropsychological correlates of frontal lobe features in dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to characterize frontal lobe features and their behavioural and cognitive correlates across diagnostic categories, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of behavioural and neuropsychological data from a large, prospective Belgian study on behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n=170), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (n=28), mixed dementia (MXD) (n=29) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (n=21) were included and underwent neuropsychological and behavioural assessment by means of a battery of tests and scales. Frontal lobe symptoms were quantified by means of the Middelheim Frontality Score (MFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In AD (and to a lesser extent in MXD), MFS total scores were negatively correlated with scores on MMSE (Spearman: r=-0.36, p<0.001) and a Verbal Fluency Task (r=-0.38, p<0.001) and were associated with increased severity and frequency of psychosis (r=0.24, p<0.01), activity disturbances (r=0.44, p<0.001) and aggressiveness (r=0.43, p<0.001). In DLB, MFS total scores were negatively correlated with MMSE scores (r=-0.50, p=0.020). No associations were found in FTD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cross-sectional analysis of frontal lobe features, behavioural characteristics and neuropsychological data demonstrated that, in AD (and to a lesser extent in MXD) patients, frontal lobe symptoms were associated with more pronounced cognitive deficits (of frontal origin), with increased severity and frequency of agitated and aggressive behaviour, and with increased severity of psychosis and depressive symptoms. Given the small sample sizes of the DLB and FTD patient groups, negative findings in these patient groups should be interpreted cautiously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Middelheim General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelborghs
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maertens
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mariën
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vloeberghs
authors.forename: Nore
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagels
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003142:Communication; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic