title: Reciprocal regulation of RhoA and RhoC characterizes the EMT and identifies RhoC as a prognostic marker of colon carcinoma.
abstract: Understanding how RhoC expression and activation are regulated is essential for deciphering its contribution to tumorigenesis. Here, we report that RhoC expression and activation are induced by the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of colon carcinoma. Using LIM 1863 colon cancer cells, RhoC protein expression and subsequent activation were detected coincident with the loss of E-cadherin and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. Several Ets-1 binding sites were identified in the RhoC promoter, and evidence was obtained using chromatin immunoprecipitation that Ets-1 can regulate RhoC expression during the EMT. Interestingly, a marked decrease in RhoA activation associated with the EMT was observed that corresponds to the increase in RhoC expression. Use of shRNA established that RhoA inhibits and RhoC promotes post-EMT cell migration, demonstrating functional significance for their coordinate regulation. To assess the importance of RhoC expression in colon cancer, immunohistochemistry was performed on 566 colorectal tumors with known clinical outcome. The level of RhoC ranged from no expression to high expression, and statistical analysis revealed that elevated RhoC expression correlates with poor outcome as well as aberrant expression and localization of E-cadherin. These data provide one mechanism for how RhoC expression is regulated in colon carcinoma and substantiate its utility as a prognostic marker.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Bellovin
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danilov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oettgen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mercurio
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075024:rhoC GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015820:Cadherins; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C066690:RHOC protein, human; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D000075024:rhoC GTP-Binding Protein