title: D-dimer, factor VIII coagulant activity, low-intensity warfarin and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated plasma D-dimer and factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIIIc) may be associated with the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate D-dimer and FVIIIc as risk factors for recurrent VTE and assess the efficacy of extended low-intensity warfarin (target International Normalized Ratio 1.5-2.0) in preventing recurrence by biomarker level.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism trial, 508 idiopathic VTE patients treated for > or = 3 months with full-intensity warfarin, and who had stopped warfarin for 7 weeks on average, were randomized to low-intensity warfarin or placebo and followed for 2.1 years for recurrent VTE. Prerandomization blood samples were analysed for D-dimer and FVIIIc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third of participants had elevated baseline D-dimer (> or = 500 ng mL(-1)) and one-fourth, elevated FVIIIc (> or = 150 IU dL(-1)). Adjusting for other risk factors, the hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrent VTE with elevated D-dimer or FVIIIc were 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.4] and 1.5 (95% CI 0.8-2.8), respectively. The association of elevated D-dimer with recurrence was larger among patients with one prior VTE (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-8.0) than in patients with more than one event (HR 1.4, 95% CI 0.7-2.2). For patients with one prior VTE on placebo, the annual recurrence incidence was 10.9% with elevated D-dimer and 2.9% with normal values. Low-intensity warfarin was equally effective in recurrence risk reduction in those with normal or elevated biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with idiopathic VTE, measurement of D-dimer, but not FVIIIc, might be useful for risk stratification. The efficacy of extended low-intensity warfarin therapy did not vary by biomarker level.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Goldhaber
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bounameaux
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D014859:Warfarin; C078147:F8 protein, human; D005169:Factor VIII