title: The effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects--a double blind placebo-controlled, crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has been shown to ameliorate some defects associated with the insulin resistance syndrome and so patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be inclined to co-ingest the herb with their medications, such as metformin. This study was designed to determine if the co-ingestion of EGb 761 and metformin would alter the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin in T2DM patients and persons without diabetes, who may ingest it for other purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects (n=10; age, 39.2+/-14.0 years; fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 90+/-7 mg/dl; body mass index (BMI), 24.1+/-3.7 kg/m(2)) and 10 T2DM patients (n=10; age, 51.7+/-8.9 years; FPG, 150+/-7 mg/dl; BMI, 33.7+/-5.7 kg/m(2)) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. They ingested either EGb 761 (12 0mg/day as a single dose) or a vegetable-based placebo during each arm for 3 months. At the end of each arm, the NGT subject ingested a single 500 mg dose of metformin (non-diabetics) and the T2DM subject took his/her prescribed metformin dose (250-850 mg) with 120 mg EGb 761. Blood and urine samples were collected over an 8-h period, and in the case of T2DM subjects, additionally over the first 2h of the subsequent 3 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ingestion of EGb 761 produced no significant changes in diagnostic laboratory tests in either group, except reducing glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c) levels (from 7.7+/-1.2 to 7.2+/-0.9%, P<0.05) in T2DM the subjects. The pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin were all significantly different (P<0.05) between the NGT (500 mg) and 8 out of 10 of the T2DM subjects who were prescribed 500 mg of metformin during the placebo cycles. During the EGb 761 cycles, only the elimination half-life in the T2DM subjects was significantly increased (0.117+/-0.085 to 0.141+/-0.100, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-ingestion of 120 mg of EGb 761 and 500 mg of metformin did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin. Further studies are required to verify this observation for smaller and larger dose of metformin with other doses of EGb 761, since T2DM patients on medication constitute a very heterogeneous group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, MSC 6246, University of Texas HSC at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, 78229-3900, USA. Kudolo@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kudolo
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javors
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blodgett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D010936:Plant Extracts; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract