title: Azathioprine hepatotoxicity and the protective effect of liquorice and glycyrrhizic acid.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the responses of human hepatocytes to azathioprine hepatotoxicity in comparison with the well-studied azathioprine hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes and the effects of protective agents to suppress azathioprine hepatotoxicity. Azathioprine presented its hepatotoxicity at clinically relevant concentrations (lower than 10 microm) in primary rat hepatocytes after 48 h of treatment as shown by a severe decrease in cell viability as well as intracellular GSH depletion. However, primary human hepatocytes exhibited only significant intracellular GSH depletion after treatment with azathioprine at these clinically relevant concentrations, while a reduction in cell viability by 29% was only evidenced after 48 h of treatment with azathioprine at the high concentration of 50 microm. In addition, a monolayer culture of primary rat hepatocytes was used as an in vitro model to examine the protective effects of antihepatotoxic drugs including glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor), liquorice and glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a major bioactive component of liquorice, against hepatotoxicity of 1 microm azathioprine. It was found that both liquorice and GA showed substantial protection according to assays of cell viability and intracellular GSH, while neither GSH nor NAC had such a protective function. Similarly, GA protected human hepatocytes from intracellular GSH depletion on exposure to 1 microm azathioprine. These results implied that GA or liquorice could be considered as potent protection agents against azathioprine hepatotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jin-Peng
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000737:chemistry; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid; D005978:Glutathione; D001379:Azathioprine; D000111:Acetylcysteine