title: The "inverted cup" -- a novel in vitro release technique for drugs in lipid formulations.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a membrane-free in vitro release method for drugs in lipid formulations. It was intended to be applicable to as wide a range as possible of preparations, independently of their polarity and viscosity. The principle of the novel technique is to keep the sample suspended in the release medium in an inverted glass cup, allowing a possible phase transition or swelling. Thirteen formulations containing bupivacaine, lidocaine and/or prilocaine in lipid vehicles with different physical properties were prepared and examined. When possible, in vitro release profiles obtained by the new method were compared to profiles obtained by earlier techniques. For three formulations of either bupivacaine or lidocaine in polar lipid formulations, in vitro release profiles were evaluated in relation to in vivo data, from nerve block and pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Preparations that could be investigated both by the "inverted cup" and by the earlier published "single drop" technique generally showed good agreement between the two release profiles. In the case of the polar lipid formulations, arterial blood concentration curves in rats could reasonably be predicted from the in vitro release profiles. In conclusion, the "inverted cup" technique should potentially be applicable to a wide range of lipid formulations of drugs, both for physico-chemical characterisation and for obtaining in vitro -- in vivo correlations.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pharmacy, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Food Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Lars.Soderberg@Apoteket.Se
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dyhre
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Björkman
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008055:Lipids; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine