title: Exine micromorphology of Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae): phylogenetic constraints or ecological influences?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pollen characters have been widely used in defining evolutionary trends in orchids. In recent years, information on pollination biology and phylogenetic patterns within Orchidinae has become available. Hence, the aim of the presented work is to re-evaluate exine micromorphology of Orchidinae in light of recent phylogenetic studies and to test whether pollen micromorphology strictly depends on phylogenetic relationships among species or whether it is influenced by the marked differences in pollination ecology also reported among closely related species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pollen sculpturing of 45 species of Orchidinae and related taxa was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. To cover potential intraspecific variation, several accessions of the same species were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orchidinae show remarkable variation in exine sculpturing, with a different level of variation within species groups. In some genera, such as Serapias (rugulate) and Ophrys (psilate to verrucate), intrageneric uniformity corresponds well to a common pollination strategy and close relationships among species. However, little exine variability (psilate-scabrate and scabrate-rugulate) was also found in the genus Anacamptis in spite of striking differences in floral architecture and pollination strategies. A larger variety of exine conditions was found in genera Dactylorhiza (psilate, psilate-scabrate and reticulate) and Orchis s.s. (psilate, reticulate, perforate-rugulate and baculate) where no unequivocal correspondence can be found to either phylogenetic patterns or pollination strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in pollen characteristics do not consistently reflect shifts in pollination strategy. A unique trend of exine evolution within Orchidinae is difficult to trace. However, the clades comprising Anacamptis, Neotinea, Ophrys and Serapias show psilate to rugulate or scabrate pollen, while that of the clade comprising Chamorchis, Dactylorhiza, Gymnadenia, Orchis s.s., Platanthera, Pseudorchis and Traunsteinera ranges from psilate to reticulate. Comparison of the data with exine micromorphology from members of the tribe Orchidieae and related tribes suggests a possible general trend from reticulate to psilate.
authors.affiliation: Orto Botanico, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barone Lumaga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kocyan
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D017753:Ecosystem; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011058:Pollen / Q000145:classification / Q000648:ultrastructure*