title: The vitamin-like dietary supplement para-aminobenzoic acid enhances the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) alters the sensitivity of tumor cells to ionizing radiation in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cellular proliferation was assessed by WST-1 assays. The effects of PABA and radiation on tumor growth were examined with chick embryo and murine models. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to quantify p21CIP1 and CDC25A levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Para-aminobenzoic acid enhanced (by 50%) the growth inhibitory activity of radiation on B16F10 cells, whereas it had no effect on melanocytes. Para-aminobenzoic acid enhanced (50-80%) the antitumor activity of radiation on B16F10 and 4T1 tumors in vivo. The combination of PABA and radiation therapy increased tumor apoptosis. Treatment of tumor cells with PABA increased expression of CDC25A and decreased levels of p21CIP1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that PABA might represent a compound capable of enhancing the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation by a mechanism involving altered expression of proteins known to regulate cell cycle arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, The NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Sandhya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Maresa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caunt
authors.forename: Abebe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akalu
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liebes
authors.forename: Silvia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Formenti
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid