title: Chemical rescue, multiple ionizable groups, and general acid-base catalysis in the HDV genomic ribozyme.
abstract: In the ribozyme from the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) genomic strand RNA, a cytosine side chain is proposed to facilitate proton transfer in the transition state of the reaction and, thus, act as a general acid-base catalyst. Mutation of this active-site cytosine (C75) reduced RNA cleavage rates by as much as one million-fold, but addition of exogenous cytosine and certain nucleobase or imidazole analogs can partially rescue activity in these mutants. However, pH-rate profiles for the rescued reactions were bell shaped, and only one leg of the pH-rate curve could be attributed to ionization of the exogenous nucleobase or buffer. When a second potential ionizable nucleobase (C41) was removed, one leg of the bell-shaped curve was eliminated in the chemical-rescue reaction. With this construct, the apparent pK(a) determined from the pH-rate profile correlated with the solution pK(a) of the buffer, and the contribution of the buffer to the rate enhancement could be directly evaluated in a free-energy or Brønsted plot. The free-energy relationship between the acid dissociation constant of the buffer and the rate constant for cleavage (Brønsted value, beta, = approximately 0.5) was consistent with a mechanism in which the buffer acted as a general acid-base catalyst. These data support the hypothesis that cytosine 75, in the intact ribozyme, acts as a general acid-base catalyst.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Anne T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Perrotta
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Wadkins
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Been
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002384:Catalysis; D016679:Genome, Viral; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D012367:RNA, Viral