title: Characterization and biological activity of the main flavonoids from Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla).
abstract: The molecular components of a phenolic fraction (P2), obtained from liquid chromatography of a Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cycla) extract, were identified using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The primary P2 components were: vitexin-2''O-rhamnoside, its demethylated form 2''-xylosylvitexin, isorhamnetin 3-gentiobioside, and rutin. P2 "in toto" and the single components were characterized for antioxidant capacity, antimitotic activity on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and for toxicity to human lymphocytes and macrophages. P2 inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation (IC(50) value = 9 microg/ml) without inducing apoptosis, showed no toxicity to human lymphocytes and slight toxicity to macrophages. Vitexin-2''O-rhamnoside strongly inhibited DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells, whereas 2''-xylosylvitexin and isorhamnetin 3-gentiobioside were activators; combinations of activators and inhibitors maintained the over-all inhibitory effect.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Chimica Biologica G. Fornaini, Università degli Studi Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy. p.ninfali@uniurb.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ninfali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bacchiocca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biagiotti
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Di Gioacchino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stocchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandi
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D027461:Beta vulgaris; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts