title: Absorption of carbon dioxide during laparoscopy in children measured using a novel mass spectrometric technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is absorbed during pneumoperitoneum and may cause adverse haemodynamic effects. The aim of this study was to measure the elimination of exogenous CO(2) during laparoscopy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten children [27.6 (56.5) months; mean (SD)] undergoing laparoscopic and nine [24.5 (17.3) months] undergoing open surgery were studied. Breath samples were collected at the line for end-tidal CO(2) and analysed for (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) ratio expressed as deltaPDB (difference from standard), by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The proportion of absorbed CO(2) was calculated comparing exhaled (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) before and during CO(2) pneumoperitoneum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) in medical CO(2) was -32.7 (2.1) deltaPDB. (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) in breath of patients undergoing open procedures was -24.3 (2.4) deltaPDB at the start of operation and did not change during the operation (P > 0.2). (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) in breath of patients undergoing laparoscopy was -21.5 (5.4) deltaPDB at the start of insufflation, and decreased during pneumoperitoneum by 2.5 (1.6) deltaPDB, indicating absorption of exogenous CO(2). The percentage of expired CO(2) absorbed rose to 15.5 (7.7)% after 30 min of pneumoperitoneum and decreased rapidly after desufflation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 10 min of laparoscopy 10-20% of expired CO(2) derives from the exogenous CO(2). CO(2) absorption can be measured using a simple mass spectrometric technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacilli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herod
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eaton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide