title: Toxicities of dinitrotoluenes and trinitrobenzene freshly amended or weathered and aged in a sandy loam soil to Enchytraeus crypticus.
abstract: Scientifically based ecological soil-screening levels are needed to identify concentrations of contaminant energetic materials (EMs) in soil that present an acceptable ecological risk at a wide range of military installations. Insufficient information regarding the toxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) to soil invertebrates necessitated toxicity testing. We adapted the standardized Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (International Standardization Organization 16387:2003) and selected Enchytraeus crypticus for these studies. Tests were conducted in Sassafras sandy loam soil, which supports relatively high bioavailability of nitroaromatic EMs. Weathering and aging procedures for EMs amended to test soil were incorporated into the study design to produce toxicity data that better reflect the soil exposure conditions in the field compared with toxicity in freshly amended soils. This included exposing hydrated, EM-amended soils in open glass containers in the greenhouse to alternating wetting and drying cycles. Definitive tests established that the order of EM toxicity to E. crypticus based on the median effect concentration values for juvenile production in either freshly amended or weathered and aged treatments was (from the greatest to least toxicity) TNB > 2,4-DNT > 2,6-DNT. Toxicity to E. crypticus juvenile production was significantly increased in 2,6-DNT weathered and aged soil treatments compared with toxicity in freshly amended soil, based on 95% confidence intervals. This result shows that future investigations should include a weathering and aging component to generate toxicity data that provide more complete information regarding ecotoxicological effects of energetic contaminants in soil.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, USA. roman.kuperman@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Roman G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Checkai
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simini
authors.forename: Carlton T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kolakowski
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kurnas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012987:Soil; D013997:Time Factors; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D012987:Soil; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes; C029222:sym-trinitrobenzene; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene