title: Th2 immune deviation induced by pregnancy: the two faces of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
abstract: One of the most important immunological modifications during pregnancy is the Th1/Th2 shift, due to the progressive increase of progesterone and estrogens during pregnancy, which reach their peak-level in the third trimester of gestation. At high levels, estrogens seem mainly to suppress Th1 cytokines and stimulate Th2-mediated immunological responses as well as antibody production. For this reason Th1-mediated diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), tend to improve and Th2-mediated disease, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tend to worsen during pregnancy. SLE is the autoimmune rheumatic disease in which pregnancy most frequently occurs because it predominantly affects young females in their childbearing age. Other autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including RA, are less frequently observed during pregnancy due to their low female-to-male ratio and peak onset after the age of 40. This review is focused on the disease course, gestational outcome and management of patients with SLE and RA during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy. adoria@unipd.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doria
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iaccarino
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arienti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghirardello
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zampieri
authors.forename: Maria Elisa
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rampudda
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cutolo
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tincani
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todesco
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents