title: Enhanced urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis in male CD1 mice exposed to transplacental inorganic arsenic and postnatal diethylstilbestrol or tamoxifen.
abstract: Pregnant CD1 mice received 85 ppm arsenite in the drinking water from gestation day 8 to 18, groups (n = 35) of male offspring were subsequently injected on postpartum days 1 through 5 with diethylstilbestrol (DES; 2 microg/pup/day) or tamoxifen (TAM; 10 microg/pup/day), and tumor formation was assessed over 90 weeks. Arsenic alone increased hepatocellular carcinoma (14%), adenoma (23%) and total tumors (31%) compared to control (0, 2 and 2%, respectively). Arsenic alone also increased lung adenocarcinoma, adrenal cortical adenoma and renal cystic tubular hyperplasia compared to control. Compared to arsenic alone, arsenic plus DES increased liver tumor incidence in mice at risk 2.2-fold and increased liver tumor multiplicity (tumors/liver) 1.8-fold. The treatments alone did not impact urinary bladder carcinogenesis, but arsenic plus TAM significantly increased formation of urinary bladder transitional cell tumors (papilloma and carcinoma; 13%) compared to control (0%). Urinary bladder proliferative lesions (combined tumors and hyperplasia) were also increased by arsenic plus TAM (40%) or arsenic plus DES (43%) compared to control (0%) or the treatments alone. Urinary bladder proliferative lesions occurred in the absence of any evidence of uroepithelial cytotoxic lesions. Urinary bladder lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma induced by arsenic plus TAM and/or DES overexpressed estrogen receptor-alpha, indicating that aberrant estrogen signaling may have been a factor in the enhanced carcinogenic response. Thus, in male CD1 mice, gestational arsenic exposure alone induced liver adenoma and carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, adrenal adenoma and renal cystic hyperplasia. Furthermore, DES enhanced transplacental arsenic-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. In utero arsenic also initiated urinary bladder tumor formation when followed by postnatal TAM and uroepithelial proliferative lesions when followed by TAM or DES.
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. waalkes@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Waalkes
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jerrold M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Bhalchandra A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Diwan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000633:toxicity; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000633:toxicity*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D001151:Arsenic