title: [Chronic (kerato-) conjunctivitis refractory to therapy in children].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis account for a significant ocular morbidity. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to avoid persisting structural damage and visual loss. In children, the correct diagnosis is frequently delayed because of the low individual experience with pediatric ocular inflammation, the uncommon clinical manifestations and the rarity of some conditions. This study aims to identify the problems associated with the diagnosis of chronic pediatric (kerato-)conjunctivitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 consecutive tertiary referrals (median age: 8.5 years) with chronic conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis were studied. The ocular inflammation of all patients was denoted by their referring ophthalmologists as "chronic conjunctivitis refractory to therapy". The median time since disease onset was 23 months (range: 3 - 118). On average, 2.8 (range: 2 - 5) ophthalmologists were seen before the final diagnosis was made. A standardized protocol was used to classify and diagnose the ocular inflammation. Laboratory investigations were carried out to confirm the diagnosis in 20 out of 48 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 33 out of 48 patients treatment failure was due to an inappropriate diagnosis. The most frequent diagnosis were Staphylococcus-associated inflammation (n = 21) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (n = 12). Viral infection causing molluscum contagiosum was the most frequent condition that was missed (n = 7). Ligneous conjunctivitis (n = 2) was not recognised by the 9 ophthalmologists who were previously in charge of the treatment. Significant corneal involvement was found in 24 (50 %) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  History taking and a thorough clinical examination of the entire ocular surface allow the correct diagnosis of and therapy for chronic surface inflammation in almost all pediatric patients. Subtle clinical changes have to be sought actively to avoid misdiagnosis. Such changes include lesions in the anterior lid margin, collarettes, follicules, papillae, and superficial punctate keratopathy.
authors.affiliation: Universität Zürich und OMMA Praxisgemeinschaft, Zürich. wolfgang.bernauer@hin.ch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bernauer
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Langenauer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007637:Keratoconjunctivitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017211:Treatment Failure