title: National patterns of medication use during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe patterns of medication use during pregnancy in ambulatory care settings according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy risk classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of two national ambulatory care surveys, sampling all office visits made by pregnant women in 1999 and 2000, was conducted. Using the FDA pregnancy risk classification, patterns of medication use and predictive factors for FDA pregnancy risk D or X (D/X) medications were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1999 and 2000, about half of all pregnant visits had one or more medications. Among the total visits, FDA Class A was the majority (private = 65.7%; hospital = 79.5%; p < 0.05) followed by Class C (private = 26.5%; hospital = 36.4%; p < 0.05). Class D/X medications accounted for 6.4% and 2.9% of visits in private and hospital, respectively (p < 0.05). Medications with unknown pregnancy categories were predominant in the private setting (12.0% and 3.9%; p < 0.05). Age, insurance type, region, physician specialty, and number of medications were associated with a category D/X prescription. Among hospital visits, those from the West region and with private insurance were more likely to receive category D/X prescriptions. Number of medications was strongly associated with high-risk drugs in both settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows considerable medication use among pregnant women. The prevalence of visits with FDA pregnancy category D/X drugs was moderate, but still indicates exposure to high-risk medications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Minority Health Services Research, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA. eunlee@howard.edu
authors.forename: Euni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Maneno
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sheila R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Ilene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: Anthony K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wutoh
authors.forename: Zhenyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009309:National Center for Health Statistics, U.S.; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration