title: Genetic diversity among five T4-like bacteriophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacteriophages are an important repository of genetic diversity. As one of the major constituents of terrestrial biomass, they exert profound effects on the earth's ecology and microbial evolution by mediating horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and controlling their growth. Only limited genomic sequence data are currently available for phages but even this reveals an overwhelming diversity in their gene sequences and genomes. The contribution of the T4-like phages to this overall phage diversity is difficult to assess, since only a few examples of complete genome sequence exist for these phages. Our analysis of five T4-like genomes represents half of the known T4-like genomes in GenBank.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we have examined in detail the genetic diversity of the genomes of five relatives of bacteriophage T4: the Escherichia coli phages RB43, RB49 and RB69, the Aeromonas salmonicida phage 44RR2.8t (or 44RR) and the Aeromonas hydrophila phage Aeh1. Our data define a core set of conserved genes common to these genomes as well as hundreds of additional open reading frames (ORFs) that are nonconserved. Although some of these ORFs resemble known genes from bacterial hosts or other phages, most show no significant similarity to any known sequence in the databases. The five genomes analyzed here all have similarities in gene regulation to T4. Sequence motifs resembling T4 early and late consensus promoters were observed in all five genomes. In contrast, only two of these genomes, RB69 and 44RR, showed similarities to T4 middle-mode promoter sequences and to the T4 motA gene product required for their recognition. In addition, we observed that each phage differed in the number and assortment of putative genes encoding host-like metabolic enzymes, tRNA species, and homing endonucleases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggest that evolution of the T4-like phages has drawn on a highly diverged pool of genes in the microbial world. The T4-like phages harbour a wealth of genetic material that has not been identified previously. The mechanisms by which these genes may have arisen may differ from those previously proposed for the evolution of other bacteriophage genomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr,, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA. jnolan@uno.edu
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Vasiliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krisch
authors.forename: Jim D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Karam
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000821:virology*; D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D017122:Bacteriophage T4 / Q000235:genetics*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D003090:Coliphages / Q000235:genetics*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins; D012343:RNA, Transfer