title: Detection of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in weeds with emphasis on DNA-based techniques: a review.
abstract: Resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) has been increasing at a faster rate than in any other herbicide group. The great majority of these cases are due to various single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ALS gene endowing target site resistance. Many diagnostic techniques have been devised in order to confirm resistance and help producers to adopt the best management strategies. Recent advances in DNA technologies coupled with the knowledge of sequence information have allowed the development of accurate and rapid diagnostic tests. While whole plant-based diagnostic techniques such as seedling bioassays or enzyme-based in vitro bioassays provide accurate results, they tend to be labour- and/or space-intensive and will only respond to the particular herbicides tested, making resolution of cross-resistance patterns more difficult. Successful DNA-based diagnosis of ALS inhibitor resistance has been achieved with three main techniques, (1) restriction fragment length polymorphism, (2) polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles and (3) denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. All DNA-based techniques are relatively rapid and provide clear identification of the mutations causing resistance. Resistance based on non-target mechanisms is not identified by these DNA-based methods; however, given the prevalence of target site-based ALS inhibitor resistance, this is a minor inconvenience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Cheryl-Ann L
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: François J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tardif
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009154:Mutation; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase