title: Traditional food consumption and nutritional status of Dalit mothers in rural Andhra Pradesh, South India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe prevalence of malnutrition and their correlates of nutrient and traditional food consumption in rural Dalit mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, we used socio-cultural questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and clinical eye examinations during the rainy season in 2003. Food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recalls were conducted during both summer and rainy seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dalit mothers with young children were recruited from 37 villages in the Medak District of rural Andhra Pradesh, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dalit mothers (n = 220) participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of chronic energy-deficient (CED) mothers (body mass index <18.5 kg/m2) was 58%. Illiterate women and active women were more likely to have CED than those literate and non-active (relative risks (RR) = 1.6 and 1.4, respectively, P < or = 0.05), but literacy and activity level were not significant in multivariable analyses including sanitation and number of children < or =5 years of age. Increasing levels of fat intake, as a percent of total energy, was significantly associated with lower risk of CED (RR of the lowest 25th percentile compared to those in the 75th percentile or above was 1.6, P < or = 0.05), findings that remained significant in multivariable analyses. Consumption of pulses (g/day) was also inversely related to CED in univariate and multivariable analyses. Carbohydrate intake, as a percent of total energy, was inversely related to percent energy from fat (r = -0.96, P < or = 0.01), and, although positively related to CED in univariate analyses, carbohydrate consumption was not significant in multivariable analyses. Mothers' age in years and income was positively related to vitamin A deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that CED and vitamin A malnutrition among Dalit women are predominant problems in this area. Increased consumption of local traditional Dalit food (particularly sorghum, pulses, vegetables and animal source food) should be incorporated as an important component of intervention strategies to improve nutritional status.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Egeland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salomeyesudas
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Satheesh
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Kuhnlein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011939:Mental Recall; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*