title: Drug and bile acid transporters in rosuvastatin hepatic uptake: function, expression, and pharmacogenetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, target liver HMG-CoA and are of proven benefit in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Rosuvastatin is an effective statin notable for liver selectivity and lack of significant metabolism. We assessed the extent and relevance of hepatic transporters to rosuvastatin uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transporters involved in rosuvastatin uptake were determined through heterologous expression of multiple human and rat uptake transporters. Human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) allelic variants were also assessed. Expression of OATP and NTCP messenger RNA and protein was determined from a bank of human liver samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple OATP family members, including 1B1, 1B3, 2B1, and 1A2, were capable of rosuvastatin transport. Naturally occurring polymorphisms in OATP1B1, including *5, *9, *15, and *18, were associated with profound loss of activity toward rosuvastatin. Interestingly, the major human hepatic bile acid uptake transporter NTCP, but not rat Ntcp, also transported rosuvastatin. Human hepatocyte studies suggested that NTCP alone accounted for approximately 35% of rosuvastatin uptake. Remarkably, NTCP*2, a variant known to have a near complete loss of function for bile acids, exhibited a profound gain of function for rosuvastatin. Quantitative messenger RNA analysis revealed marked intersubject variability in expression of OATPs and NTCP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple transporters mediate the overall hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin, and NTCP may be a heretofore unrecognized transporter important to the disposition of rosuvastatin and possibly other drugs/statins in clinical use. Accordingly, transporter expression and polymorphisms may be key determinants of intersubject variability in response to statin therapy in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Rommel G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tirona
authors.forename: Brenda F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Leake
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glaeser
authors.forename: Wooin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005464:Fluorobenzenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011336:Probability; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D013045:Species Specificity; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027981:Symporters / Q000187:drug effects; D013656:Taurocholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D029363:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; D027981:Symporters; D013656:Taurocholic Acid; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium