title: Eating fast leads to obesity: findings based on self-administered questionnaires among middle-aged Japanese men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between the rate of eating and obesity. In this study, we cross-sectionally examined the association of the self-reported rate of eating with current Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI-change from 20 years of age to the current age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 3737 male (mean age +/- standard deviation and mean BMI +/- standard deviation: 48.2 +/- 7.1 years and 23.3 +/- 2.7 kg/m(2)) and 1005 female (46.3 +/- 7.0 years and 21.8 +/- 2.8 kg/m(2)) Japanese civil servants. We measured self-reported categorical rate of eating, current BMI, BMI at age 20, and BMI-change from age 20. Energy intake was assessed over a 1-month period with a brief-type diet history questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multiple regression analysis in which the current BMI was regressed by categorical rate of eating, energy intake, age, and lifestyle factors showed that current BMI steadily increased by -0.99, -0.67, 0.81, and 1.47 kg/m(2) along with the progress of categorical rate of eating from the 'medium' group to 'very slow', 'relatively slow', 'relatively fast', and 'very fast' groups, respectively, in men. In women, the corresponding values were -1.06, -0.35, 0.50, and 1.34 kg/m(2). When the BMI increment from age 20 to current age was regressed in the same manner, the increment was -0.63, -0.34, 0.57, and 1.05 kg/m(2) in men and -0.71, -0.32, 0.34, and 1.14 kg/m(2) in women, respectively. Additionally, both BMI at age 20 and current height were positively associated with rate of eating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results among middle-aged men and women suggest that eating fast would lead to obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health/Health Information Dynamics, Field of Social Life Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatsuya
authors.forename: Chiyoe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hui Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Kaichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takefuji
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: OuYang
authors.forename: Nobue
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors