title: Laparoscopic guidance or revision of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventriculoperitoneal shunt is the preferred treatment for hydrocephalus. Known complications include infection, obstruction, and disconnection with the fractured fragment migrating in the peritoneal cavity. We report 17 cases of laparoscopic evaluation and revision of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2000 through October 2002, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with laparoscopy and ventriculoperitoneal shunts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopy was performed in 17 children with a malfunctioning shunt, presumed shunt dislodgment or disconnection, reinsertion of a shunt after externalization, and primary shunt placement. Six patients (35%) were converted to an open laparotomy due to dense adhesions. Eleven patients (65%) underwent successful laparoscopic-assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: 5/11 (45%) had lysis of adhesions or pseudocyst marsupialization with repositioning of a functional shunt, or both; 3/11 (27%) had successful retrieval of a disconnected catheter with reinsertion of a new catheter; 2/11 (18%) had laparoscopic confirmation of satisfactory placement and function, requiring no revision; 1/11 (9%) had an initial shunt placed with laparoscopic guidance due to the obesity. Operative time for the laparoscopic procedure ranged from 30 minutes to 60 minutes. All laparoscopic procedures used 1-mm or two 5-mm ports. Perioperatively, no adverse neurological sequelae occurred due to the pneumoperitoneum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic guidance or revision of ventriculoperitoneal shunts permits (1) direct visualization of catheter insertion within the peritoneal cavity, (2) satisfactory positioning, (3) lysis of adhesions or marsupialization with catheter repositioning, or both, and (4) retrieval of fractured catheters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital/The University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80218, USA.
authors.forename: Sherman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Denis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bensard
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Partrick
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: Frederick M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Karrer
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000601:surgery; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000379:methods*