title: Metabolism and nutrition in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the evidence on the metabolic state and nutritional treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1547 citations, 232 articles were identified and retrieved for text screening. Thirty-six studies fulfilled the criteria and 30 were accepted for data extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variations in measurement methods and definitions of metabolic abnormalities hampered comparison of studies. However, consistent data demonstrated increased metabolic rate (96-160% of the predicted values), of hypercatabolism (-3 to -16 g N per day) and of upper gastrointestinal intolerance in the majority of the patients during the first 2 weeks after injury. Data also indicated a tendency towards less morbidity and mortality in early fed patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of timing, content and ways of administration of nutritional support on neurological outcome after TBI remains to be demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research Dalarna, Dummy institution, Sweden. karolina.krakau@ds.se
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krakau
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omne-Pontén
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D018529:Nutritional Support; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract