title: Modification of glass fibers to improve reinforcement: a plasma polymerization technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the effect of plasma treated E-glass fiber to improve the mechanical properties of acrylic resin denture base material, polymethylmethacrlyate (PMMA). Plasma surface treatment of fibers is used as reinforcement in composite materials to modify the chemical and physical properties of their surfaces with tailored fiber-matrix bonding strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different types of monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), triethyleneglycoldimethylether (TEGDME) and ethylenediamine (EDA) were used in the plasma polymerization modification of glass fibers. A radiofrequency generator was used to sustain plasma in a glass vacuum chamber. Glass fibers were modified at the same glow-discharge power of 25 W and exposure time of 30 min for each monomer. Fibers were incorporated into the acrylic with 1% (w/w) loading except control group. Specimens were prepared using a standard mold of 3 cmx0.5 cmx0.8 cm in dimension with eight specimens in each group. Samples were subjected to a flexural strength test set up at a crosshead speed of 5mm/min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for chemical analysis of the surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed by means of ANOVA and Duncan's tests. Test results revealed that fiber reinforcement had a significant effect on the flexural strength of the specimens (p<0.05). Among the fiber reinforced groups, plasma treatment with EDA monomer resulted in the most significant increase in flexural strength values (p<0.05). XPS results have shown an increasing number of nitrogenous compounds in EDA treated fibers. The chemical structure of the surface, especially with the increase in nitrogenous compounds could give an idea for the amine film deposition and SEM figures showed an increase in surface roughness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that plasma treatment with EDA monomer was an effective alternative method of increasing the flexural strength of PMMA based denture base polymers through fiber reinforcement.
authors.affiliation: Plasma Aided Bioengineering and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cökeliler
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erkut
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zemek
authors.forename: Hynek
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutlu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003819:Denture Bases; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005029:Ethylenediamines; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates; D044367:Phase Transition; D018583:Pliability; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005029:Ethylenediamines; D008689:Methacrylates; C009753:fiberglass; C053484:triglyme; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C031234:ethylenediamine; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate