Resistance to fluoroquinolones in Salmonella: emerging mechanisms and resistance prevention strategies.
We review the current state of knowledge about the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that mediate quinolone resistance in Salmonella. They include modifications of topoisomerase targets, increased efflux activity and the recently described topoisomerase protection by the plasmid-encoded Qnr protein. We discuss what factors may determine the order of implementation of these various mechanisms in a particular strain, and what strategies could be used to combat resistance, from the inhibition of mutagenesis mechanisms to counteracting, during fluoroquinolone treatment, of resistance mechanisms already set in the infecting strain.
Giraud
Etienne
E
UMR INRA-ENVN Chimiothérapie Aquacole et Environnement, La Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France. giraud@vet-nantes.fr
Baucheron
Sylvie
S
Cloeckaert
Axel
A
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones