title: Toxicity of an engineered nanoparticle (fullerene, C60) in two aquatic species, Daphnia and fathead minnow.
abstract: Water-soluble fullerene (nC60) has been shown to induce lipid peroxidation (LPO) in brain of juvenile largemouth bass (LMB, Micropterus salmoides) [Oberdörster, E., 2004. Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, c60) induce oxidative stress in brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ. Health Persp. 112, 1058-1062]; and upregulate genes related to the inflammatory response and metabolism, most notably CYP2K4 [. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from 116 studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Persp. 113, 823-839]. The initial study in LMB was performed using tetrahydrofuran (THF)-solubilized nC60, although C60 can also be solubilized by stirring in water. The current study investigates differences in acute toxicity to Daphnia magna between THF-solubilized and water-stirred-nC60 as a range-find for further assays in adult male fathead minnow (FHM, Pimephales promelas). The daphnia 48-h LC50 for THF-nC60 was at least one order of magnitude less (0.8 ppm) than that for water-stirred-nC60 (> 35 ppm). FHM were dosed with either 0.5 ppm of THF- or water-stirred-nC60 for 48 h. There was 100% mortality in the THF-nC60-exposed fish between 6 and 18 h, while the water-stirred-nC60-exposed fish showed no obvious physical effects after 48 h. Water-stirred-nC60 elevated LPO in brain, significantly increased LPO in gill, and significantly increased expression of CYP2 family isozymes in liver as compared to control fish.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Research Program, National Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 347 Faser, University, MS 38677-1848, USA.
authors.forename: Shiqian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oberdörster
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Haasch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D037741:Fullerenes; D014873:Water Pollutants; C069837:fullerene C60