title: Management of vulvar cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The radical surgical approach in the treatment of vulvar cancer patients has led to a favorable prognosis for the majority of the patients with early stage squamous cell cancer. However, the morbidity is impressive, leading to more individualized treatment. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the management of vulvar cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have reviewed the literature on the modifications in treatment of vulvar cancer with the emphasis on surgery and radiotherapy for primary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While surgery is the cornerstone of treatment for early stage squamous cell vulvar cancer (with wide local excision and uni- or bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy via separate incisions as standard treatment), until now there has been a limited role for primary radiotherapy although this may be an attractive alternative for the inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy in the future. The sentinel lymph node procedure with the combined technique (preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with (99m)technetium-labeled nanocolloid and Patente Blue) is a promising staging technique for patients with vulvar cancer. The clinical implementation of the sentinel lymph node procedure and the role of additional histopathological techniques of the sentinel lymph nodes have to be investigated. In advanced vulvar cancer, chemoradiation followed by surgery should be regarded as the treatment of first choice for these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the rarity of vulvar cancer it is quite clear that further studies will have to be performed by international collaborative groups. The sentinel lymph node procedure and primary radiotherapy are promising methods to reduce morbidity of treatment, but their safety needs to be studied in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.dehullu@obgyn.umcn.nl <j.dehullu@obgyn.umcn.nl>
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Hullu
authors.forename: I A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van der Avoort
authors.forename: M H M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oonk
authors.forename: A G J
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Zee
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*