title: Enhanced efficacy of both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs by adjunctive alpha2 adrenoceptor blockade: experimental evidence.
abstract: Adjunctive treatment with the selective alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan augments the effect of conventional antipsychotics in treatment-resistant schizophrenics comparing favourably with clozapine. Clozapine has high affinity for alpha2 adrenoceptors. Previously, we found that adjunctive idazoxan treatment to the dopamine (DA) D2/3 antagonist raclopride enhanced raclopride-induced effects in an animal model of antipsychotic activity (conditioned avoidance response, CAR) and, similarly to clozapine, reversed the disruption of working memory induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade in rats with a concomitant increase in prefrontal DA efflux. To further investigate the significance of alpha2 adrenoceptor affinity for antipsychotic efficacy, we here investigated, in rats, the effects of adjunctive idazoxan treatment to low doses of a typical (haloperidol) and an atypical (olanzapine) antipsychotic drug, both lacking appreciable alpha2 adrenoceptor affinity, on (i) CAR; (ii) catalepsy; and (iii) DA output in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens using microdialysis. Adjunctive treatment with idazoxan to haloperidol or olanzapine enhanced suppression of CAR to a level predicting sufficient antipsychotic activity, increased DA output preferentially in the prefrontal cortex, and reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Our data confirm and extend our previous findings as well as clinical observations, and suggest that adjunctive alpha2 adrenoceptor blockade both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, lacking appreciable affinity for the alpha2 adrenoceptor, may contribute to a more advantageous therapeutical profile of these drugs in schizophrenia treatment, allowing for reduced DA D2 occupancy and reduction of unwanted side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wadenberg
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiker
authors.forename: Torgny H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000139:chemically induced; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D019329:Idazoxan / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000077152:Olanzapine; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine; D004298:Dopamine; D019329:Idazoxan