title: Normalized dose data for upper gastrointestinal tract contrast studies performed to infants.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to (a) provide normalized dose data for the estimation of the radiation dose from upper gastrointestinal tract contrast (UGIC) studies carried out to infants and (b) estimate the average patient dose and risks associated with radiation from UGIC examinations performed in our institution. Organ and effective doses, normalized to entrance skin dose (ESD) and dose area product (DAP) were estimated for UGIC procedures utilizing the Monte Carlo N-particle (MCNP) transport code and two mathematical phantoms, one corresponding to the size of a newborn and one to the size of a 1-year-old child. The validity of the MCNP results was verified by comparison with dose data obtained in physical anthropomorphic phantoms simulating a newborn and a 1-year-old infant using thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD). Data were also collected from 25 consecutive UGIC examinations performed to infants. Study participants were (a) 12 infants aged from 0.5 to 5.9 months (group 1) and (b) 13 infants aged from 6 to 15 months (group 2). For each examination, ESD and dose to comforters were measured using TLD. Patient effective doses were estimated using normalized dose data obtained in the simulation study. The risk for fatal cancer induction was estimated using appropriate coefficients. The results consist of tabulated dose data normalized to ESD or DAP for the estimation of patient dose. Conversion coefficients were estimated for various tube potentials and beam filtration values. The mean total fluoroscopy time was 1.26 and 1.62 min for groups 1 and 2, respectively. The average effective dose was 1.6 mSv for group 1 and 1.9 mSv for group 2. The risk of cancer attributable to the radiation exposure associated with a typical UGIC study was found to be up to 3 per 10 000 infants undergoing an UGIC examination. The mean radiation dose absorbed by the hands of comforters was 47 microGy. In conclusion, estimation of radiation doses associated with UGIC studies performed to infants can be made using the normalized dose data provided in the current study. Radiation dose values associated with UGIC examinations carried out to infants are not low and should be minimized as much as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Iraklion 71003, Crete, Greece. damilaki@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stratakis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raissaki
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perisinakis
authors.forename: Nikiforos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kourbetis
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000379:methods*; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media