title: Real-time in situ monitoring of human prostate photodynamic therapy with diffuse light.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires oxygen to cause cellular and vascular tumor damage. Tissue oxygen concentration, in turn, is influenced by blood flow and blood oxygenation. Real-time clinical measurement of these hemodynamic quantities, however, is rare. This paper reports the development and application of a probe, combining diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for measurement of tumor blood oxygenation and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for measurement of tumor blood flow. The instrument was adapted for clinical use during interstitial prostate PDT. Three patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer received 2 mg/ kg motexafin lutetium (MLu) 3 h before illumination and a total light dose of 100 J/cm(2) at 150 mW/cm. Prostrate blood oxygen saturation (StO2) decreased only slightly (approximately 3%) after treatment. On the other hand, prostate blood flow and total hemoglobin concentration over the course of PDT decreased by 50% and 15%, respectively, suggesting MLu-mediated PDT has an anti-vascular effect. While it is certainly impossible to draw definite conclusions from measurements of only three patients, the observed differences in tumor blood flow and blood oxygenation responses during PDT can, in principle, be used to choose among tissue oxygen consumption models and therefore emphasize the potential clinical value for simultaneous monitoring of both parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. guoqiang@physics.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durduran
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jarod C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: S Bruce
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Malkowicz
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Arjun G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Yodh
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C102825:motexafin lutetium