title: The effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory retrieval during social problem solving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval during social problem solving (SPS), as well as SPS performance in terms of means and effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  After undergoing a rumination or distraction manipulation, dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants performed a SPS task and reported the memories retrieved during SPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dysphoric ruminators performed significantly less effectively on the SPS task than the other groups. However, the dysphoric ruminators did not differ from the dysphoric distracters on the numbers of categoric memories retrieved during SPS although they retrieved significantly more categoric memories than the non-dysphoric distracters and non-dysphoric ruminators. For all groups, the effectiveness score was significantly negatively correlated with categoric memories retrieved during SPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that in a dysphoric sample, rumination impaired SPS performance but did not influence categoric AM retrieval during SPS. The results suggested that in a dysphoric sample, rumination might affect SPS performance by affecting processes like initiation and motivation rather than AM retrieval during SPS.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, St Andrews University, UK.
authors.forename: Chih-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Dritschel
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astell
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001288:Attention; D001325:Autobiographies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D011340:Problem Solving; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires