title: Endothelium-derived microparticles inhibit human cardiac valve endothelial cell function.
abstract: Elevated numbers of endothelium-derived microparticles (EMPs) in the circulation are found in a variety of critical illnesses. EMPs have been associated with vascular dysfunction, including thrombotic complications and loss of normal vascular reactivity, common responses associated with cardiac valve injury. However, the exact mechanisms of this dysfunction and the potential impact on cardiac endothelium are unknown. We hypothesize that pathologic levels of circulating EMPs negatively regulate proliferation and migration of valvular endothelial cells (ECs), leading to downstream endothelial dysfunction. EMPs were generated from plasminogen activation inhibitor 1-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Human mitral valve endothelial cells (HMVECs) were isolated and characterized by platelet endothelial cell-derived adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, or CD31) and von Willebrand factor immunocytochemistry. HMVECs were treated with increasing EMP doses, and then, the effects of EMPs on growth factor-induced proliferation and migration were tested. Proliferation was assessed by H-thymidine incorporation. EC migration was assayed by photographing microtubules of HMVECs and HUVECs in fibrin gel incubated with EMPs +/- growth factors for 48 h. The EMP effects on non-valve HUVECs were tested in parallel. EMPs inhibited HMVEC proliferation at high doses but stimulated HUVEC proliferation at all doses. In HMVECs, EMPs inhibited basic fibroblast growth factor- and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced proliferation and migration. Taken together, these data suggest EMPs regulate valvular EC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and, furthermore, modulate growth factor signaling in ECs. These results implicate EMPs as a possible source of downstream EC dysfunction in disease states. EMPs may play a role in valvular leaflet injury in human disease by inhibiting normal growth and repair of endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Denise B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Klinkner
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Densmore
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: LeAnne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: Hyun J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weihrauch
authors.forename: Kirkwood A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000166:cytology / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor