title: Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-induced proliferation and lipopolysaccharide-dependent activation of macrophages requires Raf-1 phosphorylation to induce mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 expression.
abstract: Macrophages are key regulators of immune responses. In the absence of an activating signal, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages undergo proliferation in response to their specific growth factor, namely M-CSF. The addition of bacterial LPS results in macrophage growth arrest and their engagement in a proinflammatory response. Although participation of ERKs is required for both macrophage proliferation and activation, ERK phosphorylation follows a more delayed pattern in response to activating agents. In primary macrophages, mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is a key regulator of the time course of MAPK activity. Here we showed that MKP-1 expression is dependent on Raf-1 activation. The time course of Raf-1 activation correlated with that of ERK-1/2. However, whereas ERK phosphorylation in response to M-CSF is Raf-1 dependent, in response to LPS, an alternative pathway directs the activation of these kinases. Inhibition of Raf-1 activity increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and growth arrest. In contrast, no effect was observed in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible NO synthase following LPS stimulation. The data reported here reveal new insights into how signaling determines opposing macrophage functions.
authors.affiliation: Macrophage Biology Group, Institute of Research in Biomedicine-University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Tilló
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comalada
authors.forename: Consol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farrera
authors.forename: Annabel F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Valledor
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloberas
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000276:immunology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000276:immunology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000378:metabolism; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; C517020:Dusp1 protein, mouse; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases