title: Evaluating mobility for radiotherapy planning of lung tumors: a comparison of virtual fluoroscopy and 4DCT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluoroscopy is widely used for evaluating tumor mobility in radiotherapy planning. Lung tumor mobility was scored using virtual fluoroscopy, and this was compared to mobility derived from contoured tumors in all phases of a respiration-correlated (or 4D) CT scan.
  
  
  METHODS
  4DCT datasets were reviewed and 29 patients were identified in whom tumors were visible on anterior-posterior fluoroscopy views. Mobility in all directions was estimated on fluoroscopy movie loops by four clinicians. These results were compared to mobility measured from contoured tumor volumes in all phases of the same 4DCT. Internal target volumes (ITV) were generated for both approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight patients, fluoroscopy did not allow for tumor mobility to be assessed in at least one direction. No significant inter-clinician variation was observed with respect to fluoroscopic assessment of mobility. Clinicians systematically overestimated mobility in all three directions (p<0.05). The mean ITVs derived using fluoroscopy were 52.2% larger than those derived using 4DCT contours, but the individual ITVs were smaller in three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of virtual fluoroscopy generally overestimates the mobility of visible lung tumors, and results in irradiation of unnecessarily large target volumes. In contrast, use of 4DCT minimizes the risk of normal tissue toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Postbox 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ylanga G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: van der Geld
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senan
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: van Sörnsen de Koste
authors.forename: Harm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Tinteren
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Slotman
authors.forename: René W M
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Underberg
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lagerwaard
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*