title: Analysis of free hemoglobin level and hemoglobin peptides from human puerperal uterine secretions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemocidins are a novel class of antibacterial peptides generated proteolytically from hemoglobin. These peptides play a particularly important role in maintaining vaginal homeostasis during menstrual bleeding. To investigate the hemoglobin fragmentation process during the last stages of pregnancy, we examined uterine secretion (lochia) samples from a group of 22 healthy women who underwent cesarean delivery at term.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were divided into three groups: (1) the elective cesarean deliveries without symptoms of spontaneous labor, (2) the nonelective cesarean deliveries with spontaneous beginning of labor, and (3) the nonelective cesarean deliveries during advanced labor. The samples were subjected to chromatographic estimation of free hemoglobin and peptides. In three representative patients the identification of all lochial peptides was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All samples contained a significant amount of free hemoglobin and its level increased with labor progression. The presence of peptide fractions was also detected in most lochia samples. They were confirmed to be human hemoglobin fragments, almost identical to the recently described bactericidal hemocidins from menstrual discharge. The level of peptides also increased during labor. The subgroup with advanced labor demonstrated the highest amount of hemocidins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented results prove that proteolysis of free hemoglobin in the female upper reproductive tract begins together with the clinical symptoms of normal labor. We speculate that cesarean delivery affects molecular mechanisms involved in antibacterial hemocidins generation and, in effect, might be responsible for the increased risk of gynecologic infections in cesarean deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. makp@mol.uj.edu.pl
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wicherek
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suder
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubin
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banas
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaim
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klimek
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D002845:Chromatography; D004586:Electrophoresis; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014621:Vagina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010446:Peptide Fragments