title: Keyswitch orientation can reduce finger joint torques during tapping on a computer keyswitch.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of keyswitch orientation on joint torques.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The fingertip produces primarily vertical forces during single-finger tapping on a computer keyswitch. However, horizontal force components within the sagittal plane of the finger could reduce net joint torques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven participants tapped on a keyswitch oriented in three directions: vertical, tilted 30 degrees such that when pressed it moved away from the user (similar to a positive-tilt keyboard), and tilted 30 degrees such that when pressed it moved toward the user (similar to a negative-tilt keyboard). Participants also tapped on a prototype cantilever keyswitch design in which the key cap moves along the arc of a bending beam gradually away from the user. Miniature electro-optical goniometers measured the finger posture, and a two-axis force sensor measured fingertip forces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tapping on a keyswitch oriented such that it moves away from the user when pressed reduced net joint torques by 47% relative to tapping on a vertically orientated keyswitch and by 56% relative to tapping on a keyswitch oriented toward the user, whereas the cantilever design resulted in 14% decreases in net joint torque relative to the vertical orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions of torques resulted from decreasing the moment arm of the fingertip force about the joints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Keyboard design should incorporate keyswitch mechanism angles along with other postural and geometric constraints to reduce exposure of the finger joints and muscles to force during typing.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Aruna D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Devin L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jindrich
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dennerlein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003201:Computers; D005260:Female; D005384:Finger Joint; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D019415:Torque; D014481:United States