Childbirth among the Canadian Inuit: a review of the clinical and cultural literature.
BACKGROUND
This study reviews the historical, anthropological and biomedical literature on childbirth among Canadian Inuit resident in the Canadian Arctic. The modern period is characterised by increased tension as southern intervention replaced traditional birthing with a biomedical model and evacuation to metropolitan hospitals for birth. Inuit concern over the erosion of traditional culture has confronted biomedical concern over perinatal outcomes. Recently, community birthing centres have been established in Nunavik and Nunavut in order to integrate traditional birthing techniques with biomedical support.


OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on Inuit childbirth in order to suggest avenues for future research.


METHODS
Material for this review was gathered through combining library searches, database searches in ANTHROPOLOGYPlus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Science-Direct, and a bibliographic search through the results.


RESULTS
Epidemiological studies of Inuit childbirth are outdated, inconclusive, or inseparable from non-Inuit data. Anthropological studies indicate that evacuation for childbirth has deleterious social and cultural effects and that there is considerable support for traditional communal birthing in combination with biomedical techniques and technology.


CONCLUSIONS
Investigation of alternative solutions to maintaining acceptable perinatal outcomes among the Inuit seems desirable. Epidemiological and comparative qualitative studies of perinatal outcomes across the Arctic are needed to reconcile the cultural desirability of communal birthing with claims of its medical feasibility.
Douglas
Vasiliki K
VK
Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. vasiliki@ualberta.ca
D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001110:Arctic Regions; D016550:Birthing Centers / Q000266:history* / Q000458:organization & administration; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000266:history / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D004930:Inuit; D008428:Maternal Mortality / Q000639:trends; D008880:Midwifery / Q000266:history; D036801:Parturition; D011247:Pregnancy