title: Outcomes in TBI with violent versus nonviolent etiology in a predominantly rural setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate differences in outcome in persons with violent versus nonviolent traumatic brain injury (TBI) etiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-group (violent vs nonviolent) 1-year follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Midwestern medical center TBI Model System serving a predominantly rural catchment area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five (n = 19 violent TBI etiology; n = 26 nonviolent TBI etiology) inpatients with primary diagnosis of TBI followed up as outpatients 1 year after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Substance use, income source, employment status, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (abbreviated version), Logical Memory I and II from the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised, Wide Range Achievement Test--Third Edition Reading subtest, Trail-Making Tests A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Community Integration Questionnaire, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Members of the violent group were more likely to be men, of a racial minority, unemployed, and have low income. Substance abuse was common among both groups prior to injury, with significant declines at 1 year. Follow-up also revealed significant group differences in verbal intelligence, social integration, productivity, and source of income, but nonsignificant difference in employment. In all comparisons, more favorable outcomes were found for the nonviolent group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with violent injury etiology have poorer premorbid functioning and are likely to have less favorable outcomes than the general population with TBI. Therefore, persons with violent TBI etiology may require more intensive aftercare programming to promote improved rehabilitation outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. schoppL@health.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Schopp
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shigaki
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bounds
authors.forename: Brick
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Renee C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Stucky
authors.forename: Debbie L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Conway
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D044469:Racial Groups; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014478:Unemployment; D014754:Violence