title: Dissimilar distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi clones in humans after chemotherapy with allopurinol and itraconazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to study the distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi clones after treatment failure with itraconazole or allopurinol in infected humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from treated and untreated individuals were used to detect T. cruzi by PCR assays and were confirmed by hybridization tests using total kinetoplast DNA as a universal probe. Also, xenodiagnosis (XD) tests were performed with Triatoma infestans fed from the same group of patients. We performed Southern-blot analyses of PCR products from blood or XD samples using a panel of four genotype-specific probes: corresponding to T. cruzi clones TcI, TcIIb, TcIId and TcIIe. The membranes were hybridized with radiolabelled probes and exposed in a Personal Molecular Imager.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing the presence of T. cruzi clones in the allopurinol-treated group with the non-treated group significant differences were only observed for XD samples. Clone TcI was present in 9/13 (69.2%) of the XD samples of the treated group, but only in 8/27 (29.6%) in the non-treated group (P = 0.0178). When the itraconazole-treated group and the control group were compared, significant differences were found in both the blood and XD samples. In blood, the clone TcIIb was detected in 6/17 (35.5%) of the treated group and in 18/27 (66.7%) of the non-treated group (P = 0.0207). When XD samples were analysed, the clone TcI was observed in 14/17 (82.3%) of the itraconazole-treated group but only in 8/27 (29.6%) of the control group (P = 0.0006), which suggests resistance of this clone to itraconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected a dissimilar distribution of T. cruzi clones in treated and untreated groups of patients. The presence of TcI increased in patients treated with allopurinol and itraconazole, whereas the presence of TcIIb decreased in itraconazole-treated patients. The type of T. cruzi clone that prevails suggests that TcI is resistant to both drugs and that TcIIb is susceptible to itraconazole.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile Independencia 1027, Código postal 70086, Santiago 7, Chile.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Coronado
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zulantay
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozas
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Apt
authors.forename: Gittith
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solari
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D000493:Allopurinol