title: Are prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate useful for the long-term monitoring of type 2 diabetic patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of prediction equations [modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), simplified MDRD, Cockcroft-Gault (CG), reciprocal of creatinine and creatinine clearance] in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 525 glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) using (125)I-iothalamate were carried out over 10 years in 87 type 2 diabetic patients. Accuracy was evaluated at three levels of renal function according to the baseline values obtained with the isotopic method: hyperfiltration (GFR: >140 ml/min/1.73 m(2); 140 isotopic determinations in 27 patients), normal renal function (GFR: 140-90 ml/min/1.73 m(2); 294 isotopic determinations in 47 patients) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2-3 (GFR: 30-89 ml/min/1.73 m(2); 87 isotopic determinations in 13 patients). The annual slope for GFR (change in GFR expressed as ml/min/year) was considered to ascertain the variability in the equations compared with the isotopic method during follow-up. Student's t-test was used to determine the existence of significant differences between prediction equations and the isotopic method (P < 0.05 with Bonferroni adjusted for five contrast tests).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the subgroup of patients with hyperfiltration, a GFR slope calculated with (125)I-iothalamate -4.8 +/- 4.7 ml/min/year was obtained. GFR slope in patients with normal renal function was -3.0 +/- 2.3 ml/min/year. In both situations, all equations presented a significant underestimation compared with the isotopic GFR (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). In the subgroup of CKD stages 2-3, the slope for GFR with (125)I-iothalamate was -1.4 +/- 1.8 ml/min/year. The best prediction equation compared with the isotopic method proved to be MDRD with a slope for GFR of -1.4 +/- 1.3 ml/min/year (P: NS) compared with the CG formula -1.0 +/- 0.9 ml/min/year (P: NS). Creatinine clearance presented the greatest variability in estimation (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the normal renal function and hyperfiltration groups, none of the prediction equations demonstrated acceptable accuracy owing to excessive underestimation of renal function. In CKD stages 2-3, with mean serum creatinine > or =133 micromol/l (1.5 mg/dl), the MDRD equation can be used to estimate GFR during the monitoring and follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin, anti-diabetic drugs or both.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Terrassa, Ctra Torrebonica s/n, 08227, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain. 34989nfb@comb.es
authors.forename: Néstor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fontseré
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonal
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bayés
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riba
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanmartí
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007483:Iothalamic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007483:Iothalamic Acid; D003404:Creatinine