title: Self-efficacy is associated with pain, functioning, and coping in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the psychometric characteristics of a measure of self-efficacy for managing temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and to determine whether scores on this measure were related to pain, disability, and psychological distress in patients with chronic TMD pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients seeking treatment for chronic TMD pain (n = 156, 87% female, mean age = 37 years) completed measures assessing pain, disability, mental health, pain-coping strategies, and self-efficacy for managing their pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The self-efficacy measure, which was adapted from arthritis research, demonstrated good psychometric characteristics (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91, minimal floor and ceiling effects, and validity). Greater self-efficacy was associated with significantly (P < .05) lower levels of pain, disability, and psychological distress. Self-efficacy remained significantly associated with disability and mental health measures even after controlling for demographic variables and pain intensity. In addition, patients with higher self-efficacy reported significantly (P < .05) greater use of an active, adaptive chronic pain-coping strategy (task persistence) and less use of a passive, maladaptive chronic pain-coping strategy (rest).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-efficacy for managing pain appears to be important in the adjustment of patients with chronic TMD pain. Research is needed to determine whether treatments designed to increase self-efficacy improve TMD patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. hbrister@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brister
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Aaron
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mancl
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018710:Pain Clinics; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*