Current and future applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common neuro-psychiatric abnormality, which complicates the course of patients with liver disease and results from hepatocellular failure and/or portosystemic shunting. The manifestations of HE are widely variable and involve a spectrum from mild subclinical disturbance to deep coma. Research interest has focused on the role of circulating gut-derived toxins, particularly ammonia, the development of brain swelling and changes in cerebral neurotransmitter systems that lead to global CNS depression and disordered function. Until recently the direct investigation of cerebral function has been difficult in man. However, new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide a non-invasive means of assessment of changes in brain volume (coregistered MRI) and impaired brain function (fMRI), while proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) detects changes in brain biochemistry, including direct measurement of cerebral osmolytes, such as myoinositol, glutamate and glutamine which govern processes intrinsic to cellular homeostasis, including the accumulation of intracellular water. The concentrations of these intracellular osmolytes alter with hyperammonaemia. MRS-detected metabolite abnormalities correlate with the severity of neuropsychiatric impairment and since MR spectra return towards normal after treatment, the technique may be of use in objective patient monitoring and in assessing the effectiveness of various treatment regimens.
Grover
V-P Bob
VP
Hepatology Section, Division of Medicine A, St Mary's Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Wharf Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom. bob.grover@imperial.ac.uk
Dresner
M-Alex
MA
Forton
Daniel-M
DM
Counsell
Serena
S
Larkman
David-J
DJ
Patel
Nayna
N
Thomas
Howard-C
HC
Taylor-Robinson
Simon-D
SD
D001253:Astrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
D014867:Water