Pilot measurements of ELF contact currents in some electric utility occupations.
Contact currents from touching objects with different voltages can produce electric fields within the body that produce neurological and other biological effects. To begin measuring these exposures among electric utility workers, a new contact current meter (CCM) was tested in a pilot study at Southern California Edison. The CCM was worn for 82 full-shift measurements by 76 volunteers from eight occupations who did not work directly with energized electrical equipment. The volunteers were exposed to an average of 285.8 contact current events above the meter's 1-microA threshold, but most of these were electrostatic spark discharges. Fourteen employees experienced an average of 135.1 contact currents events whose primary frequency was 60 Hz. Using a circuit model of the human body, the average contact currents going from arm to arm was 9.8 microA (maximum = 178.0 microA), and the average going down the torso was 25.5 microA (maximum = 662.0). The maximum exposures were experienced by a technical support employee working in a substation. All measurements in this pilot study were below the 3000 microA maximum permissible exposure for contact currents set by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). Combining these current measurements with the results of high-resolution dosimetry, the internal electric fields averaged an estimated 1.7 mV/m in the heart (maximum = 21.0 mV/m), and 1.9 mV/m in the hematopoietic bone marrow in the torso (maximum = 56.5 mV/m). These internal electric fields from contact currents are below the basic restriction of 943 mV/m in the IEEE exposure standards but are above 1 mV/m, a level where biological effects have been often reported in laboratory studies. Safety concerns limited the measurements to de-energized equipment, so we did not obtain data on work in energized high-voltage environments, the most likely sources of high contact currents. This pilot study identified other improvements to the contact current meter that would make it better able to measure exposures in future health studies.
Bowman
Joseph
J
NIOSH Physical Hazards Team, Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. jdb0@cdc.gov
Niple
John
J
Kavet
Rob
R
D001822:Body Burden; D002140:California; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D010865:Pilot Projects