title: Hepatobiliary disposition of a drug/metabolite pair: Comprehensive pharmacokinetic modeling in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes.
abstract: The hepatobiliary disposition of xenobiotics may involve passive and/or active uptake, metabolism by cytochromes P450, and excretion of the parent compound and/or metabolite(s) into bile. Although in vitro systems have been used to evaluate these individual processes discretely, mechanistic in vitro studies of the sequential processes of uptake, metabolism, and biliary or basolateral excretion are limited. The current studies used sandwich-cultured (SC) rat hepatocytes combined with a comprehensive pharmacokinetic modeling approach to investigate the hepatobiliary disposition of terfenadine and fexofenadine, a model drug/metabolite pair. The metabolism of terfenadine and the biliary excretion of terfenadine and fexofenadine were determined in control and dexamethasone-treated SC rat hepatocytes. Dexamethasone (DEX) treatment increased the formation rates of the terfenadine metabolites azacyclonol and fexofenadine approximately 20- and 2-fold, respectively. The biliary excretion index (BEI) of fexofenadine, when generated by terfenadine metabolism, was not significantly different from the BEI of preformed fexofenadine (15 +/- 2% versus 19 +/- 2%, respectively). Pharmacokinetic modeling revealed that the rate constant for hepatocyte uptake was faster for terfenadine compared with preformed fexofenadine (2.5 versus 0.08 h(-1), respectively), whereas the biliary excretion rate constant for preformed fexofenadine exceeded that of terfenadine (0.44 versus 0.039 h(-1), respectively). Interestingly, the rate constants for basolateral excretion of terfenadine and fexofenadine were comparable (3.2 versus 1.9 h(-1), respectively) and increased only slightly with DEX treatment. These studies demonstrate the utility of the SC hepatocyte model, coupled with pharmacokinetic modeling, to evaluate the hepatobiliary disposition of generated metabolites.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Kerr Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Turncliff
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hoffmaster
authors.forename: J Cory
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kalvass
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Kim L R
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015233:Models, Statistical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D016593:Terfenadine; C093230:fexofenadine