title: Brain injury in the infant: the old, the new, and the uncertain.
abstract: Although neonatal brain injury occurs most frequently after a perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insult, recently studies have noted that variable causes such as metabolic and reperfusion events can result in, or aggravate, a brain insult. Current data suggest that about 2 to 5 of 1,000 live births in the United States and more so in developing countries experience a brain injury Approximately 20% to 40% of infants who survive the brain injury develop significant neurological and developmental impairments. The resulting impact on the child, family, and society presents a formidable challenge to health care professionals. Although several important insights have been gained in the last several years about the epidemiology, diagnosis, and mechanism of brain injury, management remains mostly a cocktail of controversial trials. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathology, clinical manifestations, and timely management of infants with brain injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Azusa Pacific University, and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA. linakbadr@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lina Kurdahi
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Badr Zahr
authors.forename: Isabell
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Purdy
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000150:complications; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D047109:Fetal Development; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents