title: The role of the craniospinal nerves in mediating the antinociceptive effect of transcranial electrostimulation in the rat.
abstract: Transcranial electrostimulation (TES) has been reported to elicit significant analgesia, but its mechanism of action has not been elucidated. In a recently introduced clinically relevant rat model of TES we have validated and characterized the TES antinociceptive effect, suggesting involvement of the sensory nerves of the rat's scalp in mediating that effect. In this study, we have further investigated the role of the craniospinal nerves by attempting to block the TES antinociceptive effect with local anesthetic injected under the TES electrodes. We also applied different transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation modalities through the TES electrodes and compared the elicited antinociceptive effect to that of TES. The antinociceptive effect was assessed by measuring nociceptive thresholds in the tail-flick latency test in awake, unrestrained male rats. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni t-test. The TES antinociceptive effect was significantly reduced after local anesthetic injection, and administration of 100 Hz transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was, over time, capable of eliciting the same degree of antinociceptive effect as TES. We conclude that sensory craniospinal nerves play a critical role in mediating the TES antinociceptive action and offer a hypothesis on the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for this action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. nek@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nekhendzy
authors.forename: M Frances
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Hendrikus J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: Mervyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maze
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000818:Animals; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012535:Scalp / Q000294:innervation*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation