title: A selected history and future of immunoassay development and applications in clinical chemistry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first immunoassay was described by Berson and Yalow in 1959. Their work resulted in their receipt of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1977. Since this introduction, immunoassays have evolved considerably.
  
  
  METHODS
  There have been several milestones that have led to the proliferation of modern immunoassays. The development of monoclonal antibodies from mouse hydridoma cells by Millstein and Kohler (Nobel Prize in 1984) enabled the production of high quantities of antibodies with well characterized epitope specificity. The first homogenous immunoassay (no separation step required) was the Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT), which enabled adaptation of this assay onto automated chemistry platforms. EMIT was also one of the first immunoassay that made use of non-isotopic labels. Other non-isotopic labels became available such as chemiluminescence to improve the analytical sensitivity of immunoassays. The advantages of high-sensitivity immunoassays have created expanded diagnostic roles for some existing assays such as thyroid stimulating hormone for hyperthyroidism, C-reactive protein for cardiovascular risk assessment, and other applications. The development of instrumentation capable of automated heterogeneous immunoassays (separation step to improve sensitivity) has enabled movement of this technology from the "special chemistry" sections of a clinical laboratory into the "core" laboratory with other high-volume testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Today, immunoassays play a prominent role in the analysis of many clinical laboratory analytes such as proteins, hormones, drugs, and nucleic acids. The future involves development of assays with higher sensitivities which will enable the discovery of new biomarkers for disease diagnosis, and technology that will enable simultaneous multimarker analysis of tests whose needs are naturally grouped together (e.g., cytokines and allergens).
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. wualan@labmed2.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Alan H B
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000266:history; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D002624:Chemistry, Clinical / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000266:history* / Q000639:trends; D018448:Models, Immunological; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal