title: Teleconsultation with digital camera images is useful for fracture care.
abstract: Teleconsultation using digital camera images has not yet been proven useful in orthopaedic practice. We ascertained the validity and reliability of teleconsultation using digital camera images of 100 patients with nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures and 50 healthy age-matched subjects. We used three sets of images from each patient: a digitized radiograph, digital clinical photographs of the injured site, and conventional analog radiographs. Assessments were made independently by three groups of assessors: four orthopaedic staff members, four senior residents, and four junior residents all of whom evaluated the digitized information via E-mail. Digitized radiographs, digitized radiographs supplemented with a clinical photograph, and conventional radiographs were assessed consecutively at 1-week intervals. We used clinical and radiographic followup data as a gold standard. The overall reliability (kappa), sensitivity, and specificity of digitized radiographs were 0.57, 83.2%, and 80.7%, respectively. Reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the digitized radiographs were not decreased after transmitting via E-mail. The level of experience in radiographic interpretation was associated independently with fracture misdiagnosis. Teleconsultation using digital camera images was valid and reliable. We recommend sending clinical photographs with the digitized radiograph.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic study, level II. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. boonsin.b@psu.ac.th
authors.forename: Boonsin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tangtrakulwanich
authors.forename: Worapong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kwunpiroj
authors.forename: Virasakdi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chongsuvivatwong
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Geater
authors.forename: Nirand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiatsiriroj
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D019114:Remote Consultation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity