title: Home uroflowmetry biofeedback in behavioral training for dysfunctional voiding in school-age children: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the added value of home uroflowmetry for biofeedback training compared to added attention and standard therapy in a multicomponent behavioral training program for voiding disorders in school-age children. Little is known about the role of biofeedback by home uroflowmetry for dysfunctional voiding due to NNBSD in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled study was conducted at an outpatient pediatric incontinence university clinic from January 2000 to June 2003. A total of 192 children 6 to 16 years old who were suffering from recurrent urinary tract infections with or without urge incontinence were screened for NNBSD. Of 143 eligible patients 44 were randomly allocated to receive 8 weeks of standard therapy (outpatient behavioral therapy), 46 to receive 8 weeks of home video instructions together with standard therapy and 53 to receive 8 weeks of home uroflowmetry biofeedback together with standard therapy. After 8 weeks all treatment groups proceeded with standard therapy for 16 weeks, after which prophylaxis with antibiotics was stopped and patients were followed for another 6 months. Main outcome measurement was total relief of complaints, namely urinary tract infections and, if present, incontinence, at 12 months after randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline there was no reason to predict major incomparabilities between the groups. In an intent to treat analysis there was no difference in total relief between standard treatment (44%) and added video instruction (42%, RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.56). Total relief in the added home uroflowmetry group (55%) was higher than with standard therapy (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.93), although the difference was not statistically significant. A per protocol analysis suggested that the groups with added home uroflowmetry showed better total relief than the pooled groups with standard therapy and those with added video (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Home uroflowmetry appears to be a useful adjunctive treatment for the reduction of complaints in children with dysfunctional voiding due to nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dyssynergia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.j.klijn@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Aart J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Klijn
authors.forename: Cuno S P M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
authors.forename: Marianne A W
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vijverberg
authors.forename: Pauline L H
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dik
authors.forename: Tom P V M
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics