title: Decommissioning procedures for an 11 MeV self-shielded medical cyclotron after 16 years of working time.
abstract: The present article describes the decommissioning of a compact, self-shielded, 11 MeV medical cyclotron. A Monte Carlo simulation of the possible nuclear reactions was performed in order to plan the decommissioning activities. In the course of the cyclotron dismantling, cyclotron components, shields, and floor concrete samples were measured. Residual activities were analyzed with a Ge(Li) detector and compared with simulation data. Doses to staff involved in the decommissioning procedure were monitored by individual TL dosimeters. The simulations identified five radioactive nuclides in shields and floor concrete: 55Fe and 45Ca (beta emitters, total specific activity: 2.29 x 10(4) Bq kg) and 152Eu, 154Eu, 60Co (gamma emitters, total specific activity: 1.62 x 10(3) Bq kg-1). Gamma-ray spectrometry confirmed the presence of gamma emitters, corresponding to a total specific activity of 3.40 x 10(2) Bq kg-1. The presence of the radioisotope 124Sb in the lead contained in the shield structure, corresponding to a simulated specific activity of 9.38 x 10(3) Bq kg-1, was experimentally confirmed. The measured dose from external exposure of the involved staff was <20 muSv, in accordance with the expected range of values between 10 and 20 muSv. The measured dose from intake was negligible. Finally, the decommissioning of the 11 MeV cyclotron does not represent a risk for the involved staff, but due to the presence of long-lived radioisotopes, the cyclotron components are to be treated as low level radioactive waste and stored in an authorized storage area.
authors.affiliation: Health Physics Department, Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, IRCCS San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. calandrino.riccardo@hsr.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calandrino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: del Vecchio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todde
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Griffoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazio
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017357:Cyclotrons / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004583:Electrons; D007558:Italy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors