title: Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information about the prevalence of gastric ulcers in Standardbred trotters and potential correlations between ulcers and various traits, e.g. age, sex, performance, temperament and feeding regimens, need further elucidation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa of Swedish Standardbreds was estimated and the associations between ulcer score and age, sex, performance, temperament and feeding regimens were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty Swedish Standardbreds in active race training, trained by 9 different trainers, underwent gastroscopy. Information on age, gender, status of training, performance over the last 4 months compared with the trainer's expectations before that period, behaviour, eating habits, feed type, bedding type, time spent outdoors per day and medical treatment during the last month was collected. Gastroscopy was performed and lesions in the squamous gastric mucosa were scored from 0 to 4 (0 = no lesions; 4 = > 5 lesions with haemorrhage, > 10 lesions with no haemorrhage, or a large area of diffuse loss of surface epithelium).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four (30%) of the horses had no lesions in the squamous mucosa, 22 (27.5%) had a score of 1; 21 (26.2%) score 2; 9 (11.2%) score 3; and 4 (5%) score 4. Horses that were in preparatory training and those that had raced during the last month were significantly more affected than horses that were fit for racing but had not raced during the last month, using a logistic regression model with trainer incorporated as a random effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirmed a high prevalence of ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa of Standardbreds in race training. Of the studied parameters only status of training showed a significant association with gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastric ulceration is a common disease and diagnosis should be made by endoscopic examination of the gastric mucosa, since parameters such as age, gender, performance, behaviour, eating habits provide only weak clues as to which horses might be affected. Further studies are needed to determine the aetiology of the syndrome and to find ways to reduce, if possible, the frequency of gastric ulcers.
authors.affiliation: ATG:s Hästsjukhus Färjestad, Norra Infarten 82, SE-654 65 Karlstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egenvall
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology