title: Estradiol, but not dehydroepiandrosterone, decreases parasitemia and increases the incidence of cerebral malaria and the mortality in plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected CBA mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of castration and subsequent replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or estradiol on parasitemia, mortality and incidence of cerebral malaria (CM) was evaluated in CBA mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mice were castrated, and groups of 12-15 animals received daily injections of DHEA, estradiol or saline. Four days after the start of treatment, mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(6)P. berghei ANKA-parasitized erythrocytes. DHEA treatment was continued during the 5 days after infection, and estradiol was administered during the follow-up. Parasitemia was evaluated daily in Giemsa-stained blood smears. Signs of CM were determined by the manifestation of coma, limb paralysis and/or convulsions. Plasma TNF-alpha levels were evaluated by sandwich ELISA. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the brain of moribund mice was measured by the method of Bredt and Snyder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In non-castrated infected mice, the incidence of CM was 50%, and plasma TNF-alpha increased and brain NOS activity decreased compared to non-infected controls. Castration had no major effect on the parameters analyzed (parasitemia, mortality, CM incidence, TNF-alpha levels or NOS activity). Estradiol replacement caused a decrease in parasitemia but resulted in higher CM incidence and faster mortality, with an increase in NOS activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estradiol modulated the immune response of P. berghei ANKA-infected CBA mice, decreasing parasitemia and increasing NOS activity, and impacted negatively on survival and CM incidence, showing that neuroimmunoendocrine interactions are important in the physiopathogenesis of malaria infections.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rosana M F
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Libonati
authors.forename: Maristela G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Marcos V N
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Salma G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Claudio T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Daniel-Ribeiro
authors.forename: Leonardo J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: José L M
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D015984:Causality; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009919:Orchiectomy; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I