title: Spiral ligament fibrocytes release chemokines in response to otitis media pathogens.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Spiral ligament fibrocytes (SLFs) may be involved in the innate immune response of the inner ear by producing chemoattractants for recruiting inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular responses of SLFs when challenged by inflammatory stimuli such as components of otitis media pathogens or proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  To detect released inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cells were treated for 48 h with whole lysates of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Streptococcus pneumoniae, or with interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1alpha). The culture medium was then collected and applied to protein arrays. To compare mRNA levels of chemokines, total RNA was extracted after 3 h of treatment with the above agents, and quantitative real-time PCR was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein array analysis showed that in response to NTHi or S. pneumoniae, rat SLFs released monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha, TNF-alpha, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 and 3. Treatment with IL-1alpha, on the other hand, resulted in release of MCP-1 but not the other molecules. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were released regardless of the inflammatory stimulus used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gonda Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA.
authors.forename: Sung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Raekil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Haa-Yung
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gyu-June
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Kiweon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andalibi
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000276:immunology; D009925:Organ of Corti / Q000276:immunology*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000276:immunology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000276:immunology*; D013137:Spiral Lamina / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018925:Chemokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger