title: Rupture of the anterior tibial tendon: three clinical cases, anatomical study, and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report three cases of anterior tibial tendon ruptures and the results of an anatomical study in regard to the tendon's insertion site and a literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients were referred to our hospital with anterior tibial tendon ruptures. In the anatomical study, 53 feet were dissected, looking in particular for variants of the bony insertion of the tendon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients had surgical treatment (one primary repair and one semimembranosus tendon graft) and one conservative treatment. After a mean followup of 14 weeks all patients had satisfactory outcomes. In the anatomical study, we noted three different insertion sites: in 36 feet the tendon inserted into the medial side of the cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal bone and in 13 feet only into the medial side of the cuneiform bone. In the remaining four feet the tendon inserted into the cuneiform and the first metatarsal bone, but an additional tendon was noted taking its origin from the anterior tibial tendon near its insertion into the medial cuneiform and attaching to the proximal part of the first metatarsal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to literature, surgical repair is the treatment of choice for acute ruptures and for patients with high activity levels. For chronic ruptures and patients with low demands, conservative management may lead to an equally good outcome. Knowledge of the anatomy in this region may be helpful for diagnosis and for the interpretation of intraoperative findings and choosing the most appropriate surgical procedure.
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Universitätsklinik, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany. konstantinos.anagnostakos@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anagnostakos
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bachelier
authors.forename: Oliver Alexander
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D012421:Rupture; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*