title: NUCLEAR FUSION DEFECTIVE1 encodes the Arabidopsis RPL21M protein and is required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development and fertilization.
abstract: Karyogamy, or nuclear fusion, is essential for sexual reproduction. In angiosperms, karyogamy occurs three times: twice during double fertilization of the egg cell and the central cell and once during female gametophyte development when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus. The molecular mechanisms controlling karyogamy are poorly understood. We have identified nine female gametophyte mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nuclear fusion defective1 (nfd1) to nfd9, that are defective in fusion of the polar nuclei. In the nfd1 to nfd6 mutants, failure of fusion of the polar nuclei is the only defect detected during megagametogenesis. nfd1 is also affected in karyogamy during double fertilization. Using transmission electron microscopy, we showed that nfd1 nuclei fail to undergo fusion of the outer nuclear membranes. nfd1 contains a T-DNA insertion in RPL21M that is predicted to encode the mitochondrial 50S ribosomal subunit L21, and a wild-type copy of this gene rescues the mutant phenotype. Consistent with the predicted function of this gene, an NFD1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein localizes to mitochondria and the NFD1/RPL21M gene is expressed throughout the plant. The nfd3, nfd4, nfd5, and nfd6 mutants also contain T-DNA insertions in genes predicted to encode proteins that localize to mitochondria, suggesting a role for this organelle in nuclear fusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Portereiko
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandaklie-Nikolova
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dever
authors.forename: Denichiro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otsuga
authors.forename: Gary N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Drews
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; C060232:ribosomal protein L21