title: Inflammatory measures in children with obstructive sleep apnoea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a range of inflammatory measures in children with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 44 children with polysomnographically defined OSA (30 boys; mean age: 7.3 +/- 3.7 years) and 69 control subjects (44 boys; mean age: 7.6 +/- 4 years) were recruited. Controls were screened for symptoms of OSA by questionnaire at the time of elective surgery that was unrelated to the upper airway. Blood samples were analysed for C-reactive protein, and cytokines IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the children had mild OSA (32/44). Children with OSA (respiratory disturbance index 5.3 +/- 6.5 events/h) had significantly higher IFN-gamma and IL-8 levels than controls (P < 0.001 and 0.003, respectively), although correction for age, sex and body mass index reduced these differences (IFN-gammaP = 0.002, and IL-8 P = 0.051). There were no significant correlations between inflammatory measures and body mass index, respiratory disturbance index, or other sleep, desaturation, or arousal parameters including respiratory or spontaneous arousal indices, desaturation index or severity, sleep efficiency, or apnoea/hypopnoea duration in the OSA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with OSA, even of mild severity, have significantly elevated IFN-gamma levels and a trend towards elevated IL-8 levels compared with asymptomatic controls, consistent with a pro-inflammatory effect of OSA. These changes seen in mild OSA may precede changes in other pro-inflammatory cytokines found in studies of adults with more severe and long-standing disease, implying a potential benefit from early disease identification and intervention.
authors.affiliation: SIDS and Sleep Apnoea Research Group, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Charmaine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McBain
authors.forename: Sherryn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein