title: Cytotoxicity and expression of c-fos, HSP70, and GADD45/153 proteins in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells exposed to dinitrotoluenes.
abstract: Dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) are byproducts of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT), and exist as a mixture of 2 to 6 isomers, with 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT being the most significant. The main route of human exposure at ammunition facilities is inhalation. The primary targets of DNTs toxicity are the hematopoietic system, cardiovascular system, nervous system and reproductive system. In factory workers, exposure to DNTs has been linked to many adverse health effects, including: cyanosis, vertigo, headache, metallic taste, dyspnea, weakness and lassitude, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Other symptoms including pain or parasthesia in extremities, abdominal discomfort, tremors, paralysis, chest pain, and unconsciousness have been documented. An association between DNTs exposure and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinomas and subcutaneous tumors in rats, as well as renal tumors in mice, has been established. This research was therefore designed targeting the liver to assess the cellular and molecular responses of human liver carcinoma cells following exposure to 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Upon 48 hrs of exposure, LC50 values of 245 +/- 14.724 microg/mL, and 300 +/- 5.92 microg/mL were recorded for 2,6-DNT and 2,4-DNT respectively, indicating that both DNTs are moderately toxic, and 2,6-DNT is slightly more toxic to HepG2 cells than 2,4-DNT. A dose response relationship was recorded with respect to the cytotoxicity of both DNTs. Western blot analysis resulted in a significant expression (p<0.05) of the 70-kDa heat shock protein in 2,6-DNT-treated cells compared to the control cells and at the 200 microg/mL dose for 2,4-DNT. A statistically significant expression in c-fos was also observed at the 200 and 250 microg/mL treatment level for 2,4- and 2,6-DNT, respectively. However, no statistically significant expression of this protooncogene-related protein was observed at the doses of 0, 100, or 300 microg/mL or within the dose range of 0-200 microg/mL for 2,6-DNT. The 45-kDa growth arrest and damage protein was significantly expressed at the dose range of 200 - 250 microg/mL for 2,6-DNT and at the dose range of 200 - 400 microg/mL for 2,4-DNT. Expression of 153-kDa growth arrest and DNA damage protein was significant at the 100, 200, and 250 microg/mL doses for 2,6-DNT and at the 200 microg/mL dose for 2,4-DNT. Overall, these results indicate the potential of DNTs to induce cytotoxic, proteotoxic (HSP70), and genotoxic (GADD45/153) effects, as well as oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory reactions (c-fos).
authors.affiliation: Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, School of Science and Technology, Jackson State University, 140 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
authors.forename: Konsuela Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Cecilia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Tchounwou
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000378:metabolism; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; C439070:GADD45A protein, human; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene