title: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oil by a completely automated headspace technique coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: A new and completely automated method for the determination of ten relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oil is proposed using an extraction by the headspace (HS) technique. Quantification and confirmation steps are carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combining simultaneously selected-ion monitoring (SIM) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This combination offers on one hand an increased sensitivity and on the other hand, selective and reliable qualitative information. Sample pretreatment or clean-up are not necessary because the olive oil sample is put directly into an HS vial, automatically processed by HS and introduced into the GC-MS instrument for analysis. Because of its high selectivity and sensitivity, a triple-quadrupole (QqQ) detector coupled with the gas chromatograph allows us to limit handling. Each sample is completely processed in approximately 63 min (45 min for HS isolation and 18 min for GC-MS determination), a reduced time compared with previously published methods. The chemical and instrumental variables were preliminarily optimized using uncontaminated olive oil samples spiked with 25 microg kg(-1) of each target compound. The final method was validated to ensure the quality of the results. The precision was satisfactory, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values in the range 3-9%. Recovery rates ranged from 96 to 99%. Limits of detection (LOD) were calculated as 0.02-0.06 microg kg(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 0.07-0.26 microg kg(-1). It must be mentioned that the LOD and LOQ are much lower than the maximum levels established by the European Union (EU) in oils and fats intended for direct human consumption or for use as an ingredient in foods, which are set at 2 microg kg(-1). All the figures of merit are completely in accordance with the latest EU legislation. This fact makes it possible to consider the proposed method as a useful tool for the control of PAHs in olive oils.
authors.affiliation: Research Group-Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04071 Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Arrebola
authors.forename: A Garrido
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Frenich
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: González Rodríguez
authors.forename: Patricia Plaza
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Bolaños
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martínez Vidal
mesh_terms: D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons