title: Fine tuning of PPAR ligands for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent chronic disease. Recently, many biological targets are discovered for treatment of this disease. The identification of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and their subtypes alpha, gamma and delta or beta as targets for controlling lipid, glucose and energy homeostasis has proved to be exciting. As hyperlipidaemia, obesity and insulin resistance are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and macrovascular complications of diabetes; new agents that increase insulin sensitivity as well as decrease hyperlipidaemia by distinct yet complementary mechanism are being studied as they may provide improved therapy for T2DM and related disorders. In this article, we review highly potent PPARgamma agonists, PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists, PPAR pan agonists, alternative PPAR ligands like partial agonists or selective PPAR modulators (SPPARMs) and antagonists from a chemist point of view.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India. umaram54@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008024:Ligands; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008024:Ligands; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors