title: Does adherence monitoring reduce controlled substance abuse in chronic pain patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioids are used extensively for chronic pain management in the United States. The frequency of opioid use prior to presenting to interventional pain management settings and in interventional pain management settings has been shown to be above 90%. Given that controlled substance abuse and illicit drug use are prevalent phenomena, adherence monitoring of patients that are prescribed opioids is becoming common. Adherence monitoring is carried out by an appropriate history, periodic evaluation of appropriate intake of drugs, random drug testing, and pill counts. Crucial to adherence monitoring is an initial controlled substance agreement and repeated review of the terms of this agreement with on-going education. However, the effect of adherence monitoring on drug abuse is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify controlled substance abuse through implementation of the terms of a controlled substance agreement, including periodic review and monitoring outside the organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation with historical controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred consecutive patients receiving prescription controlled substances were followed in a prospective manner. The evaluation consisted of a chart review to monitor controlled substance intake, with special attention to drugs obtained from outside the organization. Data collection for this purpose included information from records, pharmacies, referring physicians, and all the physicians involved in the treatment of the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from 500 consecutive patients were evaluated. Controlled substance abuse was seen in 9% of patients; overall, 5% of patients were obtaining controlled substances from other physicians, and 4% from illegal sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence monitoring, including controlled substance agreements and various periodic measures of compliance was associated with a 50% reduction in opioid abuse.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center of Paducah, Kentucky, USA. drm@apex.net
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manchukonda
authors.forename: Kim S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Damron
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandon
authors.forename: Carla D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cash
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003710:Demography; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid