title: The chicken talpid3 gene encodes a novel protein essential for Hedgehog signaling.
abstract: Talpid3 is a classical chicken mutant with abnormal limb patterning and malformations in other regions of the embryo known to depend on Hedgehog signaling. We combined the ease of manipulating chicken embryos with emerging knowledge of the chicken genome to reveal directly the basis of defective Hedgehog signal transduction in talpid3 embryos and to identify the talpid3 gene. We show in several regions of the embryo that the talpid3 phenotype is completely ligand independent and demonstrate for the first time that talpid3 is absolutely required for the function of both Gli repressor and activator in the intracellular Hedgehog pathway. We map the talpid3 locus to chromosome 5 and find a frameshift mutation in a KIAA0586 ortholog (ENSGALG00000012025), a gene not previously attributed with any known function. We show a direct causal link between KIAA0586 and the mutant phenotype by rescue experiments. KIAA0586 encodes a novel protein, apparently specific to vertebrates, that localizes to the cytoplasm. We show that Gli3 processing is abnormal in talpid3 mutant cells but that Gli3 can still translocate to the nucleus. These results suggest that the talpid3 protein operates in the cytoplasm to regulate the activity of both Gli repressor and activator proteins.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre (WTB), University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Megan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: I Robert
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.forename: Yili
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Fiona K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Bangs
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Morrice
authors.forename: Terence Gordon
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buxton
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stamataki
authors.forename: Mikiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Münsterberg
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Briscoe
authors.forename: Cheryll
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tickle
authors.forename: Dave W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D017689:Polydactyly / Q000235:genetics*; D021381:Protein Transport; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019170:Somites / Q000166:cytology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D030161:Avian Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators