title: Effect of theophylline and aminophylline on transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction is not mediated by cAMP.
abstract: 1. Theophylline and aminophylline have been widely used as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase when examining the role of cAMP in regulating cell function. In reality, however, these phosphodiesterase inhibitors may have additional sites of action that could complicate the interpretation of the results. These additional sites of action could include antagonism of inhibitory adenosine autoreceptors and release of intracellular calcium. The purpose of the present study was to determine which of the above three is the primary mechanism by which theophylline and aminophylline affect transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. 2. Quantal release measurements were made using intracellular recording techniques. A variety of drugs were used to elucidate this pathway. Isoproterenol, an adenylate cyclase activator, was first used to establish the effect of enhanced levels of cAMP. Theophylline application on its own or in the presence of a drug combination that blocked the adenosine receptor and phosphodiesterase pathways caused significant release depression, opposite to what is expected if it was functioning to enhance cAMP levels. However, when applied in the presence of a drug combination that blocked the adenosine receptor, phosphodiesterase and intracellular ryanodine calcium pathways, theophylline was unable to depress release. Therefore, it was concluded that the major mechanism of action of theophylline is depression of transmitter release by causing the release of intracellular calcium. 3. Aminophylline application alone resulted in a significant enhancement of release. However, when coupled with an adenosine receptor blocker, the ability of aminophylline to enhance transmitter release was blocked, suggesting that its dominant mechanism of action is adenosine receptor inhibition. 4. Taken together, these results indicate that the use of theophylline and aminophylline is inappropriate when examining the role of cAMP at the mammalian neuromuscular junction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nickels
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Dustin E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Blevins
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D000628:Aminophylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D014970:Xanthines; D000628:Aminophylline; C006014:8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate; D005707:Gallic Acid; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D013806:Theophylline; D000242:Cyclic AMP