title: Occurrence of the Southeast Asian/South American SVMNT haplotype of the chloroquine-resistance transporter gene in Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania.
abstract: Two main haplotypes, CVIET and SVMNT, of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistance transporter gene (Pfcrt) are linked to 4-aminoquinoline resistance. The CVIET haplotype has been reported in most malaria-endemic regions, whereas the SVMNT haplotype has only been found outside Africa. We investigated Pfcrt haplotype frequencies in Korogwe District, Tanzania, in 2003 and 2004. The SVMNT haplotype was not detected in 2003 but was found in 19% of infected individuals in 2004. Amodiaquine use has increased in the region. The introduction and high prevalence of the SVMNT haplotype may reflect this and may raise concern regarding the use of amodiaquine in artemisinin-based combination therapies in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Alifrangis@cmp.dk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alifrangis
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dalgaard
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lusingu
authors.forename: Lasse S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Staalsoe
authors.forename: Anja T R
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enevold
authors.forename: Anita M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rønn
authors.forename: Insaf F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Warhurst
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lemnge
authors.forename: Thor G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Theander
authors.forename: Ib C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000469:parasitology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D000655:Amodiaquine; D002738:Chloroquine