title: ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Cardiology and pulmonology.
abstract: These guidelines are intended to give evidence-based recommendations for the use of enteral nutrition (EN) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They were developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with officially accepted standards and are based on all relevant publications since 1985. They have been discussed and accepted in a consensus conference. EN by means of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) or tube feeding (TF) enables nutritional intake to be maintained or increased when normal oral intake is inadequate. No data are yet available concerning the effects of EN on cachexia in CHF patients. However, EN is recommended to stop or reverse weight loss on the basis of physiological plausibility. In COPD patients, EN in combination with exercise and anabolic pharmacotherapy has the potential to improve nutritional status and function. Frequent small amounts of ONS are preferred in order to avoid postprandial dyspnoea and satiety as well as to improve compliance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany. s.anker@cachexia.de
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raguso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cicoira
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dardai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laviano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.forename: A M W J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Brunkhorst
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogelmeier
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000628:therapy; D015272:Pulmonary Medicine / Q000592:standards*