title: Determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection.
abstract: A CE instrument coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was designed for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PTH) and promazine hydrochloride (PMH) in real samples. An important enhancement of the CL emission of luminol with potassium ferricyanide was observed in the presence of these phenothiazines; so this system was selected for their detection after CE separation. Parameters affecting the electrophoretic separation were optimized in a univariate way, while those affecting CL detection were optimized by means of a multivariate approach based on the use of experimental designs. Chemometrics was also employed for the study of the robustness of the factors influencing the postcolumn CL detection. The method allows the separation of the phenothiazines in less than 4 min, achieving LODs of 80 ng/mL for PMH and 334 ng/mL for PTH, using sample injection by gravity. Electrokinetic injection was used to obtain lower LODs for the determination of the compounds in biological samples. The applicability of the CE-CL method was illustrated in the determination of PTH in pharmaceutical formulations and in the analysis of PMH in human urine, using a previous SPE procedure, achieving an LOD of 1 ng/mL and recoveries higher than 85%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: García-Campaña
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gámiz-Gracia
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bosque-Sendra
authors.forename: Fermín
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alés-Barrero
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004304:Dosage Forms; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004304:Dosage Forms; D010640:Phenothiazines