title: Infection-associated encephalopathies: their investigation, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: Reduced level of consciousness is a common clinical finding in acutely sick patients. In the majority of cases a cause for the encephalopathy is readily identifiable,whilst in a minority the aetiology is more difficult to ascertain. Frequently the onset of encephalopathy is associated with, or follows, infection. The mechanisms through which infection leads to encephalopathy are diverse. They range from direct microbial invasion of the brain or its supporting structures, to remote, infection-triggered mechanisms such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Most common however, is the encephalopathy caused through a remote effect of systemic sepsis-septic encephalopathy. This article discusses the clinical presentation and underlying pathogeneses of the acute encephalopathies associated with infection, aiming to aid both their recognition and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK. nicholas.davies@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: N W S
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sharief
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020806:Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D020805:Central Nervous System Viral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004673:Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology