title: Trends in brain cancer incidence and survival in the United States: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1973 to 2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increasing incidence of brain cancer has been reported for the last three decades. In this study of brain cancer incidence and patient survival in the US, the authors attempt to update information on trends by examining data provided by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based data from the SEER Program were used to calculate the incidence of and survival rates for people with brain cancer. The approximate Poisson method was used to calculate relative risks for brain cancer and to determine a 95% confidence interval. Annual age-standardized incidence rates were calculated, and time-trend analysis was conducted using joinpoint regression analysis. The relative risks of brain cancer were 1.48 for men compared with women, 3.18 for elderly persons compared with young adults, 1.86 for Caucasian patients compared with African-American patients, and 1.35 for those in metropolitan counties compared with those in nonmetropolitan counties. The incidence of brain cancer increased until 1987, when the annual percentage of change reversed direction, decreasing from 1.68 to 20.44%. The elderly experienced an increase until 1985, but their rates were stable thereafter. Rising trends were noticed for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), oligodendroglioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and mixed glioma, and falling trends were observed for astrocytoma not otherwise specified and malignant glioma. The survival rate for patients with GBM has not shown improvement in the last two decades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased risk of brain cancer is associated with being male, Caucasian, elderly, and residing in a metropolitan county. The incidence rate of brain cancer in the US is gradually declining, but the rising trend of GBM combined with its poor survival rate is disconcerting and needs further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Sundeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deorah
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Zita A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Sibenaller
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ryken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009837:Oligodendroglioma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data