title: Amphibians as model to study endocrine disrupters.
abstract: Environmental compounds can interfere with endocrine systems of wildlife and humans. These so-called endocrine disrupters (ED) are known to affect reproductive biology and thyroid system. The classical model species for these endocrine systems are amphibians and therefore they can serve as sentinels for detection of the modes of action (MOAs) of ED. Recently, amphibians are being reviewed as suitable models to assess (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic MOAs influencing reproductive biology as well as (anti)thyroidal MOAs interfering with the thyroid system. The development of targeted bioassays in combination with adequate chemical analyses is the prerequisite for a concise risk assessment of ED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 42, Berlin 10099, Germany. werner.kloas@igb-berlin.de
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kloas
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lutz
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians; D000818:Animals; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors