title: Autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus: integrating genes and biology.
abstract: Susceptibility to the autoimmune phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is heritable. Linkage analysis and recent advances in the field of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have resulted in the identification of several genetic loci and functional allelic variants of signaling proteins which have become the mainstay of understanding disease susceptibility and exploring the basis of autoimmunity in SLE. However, genetic heterogeneity and possible epistatic interactions among genetic elements have precluded replication of these findings in multiple population groups and thus complicated their interpretation. In this regard, the discovery that a plethora of normal signaling proteins are expressed in abnormal amounts in immune cells from patients with SLE has gained significance. Thus, the key to precise elucidation of the pathologic basis of autoimmunity in SLE lies in tying genetics and disease biology. This review highlights recent discoveries of important functional genetic variants and altered expression of normal signaling proteins that network together to disrupt peripheral tolerance and initiate the autoimmune process in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. KSandeep10@lycos.com
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Bhabadeb
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tsokos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction