title: Inhibition of caspase-9 reduces chondrocyte apoptosis and proteoglycan loss following mechanical trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chondrocyte death, a notable feature of osteoarthritis, may play a role in the initiation of cartilage degeneration. The present study was aimed at uncovering the nature and involvement of cell death in the initiation of cartilage degeneration induced by mechanical trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articular cartilage discs obtained from healthy skeletally mature horses were subjected to a single-impact load (500 g from 50 mm) using a simple drop-tower device and cultured in vitro for 48 h. Chondrocyte death was examined using two independent methods: transmission electron microscopy and caspase-3 activity assay. To elucidate the signalling mechanisms involved in impact-induced cell death measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labelling (TUNEL), cartilage discs were incubated with specific caspase-3, -8 and -9 inhibitors prior to impact. Additionally, weight gain and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release, markers of cartilage degeneration were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 48 h, ultrastructural evidence of apoptosis was observed. Caspase-3 was activated after 12h of culture post-impact. When quantified by TUNEL, impact trauma induced death in 52.6% of superficial chondrocytes after 48 h in culture, compared to 4.2% in unimpacted controls. Specific caspases-3 and -9 inhibitors significantly reduced impact-induced apoptosis to 24.3% and 14.7%, respectively. Caspase-8 inhibition had no effect on chondrocyte death (60.3%). Impact-induced GAG release into the medium was significantly reduced by inhibition of cell death, but weight gain remained unaffected by caspase inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that impact trauma-induced chondrocyte death is predominantly due to caspase-9-dependent apoptosis and is linked to cartilage degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedics Research Group, University of Cambridge, UK. ch353@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: C A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Huser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006736:Horses; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011509:Proteoglycans; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases