title: Enhancement of glioblastoma cell killing by combination treatment with temozolomide and tamoxifen or hypericin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide has demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Because responses are not enduring and recurrence is nearly universal, further improvements are urgently needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an effort to increase the clinical activity of temozolomide, the authors investigated whether its antitumor activity could be enhanced by adding tamoxifen or hypericin, two drugs that are known to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C. Human glioblastoma multiforme cell lines A172 and LA567 were treated with combinations of temozolomide and tamoxifen or hypericin in vitro, and cell survival was analyzed using various methods. Tamoxifen and hypericin were able to greatly increase the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-stimulatory potency of temozolomide via the downregulation of critical cell cycle-regulatory and prosurvival components. Furthermore, with the use of an in vivo xenograft mouse model, the authors demonstrated that hypericin was able to enhance the antiglioma effects of temozolomide in the in vivo setting as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, analysis of the results indicated that combination therapy involving temozolomide and tamoxifen or hypericin potently inhibited tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and provided an effective means of treating malignant glioma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, K. Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Yuzhuang S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kardosh
authors.forename: Leonard F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Liebes
authors.forename: Florence M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Axel H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schönthal
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010569:Perylene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077204:Temozolomide; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D013629:Tamoxifen; D010569:Perylene; D003606:Dacarbazine; C004965:hypericin; D000077204:Temozolomide