title: Safety of incremental inhaled lipopolysaccharide challenge in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of environmental endotoxin is important in the pathogenesis of asthma and other environmental airway diseases. Inhaled airway challenge using lipopolysaccharide in humans has been performed for over 20 years to assess the airway response to endotoxin. However, there are no published data on the short-term safety of endotoxin inhalation protocols.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the safety and tolerability of incremental inhaled lipopolysaccharide challenge in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of data obtained from 119 subjects who underwent inhaled challenge with up to 41.5 mug of lipopolysaccharide. We measured pulmonary function, temperature, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and systemic symptoms for 3 h after challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fever occurred in 30% of subjects and was associated with a higher cumulative dose of lipopolysaccharide. Reduced mean arterial pressure occurred in 21% of subjects and was dose-related. There was no association between fever or decreased mean arterial pressure and airway responsiveness to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Common symptoms reported by subjects included: chills (64%), malaise (56%), cough (56%), chest tightness (49%), headache (43%), and myalgias (27%). None of the subjects experienced delayed discharge or a serious adverse event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled lipopolysaccharide causes dose-related systemic responses that include fever, reduced blood pressure, and constitutional symptoms that are not associated with the airway response to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Systemic responses to inhaled lipopolysaccharide should be expected and subjects undergoing inhaled lipopolysaccharide challenge in the research setting should be carefully monitored for non-pulmonary adverse events for several hours after challenge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. sundy001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sundy
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Joel N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides