title: Association of cigarette smoking and tar and nicotine intake with development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women from the general population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined sex-specific associations between cigarette smoking and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on 5,470 men and 5,422 women (aged 25-74 years) without diabetes who participated in one of the three population-based MONICA Augsburg surveys between 1984 and 1995. Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were assessed using follow-up questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to 31 December 2002 a total of 409 cases of incident type 2 diabetes among men and 263 among women were registered. The number of cigarettes and the nicotine and tar consumption per day were associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes among men, but not among women; this could be due to the low power of the study in women. After multivariable adjustment, the HRs for type 2 diabetes compared with never-smokers were 1.48, 2.03 and 2.10 for men smoking 1 to 14, 15 to 19 and > or =20 cigarettes/day (p for trend <0.0001) and 1.25, 1.34 and 1.37 for women smoking 1 to 9, 10 to 19 and > or =20 cigarettes/day (p for trend 0.0985). Compared with never-smokers, the HRs for increasing tar intake in men (1-167, 168-259 and > or =260 mg/day) were 1.45, 2.32 and 2.07 (p for trend <0.0001); the respective HRs in women (1-89, 90-194 and > or =195 mg/day) were 1.18, 1.57 and 1.24 (p for trend 0.1159).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor of type 2 diabetes particularly in men from the general population.
authors.affiliation: GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany. christa.meisinger@gsf.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Döring
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thorand
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003033:Coal Tar / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D003033:Coal Tar; D002784:Cholesterol