title: Source of nonlinearity in echo-time-dependent BOLD fMRI.
abstract: Stimulation-induced changes in transverse relaxation rates can provide important insight into underlying physiological changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast. It is often assumed that BOLD fractional signal change (DeltaS/S) is linearly dependent on echo time (TE). This relationship was evaluated at 9.4 T during visual stimulation in cats with gradient-echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) echo-planar imaging (EPI). The TE dependence of GE DeltaS/S is close to linear in both the parenchyma and large vessel area at the cortical surface for TEs of 6-20 ms. However, this dependence is nonlinear for SE studies in the TE range of 16-70 ms unless a diffusion-weighting of b = 200 s/mm(2) is applied. This behavior is not caused by inflow effects, T(2)* decay during data acquisition in SE-EPI, or extravascular spin density changes. Our results are explained by a two-compartment model in which the extravascular contribution to DeltaS/S vs. TE is linear, while the intravascular contribution can be nonlinear depending on the magnetic field strength and TE. At 9.4 T, the large-vessel IV signal can be minimized by using long TE and/or moderate diffusion weighting. Thus, stimulation-induced relaxation rate changes should be carefully determined, and their physiological meanings should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tasker
authors.forename: Fuqiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Seong-Gi
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002415:Cats; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen