title: Chronic exposure to intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide affects the ovine fetal brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal brain injury is associated with chorioamnionitis, which is often present without signs of overt infection or fetal compromise. We aimed to determine if prolonged exposure to intrauterine inflammation caused by intra-amniotic infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would affect the fetal brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 80 days of pregnancy ewes bearing singletons had osmotic pumps implanted intra-amniotically to infuse Escherichia coli LPS (055:B5; n = 8) or saline (n = 7) for 28 days. At delivery (110 days), umbilical arterial blood and chorioamnion were assessed for inflammation; cytokine concentrations (interleukin [IL]-6 and IL-8) in amniotic fluid and fetal and maternal plasma were measured. The fetal cerebral hemispheres were examined for gross anatomical changes and the number of activated microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes estimated after immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-amniotic administration of LPS caused chorioamnionitis, fetal leucocytosis, and a moderate to extensive infiltration of activated microglia/macrophages in the subcortical white matter in six of eight fetuses; the remaining two fetuses were less affected. Within these focal regions of damage there was an attenuation of astrocytic processes, axonal injury, and a reduction in the number of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in areas of extensive focal damage. In control fetuses there was mild (3/7) or no infiltration of activated microglia/macrophages in the subcortical white matter. Overall the infiltration of activated microglia/macrophages in the white matter was significantly greater in LPS-exposed fetuses compared to controls. In regions devoid of injury, the number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes was not different between groups, nor was there a difference in the volume of cerebral white matter or density of blood vessels within the white matter. Amniotic fluid IL-6 and IL-8, and maternal plasma IL-8 concentrations were significantly increased by LPS infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in inflammatory cells and axonal disruption in the subcortical white matter of the fetal brain can accompany chorioamnionitis induced by intra-amniotic administration of LPS, but cystic lesions do not occur. Thus, the effect on the fetal brain is milder than that reported from animal models of acute fetal/intrauterine infection.
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. initsos@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nitsos
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Jhodie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Boris W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: Timothy J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D037102:Lectins / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009836:Oligodendroglia; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D037102:Lectins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C482199:lipopolysaccharide, E coli O55-B5