title: Comparing the effect of ATRA, 4-HPR, and CD437 in bladder cancer cells.
abstract: Clinical trials have explored the use of natural and synthetic retinoids for the prevention of bladder cancer recurrence. Natural retinoids have been shown to inhibit bladder cancer growth. Here, we compared the effects of natural and synthetic retinoids in bladder cancer cells. Bladder cancer cell lines were treated with all-trans-retinoid acid (ATRA), N-4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide (4-HPR) and 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4 hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437). Their effects on cell growth, apoptosis, cell cycle, gene expression, and retinoid acid receptors (RARs) and the JWA-retinoid response gene were assessed. Most of the bladder cancer cells were resistant to ATRA (1 and 10 microM). 4-HPR inhibited cell growth by 90% at 10 microM; however, CD437 showed the same effect at 1 microM. 4-HPR and CD437 increased G1 and decreased S phase. The three retinoids differentially affected p53, RARs, and JWA. Only CD437 increased Caspase 3 expression. The results demonstrated that 4-HPR and CD437 were more potent growth inhibitors and apoptosis inducers than ATRA. However, 4-HPR was effective at a concentration at least 10 microM. The in vitro results suggested the higher dose of 4-HPR in chemoprevention trial be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. zou@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Changping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Linxin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Feugang
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xinru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Changchun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebert
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C099555:CD 437; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids; D017313:Fenretinide; D014212:Tretinoin