title: Drug delivery as control task: improving performance in a common anesthetic task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conceptualize delivery of anesthesia as a control task, similar to control tasks in nonmedical domains, and to evaluate how presentation of new information and feedback affects task performance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In anesthesia, integrated monitors that show intravenous drug and effect-site concentrations in a patient currently do not exist. However, using real-time displays of intravenous anesthetic concentrations and effects could significantly enhance intraoperative clinical performance. Pharmacological models are available to estimate past, present, and future drug concentrations in the brain and to predict the drug's physiological effects. A display that integrates pharmacological models and visualizes drug concentrations was developed and tested to see if this drug display significantly improved clinical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three anesthesiologists with different levels of expertise administered anesthesia to simulated patients in a high-fidelity patient simulator. The experimental group used a drug display that visualized drug concentrations in real time, whereas the control group administered drugs without this information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthesiologists using the drug display achieved better hemodynamic control of the simulated patient than did the control group. Similarly, the drug display enabled anesthesiologists to wake up and reanimate the patient faster.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual feedback of drug concentrations leads to superior performance in the delivery of anesthesia. Drug delivery can be conceptualized within a control theoretical framework. Finally, the drug display has significant clinical potential to increase patient safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical performance in delivering anesthesia depends on feedback. By providing this feedback, the drug display supports clinicians' ability to more precisely and safely administer anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 390 S. 1530 E. BEH-S 502, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. drews@psych.utah.edu
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Drews
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Syroid
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agutter
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Strayer
authors.forename: Dwayne R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Westenskow
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics