title: Cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants. Part 2: influence of the xenobiotic dose on the uptake of bentazone, epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin, applied in the presence of various surfactants, into Chenopodium album, Sinapis alba and Triticum aestivum leaves.
abstract: This study has determined the uptake of three pesticides, applied as commercial or model formulations in the presence of a wide range of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (bentazone into Chenopodium album L. and Sinapis alba L., epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin into Triticum aestivum L.). The results have confirmed previous findings that the initial dose (nmol mm(-2)) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage is a strong, positive determinant of uptake. This held true for all the pesticide formulations studied, although surfactant concentration was found to have an effect. The lower surfactant concentrations studied showed an inferior relationship between the amount of xenobiotic applied and uptake. High molecular mass surfactants also produced much lower uptake than expected from the dose uptake equations in specific situations.
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Chemistry NZ, 49 Sala Street, PO Box 6282, Rotorua, New Zealand. alison.forster@ppcnz.co.nz
authors.forename: W Alison
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Jerzy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zabkiewicz
authors.forename: Zhiqian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001581:Benzothiadiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D027463:Chenopodium album / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D031226:Sinapis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002219:Carbamates; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014230:Triazoles; D015262:Xenobiotics; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; C002003:bentazone; C109476:epoxiconazole