Childhood bereavement: psychopathology in the 2 years postparental death.
OBJECTIVE
Although the death of a parent is one of the most significant stressors a child can experience, the psychiatric sequelae of parental death are not fully understood.


METHODS
A total of 360 parent-bereaved children (ages 6-17) and their surviving parents were directly interviewed four times during the first 2 years following the death (at 2, 6, 13, and 25 months). Data collection occurred from 1989 to 1996. Psychiatric symptomatology was compared among the bereaved children, 110 depressed children, and 128 community control children and their informant parents. Additional analyses examined simple bereavement without other stressors versus complex bereavement with other stressors and anticipated versus unanticipated death.


RESULTS
Bereavement following parental death is associated with increased psychiatric problems in the first 2 years after death. Bereaved children are, however, less impaired than children diagnosed with clinical depression. Higher family socioeconomic status and lower surviving parents' level of depressive symptoms are associated with better outcomes. Complex bereavement was associated with a worse course, but anticipation of the death was not.


CONCLUSIONS
Childhood bereavement from parental death is a significant stressor. Children who experience depression in combination with parental depression or in the context of other family stressors are at the most risk of depression and overall psychopathology.
Cerel
Julie
J
Dr. Cerel is with the University of Kentucky, Lexington; Drs. Fristad and Verducci are with the Ohio State University, Columbus; and Drs. R. and E. Weller are with the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Electronic address: julie.cerel@uky.edu.
Fristad
Mary A
MA
Dr. Cerel is with the University of Kentucky, Lexington; Drs. Fristad and Verducci are with the Ohio State University, Columbus; and Drs. R. and E. Weller are with the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Verducci
Joseph
J
Dr. Cerel is with the University of Kentucky, Lexington; Drs. Fristad and Verducci are with the Ohio State University, Columbus; and Drs. R. and E. Weller are with the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Weller
Ronald A
RA
Dr. Cerel is with the University of Kentucky, Lexington; Drs. Fristad and Verducci are with the Ohio State University, Columbus; and Drs. R. and E. Weller are with the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Weller
Elizabeth B
EB
Dr. Cerel is with the University of Kentucky, Lexington; Drs. Fristad and Verducci are with the Ohio State University, Columbus; and Drs. R. and E. Weller are with the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
D001601:Bereavement; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors