title: Is smoking related to body image satisfaction, stress, and self-esteem in young adults?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of smoking and gender with body image satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-esteem in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents completed a survey consisting of Perceived Stress Scale, Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Current smokers (n = 483) and never smokers (n = 973) are included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking and female gender were independently associated with higher perceived stress (P < 0.001). Female gender was associated with lower body image satisfaction and lower self-esteem (P < 0.001). Current smoking was associated with lower self-esteem (P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking treatment should include stress management and self-esteem and body image improvement.
authors.affiliation: Nicotine Dependence Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. croghan.ivana@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Ivana T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Croghan
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bronars
authors.forename: Christi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: Darrell R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Liza M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nirelli
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foraker
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Houlihan
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Offord
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hurt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology