title: Cost effectiveness of increasing the dose intensity of chemotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in small-cell lung cancer: based on data from the Medical Research Council LU19 trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can enable dose intensification of chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, given its acquisition cost, it is important to assess its cost effectiveness within a resource-constrained health service.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost effectiveness, from the UK NHS perspective, of G-CSF given in addition to doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide (ACE) versus ACE alone in the management of SCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a UK Medical Research Council trial (LU19) to assess chemotherapy dose intensification in patients with previously untreated SCLC of any disease extent, a retrospective cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken. Resource use data, including hospitalisations and non-protocol cancer treatments, were collected during the first 6-month treatment phase of the trial. Mean costs ( pound, 2003 values) of managing patients in the two arms of the trial were calculated. Mean survival duration was calculated for the two groups using patient-specific follow-up data collected in the trial. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken, and uncertainty in cost effectiveness was expressed using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of G-CSF in addition to ACE chemotherapy is more costly ( 4647 pounds) but results in longer mean survival duration (0.20 years; 0.18 years when discounted). This generates an incremental cost per additional life-year of 25,816 pounds for ACE + G-CSF therapy. The probability of the addition of G-CSF being cost effective, if decision makers are willing to pay 30,000 pounds for an additional life-year, is 0.57. Secondary analysis suggests that cost effectiveness is likely to be sensitive to assumptions about the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) experienced by patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on data collected in the LU19 trial, chemotherapy dose intensification using G-CSF in SCLC adds to health service costs but increases survival duration. Its overall cost effectiveness is likely to be finely balanced.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, England. lg116@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bojke
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sculpher
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Wendi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thatcher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girling
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D005047:Etoposide; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide