title: Tissue engineering of vascular conduits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autologous conduits are not available in up to 40 per cent of patients with arteriopathy who require coronary or lower limb revascularization, and access sites for renal dialysis may eventually become exhausted. Synthetic prostheses achieve a poor patency rate in small-calibre anastomoses. This review examines how vascular tissue engineering may be used to address these issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed, using the keywords "vascular tissue engineering", "small diameter vascular conduit", "vascular cell biology", "biomechanics", "cell seeding" and "graft endothelialization". Key references were hand-searched for relevant papers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro and in vivo approaches are currently being used for guided cell repopulation of both biological and synthetic scaffolds. The major clinical problem has been extended culture time (approximately 6 weeks), which precludes their use in the acute setting. However, recent advances have led not only to improved patency rates for prostheses, but also to a potential reduction in culture time. In addition, increased mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in the presence of ischaemic tissue may increase the autologous cell yield for scaffold reseeding with further reduction in culture time.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK. heng.yow@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Korossis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homer-Vanniasinkam
mesh_terms: D021522:Bioartificial Organs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D046508:Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*