title: Response to nasopharyngeal oxygen administration in horses with lung disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines for administration of oxygen to standing horses are unavailable because previous investigations of the efficacy of oxygen administration to increase arterial oxygenation in standing horses have produced equivocal results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of nasal oxygen supplementation on inspired and arterial blood gas tensions in control horses and those with moderate to severe recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal horses (n = 6) and horses during an attack of RAO induced by stabling (n = 6) were studied. Oxygen was administered through either one or 2 cannulae, passed via the nares into the nasopharynx to the level of the medial canthus of each eye. Intratracheal inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration and arterial blood gas tensions were measured at baseline and during delivery of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 l/min oxygen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal cannulae and all but the highest oxygen flow rates were well tolerated. Fractional inspired oxygen concentration (F(I)O2) increased with flow but was significantly lower at all flow rates in horses with RAO compared with controls. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was significantly increased (P < 0.001) by all flow rates, but was always lower in RAO-affected animals. At 30 l/min, PaO2 increased to 319 +/- 31 mmHg in control horses and 264 +/- 69 mmHg in horses with RAO. Additionally, a large arterial to end-tidal gradient for CO2 in RAO-affected horses was observed, indicating increased alveolar deadspace ventilation in these animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of nasal cannulae to deliver oxygen effectively increases both F(I)O2 and PaO2 in horses with moderate to severe RAO. Oxygen flow rates up to 20 l/min are well tolerated, but flow rates of 30 l/min produce occasional coughing or gagging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen therapy delivered by means of an intranasal cannula is a highly effective means of increasing arterial oxygen tension in horses with respiratory disease. Generally, flows of 10-20 l/min should be effective. If higher flows (20-30 l/min) are necessary, they should be delivered by means of 2 cannulae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1314, USA.
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schott
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Eberhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007700:Kinetics; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D016896:Treatment Outcome