title: The effect of private insurance on the health of older, working age adults: evidence from the health and retirement study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primarily, to determine if the presence of private insurance leads to improved health status, as measured by a survey-based health score. Secondarily, to explore sensitivity of estimates to adjustments for endogeneity. The study focuses on adults in late middle age who are nearing entry into Medicare.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis file is drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a national survey of relatively older adults in the labor force. The dependent variable, an index of 5 health outcome items, was obtained from the 1996 survey. Independent variables were obtained from the 1992 survey. State-level instrumental variables were obtained from the Area Resources File and the TAXSIM file. The final sample consists of 9,034 individuals of which 1,540 were uninsured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimation addresses endogeneity of the insurance participation decision in health score regressions. In addition to ordinary least squares (OLS), two models are tested: an instrumental variables (IV) model, and a model with endogenous treatment effects due to Heckman (1978). Insurance participation and health behaviors enter with a lag to allow their effects to dissipate over time. Separate regressions were run for groupings of chronic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OLS model results in statistically significant albeit small effects of insurance on the computed health score, but the results may be downward biased. Adjusting for endogeneity using state-level instrumental variables yields up to a six-fold increase in the insurance effect. Results are consistent across IV and treatment effects models, and for major groupings of medical conditions. The insurance effect appears to be in the range of about 2-11 percent. There appear to be no significant differences in the insurance effect for subgroups with and without major chronic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extending insurance coverage to working age adults may result in improved health. By conjecture, policies aimed at expanding coverage to this population may lead to improved health at retirement and entry to Medicare, potentially leading to savings. However, further research is needed to determine whether similar results are found when alternative measures of overall health or health scores are used. Future research should also explore the use of alternative instrumental variables. Preliminary results provide no justification for targeting certain subgroups with susceptibility to certain chronic conditions rather than broad policy interventions.
authors.affiliation: Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Peter B. Lewis Building, 11119 Bellflower Rd., Cleveland, OH 44128-7235, USA.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dor
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sudano
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D008875:Middle Aged; D017149:Private Sector; D014481:United States