Monitoring algal toxins in lake water by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYL) are potent natural toxins produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that grow worldwide in eutrophic freshwaters and cause animal and human water-based toxicoses. The main purpose of this work has been assessing the contamination levels of some MCs and CYL in eutrophic Italian lake (Albano) water. To do this, we have developed an original analytical method involving MC extraction with a sorbent (Carbograph 4) cartridge. CYL is a highly polar compound that is scarcely retained by any sorbent material. To analyze this toxin, we directly injected 0.5 mL of filtered lake water into the liquid chromatography (LC) column. Analytes were quantified by LC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in the multireaction monitoring mode. The recovery of five selected MCs added to an analyte free lake water sample at three different concentrations (50, 150, and 500 ng/L) ranged between 93 and 103% with RSD values no larger than 8%. Limits of quantification (LOQ) of the five MCs were within the 2-9 ng/L range, whereas the LOQ of CYL was 300 ng/L. The occurrence and abundance of cyanotoxins in Lake Albano was monitored over four months (Sept-Dec 2004) by analyzing water samples collected monthly at the center of the lake and at different depths (from 0 to -30 m). During survey and with the MS/MS system operating in the parent ion scan mode, we individuated two demethylated forms of MC-RR and one demethylated variety of MC-LR. Demethylated MC-RRs are known to be even more toxic than MC-RR toward zooplanktic grazers. CYL was the most-abundant toxin during the first three monitoring months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work reporting concentration levels of CYL in lake water.
Bogialli
Sara
S
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza, Piazza Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Bruno
Milena
M
Curini
Roberta
R
Di Corcia
Antonio
A
Fanali
Chiara
C
Laganà
Aldo
A
D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000032:analysis; D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008745:Methylation; D052998:Microcystins; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D015048:Zooplankton
D000097:Acetonitriles; D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil; C078588:microcystin; C032159:acetonitrile