title: Withdrawal from lorazepam in critically ill children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedatives are used in critically ill children to facilitate mechanical ventilation. Although tolerance and withdrawal are associated with use of sedatives, information about withdrawal from benzodiazepines in children is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the occurrence of lorazepam withdrawal in critically ill children and identify predictors for the development of withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, investigational, open-label study enrolled pediatric patients receiving a continuous infusion of lorazepam for at least 72 hours. The lorazepam dosage was tapered in a uniform fashion over 6 days by decreasing the total daily dose by 50% every other day on 3 occasions; it was then discontinued. The occurrence of withdrawal from lorazepam was determined by pediatric intensive care unit attending physicians based on clinical judgment. Patients were assessed for withdrawal twice daily beginning 48 hours after the initiation of the lorazepam taper. Assessments were continued for 72 hours after lorazepam discontinuation or until the patient experienced withdrawal, whichever came first. Patient demographic, sedative dosing, and lorazepam serum concentration data were collected to identify risk factors for withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients completed the study. They received lorazepam for a median duration of about 21 days, and withdrawal occurred in 7 patients. There were no significant differences in demographic variables, lorazepam dosage or other sedative therapy, or lorazepam serum concentrations between patients with withdrawal and those without withdrawal. No predictors of withdrawal were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Withdrawal occurred in 24% of critically ill children receiving long-term sedation from lorazepam. Risk factors for withdrawal are unknown.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, 87131, USA. kdominguez@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Diana G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: H William
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D016015:Logistic Models; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008140:Lorazepam