title: The effects of nicotine gum and counseling among African American light smokers: a 2 x 2 factorial design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Approximately 50% of African American smokers are light smokers (smoke < or = 10 cigarettes a day). The prevalence of light smoking in the United States is increasing, yet there has not been a single smoking cessation clinical trial targeting light smokers. The purpose of this 2 x 2 factorial, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of nicotine gum (2 mg versus placebo) and counseling (motivational interviewing versus health education) for African American light smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were assigned randomly to one of four study arms: 2 mg nicotine gum plus health education (HE); 2 mg nicotine gum plus motivational interviewing (MI); placebo gum plus HE; and placebo gum plus MI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 755 African American light smokers (66% female, mean age = 45) were enrolled at a community health center over a 16-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received an 8-week supply of nicotine gum and six counseling sessions during the course of the 26-week study. Biochemical measures included expired carbon monoxide (CO) and serum and salivary cotinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven-day quit rates for nicotine gum were no better than for the placebo group (14.2% versus 11.1%, P = 0.232) at 6 months. However, a counseling effect emerged, with HE performing significantly better than MI (16.7% versus 8.5%, P < 0.001). These results were consistent across outcome time-points (weeks 1, 8, and 26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results highlight the potential positive impact of directive information and advice-oriented counseling on smoking cessation. Studies are needed to assess other interventions that may further improve quit rates among African American light smokers who are motivated to quit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Academic Health Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. jahluwal@umn.edu
authors.forename: Jasjit S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.forename: Kolawole
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuyemi
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nollen
authors.forename: Won S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Harsohena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pulvers
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mayo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D009538:Nicotine