title: Comparing attitudes about legal sanctions and teratogenic effects for cocaine, alcohol, tobacco and caffeine: a randomized, independent samples design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Establishing more sensible measures to treat cocaine-addicted mothers and their children is essential for improving U.S. drug policy. Favorable post-natal environments have moderated potential deleterious prenatal effects. However, since cocaine is an illicit substance having long been demonized, we hypothesized that attitudes toward prenatal cocaine exposure would be more negative than for licit substances, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine. Further, media portrayals about long-term outcomes were hypothesized to influence viewers' attitudes, measured immediately post-viewing. Reducing popular crack baby stigmas could influence future policy decisions by legislators. In Study 1, 336 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions describing hypothetical legal sanction scenarios for pregnant women using cocaine, alcohol, nicotine or caffeine. Participants rated legal sanctions against pregnant women who used one of these substances and risk potential for developing children. In Study 2, 139 participants were randomly assigned to positive, neutral and negative media conditions. Immediately post-viewing, participants rated prenatal cocaine-exposed or non-exposed teens for their academic performance and risk for problems at age 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in Study 1 imposed significantly greater legal sanctions for cocaine, perceiving prenatal cocaine exposure as more harmful than alcohol, nicotine or caffeine. A one-way ANOVA for independent samples showed significant differences, beyond .0001. Post-hoc Sheffe test illustrated that cocaine was rated differently from other substances. In Study 2, a one-way ANOVA for independent samples was performed on difference scores for the positive, neutral or negative media conditions about prenatal cocaine exposure. Participants in the neutral and negative media conditions estimated significantly lower grade point averages and more problems for the teen with prenatal cocaine exposure than for the non-exposed teen beyond .0001 alpha level. The positive media program closed estimated grade point average differences and risks of later problems to a non-statistically significant margin, p >.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ratings for prenatal cocaine were more negative than comparable ratings for alcohol, nicotine or caffeine exposure. Stereotypes can be reduced, showing viewers that positive postnatal environments ameliorate potential teratogenic effects of cocaine. Reducing negative stereotypes for crack babies may be a requisite for substantive changes in current policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Texas State University - San Marcos, San Marcos, Texas 78666, USA. hg01@txstate.edu
authors.forename: Harvey J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raffeld
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Alanis
authors.forename: Angela S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Boyce
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D001290:Attitude; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008402:Mass Media; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D012107:Research Design; D013240:Stereotyping; D013723:Teratogens; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D003042:Cocaine; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D013723:Teratogens; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution