title: Tobacco use in the Dominican Republic: understanding the culture first.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct formative research on the landscape of tobacco use to guide survey and subsequent intervention development in the Dominican Republic (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rapid Assessment Procedures, systematic qualitative methods (participant-observations, in-depth interviewing, focus groups) using bilingual mixed age and gendered teams from the United States and DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 160 adults (men and women), ages 18 to 90 years, current, former and never smokers, community members and leaders from six underserved, economically disadvantaged DR communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key domains: tobacco use patterns and attitudes; factors affecting smoking initiation, continuation, quitting; perceived risks/benefits/effects of smoking; and awareness/effects of advertising/regulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceptions of prevalence varied widely. While "everybody" smokes, smokers or ex-smokers were sometimes difficult to find. Knowledge of health risks was limited to the newly mandated statement "Fumar es prejudicial para la salud" [Smoking is harmful to your health]. Smokers started due to parents, peers, learned lifestyle, fashion or as something to do. Smoking served as an escape, relaxation or diversion. Quit attempts relied on personal will, primarily for religious or medical reasons. Social smoking (custom or habit) (< 10 cigarettes per day) was viewed as a lifestyle choice rather than a vice or addiction. Out of respect, smokers selected where they smoked and around whom. Health care providers typically were reactive relative to tobacco cessation, focusing on individuals with smoking related conditions. Tobacco advertising was virtually ubiquitous. Anti-tobacco messages were effectively absent. Cultures of smoking and not smoking coexisted absent a culture of quitting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic qualitative methods provided pertinent information about tobacco attitudes and use to guide subsequent project steps. Integrating qualitative then quantitative research can be replicated in similar countries that lack empirical data on the cultural dimensions of tobacco use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. ann_dozier@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dozier
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ossip-Klein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Dye
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003469:Culture; D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D004293:Dominican Republic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D012907:Smoking