title: The immune system--multiple sites but one system.
abstract: Recently several guidelines were published on immunotoxicity. Validation studies have shown that detailed extended examination of the immune system is able to flag immunotoxic compounds. Parameters of the examination are presented. In the final examination it is important that the whole immune system is evaluated as one functional system--multiple sites but one system.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Global Head Pathology, SP&A, Pathology, MUT-2881, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland. johannes.harleman@novartis.com
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Harleman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015262:Xenobiotics