title: Acute testicular torsion in children: the role of sonography in the diagnostic workup.
abstract: Acute testicular torsion in children is an emergency and has to be diagnosed urgently. Doppler sonography is increasingly used in imaging the acute scrotum. Nevertheless, in uncertain cases, surgical exploration is required. In this study, we attempted to define the role of Doppler sonography in the diagnostic workup of the acutely painful scrotum. All patients admitted between 1999 and 2005 with acute scrotal pain were included. After clinical assessment, patients were imaged by Doppler sonography with a ''high-end'' instrument. In cases of absent arterial perfusion of the testis in Doppler sonography, surgical exploration was carried out. Patients with unaffected perfusion were followed clinically by ultrasound for up to 2 years. Sixty-one infants and children aged 1 day to 17 years (median: 7.9 years) were included. In 14 cases, sonography demonstrated absent central perfusion, with abnormal parenchymal echogenicity in six. Absence of venous blood flow together with reduction of central arterial perfusion was found in one infant. In these 15 patients, surgical exploration confirmed testicular torsion. Among the other 46 patients, we found four cases with increased testicular perfusion and 27 with increased perfusion of the epididymis. In one infant, a testicular tumour was found sonographically, and orchiectomy confirmed diagnosis of a teratoma. Follow-up examinations of the conservatively treated patients showed good clinical outcome with physiologic central perfusion as well as normal echogenic pattern of both testes. No case of testicular torsion was missed. By means of Doppler sonography, an unequivocal statement regarding testicular perfusion was possible in all cases. The initial Doppler diagnosis was confirmed by operative evaluation and follow-up ultrasound. Testicular torsion can therefore be excluded by correctly performed ultrasound with modern equipment.
authors.affiliation: University of Heidelberg, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. Patrick_Guenther@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gunther
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wunsch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holland-Cunz
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troger
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Waag
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004822:Epididymis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012611:Scrotum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D013724:Teratoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology