title: Hyperglycemia in children with meningococcal sepsis and septic shock: the relation between plasma levels of insulin and inflammatory mediators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common findings in critically ill adult patients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the hyperglycemic response to critical illness in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was designed as an observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was set in a university-affiliated pediatric intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six children with meningococcal sepsis (MS) without shock and 10 children with meningococcal septic shock (MSS) were patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in blood glucose levels (measured during 72 h after admission) and differences in plasma levels of glucoregulatory hormones (insulin, GH, IGF-I, cortisol, glucagons, leptin), soluble cytokine receptors (sTNF-R55, R75, sIL-1R2), and IL-6 (measured on d 3) between MS and MSS patients were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood glucose levels on d 2 and 3 were higher in MSS patients than in MS patients [7.5 (3.9-13.0) vs. 5.1 (4.0-6.0) and 6.5 (4.0-9.9) vs. 5.5 (4.8-6.8) mmol/liter, both P < 0.05]. Maximum blood glucose values recorded in individual patients were higher in MSS patients [9.3 (6.5-13) vs. 7.2 (6.2-9.9), P < 0.05] and correlated with severity of illness (r = 0.833, P < 0.001). Insulin levels in MSS patients were significantly lower (7.2 vs. 19.0 mU/liter, P < 0.001), compatible with insufficient insulin response to hyperglycemia, whereas MS patients showed insulin resistance. Insulin levels correlated inversely with levels of sTNF-R55 and R75 (r = -0.814 and -0.878, both P < 0.001), suggesting suppression of the proinflammatory response on insulin secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycemia associated with hypoinsulinemia rather than insulin resistance may be the normal pathophysiological response in acute MSS in children. Our study emphasizes that application of intensive insulin therapy in critically ill children demands further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. dvwa@paed.azm.nl.
authors.forename: Dick A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van Waardenburg
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Gijs D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000097:blood*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin