title: Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among african american women in detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our understanding of the relationships between perceived discrimination and health was limited by the cross-sectional design of most previous studies. We examined the longitudinal association of self-reported everyday discrimination with depressive symptoms and self-rated general health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from 2 waves (1996 and 2001) of the Eastside Village Health Worker Partnership survey, a community-based participatory survey of African American women living on Detroit's east side (n=343). We use longitudinal models to test the hypothesis that a change in everyday discrimination over time is associated with a change in self-reported symptoms of depression (positive) and on self-reported general health status (negative).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that a change over time in discrimination was significantly associated with a change over time in depressive symptoms (positive) (b=0.125; P<.001) and self-rated general health (negative) (b=-0.163; P<.05) independent of age, education, or income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that everyday encounters with discrimination are causally associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. In this sample of African American women, this association holds above and beyond the effects of income and education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education at the University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. ajschulz@umich.edu
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Clarence C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gravlee
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mentz
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008603:Mental Health; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*