title: [Simulation and aggravation in ENT medical examinations. A prospective study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The occurrence and characteristics of simulation and aggravation in audiology still lack detailed scientific research. A reliable and reasonable classification of simulation and aggravation, which could help assess a patient's cooperative behavior, has not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent an audiological medical examination were included in this study prospectively. These patients were examined based on a well structured and predetermined sequence of actions. As a result, they were grouped into one of four categories, from category 0 for no simulation or aggravation to category III for severe simulation and aggravation. For category III, reliable and valid thresholds for pure tone audiometry only can be achieved by using objective audiological measurements such as brainstem electric response audiometry. Measured thresholds were then compared with simulated or aggravated thresholds and finally correlated with socio-economic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61 individuals were included in this study. Only 42% (26/61) showed no simulation or aggravation (category 0). In all 10% were grouped in category III. The remaining 48% fell into categories I and II. Statistical evaluation revealed no significant differences in thresholds between categories I, II and III. The tendency to simulation or aggravation increased with patient' age, level of education and the frequency of medical examinations prior to this investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulation and aggravation is a frequent phenomenon (approximately 58% of all audiological examinations). Additional work on defining a unique schema for the classification of simulation and aggravation is necessary. The use of such a schema is highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde des Klinikums derUniversität zu Köln. michael.streppel@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Streppel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brusis
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity