title: Clitoral stimulation and the effect of age, breed, technician, and postpartum interval on pregnancy rate to artificial insemination in beef cattle.
abstract: An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of clitoral stimulation on pregnancy rate to artificial insemination in 1,856 beef females. For unadjusted data, pregnancy rate to first service in nonstimulated females was 61% for cows and 59% for heifers, and that of females receiving clitoral stimulation was 69% for cows and 58% for heifers. After adjusting the data for the influences of age, breed, technician, and postpartum interval, clitoral stimulation increased first service pregnancy rate in cows (74+/-3% vs 59+/-3%, P<0.05), but not in heifers (53+/-5% vs 57+/-5%, P>0.10). Postpartum interval significantly influenced pregnancy rate, regardless of treatment, and clitoral stimulation was beneficial when applied to cows with relatively short postpartum intervals. Variation in the effect of clitoral stimulation on pregnancy rate was observed among technicians. Clitoral stimulation improved pregnancy rate more effectively in 3 to 4 year old cows than in cows 2 years old and cows 5 years of age or older. We concluded that clitoral stimulation at the time of artificial insemination was an effective means of increasing pregnancy rate in cows, but not in heifers.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lunstra
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bellows
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Laster