title: Multiple exposures to chlorhexidine and xylitol: adhesion and biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: Growing evidence from clinical studies suggests that mothers using xylitol gums or lozenges have decreased levels of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and do not transmit these cariogenic bacteria as readily to their children. To begin to determine mechanisms for these clinical findings and to explore potential synergism of antimicrobial combinations, we studied the effect of multiple exposures of chlorhexidine (CHX) combined with copper gluconate (CG) or zinc gluconate (ZG) followed by xylitol (XYL) on the ability of SM to adhere and form biofilms. Cell suspensions of SM were exposed two times to CHX; CG; CHX plus CG; ZG; and CHX plus ZG, and then four times to XYL. Control cells were exposed six times to water or XYL or received no treatment. For biofilm assessment, glass slides were inoculated with treated cells, and numbers of bacteria were enumerated after 48 hours of incubation. To assess the ability of SM to adhere, microtiter plate wells coated with primary S. sanguinis biofilms grown in sucrose were inoculated with treated SM, and adhesion was determined. Cells exposed to CHX-XYL combinations exhibited significant but transient inhibition of growth. The multiple-exposure regimen groups showed significant decreases in the ability of SM to form biofilms (P < 0.05). However, the CHX-XYL group exhibited a much greater effect than the other treatment groups (P < 0.001). Adhesion studies revealed that none of the multiple-exposure regimens had a significant effect on adhesion of SM to primary biofilms of S. sanguinis. We concluded that significant inhibition of SM growth and subsequent inability to grow as biofilms in the presence of sucrose occurs after a staggered exposure regimen to CHX initially and then to XYL. This may help explain the clinical data showing the decreased levels of SM in mothers treated with CHX and XYL.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, College of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janiero, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005942:Gluconates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014993:Xylitol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005942:Gluconates; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D002710:Chlorhexidine; C030691:gluconic acid; D014993:Xylitol