Developing valid indicators of injury incidence for "all injury".
OBJECTIVE
This paper focuses on the methods used to develop indicators for "all injury" incidence for the New Zealand Injury Prevention Strategy (NZIPS), launched in June 2003. Existing and previously proposed New Zealand national non-fatal injury indicators exhibited threats to validity. Population/


METHODS
The total population of New Zealand.


METHODS
The authors proposed fatal and new non-fatal injury indicators for "all injury" based on national mortality and hospitalizations data. All of the candidate indicators were subjected to a systematic assessment of validity, using the International Collaborative Effort on Injury Statistics (ICE) criteria. Based on the results of that validation, the authors identified four proposed NZIPS indicators.


RESULTS
The proposed "all injury" indicators were as follows: age standardized injury mortality rate per 100 000 person-years at risk; number of injury deaths; age standardized serious non-fatal injury rate per 100 000 person-years at risk; and number of cases of serious non-fatal injury. The authors identified no threat-to-validity when assessed against the ICE criteria. The estimated numbers and rates of serious non-fatal injury increased over the period, in contrast to the numbers and rates of fatal injury.


CONCLUSIONS
The authors have proposed serious non-fatal injury indicators that they judge suffer substantially less bias than traditional non-fatal injury indicators. This approach to indicator development is consistent with the view that before newly proposed indicators are promulgated, they should be subjected to formal validation. The authors are encouraged that the New Zealand Government has accepted these arguments and proposed indicators, and are starting to act on some of their recommendations, including the development of complementary indicators.
Cryer
C
C
Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. colin.cryer@ipru.otago.ac.nz
Langley
J D
JD
D015982:Bias; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*