title: Strong binding of bioactive BMP-2 to nanocrystalline diamond by physisorption.
abstract: Nano-crystalline diamond (NCD)-coated surfaces were efficiently functionalized with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) by means of physisorption. Due to their randomly oriented texture, NCD-coated surfaces appear to bind complex molecules firmly. Applying various highly sensitive analytical methods, the interaction was found extremely stable. The strength of the experimentally measured adherence between BMP-2 and NCD was further corroborated by theoretical calculations. Oxygen treatment rendered NCD hydrophilic by the appearance of surface oxygen containing groups. This particular NCD surface exhibited even higher binding energies towards BMP-2 than the hydrophobic surface, and this surface was also favoured by cultured cells. Most importantly in this context, bound BMP-2 was found fully active. When cultured on BMP-2-treated NCD, osteosarcoma cells strongly up-regulated alkaline phosphatase, a specific marker for osteogenic differentiation. Hence, this simple method will allow generating highly versatile surfaces with complex biomimetic coatings, essentials for novel medical devices and implants as well as for innovative scaffolds in tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: rho-BeSt coating GmbH, Exlgasse 20a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinmüller-Nethl
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Kloss
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najam-Ul-Haq
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rainer
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linsmeier
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fehrer
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lepperdinger
authors.forename: Xianjie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Memmel
authors.forename: Erminald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertel
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Huck
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gassner
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonn
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000737:chemistry*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D018130:Diamond; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D010100:Oxygen