title: A comparison of CT- and ultrasound-based imaging to localize the prostate for external beam radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the accuracy of NOMOS B-mode acquisition and targeting system (BAT) compared with computed tomography (CT) in localizing the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients were CT scanned, and the prostate was localized by 3 observers using the BAT system. The BAT couch shift measurements were compared with the CT localization. Six of the patients had gold markers present in the prostate, and the prostate movement determined by BAT was compared with the movement determined by the gold markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the BAT system, the 3 observers determined the prostate position to be a mean of 1-5 mm over all directions with respect to the CT. The proportion of readings with a difference >3 mm between the observers was in the range of 25% to 44%. The prostate movement based on gold markers was an average of 3-5 mm different from that measured by BAT. The literature assessing the accuracy and reproducibility on BAT is summarized and compared with our findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have found that there are systematic differences between the BAT-defined prostate position compared with that estimated on CT using gold grain marker seeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom. Helen.McNair@rmh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mangar
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shoulders
authors.forename: Vibeke N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staffurth
authors.forename: S Aslam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sohaib
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
mesh_terms: D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D006046:Gold