title: Effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on the externally preloaded trunk: variations in motor control and its effect on spine stability.
abstract: METHODS
  A repeated measures biomechanical analysis of the effects of abdominal bracing in preparation for a quick release of the loaded trunk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the ability of individuals to abdominally brace the externally loaded trunk, and assess their success in achieving and enhancing appropriate spine stability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spine stability requires trunk muscle coactivation, which demands motor control skill that differs across people and situations. The quick release protocol may offer insight into the motor control scheme and subsequent effect on spine stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 10 individuals who sat, torso upright, in an apparatus designed to foster a neutral spine position. They were instructed to support a posteriorly directed load to the trunk in either their naturally chosen manner, or by activating the abdominal muscles to 10%, 20%, or 30% of maximum ability. The externally applied load was then quickly released, thereby unloading the participant. Muscle pre-activation patterns, spine stability, and kinematic measures of trunk stiffness were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were able to stabilize their spine effectively by supporting the load in a naturally selected manner. Conscious, voluntary overdriving of this natural pattern often resulted in unbalanced muscular activation schemes and corresponding decreases in stability levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals in an externally loaded state appear to select a natural muscular activation pattern appropriate to maintain spine stability sufficiently. Conscious adjustments in individual muscles around this natural level may actually decrease the stability margin of safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Vera-Garcia
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*