title: Thyroid hormone metabolism and peroxidase function in two non-chordate animals.
abstract: In mammals, thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is essential for metabolic control, differentiation and homeostasis. These hormones are also involved in the regulation of metamorphosis in amphibians and lampreys and a role in basal chordates has been suggested. Increasing evidence supports TH-related function not only in basal chordates such as urochordates and cephalochordates but also in other invertebrate groups. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying TH function including the mechanisms of endogenous synthesis of hormones in these groups are essentially unknown. Our data provide evidence for endogenous TH synthesis in the sea hare Aplysia californica and the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus based on thin layer chromatography. Pharmacological experiments show that these hormones accelerate development to metamorphosis and specifically affect the formation of juvenile skeletal structures in the sea urchin. Furthermore, we identified two new peroxidase genes (LvTPO from L. variegatus and AcaTPO from A. californica) showing high sequence similarity with peroxidasin and thyroid peroxidases (the critical TH synthesis enzymes found in all vertebrates). Spatial and temporal expression patterns of these transcripts suggest a role of LvTPO and AcaTPO in a variety of processes such as development to metamorphosis and the regulation of the animal's energetics. We discuss our new findings in the context of evolution of TH synthesis and TH signaling in non-chordate animals.
authors.affiliation: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA. aheyland@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heyland
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodnarova-Buganova
authors.forename: Leonid L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Moroz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001048:Aplysia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007455:Iodine; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013890:Thiourea / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000097423:Peroxidasin
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D007455:Iodine; D009195:Peroxidase; D013890:Thiourea; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D000097423:Peroxidasin