title: Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile.
abstract: Two cases of fatal enteritis caused by Clostridium difficile in captive Asian elephants are reported from an outbreak affecting five females in the same zoo. Post mortem examination including histopathology demonstrated fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis. C. difficile was isolated by selective cultivation from two dead and a third severely affected elephant. Four isolates were obtained and found positive for toxin A and B by PCR. All isolates were positive in a toxigenic culture assay and toxin was demonstrated in the intestinal content from one of the fatal cases and in a surviving but severely affected elephant. PCR ribotyping demonstrated that the C. difficile isolates shared an identical profile, which was different from an epidemiologically unrelated strain, indicating that the outbreak was caused by the same C. difficile clone. It is speculated that the feeding of large quantities of broccoli, a rich source of sulforaphane, which has been shown to inhibit the growth of many intestinal microorganisms may have triggered a subsequent overgrowth by C. difficile. This is the first report of C. difficile as the main cause of fatal enterocolitis in elephants. The findings emphasize the need to regard this organism as potentially dangerous for elephants and caution is recommended concerning antibiotic treatment and feeding with diets containing antimicrobials, which may trigger an expansion of a C. difficile population in the gut.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. miki@kvl.dk
authors.forename: Anders Miki
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bojesen
authors.forename: Katharina E P
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Mads F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bertelsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D004606:Elephants / Q000382:microbiology*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D021521:Ribotyping / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile