title: Are targeted HIV prevention activities cost-effective in high prevalence settings? Results from a sexually transmitted infection treatment project for sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of syndromic management, with and without periodic presumptive treatment (PPT), in averting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV in female sex workers (FSWs) participating in a hotel-based intervention in Johannesburg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Financial and economic providers' costs were estimated. A mathematical model, fitted to epidemiologic data, projected the HIV and STIs averted by the intervention. Cost per HIV infection and DALY averted were estimated for different general population HIV prevalences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Projections suggest 53 HIV infections were averted (July 2000-June 2001) and a 3.1% decrease in the FSW HIV incidence. Cost-effectiveness was US dollars 78 per DALY averted. Incremental cost of PPT was US dollars 31 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. Initiating the intervention at 15% general HIV prevalence would have improved cost-effectiveness by 35%. Expanding PPT coverage to mass-treat all FSWs (instead of <17%) and their clients could increase impact 14-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight targeted interventions can be cost-effective at all stages of HIV epidemics and suggests PPT could improve the cost-effectiveness of targeted STI interventions.
authors.affiliation: HIVTools Research Group, Health Policy Unit, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom. peter.vickerman@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vickerman
authors.forename: Fern
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Terris-Prestholt
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delany
authors.forename: Lilani
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kumaranayake
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015995:Prevalence; D011477:Sex Work; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013019:South Africa; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population