title: The use of the Congo red-related dye DBACR to recognize the heavy chain-derived abnormality of myeloma immunoglobulins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to differentiate heavy and light chain-derived instability of monoclonal myeloma immunoglobulins by complexation of matched supramolecular dyes. These are composed of several micellar pieces of self-assembled dye molecules which may penetrate the protein interior of the binding locus with polypeptide chains. These dyes were used to elicit, by precipitation, the postulated higher aggregation tendency of the heavy chain derived from its higher hydrophobicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to create conditions for dye complexation and to reveal the precipitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Congo red derivatives with aromatic ring substitutes, BACR and DBACR, of increased penetrating capability were chosen to provoke the precipitation of abnormal immunoglobulins by displacing association-prone polypeptide chains from the protein interior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm the heavy chain-related propensity of some monoclonal immunoglobulins to aggregate and precipitate. The simplicity of the technique may improve clinical diagnosis and facilitate predictions of disease complications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland. pspolnik@cm-uj.krakow.pl
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spólnik
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konieczny
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piekarska
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rybarska
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stopa
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zemanek
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drozd
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Król
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roterman
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolska-Smoleń
authors.forename: Aleksander B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Skotnicki
mesh_terms: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003224:Congo Red / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000737:chemistry*; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000737:chemistry*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009194:Myeloma Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012995:Solubility; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C514868:2-N-diphenylacetylamino-4,4'-bis(1-amino-5-sulfonaphthyl-2-azo)biphenyl; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D009194:Myeloma Proteins; C017551:myeloma immunoglobulins; D003224:Congo Red