title: Societal costs of underage drinking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite minimum-purchase-age laws, young people regularly drink alcohol. This study estimated the magnitude and costs of problems resulting from underage drinking by category-traffic crashes, violence, property crime, suicide, burns, drownings, fetal alcohol syndrome, high-risk sex, poisonings, psychoses, and dependency treatment-and compared those costs with associated alcohol sales. Previous studies did not break out costs of alcohol problems by age.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each category of alcohol-related problems, we estimated fatal and nonfatal cases attributable to underage alcohol use. We multiplied alcohol-attributable cases by estimated costs per case to obtain total costs for each problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Underage drinking accounted for at least 16% of alcohol sales in 2001. It led to 3,170 deaths and 2.6 million other harmful events. The estimated $61.9 billion bill (relative SE = 18.5%) included $5.4 billion in medical costs, $14.9 billion in work loss and other resource costs, and $41.6 billion in lost quality of life. Quality-of-life costs, which accounted for 67% of total costs, required challenging indirect measurement. Alcohol-attributable violence and traffic crashes dominated the costs. Leaving aside quality of life, the societal harm of $1 per drink consumed by an underage drinker exceeded the average purchase price of $0.90 or the associated $0.10 in tax revenues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent attention has focused on problems resulting from youth use of illicit drugs and tobacco. In light of the associated substantial injuries, deaths, and high costs to society, youth drinking behaviors merit the same kind of serious attention.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11710 Beltsville Drive, Suite 125, Calverton, Maryland 20705-3102, USA. Miller@pire.org
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: Dexter M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D017281:Cost of Illness; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012940:Social Problems / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000191:economics