title: Recognition memory and awareness: occurrence of perceptual effects in remembering or in knowing depends on conscious resources at encoding, but not at retrieval.
abstract: We report four experiments in which a remember-know paradigm was combined with a response deadline procedure in order to assess memory awareness in fast, as compared with slow,recognition judgments. In the experiments, we also investigated the perceptual effects of study-test congruence, either for picture size or for speaker's voice, following either full or divided attention at study. These perceptual effects occurred in remembering with full attention and in knowing with divided attention, but they were uninfluenced by recognition speed, indicating that their occurrence in remembering or knowing depends more on conscious resources at encoding than on those at retrieval. The results have implications for theoretical accounts of remembering and knowing that assume that remembering is more consciously controlled and effortful, whereas knowing is more automatic and faster.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, England. j.m.gardiner@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: Vernon H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karayianni
mesh_terms: D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D009949:Orientation; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011601:Psychophysics; D011930:Reaction Time; D012858:Size Perception; D013067:Speech Perception; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014833:Voice Quality