title: Testicular shape and its relationship to sperm production in mature Holstein bulls.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between testicular shape, scrotal circumference (SC) and sperm production. Twenty-seven mature Holstein bulls were evaluated subjectively and objectively for testicular shape as indicated by testicular length and width, then placed in 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 contained 17 bulls with a normal ovoid testicular shape and a length to width ratio of 1.61:1 +/- 0.01 (SEM). Group 2 was composed of 4 bulls with a long, slender testicular shape and a length to width ratio of 1.95:1 +/- 0.06 (SEM). Group 3 was comprised of 6 bulls with spheroid-shaped testicles and a length to width ratio of 1.3:1 +/- 0.03 (SEM). All the groups were statistically different for length to width ratios (P < 0.05). Length measurements from cranial to caudal pole of the testis proper were also different between groups (P < 0.05). Width or testicular diameter was different between Group 2 and Group 3 at P < 0.05; however, there was no difference between Group 1 and Group 2 or between Group 1 and Group 3. Predicted volumes and weights of testicles were not significantly different between groups. Scrotal circumference measurements were significantly different between groups (P < 0.05). Group 1 had an average SC of 43.07 +/- 0.36 cm (SEM), Group 2 of 39.33 +/- 1.18 cm (SEM) and Group 3 of 46.22 +/- 0.69 cm (SEM). Sperm production for a twice daily, 2-day-per-week collection schedule revealed a statistically significant difference for sperm output. A total of 2742 ejaculates was evaluated. A total of 1818 ejaculates was evaluated in Group 1, 440 ejaculates in Group 2 and 484 ejaculates in Group 3. The mean spermatozoal harvest per day for Group 1 bulls was 13.62 +/- 0.09 x 10(9) (SEM). Group 2 bulls with the longer-shaped testicles produced 14.82 +/- 0.18 x 10(9) (SEM) spermatozoa per day, and Group 3 bulls, with the more rounded testicle shape and the significantly larger SC produced 11.72 +/- 0.64 x 10(9)(SEM) sperm cells per day. All 3 groups were statistically different at the P = 0.05 level. The results suggest that prediction of sperm production may be dependent on factors other than SC, testicular volume, or weight. Testicular shape may influence sperm output in mature Holstein bulls.
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monke
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Riddell