title: [Descriptors of breathlessness in Mexican Spanish].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breathlessness is the most common symptom of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. The term encompasses a wide range of descriptors used by patients, however. Identifying those descriptors can be useful for analyzing symptoms and understanding how they arise. The aim of this study was to characterize the descriptors of breathlessness used in Mexican Spanish and to consider their association with various states of respiratory distress and cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was based on 21 descriptors of breathlessness, some of which had no equivalents in English. The subjects included 15 healthy individuals during a cardiopulmonary stress test, 13 healthy subjects after a carbon dioxide rebreathing procedure, and 10 healthy women during pregnancy. We also included 16 patients with confirmed heart disease in stable condition, 15 patients during exacerbation of asthma, 20 with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 15 with diffuse interstitial lung disease also in stable condition. Descriptors of breathlessness were then grouped based on the results of cluster analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven clusters of phrasal descriptors were identified as possibly representative of types of dyspnea. These clusters of descriptors were categorized as follows: agitation, suffocation, smothering, inhalation, exhalation, panting, and rapidity. Associations between types of dyspnea and the groups of participants were identified based on how frequently they used the terms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least 7 clusters or groups of descriptors of breathlessness were identified as equivalent to 7 types of dyspnea; some items have no equivalent in English. Healthy subjects with respiratory distress or certain groups of patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease are associated with certain types of dyspnea.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, México. jcvaz@prodigy.net.mx
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vázquez-García
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Balcázar-Cruz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Méndez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejía-Alfaro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cossío-Alcántara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Venegas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires