title: Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in horses after oral and IV administration and determine the in vitro physicochemical characteristics of the drug that may affect oral absorption and tissue distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 adult horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses were administered voriconazole (1 mg/kg, IV, or 4 mg/kg, PO), and plasma concentrations were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro plasma protein binding and the octanol:water partition coefficient were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voriconazole was adequately absorbed after oral administration in horses, with a systemic bioavailability of 135.75 +/- 18.41%. The elimination half-life after a single orally administered dose was 13.11 +/- 2.85 hours, and the maximum plasma concentration was 2.43 +/- 0.4 microg/mL. Plasma protein binding was 31.68%, and the octanol:water partition coefficient was 64.69. No adverse reactions were detected during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voriconazole has excellent absorption after oral administration and a long half-life in horses. On the basis of the results of this study, it was concluded that administration of voriconazole at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will attain plasma concentrations adequate for treatment of horses with fungal infections for which the fungi have a minimum inhibitory concentration <or= 1 microg/mL. Because of the possible nonlinearity of this drug as well as the potential for accumulation, chronic dosing studies and clinical trials are needed to determine the appropriate dosing regimen for voriconazole in horses.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jacklyn H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Papich
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D065819:Voriconazole