Reciprocal transactivation between HIV-1 and other human viruses.
A variety of rare clinical syndromes are seen with strikingly increased prevalence in HIV-1-infected individuals, many with underlying viral etiologies. The emergence of these diseases in AIDS reflects a reduction in the ability of the immune system to mount an adequate defense against viruses in general due to the damage inflicted to the immune system by HIV-1 infection. However, in many cases, it has been found that HIV-1 can enhance the level of expression and hence the life cycle of other viruses independently of immunosuppression through specific interactions with the viruses. This can occur either directly by HIV-1 proteins such as Tat enhancing the activity of heterologous viral promoters, and/or indirectly by HIV-1 inducing the expression of cytokines and activation of their downstream signaling that eventually promotes the multiplication of the other virus. In a reciprocal manner, the effects of other viruses can enhance the pathogenicity of HIV-1 infection in individuals with AIDS through stimulation of the HIV-1 promoter activity and genome expression. The purpose of this review is to examine the cross-interactions between these viruses and HIV-1.
White
Martyn K
MK
Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 1900 North 12th Street, 015-96, Room 203, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. martyn.white@temple.edu
Gorrill
Timothy S
TS
Khalili
Kamel
K
D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D014780:Viruses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D015696:Gene Products, tat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus