title: Pressure relieving support surfaces: a randomised evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine differences between alternating pressure overlays and alternating pressure replacement mattresses with respect to the development of new pressure ulcers, healing of existing pressure ulcers, patient acceptability and cost-effectiveness of the different pressure-relieving surfaces. Also to investigate the specific additional impact of pressure ulcers on patients' well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre, randomised, controlled, open, fixed sample, parallel-group trial with equal randomisation was undertaken. The trial used remote, concealed allocation and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. The main trial design was supplemented with a qualitative study involving a purposive sample of 20-30 patients who developed pressure ulcers, to assess the impact of the pressure ulcers on their well-being. In addition, a focus group interview was carried out with clinical research nurses, who participated in the PRESSURE (Pressure RElieving Support SUrfaces: a Randomised Evaluation) Trial, to explore the experiences of their role and observations of pressure area care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place in 11 hospital-based research centres within six NHS trusts in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute and elective patients aged 55 years or older and admitted to vascular, orthopaedic, medical or care of the elderly wards in the previous 24 hours were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomised to either an alternating pressure overlay or an alternating pressure mattress replacement, with mattress specifications clearly defined to enable the inclusion of centres using products from different manufacturers, and to exclude hybrid mattress systems (which either combine foam or constant low pressure with alternating pressure in one mattress, or can be used as either an overlay or a replacement mattress).
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of a new pressure ulcer (grade < or =2, i.e. partial-thickness wound involving epidermis/dermis only) on any skin site. Also healing of existing pressures ulcers, patient acceptability and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 6155 patients were assessed for eligibility to the trial and 1972 were randomised: 990 to the alternating pressure overlay (989 after one postrandomisation exclusion) and 982 to the alternating pressure mattress replacement. ITT analysis found no statistically significant difference in the proportions of patients developing a new pressure ulcer of grade 2 or above [10.7% overlay patients, 10.3% mattress replacement patients, a difference of 0.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.3 to 3.1%, p = 0.75]. When logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for minimisation factors and prespecified baseline covariates, there was no difference between the mattresses with respect to the odds of ulceration (odds ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.29). There was no evidence of a difference between the mattress groups with respect to time to healing (p = 0.86). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the median time to healing was 20 days for each intervention. More patients allocated overlays requested mattress changes due to dissatisfaction (23.3%) than mattress replacement patients (18.9%, p = 0.02) and more than one-third of patients reporting difficulties associated with movement in bed and getting into or out of bed. There is a higher probability (64%) that alternating mattress replacements are cost-saving; they were associated with lower overall costs (74.50 pounds sterling per patient on average, mainly due to reduced length of stay) and greater benefits (a delay in time to ulceration of 10.64 days on average). Patients' accounts highlighted that the development of a pressure ulcer could be pivotal in the trajectory from illness to recovery, by preventing full recovery or causing varied impacts on their quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no difference between alternating pressure mattress replacements and overlays in terms of the proportion of patients developing new pressure ulcers; however, alternating pressure mattress replacements are more likely to be cost-saving. The results suggest that when renewing alternating pressure surfaces or ordering equipment within a rental contract, mattress replacements should be specified; however, overlays are acceptable if no replacement mattress is available. Similarly, patient preferences can be supported, without any great increase in risk, if individual patients request an overlay rather than a replacement mattress. Further research could include a randomised controlled trial comparing alternating pressure mattress replacements and high-specification foam mattresses in patients at moderate to high risk; an accurate costing study to understand better how much pressure ulcers cost health and social services in the UK; and trials in higher risk groups of patients. Also future trials should measure time to ulceration as the primary end-point, since this is more informative economically and possibly also from a patient and clinical perspective.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trial Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cranny
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cullum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spilsbury
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D001512:Bedding and Linens; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004739:England; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013222:State Medicine