title: Kalèdo, a new educational board-game, gives nutritional rudiments and encourages healthy eating in children: a pilot cluster randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevention of obesity and overweight is an important target for health promotion. Early prevention requires an intervention during childhood and adolescence. At these stages, the game could be an appropriate means to teach nutrition knowledge and to influence dietary behaviour. To this end, the authors developed Kalèdo, a new board-game.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of Kalèdo on changes in nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour in a pilot study conducted in three middle schools in Naples, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple two-group design (treatment and control) with pre- and post-assessment was employed. The classroom was the unit of recruitment and random assignment to groups. All students (307) in the participating schools were invited to participate. Data analysis was performed on 241 subjects. During 24 weeks, a group of 153 children from 8 classrooms (11-14 year old Caucasian subjects; 78 male, 75 female) was involved in 15-30 minute-long play sessions once a week. A questionnaire was given to the participants at the beginning and at the end of the study to evaluate nutrition knowledge (31 questions), physical activity (8 questions) and food intake (34 questions). Anthropometric measurements were also carried out. A second group of 88 children from 5 classrooms (same age and ethnicity; 55 male, 33 female) was investigated at the same times with the same questionnaire and anthropometric measures but they did not receive any play sessions with Kalèdo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children playing Kalèdo showed a significant increase in nutrition knowledge (p<0.05) and in weekly vegetable intake (p<0.01) with respect to the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that Kalèdo could be an effective instrument to teach children about healthy diet. More research is needed to study the long term effect of this intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio, 8, 80138 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viggiano
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Costanzo
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Madeo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viggiano
authors.forename: Maria Ena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Baccari
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchitelli
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raia
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viggiano
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deepak
authors.forename: Marcellino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monda
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Luca
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004435:Eating; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People