title: Direct quantitation and detection of salmonellae in biological samples without enrichment, using two-step filtration and real-time PCR.
abstract: A new two-step filtration protocol followed by a real-time PCR assay based on SYBR green I detection was developed to directly quantitate salmonellae in two types of biological samples: i.e., chicken rinse and spent irrigation water. Four prefiltration filters, one type of final filter, and six protocols for recovery of salmonellae from the final filter were evaluated to identify an effective filtration protocol. This method was then combined with a real-time PCR assay based on detection of the invA gene. The best results were obtained by subsequent filtration of 100 ml of chicken rinse or 100 ml of spent irrigation water through filters with pore diameters of >40 mum to remove large particles and of 0.22 microm to recover the Salmonella cells. After this, the Salmonella cells were removed from the filter by vortexing in 1 ml of physiological saline, and this sample was then subjected to real-time quantitative PCR. The whole procedure could be completed within 3 h from sampling to quantitation, and cell numbers as low as 7.5 x 10(2) CFU per 100-ml sample could be quantified. Below this limit, qualitative detection of concentrations as low as 2.2 CFU/100 ml sample was possible on occasion. This study has contributed to the development of a simple, rapid, and reliable method for quantitation of salmonellae in food without the need for sample enrichment or DNA extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. pwolf@lmib.azm.nl
authors.forename: Petra F G
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wolffs
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glencross
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thibaudeau
authors.forename: Mansel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D005374:Filtration; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology