title: A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins.
abstract: Small RNAs associate with Argonaute proteins and serve as sequence-specific guides to regulate messenger RNA stability, protein synthesis, chromatin organization and genome structure. In animals, Argonaute proteins segregate into two subfamilies. The Argonaute subfamily acts in RNA interference and in microRNA-mediated gene regulation using 21-22-nucleotide RNAs as guides. The Piwi subfamily is involved in germline-specific events such as germline stem cell maintenance and meiosis. However, neither the biochemical function of Piwi proteins nor the nature of their small RNA guides is known. Here we show that MIWI, a murine Piwi protein, binds a previously uncharacterized class of approximately 29-30-nucleotide RNAs that are highly abundant in testes. We have therefore named these Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs show distinctive localization patterns in the genome, being predominantly grouped into 20-90-kilobase clusters, wherein long stretches of small RNAs are derived from only one strand. Similar piRNAs are also found in human and rat, with major clusters occurring in syntenic locations. Although their function must still be resolved, the abundance of piRNAs in germline cells and the male sterility of Miwi mutants suggest a role in gametogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
authors.forename: Angélique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sachidanandam
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hannon
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carmell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060565:Argonaute Proteins; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D060565:Argonaute Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; C448522:Piwil1 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins