title: Reduction of tissue plasminogen activator-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 by simvastatin in astrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemorrhagic conversion after tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) stroke therapy has been linked with elevations in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) at the neurovascular interface. Here, we test the idea that statins may directly ameliorate tPA-induced MMP-9 dysregulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant human tPA (5 microg/mL) was added to primary rat cortical astrocytes. Zymography was used to quantify MMP-9 levels in conditioned media. Effects of simvastatin or the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 were assessed by pretreating cells before tPA exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simvastatin (1 to 10 micromol/L) significantly reduced tPA-induced MMP-9 in cortical astrocytes. This effect may be mediated via the Rho kinase pathway because tPA-induced activation of Rho signaling was suppressed by simvastatin, and tPA-induced MMP-9 levels were similarly reduced by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (1 to 10 micromol/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statins reduce tPA-induced MMP-9 dysregulation by inhibiting the Rho signaling pathway. Statins may ameliorate tPA-associated MMP imbalances in stroke.
authors.affiliation: Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sun-Ryung
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shu-Zhen
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Woo Jean
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Eng H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011725:Pyridines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C108830:Y 27632; D019821:Simvastatin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9