Estradiol gel: review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in menopausal women.
OBJECTIVE
To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a gel containing estradiol that is applied to the skin.


METHODS
MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were conducted from 1966 to March 2005. Additional references were identified from bibliographies from selected studies in addition to approved product information.


RESULTS
Estradiol gel is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women, and moderate to severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Women who are intolerant of the oral route, have had previous hypersensitivity skin reactions, or have had difficulties with adhesive patches are ideal candidates for estradiol gel.


CONCLUSIONS
Estradiol gel can effectively reduce menopause symptoms with minimal side effects. Long-term safety data of estradiol gel are required.
Naunton
Mark
M
Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.naunton@rug.nl
Al Hadithy
Asmar F Y
AF
Brouwers
Jacobus R B J
JR
Archer
David F
DF
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause
D005782:Gels; D004958:Estradiol