title: Embryonic development in the pig up to the 64-cell stage, with reference to DNA replication and cell cycle times from the third cleavage division.
abstract: Preimplantation cleaving-stage embryos were recovered from Dutch Landrace (DL) and F1 Dutch Landrace x Great Yorkshire (DL x GY) gilts for which the time of insemination and ovulation were known. Embryonic cell counts were performed, usually after brief in vitro culture to estimate DNA synthesis. Special attention was given to the 4-cell stage. Beyond this stage, the mean cell cycle time was 14 hours for DL and 17 hours for F1 gilts. Generally, high indices of DNA synthesis were obtained (more than 60% of nuclei). There was prominent within and between gilt variability with regard to embryonic cell numbers. Gilts are especially heterogeneous with respect to the length of the 4-cell stage. The G 2 M phase of the 4-cell stage takes approximately 3.5 hours. Especially for F1 gilts, the age of the spermatozoa at the moment of ovulation was not related to the rate of cleavage and/or embryonic death. It is postulated that variability in the length of the 4-cell stage is reflected in genetic activation of the embryos at this stage and subsequently influences embryonic survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology Wageningen Agricultural University P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Te Kronnie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Boer