title: Identification of critical process variables affecting particle size following precipitation using a supercritical fluid.
abstract: The critical processing parameters affecting average particle size, particle size distribution, yield, and level of residual carrier solvent using the supercritical anti-solvent method (SAS) were identified. Carbon dioxide was used as the supercritical fluid. Methylprednisolone acetate was used as the model solute in tetrahydrofuran. Parameters examined included pressure of the supercritical fluid, agitation rate, feed solution flow rate, impeller diameter, and nozzle design. Pressure was identified as the most important process parameter affecting average particle size, either through the effect of pressure on dispersion of the feed solution into the precipitation vessel or through the effect of pressure on solubility of drug in the CO2/organic solvent mixture. Agitation rate, impeller diameter, feed solution flow rate, and nozzle design had significant effects on particle size, which suggests that dispersion of the feed solution is important. Crimped HPLC tubing was the most effective method of introducing feed solution into the precipitation vessel, largely because it resulted in the least amount of clogging during the precipitation. Yields of 82% or greater were consistently produced and were not affected by the processing variables. Similarly, the level of residual solvent was independent of the processing variables and was present at 0.0002% wt/wt THF or less.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sacha
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nail
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008027:Light; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D000077555:Methylprednisolone Acetate; D010316:Particle Size; D011312:Pressure; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077555:Methylprednisolone Acetate; D008775:Methylprednisolone