title: Efficacy and safety of naltrexone use in pediatric patients with autistic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the efficacy and safety of naltrexone in pediatric patients with autistic disorder (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the terms pediatric, child, naltrexone, autism, and autistic disorder, a literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1966-May 18, 2006) and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971-May 18, 2006) database. The references of these articles were scanned for additional relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles describing or evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of naltrexone in pediatric patients with AD were included in this review. Three case reports, 8 case series, and 14 clinical studies were identified as pertinent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naltrexone has been used most commonly at doses ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg/day and found to be predominantly effective in decreasing self-injurious behavior. Naltrexone may also attenuate hyperactivity, agitation, irritability, temper tantrums, social withdrawal, and stereotyped behaviors. Patients may also exhibit improved attention and eye contact. Transient sedation was the most commonly reported adverse event. Small sample size, short duration, and inconsistent evaluative methods characterize the available research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A child affected by AD may benefit from a trial of naltrexone therapy, particularly if the child exhibits self-injurious behavior and other attempted therapies have failed. Serious adverse effects have not been reported in short-term studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
authors.forename: Gladys M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Elchaar
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maisch
authors.forename: Laura M Gianni
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Augusto
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wehring
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone