title: Mechanical properties of the human abdominal wall measured in vivo during insufflation for laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbon dioxide insufflation of the peritoneal cavity for laparoscopic surgery offers a unique opportunity to measure some mechanical properties of the human abdominal wall that hitherto have been difficult to obtain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The movement and change of the abdominal wall during insufflation to a pressure of 12 mmHg was studied in 18 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery using a remote motion analysis system that does not compromise the sterility of the operative filed. These data together with the known abdominal wall thickness of each patient (measured by preoperative ultrasound scanning) enabled estimates of mechanical stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that the abdominal wall changes from a cylinder to a dome during inflation, and that its area is increased by 15%. A volume, averaging 1.27 x 10(-3)m(3), results from expansion, reshaping of the abdominal wall, and displacement of the diaphragm. The abdominal wall is stiffer in the transverse plane than in the sagittal plane (Young's modulus, 42.5 +/- 9.0 kPa vs 22.5 +/- 2.6 kPa; p = 0.03; paired t-test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of mechanical properties of the abdominal wall in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery were obtained using a remote motion analysis system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alijani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003187:Compliance; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007327:Insufflation; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement