title: Chronic peritoneal dialysis in children: catheter related complications. A single centre experience.
abstract: Despite advancements in catheter design and dialysis technique, catheter related complications still remain a common clinical problem in paediatric patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD); in particular, infections are a common cause of patient's morbidity and technique failure. In the present paper, data on 89 catheters implanted between January 1986 and December 2002 are reviewed to analyse the major causes of complications and/or PD failure and to ascertain their optimal management. A total of 89 catheters were implanted in 78 patients at the start of chronic PD: 26 in children under 2 years of age, 14 in children aged 2-5 years and 49 in patients over 5 years. Mean age of patients was 76.1 +/- 73.0 months and median treatment time 14.5 +/- 13.1 months. All catheters were surgically implanted and partial omentectomy was performed in 70% of cases. Straight Tenckhoff catheters were used in 70 cases (78%), curled ones in 19 (22%). Sixty-three catheters (71%) had two cuffs, 26 (29%) a single cuff. The entry-site was the midline in 34 patients (38%) and the paramedian line in 55 patients (62%). Catheter survival rate was 80% at 12 months, 62% at 24 months and 58% at 36 and 48 months, respectively. The incidence of catheter-related complications was one episode every 6.4 PD-months, and they were mainly represented by peritonitis (61%), exit-site infections and tunnel infection (ESI + TI: 23%), catheter obstruction (5%), dislocation (3.5%), leakage (2.5%). After the introduction of curled single-cuff catheters, a considerable reduction in the peritonitis incidence was observed during the last 7 years. A more prolonged catheter survival was observed in older children (>5 vs. <2 years: P < 0.05). Leakage was less common in catheters with paramedian entry-site compared with catheters implanted on the midline. In 7 out of 11 (64%) patients with catheter obstruction, omentectomy had not been performed. Single-cuff catheters had a lower infection-rate than double-cuff catheter (P < 0.01). Single cuff-curled Tenckhoff catheter can be considered the first choice catheter. Single cuff-catheters are not associated with an increase of infections. The surgical technique requires a strict adherence to a standardized procedure and a dedicated team, in order to obtain a reduction of the complications, a prolonged catheter duration and a better quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico-Mangiagalli-Regina Elena, Padiglione Alfieri, v. Commenda 10, 20100, Milan, Italy. francescomacchini@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macchini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valadè
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ardissino
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edefonti
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torricelli
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luzzani
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric