title: No indication for activation of exogenous retroviruses in patients with renal allograft rejection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactivation of latent BK virus in kidney-transplanted patients results in severe graft dysfunction. The role of retroviruses infecting also latently target cells is not investigated so far in this setting. We determined the presence or induction of retroviruses in sera of immunosuppressed patients with renal allografts at the timepoint of organ rejection or ongoing polyomavirus nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera of patients with acute kidney rejection or polyomavirus nephropathy (n=25) and controls (n=8) were tested for reverse transcriptase activity by the ultrasensitive product enhanced reverse transcriptase (PERT) assay. In parallel, kidney biopsies were investigated for histological signs of kidney rejection or polyomavirus nephropathy confirmed by either immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the investigated sera, specifically those of patients with ongoing BK virus nephropathy, indicated reverse transcriptase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the idea of the induction of known or unknown retroviruses in patients with kidney transplantation, even under highly immunosuppressive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basle, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Seemayer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Böni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüpbach
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mihatsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001739:BK Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000097:blood; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014775:Virus Activation
chemical_list: D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase