title: Susceptibility to ozone-induced airway inflammation is associated with decreased levels of surfactant protein D.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ozone (O3), a common air pollutant, induces exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary surfactant protein (SP)-D modulates immune and inflammatory responses in the lung. We have shown previously that SP-D plays a protective role in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Here we studied the role and regulation of SP-D in O3-induced inflammatory changes in the lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the effects of O3 exposure in mouse strains with genetically different expression levels of SP-D we exposed Balb/c, C57BL/6 and SP-D knockout mice to O3 or air. BAL cellular and cytokine content and SP-D levels were evaluated and compared between the different strains. The kinetics of SP-D production and inflammatory parameters were studied at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hrs after O3 exposure. The effect of IL-6, an O3-inducible cytokine, on the expression of SP-D was investigated in vitro using a primary alveolar type II cell culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ozone-exposed Balb/c mice demonstrated significantly enhanced acute inflammatory changes including recruitment of inflammatory cells and release of KC and IL-12p70 when compared with age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 mice. On the other hand, C57BL/6 mice had significantly higher levels of SP-D and released more IL-10 and IL-6. Increase in SP-D production coincided with the resolution of inflammatory changes. Mice deficient in SP-D had significantly higher numbers of inflammatory cells when compared to controls supporting the notion that SP-D has an anti-inflammatory function in our model of O3 exposure. IL-6, which was highly up-regulated in O3 exposed mice, was capable of inducing the expression of SP-D in vitro in a dose dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that IL-6 contributes to the up-regulation of SP-D after acute O3 exposure and elevation of SP-D in the lung is associated with the resolution of inflammation. Absence or low levels of SP-D predispose to enhanced inflammatory changes following acute oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. sonjak@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kierstein
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grous
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kierstein
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Beers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Panettieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haczku
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010126:Ozone; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D037663:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D037663:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D; D010126:Ozone