title: Development and validation of the self-administration of medication tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumer participation in planning and implementing health care is actively encouraged as a means of improving patient outcomes. In assessing the ability of patients to self-medicate, health professionals can identify areas in which patients need assistance, education, and intervention to optimize their health outcomes after discharge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a tool to quantify the ability of patients to administer their regularly scheduled medications while they are hospitalized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Past research enabled us to develop the Self-Administration of Medication (SAM) tool. Using a Delphi technique of 3 rounds, a panel of expert health professionals established the content validity of the tool. For determining level of agreement in using the SAM tool, 56 patients were selected; for each patient, 2 randomly selected nurses completed an assessment. Construct validity and internal consistency were examined by testing the tool in 50 patients and comparing with other validated scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 29-item SAM tool had high content validity scores for clarity, representation, and comprehensiveness, with content validity index values ranging from 0.95-1.0. In testing the level of agreement between 2 nurses, out of 43 valid cases, 95.3% of nurses overwhelmingly agreed about the patients' competence to self-administer their drugs. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.819 (95% CI 0.666 to 0.902). Internal consistency for the SAM tool was high, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.899. A moderate to strong correlation was obtained when comparing the SAM tool with other validated measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SAM tool is valid and reliable for quantifying patients' ability to manage their regularly scheduled medications in the hospital setting.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton Victoria, Australia. ema-nias@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manias
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Beanland
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012651:Self Medication / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome