title: Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis: a systematic review of the economic evaluations and modelling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review systematically and critically, evidence used to derive estimates of costs and cost effectiveness of chlamydia screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review. A search of 11 electronic bibliographic databases from the earliest date available to August 2004 using keywords including chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, economic evaluation, and cost. We included studies of chlamydia screening in males and/or females over 14 years, including studies of diagnostic tests, contact tracing, and treatment as part of a screening programme. Outcomes included cases of chlamydia identified and major outcomes averted. We assessed methodological quality and the modelling approach used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 713 identified papers we included 57 formal economic evaluations and two cost studies. Most studies found chlamydia screening to be cost effective, partner notification to be an effective adjunct, and testing with nucleic acid amplification tests, and treatment with azithromycin to be cost effective. Methodological problems limited the validity of these findings: most studies used static models that are inappropriate for infectious diseases; restricted outcomes were used as a basis for policy recommendations; and high estimates of the probability of chlamydia associated complications might have overestimated cost effectiveness. Two high quality dynamic modelling studies found opportunistic screening to be cost effective but poor reporting or uncertainty about complication rates make interpretation difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inappropriate use of static models to study interventions to prevent a communicable disease means that uncertainty remains about whether chlamydia screening programmes are cost effective or not. The results of this review can be used by health service managers in the allocation of resources, and health economists and other researchers who are considering further research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Facility, HSMC, University of Birmingham, Park House, 40 Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham B15 2RT, UK. t.e.roberts@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged