title: Correlation between ultrasound alterations of the preprostatic sphincter and symptoms in patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated ultrasound alterations of the preprostatic sphincter in patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. We evaluated the frequency of these alterations, standardized their ultrasound measurement and correlated them with symptoms in patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 37 patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome and 23 healthy volunteers certain parameters were measured by transrectal ultrasound, including prostate volume, hypoechoic periurethral zone volume, posterior prostate lip thickness, bladder neck thickness, detrusor thickness and the degree of echogenicity of the anterior fibromuscular stroma. All patients were evaluated with the International Prostate Symptom Score and National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Urinary flow rate and post-void residual urine volume were also considered in each patient. All assessments were done independently and consecutively by 3 operators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A hypoechoic periurethral zone volume was found in 36 of 37 patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. No significant intra-observer and interobserver differences were found in ultrasound parameter measurements. In the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome group ultrasound findings showed greater post-void residual urine volume, detrusor thickness and hypoechoic periurethral zone volume, increased posterior prostate lip thickness and bladder neck thickness, and greater anterior fibromuscular stroma hyperechogenicity. On multivariate analysis hypoechoic periurethral zone volume was an independent predictive factor for worse National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index pain, urinary and total scores. Posterior prostate lip thickness was the only factor predictive of a worse International Prostate Symptom Score in patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. A hypoechoic periurethral zone volume, posterior prostate lip thickness and bladder neck thickness with calculated threshold values revealed fair to excellent accuracy for identifying a patient with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound evaluation of the bladder neck-posterior urethra in patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome led us to identify a set of lesions that cannot be found in healthy subjects. The measurement of hypoechoic periurethral zone volume, posterior prostate lip thickness and bladder neck thickness could be useful for following patients with chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome and maybe for better understanding the complicated pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Division of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I.-G. M. Lancisi-G. Salesi, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dellabella
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milanese
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muzzonigro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014563:Urodynamics