title: Relationship between the prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome. Results of the SOPKARD Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a newly recognised risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The results of many studies show that depression may contribute to the development of components of metabolic syndrome, such as arterial hypertension, obesity and glycaemic abnormalities. Thus it may have a significant impact on IHD development and worsen the course of an already established disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and depression among Sopot inhabitants aged 50 or 60 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 795 consecutive inhabitants of Sopot (477 female and 318 male) who were invited in 2003 and 2004 to participate in screening examinations in the programme of primary prevention of arterial hypertension, diabetes and lipid abnormalities -- SOPKARD. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the NCEP ATP III guidelines. Beck's Depression Inventory was used for the assessment of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic syndrome was recognised in 32% of participants (in 31% of women and in 33% of men). The distribution of particular elements of metabolic syndrome was as follows: elevated blood pressure was found in 63% of subjects (female -- 58%, male -- 70%), abnormal fasting glucose in 24% (female -- 21%, male -- 28%), visceral (abdominal) obesity in 33% (female -- 38%, male -- 26%), elevated triglyceride level in 34% (female - 28%, male - 42%) and decreased HDL level in 26% (female -- 28%, male -- 23%). Symptoms of depression were found in 37% of studied subjects (42% of females, 28% of males). Metabolic syndrome was observed more frequently in subjects with depressive symptoms compared to those without depressive symptoms in the whole group (35% vs 28%, p <0.05) and in males (44% vs 28%, p <.05). This difference was not statistically significant in females (31% vs 28%, ns). Visceral obesity was observed more frequently in males with depressive symptoms than in those without depressive symptoms (37% vs 21%, p <0.001). It was not observed in the whole group and in females. The studied females group with depression more often had a higher fasting serum glucose concentration when compared to those without depression (25% vs 18%, p<0.05). Such a relationship was not observed in the male group and whole group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the studied group of middle-aged subjects, especially among women, a high prevalence of depression symptoms was noted. Statistically significant correlations between the prevalence of depressive symptoms and visceral obesity in men and an elevated glucose level in women were shown.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Nadciśnienia Tetniczego i Diabetologii AM, ul. Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland. kasiagil@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Radziłłowicz
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zdrojewski
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pakalska-Korcala
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chwojnicki
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piwoński
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignaszewska-Wyrzykowska
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Załuga
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mielczarek
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landowski
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wyrzykowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides