title: Pediatric eye injury-related hospitalizations in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An estimated 2.4 million eye injuries occur in the United States each year, with nearly 35% of injuries among persons aged 17 years or less. Although previous research has identified some of the characteristics of pediatric eye injuries, many studies focused only on a specific patient population or type of eye injury or relied on self-reported data. In addition, little information has been reported on the total charges associated with treating pediatric eye injuries. Using a large national database, our aim was to examine hospitalizations for the treatment of pediatric eye injuries in the United States, including the demographic, medical care, and financial characteristics associated with major categories of eye injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were derived from the 2000 Kids' Inpatient Database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Eye injury-related hospitalizations were identified by using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Discharges were selected if the eye injury was the principal or secondary diagnosis. Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used to group external-cause-of-injury codes into broader categories to allow meaningful comparison with previous studies. The reported charges for the treatment of eye injuries and the expected primary payer were determined. Cases were statistically weighted to produce national estimates of hospitalizations for pediatric eye injuries and to determine the characteristics of these injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected by the Kids' Inpatient Database for 3834 actual eye injury-related hospitalizations. These records represent an estimated 7527 eye injury-related hospitalizations among children aged 20 years or less in the United States during 2000. Inpatient charges for the treatment of these injuries were more than $88 million. The rate of hospitalization for pediatric eye injuries in the United States in 2000 was 8.9 per 100,000 persons aged 20 years or less. Young adults aged 18 to 20 years accounted for the highest percentage of hospitalizations (23.7%). Males accounted for 69.7% of hospitalizations. A majority of hospitalizations were for open wounds of the ocular adnexa. Motor vehicle crash was the most common cause of injury, followed by being struck by or against an object and being cut or pierced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings illustrate the considerable morbidity, financial burden, and proximal causes for pediatric eye injury-related hospitalizations. Our data support the need for eye injury prevention efforts that consider the age, gender, and developmental stage of children. Educating parents and children about the potential for eye injuries at home and during hazardous activities is an important public health goal. In addition, promoting the use of appropriate protective eyewear by children during activities with a high risk of ocular trauma will help prevent future eye injuries.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, Children's Research Institute, Columbus Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: Sarah Grim
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hostetler
authors.forename: Huiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology