Urinary metabolites of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in preterm and term infants.
BACKGROUND
Many neonatal diseases have been associated with oxidative stress and altered nitric oxide status.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of clinical interventions on the levels of urinary peroxides, a marker of oxidative stress, and urinary nitrate/nitrites, indices of nitric oxide production and metabolism, in the first 72 h of life in premature infants.


METHODS
A single, spot urine sample was collected from 82 premature and 20 healthy term infants within the first 72 h of life. The peroxide levels were quantified using a fluorometric method, and nitrate/nitrite levels were quantified by chemiluminescence.


RESULTS
Premature infants had a median peroxide level of 10.0 micromol/mmol creatinine (Cr) (interquartile range 4.8-20.0 micromol/mmol Cr). These values were significantly higher than term infants (median 5.0 micromol/mmol Cr, interquartile range 2.7-10.0 micromol/mmol Cr). Urinary nitrate/nitrite levels were not significantly different between preterm (220.5 micromol/mmol Cr, interquartile range 161-287 micromol/mmol Cr) and healthy term infants (244 micromol/mmol Cr, interquartile range 194-316 micromol/mmol Cr). For urinary peroxides, infants on TPN had significantly higher urinary peroxide levels than infants who were not on TPN at the time of urine collection (p = 0.006). Administration of indomethacin was associated with lower levels of urinary nitrate/nitrites (p = 0.0003). Both effects remained significant after controlling for gestational age, degree of respiratory distress and day of urine collection.


CONCLUSIONS
Monitoring the level of both peroxides and nitrate/nitrite may offer added information about the degree of oxidative stress experienced by a newborn but needs to account for clinical and therapeutic interventions.
Farkouh
Christiana R
CR
Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Merrill
Jeffrey D
JD
Ballard
Phillip L
PL
Ballard
Roberta A
RA
Ischiropoulos
Harry
H
Lorch
Scott A
SA
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000652:urine; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000652:urine; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D010545:Peroxides / Q000652:urine*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D010545:Peroxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007213:Indomethacin