title: Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma.
abstract: Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exhibits antitumor effects on various cancer cell types, but its use in chemotherapy is limited by its psychotropic activity. We investigated the antitumor activities of other plant cannabinoids, i.e., cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, cannabidiol acid and THC acid, and assessed whether there is any advantage in using Cannabis extracts (enriched in either cannabidiol or THC) over pure cannabinoids. Results obtained in a panel of tumor cell lines clearly indicate that, of the five natural compounds tested, cannabidiol is the most potent inhibitor of cancer cell growth (IC(50) between 6.0 and 10.6 microM), with significantly lower potency in noncancer cells. The cannabidiol-rich extract was equipotent to cannabidiol, whereas cannabigerol and cannabichromene followed in the rank of potency. Both cannabidiol and the cannabidiol-rich extract inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors obtained by s.c. injection into athymic mice of human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma or rat v-K-ras-transformed thyroid epithelial cells and reduced lung metastases deriving from intrapaw injection of MDA-MB-231 cells. Judging from several experiments on its possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of action, we propose that cannabidiol lacks a unique mode of action in the cell lines investigated. At least for MDA-MB-231 cells, however, our experiments indicate that cannabidiol effect is due to its capability of inducing apoptosis via: direct or indirect activation of cannabinoid CB(2) and vanilloid transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 receptors and cannabinoid/vanilloid receptor-independent elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species. Our data support the further testing of cannabidiol and cannabidiol-rich extracts for the potential treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ligresti
authors.forename: Aniello Schiano
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Moriello
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Starowicz
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pisanti
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Petrocellis
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laezza
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Portella
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bifulco
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002185:Cannabidiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000502:physiology; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000502:physiology; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D002186:Cannabinoids; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494482:TRPV1 protein, human; D002185:Cannabidiol; D002118:Calcium