title: Effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports a study testing the effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability, and comparing the effects of researcher-provided music (standard music) with subject-preferred music (patterning music).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic non-malignant pain is characterized by pain that persists in spite of traditional interventions. Previous studies have found music to be effective in decreasing pain and anxiety related to postoperative, procedural and cancer pain. However, the effect of music on power, pain, depression, and disability in working age adults with chronic non-malignant pain has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out with a convenience sample of 60 African American and Caucasian people aged 21-65 years with chronic non-malignant pain. They were randomly assigned to a standard music group (n = 22), patterning music group (n = 18) or control group (n = 20). Pain was measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form; depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale; disability was measured with the Pain Disability Index; and power was measured with the Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool (version II).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The music groups had more power and less pain, depression and disability than the control group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two music interventions. The model predicting both a direct and indirect effect for music was supported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses can teach patients how to use music to enhance the effects of analgesics, decrease pain, depression and disability, and promote feelings of power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Research and Innovation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA. siedles@ccf.org
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Siedliecki
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Good
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome