title: Prenatal diagnosis of Turner syndrome: report on 69 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of different sonographic signs of fetuses with Turner syndrome in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 2004, Turner syndrome was found in 69 of 22,150 fetal karyotypings. Congenital anomalies detected by sonography were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 514 (2.3%; 514/22,150) chromosome aberrations that were diagnosed, 69 Turner syndrome cases were found (13.4%; 69/514). Twenty-four fetuses had a 45,X karyotype (34.8%), and 45 fetuses were mosaic (65.2%). Forty-seven fetuses (68.1%; 47/69) showed symptoms on sonography. A substantial proportion of fetuses with Turner syndrome showed early-onset signs that could be detected in the first trimester (29.8%;14/69). The most common findings with sonography were hygroma colli (26.1%; 18/69), fetal hydrops (11.6%; 8/69), cardiac defects (13%; 9/69), and increased nuchal translucency (13%; 9/69). Among heart defects, coarctation of the aorta was the most common (44.4% of all cardial defects). Soft markers were also detected with relatively high frequency (23.2%; 16/69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of severe Turner syndrome is possible in early pregnancy. A search for soft markers during second-trimester sonography and extensive use of echocardiography may increase the detection rate of Turner syndrome.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, H-1088 Budapest, Baross ut 27, Hungary. papp@noi1.sote.hu
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beke
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mezei
authors.forename: Zsanett
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szigeti
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bán
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Papp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal