title: Economic evaluation of duloxetine for the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence: a Markov model comparing pharmacotherapy with pelvic floor muscle training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duloxetine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and may be useful for treating women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in general practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of 2 duloxetine strategies (duloxetine alone and duloxetine after inadequate response to pelvic floor muscle training [PFMT]) compared with PFMT or no treatment for women aged>or=50 years with SUI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model with a 3-month cycle length was developed, with a time horizon of 5 years. Incontinence severity was based on incontinence episode frequency per week (IEF/week). Four SUI health states were distinguished in the model: no SUI (0 incontinence episode [IE] per week), mild SUI (19 IEs/week), moderate SUI (10-25 IEs/week), and severe SUI (>or=26 IEs/week). Transition probabilities were calculated, based on published evidence, expert opinion, and demographic data. Outcomes were expected total societal costs and expected IEs. The analysis was performed from the societal perspective of The Netherlands, and all costs were reported in year-2002 euros. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the model, providing PFMT cost euro0.03/IE avoided, compared with no treatment. Duloxetine after inadequate PFMT cost euro3.81/IE avoided, compared with PFMT One-way sensitivity analyses indicated that these results were robust regarding variation in age, IEF/week, and discount rate. Below the ceiling ratio of euro3.65/IE avoided, PFMT had the highest probability of being cost-effective. With higher ceiling ratios, duloxetine after inadequate PFMT had the highest cost-effectiveness probability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treating patients with duloxetine after inadequate PFMT response yielded additional health effects in the model, but would require society in The Netherlands to pay euro3.81/IE avoided for women aged>or=50 years with SUI being treated in general practice. It is up to policy-makers to determine whether this ratio would be acceptable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands, UK. dbru@kemta.azm.nl
authors.forename: Daniëlle E M
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Brunenberg
authors.forename: Manuela A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Joore
authors.forename: Christiaan P W M
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Veraart
authors.forename: Bary C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Berghmans
authors.forename: C Huub
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van der Vaart
authors.forename: Johan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride