title: Contemporary techniques and safety of cardiovascular procedures in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal cell carcinomas often form venous thrombi that extend into the vena cava. Frequently, cardiovascular consultation is necessary for complete surgical excision. We sought to investigate the risk factors, surgical techniques, and outcomes of patients treated for renal cell carcinoma with venous extension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 46 consecutive patients who underwent surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with venous extension between 1991 and 2005. Data on patient history, staging, surgical techniques, morbidity, and survival were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 29 men and 17 women with a mean age of 60.2 +/- 12.0 years. Twenty-five (54%) procedures were completed with cardiovascular assistance. Nephrectomy was performed in 44 (96%) cases. Three (7%) patients underwent right heart venovenous bypass, and 2 (5%) patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest. Fourteen (32%) patients had perioperative complications, including 1 (2%) perioperative death. Patients who required cardiovascular procedures (inferior vena cava clamping, right heart venovenous bypass, and cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest) had higher risks of perioperative complications (P < .02). The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 78%, 69%, and 56%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large series demonstrates that aggressive treatment of renal cell carcinoma with venous thrombus provides favorable outcomes. Our 5-year survival is among the highest of recent reviews, and our perioperative morbidity and mortality rates are comparable with those of other series. Tumors that require cardiovascular procedures are associated with increased complications when compared with radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy alone. Nevertheless, this aggressive treatment approach offers encouraging patient survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Tex 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Jordon G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lubahn
authors.forename: Arthur I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Sagalowsky
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dikmen
authors.forename: Rehal A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bhojani
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Bart L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Dolmatch
authors.forename: Shellie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Josephs
authors.forename: Elie A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Benaim
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wait
authors.forename: W Steves
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DiMaio
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012449:Safety; D015996:Survival Rate; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000601:surgery*