title: Visualization of nitric oxide in living cells by a copper-based fluorescent probe.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a messenger for cellular signaling. To visualize NO in living cells, we synthesized a turn-on fluorescent probe for use in combination with microscopy. Unlike existing fluorescent sensors, the construct--a Cu(II) complex of a fluorescein modified with an appended metal-chelating ligand (FL)--directly and immediately images NO rather than a derivative reactive nitrogen species. Using spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods, we established that the mechanism of the reaction responsible for the NO-induced fluorescence involves reduction of the complex to Cu(I) with release of the nitrosated ligand, which occurs irreversibly. We detected NO produced by both constitutive and inducible NO synthases (cNOS and iNOS, respectively) in live neurons and macrophages in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by using the Cu(II)-based imaging agent. Both the sensitivity to nanomolar concentrations of NO and the spatiotemporal information provided by this complex demonstrate its value for numerous biological applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Mi Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lippard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003300:Copper; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019793:Fluorescein