title: Association between two distinct executive tasks in schizophrenia: a functional transcranial Doppler sonography study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder involving impairments in executive functioning, which are important cognitive processes that can be assessed by planning tasks such as the Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), and tasks of rule learning/abstraction such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). We undertook this study to investigate the association between performance during separate phases of SOC and WCST, including mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) measurements in chronic schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) was used to assess bilateral MFV changes in the middle (MCA) and anterior (ACA) cerebral arteries. Twenty-two patients with chronic schizophrenia and 20 healthy subjects with similar sociodemographic characteristics performed SOC and WCST during fTCD measurements of the MCA and the ACA. The SOC was varied in terms of easy and difficult problems, and also in terms of separate phases, namely mental planning and movement execution. The WCST performance was assessed separately for maintaining set and set shifting. This allowed us to examine the impact of problem difficulty and the impact of separate phases of a planning task on distinct intervals of WCST. Simultaneous registration of MFV was carried out to investigate the linkage of brain perfusion during the tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients, slowing of movement execution during easy problems (SOC) was associated with slowing during maintaining set (WCST) (P < 0.01). In healthy subjects, faster planning and movement execution during predominantly difficult problems were associated with increased performance of WCST during set shifting (P < 0.01). In the MCA, patients showed a significant and positive correlation of MFV between movement execution and WCST (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate performance and brain perfusion abnormalities in the association pattern of two different tasks of executive functioning in schizophrenia, and they support the notion that executive functions have a pathological functional correlate predominantly in the lateral hemispheres of the brain. This study also underpins the scientific potential of fTCD in assessing brain perfusion in patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland. feldmanndeborah@access.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schuepbach
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Rickenbach
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theodoridou
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020771:Anterior Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*