title: Independent prescribing by pharmacists: a study of the awareness, views and attitudes of Scottish community pharmacists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate community pharmacists' awareness, views and attitudes relating to independent prescribing by community pharmacists and their perceptions of competence and training needs for the management of some common conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community pharmacies in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pre-piloted postal questionnaire was mailed to 500 randomly selected community pharmacies in Scotland for completion by the 'main pharmacist'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scottish community pharmacists' awareness, views and attitudes towards independent prescribing by community pharmacists; perceived competence and training needs in relation to diagnosis and treatment of conditions in four therapeutic areas; perceptions about patient accessibility to medicines and safety of independent prescribing by community pharmacists; and attitudes towards becoming an independent prescriber. The items regarding perceptions and attitudes were subjected to Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to identify the domains. Univariate analysis was performed on individual items in the questionnaire against total scores on the identified domains; significant variables in univariate analysis were further analysed in linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A response rate of 43.4% (217/500) was achieved. Despite expressing confidence in their abilities to become independent prescribers and feeling competent in diagnosing and treating those conditions listed in the questionnaire, clinical training prior to implementation of independent prescribing was regarded important by 211 (97.7%) respondents, while 191 (88.4%) regarded clinical training in drugs used for treating the conditions to be important. Gaining improved patient consultation skills and ability to communicate prescribing actions to GP practices were regarded to be important by 125 (57.9%) and 172 (80.0%), respectively. In PCA, three domains--confidence in independent prescribing, satisfaction with the current methods of supply, and requirements for the process of independent prescribing were identified. Practising more hours per week as a pharmacist (p = 0.01), supplementary prescribing training (p = 0.02), and involvement in Scottish Executive pharmaceutical care model schemes (p = 0.02), were found to be associated with greater 'confidence in independent prescribing'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High awareness of independent prescribing and perceived competence in diagnosing and selecting appropriate drugs for treating many common conditions were identified. Prescribing training with emphasis on evidence-based medicine, generic issues of prescribing and diagnostic and consultation skills is warranted before independent prescribing is undertaken by community pharmacists.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 1FR, UK.
authors.forename: Johnson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfleger
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCaig
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001364:Awareness; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004512:Education, Pharmacy; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012606:Scotland; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires