title: Selective laser nano-thermolysis of human leukemia cells with microbubbles generated around clusters of gold nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously reported studies on laser nano-thermolysis of cancerous cells demonstrated insufficient efficacy and specificity of malignant cell damage. Safety, that is, absence of damage to normal cells in the course of the laser thermolysis was also low due to less than optimal protocol of cancer cell targeting with nanoparticles (NP). The objective of this study was two-fold: to optimize NP targeting to real tumor (human) cells and to better understand physical mechanisms of cell damage for improved control of the laser ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have suggested (1) two-stage targeting method to form clusters of light-absorbing gold NPs selectively in target cells, and (2) the cell damage mechanism through laser-induced generation of vapor bubbles around NP clusters. Experimental investigation of laser nano-thermolysis of leukemia cells was performed using 30 nm spherical gold nanoparticles as a light absorbing agent, and photothermal and fluorescent microscopies as well as flow cytometry as methods to monitor microbubble formation and resulting damage of leukemia cells in human bone marrow specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NP clusters were formed and visualized using fluorescence microscopy at cell membranes and in cytoplasm of B-lymphoblasts. Laser irradiation of cells (532 nm, 10 nanoseconds, 0.6 J/cm2) induced microbubbles selectively in leukemia cells with large clusters, but not in cells with single NPs or small clusters. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that only 0.1%-1.5% of tumor cells and 77%-84% of normal bone marrow cells survived laser pulse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two-stage cell targeting method permits formation of NP clusters selectively in diagnosis-specific tumor cells. The clusters serve as effective sources of photothermally-induced microbubbles, which kill individual target cells after a single laser pulse. The laser fluence threshold for generation of microbubbles is inversely proportional to the volume of NP clusters.
authors.affiliation: Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, Minsk, 220072, Belarus. ld@hmti.ac.by
authors.forename: Dmitri O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Lapotko
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lukianova
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oraevsky
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007938:Leukemia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D045423:Microbubbles
chemical_list: D006046:Gold