title: Effects of bone cement particles on the function of pseudocapsule-derived fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the wide clinical use of bone cement, little is known about cellular responses to the debris from this material. We thus investigated the effects of bone cement particles on the secretion of soluble osteotropic factors in prosthetic pseudomembrane-derived fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone cement particles were added to fibroblasts maintained in tissue culture. The secretions of soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin together with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The fibroblasts were also co-cultured with osteoclast precursors in the presence and absence of particles, and we assessed osteoclast formation and bone resorption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The particles produced an increase in the secretion of soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not osteoprotegerin. At a concentration of 88 particles/cell, bone cement particles yielded a 2-fold increase (327 pg/mL) in soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand secretion, a 5-fold (239 pg/mL) increase in interleukin-6 secretion and 4-fold (129 pg/mL) increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion. The particles also enhanced bone resorption in the co-culture group. Both the increase in soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand secretion and the increase in bone resorption were inhibited by the addition of neutralizing antibodies to the proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that bone cement particles are capable of stimulating the secretion of soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand in pseudocapsule-derived fibroblasts by increasing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and may also promote implant loosening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038. China.
authors.forename: Si Guo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bao An
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ming Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qing Yu
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001862:Bone Resorption; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate