title: Peritonitis after liver transplantation: Incidence, risk factors, microbiology profiles, and outcome.
abstract: Peritonitis occurring after liver transplantation (PLT) has been poorly characterized to date. The aims of this study were to define the incidence, risk factors, microbiology profiles, and outcome of nonlocalized PLT. This was a retrospective study of 950 cadaveric liver transplantation (LT) procedures in 837 patients, followed for a mean of 1,086 days (range, 104-2,483 days) after LT. PLT was defined as the presence of at least one positive ascitic fluid culture after LT. There were 108 PLT episodes in 91 patients occurring at a median of 14 days (range, 1-102 days) after LT. Significant risk factors associated with the development of PLT by multivariate analysis included pre-LT model for end-stage liver disease score, duration of LT surgery, Roux-en-Y biliary anastomosis, and renal replacement therapy after LT. Biliary complications, intra-abdominal bleeding, and bowel leak/perforation were associated with 34.3%, 26.9%, and 18.5% of episodes, respectively. Multiple organisms, gram-positive cocci, fungus, and multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated in 61.1%, 92.6%, 25.9%, and 76.9% of ascitic fluid cultures, respectively. The 28 fungal PLT episodes were associated with bowel leak/perforation and polymicrobial peritonitis. Patients who developed PLT after their first LT had a significantly greater risk of graft loss or mortality compared to unaffected patients. Parameters significantly associated with these adverse outcomes by multivariate analysis were recipient age at LT and bowel leak or perforation after LT. In conclusion, PLT is a serious infectious complication of LT, associated with significant intra-abdominal pathology and reduced recipient and graft survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Surakit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pungpapong
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hellinger
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Darrin L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Justin H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Winston R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aranda-Michel
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Harnois
authors.forename: Barry G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Hani P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.forename: Rolland C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steers
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Keaveny
mesh_terms: D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome