title: Bacillus anthracis toxins inhibit human neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. B. anthracis virulence is ascribed mainly to a secreted tripartite AB-type toxin composed of three proteins designated protective Ag (PA), lethal factor, and edema factor. PA assembles with the enzymatic portions of the toxin, the metalloprotease lethal factor, and/or the adenylate cyclase edema factor, to generate lethal toxin (LTx) and edema toxin (ETx), respectively. These toxins enter cells through the interaction of PA with specific cell surface receptors. The anthrax toxins act to suppress innate immune responses and, given the importance of human neutrophils in innate immunity, they are likely relevant targets of the anthrax toxin. We have investigated in detail the effects of B. anthracis toxin on superoxide production by primary human neutrophils. Both LTx and ETx exhibit distinct inhibitory effects on fMLP (and C5a) receptor-mediated superoxide production, but have no effect on PMA nonreceptor-dependent superoxide production. These inhibitory effects cannot be accounted for by induction of neutrophil death, or by changes in stimulatory receptor levels. Analysis of NADPH oxidase regulation using whole cell and cell-free systems suggests that the toxins do not exert direct effects on NADPH oxidase components, but rather act via their respective effects, inhibition of MAPK signaling (LTx), and elevation of intracellular cAMP (ETx), to inhibit upstream signaling components mediating NADPH oxidase assembly and/or activation. Our results demonstrate that anthrax toxins effectively suppress human neutrophil-mediated innate immunity by inhibiting their ability to generate superoxide for bacterial killing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Caroline V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Aylott
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bourdeau
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bokoch
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000276:immunology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000276:immunology; D002474:Cell-Free System / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000276:immunology*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000276:immunology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D044042:Receptors, Formyl Peptide / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000276:immunology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D021122:Protein Subunits; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D044042:Receptors, Formyl Peptide; D037521:Virulence Factors; C030325:anthrax toxin; D013481:Superoxides; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate