title: [Analysis of bacterial diversity of kefir grains by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rDNA sequencing].
abstract: Kefir is an acidic, mildly alcoholic dairy beverage produced by the fermentation of milk with a grain-like starter culture. These grains usually contain a relatively stable and specific balance of microbes that exist in a complex symbiotic relationship. Kefir grains can be considered a probiotic source as it presents anti-bacterial, anti-mycotic, anti-neoplasic and immunomodulatory properties. The microorganisms in Kefir grains are currently identified by traditional methods such as growth on selective media, morphological and biochemical characteristics. However, the microorganisms that isolate by these methods can not revert to Kefir grains which indicate that there are some other bacteria that are not isolate from it. In this study, PCR-based Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) and sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) clone libraries was used for the rapid and accurate identification of microorganisms from Kefir grains. The PCR primers were designed from conserved nucleotide sequences on region V3 of 16S rDNA with GC rich clamp at the 5'-end. PCR was performed using the primers and genomic DNAs of Kefir grains bacteria. The generated region V3 of 16S rDNA fragments were separated by denaturing gel, and the dominant 16S rDNA bands were cloned, sequenced and subjected to an online similarity search. Research has shown that regions V3 of 16S rDNAs have eight evident bands on the DGGE gel. The sequence analysis of these eight bands has indicated that they belong to different four genera, among them three sequences are similar to Sphingobacterium sp. whose similarities with database sequences are over 98%, three sequences are similar to Lactobacillus sp. whose similarities with database sequences are over 96%, the other two sequence are similar to Enterobacter sp., and Acinetobacter sp. whose similarities with database sequences are over 99% respectively. Although the DGGE method may have a lower sensitivity than the ordinary PCR methods, because when universal bacterial PCR primers are used, only the dominant microbiota of an ecosystem will be visualized on a DGGE gel, producing complex banding patterns. However, it could visualize the bacterial qualitative compositions and reveal the major species of the Kefir grains. Among them Sphingobacterium can be found in Kefir grains as the predominant flora which is reported for the first time. PCR-based DGGE and sequence analysis of 16S rDNA proved to be a valuable culture-independent approach for the rapid and specific identification of the microbial species present in microecosystem and probiotic products.
authors.affiliation: Technical Center, Bright Dairy & Food Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200072, China. wangyinyu@brightdairy.com
authors.forename: Yin-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui-Rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Zheng-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ben-Heng
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S