title: Gas6/Axl signaling activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt1 survival pathway to protect oligodendrocytes from tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis.
abstract: Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (gas6) activity is mediated through the receptor tyrosine kinase family members Axl, Rse, and Mer, all of which are expressed in human oligodendrocytes. In this study, we examined whether recombinant human (rh) gas6 protects oligodendrocytes from growth factor (insulin) withdrawal or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) cytotoxicity. In addition, we examined whether the effect was caspase-dependent, which receptor mediated the protective effect, and whether survival required Akt1 activation. Oligodendrocyte viability was assessed by O4 staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling. Addition of rhgas6 to insulin-depleted cultures resulted in a significant increase in oligodendrocyte viability. Rhgas6 and caspase inhibitors also reduced active caspase-3 immunoreactivity relative to TNFalpha-only-treated cultures. In cultures treated with TNFalpha (100 ng/ml), the oligodendrocyte survival rate was 18% compared with cultures treated with TNFalpha and rhgas6 (64%) or the caspase inhibitors IETD-fmk [z-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone] (65%) and zVAD-fmk (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) (63%). Increased phosphoAkt (Ser473) immunoreactivity was detected 15 min after administration of gas6 and TNFalpha to oligodendrocyte cultures but not in TNFalpha-treated cultures. The gas6 protective effect was abrogated by the Axl decoy receptor Axl-Fc, by the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one], and in Akt1(-/-) oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte cultures established from wild-type and Rse(-/-) mice, but not from Axl(-/-) mice, were also protected from TNFalpha-induced cell death when maintained in rhgas6. We conclude that gas6 signaling through the Axl receptor and the PI3 kinase/Akt1 survival pathway protects oligodendrocytes from growth factor withdrawal and TNFalpha-mediated cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Sai Latha
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Guin
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Varnum
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Celia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Brosnan
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shafit-Zagardo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6