title: Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and glycine in refractory affective disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamatergic dysregulation has been documented in schizophrenia but has received less systematic study in affective illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the excitatory amino acids glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulator, glycine (GLY) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in 32 patients with refractory affective disorder (16 female/16 male, 12 bipolar I, 12 bipolar II, and 8 unipolar) and in 14 age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in CSF glutamate and glycine in patients versus controls. A diagnosis by sex interaction was present for CSF glycine with lower levels in female patients compared to female controls. Levels of the excitatory amino acids were highly inter-correlated in patients, but not in controls. In patients studied after 6 weeks of lamotrigine, there was a trend for CSF glutamate levels to increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that in patients with refractory affective disorder, excitatory amino acids are dysregulated, as exemplified both by the decreased CSF glutamate and glycine and their high intercorrelation compared to controls. Further controlled study of glutamatergic dysregulation and its relationship to the pathophysiology of affective disorders and potential mechanism of action of mood stabilizers appears indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. mfrye@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Guochuan E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005998:Glycine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D005998:Glycine