title: Prevalence of diabetes complications in adolescents with type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of diabetes complications and their risk factors in youth with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a comparative clinic-based study of 1,433 patients with type 1 diabetes and 68 patients with type 2 diabetes aged <18 years from New South Wales, Australia. Retinopathy was assessed by seven-field stereoscopic retinal photography; albumin excretion rate from three consecutive, timed, overnight urine collections; peripheral neuropathy by thermal and vibration threshold; and autonomic neuropathy by pupillometry. HbA(1c) (A1C) and lipids were measured in all patients and C-peptide in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes, median (interquartile range) age was 15.7 years (13.9-17.0) and 15.3 years (13.6-16.4), respectively (P = 0.2), whereas median diabetes duration was 6.8 years (4.7-9.6) and 1.3 years (0.6-3.1), respectively (P < 0.0001). Retinopathy was significantly more common in patients with type 1 diabetes (20 vs. 4%, P = 0.04), while microalbuminuria and hypertension were significantly less common (6 and 16% in type 1 diabetes vs. 28 and 36% in type 2 diabetes). Rates of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy were similar (27 and 61% in type 1 diabetes vs. 21 and 57% in type 2 diabetes). In multivariate analyses, microalbuminuria was significantly associated with older age (odds ratio 1.3 [95% CI 1.2-1.5], P < 0.001) and systolic hypertension (3.63 [2.0-6.3], P < 0.001) in type 1 diabetes, while only higher A1C (1.7 [1.3-2.9], P = 0.002) was significant in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth with type 2 diabetes have significantly higher rates of microalbuminuria and hypertension than their peers with type 1 diabetes, despite shorter diabetes duration and lower A1C. The results of this study support recommendations for early complications screening and aggressive targeting of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maike C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Eppens
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cusumano
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hing
authors.forename: Albert K F
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Neville J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silink
authors.forename: Kim C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Donaghue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin