title: Pharmacy- and community-based screenings for diabetes and cardiovascular conditions in high-risk individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess a model to screen minority, elderly, and at-risk individuals for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in pharmacy and non-health care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, prospective, observational trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 pharmacies and 4 non-health care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  888 individuals with one or more of the following risk factors: first-degree relative with diabetes, age 55 years or older, obesity, previous diagnosis of hypertension, or a previous diagnosis of dyslipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of plasma glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blood pressure; risk assessment using a risk factor tool; referral of participants with abnormalities to physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adherence with follow-up, physician recommendations, and new diagnoses of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacists screened 888 participants in pharmacies and non-health care settings; 794 scored at least 10 on the risk factor tool and received further screenings. Of these, 81% were referred for follow-up for at least one abnormality: 15% glucose, 68% blood pressure, 66% total cholesterol, and 26% HDL-C. For those referred, the mean (+/- SD) fasting plasma glucose concentration was 179 +/- 87 mg/dL, and the random glucose concentration was 234 +/- 90 mg/dL. Of participants completing follow-up, 16% received one or more new diagnoses as follows: diabetes, 8; hypertension, 9; and dyslipidemia, 29. Therapy changed for 42% of participants. Participants who were elderly, of African American and Hispanic race/ethnicity, or those with elevated cholesterol values were at significantly greater risk for elevated glucose levels. Screenings in community pharmacy settings had improved follow-up rates with physicians compared with screenings conducted in non-health care settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists identified individuals with elevated glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure values through community-based screenings. Pharmacists also identified individuals who could benefit from further control of previously diagnosed hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. SnellaK@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Snella
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Irons
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sleeper-Irons
authors.forename: Maumi C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Villarreal
authors.forename: Valerie E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Levi-Derrick
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: Arthur A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose