title: Normal development of refractive state and ocular dimensions in guinea pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated changes in refraction, corneal curvature, axial components and weight of posterior sclera in guinea pig eyes during the normal development from birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four guinea pigs were assigned to eight groups (n=8 each). Each group underwent a series of ocular measurements at one of the eight time-points (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 weeks), including refraction (streak retinoscopy), corneal radius of curvature (CRC; keratometry), anterior segment length (AS: corneal thickness and depth of the anterior chamber), thickness of the crystalline lens (CL), vitreous chamber length (VC; all A-scan ultrasonography) and dry weight of a circular 6mm diameter punch in the posterior sclera (electronic balance). Results of all the measurements were statistically compared between right eye and left eye, male and female and among different age groups. Artifacts of retinoscopy due to small eye artifact were also estimated at different ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The refraction in guinea pig eyes was +5.22+/-0.23 D (Mean, SE) at birth. This value decreased rapidly during the first 3 weeks followed by a slow decline. The overall decrease in refraction was highly significant from birth to 11 weeks (p<0.001 one way ANOVA). The small eye artifact was approximately 4.00 D at birth, which reduced to 2.76 D at 11 weeks. The guinea pig eyes were emmetropic by 3 weeks of age when the small eye artifact was taken into account. The CRC (3.24+/-0.01 mm at birth), AS (1.20+/-0.01 mm at birth), CL (2.72+/-0.03 mm at birth) and VC (3.28+/-0.01 mm at birth) increased within the first 3 weeks despite a transient decrease in the CRC within the first week. The increase in CRC, CL and VC continued after 3 weeks, however, the AS remained constant after this age. The increase in VC was better correlated to the decline of hyperopia (R(2)=0.70) than the other components (R(2)=0.33-0.39). Dry weight of the posterior sclera increased linearly from birth (p<0.001 between any two close time-points from 3 to 9 weeks) and had a moderately linear correlation with the VC (R(2)=0.60). There were no significant differences between the right eye and left eye or between male and female in all the measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In guinea pigs, the hyperopia present at birth rapidly reduces to emmetropia within the first 3 weeks of age. The emmetropization process in guinea pigs is mainly related to the increase in the vitreous chamber length. This relationship in guinea pigs is similar to that in chickens, tree shrews, primates and humans. The axial development of the vitreous chamber in guinea pigs appears to be associated with tissue growth of the posterior sclera.
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, 82 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
authors.forename: Xiangtian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Ruozhong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ruiqing
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Hailan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jiquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods; D003315:Cornea / Q000254:growth & development; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D009929:Organ Size; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012590:Sclera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development