title: Investigation of red natural dyes used in historical objects by HPLC-DAD-MS.
abstract: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis Diode Array Detection (DAD) and electrospray mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) method was utilized for the identification of coloring components of madder, Armenian and Mexican cochineal, lac dye, brazilwood, safflower and dragon blood--probably the most important red natural dyestuffs found in objects of the cultural heritage. UV-Vis detection limits in the range of 0.2-0.6 ng for carminic acid, alizarin and purpurin were achieved using a gradient elution of H2O-0.01% TFA and CH3CN-0.01% TFA. ESI mass spectrometer was also used, as a supportive detection method to the standard DAD, for further analysis of the tested materials, with the ability to analyze dyestuffs as small as one milligram. The presence of madder was revealed in two historical (Hellenistic and Roman period) samples, found in the Mediterranean area, by identifying purpurin in both of them. Munjistin was also identified in one of the samples (Hellenistic period) while alizarin was not detected, raising questions regarding the exact madder type, utilized in the historical samples.
authors.affiliation: ORMYLIA Art Diagnosis Centre, Sacred Convent of the Annunciation, 63071 Ormylia, Chalkidiki, Greece. g.karapanagiotis@artdiagnosis.gr
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karapanagiotis
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chryssoulakis
mesh_terms: D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001106:Archaeology / Q000379:methods*; D002329:Carmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D049690:History, Ancient; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D004396:Coloring Agents; D010860:Pigments, Biological; C010078:alizarin; D002329:Carmine; C511975:purpurin anthraquinone