title: Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single IV and orally administered doses in blue and gold macaws.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 healthy blue and gold macaws.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a crossover study, marbofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered orally (via crop gavage) to 5 birds and IV to 5 birds. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after marbofloxacin administration. After a 4-week washout period, the study was repeated, with the first 5 birds receiving the dose IV and the second 5 birds receiving the dose orally. Serum marbofloxacin concentrations were quantitated by use of a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After oral administration, mean +/- SD area under the curve was 7.94 +/- 2.08 microg.h/mL, maximum plasma concentration was 1.08 +/- 0.316 microg/mL, and bioavailability was 90.0 +/- 31%. After IV administration of marbofloxacin, the apparent volume of distribution was 1.3 +/- 0.32 L/kg, plasma clearance was 0.29 +/- 0.078 L/h/kg, area under the curve was 9.41 +/- 2.84 microg.h/mL, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 4.3 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single IV and orally administered doses of marbofloxacin were well tolerated by blue and gold macaws. The orally administered dose was well absorbed. Administration of marbofloxacin at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours may be appropriate to control bacterial infections susceptible to marbofloxacin in this species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isaza
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011563:Psittaciformes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; C080260:marbofloxacin