title: Letter and category fluency in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether there were differential effects of substantial prenatal alcohol exposure on letter and category fluency in children. Given that children with prenatal alcohol exposure are often impaired in executive functioning and that letter fluency taxes executive processes more than category fluency, it was expected that children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) would be more impaired in letter than in category fluency. A second objective of the study was to examine the developmental trends in the two types of fluency in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. It was hypothesized that between the ages of 6 and 9 years, these FAS children would show age-related changes in category fluency but not in letter fluency.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a neuropsychological test battery designed for an international collaborative study of FAS in South Africa, tests of letter and category fluency were administered in Afrikaans. The participants were 62 children with FAS and 61 controls matched with respect to age, gender (58 boys and 65 girls), ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that the FAS group had relatively greater difficulty with letter fluency than with category fluency and that the FAS group generated fewer words in both fluency conditions. Contrary to the expectation, however, alcohol-affected children demonstrated age-related linear trends in both letter and category fluency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study of verbal fluency involving a large sample of well-diagnosed children with FAS conducted in a nonwestern environment. The results are nonetheless consistent with those obtained in western countries in studies of children with various levels of prenatal alcohol exposure and various levels of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. This study suggests that at least some aspects of the cognitive profile associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may be generalizable across cultural and ethnic boundaries.
authors.affiliation: Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, 2650 Yale Boulevard South East, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA. pmay@unm.edu
authors.forename: Piyadasa W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kodituwakku
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Adnams
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Ansie E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kitching
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Wendy O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Kalberg
authors.forename: Denis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Viljoen
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D013019:South Africa; D014705:Verbal Behavior