title: Neonatal extracorporeal life support: impact of new therapies on survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of pre-extracorporeal life support (ECLS) management with nitric oxide (NO), high frequency ventilation (HFV), and surfactant on mortality among neonates supported with ECLS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) data on 7017 neonates cannulated for respiratory reasons between 1996 and 2003 were analyzed using chi2, analysis of variance, and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of ECLS declined by 26.6% over the study period with no significant change in mortality. Unadjusted ECLS mortality for NO-treated patients was lower than for infants not treated with NO (25.1% vs 28.6%, P = .0012) and for infants treated with surfactant than for infants not treated with surfactant (18.7% vs 30.3%, p <.0001.) Unadjusted mortality for HFV-treated patients was no different than for non-HFV-treated patients (26.0% vs 26.6%, P = .56). After adjusting for confounders (primary diagnosis, age at cannulation, ECMO year 1996-1999 vs 2000-2003), surfactant use was associated with decreased mortality. NO-treated neonates were less likely to have a pre-ECLS cardiopulmonary arrest than infants not treated with NO. NO, HFV, and surfactant were not associated with prolongation of ECLS or mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO, HFV, and surfactant were not associated with increased mortality in neonates who require ECLS for hypoxic respiratory failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. p-fliman@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Paola J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fliman
authors.forename: Raye-Ann O
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: deRegnier
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: Marleta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: Robin H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Steinhorn
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012042:Registries; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000151:congenital / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D009569:Nitric Oxide