title: Novel blood biomarkers of human urinary bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent data indicate that cDNA microarray gene expression profile of blood cells can reflect disease states and thus have diagnostic value. We tested the hypothesis that blood cell gene expression can differentiate between bladder cancer and other genitourinary cancers as well as between bladder cancer and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) to profile circulating blood total RNA from 35 patients diagnosed with one of three types of genitourinary cancer [bladder cancer (n = 16), testicular cancer (n = 10), and renal cell carcinoma (n = 9)] and compared their cDNA profiles with those of 10 healthy subjects. We then verified the expression levels of selected genes from the Affymetrix results in a larger number of bladder cancer patients (n = 40) and healthy controls (n = 27).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood gene expression profiles distinguished bladder cancer patients from healthy controls and from testicular and renal cancer patients. Differential expression of a combined set of seven gene transcripts (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, sorting nexin 16, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 6, and cathepsin D, chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2, nell-like 2, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7) was able to discriminate bladder cancer from control samples with a sensitivity of 83% (95% confidence interval, 67-93%) and a specificity of 93% (95% confidence interval, 76-99%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that the gene expression profile of circulating blood cells can distinguish bladder cancer from other types of genitourinary cancer and healthy controls and can be used to identify novel blood markers for bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA. Iman.Osmqan@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Dean F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bajorin
authors.forename: Tung-Tien
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Diah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scattergood
authors.forename: Run
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: K Wayne
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Choong-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D002402:Cathepsin D / Q000235:genetics; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D058305:Sorting Nexins; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7 / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; C104145:NELL2 protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C492318:SMC3 protein, human; C477748:SNX16 protein, human; D058305:Sorting Nexins; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; C102529:insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1; D002402:Cathepsin D