title: Simultaneous detection of L-glutamate and nitric oxide from adherently growing cells at known distance using disk shaped dual electrodes.
abstract: An ex vivo system for simultaneous detection of nitric oxide (NO) and L-glutamate using integrated dual 250 microm platinum disk electrodes modified individually with suitable sensing chemistries has been developed. One of the sensors was coated with an electrocatalytic layer of Ni tetrasulfonate phthalocyanine tetrasodium salt (Ni-TSPc) covered by second layer of Nafion, which stabilises on the one hand the primary oxidation product NO(+) and prevents interferences from negatively charged compounds such as NO(2)(-). For glutamate determination, the second electrode was modified with a crosslinked redox hydrogel consisting of Os complex modified poly(vinylimidazol), glutamate oxidase and peroxidase. A manual x-y-z micromanipulator on top of an inverted optical microscope was used to position the dual electrode sensor at a defined distance of 5 microm from a cell population under visual control. C6 glioma cells were stimulated simultaneously with bradykinin or VEGF to release NO while KCl was used to invoke glutamate release. For evaluation of the glutamate sensors, in some experiments HN10 cells were used. To investigate the sensitivity and reliability of the system, several drugs were applied to the cells, e.g. Ca(2+)-channel inhibitors for testing Ca(2+)-dependence of the release of NO and glutamate, rotenone for inducing oxidative stress and glutamate antagonists for analysing glutamate release. With these drugs the NO and glutamate release was modulated in a similar way then expected from previously described systems or even in-vivo measurements. We therefore conclude that our system is suitable to analyse stress-induced mechanisms in cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Anal. Chem.-Elektroanalytik and Sensorik, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonnur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blöchl
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Csöregi
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004566:Electrodes; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid