title: A specific clinical pattern of camptocormia in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Camptocormia, characterised by extreme forward flexion of the thoracolumbar spine and severe stooping in the supine position, seems to be prevalent in Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify features of parkinsonian camptocormia and to describe the main clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson's disease who develop the condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive range of clinical, biochemical and imaging data were gathered for 23 patients with Parkinson's disease with camptocormia, notably including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine, electromyographic recordings of the paravertebral muscles and muscle biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Camptocormia occurred in severe Parkinson's disease with axial predominance, motor fluctuations and dysautonomic symptoms. The condition was often associated with spondyloarthritic changes and pain. MRI showed paraspinal muscle signal abnormalities in five patients and fatty involution in seven patients. The seven patients had motor unit reductions on the spinal erector electromyogram. The MRI results for the girdle muscles were normal. Cranial MRI showed signal abnormalities for the basal ganglia in three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various mechanisms may contribute to the development of parkinsonian camptocormia: dopaminergic depletion in Parkinson's disease induces functional changes in the organisation of the corticospinal and reticulospinal tracts, where dysfunction could contribute to axial rigidity. Furthermore, rigidity of the spinal flexion muscles could lead to under-use of the spinal extension muscles, which become progressively atrophic. Rigidity may also induce spinal deformations, leading to a neurogenic syndrome via compression of the spinal nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The screening and early management of camptocormia in Parkinson's disease is likely to be important for preventing axial disorders and spinal deformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, EA2683, IFR 114, Lille University Medical Centre, Lille, France.
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lepoutre
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Devos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanchard-Dauphin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pardessus
authors.forename: C-A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maurage
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferriby
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hurtevent
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cotten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Destée
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Defebvre
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004421:Dystonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011187:Posture; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology*