title: Binge drinking during pregnancy as a predictor of psychiatric disorders on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV in young adult offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the extent to which the high frequency of psychiatric problems reported in clinical groups with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders might also be observed in a nonclinical group of young adults and the psychiatric conditions that are related to prenatal alcohol exposure in this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a longitudinal prospective study beginning with interviews of 1,529 pregnant women, a birth cohort of about 500 newborns was chosen to include all of the most heavily alcohol exposed plus a sampling of the continuum of alcohol exposures from total abstinence through heavy drinking. At an average age of 25.7 years, 400 members of this birth cohort were administered valid Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV (SCID), including both the SCID for axis I disorders and the SCID for axis II personality disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of the appearance of six psychiatric disorders and traits were more than double in adults exposed to one or more binge alcohol episodes in utero. Three of these six odds ratios were uniformly stable against confounding: axis I substance dependence or abuse disorders and axis II passive-aggressive and antisocial personality disorders or traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to alcohol may be a risk factor for specific psychiatric disorders and traits in early adulthood, even in a nonclinical group.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical School, 180 Nickerson St., Suite 309, Seattle, WA 98109-1631, USA. hbarr@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Fred L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Bookstein
authors.forename: Kieran D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.forename: Ann P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Streissguth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D032721:Adult Children / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D015331:Cohort Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol