title: Scaling submaximal exercise cardiac output and stroke volume: the HERITAGE Family Study.
abstract: This study investigated different methods of scaling submaximal cardiac output (Q) and stroke volume (SV) to best normalize for body size (body surface area [BSA], height [Ht], weight [Wt], and fat-free mass [FFM]). Q and SV were measured at both an absolute (50 W) and a relative power output (60 % of VO2max) in 337 men and 422 women, 17 to 65 years of age. Traditional ratio scaling was examined in addition to allometric scaling, where scaling exponents ( B) were determined for each body size variable (x) that best normalized the physiological outcome variables (y) for body size (y = ax(b)). With ratio scaling, regardless of the body size variable (x = BSA, Ht, Wt, FFM), there was no evidence of a linear relationship between x and y (y = Q or SV). A linear relationship is a necessary condition for appropriate normalization. Further, when ratio-scaled variables (e.g., Q/BSA) were correlated to the body size variable (e.g., BSA) by which they were scaled, significant (p <or= 0.05) relationships still existed for BSA, Ht, Wt, and FFM. Thus, ratio scaling did not meet either criteria for normalizing Q and SV for body size. In contrast, when allometrically-derived scaling exponents were used to normalize Q and SV (e.g., Q/BSA(b)), the resulting scaled values were uncorrelated (i.e., size-independent) with BSA, Ht, Wt, or FFM. These results were independent of age, sex or race. In summary, ratio scaling did not appropriately normalize Q and SV for differences in body size, while allometric scaling did result in size-independent values. Thus, individually-derived allometric exponents should be applied to body size variables to most appropriately adjust Q and SV for body size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Harding University, Searcy, AR, USA. KRTurley@Harding.edu
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Turley
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stanforth
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rankinen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wilmore
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Spears
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D001830:Body Surface Area; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology