title: Obesity and prostate cancer screening among African-American and Caucasian men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differential prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing practices according to obesity-related comorbid conditions may contribute to inconsistent results in studies of obesity and prostate cancer. We investigated the relationship between obesity and PSA testing, and evaluated the role of prior diagnoses and disease screening on PSA testing patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men, 40 and 79 years old and without prior prostate cancer were recruited from 25 health centers in the Southern US (n = 11,558, 85% African-American). An extensive in-person interview measured medical and other characteristics of study participants, including PSA test histories, weight, height, demographics, and disease history. Odds ratios (OR) and (95% confidence intervals) from logistic regression summarized the body mass index (BMI) and PSA test association while adjusting for socio-economic status (SES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI between 25 and 40 was significantly associated with recent PSA testing (past 12 months) (OR(25.0-29.9) = 1.23 (1.09, 1.39); OR(30-34.9) = 1.36 (1.18, 1.57); OR(35.0-39.9) = 1.44 (1.18, 1.76); OR(> or =40) = 1.15 (0.87, 1.51)). Prior severe disease diagnoses, such as heart disease, did not influence the obesity and PSA test association. However, adjustment for prior high blood pressure or high cholesterol diagnoses reduced the BMI-PSA testing associations. Physician PSA test recommendations were not associated with BMI, and results did not appreciably vary by race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight and obese men were preferentially PSA tested within the past 12 months. BMI was not associated with physician screening recommendations. Data suggest that clinical diagnoses related to obesity increase clinical encounters that lead to preferential selection of obese men for prostate cancer diagnosis. This detection effect may bias epidemiologic investigations of obesity and prostate cancer incidence.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. jay.fowke@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowke
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Signorello
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Flora A M
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ukoli
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Blot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015983:Selection Bias; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen