title: Cultural and linguistic influence on neural bases of 'Theory of Mind': an fMRI study with Japanese bilinguals.
abstract: Theory of mind (ToM)-our ability to predict behaviors of others in terms of their underlying intentions-has been thought to be universal and invariant across different cultures. However, several ToM studies conducted outside the Anglo-American cultural or linguistic boundaries have obtained mixed results. To examine the influence of culture/language on neural bases of ToM, we studied 16 American English-speaking monolinguals and 16 Japanese-English bilinguals with second-order false-belief story tasks, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Several neural correlates of ToM including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were recruited by both cultural/linguistic groups. However, some other brain areas including inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were employed in a culture/language-specific manner, during the ToM tasks. These results suggest that the ways in which adults understand ToM are not entirely universal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cornell University, NY, USA. ck227@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Chiyoko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Temple
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D019303:Multilingualism; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*