title: Rethinking glycaemic control in critical illness--from concept to clinical practice change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the practical difficulties in managing hyperglycaemia in critical illness and to present recently developed model-based glycaemic management protocols to provide tight control.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycaemia is prevalent in critical care. Current published protocols require significant added clinical effort and have highly variable results. No currently published methods successfully address the practical clinical difficulties and patient variation, while also providing safe, tight control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a unique model-based approach that manages both nutritional inputs and exogenous insulin infusions. Computerised glycaemic control methods and proof-of-concept clinical trial results are presented. The protocol has been simplified to a set of tables and adopted as a clinical practice change. Eight pilot test cases are presented to demonstrate the overall approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Computerised control methods lowered blood glucose (BG) levels to the range 4.0-6.1 mmol/L within 10 hours. Over 90% of pre-set hourly blood glucose targets were achieved within measurement error. Eight pilot tests of the simplified, table-based SPRINT protocol, covering 1651 patient-hours produced an average BG level of 5.7 mmol/L (SD, 0.9 mmol/L). BG levels were in the 4.0-6.1 mmol/L band for 60% of the controlled time. Just under 90% of measurements were in the range 4.0-7.0 mmol/L, with 96% in the range 4.0-7.75 mmol/L. There were no hypoglycaemic episodes, with a minimum glucose level of 3.2 mmol/L, and no additional clinical intervention was required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall approach of modulating nutrition as well as insulin challenges the current practice of relying on insulin alone to reduce glycaemic levels, which often results in large variability and poor control. The protocol was developed from model-based analysis and proof-of-concept clinical trials, and then generalised to a simple, clinical practice improvement. The results show extremely tight control within safe glycaemic bands.
authors.affiliation: Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. geoff.shaw@cdhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: J Geoffrey
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Le Compte
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Lonergan
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Willacy
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000628:therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin