title: The use of different measurements and definitions of periodontal disease in the study of the association between periodontal disease and risk of myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of periodontal disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been under debate because of the inconsistency of findings across studies. One of the major issues is the method used to assess or define periodontal disease. The present study assesses if the observed association between periodontal disease and incident myocardial infarction (MI) depends on the measurements and/or criteria used to define periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study to evaluate the association between PD and risk of MI was conducted between 1997 and 2001 in Western New York with 537 cases and 800 controls, aged 35 to 69 years. Cases were survivors of incident MI from local hospitals in Erie and Niagara counties. Controls were randomly selected from residents of the same counties. Periodontal disease was assessed using interproximal clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), alveolar crest height (ACH), and number of missing teeth. From these measurements, four different case definitions of periodontal disease were created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the continuous forms of periodontal measurements, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of the association with incident MI were 1.46 (1.26 to 1.69), 2.19 (1.66 to 2.89), 1.30 (1.14 to 1.49), and 1.04 (1.02 to 1.07) for mean CAL, PD, ACH, and number of missing teeth, respectively. Regardless of the case definition of periodontal disease, the estimates of the association with incident MI were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed association between periodontal disease and incident MI was consistent across different measurements and/or case definitions of periodontal disease used. The magnitude of the association varies depending on the measurements or the criteria used to define periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. oa2@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Oelisoa M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Andriankaja
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Genco
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dmochowski
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hovey
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Falkner
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scannapieco
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trevisan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000150:complications