title: Virgin queen mandibular gland signals of Apis mellifera capensis change with age and affect honeybee worker responses.
abstract: The mandibular gland secretions of Apis mellifera capensis virgin queens were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Changes in the patterns of the mandibular gland volatiles of A. m. capensis virgin queens were followed from emergence until 14-d old. Ontogenetic changes in the mandibular gland secretions were largely quantitative in nature, delineating the age categories (global R = 0.612, P = 0.001), except for 7- and 14-d-old queens, which cannot be separated on their mandibular gland profiles (P = 0.2). (E)-9-Oxodec-2-enoic acid (9ODA) contributes most and most consistently to the dissimilarity between groups as well as the similarity within groups. Worker reactions to introduced virgin queens of various ages were recorded. Workers showed a significant increase in hostile reactions as queens aged (r = 0.615, N = 20, P < 0.05). Consequently, worker reactions and relative 9ODA production exhibit a positive queen age-dependent response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. wossler@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: Theresa C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wossler
authors.forename: Georgina E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Allsopp
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hepburn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010675:Pheromones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C515368:9-oxodecenoic acid; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D010675:Pheromones