title: Inhibition of implantation in vitro of frozen-thawed mouse embryos by the signal molecule diadenosine tetraphosphate.
abstract: The dinucleotide polyphosphate, diadenosine 5', 5'''-P(1), P(4)-tetraphosphate (Ap4A), has been identified in mammalian and non-mammalian cells as a signal molecule that initiates the process of DNA replication and cell division. The objective of this study was to determine the function of this messenger molecule in preimplantation mouse embryonic cells. Frozenthawed two-cell mouse embryos were incubated in the presence of 0, 0.1 and 1.0 mM Ap4A at 37 degrees C in moist 5% CO(2) in air mixture for 5 d. The developmental stages of the embryos in terms of hatching and implantation were evaluated. The data showed dose-dependent inhibition of blastocyst implantation; however, there were no differences observed in the number of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage. The results suggest that Ap4A neither promotes nor inhibits the development of early stage embryos except at the implantation stage, where it exerts inhibitory control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Henig
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Prough
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Tredway