title: European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): outpatient antibiotic use in Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ESAC project, granted by DG SANCO of the European Commission, is an international network of surveillance systems, aiming to collect comparable and reliable data on antibiotic use in Europe. Data on outpatient antibiotic use were collected from 34 countries using the ATC/DDD methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the period 1997-2003, data on outpatient use of systemic antibiotics aggregated at the level of the active substance were collected and expressed in DDD (WHO, version 2004) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). Outpatient antibiotic (ATC J01) use in 25 European countries, able to deliver valid data, was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total outpatient antibiotic use in 2003 varied by a factor of 3 between the country with the highest (31.4 DID in Greece) and the country with the lowest (9.8 DID in the Netherlands) use. General use patterns in individual countries as well as trends during the period 1997-2003 are described in this paper, while major antibiotic classes (penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramins and quinolones) will be analysed in detail in separate papers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ESAC project established for the first time a credible alternative to industry sources for the collection of internationally comparable data on antibiotic use in Europe, based on cooperation between regulatory authorities, scientific societies, health insurers and professional organizations. These data provide a tool for assessing public health strategies aiming to optimize antibiotic prescribing.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of General Practice, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium. matus.ferech@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Matus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferech
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coenen
authors.forename: Surbhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malhotra-Kumar
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dvorakova
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suetens
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goossens
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D010045:Outpatients
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents