title: Preliminary report on analysis of bladder-wall vasculature using conjunctival microvascular analysis in patients with and without transitional-cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a technique to analyze the bladder microvasculature during cystoscopy to assess the conjuctival microvascular morphology at the capillary level. This technique could be an adjunct to visual examination of the bladder during cystoscopy for diseases that are presumed to affect the vasculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) were chosen because of their frequency of cystoscopy. A total of 12 male patients, ages 45 to 80 years, underwent cystoscopy: four without TCC and eight with TCC by bladder biopsy. The images were digitally recorded and enhanced using a custom image-analysis system. The blood vessel length (VL) and diameter (VD) and blood vessel volume (BVV) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VD was significantly greater in TCC than in non-TCC patients only in the lower-order vessels. The VL was significantly longer in TCC than in non-TCC, again in the lower-order vessels. In the higherorder vessels, the VL was significantly shorter in TCC than in non-TCC. The BVV in the lower-order vessels was significantly greater in TCC than in non-TCC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences exist in the morphology of surface microvessels between TCC and non-TCC bladders. Using the current technique, capillaries (VD < 10 microm) are not visible, so refinement of imaging and recording technologies is required to measure capillaries in order to simulate microvascular morphometry in the conjuctiva.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of California San Diego Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 92103-8897, USA. mseva@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zupkas
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000098:blood supply*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply*; D014741:Video Recording