title: Nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring: an instrument based on Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
abstract: This study describes the development and testing of an instrument to measure nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring. Originally, 69 statements about instructors' caring behaviors, based on Watson's 10 carative factors, were created with Dr. Jean Watson. The Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC) instrument uses a 6-point Likert scale for students' responses to the statements. After pretesting the instrument with a small group of nursing students, the NSPIC was tested with 133 baccalaureate nursing students. Based on item analysis, factor analysis, and student comments, the number of statements were reduced to 31. Psychometric testing revealed that the NSPIC is internally consistent (alpha = 0.97) and contains five subscales. Convergent validity was established between the NSPIC and a semantic differential scale of students' perceptions of instructor caring. Predictive validity was assessed with Coates Caring Efficacy Scale. Although the NSPIC is in its early stages of development, its psychometric properties indicate that it is a valid and reliable measure of nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring.
authors.affiliation: University of Delaware, College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Newark 19716, USA. ghwade@udel.edu
authors.forename: Gail Holland
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kasper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003479:Curriculum; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005181:Faculty, Nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008611:Mentors; D008875:Middle Aged; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011361:Professional Competence; D013338:Students, Nursing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States