title: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation of the lumbar spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standard techniques for lumbar pedicle screw fixation involve open exposures and extensive muscle dissection. The purpose of this study was to report the initial clinical experience with a novel device for percutaneous posterior fixation of the lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  An existing multiaxial lumbar pedicle screw system was modified so that screws could be placed percutaneously by using an extension sleeve that would allow for remote manipulation of the polyaxial screw heads and remote engagement of the screw locking mechanism. A unique rod insertion device was developed that linked to the screw extension sleeves, allowing for a precut, precontoured rod to be placed through a small stab wound. Because the insertion device relies on geometrical constraint of the rod pathway through the screw heads, rods can be placed in a standard submuscular position with minimal manipulation, essentially no muscle dissection, and without the need for direct visual feedback. Twelve patients (six men and six women who ranged in age from 23-68 years) underwent pedicle screw fixation in which the rod insertion device was used. Spondylolisthesis was present in 10 patients and nonunion of a prior interbody fusion was present in two. All patients underwent successful percutaneous fixation. Ten patients underwent single-level fusions (six at L5-S1, three at L4-5, and one at L2-3), and two underwent two-level fusions (one from L-3 to L-5 and the other from L-4 to S-1). The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 12 months (mean 6.8 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although percutaneous lumbar pedicle screw placement has been described previously, longitudinal connector (rod or plate) insertion has been more problematic. The device used in this study allows for straightforward placement of lumbar pedicle screws and rods through percutaneous stab wounds. Paraspinous tissue trauma is minimized without compromising the quality of spinal fixation. Preliminary experience with this device has been promising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Image-Guided Surgery Research Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. kfoley@usit.net
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Justis
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sherman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted