title: The educational implications of reproductive problems identified during investigations at Michigan dairy farms.
abstract: This study constitutes the review of 44 dairy herd investigations that were initiated because of complaints relating to decreased reproductive efficiency. Each investigation was conducted at the request of the veterinary practitioner who provided the routine reproductive examinations and consultations at the farm. Thus the types of problems identified were those not resolved by routine veterinary care and management practices. A total of 4.5, 27.3 and 31.8% of the farms, respectively, failed to keep reproductive records, failed to maintain accurate records on events such as breeding dates, or failed to evaluate available summary reports with the local veterinary practitioner. Of the 44 farms, 50.0, 38.6, 54.5 and 11.4%, respectively, reported problems related to estrus detection rate, number of days to first service (for reasons other than estrus detection), conception rate and early embryonic death. Within each of these reproductive parameters specific problems were defined and discussed. Reproductive inefficiency was found to be most commonly associated with ineffective estrus detection and decreased conception rate. Most importantly, farm managers and employees frequently misunderstood the relationship between the accuracy of estrus detection and the conception rate (61.4% of the farms). We therefore identified factors which have an impact on dairy herd reproductive efficiency to suggest topics for training programs for producers and practicing veterinarians as well as for elective courses for veterinary students in the area of theriogenology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nebel
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mather