title: Maternal diet during pregnancy and carotid intima-media thickness in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autopsy studies show that intimal lipid accumulations in arteries are often present at birth, suggesting that the prenatal environment plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In animal models, a restricted or unbalanced maternal diet during gestation can influence susceptibility to atherosclerosis, but the relation in humans between maternal diet during pregnancy and atherogenesis is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in 216 nine-year-old children whose mothers had participated in a study of nutrition during pregnancy. IMT was greater in boys, in children who were heavier, in those with higher systolic blood pressure, and in those who took less exercise. Increased IMT was associated with a lower maternal energy intake in early (P=0.029) or late (P=0.006) pregnancy, after adjustment for these factors. Mean IMT of children whose mothers were in the lowest quarter of the distribution of energy intake in late pregnancy was 0.027 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.004 to 0.049) greater than that of those whose mothers were in the highest quarter of the distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower maternal energy intake during pregnancy may increase the susceptibility to atherogenesis of the child.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, UK. crg@mrc.soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catharine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Benyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Sian M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Martyn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography