title: Identifying hazardous alcohol consumption during pregnancy: implementing a research-based model in real life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been repeatedly demonstrated that hazardous alcohol use during pregnancy is rarely detected in regular antenatal care, and that detection can be markedly improved using systematic screening. A major challenge is to translate research-based strategies into regular antenatal care. Here, we examined whether a screening strategy using the Alcohol Use Disorder Test (AUDIT) and time-line follow-back (TLFB) could be implemented under naturalistic conditions and within available resources; and whether it would improve detection to the extent previously shown in a research context.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regular midwives at a large antenatal care clinic were randomized to receive brief training and then implement AUDIT and TLFB ("intervention"); or to a waiting-list control group continuing to deliver regular care ("control"). In the intervention-condition, AUDIT was used to collect data about alcohol use during the year preceding pregnancy, and TLFB to assess actual consumption during the first trimester. Data were collected from new admissions over 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drop out was higher among patients of the intervention group than control midwives, 14% (23/162) versus 0% (0/153), and p<0.0001. A one-day training session combined with continuous expert support was sufficient to implement systematic screening with AUDIT and TLFB largely within resources of regular antenatal care. The use of these instruments identified patients with hazardous consumption during the year preceding pregnancy i.e. AUDIT score 6 or higher (17%, 23/139), and patients with ongoing consumption exceeding 70 g/week and/or binge consumption according to TLFB (17%, 24/139), to a significantly higher degree than regular antenatal screening (0/162). The AUDIT- and TLFB-positive populations overlapped partially, with 36/139 subjects screening positive with either of the instrument and 11/139 were positive for both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm previous findings that alcohol use during pregnancy is more extensive in Sweden than has generally been realized. Systematic screening using AUDIT and TLFB detects hazardous use in a manner which regular antenatal care does not. This remains true under naturalistic conditions, following minimal training of regular antenatal care staff, and can be achieved with minimal resources. The proposed strategy appears attractive for broad implementation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, NEUROTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. mona.goransson@slpo.sll.se
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Göransson
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heilig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology