title: The influence of age and breed on stallion semen.
abstract: This study reports on the variation in semen quality and in spermatozoal and behavioral characteristics of 168 stallions representing 9 breeds and ranging in age from 2 to 26 yr. Semen samples were collected into an artificial vagina and the number of mounts and urethral pulsations per semen sample were recorded. Semen characteristics were examined for total volume, gel-free volume, gel volume, color score, mass activity, nonmotile spermatozoa, dead spermatozoa, semen density, spermatozoa concentration, total number of spermatozoa and semen pH. Morphological characteristics of the spermatozoa included abnormal heads, abnormal mid-pieces, abaxial mid-pieces, protoplasmic droplets and abnormal tails. Sources of variation were evaluated and the overall means calculated by least-squares analyses of variance for nonorthogonal data. The significance of breed effects and between stallion variability were estimated using mixed-model procedures. All semen characteristics with the exception of color and urethral pulsations had significant variation due to age. Semen quality (gel-free volume, sperm concentration, total sperm numbers and sperm abnormalities) was poorest in stallions under 3 yr of age and over 11 yr. Significant breed variation was apparent in most characteristics except for pH, semen color, abnormal midpieces and urethral pulsations. It is recommended that both the age and breed of stallion be taken into consideration when evaluating stallion semen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Production, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia Q4072.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Dowsett
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Knott