title: Frequent amplifications and abundant expression of TRIO, NKD2, and IRX2 in soft tissue sarcomas.
abstract: Copy number gains and high-level amplifications of the short arm of chromosome 5 are frequently observed in soft tissue sarcomas. To identify genes from this region possibly involved in tumor progression, we analyzed 34 soft tissue sarcomas (10 pleomorphic and 8 dedifferentiated liposarcomas, 6 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, and 10 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST)) using a DNA microarray including 418 BAC clones representing 99% of chromosome arm 5p. In seven tumors, distinct high-level amplifications were identified affecting four different subregions. From these regions, genes TERT, TRIO, SKP2, FBXO32, NKD2, SLC6A3, IRX2, POLS, FYB, PTGER4, and FGF10 were selected for detailed quantitative expression analysis (RQ-PCR) based on their potential tumorigenic function. Of these, TRIO, coding for a guanidine nucleotide exchange factor, was consistently overexpressed in all cases, while IRX2 and NKD2, both involved in the regulation of developmental processes via the WNT pathway, showed a characteristic expression only in MPNSTs. Detailed nonparametric multidimensional scaling analysis further showed that the expression of TRIO, IRX2, and NKD2 strongly correlated with the gene copy number. In conclusion, we found TRIO, IRX2, and NKD2 frequently affected by high-level amplifications as well as up-regulated in a gene-dosage dependent manner. Thus, these genes represent candidate targets of 5p amplifications in soft tissue sarcomas and might play a crucial role during the progression of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
authors.forename: Martyna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamowicz
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radlwimmer
authors.forename: Ralf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rieker
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarzbach
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schraml
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichter
authors.forename: Gunhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mechtersheimer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joos
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C501595:IRX2 protein, human; C449092:NKD2 protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C099628:TRIO protein, human