title: Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. Yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. The virus most closely related to HIV-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Here we report the detection of SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal samples from wild-living P. t. troglodytes apes in southern Cameroon, where prevalence rates in some communities reached 29 to 35%. By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, we could trace the origins of pandemic (group M) and nonpandemic (group N) HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities. These findings establish P. t. troglodytes as a natural reservoir of HIV-1.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Keele
authors.forename: Fran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Heuverswyn
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bailes
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takehisa
authors.forename: Mario L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bibollet-Ruche
authors.forename: Yalu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Louise V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liegeois
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loul
authors.forename: Eitel Mpoudi
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ngole
authors.forename: Yanga
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bienvenue
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delaporte
authors.forename: John F Y
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brookfield
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Beatrice H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D015483:HIV Antibodies