title: Pfeiffer syndrome.
abstract: Pfeiffer syndrome is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disorder that associates craniosynostosis, broad and deviated thumbs and big toes, and partial syndactyly on hands and feet. Hydrocephaly may be found occasionally, along with severe ocular proptosis, ankylosed elbows, abnormal viscera, and slow development. Based on the severity of the phenotype, Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three clinical subtypes. Type 1 "classic" Pfeiffer syndrome involves individuals with mild manifestations including brachycephaly, midface hypoplasia and finger and toe abnormalities; it is associated with normal intelligence and generally good outcome. Type 2 consists of cloverleaf skull, extreme proptosis, finger and toe abnormalities, elbow ankylosis or synostosis, developmental delay and neurological complications. Type 3 is similar to type 2 but without a cloverleaf skull. Clinical overlap between the three types may occur. Pfeiffer syndrome affects about 1 in 100,000 individuals. The disorder can be caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor genes FGFR-1 or FGFR-2. Pfeiffer syndrome can be diagnosed prenatally by sonography showing craniosynostosis, hypertelorism with proptosis, and broad thumb, or molecularly if it concerns a recurrence and the causative mutation was found. Molecular genetic testing is important to confirm the diagnosis. Management includes multiple-staged surgery of craniosynostosis. Midfacial surgery is performed to reduce the exophthalmos and the midfacial hypoplasia.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. annick.vogels@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryns
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D014034:Toes / Q000002:abnormalities
chemical_list: D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2