title: A pilot study of a yoga meditation protocol for patients with medically refractory epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the efficacy of a yoga meditation protocol (YMP) as an adjunctive treatment in patients with drug-resistant chronic epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a prospective, nonrandomized, open-label, add-on trial with a 12-week baseline period, followed by a 12-week supervised YMP administration phase. The frequency of complex partial seizures (CPS) was assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months of the treatment period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The setting was a comprehensive epilepsy care center attached to a tertiary referral medical institution situated on the southwest coast of the Indian peninsula.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 20 patients (14 males and 6 females, age range 15 to 47 years, median 27 years) with unequivocally established diagnoses of epilepsy with at least 4 CPS (with or without secondary generalization) during the preceding 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervention consisted of a YMP 20 minutes twice daily (mornings and evenings) at home, and supervised sessions of a YMP every week for 3 months. Continuation of the YMP beyond 3 months was optional.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome measure was the seizure frequency at 3, 6, and 12 months of the treatment period. The subjects with > or = 50% reduction in monthly seizure rate from baseline were classified as responders, and subjects with <50% seizure reduction as nonresponders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 months, a reduction in seizure frequency was noted in all except 1 patient, six of whom had > or = 50% seizure reduction. Of 16 patients who continued the YMP beyond 3 months, 14 patients responded at 6 months; 6 of them were seizure-free for 3 months. All eight patients who continued the YMP beyond 6 months responded; three of them were seizure free for 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If confirmed through randomized trials involving a larger number of patients, this YMP may become a cost-effective and adverse effect-free adjunctive treatment in patients with drug-resistant epilepsies.
authors.affiliation: R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Bhagavatheeswaran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.forename: Divakaran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jayachandran
authors.forename: Govindan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mohandas
authors.forename: Kurupath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015013:Yoga