title: High-impact athletics after knee articular cartilage repair: a prospective evaluation of the microfracture technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knee articular cartilage injuries in athletes present a therapeutic challenge and have been identified as an important cause of permanent disability because of the high mechanical joint stresses in athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether microfracture treatment of knee articular cartilage injuries can return athletes to high-impact sports and to identify the factors that affect the ability to return to athletic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two athletes who regularly participated in high-impact, pivoting sports before articular cartilage injury were treated with microfracture for single articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Functional outcome was prospectively evaluated with a minimum 2-year follow-up by subjective rating, activity-based outcome scores, and the ability for postoperative participation in high-impact, pivoting sports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At last follow-up, 66% of athletes reported good or excellent results. Activity of daily living, Marx activity rating scale, and Tegner activity scores increased significantly after microfracture. After an initial improvement, score decreases were observed in 47% of athletes. Forty-four percent of athletes were able to regularly participate in high-impact, pivoting sports, 57% of these at the preoperative level. Return to high-impact sports was significantly higher in athletes with age <40 years, lesion size <200 mm(2), preoperative symptoms <12 months, and no prior surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microfracture is an effective first-line treatment to return young athletes with short symptomatic intervals and small articular cartilage lesions of the knee back to high-impact athletics.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Vanguard Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mithoefer
authors.forename: Riley J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Russell F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wickiewicz
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Marx
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015915:Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome