title: The natural history of medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in the Netherlands: clinical presentation and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical presentation and long-term follow-up of a large cohort of patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide, retrospective analysis of clinical presentation and follow-up in 155 Dutch patients with MCAD deficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients presented between 3 months and 5.1 years of age; 13% had symptoms as neonates not exclusively related to breast-feeding. An acute presentation before the diagnosis was made resulted in a mortality of 22% (25/114), whereas 21% (19/89) developed disabilities after the diagnosis. On follow-up, a total of 44 patients reported fatigue (35%; 28/80), muscle pain (31%; 25/80), and/or reduced exercise tolerance (39%; 31/80). Cardiac evaluation in 11 adult patients revealed no abnormalities in cardiac function explaining these complaints. Children with MCAD deficiency readily become overweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality and morbidity were high in undiagnosed children with MCAD deficiency; establishment of the diagnosis significantly improves outcome. Strikingly, after the diagnosis and initiation of treatment, overweight and chronic complaints (fatigue, muscle pain, and reduced exercise tolerance) were prominent.
authors.affiliation: Division and Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. t.g.j.derks@bkk.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Terry G J
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Derks
authors.forename: Dirk-Jan
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reijngoud
authors.forename: Hans R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Waterham
authors.forename: Willem-Jan M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gerver
authors.forename: Maarten P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Pieter J J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: G Peter A
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D042964:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009426:Netherlands; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D042964:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase