title: Civilian adult self injections of atropine-trimedoxime (TMB4) auto-injectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical effects of self injections of atropine-trimedoxime auto-injectors distributed to the civilian population as a field antidote for nerve agent attack were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on self injections by adults (> or = 18 years) were collected from the Israel Poison Information Center and a hospital Emergency Department's records during a 2-year period. The data included demographics, time interval from injection, type of auto-injector, clinical manifestations and atropinization score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five patients, all with unintentional self injections, were reported. Systemic atropine effects were observed in 24 patients, but no severe atropinization. The atropinization score was significantly higher in the 2 mg atropine dose group than in the two lower dose groups, which were in the normal range. No specific adverse effects attributable to trimedoxime were observed. Intravenous fluids and physostigmine were not required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only mild reactions were observed following self-injection of atropine trimedoxime auto-injectors in adults, attesting to their relative safety under these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa. d_bentur@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Yedidia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bentur
authors.forename: Ido
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Layish
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krivoy
authors.forename: Matitiahu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berkovitch
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rotman
authors.forename: Shmuel Bar
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Haim
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yehezkelli
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kozer
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000295:instrumentation; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012651:Self Medication / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014289:Trimedoxime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014289:Trimedoxime; D001285:Atropine