title: Intra-aortic balloon pumping in children undergoing cardiac surgery: an update of the Liverpool experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-aortic balloon pumping in children remains a rarity. We report our experience in supporting pediatric cardiac surgical patients with intra-aortic balloon pumping.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the cases of 24 children supported with intra-aortic balloon pumping after cardiac surgery in our institution from 1994 through 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at the time of the operation was 5.0 +/- 5.6 years (range, 7 days-17.5 years). Ten patients were infants less than 6 months old. Mean weight was 18.9 +/- 18.1 kg (range, 3.5-58.7 kg). Indications for intra-aortic balloon pump deployment were postoperative hemodynamic deterioration (n = 11, 8 survivors), failure to wean off cardiopu(n = 7, 5 survivors), and prophylaxis before weaning off cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 6, 5 survivors). The balloon was inserted through the ascending aorta in infants and through the femoral artery in children. Eighteen children (7 infants) were weaned off the intra-aortic balloon pump successfully (intra-aortic balloon pump survival, 75%). Mean duration of intra-aortic balloon pump support was 121.3 +/- 140.60 hours (range, 8-670 hours). There were 3 post-intra-aortic balloon pump in-hospital deaths (survival to hospital discharge, 62.5%). Severe intra-aortic balloon pump-related complications were mesenteric ischemia in 1 patient and lower limb ischemia requiring intra-aortic balloon pump removal in 1 patient. At a mean follow-up of 85 +/- 31 months (range, 18-124 months), all 15 long-term survivors were alive and well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of an intra-aortic balloon pump is an effective modality of cardiac support in properly selected pediatric cardiac surgical patients with refractory low cardiac output. It can be safely used in small infants and neonates. In selected cases with known left ventricular dysfunction, there is a place for prophylactic use of an intra-aortic balloon pump.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust, Alder Hey Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom. gkalavrouziotis@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalavrouziotis
authors.forename: Ajith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
authors.forename: Shahzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciotti
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.forename: Antonio F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Corno
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pozzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology