title: Brain temperature during 340-kHz pulsed ultrasound insonation: a safety study for sonothrombolysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because ultrasound is used for improving thrombolysis of cerebral infarction but continuous ultrasound insonation also has significant thermal effects, we evaluated brain temperature increase and tissue destruction during pulsed ultrasound emission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 340-kHz pulsed ultrasound effects in male Wistar rats. Ultrasound was applied transcranially for 30 minutes on different power levels (1 to 7 W/cm2). Temperature was measured at different locations (brain, in the focus of ultrasound beam, inner ear, temporalis muscle, and rectum). The cooling time after 30-minute insonation for every power level was recorded, and animals were examined by postmortem brain histology (TUNEL and hematoxylin/eosin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain temperature increased within 2 to 5 minutes of insonation. Brain temperature increase and cooling time were in proportion to power level, and even with the highest intensity of 7 W/cm2 for 30 minutes, the maximum elevation of mean brain temperature was 0.9 degrees C, with the highest cooling time of 40 minutes. No deleterious side effects of this treatment could be found in histological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a pulsed ultrasound design, only a moderate temperature increase could be observed with no histopathological abnormalities. Deleterious side effects of mid-kilohertz ultrasound (eg, intracerebral hemorrhage) are therefore not a consequence of local brain temperature increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Klinikum Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. fatar@neuro.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatar
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stroick
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griebe
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hennerici
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daffertshofer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D004432:Ear, Middle; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012007:Rectum; D013703:Temporal Muscle; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods