title: Decreased pigment epithelium-derived factor expression in human breast cancer progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to correlate the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a potent endogenous antiangiogenic molecule, with severity and prognosis in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the gene expression profile of PEDF in human breast cancer in relation to a patient's clinical variables, we examined human breast cancer tissue (n = 119), background breast tissue (n = 33), and a range of cell lines for mRNA and protein levels of PEDF by using reverse transcription PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using reverse transcription PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA, PEDF expression was found to be dramatically decreased in breast cancer. An overall outlook for the patients inversely correlated with PEDF mRNA levels. Exogenous PEDF inhibits endothelial tubule formation induced by breast cancer cell-conditioned medium, in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations collectively support the hypothesis that a lack of PEDF expression is a potent factor for the enhancement of tumor growth and angiogenesis in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Biology Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Wen G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boulton
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015843:Serpins / Q000235:genetics*; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015843:Serpins; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor