title: Best practices for smoking cessation in pregnancy: do obstetrician/gynecologists use them in practice?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess Ohio obstetrician/gynecologists' perceptions and use of the 5As method of smoking cessation (ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange) with pregnant patients who smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-wave mailing procedure was used with a statewide random sample of obstetrician/ gynecologists who responded to a valid and reliable 31-item questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the 5As method of smoking cessation, almost all (98%) asked their pregnant patients about smoking, but fewer respondents engaged in advising (66%), assessing (42%), assisting (29%), and arranging for follow-up visits or referrals (6%). Higher efficacy expectations were associated with greater use of the 5As method (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). A majority believed that two cessation activities would result in smoking cessation in pregnant smokers: explaining the dangers of smoking (65%) and referring pregnant smokers to smoking cessation programs (57%). However, 26% of physicians reported that they were "slightly confident" or "not confident at all" in their ability to refer pregnant smokers to such programs, and 6% of physicians reported always providing smoking cessation referrals. A significant proportion of respondents believed that prenatal smoking would not cause severe effects for the unborn child but would likely lead to moderate (46%) or minor (3%) health effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obstetrician/gynecologists face many competing demands for their time and energy, yet 62% believed smoking cessation advice would be of significant value. Physicians with higher levels of efficacy expectations reported significantly greater use of the 5 As. Future research should explore ways to facilitate obstetrician/gynecologists' use of the 5As method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA. tjordan2@utnet.utoledo.edu
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011159:Population Surveillance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires