title: Differential zonal expression and adrenocorticotropin regulation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a matricellular protein, in the midgestation human fetal adrenal gland: implications for adrenal development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matricellular proteins are a group of secreted, multifunctional extracellular matrix glycoproteins that includes thrombospondins (TSPs), tenascin-C, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). They may be implicated in the dynamic developmental processes of the human fetal adrenal (HFA) in which the outer, definitive zone (DZ) cells are postulated to proliferate, migrate centripetally, differentiate, and populate the inner, steroidogenic fetal zone (FZ).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to identify a matricellular molecule that likely plays a major role in HFA development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies involved RNA, cryosections, and cell cultures from 14- to 23-wk HFAs and human adult adrenal RNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures included transcripts encoding matricellular proteins, using real-time quantitative RT-PCR; SPARC localization by immunostaining; and ACTH regulation of SPARC expression and secretion by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPARC HFA mRNA was 100-, 700-, and 300-fold higher than TSP-1, TSP-2, and tenascin-C mRNA, respectively. HFA SPARC mRNA was 3-fold higher than adult adrenals (P < 0.005), comparable with levels in adult brain (positive control), whereas mRNAs encoding TSP-1 and TSP-2 were lower in fetal than adult adrenals. SPARC immunoreactivity was detected exclusively in the FZ, not DZ. ACTH, a key regulator of HFA growth and function, increased SPARC mRNA (by 1.7-fold at 1 nm, 48 h, P < 0.05) in isolated FZ cells but not DZ cells. ACTH up-regulation of SPARC protein was also detected in FZ cell lysates and culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest a possible role for SPARC in development of functional and/or structural zonation of the HFA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, 1450 HSW, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishimoto
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ginzinger
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minegishi
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000196:embryology*; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018043:Receptors, Corticotropin / Q000235:genetics; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D019063:Tenascin / Q000235:genetics; D019700:Thrombospondin 1 / Q000235:genetics; D019699:Thrombospondins / Q000235:genetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D000099262:Thrombospondin 2
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D015676:Osteonectin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018043:Receptors, Corticotropin; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase; D019063:Tenascin; D019700:Thrombospondin 1; D019699:Thrombospondins; D000099262:Thrombospondin 2