title: Sequential external beam radiotherapy and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy in T1 and T2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an evaluation of long-term outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The standard treatment for nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), with or without chemotherapy. Because local control in NPC is an independent prognostic factor for distant metastases and survival, various dose-escalation strategies have been used to reduce recurrences at the primary site. The objective of this report was to evaluate the outcome of adjuvant high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDRIB) in patients with T1 and T2 NPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three consecutive patients with T1 and T2 NPC were treated prospectively according to a standardized institutional protocol between March 1999 and July 2001. Seventeen patients with stage I/II disease were treated with EBRT to 66 Gy followed by HDRIB (10 Gy in 2 weekly 5 Gy fractions). The remaining 16 patients with Stage III to IVb disease received chemotherapy in addition to radiation. All patients were assessed for treatment response, local control, survival, and toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up for all surviving patients was 67 (range 52-76) months. Local failure occurred in two patients; both subsequently underwent successful salvage treatments. Three patients died of metastatic disease, whereas two died of unrelated causes. Five year local control, overall survival, and disease-free survival rates were 93.8%, 83.9% and 78.4%, respectively. All patients experienced acute or late radiotherapy-related sequelae. However, no grade 4/5 toxicities were reported. Specifically, toxicities that could be attributed to brachytherapy were not seen, except for in one patient who developed severe choanal stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBRT supplemented by HDRIB produced superior local control rates for T1 and T2 NPC at 5 years of follow-up, with acceptable rates of acute and late toxicities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore. anu_thiagarajan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: Kong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chua Eu
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Tiong
authors.forename: Luke Kim Siang
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Thomas Kwok Seng
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Boon Cher
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Jiade J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome