title: Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase modulates tumor-related gene expression, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation, during skin carcinogenesis.
abstract: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of ADP ribose to target proteins, acts as a component of enhancer/promoter regulatory complexes. In the present study, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of PARP-1 with 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxyl]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone (DPQ) results in a strong delay in tumor formation and in a dramatic reduction in tumor size and multiplicity during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene plus 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin carcinogenesis. This observation was parallel with a reduction in the skin inflammatory infiltrate in DPQ-treated mice and tumor vasculogenesis. Inhibition of PARP also affected activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation but not nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Using cDNA expression array analysis, a substantial difference in key tumor-related gene expression was found between chemically induced mice treated or not with PARP inhibitor and also between wild-type and parp-1 knockout mice. Most important differences were found in gene expression for Nfkbiz, S100a9, Hif-1alpha, and other genes involved in carcinogenesis and inflammation. These results were corroborated by real-time PCR. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) was compromised by PARP inhibition or in PARP-1-deficient cells, as measured by gene reporter assays and the expression of key target genes for HIF-1alpha. Tumor vasculature was also strongly inhibited in PARP-1-deficient mice and by DPQ. In summary, this study shows that inhibition of PARP on itself is able to control tumor growth, and PARP inhibition or genetic deletion of PARP-1 prevents from tumor promotion through their ability to cooperate with the activation AP-1, NF-kappaB, and HIF-1alpha.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin-Oliva
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Quesada
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'valle
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Gámez
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez-Romero
authors.forename: Raimundo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García Del Moral
authors.forename: José Mariano
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruiz de Almodóvar
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villuendas
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Piris
authors.forename: F Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007546:Isoquinolines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010880:Piperidines; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C108729:3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2H)-isoquinolinone; C499321:Parp1 protein, mouse; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate