title: Glutamic acid in withdrawal and weaning in patients classified according to Cloninger's and Lesch's typologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Though glutamic acid is well known as a working excitatory in the CNS, its impact on the modulation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms and withdrawal fits are not yet clear. The study has been undertaken to examine the levels of glutamic acid in chronic alcohol-dependent patients at different stages of alcohol withdrawal and weaning and to examine any existence of any differences according to Cloninger's and Lesch's typologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-nine alcohol-dependent patients were assessed according to Cloninger's and Lesch's typologies and related to abstinence duration, age, and gender. Blood samples were taken for mean corpuscular volume (MCV), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutamic acid, in order to find primarily any differences in glutamic acid according to the typologies, age, abstinence duration, and liver damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant association between Cloninger's and Lesch's typologies. Cloninger's types 1 and 2 had an equal distribution of GGT and duration of abstinence, while Lesch's type I had more patients with high GGT, and more patients who were sober for a maximum of 2 days. Unlike in Lesch's types, glutamic acid levels did not differ according to Cloninger's types, as significantly higher glutamic acid values were found in Lesch's types I and IV. Glutamic acid values did not differ significantly in different age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study findings of varying glutamic acid levels seen in Lesch's typology, higher in types I and IV than in types II and III, are of significant clinical value and can be interpreted differently, as in type I high levels of glutamic acid is seen as a kindling phenomenon, while in type IV elevated levels might be related to either compulsivity of frequent repetition of drinking or withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. henriette.walter@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramskogler-Skala
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Lobos
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hertling
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munda
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thau
authors.forename: Otto M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Witte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D013695:Temperance; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase