title: Biliary laryngopharyngeal reflux: a new pathological entity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent understanding of the harmful effects of gastric and duodenal agents on mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract in patients with duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The damaging action of duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux on the gastro-esophageal mucosa and its potential etiological role in the development of many inflammatory and neoplastic patterns have been well documented in the literature. Recently, there has been increasing evidence that duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux may also be related to several laryngeal disorders and clinical studies confirm that reflux after gastric resection may enhance the development of laryngeal malignancies. Finally, there have been experimental attempts to confirm that duodenal contents may contribute to inflammation and carcinogenesis in the pharynx or larynx, as it is known to do in the esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux and laryngeal lesions is of great interest to otolaryngologists because it focuses attention on a new pathological entity that could be classified as biliary laryngopharyngeal reflux. This condition, as an acid one, seems to represent an important dangerous, endogenous risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, precancerous and neoplastic laryngeal lesions. For these reasons, particular attention is required in the future regarding the understanding of the local environment, individual susceptibility and clinical treatment. Finally, new antireflux therapy should be considered to control not only the acid gastric component of the refluxate but also the duodenal component.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Jacopo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cammarota
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Corso
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agostino
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cianci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Almadori
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paludetti
mesh_terms: D001646:Bile; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology