title: Physiological and haematological findings and clinical observations in a model of acute systemic anaphylaxis in Dirofilaria immitis-sensitised cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to understand the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis in Dirofilaria immitis-sensitised cats by analysing objective physiological and haematological measurements after challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen healthy D immitis-naive cats were sensitised using weekly injections of aluminium hydroxide-adjuvanted D immitis antigen, administered subcutaneously over 6 weeks. After sensitisation, cats (n = 16) were anaesthetised and challenged with intravenous D immitis antigen. A control group (n = 3) was sham-challenged using intravenous sterile 0.9% saline. Systolic blood pressure (measured non-invasively/indirectly), respiratory rate, degree of dyspnoea, blood O2 saturation, expired CO2, and heart rate and were measured immediately before and at 10 to 15 min intervals after challenge until terminal apnoea occurred or euthanasia at 140 mins post-challenge. Blood was collected for complete blood count immediately before and at 10, 20 and 35 mins after challenge. Clinical observations were recorded as they occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antigen-challenged cats were divided into two groups: acute (apnoea occurred within 25 mins of challenge) and subacute (breathing at 25 mins after challenge). In both groups, the degree of dyspnoea increased and blood O2 saturation and blood pressure decreased. Respiratory rate increased in the subacute group. Expired CO2 decreased in both Ag-challenged and control groups. Haematocrit increased in the subacute group. Neutrophil count decreased in the acute group and platelet count decreased in the subacute group. Eosinophil count decreased in the subacute and control groups. Sustained dyspnoea and gastrointestinal signs were the most common clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis in the antigen-challenged cats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous challenge with D immitis antigen in sensitised cats results in dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and systemic hypotension accompanied by haemoconcentration.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Litster
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atwell
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000276:immunology*; D001049:Apnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D002415:Cats; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis / Q000276:immunology*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000276:immunology*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth