title: Effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled trial.
abstract: We conducted a 30-month population-based, randomized, controlled trial in 160 elderly women at risk for fractures on the basis of a low baseline BMD. Mainly home-based weight-bearing exercise was effective in improving strength, balance, and gait.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evidence on the effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures comes mainly from studies in voluntary low-risk women, and no population-based, long-term interventions have been performed in elderly women with low bone mass. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long-term weight-bearing exercise on balance, muscle strength, and gait in elderly women at risk for fractures on the basis of a low baseline BMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A birth cohort of 1690 women 70-73 years of age were invited to the radius and hip BMD measurements; 96 women were excluded because of medical reasons; 160 women with radius and hip BMD values of >2 SD below the reference value were included in the trial. The participants were randomly assigned to 30 months of impact, balancing, and strengthening exercises or to no intervention. Main outcome measures were body sway length and leg strength at month 30. Secondary endpoints included gait speed, endurance, and grip strength. Outcomes were assessed at 0, 12, 24, and 30 months using blinded operators. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance. The analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body sway increased more in the control group than in the exercise group over time (time-group interaction, p < 0.001). Leg strength improved in the exercise group and decreased in the control group (interaction, p < 0.001). A significant time-group interaction (p < 0.001) in favor of the exercise group was found on the following secondary endpoints: the timed up and go test score, walking speed, and distance walked in 2 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight-bearing exercise is an effective way of modifying extraskeletal risk factors for fractures in elderly women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Deaconess Institute of Oulu, Finland. raija.korpelainen@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korpelainen
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Kalervo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korpelainen
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015519:Bone Density; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors