title: SMAD4/DPC4 expression and prognosis in human colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in Western countries. One major event during CRC development is loss of genetic material on chromosome 18, on which the smad4/dpc4 gene is located. SMAD4 is an important mediator of intracellular signaling in the TGF-beta pathway. The functional inactivation of SMAD4 has been reported to occur in CRC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protein expression of SMAD4 was evaluated immunohistochemically in 86 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded CRC samples. The results were related to clinicopathological variables including survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The loss of nuclear SMAD4 protein expression was observed in 9.3% of the investigated CRCs and was correlated to poor prognosis in univariate Kaplan-Meier (p=0.034) as well as in multivariate Cox-regression (p=0.028) analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The loss of nuclear SMAD4 protein expression occurs in a subset of CRC and is associated with poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isaksson-Mettävainio
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmqvist
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forssell
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stenling
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051901:Smad4 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta