title: Conditional responding is impaired in chronic alcoholics.
abstract: Bechara (2003) describes a model for disturbances in executive functions related to addiction. This model involves deficits in decision-making and in suppressing pre-potent representations or response patterns. We tested this model in 29 individuals with long-term heavy alcohol dependency and compared their performance with that of 20 control subjects. Only individuals without memory impairment, with normal intelligence and normal visual response times were included. We examined word fluency, object alternation, spatial stimulus-response incompatibility, extra-dimensional shift learning and decision-making using the Gambling task. We subtracted the performance in a control condition from that of the executive condition, in order to focus specifically on the executive component of each task. Only the object alternation and incompatibility tasks revealed significant differences between the group of alcoholics and the control group. Moreover, response times in the object alternation task correlated with duration of alcohol dependency. The results do not argue in favor of a specific deficit in decision-making or in shifting between relevant representations. We conclude that long-term alcohol abuse leads to an impairment in conditional responding, provided the response depends on former reactions or the inhibition of pre-potent response patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. helmut.hildebrandt@uni-oldenburg.de
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brokate
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*