title: Effects of endothelin-1 on differentiation of cardiac myocyte induced from rabbit bone marrow stromal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiomyocyte transplantation for the therapy of myocardial ischaemia is being paid close attention. However, how the microenvironment controls the differentiation of transplanted bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is unknown. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a cytokine, increases during myocardial infarction, but it is not known whether ET-1 is responsible for the fate of transplanted BMSCs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ET-1 on differentiation and maturation of induced rabbit BMSCs, in vitro, to elucidate the cellular biological mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proliferation of BMSCs isolated from femur of rabbits was induced by ET-1 only, by 5-azacytidine (5-aza) or ET-1 combined with 5-aza. After 4 weeks of induced culturing, the differentiation rate and the diameter of induced myocyte like cells were estimated and the expressions of GATA-4 protein and phosphorylation level were assayed by Western-blot, RT-PCR analysis of beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC). mRNA expression, levels of troponin-I by immunohistochemical staining and ultrastructure of induce-cultured BMSCs were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By induction with ET-1 and 5-aza, mean cell diameter of induced BMSCs was larger than induced with 5-aza [(6.26 +/- 0.22) microm cf (5.29 +/- 0.19) microm] (P < 0.001). There was no difference in rate of differentiation of myocyte like cells between the groups induced with 5-aza and ET-1 combined with 5-aza [(29.82 +/- 0.23)% cf (29.94 +/- 0.18)%] (P > 0.05). The expressions of GATA-4 protein and phosphorylation were enhanced significantly in groups induced with ET-1 combined with 5-aza (P < 0.05). In the group induced with ET-1 combined with 5-aza, expression of beta-MHC mRNA was higher than control [(0.122 +/- 0.008) cf (0.022 +/- 0.003)] (P < 0.01), and more troponin-I positive cells were also detected in this group. Differentiated BMSCs showed formations of myofilaments and primitive sarcomere, i.e., morphological characteristics of myocyte like cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that induced culturing of BMSCs by ET-1 combined with 5-aza can express cardiomyocytic characteristics whereas ET-1 alone could not induce BMSCs to differentiate to myocyte like cells. ET-1 upregulates the expression of GATA-4 protein and phosphorylation level of induced BMSCs, and rapidly promotes the differentiation and maturation of myocyte like cells from BMSCs.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Neurobiological Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.
authors.forename: Hong-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Zhong-ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhong-xin
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains