title: Efficacy of an alcohol-based healthcare hand rub containing synergistic combination of farnesol and benzethonium chloride.
abstract: Healthcare workers are required to disinfect the hands several times a day using hand disinfectants, which leads to chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials contained in the disinfectants, which could compromise the skin integrity. This problem may be addressed by developing hand disinfectants containing synergistic combinations of small amounts of antimicrobials and other agents. The synergistic effect of farnesol and essential oils with several antimicrobials was studied in vitro to select an effective antimicrobial system in preservative concentration for use in healthcare hand rub. Farnesol and lemon oil showed synergistic activity against S. aureus, in combination with benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride, but not with other antimicrobials studied. All essential oils studied showed synergy with benzethonium chloride against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. An alcohol-based healthcare hand rub (ZBF hand rub) containing this unique synergistic combination of farnesol and benzethonium chloride was then developed and its efficacy as a healthcare hand rub was evaluated in human volunteers according to the US FDA-TFM protocol using Serratia marcescens as a marker organism. The ZBF hand rub showed a 3.22 log(10) reduction in the microbial count after the first application and a 5.49 log(10) reduction after the tenth application in vivo and exceeds the US FDA-TFM criteria for healthcare hand rub. The ZBF hand rub did not irritate the hands when tested on human volunteers when applied 10 times everyday for five consecutive days. The ZBF hand rub exhibits more than 5.5 log(10) reduction in the microbial count within 15s and more than 2.8 log(10) reduction in the two types of viruses tested within 30s in vitro. When evaluated in an in vitro pig skin model, the ZBF hand rub shows better prolonged activity (20-35 min post-application) against transient bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) compared to other alcohol-based hand rubs. These findings suggest that the use of the ZBF hand rub amongst health care workers may lower the risk of chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials without compromising the efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 17-401C, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Milind S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shintre
authors.forename: Trupti A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gaonkar
authors.forename: Shanta M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Modak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001558:Benzethonium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005204:Farnesol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000517:prevention & control; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012706:Serratia marcescens / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D001558:Benzethonium; D005204:Farnesol