title: Detection of estrus in cattle housed in stanchions by constant human observation of behavioral traits.
abstract: Five heifers and five lactating dairy cows were locked in adjacent stanchions and monitored continuously by human observation for 18 consecutive nights from 7:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. Total standing and lying time, number of position changes, and prevalence of bellowing was recorded. The animals were housed in stanchions for 20 hours each day and in outside lots for four hours each day. Estrus was synchronized by giving prostaglandins on Days 1 and 11. There were 16 documented estrous periods, and an increase (P < 0.05) in standing time occurred in two of 16. Similarly, an increase (P < 0.05) in number of position changes occurred in two of 16 estrous periods. Mean +/- SE standing time (during the nine-hour nightly observation period) for heifers and cows was 148 +/- 6.8 and 278 +/- 9.6 (P < 0.01) minutes, respectively. The prevalence of bellowing was very low and not always associated with estrus. These results indicate that standing time, number of position changes, and bellowing are rather weak indicators of estrus.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois 1008 W. Hazelwood Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Crackel
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Whitmore