title: Transthoracic Heller myotomy for esophageal achalasia: analysis of long-term results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swallowing deteriorates over time in some patients after transthoracic esophagomyotomy for achalasia. The causes of decline are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a retrospective analysis of transthoracic esophagomyotomy for achalasia. Symptom relief, patient satisfaction, and late intervention were determined during short- and long-term follow-up. Predictors of long-term outcome were identified by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1962 to 1999, 64 patients underwent transthoracic esophagomyotomy. Five patients had repeat myotomy. Sigmoid esophagus was present in 12 (18%). Fundoplication was absent in 50 patients (myotomy only) and added in 15 (myotomy plus fundoplication). Follow-up was complete in 86% (56 of 65); mean follow-up was 154 months. Thirty-one patients (48%) were followed for more than 10 years. Short-term results were good to excellent in 91% (51 of 56) and long-term in 63% (33 of 52; p < 0.0005). Late peptic stricture occurred in 4 patients (myotomy only, 2 of 38 [5%]; myotomy plus fundoplication, 2 of 14 [14%]). Fewer patients had reflux symptoms after fundoplication (myotomy only, 16 of 38 [42%]; myotomy plus fundoplication, 4 of 14 [29%]), whereas late dysphagia was not reduced (myotomy only, 13 of 38 [34%]; myotomy plus fundoplication, 5 of 14 [36%]). Two patients after myotomy plus fundoplication and 1 after myotomy only had esophagectomy. Early recurrence of symptoms predicted late poor outcome (p < 0.001), whereas sigmoid esophagus, fundoplication, or early postoperative reflux did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early good results after esophagomyotomy for achalasia deteriorate over time. Recurring dysphagia early after operation predicts late failure, while sigmoid esophagus does not. Fundoplication reduces reflux symptoms, but not late poor results. These data should be considered in the evaluation of newer, minimally invasive procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. hgaissert@partners.org
authors.forename: Henning A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Gaissert
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fankhauser
authors.forename: Cameron D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mathisen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000601:surgery; D010166:Palliative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome