title: Focused ion beam milling of vitreous water: prospects for an alternative to cryo-ultramicrotomy of frozen-hydrated biological samples.
abstract: The feasibility of using a focused ion beam (FIB) for the purpose of thinning vitreously frozen biological specimens for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was explored. A concern was whether heat transfer beyond the direct ion interaction layer might devitrify the ice. To test this possibility, we milled vitreously frozen water on a standard TEM grid with a 30-keV Ga(+) beam, and cryo-transferred the grid to a TEM for examination. Following FIB milling of the vitreous ice from a thickness of approximately 1200 nm to 200-150 nm, changes characteristic of heat-induced devitrification were not observed by TEM, in either images or diffraction patterns. Although numerous technical challenges remain, it is anticipated that 'cryo-FIB thinning' of bulk frozen-hydratred material will be capable of producing specimens for TEM cryo-tomography with much greater efficiency than cryo-ultramicrotomy, and without the specimen distortions and handling difficulties of the latter.
authors.affiliation: Resources for Visualization of Biological Complexity, Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA. marko@wadsworth.org
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marko
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moberlychan
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mannella
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D016616:Cryoultramicrotomy / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D016591:Histocytological Preparation Techniques; D007053:Ice; D007477:Ions; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D007477:Ions; D014867:Water