title: Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women's health across the nation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether vasomotor symptom reporting or patterns of change in symptom reporting over the perimenopausal transition among women enrolled in a national study differed according to race/ethnicity. We also sought to determine whether racial/ethnic differences were explained by sociodemographic, health, or lifestyle factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 3198 women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation during 1996 through 2002. We analyzed frequency of vasomotor symptom reporting using longitudinal multiple logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of vasomotor symptom reporting were highest among African Americans (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.21, 2.20). The transition to late perimenopause exhibited the strongest association with vasomotor symptoms (adjusted OR = 6.64; 95% CI = 4.80, 9.20). Other risk factors were age (adjusted OR=1.17; 95% CI=1.13, 1.21), having less than a college education (adjusted OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.40, 2.61), increasing body mass index (adjusted OR=1.03 per unit of increase; 95% CI=1.01, 1.04), smoking (adjusted OR=1.63; 95% CI=1.25, 2.12), and anxiety symptoms at baseline (adjusted OR=3.10; 95% CI=2.33, 4.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the risk factors assessed, vasomotor symptoms were most strongly associated with menopausal status. After adjustment for covariates, symptoms were reported most often in all racial/ethnic groups in late perimenopause and nearly as often in postmenopause.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ebgold@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Ellen B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Avis
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bromberger
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Greendale
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sternfeld
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001213:Asian; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013546:Sweating; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*