title: The relationship between hypertensive retinopathy and Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertensive retinopathy is an important complication and a major site of target organ damage from hypertension. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has a main role in cardiovascular physiology. It was shown that ACE gene polymorphism is related to plasma concentrations of ACE. We aimed to investigate the relationship between ACE gene polymorphism and hypertensive retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and eight patients (62 female, mean age; 52.8 +/- 7.0 years) with essential hypertension and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Hypertensive retinopathy was diagnosed in a dark room with direct ophthalmoscopy by a single ophthalmologist who was blinded to clinical data. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect the insertion/deletion (l/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene. Patients were assigned to Group DD, Group ID and Group II. Three genotypic subgroups were compared for hypertensive retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 42 patients (27 female, mean age: 52.4 +/- 7.8) in DD group; 51 patients (28 female, mean age: 53.6 +/- 6.9) in ID group and 15 patients (7 female, mean age: 51.2 +/- 5.6) in II group. Basal characteristics of the patients were similar in the three groups. The genotypic distributions of patients and healthy controls were comparable. Hypertensive retinopathy was determined in 15 (35.7%) patients in DD group, 8 (15.6%) patients in ID group and 2 (13.3%) patients in II group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a significant relationship between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and hypertensive retinopathy. Identification of ACE genotype in hypertensive patients might be useful to discriminate the patients who are more susceptible to hypertensive retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey. nezihi.baris@deu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Nezihi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baris
authors.forename: Bahri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akdeniz
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozerkan
authors.forename: Remzi M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Onder
authors.forename: Ulus
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Akarca
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guneri
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A