title: Assessment of nine candidate DTP-vaccines with reduced amount of antigen and/or without adjuvant as a fourth (booster-) dose in the second year of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of local reactions to diphtheria-, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP-) vaccines in infants and toddlers increases with each subsequent dose, and entire thigh swellings (ETS) have been reported. Lowering the amount of antigen or of adjuvant may decrease the reactogenicity of DTaP while maintaining a protective immune response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Following priming with three doses of a DTaP vaccine during infancy, the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of nine different candidate DTaP-vaccines with reduced amounts of antigen and/or adjuvant given as fourth (booster) dose were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were healthy infants aged 15-27 months at the time of booster vaccination. Each participant had received three doses of a DTaP vaccine (Infanrixtrade mark, GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium; "reference DTaP") at age 3, 4, and 5 months as part of a previous clinical trial. More than 20,000 children were eligible for participation in the current study protocol at the time. In a first phase at a University hospital-based vaccination study center, nine sequential cohorts of 63-119 study subjects received one of nine different candidate vaccines. Patients and study personal were blinded with regard to which vaccine was currently in use. Reactogenicity was solicited from parents using diary cards. Blood was drawn prior to and 4 weeks after vaccination and immediately centrifuged. The serum was stored at -20 degrees C until serology was performed by ELISA tests. As soon as the first candidate vaccine with adequate reactogenicity and immunogenicity profile was identified in the first study phase, a second study phase was initiated in parallel, to evaluate the safety and reactogenicity of the respective candidate vaccine in private practices in large cohorts (1613-2095 study subjects per group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study phase, DTaP with no aluminum induced the highest frequency of ETS and fever. All other candidate vaccines caused lower rates of local and general reactions than the reference DTaP. As a general rule, vaccines with less antigen induced fewer reactions, although there was no strict dose-response effect and the difference, e.g. between a one-tenth and a one-fifth DTaP dose (DTaP 1/5; DTaP 1/10) was not clinically relevant. Separate injections of Td and aP caused fewer general reactions than the respective TdaP combination and local reactions were higher at the aP than at the Td injection site. Again, as a general rule, reduced amounts of antigen induced lower antibody concentrations, although all vaccines induced "protective" anti-tetanus and anti-diphtheria antibody responses. A total of 92-100% of children showed seroresponses to pertussis antigens even when vaccinated with reduced amounts of the respective pertussis antigen. Elimination of aluminum from DTaP vaccine induced higher anti-tetanus-antibody concentrations and so did a reduction of the amount of diphtheria antigen. Additional examples for antigen interaction were increased antibody concentrations, observed with injection of Td and aP into different limbs. In the second study phase, all three vaccines evaluated (one with a reduced amount of diphtheria antigen, TdaP; one with reduced amounts of all antigens, tdap; and one with a fifth dose of the reference vaccine (DTaP 1/5)) were safe and had an acceptable reactogenicity profile in a total of 4871 study subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local reactions due to DTaP booster doses in the second year of life can be reduced by reducing the amount of antigen in the respective vaccine while an adequate immunogenicity is maintained. Aluminum-free vaccines induced ETS and fever most commonly. Any changes in vaccine composition should lead to a full evaluation of the new product.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Infectious Diseases at the Zentrum Präventive Pädiatrie, Department of Paediatrics at the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany. knuf@kinder.klinik.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knuf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habermehl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sänger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bogaerts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuind
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: du Prel
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schmitt
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines