title: Characteristics of methylphenidate dependence syndrome in psychiatric hospital settings.
abstract: The characteristics of methylphenidate (MPD) cases reported in a nationwide mental hospital survey on substance-related psychiatric disorders are studied compared to methamphetamine cases. Although the two groups did not differ in terms of age and sex, the MPD group revealed longer educational histories and lower antisocial traits. About half of the MPD group had a history of methamphetamine use and 30% had used the substance as the initial substance of abuse. They exhibited a general tendency toward multiple substance use. These results indicate that a significant number of MPD cases exist who used MPD as a substance alternative to methamphetamine and also suggest that they may potentially have a tendency to develop abuse or dependence. The MPD cases most likely had a psychiatric diagnosis of "Dependence syndrome (F15.2)," according to the ICD-10 guidelines. The SDS scores also indicated a more severe dependence syndrome, particularly psychological dependence, which they may possibly develop more quickly. An abundance of information for MPD abusers to utilize is available through the internet, including the pharmacological properties, such as increased sensation or elation through MPD intake and how and where to easily acquire the substance. They may even forge a prescription to obtain MPD. This behavior can be recognized as "substance-seeking behavior" in behavioral pharmacology terms, accompanied by craving based on psychological dependence on the substance, and can be very difficult to control. Little evidence exists regarding the effectiveness and necessity of MPD as a treatment for depression, and thus MPD prescriptions must be carefully considered by psychiatrists or physicians. The application of MPD as an antidepressant in the health insurance system must be re-examined as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate; D008694:Methamphetamine