title: Task-specific hypoactivation in prefrontal and temporoparietal brain regions during motor inhibition and task switching in medication-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A relatively small number of functional imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have shown abnormal prefrontal and striatal brain activation during tasks of motor response inhibition. However, the potential confound of previous medication exposure has not yet been addressed, and no functional imaging study exists to date on medication-naive children and adolescents with ADHD. The aim of this study was to investigate the neural substrates of a range of motor and cognitive inhibitory functions in a relatively large group of children and adolescents with ADHD who had never previously been exposed to medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen boys with ADHD and 27 healthy age- and IQ-matched boys underwent functional MRI to compare brain activation during performance of tasks that assessed motor response inhibition (go/no go task), cognitive interference inhibition (motor Stroop task), and cognitive flexibility (switch task).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boys with ADHD showed decreased activation in the left rostral mesial frontal cortex during the go/no go task and decreased activation in the bilateral prefrontal and temporal lobes and right parietal lobe during the switch task. No significant group differences were observed during motor Stroop task performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal brain activation was observed in medication-naive children and adolescents with ADHD during tasks involving motor inhibition and task switching, suggesting that hypoactivation in this patient group is unrelated to long-term stimulant exposure. Furthermore, functional abnormalities are task-specific and extend from frontostriatal to parietal and temporal cortices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Mick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toone
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants