title: Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caesarean delivery rates continue to increase worldwide. Our aim was to assess the association between caesarean delivery and pregnancy outcome at the institutional level, adjusting for the pregnant population and institutional characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health, we assessed a multistage stratified sample, comprising 24 geographic regions in eight countries in Latin America. We obtained individual data for all women admitted for delivery over 3 months to 120 institutions randomly selected from of 410 identified institutions. We also obtained institutional-level data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained data for 97,095 of 106,546 deliveries (91% coverage). The median rate of caesarean delivery was 33% (quartile range 24-43), with the highest rates of caesarean delivery noted in private hospitals (51%, 43-57). Institution-specific rates of caesarean delivery were affected by primiparity, previous caesarean delivery, and institutional complexity. Rate of caesarean delivery was positively associated with postpartum antibiotic treatment and severe maternal morbidity and mortality, even after adjustment for risk factors. Increase in the rate of caesarean delivery was associated with an increase in fetal mortality rates and higher numbers of babies admitted to intensive care for 7 days or longer even after adjustment for preterm delivery. Rates of preterm delivery and neonatal mortality both rose at rates of caesarean delivery of between 10% and 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of caesarean delivery do not necessarily indicate better perinatal care and can be associated with harm.
authors.affiliation: UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. villarj@who.int
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: Eliette
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valladares
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wojdyla
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zavaleta
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carroli
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velazco
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campodónico
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bataglia
authors.forename: Anibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faundes
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narváez
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reynoso
authors.forename: Karla Simônia
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: de Pádua
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kublickas
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acosta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007843:Latin America; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome