title: Active surveillance using electronic triggers to detect adverse events in hospitalized patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse events (AEs) occur with alarming frequency in health care and can have a significant impact on both patients and caregivers. There is a pressing need to understand better the frequency, nature, and etiology of AEs, but currently available methodologies to identify AEs have significant limitations. We hypothesized that it would be possible to design a method to conduct real time active surveillance and conducted a pilot study to identify adverse events and medical errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records were selected based on 21 electronically obtained triggers, including abnormal laboratory values and high risk and antidote medications. Triggers were chosen based on their expected potential to signal AEs occurring during hospital admissions. Each AE was rated for preventability and severity and categorized by type of event. Reviews were performed by an interdisciplinary patient safety team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 3 month period 327 medical records were reviewed; at least one AE or medical error was identified in 243 (74%). There were 163 preventable AEs (events in which there was a medical error that resulted in patient harm) and 138 medical errors that did not lead to patient harm. Interventions to prevent or ameliorate harm were made following review of the medical records of 47 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This methodology of active surveillance allows for the identification and assessment of adverse events among hospitalized patients. It provides a unique opportunity to review events at or near the time of their occurrence and to intervene and prevent harm.
authors.affiliation: Division of Operations and Quality, Patient Safety, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. mszekend@nmh.org
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Szekendi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bobb
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feinglass
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Noskin
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D002641:Chicago; D003211:Concurrent Review / Q000379:methods; D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000379:methods*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012985:Software Design