title: Idiosyncratic personal explanations for blood glucose events are associated with poorer self-management and glycemic control in adult patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether spontaneous causal attributions for blood glucose events were associated with blood glucose control (HbA(1c) [A1C]), self-management, and adjustment to diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 62 adults (31 female) with type 1 diabetes, recruited from a diabetes specialist clinic, with a mean age of 42.3 years and a mean illness duration of 19.6 years, were interviewed about the onset, history, course, and management of their diabetes. Spontaneous causal attributions for fluctuations in blood glucose level were extracted from the interviews and coded in accordance with the Leeds Attributional Coding System. Participants completed questionnaire measures of anxiety, depression, and appraisal of diabetes. Glycemic control (A1C) at the time of interview and 1 year later was extracted from notes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who made proportionally more personal, or idiosyncratic, explanations for blood glucose fluctuations or events (such as hypoglycemic episodes) had higher A1C levels at time 1 and 1 year later and were judged to manage their diabetes less well. Furthermore, the association between personal attributions and A1C was partly accounted for by self-management behavior. Participants who made personal and stable attributions appraised their diabetes more negatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be sensitive to patients' causal explanations for blood glucose events. Helping patients consider alternative explanations may produce benefits in terms of better management and control of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland 1 Building, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K. alison.wearden@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wearden
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hynd
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarrier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose