title: Pharmacologic management of insomnia in children and adolescents: consensus statement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to develop a consensus statement on the current status and future role for pharmacologic management of insomnia in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Sleep Foundation, in collaboration with Best Practice Project Management, Inc, convened expert representatives involved in the study and treatment of pediatric insomnia and conducted a 2-day conference to examine the role of pharmacologic management of pediatric insomnia and to make recommendations regarding the development of clinical trials in this area. After a series of presentations providing background on the current knowledge of pediatric insomnia and its treatment alternatives, workgroups provided recommendations for the evaluation of pharmacologic treatment of insomnia in specific populations of children and adolescents and developed guidelines for the core methodologic issues relevant to the design of clinical trials. The group developed consensus recommendations for clinical trials in this area encompassing: (1) high-priority patient populations for research, (2) inclusion/exclusion criteria, (3) outcome measures, (4) ethical considerations unique to clinical trials involving children and adolescents, and (5) priorities for future research that will enhance the understanding of pediatric insomnia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conference participants unanimously agreed that there is a need for pharmacologic management of pediatric insomnia. Furthermore, the widespread use of "hypnotic" and psychotropic medications for children in the absence of safety and efficacy data indicates a knowledge gap about the best pharmacologic practices for management of pediatric insomnia. Attendees reached consensus on methodologic issues in the study of pharmacologic treatment of pediatric insomnia including agreeing on a definition of pediatric insomnia as "repeated difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite age-appropriate time and opportunity for sleep and results in daytime functional impairment for the child and/or family." It was agreed that priority should be given to insomnia studies in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and those with pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorder. There was also agreement on the need for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies to determine appropriate dose levels and to evaluate safety with a wide range of doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of pediatric insomnia is an unmet medical need. Before appropriate pharmacologic management guidelines can be developed, rigorous, large-scale clinical trials of pediatric insomnia treatment are vitally needed to provide information to the clinician on the safety and efficacy of prescription and over-the-counter agents for the management of pediatric insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, Sleep Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. jmindell@sju.edu
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mindell
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emslie
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blumer
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Genel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glaze
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivanenko
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome