title: Perioperative management of chronic pain patients with opioid dependency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this article, we discuss the perioperative anesthesia and pain management of patients with chronic pain receiving chronic opioid administration. In our practice we may expect to be confronted with opioid-dependent patients in routine anesthesia practice and should acquire specific knowledge and skills to effectively manage the perioperative and acute pain management issues that arise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients treated chronically with opioids has increased steadily over the past decade; currently about 10% of all chronic-pain patients are treated with opioids. As these patients are no longer confined to terminally ill cancer patients, growing numbers of these patients are facing surgical interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our clinical practice, we should employ multimodal pain management therapy by using an around-the-clock regimen of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, acetaminophen, and regional blockade. Dosing regimens should be individualized to optimize efficacy while minimizing the risk of adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Sheba Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Tel Hashomer, and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. silviu.brill@sheba.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Silviu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ginosar
authors.forename: Elyad M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*