title: A coordinated relocation strategy for enhancing case management of lead poisoned children: outcomes and costs.
abstract: Controlling residential lead hazards is critical for case management of lead poisoned children. To attain this goal, permanent relocation of the family is sometimes necessary or advisable for many reasons, including poor housing conditions; extensive lead hazards; lack of abatement resources, landlord compliance and local enforcement capacity; and family eviction. During 1996-1998, the Kennedy Krieger Institute implemented a unique capitated program for case management of Baltimore City children with blood lead concentrations (PbB) >19 microg/dL. The Program provided financial, housing, and social work assistance to facilitate relocation as a means of providing safer housing. Nearly half of the Program families relocated with direct assistance, and 28% relocated on their own. The Program evaluation examined the costs and benefits of relocation. Average relocation cost per child was relatively inexpensive (<1,500 dollars). Average relocation time of 5 months (range <2 months to >12 months) was less than the 8-month average time to complete lead hazard control work in 14 city and state programs funded by U.S. HUD. Relocation was associated with (1) a statistically significant decrease in dust lead loadings on floors, windowsills and window troughs that persisted for one year, and (2) statistically significantly greater decreases in children's PbB compared to children who did not relocate from untreated homes. Children relocated to housing that met current Federal residential dust lead standards had statistically significant decreases in blood lead levels. Visual inspection did not consistently identify relocation houses with dust lead levels below current Federal standards, indicating that dust testing should be an essential component of future programs. This will require additional resources for dust testing and possibly cleaning and repairs but is expected to yield additional benefits for children. The findings support recent U.S. CDC case management recommendations suggesting that permanent relocation to safer housing is a viable means to reduce children's lead exposure. The benefits of relocation notwithstanding, 40% of families moved at least twice. Research is needed to better understand how to expedite relocation and encourage families to remain in safe housing. Relocation does not negate owners' and health authorities' responsibilities to address lead hazards in the child's original house in order to protect future occupants.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Healthy Housing, USA. pamcl@aol.com
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLaine
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farfel
authors.forename: J Julian
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chisolm
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D015142:Baltimore; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005190:Family; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D020264:Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood / Q000628:therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D015397:Program Evaluation
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007854:Lead