title: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Its association with ischemic stroke has been mainly documented after myocardial infarction. The stroke risk associated with LVD, especially of mild degree, in the general population is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between LVD and ischemic stroke in a multiethnic cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  LV systolic function was assessed by transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography in a subset of subjects from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), 270 patients with first ischemic stroke and 288 age-, gender- and race-matched community controls. LV ejection fraction was measured by a simplified cylinder-hemiellipsoid formula, and categorized as normal (>50%), mildly (41% to 50%), moderately (31% to 40%) or severely (< or =30%) decreased. The association between impaired ejection fraction and ischemic stroke was evaluated by logistic regression analysis after adjustment for established stroke risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LVD of any degree was more frequent in stroke patients (24.1%) than in controls (4.9%; P<0.0001), as was moderate/severe LVD (13.3% versus 2.4%; P<0.001). A decreased ejection fraction was associated with ischemic stroke even after adjusting for other stroke risk factors. The adjusted odds ratio for any degree of LVD was 3.92 (95% CI, 1.93 to 7.97). The adjusted odds ratio for mild LVD was 3.96 (95% CI, 1.56 to 10.01) and for moderate/severe LVD 3.88 (95% CI, 1.45 to 10.39). The association between LVD of any degree and stroke was present in all age, gender and race-ethnicity subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LVD, even of mild degree, is independently associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The assessment of LV function should be considered in the assessment of the stroke risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Allison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundek
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.forename: Zhezhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: Marco R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Di Tullio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data