title: Changes in mechanical tolerance and chilling sensitivity of red drum (Sciaenopus ocellatus) embryos during development.
abstract: The effects of mechanical shock and thermal stress on red drum (Sciaenopus ocellatus) embryos at specific developmental stages were studied. The tolerance of red drum embryos to mechanical and chilling shocks depended on the embryo's stage of development. Gastrulae stage was more susceptible to mechanical shock than the other developmental stages. However, a different ontogenetic tolerance pattern for chilling shock was observed. It is suggested that the embryonic developmental stage needs be considered in future studies on the cryopreservation of fish embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gwo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strawn
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Arnold