title: Analysis of magnetic resonance imaging-based blood and cerebrospinal fluid flow measurements in patients with Chiari I malformation: a system approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A pilot study was performed to assess noninvasively the change in intracranial compliance (ICC) and intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with Chiari I malformation who undergo foramen magnum decompression. The working hypothesis was that the main effect of the decompressive surgery is a change in ICP. Noninvasive cine phasecontrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a motion-sensitive dynamic MR imaging technique that allows for visualization and quantitation of tissue motion and flow. The authors' group has used dynamic phase-contrast MR imaging to visualize and quantify pulsatile blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the craniospinal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A system approach has been used to characterize the hemodynamic-hydrodynamic coupling in the craniospinal system and to derive measures for ICC and ICP. Magnetic resonance imaging-based ICC and ICP values are derived from the ratio of the volume and pressure changes that occur naturally during each cardiac cycle. The authors conducted a prospective study of four patients, three of whom were studied before and after decompressive surgery; significant change in MR imaging-derived ICC and ICP values was documented in only one of the three surgically treated patients. A significant change in the dynamics of the intracranial volume change (ICVC) during the cardiac cycle, however, was observed in all three patients. In healthy individuals the ICVC waveform usually consists of the following sequence: monotonic increase in intracranial volume (ICV) during the systolic phase due to increased blood inflow, monotonic decrease in ICV caused by the onset of CSF outflow into the spinal canal, and increase in the venous outflow. A nonmonotonic decline in the ICVC waveform has been observed in all patients with headaches, and a relatively normal waveform was found in those without headaches or whose headaches were resolved or alleviated by the surgery. A "partial-valve" mechanism is proposed as an explanation for the abnormal ICVC dynamics. The monotonic decline in ICVC is interrupted by a "premature" reduction in the CSF outflow. This may be caused by a displacement of the hindbrain into the cervical spinal canal during the systolic phase. This obstructs the CSF flow at the later part of the systolic phase such that the ICV does not continue its gradual decline. Postsurgery, the ICVC waveforms presented a more normal-appearing ICVC dynamics profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of transcranial CSF and blood flow may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of Chiari malformations and may prove to be an important diagnostic tool for guiding for the treatment of patients with Chiari I malformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. alperin@uic.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alperin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roitberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foroohar
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mafee
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lichtor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003187:Compliance; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005539:Foramen Magnum / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors