title: Genetic and environmental influences on type A behavior pattern: evidence from twins and their parents in the Netherlands Twin Register.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a dose-response positive relationship between type A behavior (TABP) and cardiovascular disease-related symptoms. Estimates of heritability for TABP from previous studies vary; this might be explained by limitations in the sizes and compositions of the samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study combines a large sample size, twin and parental, data from males and females, two generations of young adults and older adults, and the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) and full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation. To assess TABP, the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) was collected from MZ and DZ twins and their parents (n = 1670 twin families). Structural equation modeling is used to evaluate and estimate the effects of additive and nonadditive genetic effects, nonshared environmental effects, and competitive sibling interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five percent of the variance in TABP was the result of genetic factors (28% were additive and 17% were nonadditive). The remaining 55% of the variance was explained by environmental factors not shared by the members of the same family. Competitive sibling interaction effects were not significant. There was no evidence of sex differences either in variances or means.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the sources of variance on TABP is important for therapy and prevention. According to the present results, the relevant environmental factors for the development of TABP are not shared by the members of the same family. The genetic portion of the variance is also worth considering for therapeutic purposes. Although the genetic code cannot be altered, its effects on behavior may be modifiable through the treatment of the biological mediators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. i.rebollo@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rebollo
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005824:Genetics, Behavioral; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009426:Netherlands; D010290:Parents; D012931:Social Environment; D014427:Twins; D014434:Type A Personality