title: Gd-DTPA L-cystine bisamide copolymers as novel biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents for MR blood pool imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to synthesize biodegradable Gd-DTPA L-cystine bisamide copolymers (GCAC) as safe and effective, macromolecular contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate their biodegradability and efficacy in MR blood pool imaging in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three new biodegradable GCAC with different substituents at the cystine bisamide [R = H (GCAC), CH2CH2CH3 (Gd-DTPA L-cystine bispropyl amide copolymers, GCPC), and CH(CH3)2 (Gd-DTPA cystine bisisopropyl copolymers, GCIC)] were prepared by the condensation copolymerization of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) dianhydride with cystine bisamide or bisalkyl amides, followed by complexation with gadolinium triacetate. The degradability of the agents was studied in vitro by incubation in 15 microM cysteine and in vivo with Sprague-Dawley rats. The kinetics of in vivo contrast enhancement was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats on a Siemens Trio 3 T scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apparent molecular weight of the polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates ranged from 22 to 25 kDa. The longitudinal (T1) relaxivities of GCAC, GCPC, and GCIC were 4.37, 5.28, and 5.56 mM(-1) s(-1) at 3 T, respectively. The polymeric ligands and polymeric Gd(III) chelates readily degraded into smaller molecules in incubation with 15 microM cysteine via disulfide-thiol exchange reactions. The in vitro degradation rates of both the polymeric ligands and macromolecular Gd(III) chelates decreased as the steric effect around the disulfide bonds increased. The agents readily degraded in vivo, and the catabolic degradation products were detected in rat urine samples collected after intravenous injection. The agents showed strong contrast enhancement in the blood pool, major organs, and tissues at a dose of 0.1 mmol Gd/kg. The difference of their in vitro degradability did not significantly alter the kinetics of in vivo contrast enhancement of the agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These novel GCAC are promising contrast agents for cardiovascular and tumor MRI, which are later cleaved into low molecular weight Gd(III) chelates and rapidly cleared from the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 318, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Todd L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Kaneshiro
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Eun-Kee
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Zheng-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000378:metabolism; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003553:Cystine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004355:Drug Stability; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C517088:Gd-DTPA L-cystine bisamide copolymer; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D003553:Cystine; D004369:Pentetic Acid