title: Prospective study comparing standard and robotically assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic surgery has become the treatment of choice for cholecystectomy. Many studies showed that while this approach benefits the patient, the surgeon faces such distinct disadvantages as a poor ergonomic situation and limited degrees of freedom with limited motion as a consequence. Robots have the potential to overcome these problems. To evaluate the efficiency and feasibility of robotically assisted surgery (RAC), we designed a prospective study to compare it with standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2001 and 2003, 26 patients underwent SLC and 20 patients underwent RAC using the ZEUS system. The feasibility, safety, and possible advantages were evaluated. To assess the efficacy, the total time in the operating room was divided into preoperative, operative, and postoperative time frames.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For RAC in comparison with SLC, the preoperative phase including equipment setup was significantly longer. In the intraoperative phase, the cut-closure time and camera and trocar insertion times were significantly longer. It is interesting to note that the net dissection time for the cystic artery, duct, and the gall bladder was not different from SLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the feasibility of robotically assisted cholecystectomy without system-specific morbidity. There is time loss in several phases of robotic surgery due to equipment setup and deinstallation and therefore, presents no benefit in using the robot in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center, Auenbruggerplatz 29, Graz 8036, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kornprat
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Werkgartner
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cerwenka
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: Azab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Shabrawi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rehak
authors.forename: Hans Jörg
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mischinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome