title: A reappraisal of surgery for orbital tumors. Part I: extraorbital approaches.
abstract: Orbital lesions are variable in nature and location. Their management can be challenging, and surgical intervention is often needed. Although a significant percentage of these tumors are treated by the ophthalmologist alone, collaboration with a neurosurgeon is often required, especially for tumors that are located deep within the orbit, are large, or have an intracranial extension. Technical advances and modifications in surgical technique have decreased surgery-related morbidity and increased its success. The authors describe their rationale in the choice of a surgical approach, the surgical techniques for extraorbital approaches, and the new surgical adjuvants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. bejjanigk@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Bejjani
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cockerham
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kennerdel
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Maroon
mesh_terms: D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery*; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods