title: Radiation-induced biologic bystander effect elicited in vitro by targeted radiopharmaceuticals labeled with alpha-, beta-, and auger electron-emitting radionuclides.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that indirect effects of ionizing radiation may contribute significantly to the effectiveness of radiotherapy by sterilizing malignant cells that are not directly hit by the radiation. However, there have been few investigations of the importance of indirect effects in targeted radionuclide treatment. Our purpose was to compare the induction of bystander effects by external beam gamma-radiation with those resultant from exposure to 3 radiohaloanalogs of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG): (131)I-MIBG (low-linear-energy-transfer [LET] beta-emitter), (123)I-MIBG (potentially high-LET Auger electron emitter), and meta-(211)At-astatobenzylguanidine ((211)At-MABG) (high-LET alpha-emitter).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two human tumor cell lines-UVW (glioma) and EJ138 (transitional cell carcinoma of bladder)-were transfected with the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) gene to enable active uptake of MIBG. Medium from cells that accumulated the radiopharmaceuticals or were treated with external beam radiation was transferred to cells that had not been exposed to radioactivity, and clonogenic survival was determined in donor and recipient cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the dose range 0-9 Gy of external beam radiation of donor cells, 2 Gy caused 30%-40% clonogenic cell kill in recipient cultures. This potency was maintained but not increased by higher dosage. In contrast, no corresponding saturation of bystander cell kill was observed after treatment with a range of activity concentrations of (131)I-MIBG, which resulted in up to 97% death of donor cells. Cellular uptake of (123)I-MIBG and (211)At-MABG induced increasing recipient cell kill up to levels that resulted in direct kill of 35%-70% of clonogens. Thereafter, the administration of higher activity concentrations of these high-LET emitters was inversely related to the kill of recipient cells. Over the range of activity concentrations examined, neither direct nor indirect kill was observed in cultures of cells not expressing the NAT and, thus, incapable of active uptake of MIBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potent toxins are generated specifically by cells that concentrate radiohalogenated MIBG. These may be LET dependent and distinct from those elicited by conventional radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Science and Molecular Pathology, Glasgow University, Cancer Research United Kingdom Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dorrens
authors.forename: Natasha E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: Ker Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zalutsky
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mairs
mesh_terms: D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000528:radiation effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals