title: The unique pollen morphology of Duparquetia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): developmental evidence of aperture orientation using confocal microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The phylogenetic affinities of the aberrant monotypic genus Duparquetia (subfamily Caesalpinioideae) are at present unresolved. Preliminary results from molecular analyses suggest a basal, isolated position among legumes. A study of Duparquetia pollen was carried out to provide further morphological characters to contribute to multi-data set analyses. Understanding the development of Duparquetia pollen was necessary to clarify the orientation of the apertures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pollen grains and developing microspores were examined using light microscopy, confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Evidence for the orientation of the apertures was provided by the examination of microspores within developing tetrads, using (a) confocal microscopy to locate the position of the ectoapertures, and (b) light microscopy and Alcian blue stain to locate the position of the endoapertures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confocal microscopy has been used for the first time to examine developing microspores in order to obtain information on ectoapertures that was unavailable using other techniques. Pollen in Duparquetia develops in tetrahedral tetrads as in other eudicots, with the apertures arranged in a modified pattern following Fischer's rule. Pollen grains are asymmetrical and have one equatorial-encircling ectoaperture with two equatorial endoapertures, a unique feature in Leguminosae, and in eudicots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pollen morphology of Duparquetia is so unusual that it provides little information to help determine its closest relatives. However, it does fit with a pattern of greater pollen morphological diversity in the first-branching caesalpinioid legume groups than in the more derived clades. The latitudinal ectoaperture of Duparquetia is unique within the Fabales and eudicot clades, resembling more closely the monosulcate pollen found in monocots and basal angiosperms; however, developmental patterns are recognizably similar to those of all other legume pollen types.
authors.affiliation: Micromorphology Group, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK. h.banks@rbgkew.org.uk
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feist-Burkhart
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klitgaard
mesh_terms: D007887:Fabaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure