title: Glucosylceramide synthase is an essential regulator of pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans infects humans upon inhalation and causes the most common fungal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised subjects worldwide. In the host, C. neoformans is found both intracellularly and extracellularly, but how these two components contribute to the development of the disease is largely unknown. Here we show that the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which is present in C. neoformans, was essential for fungal growth in host extracellular environments, such as in alveolar spaces and in the bloodstream, which are characterized by a neutral/alkaline pH, but not in the host intracellular environment, such as in the phagolysosome of macrophages, which is characteristically acidic. Indeed, a C. neoformans mutant strain lacking GlcCer did not grow in vitro at a neutral/alkaline pH, yet it had no growth defect at an acidic pH. The mechanism by which GlcCer regulates alkali tolerance was by allowing the transition of C. neoformans through the cell cycle. This study establishes C. neoformans GlcCer as a key virulence factor of cryptococcal pathogenicity, with important implications for future development of new antifungal strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Philipp C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rittershaus
authors.forename: Talar B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kechichian
authors.forename: Jeremy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Allegood
authors.forename: Alfred H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luberto
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Poeta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D015996:Survival Rate; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C023246:ceramide glucosyltransferase