title: Alterations in behavioral flexibility by cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists and antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are expressed in the prefrontal cortex, but their role in mediating executive functions such as behavioral flexibility is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the effect of pharmacological activation or blockade of the cannabinoid CB1 receptors on behavioral flexibility using a strategy set-shifting task conducted on a cross maze.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, rats initially were trained to turn left or right while ignoring the visual cue to obtain a food; on the second test day, rats had to inhibit the previously learned rule and approach the cue to obtain the food. In experiment 2, the order of discrimination training was reversed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist HU-210 before the set-shift on day 2 elicited dose-dependent effects on performance. A 20-microg/kg dose of HU-210 increased perseverative errors, whereas the effects of a lower, 5-microg/kg dose caused differential effects depending on whether rats were required to shift from a response to a visual-cue discrimination strategy or vice versa. Conversely, administration of a 2-mg/kg, but not a 5-mg/kg dose of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 reduced perseverative errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate a biphasic and dose-sensitive role for the cannabinoid system in behavioral flexibility, which in turn may have clinical implications for the role of the endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders where behavioral flexibility is compromised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, BC, Canada .
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Larissa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Froese
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Morrish
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Stan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Floresco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003463:Cues; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D009042:Motivation; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; C103505:AM 251; D013759:Dronabinol; C062018:HU 211