title: The inter-ovarian distribution of twin ovulations and embryo survival in the bovine.
abstract: Data in the literature on twin ovulations and twin pregnancies were used to examine the distribution (unilateral vs bilateral) of twin ovulations and associated effects on embryo survival. Unilateral twin ovulations averaged 52% but there was significant heterogeneity among sources. Twenty-five percent of subjects which became pregnant following twin ovulations had unilateral twin ovulations. This suggests that fertilisation failure or embryo mortality, or both, are greater for unilateral twin ovulations. Using data on pregnant cows, the probability of embryo loss increased by an estimated 0.22 for unilateral twin ovulations compared with bilateral twin ovulations or single ovulations. Using the estimates obtained, the expected litter size was calculated for a range of ovulation rates with varying proportions of unilateral twin ovulations and different levels of embryo mortality. Litter size was not very sensitive to the distribution of twin ovulations.
authors.affiliation: The Agricultural Institute, Belclare, Tuam, Co. Galway Ireland.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hanrahan