title: Simultaneous immunohistochemical expression of HBME-1 and galectin-3 differentiates papillary carcinomas from hyperfunctioning lesions of the thyroid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The histological diagnosis is critical for the postsurgical management and follow-up of thyroid malignancies. The differential diagnosis between papillary carcinoma and hyperfunctioning lesions, either with papillary hyperplasia or with a follicular architecture, can create real diagnostic difficulty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of several antibodies considered to be markers of malignancy in malignant and hyperfunctioning thyroid neoplasms and to include the most effective of them in a diagnostic panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred resected thyroid nodules--58 hyperfunctioning benign lesions and 42 papillary carcinomas (14 follicular variant, 14 macrofollicular variant and 14 classic type)--were immunohistochemically studied for HBME-1, galectin-3, cytokeratin (CK) 19 and RET-proto-oncogene. HBME-1 and galectin-3 showed 92.8% and 89% sensitivity, respectively, and their coexpression was present in 36 out of 42 papillary carcinomas (85.7%) and absent in non-malignant lesions. Their association increased sensitivity to 94.7% and the diagnostic accuracy to 97.9% and involved the highest number of cases (95%) in comparison with two other panels including, respectively, three (HBME-1, galectin-3, CK19) and all four antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An immunohistochemical panel consisting of HBME-1 and galectin-3 can make a correct distinction between malignant and hyperfunctioning thyroid neoplasms with high diagnostic accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raffaelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mule'
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miraglia
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fadda
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037502:Galectin 3; D007633:Keratins; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C432845:HBME-1 antigen; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C099282:RET protein, human