title: Fatality due to septicemia and hemorrhage in a patient with spinal cord injury and ischemic heart disease with the need for long-term catheter drainage.
abstract: Percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy is generally considered to be a safe procedure provided the bladder is distended adequately, as palpable bladder is the landmark for insertion of a trocar. This report describes fatality due to septicemia and hemorrhage following suprapubic catheter insertion in a tetraplegic male patient with long-term indwelling urethral catheter drainage and urine infection with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, and Enterococcus faecalis. Before the surgical procedure was begun, the urinary bladder was distended by repeated injection of 50 mL of sterile, 0.9% sodium chloride through the urethral catheter with a catheter-tip syringe until the bladder became palpable in the suprapubic region; by this time, the bladder had been filled forcibly with 500 mL of saline. Percutaneous cystostomy was performed with the use of an Add-a-Cath trocar and cannula (Femcare Limited, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK). Immediately after a 16 French Foley catheter had been inserted, the drainage fluid appeared heavily stained with blood. The patient developed septicemia, and a blood culture report, received posthumously, showed growth of E. coli. Despite resuscitative measures, the patient expired 13 hours after suprapubic catheter insertion. Postmortem examination revealed bilateral hydronephrosis with fluid and clotted blood in the renal pelves and ureters; the urinary bladder showed a thick wall and hemorrhagic mucosa. This fatal incident raises the question of whether forcible distention of the urinary bladder for percutaneous cystostomy is safe in patients with spinal cord injury who have a small-capacity bladder, infected urine, and ischemic heart disease. In such patients, it may be prudent to avoid forcible distention of the urinary bladder and instead perform ultrasound-guided or fluoroscopically guided suprapubic cystostomy.
authors.affiliation: Regional Spinal Injuries Center, District General Hospital, Southport, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: Bakul M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Gurpreet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D003559:Cystostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis; D004926:Escherichia coli; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011549:Pseudomonas; D011782:Quadriplegia; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects