title: Noninvasive measurement of cardiovascular function in mice with high-temporal-resolution small-animal PET.
abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of determining parameters of cardiovascular function in mice noninvasively by high-temporal-resolution imaging with a dedicated small-animal PET system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five anesthetized mice (28.8 +/- 4.6 g) were injected via an intravenous catheter with a 30-microL bolus of (18)F-FDG (8-44 MBq). The first 9 s of data were reconstructed into 30 frames of 0.3 s using filtered backprojection. The time-activity curve derived from a left ventricle volume of interest was corrected for tracer recirculation and partial volume. Cardiac output was calculated by the Stewart-Hamilton method, in which cardiac output is total injected activity divided by the area under the left ventricle time-activity curve. Cardiac output divided by body weight was defined as cardiac index; cardiac output divided by heart rate yielded the stroke volume. In 5 mice, measurements were repeated 2-4 times to assess reproducibility. In 4 mice, the hemodynamic response to dobutamine was examined by measuring heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cardiac output averaged 20.4 +/- 3.4 mL/min; in the repeated measurements, the parameter displayed a mean percentage SD per mouse of 10% +/- 6%. The cardiac index averaged 0.73 +/- 0.19 mL/min/g and the stroke volume 45.0 +/- 6.9 microL, and both correlated with heart rate (r = 0.53, P = 0.007, and r = 0.49, P = 0.01, respectively). During dobutamine stress, heart rate increased from 423 +/- 50 to 603 +/- 30 beats/min (P = 0.002) and cardiac output increased from 18.5 +/- 1.9 to 32.0 +/- 4.2 mL/min (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parameters of cardiovascular function can be measured in mice noninvasively by radionuclide angiography using high-temporal-resolution small-animal PET. Measured values of cardiac output and stroke volume are reproducible and comparable to those obtained with MRI. The approach permits the monitoring of changes in cardiovascular function in response to pharmacologic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. hschelbert@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kreissl
authors.forename: Hsiao-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ladno
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Mayumi L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Arion F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chatziioannou
authors.forename: Sung-Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Heinrich R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Schelbert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D016276:Ventricular Function