title: Epigenetic inactivation of the premature aging Werner syndrome gene in human cancer.
abstract: Werner syndrome (WS) is an inherited disorder characterized by premature onset of aging, genomic instability, and increased cancer incidence. The disease is caused by loss of function mutations of the WRN gene, a RecQ family member with both helicase and exonuclease activities. However, despite its putative tumor-suppressor function, little is known about the contribution of WRN to human sporadic malignancies. Here, we report that WRN function is abrogated in human cancer cells by transcriptional silencing associated with CpG island-promoter hypermethylation. We also show that, at the biochemical and cellular levels, the epigenetic inactivation of WRN leads to the loss of WRN-associated exonuclease activity and increased chromosomal instability and apoptosis induced by topoisomerase inhibitors. The described phenotype is reversed by the use of a DNA-demethylating agent or by the reintroduction of WRN into cancer cells displaying methylation-dependent silencing of WRN. Furthermore, the restoration of WRN expression induces tumor-suppressor-like features, such as reduced colony formation density and inhibition of tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft models. Screening a large collection of human primary tumors (n = 630) from different cell types revealed that WRN CpG island hypermethylation was a common event in epithelial and mesenchymal tumorigenesis. Most importantly, WRN hypermethylation in colorectal tumors was a predictor of good clinical response to the camptothecin analogue irinotecan, a topoisomerase inhibitor commonly used in the clinical setting for the treatment of this tumor type. These findings highlight the importance of WRN epigenetic inactivation in human cancer, leading to enhanced chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agrelo
authors.forename: Wen-Hsing
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Setien
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ropero
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espada
authors.forename: Mario F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herranz
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Cespedes
authors.forename: Maria Jesus
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Artiga
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castells
authors.forename: Cayetano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Kobbe
authors.forename: Vilhelm A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bohr
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteller
mesh_terms: D019588:Aging, Premature / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053484:RecQ Helicases; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D014898:Werner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D000071657:Werner Syndrome Helicase
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D000077146:Irinotecan; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; D004265:DNA Helicases; D053484:RecQ Helicases; C098785:WRN protein, human; D000071657:Werner Syndrome Helicase; D002166:Camptothecin