title: Postoperative phrenic nerve palsy: early clinical implications and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the clinical impact of diaphragmatic palsy (DP) as a result of phrenic nerve injury following cardiothoracic surgery, specifically its effects on morbidity and mortality, early regeneration capacity of the phrenic nerve, and role of surgical diaphragmatic plication.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case control study was performed in 74 children with DP and 74 matched controls after cardiothoracic surgery within the past 14 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following 5,128 surgical procedures in children (aged under 18 years) we found an incidence of DP of 1.4%. There were no differences in mortality between the groups, and the cause of death was not related to DP or plication in any of the patients. However, patients with diaphragm impairment had significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median 3 days vs. 1), ICU stay (7 days vs. 3.5), duration of hospital stay (16 days vs. 12), and for antibiotic treatment (16 days vs. 7). Because of prolonged respiratory problems 40 children (54%) underwent surgical diaphragmatic plication to flatten the diaphragm in its inspiratory position. In children with DP younger age was a strong predictor for plication (median 3.8 months vs. 12.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Especially in newborns and young infants with DP the length of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and hospital stay are prolonged. Early spontaneous recovery of the phrenic nerve is rare. In cases of respiratory impairment early transthoracic diaphragmatic plication is an effective means of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. lemmer@dhzb.de
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemmer
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.forename: Grit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heise
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hübler
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alexi-Meskishvili
authors.forename: Yuguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redlin
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ovroutski
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D012189:Retrospective Studies