title: An engineered vascular endothelial growth factor-activating transcription factor induces therapeutic angiogenesis in ApoE knockout mice with hindlimb ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis is the growth and proliferation of blood vessels from existing vascular structures, and therapeutic angiogenesis seeks to promote blood vessel growth to improve tissue perfusion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prototypic angiogenic agent that exists in vivo in multiple isoforms, and studies with VEGF to date had used single isoform therapy with disappointing results. We tested plasmid and adenoviral vectors encoding a zinc-finger DNA-binding transcription factor (ZFP-32E) that was designed to increase the expression of all major VEGF isoforms in a preclinical model of peripheral arterial obstructive disease (PAOD) in hypercholesterolemic (ApoE knock-out) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral femoral artery ligation/excision was performed in 117 mice. At 7 days postoperatively, the ischemic tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles received either ZFP-32E treatment (125 microg of plasmid, 2.5 x 10(11) viral particle units [vpu] of adenovirus; some mice received a second plasmid injection 3 days later) or no-ZFP treatment (125 microg of beta-galactosidase [beta-gal], a plasmid-lacking insert, or an equal dose of adenoviral encoding beta-gal; some mice received a second plasmid injection 3 days later). Group 1 mice (n = 31) were euthanized 3 days later, and VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were measured. Group 2 mice (n = 38) were euthanized 7 days later, and measures of capillary density, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were quantified. Group 3 mice (n = 48) were euthanized 28 days later, and changes in lower limb blood flow perfusion were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in those with ZFP-32E treatment vs beta-gal. In group 2, capillary density and proliferating cells were significantly greater and apoptosis was significantly lower in those with ZFP-32E treatment vs beta-gal. Finally, in group 3, changes in the perfusion ratio (ischemic/nonischemic limb) at 21 days after injection were significantly greater in those with ZFP-32E treatment vs no-ZFP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of this engineered zinc-finger VEGF-activating transcription factor to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in hypercholesterolemic mice suggests this approach warrants investigation as a novel approach to treat PAOD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Donghua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Erika A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Shelley I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Odronic
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Annex
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010957:Plasmids; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A