title: Orthopedic complications of overweight in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have quantified the prevalence of weight-related orthopedic conditions in otherwise healthy overweight children. The goal of the present investigation was to describe the musculoskeletal consequences of pediatric overweight in a large pediatric cohort of children that included severely overweight children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical charts from 227 overweight and 128 nonoverweight children and adolescents who were enrolled in pediatric clinical studies at the National Institutes of Health from 1996 to 2004 were reviewed to record pertinent orthopedic medical history and musculoskeletal complaints. Questionnaire data from 183 enrollees (146 overweight) documented difficulties with mobility. In 250, lower extremity alignment was determined by bilateral metaphyseal-diaphyseal and anatomic tibiofemoral angle measurements made from whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nonoverweight children, overweight children reported a greater prevalence of fractures and musculoskeletal discomfort. The most common self-reported joint complaint among those who were questioned directly was knee pain (21.4% overweight vs 16.7% nonoverweight). Overweight children reported greater impairment in mobility than did nonoverweight children (mobility score: 17.0 +/- 6.8 vs 11.6 +/- 2.8). Both metaphyseal-diaphyseal and anatomic tibiofemoral angle measurements showed greater malalignment in overweight compared with nonoverweight children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reported fractures, musculoskeletal discomfort, impaired mobility, and lower extremity malalignment are more prevalent in overweight than nonoverweight children and adolescents. Because they affect the likelihood that children will engage in physical activity, orthopedic difficulties may be part of the cycle that perpetuates the accumulation of excess weight in children.
authors.affiliation: Unit on Growth and Obesity, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Erica D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Theim
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mirch
authors.forename: Samareh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghorbani
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanofsky-Kraff
authors.forename: Diane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Adler-Wailes
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Karim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Calis
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yanovski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight