title: Noninvasive and simultaneous imaging of layer-specific retinal functional adaptation by manganese-enhanced MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that high-resolution (23.4 microm intraretinal resolution) manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) can be used to noninvasively and simultaneously record from distinct layers of the rat retina cellular demand for ions associated with functional adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In control rats, high-resolution images were collected with or without systemic injection of MnCl2 during light or dark adaptation; inner and outer retinal signal intensities were compared. In separate experiments, 1 month after systemic administration of MnCl2 to awake dark-adapted control rats, possible toxic effects of Mn2+ on ocular health were assessed with the use of the following metrics: retinal layer thickness, intraocular pressure, and blood retinal barrier integrity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nonmanganese-injected rats, the signal intensity difference between light and dark states for inner and outer retina was not significantly different (P>0.05). In contrast, after manganese administration, the change in outer retinal signal intensity under light/dark conditions was significantly greater than that of inner retina. At 1 month after MnCl2 injection, comparisons with controls revealed no evidence for deleterious ocular health effects as assessed by whole and inner retinal thickness, intraocular pressure, and blood retinal barrier integrity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present MEMRI examination was a safe (i.e., nontoxic) and relatively straightforward procedure that appeared to robustly reflect layer-specific retinal ion demand that correlates with normal retinal physiology responses associated with light and dark visual processing. Comprehensive MEMRI measures of retinal ion demand may be envisioned in a range of animal models for the study of normal development and aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. baberko@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier / Q000502:physiology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008027:Light; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017895:Manganese Compounds; C025340:manganese chloride; D010100:Oxygen