title: Parameters affecting primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment options in orthodontics have been expanded by skeletal anchorage via mini-implants over the last few years. Sufficient primary stability is imperative to minimize implant loss rate. The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze the factors influencing primary stability: bone quality, implant-design, diameter, and depth of pilot drilling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six pelvic bone segments (ilium) of country pigs were dissected and embedded in resin. To determine the primary stability, we measured the insertion torque of five different mini-implant types (tomas-pin [Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany] 08 and 10 mm, and Dual Top [Jeil Medical Corporation, Seoul, Korea] 1.6 x 8 and 10 mm plus 2 x 10 mm). Twenty-five or 30 implants were inserted into each pelvic bone segment following preparation of the implant sites using pilot drill diameters of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 mm and pilot drill depths of 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 mm. Five implants were inserted for reference purposes to establish comparability. Thicknesses of bone compacta were measured via micro-computer tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insertion torques of orthodontic mini-implants and therefore primary stability varied greatly, depending on bone quality, implant-design, and preparation of implant site. Compared with the tomas-pin, the Dual Top screw showed significantly greater primary stability. Torque moments beyond 230 Nmm caused fractures of 9 Dual Top screws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compacta thickness, implant design and implant site preparation have a strong impact on the primary stability of mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage. Depending on the insertion site and local bone quality, the clinician should choose an optimum combination of implant and pilot-drilling diameter and depth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. wilmes@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilmes
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rademacher
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olthoff
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drescher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D004867:Equipment Design; D008838:Microcomputers; D008904:Miniaturization; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation; D012984:Software; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019415:Torque