title: Bleeding manifestations in severely thrombocytopenic children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the observations on various bleeding manifestations in children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) having severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count (PC) < 20,000/microl) and to compare the differences in bleeding manifestations at levels of PC at < 10,000/microl compared with between 10,000 and 20,000/microl.
  
  
  METHODS
  It is a retrospective analysis of bleeding manifestations in children with ITP (n = 58) having severe thrombocytopenia recorded between July 1999 and June 2002. A total of 164 episodes of severe thrombocytopenia were observed. During 31 episodes (18.9%), no bleeding manifestations were observed. When bleeding was observed cutaneous bleeds were the commonest manifestations occurring in 124 episodes. Of these 124 instances, in 82 (66.1%) episodes only cutaneous bleeding was observed while in remaining 42 (33.9%) episodes cutaneous bleeding was associated with other bleeding sites. Other common bleeds observed included epistaxis 22 (13.4%), oral bleeding 21 (12.8%) and gastro-intestinal bleeding 5 (3.04%). Comparison of the bleeding manifestations during episodes when the PC was < 10,000/microl and those between 10,000 and 20,000/microl showed that in 76.6% episodes with the count at > 10,000/microl no or only cutaneous bleeds were observed (clinically mild disease) compared to 59.45% episodes with episodes having PC < 10,000/microl (z score 2.37, p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in proportion of patients having clinically mild disease during acute or chronic phase of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During episodes of severe thrombocytopenia, most children have clinically mild disease. When the PC is < 10,000/microl clinically mild disease is observed less often compared to episodes with PC 10,000-20,000/microl. Based on these observations, it can be recommended that during severe thrombocytopenia, particularly when the PC is between 10,000-20,22,000/microl, patients can be safely managed with watchful waiting without any specific therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India. jchandra55@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.forename: Varinder
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dutta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010976:Platelet Count; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome