title: Nasolabial symmetry following Tennison-Randall lip repair: a three-dimensional approach in 10-year-old patients with unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the degree of facial symmetry in patients suffering from unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (UCLAP) by determining differences between the cleft and the non-cleft hemifaces from 3D surface data.
  
  
  METHODS
  In twenty-two 10-year-old UCLAP patients, who had the lip repaired using the Tennison-Randall technique and did not undergo further revisional surgery, differences were determined between landmarks, surface areas of the upper lip vermilion and nostrils and virtual volumes of midface, nose and upper lip for cleft and non-cleft sides, separately, after having established a plane of symmetry calculated from optical 3D facial surface data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences could be found between cleft and non-cleft sides for the nasal landmarks G(lat), G(sup) and La(med), the nostril angle and the virtual volume of the nose (p(Glat)=0.011, p(Gsup)<0.0005, p(Lamed)=0.002, p(nostril angle)=0.036 and p(nose volume)<0.0005, resp.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of 3D data shows that complete nasal symmetry is difficult to achieve with Tennison-Randall's lip repair without revisional surgery. Further trials on larger populations of patients will allow a more comprehensive and consistent analysis of the consequence of different methods for cp repair in order to identify the techniques with the best outcome in terms of facial symmetry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilwatsch
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haeusler
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wurm
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vairaktaris
authors.forename: Friedrich Wilhelm
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Neukam
authors.forename: Emeka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nkenke
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric