title: Genetically diverse group A streptococci from children in far-western Nepal share high genetic relatedness with isolates from other countries.
abstract: The genetic diversity of group A streptococci (GAS) throughout much of the world has not been adequately explored. To assess genetic variation among GAS in western Nepal, 120 noninvasive GAS, collected from eight different villages, were genetically characterized using emm typing, sof sequencing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A high level of genetic diversity was observed among these isolates, with 51 genotypes based upon 51 multilocus sequence types (STs), 45 emm sequence types, and 28 sof sequence types. On the basis of shared ST-emm and sof-emm associations, 40 of the 51 genotypes were identical or highly related to genotypes characterized from locations outside of Nepal, even though most of the emm sequence and clonal types are rare among GAS within the United States. When analyzing all known STs highly related to Nepal STs, only one example of similar STs shared between a sof PCR-positive strain and a sof PCR-negative strain was observed. Since previous data indicate free exchange of MLST loci between sof-positive and sof-negative strains, there is possibly selection against the expansion of subclones resulting from horizontal transfers of sof or emm genes between sof-positive and sof-negative strains. All 45 emm types encountered in Nepal have also been documented from other countries. These data, together with data encompassing the past decade of emm type surveillance, support the possibility that most existing GAS emm types have been discovered. Similarly, since most (40/51) strain types were highly related to strains found elsewhere, it is likely that a major fraction of the existing GAS clonal complexes have been discovered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial and Myotic Diseases, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Varja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sakota
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lietman
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Facklam
authors.forename: Zhongya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beall
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007169:Impetigo / Q000382:microbiology; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012424:Rural Population; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C021908:opacity factor; C014689:streptococcal M protein; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases