title: Orbito-cranial injuries caused by penetrating non-missile foreign bodies. Experience with eighteen patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penetrating non-missile orbito-cranial injuries are uncommon civilian injuries which have some special features. Only limited case-reports are available in the international literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a retrospective review of 18 such in presumed trivial orbital injury. Early identification and removal of retained foreign body fragments was achieved within 36 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were operated on and followed up for at least of 3 years. The final clinical outcome was excellent: 16 had a Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) of 5 while in the remaining 2 it was 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present report indicates that good results, in managing such injuries, can be achieved by a high index of suspicion and early diagnosis of intracranial injury in presumed trivial wounds and by the removal of every possible retained foreign body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Trieste University Hospital, Trieste, Italy. schibbaro@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chibbaro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tacconi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001922:Brain Abscess / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020202:Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D015817:Eye Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents