title: Myofibroblast transdifferentiation of mesothelial cells is mediated by RAGE and contributes to peritoneal fibrosis in uraemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uraemia is associated with fibrosis of the peritoneal membrane, even prior to the start of peritoneal dialysis. Increased carbonyl stress and the resultant formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are potentially involved. The interaction of AGEs with their cell surface receptor for AGE (RAGE) induces sustained cellular activation, including the production of the fibrogenic growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). TGF-beta is pivotal in the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with the acquisition of myofibroblast characteristics. We investigated whether antagonism of RAGE prevents uraemia-induced peritoneal fibrosis. In addition, we examined whether myofibroblast transdifferentiation of mesothelial cells contributes to peritoneal fibrosis in uraemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uraemia was induced in rats by subtotal nephrectomy. Uraemic and age-matched sham-operated rats were treated for 6 weeks with neutralizing monoclonal anti-RAGE antibodies or placebo. Expression of AGE, RAGE, cytokeratin and alpha-smooth muscle actin was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. TGF-beta expression was examined with immunostaining and western blotting, and Snail expression with western blotting. Fibrosis was quantified with a picro-sirius red staining and measurement of the hydroxyproline content of the tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uraemia resulted in the accumulation of AGE, up-regulation of RAGE and TGF-beta and the development of interstitial fibrosis and vascular sclerosis in the peritoneal membrane. Prominent myofibroblast transdifferentiation of mesothelial cells was identified by colocalization of cytokeratin and alpha-smooth muscle actin in submesothelial and interstitial fibrotic tissue. The antagonism of RAGE prevented the up-regulation of TGF-beta, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells and fibrosis in uraemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ligand engagement of RAGE and the subsequent up-regulation of TGF-beta induces peritoneal fibrosis in chronic uraemia. The process may be mediated by the conversion of mesothelial cells into myofibroblasts.
authors.affiliation: The Renal Unit, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. an.devriese@azbrugge.be
authors.forename: An S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: De Vriese
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tilton
authors.forename: Siska
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mortier
authors.forename: Norbert H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lameire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology*; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000473:pathology*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta