title: Do internal anal sphincter defects decrease the success rate of anal sphincter repair?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anatomic anal sphincter defects can involve the internal anal sphincter (IAS), the external anal sphincter (EAS), or both muscles. Surgical repair of anteriorly located EAS defects consists of overlapping suture of the EAS or EAS imbrication; IAS imbrication can be added regardless of whether there is IAS injury. The aim of this study was to assess the functional outcome of anal sphincter repair in patients intraoperatively diagnosed with combined EAS/IAS defects compared to patients with isolated EAS defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of patients who underwent anal sphincter repair between 1988 and 2000 and had follow-up of at least 3 months were retrospectively assessed. Fecal incontinence was assessed using the Cleveland Clinic Florida incontinence score wherein 0 equals perfect continence and 20 is associated with complete incontinence. Postoperative scores of 0-10 were interpreted as success whereas scores of 11-20 indicated failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 131 women were included in this study, including 38 with combined EAS/IAS defects (Group I) and 93 with isolated EAS defects (Group II). Thirty-three patients (87%) in Group I had imbrication of a deficient IAS, compared to 83 patients (89%) in Group II. All patients had either overlapping EAS repair (n=121) or EAS imbrication (n=10). Mean follow-up was 30.9 months (range, 3-131 months). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups relative to age (48.3 vs. 53.0 years; p=0.14), preoperative incontinence score (16.1 vs. 16.7; p=0.38), extent of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency pathology (left, 11.1% vs. 8%; p=0.58; right, 8.6% vs. 15.1%; p=0.84), extent of pathology at electromyography (54.8% vs. 60.1%; p=0.43), and length of follow-up (26.9 vs. 32.5 months; p=0.31). The success rates of sphincter repair were 68.4% for Group I versus 55.9% for Group II (p=NS). Both groups were well matched for incidence of IAS imbrication as well as age, follow-up interval, and physiologic parameters. The success rates of anal sphincter repair were not statistically significant between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pre-existing IAS defect does not preclude successful sphincteroplasty as compared to repair of an isolated EAS defect. Thus, patients with combined anal sphincter defects should not be considered as poor candidates for sphincter repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, 33331, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oberwalder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dinnewitzer
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nogueras
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Efron
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vernava
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wexner
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome