title: Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral anticoagulation therapy reduces risk of vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, long-term monitoring is necessary and many patients cannot achieve optimum anticoagulation. We assessed whether clopidogrel plus aspirin was non-inferior to oral anticoagulation therapy for prevention of vascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were enrolled if they had atrial fibrillation plus one or more risk factor for stroke, and were randomly allocated to receive oral anticoagulation therapy (target international normalised ratio of 2.0-3.0; n=3371) or clopidogrel (75 mg per day) plus aspirin (75-100 mg per day recommended; n=3335). Outcome events were adjudicated by a blinded committee. Primary outcome was first occurrence of stroke, non-CNS systemic embolus, myocardial infarction, or vascular death. Analyses were by intention-to-treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00243178.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was stopped early because of clear evidence of superiority of oral anticoagulation therapy. There were 165 primary events in patients on oral anticoagulation therapy (annual risk 3.93%) and 234 in those on clopidogrel plus aspirin (annual risk 5.60%; relative risk 1.44 (1.18-1.76; p=0.0003). Patients on oral anticoagulation therapy who were already receiving this treatment at study entry had a trend towards a greater reduction in vascular events (relative risk 1.50, 95% CI 1.19-1.89) and a significantly (p=0.03 for interaction) lower risk of major bleeding with oral anticoagulation therapy (1.30; 0.94-1.79) than patients not on this treatment at study entry (1.27, 0.85-1.89 and 0.59, 0.32-1.08, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral anticoagulation therapy is superior to clopidogrel plus aspirin for prevention of vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke, especially in those already taking oral anticoagulation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada. connostu@phri.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohnloser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chrolavicius
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohnloser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D000077405:Irbesartan; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000077405:Irbesartan; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin