title: Electrical stimulation and pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback in patients with fecal incontinence: a cohort study of 281 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pelvic floor rehabilitation is an appealing treatment for patients with fecal incontinence but reported results vary. This study was designed to assess the outcome of pelvic floor rehabilitation in a large series of consecutive patients with fecal incontinence caused by different etiologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 281 patients (252 females) were included. Data about medical history, anal manometry, rectal capacity measurement, and endoanal sonography were collected. Subgroups of patients were defined by anal sphincter complex integrity, and nature and possible underlying causes of fecal incontinence. Subsequently patients were referred for pelvic floor rehabilitation, comprising nine sessions of electric stimulation and pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback. Pelvic floor rehabilitation outcome was documented with Vaizey score, anal manometry, and rectal capacity measurement findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaizey score improved from baseline in 143 of 239 patients (60 percent), remained unchanged in 56 patients (23 percent), and deteriorated in 40 patients (17 percent). Mean Vaizey score reduced with 3.2 points (P < 0.001). A Vaizey score reduction of >or= 50 percent was observed in 32 patients (13 percent). Mean squeeze pressure (+5.1 mmHg; P = 0.04) and maximal tolerated volume (+11 ml; P = 0.01) improved from baseline. Resting pressure (P = 0.22), sensory threshold (P = 0.52), and urge sensation (P = 0.06) remained unchanged. Subgroup analyses did not show substantial differences in effects of pelvic floor rehabilitation between subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pelvic floor rehabilitation leads overall to a modest improvement in severity of fecal incontinence, squeeze pressure, and maximal tolerated volume. Only in a few patients, a substantial improvement of the baseline Vaizey score was observed. Further studies are needed to identify patients who most likely will benefit from pelvic floor rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, G1-229, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.p.terra@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dobben
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berghmans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deutekom
authors.forename: C G M I
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Baeten
authors.forename: L W M
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: G E E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Boeckxstaens
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: R J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Felt-Bersma
authors.forename: J F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Slors
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gerhards
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bijnen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Everhardt
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: P M M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bossuyt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stoker
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome