title: Characterizing nicotine withdrawal in pregnant cigarette smokers.
abstract: Maternal smoking is a leading preventable cause of poor pregnancy outcomes and infant morbidity and mortality. Whereas pregnancy has been thought of as a "window of opportunity" when women are more motivated to change health behaviors such as smoking, only 20% of pregnant women quit smoking upon learning they are pregnant and remain abstinent at the end of the pregnancy. Greater understanding of possible obstacles to smoking during pregnancy, such as nicotine withdrawal, is needed. The symptoms of nicotine withdrawal have been well characterized in nonpregnant smokers, but there has been only 1 report conducted during pregnancy, and that was a retrospective study. The aim of the present study was to characterize nicotine withdrawal and craving in pregnant cigarette smokers. These data were collected as part of prospective clinical trials assessing the efficacy of voucher-based incentives to promote abstinence from cigarette smoking during pregnancy and postpartum. The authors examined results from the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (J. R. Hughes & D. K. Hatsukami, 1998) in 27 abstainers (reported no or very low levels of smoking, which was confirmed biochemically) and 21 smokers (smoked at >80% of their baseline smoking level) during the first 5 days of a cessation attempt. Abstainers reported more impatience, anger, and difficulty concentrating than did smokers. The results also suggest that pregnant smokers generally may have elevated baseline levels of withdrawal, which need to be considered in the design and analysis of future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA. sarah.heil@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Joan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mongeon
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.forename: Ira M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology