title: Feeding assistance needs of long-stay nursing home residents and staff time to provide care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the staff time requirements to provide feeding assistance to nursing home residents who require three different types of assistance to improve oral food and fluid intake (social stimulation, verbal cuing, or both; physical guidance; or full physical assistance) and to determine whether physically dependent residents require more staff time, as defined in the national Resource Utilization Group System (RUGS) used for reimbursement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six skilled nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one long-stay residents with low oral intake who responded to improved feeding assistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research staff conducted direct observations of usual nursing home care for 2 consecutive days (total of six meals) to measure oral food and fluid consumption (total percentage eaten) and staff time spent providing assistance (minutes and seconds). Research staff then implemented a standardized graduated-assistance protocol on 2 separate days (total of six meals) that enhanced residents' oral food and fluid intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staff time to provide feeding assistance that improved food and fluid consumption was comparable across different levels of eating dependency. Across all levels, residents required an average of 35 to 40 minutes of staff time per meal; thus, residents who needed only supervision and verbal cuing required just as much time as those who were physically dependent on staff for eating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current RUGS system used for reimbursement likely underestimates the staff time required to provide feeding assistance care that improves oral intake.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Borun Center for Gerontological Research, 7150 Tampa Avenue, Reseda, CA 91335, USA. ssimmons@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Sandra F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schnelle
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004435:Eating; D005248:Feeding Methods / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009735:Nursing Homes; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000592:standards*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care