title: Endocrine Disruptors in Mediterranean top marine predators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Man-made Endocrine Disruptors (EDs) range across all continents and oceans. Some geographic areas are potentially more threatened than others: one of these is the Mediterranean Sea. Levels of some xenobiotics are much higher here than in other seas and oceans. In this paper we review the final results of a project in which the hypothesis that Mediterranean top predator species (such as large pelagic fish and marine mammals) are potentially at risk due to EDs was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a four-year survey on the Mediterranean population of swordfish (Xiphias gladius), the potential toxicological effects of organochlorine compounds (OCs) on specimens of swordfish and tuna fish (Thunnus thynnus thynnus), caught in the spawning seasons from 1999 to 2002 in the Straits of Messina, Sicily (Italy), were investigated using vitellogenin (Vtg), Zona radiata proteins (Zrp), and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activities (EROD, BPMO). Tissues (skin and blubber) were obtained from Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinus delphis and Balaenoptera physalus from the western Ligurian Sea, between Corsica and the French-Italian coast, and Ionic Sea using biopsy darts launched with a crossbow. Benzo(alpha)pyrene monoxigenase (BPMO) activity was mesured in biopsies and cholrinated hydrocarbon levels were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We illustrate the need to develop and apply sensitive methodological tools, such as biomarkers (Vitellogenin, Zona Radiata proteins and CYP1A activities) for evaluation of toxicological risk in Xiphias gladius and Thunnus thynnus thynnus), and nondestructive biomarkers (CYP1A activities and fibroblast cell culture in skin biopsy), for the hazard assessment of threatened marine mammals species (Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinus delphis and Balaenoptera physalus) exposed to EDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present research shows that: a) Vtg and Zrp can be used as diagnostic tools for fish stocks hazard assessment in the Mediterranean Sea; b) that CYP1A1 (BPMO) induction in cetaceans skin biopsy may be an early sign of exposure to EDs such as OCs and a potential alert for transgenerational effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research represents a warning signal of the potential reproductive alterations in marine top predators and suggest the need for continuous monitoring to avoid reductions in population and biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Italy. Fossi@unisi.it
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fossi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casini
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marsili
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001579:Benzopyrene Hydroxylase / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy / Q000662:veterinary; D002591:Cetacea; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000032:analysis; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D014413:Tuna; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004527:Egg Proteins; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D014819:Vitellogenins; C423083:zona radiata protein, fish; D001579:Benzopyrene Hydroxylase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1