title: The time structure of the cyclic alternating pattern during sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the intervals between A phases of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and to describe their time structure. This might represent an additional aspect to be studied in sleep pathologies that are accompanied by CAP changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep stages and CAP A phases were identified in polysomnographic night recordings of normal adults and children. Intervals between consecutive CAP A phases were measured, counted, and used to draw individual normalized distribution graphs. The intervals during light sleep (stages 1 and 2) were analyzed separately from those occurring during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Subsequently, we performed a Markovian analysis of intervals, in order to describe in detail their time structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four adults and 28 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adults, a preponderance of intervals shorter than 60 seconds during SWS was found; light sleep showed a higher number of intervals longer than 60 seconds. A less clear-cut difference between stages was found in children, who showed a shift of the peak in their SWS histogram toward intervals shorter than in adults. Interval sequences were not determined by a random process in both groups. The Markovian analysis showed statistically significant lower values of entropy and higher values of time dependency, mostly in adults during SWS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different CAP components of sleep occur in a non-random ordered fashion, and their time structure is characterized by first-order relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We postulate that CAP components are the expression of a timely ordered process that exhibits specific sleep stage-related features and undergoes age-related modifications.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology I.C., Oasi Institute (IRCCS), Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy. rferri@oasi.en.it
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Oliviero
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bruni
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plazzi
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spruyt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Terzano
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004585:Electrooculography; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D010507:Periodicity; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology