title: How normal are the hands of normal controls? A study with dedicated magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate bone and soft tissue changes in the hands of normal subjects by MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three normal volunteers (16 women) agreed to be examined. MRI of the hand was performed with a dedicated-extremity 0.2 Tesla device using gradient echo, spin echo and STIR sequences. Joint space width was measured in 16 different locations of the hand. Bone lesions, including bone oedema, ankylosis, and erosions, as well as the presence of tenosynovitis were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reproducibility of measures of joint space width was relatively good with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.82 and 0.71 in the intra-observer and inter-observer evaluations, respectively. No age- or sex-related differences of joint space were observed. Reproducibility of the readings of bone oedema and tenosynovitis were optimal. Bone oedema and erosions were observed in 2/23 (8.7%) and in 6/23 (26.1%) subjects, respectively. Tenosynovitis of the extensor tendons was present in 1/23 subjects (4.3%), whereas tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons was seen in 4/23 (17.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that joint changes considered to be peculiar of arthritis can be found by MRI in a relevant percentage of healthy subjects. Our data suggest that a control group of healthy subjects should be included in MRI studies on the appearance of the wrist in disease.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Reumatologica, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garlaschi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cimmino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000844:Ankylosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D050823:Hand Joints / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results