title: Molecular fingerprinting of BMP2- and BMP4-treated embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the differences in gene expression between control-, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2- and BMP4-treated murine embryonic maxillary mesenchymal (MEMM) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcript profiles of BMP2-, BMP4- and vehicle-treated MEMM cells were compared utilizing the murine high-density GeneChip arrays from Affymetrix. The raw chip data (probe intensities) were pre-processed using robust multichip averaging with GC-content background correction and further normalized with GeneSpring v7.2 software. Cluster analysis of the microarray data was performed with the GeneSpring software. Changes in the gene expression were verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of approximately 50% of the 45 101 genes and expressed sequence tags examined in this study were detected in BMP2-, BMP4- and vehicle-treated MEMM cells and that of several hundred genes was significantly altered (up or downregulated) in these cells in response to BMP2 and BMP4. Expression profiles of each of the 26 mRNAs tested by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR were found to be consistent with the microarray data. Genes whose expression was modulated following BMP2 or BMP4 treatment, could be broadly classified based on the functions of the encoded proteins such as the growth factors and signaling molecules, transcription factors, and proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, extracellular matrix synthesis, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilization of the Affymetrix GeneChip microarray technology has enabled us to delineate a detailed transcriptional map of BMP2 and BMP4 responsiveness in embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells and offers revealing insights into crucial molecular regulatory mechanisms employed by these two growth factors in orchestrating embryonic orofacial cellular responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, ULSD, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pisano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics; D008437:Maxilla / Q000196:embryology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000235:genetics*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta