title: Association between markers of emphysema and more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The predominant emphysema phenotype is associated with more severe airflow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study was undertaken to investigate whether COPD patients, with or without emphysema quantitatively confirmed by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), have different COPD severity as assessed by the BODE index (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise performance) and inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity ratio (IC/TLC), and by different biological markers of lung parenchymal destruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty six outpatients with COPD and eight healthy non-smokers were examined. Each subject underwent HRCT scanning, pulmonary function tests, cell counts, and measurements of neutrophil elastase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in induced sputum, as well as measurement of desmosine, a marker of elastin degradation in urine, plasma and sputum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with HRCT confirmed emphysema had a higher BODE index and lower IC/TLC ratio than subjects without HRCT confirmed emphysema and controls. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), FEV(1)/forced vital capacity ratio, and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient were lower, whereas the number of eosinophils, MMP-9, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in sputum were higher in patients with emphysema. In COPD patients the number of sputum eosinophils was the biological variable that correlated positively with the HRCT score of emphysema (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that COPD associated with HRCT confirmed emphysema is characterised by more severe lung function impairment, more intense airway inflammation and, possibly, more serious systemic dysfunction than COPD not associated with HRCT confirmed emphysema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy. bsp@unife.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boschetto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quintavalle
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leprotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Potena
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ballerin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palladini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luisetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annovazzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iadarola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Rosa
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mapp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014109:Total Lung Capacity; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9