title: Unexpected aggregation of neutral, xylene-cored dinuclear GdIII chelates in aqueous solution.
abstract: We have synthesized ditopic ligands L(1), L(2), and L(3) that contain two DO3A(3-) metal-chelating units with a xylene core as a noncoordinating linker (DO3A(3-) = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetate; L(1) = 1,4-bis{[4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-yl]methyl}benzene; L(2) = 1,3-bis{[4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-yl]methyl}benzene; L(3) = 3,5-bis{[4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-yl]methyl}benzoic acid). Aqueous solutions of the dinuclear Gd(III) complexes formed with the three ligands have been investigated in a variable-temperature, multiple-field (17)O NMR and (1)H relaxivity study. The (17)O longitudinal relaxation rates measured for the [Gd(2)L(1-3)(H2O)(2)] complexes show strong field dependence (2.35-9.4 T), which unambiguously proves the presence of slowly tumbling entities in solution. The proton relaxivities of the complexes, which are unexpectedly high for their molecular weight, and in particular the relaxivity peaks observed at 40-50 MHz also constitute experimental evidences of slow rotational motion. This was explained in terms of self-aggregation related to hydrophobic interactions, pi stacking between the aromatic linkers, or possible hydrogen bonding between the chelates. The longitudinal (17)O relaxation rates of the [Gd(2)L(1-3)(H2O)(2)] complexes have been analysed with the Lipari-Szabo approach, leading to local rotational correlation times tau(1)(298) of 150-250 ps and global rotational correlation times tau(g)(298) of 1.6-3.4 ns (c(Gd): 20-50 mM), where tau(1)(298) is attributed to local motions of the Gd segments, while tau(g)(298) describes the overall motion of the aggregates. The aggregates can be partially disrupted by phosphate addition; however, at high concentrations phosphate interferes in the first coordination sphere by replacing the coordinated water. In contrast to the parent [Gd(DO3A)(H2O)(1.9)], which presents a hydration equilibrium between mono- and dihydrated species, a hydration number of q = 1 was established for the [Ln(2)L(1-3)(H2O)(2)] chelates by (17)O chemical shift measurements on Ln = Gd and UV/Vis spectrophotometry for Ln = Eu. The exchange rate of the coordinated water is higher for [Gd(2)L(1-3)(H2O)(2)] complexes k(ex)(298) = 7.5-12.0 x 10(6) s(-1)) than for [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)](-). The proton relaxivity of the [Gd(2)L(1-3)(H2O)(2)] complexes strongly decreases with increasing pH. This is related to the deprotonation of the inner-sphere water, which has also been characterized by pH potentiometry. The protonation constants determined for this process are logK(OH) = 9.50 and 10.37 for [Gd(2)L(1)(H2O)(2)] and [Gd(2)L(3)(H2O)(2)], respectively.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Bioinorganique, EPFL-BCH, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Edina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balogh
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turcry
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tripier
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Baccon
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chuburu
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Handel
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.forename: André E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Merbach
mesh_terms: D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008024:Ligands; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011199:Potentiometry; D012996:Solutions; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014992:Xylenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D002614:Chelating Agents; D008024:Ligands; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D012996:Solutions; D014992:Xylenes; D014867:Water; D005682:Gadolinium