title: Effects of mental relaxation and slow breathing in essential hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare mental relaxation and slow breathing as adjunctive treatment in patients of essential hypertension by observing their effects on blood pressure and other autonomic parameters like heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral skin temperature, electromyographic activity of the frontalis muscle and skin conductance.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients of essential hypertension either receiving antihypertensive drugs or unmedicated were selected randomly. Various parameters were recorded during the resting state and then during mental relaxation and slow breathing for 10 min each, separated by a quiet period of 15 min. All parameters were recorded again after mental relaxation and slow breathing. Changes in various parameters observed after mental relaxation and slow breathing were analyzed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both mental relaxation and slow breathing resulted in a fall in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and electromyographic activity with increase in peripheral skin temperature and skin conductance. Slow breathing caused a significantly higher fall in heart rate (p<0.05), respiratory rate (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (p<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01). Increase in peripheral skin temperature (p<0.05) and reduction in electromyographic activity (p<0.05) occurred more with mental relaxation. No significant differences were seen between increases in skin conductance (p>0.2) observed with both the modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even a single session of mental relaxation or slow breathing can result in a temporary fall in blood pressure. Both the modalities increase the parasympathetic tone but have effects of different intensity on different autonomic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Nagar, P.O. Doiwala, Dehradun 248140, Uttaranchal, India. rmkaushik1@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Rajeev Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: Sukhdev Krishan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Vemreddi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajesh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012064:Relaxation Therapy