title: Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma may develop within a background of accumulating DNA methylation in normal and dysplastic mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) often arises from preceding dysplastic lesions in the oesophageal epithelium. However, the molecular changes occurring in premalignant lesions are not well understood. An epigenetic change is an example of OSCC that may occur within the epithelium.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the methylation status of multiple promoters in cancer-derived DNA, as well as in the background epithelium of OSCC, including dysplastic lesions and non-neoplastic mucosa. The normal epithelium from patients without cancer was also examined. The findings were correlated with the mutational status of p53.
  
  
  METHODS
  56 patients with advanced OSCC, 21 patients with intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN), 56 patients with a background of non-neoplastic epithelium, adjacent to the OSCC, and 42 normal control epithelia from healthy volunteers were studied. The promoter methylation status of SFRP1, SFRP2, DCC, APC, p16(INK4a), p14(ARF), MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, CACNA1G, COX2, DAPK, hMLH1 and MGMT was examined by methylation-specific single polymerase chain reaction or combined bisulphite restriction analysis. The mutation of p53 by direct sequencing was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA methylation was observed in OSCC and in its background epithelium. The frequency of CpG island methylation increased from a baseline level in the background non-neoplastic epithelium, through IEN, to advanced OSCC. However, mutations in p53 were almost exclusively observed in IEN and OSCC. More extensive DNA methylation was seen in the neoplastic lesions (OSCC or IEN) having a p53 mutation than in those with wild-type p53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA methylation is present at low levels in the non-neoplastic oesophageal epithelium and appears to contribute to the progression of the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in OSCC carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Notohara
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cullings
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kambara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naomoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ouchida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jass
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsubara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53