title: Bladder reconstruction using a collagen patch prefabricated within the omentum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present our experience with a novel bladder reconstruction model using a collagen sponge pre-embedded within the omentum. The aim of the study is to evaluate tissue regeneration of the reconstructed bladder and the effect of prefabricating the collagen patch within the omentum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty pigs were divided into three groups. For the prefabricated patch group (PFP; n=10), collagen sponge was inserted into the omentum. After 1 week, the pigs underwent a hemicystectomy and the sponge with an attached omental flap was brought to close the defect. For the non-prefabricated patch group (NPFP; n=6), pigs received hemicystectomy and closure with a collagen sponge without prefabricating in the omentum. Four other pigs received hemicystectomy alone as a control (C; n=4). All animals in the NPFP and C groups, and 7 of 10 in the PFP group were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks. Three other pigs in the PFP group were sacrificed at 12 weeks. Resected bladders were submitted to hematoxylin-eosin, and immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals except for two in the NPFP group survived. At the time of grafting, the collagen sponge was covered with thick omental methothelial layers, and neo-vascularization from the omentum was observed. At each time point, only slight adhesion was observed around the patch in the PFP group, while severe adhesion between the patch and the bowel was observed in the NPFP group, suggesting that prefabricated collagen sponge within the omentum prevented urine leakage from the bladder. Histologically, the patch was well vascularized, and the luminal surface was covered with urothelium at 4 weeks in both groups. However, in the PFP group, there was mild inflammation in the submucosa and in-growth of smooth muscle derived from the adjacent muscle layers was observed with time, whereas severe inflammation was observed and in-growth of smooth muscle was limited in the NPF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prefabricating of a collagen patch within the omentum stimulated early neo-vascularization before grafting, and this procedure appears to offer an advantage for bladder reconstruction over a non-prefabricated procedure in terms of prevention of urine leakage and inflammation, and favorable tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. kazhat@iuhw.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joraku
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oyasu
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akaza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen; D003187:Compliance; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009852:Omentum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen