title: The effects of coffee and napping on nighttime highway driving: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep-related accidents often involve healthy young persons who are driving at night. Coffee and napping restore alertness, but no study has compared their effects on real nighttime driving performances.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of 125 mL of coffee (half a cup) containing 200 mg of caffeine, placebo (decaffeinated coffee containing 15 mg of caffeine), or a 30-minute nap (at 1:00 a.m.) in a car on nighttime driving performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory and open highway.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 young men (mean age, 21.3 years [SD, 1.8]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-rated fatigue and sleepiness, inappropriate line crossings from video recordings during highway driving, and polysomnographic recordings during the nap and subsequent sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants drove 200 km (125 miles) between 6:00 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. (daytime reference condition) or between 2:00 a.m. and 3:30 a.m. (coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or nap condition). After intervention, participants returned to the laboratory to sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nighttime driving performance was similar to daytime performance (0 to 1 line crossing) for 75% of participants after coffee (0 or 1 line crossing), for 66% after the nap (P = 0.66 vs. coffee), and for only 13% after placebo (P = 0.041 vs. nap; P = 0.014 vs. coffee). The incidence rate ratios for having a line crossing after placebo were 3.7 (95% CI, 1.2 to 11.0; P = 0.001) compared with coffee and 2.9 (CI, 1.7 to 5.1; P = 0.021) compared with nap. A statistically significant interindividual variability was observed in response to sleep deprivation and countermeasures. Sleep latencies and efficiency during sleep after nighttime driving were similar in the 3 conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only 1 dose of coffee and 1 nap duration were tested. Effects may differ in other patient or age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drinking coffee or napping at night statistically significantly reduces driving impairment without altering subsequent sleep.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux and Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France. pierrephilip@compuserve.com
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taillard
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delord
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valtat
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sagaspe
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bioulac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002110:Caffeine; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003069:Coffee; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012649:Self Concept; D012890:Sleep; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine