title: Respiratory distress syndrome-associated inflammation is related to early but not late peri/intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether or not peri/intraventricular hemorrhages (PIVHs) occurring in the first 12 hours of life (early PIVHs) are related to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)-associated inflammatory factors in contrast to PIVHs developing after 12 hours of life (late PIVHs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples obtained at 0 to 12 hours, 48 to 72 hours, and 168 hours of life were evaluated for determination of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as measures of lipid peroxidation. Simultaneously, cranial ultrasonography was performed in 114 neonates under 32 weeks gestational age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the total study group of 114 neonates, 67 (59%) had RDS. Early PIVH occurred in 16 neonates, 14 of whom (88%) had RDS. Late PIVHs occurred in 12 neonates. Neonates with RDS had higher IL-8 and IL-6 levels at 0 to 12 hours (P < .0001; < .0001) and at 48 to 72 hours (P < .001; < .01) than those without RDS. Neonates with early PIVH had higher IL-8 (P < .02), IL-6 (P < .02), and MDA (P < .01) levels at 0 to 12 hours than those with late PIVH or no PIVH. Those with early PIVH had higher IL-8 levels at 48 to 72 hours than those without PIVH (P < .02). Multiple linear regression revealed an association between RDS/early PIVH and IL-8, IL-6, and MDA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An RDS-associated increase in proinflammatory cytokine and MDA levels was associated with early PIVHs, but not with late PIVHs, suggesting a different etiopathogenesis in early versus late PIVHs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology and Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tannette G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Krediet
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavelaars
authors.forename: Hendrik J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vreman
authors.forename: Cobi J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Bel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde