title: Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the considerable time and research cost of analyzing biomedical images to quantify adipose tissue volumes, automated image analysis methods are highly desirable. Hippo Fat is a new software program designed to automatically quantify adipose tissue areas from magnetic resonance images without user inputs. Hippo Fat has yet to be independently validated against commonly used image analysis software programs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to compare estimates of VAT (visceral adipose tissue) and SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) using the new Hippo Fat software against those from a widely used, validated, computer-assisted manual method (slice-O-matic version 4.2, Tomovision, Montreal, CA, USA) to assess its potential utility for large-scale studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Siemens Magnetom Vision 1.5-T whole-body scanner and a T1-weighted fast-spin echo pulse sequence were used to collect multiple, contiguous axial images of the abdomen from a sample of 40 healthy adults (20 men) aged 18-77 years of age, with mean body mass index of 29 kg/m(2) (range=19-43 kg/m(2)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hippo Fat provided estimates of VAT and SAT that were highly correlated with estimates using slice-O-matic (R (2)>0.9). Average VAT was 9.4% lower and average SAT was 3.7% higher using Hippo Fat compared to slice-O-matic; the overestimation of SAT tended to be greater among individuals with greater adiposity. Individual-level differences for VAT were also substantial; Hippo Fattrade mark gave estimates of VAT ranging from 1184 cm(3) less to 566 cm(3) more than estimates for the same person using slice-O-matic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hippo Fat provides a rapid method of quantifying total VAT, although the method does not provide estimates that are interchangeable with slice-O-matic at either the group (mean) or individual level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Lifespan Health Research Center, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA. ellen.demerath@wright.edu
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Demerath
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Couch
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Remsberg
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Czerwinski
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chumlea
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Siervogel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Towne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001824:Body Constitution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012986:Software Validation; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology