title: High incidence of later-onset fabry disease revealed by newborn screening.
abstract: The classic phenotype of Fabry disease, X-linked alpha -galactosidase A (alpha -Gal A) deficiency, has an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 50,000 males. The recent recognition of later-onset variants suggested that this treatable lysosomal disease is more frequent. To determine the disease incidence, we undertook newborn screening by assaying the alpha-Gal A activity in blood spots from 37,104 consecutive Italian male neonates. Enzyme-deficient infants were retested, and "doubly screened-positive" infants and their relatives were diagnostically confirmed by enzyme and mutation analyses. Twelve (0.03%) neonates had deficient alpha-Gal A activities and specific mutations, including four novel missense mutations (M51I, E66G, A73V, and R118C), three missense mutations (F113L, A143T, and N215S) identified previously in later-onset patients, and one splicing defect (IVS5(+1G-->T)) reported in a patient with the classic phenotype. Molecular modeling and in vitro overexpression of the missense mutations demonstrated structures and residual activities, which were rescued/enhanced by an alpha-Gal A-specific pharmacologic chaperone, consistent with mutations that cause the later-onset phenotype. Family studies revealed undiagnosed Fabry disease in affected individuals. In this population, the incidence of alpha-Gal A deficiency was 1 in approximately 3,100, with an 11 : 1 ratio of patients with the later-onset : classic phenotypes. If only known disease-causing mutations were included, the incidence would be 1 in approximately 4,600, with a 7 : 1 ratio of patients with the later-onset : classic phenotypes. These results suggest that the later-onset phenotype of Fabry disease is underdiagnosed among males with cardiac, cerebrovascular, and/or renal disease. Recognition of these patients would permit family screening and earlier therapeutic intervention. However, the higher incidence of the later-onset phenotype in patients raises ethical issues related to when screening should be performed--in the neonatal period or at early maturity, perhaps in conjunction with screening for other treatable adult-onset disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: Severo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagliardini
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tukel
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakuraba
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponzone
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Desnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000795:Fabry Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012326:RNA Splicing