title: Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene expression analysis has identified several breast cancer subtypes, including basal-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive/estrogen receptor negative (HER2+/ER-), luminal A, and luminal B.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine population-based distributions and clinical associations for breast cancer subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical surrogates for each subtype were applied to 496 incident cases of invasive breast cancer from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (ascertained between May 1993 and December 1996), a population-based, case-control study that oversampled premenopausal and African American women. Subtype definitions were as follows: luminal A (ER+ and/or progesterone receptor positive [PR+], HER2-), luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+), basal-like (ER-, PR-, HER2-, cytokeratin 5/6 positive, and/or HER1+), HER2+/ER- (ER-, PR-, and HER2+), and unclassified (negative for all 5 markers).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the prevalence of breast cancer subtypes within racial and menopausal subsets and determined their associations with tumor size, axillary nodal status, mitotic index, nuclear pleomorphism, combined grade, p53 mutation status, and breast cancer-specific survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The basal-like breast cancer subtype was more prevalent among premenopausal African American women (39%) compared with postmenopausal African American women (14%) and non-African American women (16%) of any age (P<.001), whereas the luminal A subtype was less prevalent (36% vs 59% and 54%, respectively). The HER2+/ER- subtype did not vary with race or menopausal status (6%-9%). Compared with luminal A, basal-like tumors had more TP53 mutations (44% vs 15%, P<.001), higher mitotic index (odds ratio [OR], 11.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6-21.7), more marked nuclear pleomorphism (OR, 9.7; 95% CI, 5.3-18.0), and higher combined grade (OR, 8.3; 95% CI, 4.4-15.6). Breast cancer-specific survival differed by subtype (P<.001), with shortest survival among HER2+/ER- and basal-like subtypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Basal-like breast tumors occurred at a higher prevalence among premenopausal African American patients compared with postmenopausal African American and non-African American patients in this population-based study. A higher prevalence of basal-like breast tumors and a lower prevalence of luminal A tumors could contribute to the poor prognosis of young African American women with breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7305, USA. Lisa_Carey@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Perou
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Livasy
authors.forename: Lynn G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Dressler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Gamze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Troester
authors.forename: Chiu Kit
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edmiston
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Deming
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geradts
authors.forename: Maggie C U
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cheang
authors.forename: Torsten O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Patricia G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: H Shelton
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Earp
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Millikan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053555:Keratin-5; D053553:Keratin-6; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D066246:ErbB Receptors; D053555:Keratin-5; D053553:Keratin-6; D007633:Keratins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C503940:KRT5 protein, human; C507569:KRT6A protein, human; C507570:KRT6B protein, human; C507571:KRT6C protein, human