title: Salivary cortisol in preterm infants: Validation of a simple method for collecting saliva for cortisol determination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased use of salivary cortisol as a biomarker of stress and/or diurnal rhythms has facilitated research of Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)function. Saliva collection remains problematic with preterm infants. The twofold purpose of this study is to 1) establish validity of the filter paper method for saliva collection and 2) apply the filter paper method for saliva collection to preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole saliva was collected from six normal adult subjects to create a pool. Validation measures included comparison of levels obtained from whole saliva and filter paper, an evaluation of storage effects, assessing spiking recovery, and measurement of linearity of dilution. In the application study, saliva was collected every three hours, before feedings for three consecutive days from 26 hospitalized preterm infants. Diurnal variation in cortisol was examined using hierarchical linear modeling and individual calculation of diurnal pattern using an accepted technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validation studies revealed acceptable recovery of whole saliva from filters, no effect of room temperature storage of filters for up to six months, and acceptable linearity of dilution up to 4. Saliva from preterm infants was easily collected. Only 2% of the samples were lost due to inadequate wetting of the filters. An inverse association was found between postconceptional age and one-minute APGAR scores and infant cortisol levels. Variable daily cortisol patterns and no discernable rhythm were found for this sample; however, four infants appeared to show atypical diurnal pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The filter paper method is a valid method of saliva collection that is feasible to use with preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, Box C-288, Denver, CO 80262, USA. madalynn.neu@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Madalynn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Dexiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Laudenslager
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D010209:Paper; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone