title: Ventilator Y-piece pressure compared with intratracheal airway pressure in healthy intubated children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare airway pressure measurements at the ventilator Y-piece of the breathing circuit (P( Y )) to intratracheal pressure measured at the distal end (P( T )) of the endotracheal tube (ETT) during mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing of intubated children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children (age range 29 days to 5 years) receiving general anesthesia were intubated with an ETT incorporating a lumen embedded in its sidewall that opened at the distal end to measure P( T ). Peak inflation pressure (PIP) was measured at P( Y ) and P( T ) during positive pressure ventilation. Just before extubation, all measurements were repeated and imposed resistive work of breathing (WOBi) was calculated at both sites while breathing spontaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average PIP was approximately 25% greater at P( Y ) (19.7 +/- 3.4 cm H(2)O) vs. P( T ) (15.0 +/- 2.9 cm H(2)O), p < 0.01. During spontaneous inhalation P( T ) was 59% lower ({bond}8.5 +/- 4.0 cm H(2)O) vs. P( Y ) ({bond}3.5 +/- 2.0 cm H(2)O), p < 0.01. WOBi measured at P( Y ) (0.10 +/- 0.02 Joule/L) was 86% less than WOBi measured at P( T ) (0.70 +/- 0.40 Joule/L), p < 0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy children P( Y ) significantly overestimates PIP in the trachea during positive pressure ventilation and underestimates the intratracheal airway pressure during spontaneous inhalation. During positive pressure ventilation P( T ) better assesses the pressure generated in the airways and lungs compared to P( Y ) because P( T ) also includes the difference in airway pressure across the ETT tube due to resistance. During spontaneous inhalation, P( T ) reflects the series resistance of the ETT and ventilator circuit, while P( Y ) reflects only the resistance of the ventilator circuit, accounting for the smaller decreases in pressure. Additionally, P( Y ) underestimates the total WOBi load on the respiratory muscles. Thus, P( T ) is a more accurate reflection of pulmonary airway pressures than P( Y ) and suggests that it should be incorporated into ventilator systems to more accurately trigger the ventilator and to reduce work of breathing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nasiroglu
authors.forename: Bruce Craig
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Ikram Ul
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Haque
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012137:Respiratory System; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical