title: Uterine evaluation and gestation diagnosis in owl monkey (Aotus azarai infulatus) using the B mode ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gynecological and obstetrical ultrasonography has become an indispensable tool in the routine management, health evaluation and research on captive non-human primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound was used to evaluate the uterus and estimate the gestation of owl monkeys. Twelve couples were selected, where five were primiparous and seven multiparous females from the National Primate Center reproductive colony, Ananindeua-PA, Brazil. The procedures were carried out using the GE Logiq 100 MP, equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The females showed a simple uterus, of elongated shape, regular outline and homogeneous echogenic texture. In the uterine measurements craniocaudal diameter, dorsoventral diameter and uterine volume (UV), significant differences were identified (P < 0.05) between ultrasound examinations of primiparous and multiparous females. The UV showed a positive correlation with the number of births. The gestational sac and the embryonic echo were visible between 28 and 38 days after mating. Between 48 and 68 days after mating, embryonic death was identified in all the gestations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chemical (use of tranquilizers) and husbandry factors (capture stress) may be related to the prenatal death. The establishing methods of conditioning the female to the ultrasonographic exam may offer a solution to this problem.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. frederico.monteiro@ufra.edu.br
authors.forename: Frederico Ozanan Barros
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Marion Burkhardt
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: de Koivisto
authors.forename: Wilter Ricardo Russiano
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: Reinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Amorim Carvalho
authors.forename: Christina Wippich
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique Gomes
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Celsemy Eleutério
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Maia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016645:Aotidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary*; D014599:Uterus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology