title: Transnasal endoscopic surgical approaches to the clivus.
abstract: Transnasal endoscopic-assisted techniques to the clivus region can be safe and effective. Endoscopic-assisted approaches provide improved visualization and are a superior alternative to open surgical approaches in most cases. Nevertheless, problems such as infection, CSF leakage, and difficulty controlling intradural bleeding still remain. Surgeons must always remember that, although high technology such as endoscopes, image-guided surgery systems, imaging studies, and advanced anesthetic drugs were essential for the development and improvement of the skull base surgery, the success of this type of surgery depends on perfect knowledge of the anatomy, intense endoscopic surgery training, and a multidisciplinary partnership.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Paulo, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo ENT Center, Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos, Rua Afonso Braz 525 CJ13, São Paulo, Brazil 04511-010. centrodeorl@osite.com.br
authors.forename: Aldo Cassol
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: Shirley S N
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pignatari
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vellutini
mesh_terms: D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed