title: Nutritional risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in male smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether nutritional risk factors, especially black tea consumptions, are inversely associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in male smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male smokers with clinical diagnosis of COPD (Group-I (GI)) and 36 healthy smokers without COPD (Group-II (GII)) were included in this study. We compared the dietary habits and food intakes of the two groups using an adaptation of the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire (AFFQ). Question form included a list of 65 food items formed from five main food groups (grain, meat and alternatives, dairy products, vegetables-fruits and fat) and 25 dietary habits. The data were evaluated by binary logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When both groups compared, black tea consumptions (GI-700ml; GII-1600ml (OR: 0.635, P<0.001)), vegetable fruits scores (GI-54.30; GII-63.81 (OR: 0.863, P<0.001)), regularly breakfast habit (GI-24 patients; GII-36 cases (OR: 0.549, P<0.001)) and eating salty (GI-22 patients; GII-5 cases (P<0.001)) made significant differences. In ROC curves, the area under the curve of black tea (0.898 (95% CI: 0.819-0.977) and vegetables-fruits (0.833 (95% CI: 0.727-0.938) provided high accuracy to distinguish between COPD group and controls (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High intakes of black tea and vegetables-fruits consumptions may be protecting male smokers from developing COPD.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics Division, Hospital of Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey. fcelik@dicle.edu.tr
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Fusun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Topcu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants; D001628:Beverages; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D013662:Tea