title: Practice of using human excreta as fertilizer and implications for health in Nghean Province, Vietnam.
abstract: The ancient practice of applying latrine wastes to agricultural land has maintained soil fertility in Vietnam for several centuries but may be associated with health risks if the wastes are inadequately treated before usage. This study aimed at investigating the perceptions and handling practices using latrine wastes as fertilizers in a community in central Vietnam. Information was collected through structured questionnaire interviews administered to 75 farming households, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The majority (64%) of households had a single vault latrine, a possession that was associated with low income (chi2= 12.45; p < 0.05). Most households (85%) used latrine waste in agriculture that was composted before usage (98%). Households often mixed the composted excreta with kitchen ashes and powdered lime likely to increase pH and pathogen die-off. About 28% of households that were applying latrine waste as fertilizer composted three to six months, and only 11 (18%) households composted human excreta for more than the recommended six months. Households with double vault latrines were 7.8 (chi2= 9.4; p<0.05) times more likely to compost human excreta more than six months as compared with households having single vault latrine. Most farmers distributed the latrine wastes with bare hands (66%) because of convenience during application. Respondents with a high educational level used protective gloves more often when distributing latrine wastes in the fields compared to respondents with a low educational level (chi2 = 7.6; p<0.05). If any negative health impacts of latrine waste use in agriculture are to be reduced, then it is suggested that sustainable interventions should take into consideration farmers current excreta-use practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Phuc
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Konradsen
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Phuong
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D005308:Fertilizers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers