title: Risk factors for atherosclerosis in healthy employees-a multidisciplinary approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of early atherosclerosis in healthy workers and the relationship between classical, psychological, and immunological risk factors and atherosclerosis, as well as their predictive value.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred healthy managers and 50 office workers aged 35-65 were studied. In all subjects, individual, family, and occupational stress/coping risk factors were evaluated, including plasma levels of biochemical (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG, glucose) and inflammatory-immunological (aCL, anti-beta(2) GPI, oxLDL, HSP, HSCRP) parameters. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries were assessed with computer analysis of B-mode ultrasound images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 107 persons (71%) no changes were found in ultrasound images and in 43 individuals (29%) the presence of plaque was shown. The mean IMT value was 0.0618+/-0.013 mm. Cross-domain analysis showed that core predictors for IMT were age, LDL level, smoking, and occupation (being a manager) (beta=0.33, 0.30, 0.23, and 0.20, respectively); the core predictors for plaque were age, total cholesterol level, and an occupational stressor home-work balance (Wald=7, 6.7, and 5.6, respectively). Immunological factors were not independent predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In atherosclerosis, not only traditional risk factors (age, lipid disorders, and lifestyle) but also occupational stress factors may play a role. Immunological factors do not seem to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis in a population of healthy workers. The interplay between occupational stress and atherosclerotic changes requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Ergonomics, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jedryka-Góral
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pasierski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zabek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Widerszal-Bazyl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Radkiewicz
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Szulczyk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wojciechowska
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bugajska