title: Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide perinatal mortality and congenital anomaly rates for babies born to women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  National population based pregnancy cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  231 maternity units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  2359 pregnancies to women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who delivered between 1 March 2002 and 28 February 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stillbirth rates; perinatal and neonatal mortality; prevalence of congenital anomalies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2359 women with diabetes, 652 had type 2 diabetes and 1707 had type 1 diabetes. Women with type 2 diabetes were more likely to come from a Black, Asian, or other ethnic minority group (type 2, 48.8%; type 1, 9.1%) and from a deprived area (type 2, 46.3% in most deprived fifth; type 1, 22.8%). Perinatal mortality in babies of women with diabetes was 31.8/1000 births. Perinatal mortality was comparable in babies of women with type 1 (31.7/1000 births) and type 2 diabetes (32.3/1000) and was nearly four times higher than that in the general maternity population. 141 major congenital anomalies were confirmed in 109 offspring. The prevalence of major congenital anomaly was 46/1000 births in women with diabetes (48/1000 births for type 1 diabetes; 43/1000 for type 2 diabetes), more than double that expected. This increase was driven by anomalies of the nervous system, notably neural tube defects (4.2-fold), and congenital heart disease (3.4-fold). Anomalies in 71/109 (65%) offspring were diagnosed antenatally. Congenital heart disease was diagnosed antenatally in 23/42 (54.8%) offspring; anomalies other than congenital heart disease were diagnosed antenatally in 48/67 (71.6%) offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perinatal mortality and prevalence of congenital anomalies are high in the babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The rates do not seem to differ between the two types of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health, London NW1 5SD. mary.macintosh@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Mary C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Macintosh
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Jaron A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Modder
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Acolet
authors.forename: Shona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golightly
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000401:mortality*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000401:mortality*; D015995:Prevalence; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology