title: High glucose increase cell cycle regulatory proteins level of mouse embryonic stem cells via PI3-K/Akt and MAPKs signal pathways.
abstract: This study examined the effects of high glucose on cell proliferation and its related signal pathways using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here, we showed that high glucose level significantly increased [3H]thymidine incorporation, BrdU incorporation, the number of cells, [3H]leucine, and [3H]proline incorporation in a time-( >3 hr) and dose-(> 25 mM) dependent manner. Moreover, high glucose level increased the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation. Subsequently, these signaling molecules involved in high glucose-induced increase of [3H]thymidine incorporation. High glucose level also increased cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, and CDK 4 protein levels, which is cell cycle regulatory proteins acting in G1-S phase of cell cycle. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) (LY 294002: PI3-kinase inhibitor, 10(-6) M), Akt (Akt inhibitor, 10(-5) M), and p44/42 MAPKs (PD 98059: MEK inhibitor, 10(-5) M) decreased these proteins. High glucose level phosphorylated the RB protein, which was decreased by inhibition of PI3-K and Akt. In conclusion, high glucose level stimulates mouse ES cell proliferation via the PI3-K/Akt and MAPKs pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Ho Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose