title: Zinc carnosine, a health food supplement that stabilises small bowel integrity and stimulates gut repair processes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zinc carnosine (ZnC) is a health food product claimed to possess health-promoting and gastrointestinal supportive activity. Scientific evidence underlying these claims is, however, limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of ZnC on various models of gut injury and repair, and in a clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro studies used pro-migratory (wounded monolayer) and proliferation ([(3)H]-thymidine incorporation) assays of human colonic (HT29), rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) and canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. In vivo studies used a rat model of gastric damage (indomethacin/restraint) and a mouse model of small-intestinal (indomethacin) damage. Healthy volunteers (n = 10) undertook a randomised crossover trial comparing changes in gut permeability (lactulose:rhamnose ratios) before and after 5 days of indomethacin treatment (50 mg three times a day) with ZnC (37.5 mg twice daily) or placebo coadministration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ZnC stimulated migration and proliferation of cells in a dose-dependent manner (maximum effects in both assays at 100 micromol/l using HT29 cells), causing an approximate threefold increase in migration and proliferation (both p<0.01). Oral ZnC decreased gastric (75% reduction at 5 mg/ml) and small-intestinal injury (50% reduction in villus shortening at 40 mg/ml; both p<0.01). In volunteers, indomethacin caused a threefold increase in gut permeability in the control arm; lactulose:rhamnose ratios were (mean (standard error of mean)) 0.35 (0.035) before indomethacin treatment and 0.88 (0.11) after 5 days of indomethacin treatment (p<0.01), whereas no significant increase in permeability was seen when ZnC was coadministered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ZnC, at concentrations likely to be found in the gut lumen, stabilises gut mucosa. Further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marchbank
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ntatsaki
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Playford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002336:Carnosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004285:Dogs; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C061957:polaprezinc; D002336:Carnosine; D007213:Indomethacin