title: Functional evaluation of nerve-skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro.
abstract: Previously, we have engineered three-dimensional (3-D) skeletal muscle constructs that generate force and display a myosin heavy-chain (MHC) composition of fetal muscle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional characteristics of 3-D skeletal muscle constructs cocultured with fetal nerve explants. We hypothesized that coculture of muscle constructs with neural cells would produce constructs with increased force and adult MHC isoforms. Following introduction of embryonic spinal cord explants to a layer of confluent muscle cells, the neural tissue integrated with the cultured muscle cells to form 3-D muscle constructs with extensions. Immunohistochemical labeling indicated that the extensions were neural tissue and that the junctions between the nerve extensions and the muscle constructs contained clusters of acetylcholine receptors. Compared to muscles cultured without nerve explants, constructs formed from nerve- muscle coculture showed spontaneous contractions with an increase in frequency and force. Upon field stimulation, both twitch (2-fold) and tetanus (1.7-fold) were greater in the nerve-muscle coculture system. Contractions could be elicited by electrically stimulating the neural extensions, although smaller forces are produced than with field stimulation. Severing the extension eliminated the response to electrical stimulation, excluding field stimulation as a contributing factor. Nerve- muscle constructs showed a tendency to have higher contents of adult and lower contents of fetal MHC isoforms, but the differences were not significant. In conclusion, we have successfully engineered a 3-D nerve-muscle construct that displays functional neuromuscular junctions and can be electrically stimulated to contract via the neural extensions projecting from the construct.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Muscle Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2007, USA. llarkin@umich.edu
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Jack H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Van der Meulen
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains