title: Quantitative estimation of Nipah virus replication kinetics in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus isolated from an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998. The virus causes infections in humans, pigs, and several other domestic animals. It has also been isolated from fruit bats. The pathogenesis of Nipah virus infection is still not well described. In the present study, Nipah virus replication kinetics were estimated from infection of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) using the one-step SYBR Green I-based quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The qRT-PCR had a dynamic range of at least seven orders of magnitude and can detect Nipah virus from as low as one PFU/microL. Following initiation of infection, it was estimated that Nipah virus RNA doubles at every approximately 40 minutes and attained peak intracellular virus RNA level of approximately 8.4 log PFU/microL at about 32 hours post-infection (PI). Significant extracellular Nipah virus RNA release occurred only after 8 hours PI and the level peaked at approximately 7.9 log PFU/microL at 64 hours PI. The estimated rate of Nipah virus RNA released into the cell culture medium was approximately 0.07 log PFU/muL per hour and less than 10% of the released Nipah virus RNA was infectious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SYBR Green I-based qRT-PCR assay enabled quantitative assessment of Nipah virus RNA synthesis in Vero cells. A low rate of Nipah virus extracellular RNA release and low infectious virus yield together with extensive syncytial formation during the infection support a cell-to-cell spread mechanism for Nipah virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics Research, Department of Forest Biotechnology, Forest Research Institute, 52109, Selangor, Malaysia. changliyen@frim.gov.my
authors.forename: Li-Yen
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A R Mohd
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Sharifah Syed
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Sazaly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: AbuBakar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003959:Diamines; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D045405:Nipah Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011804:Quinolines; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014709:Vero Cells / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D003959:Diamines; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011804:Quinolines; D012367:RNA, Viral; C098022:SYBR Green I