title: Hyperhomocysteinaemia and vitamin B12 deficiency: the long-term effects in cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An elevated plasma homocysteine level is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in homocysteine metabolism and could be the main factor in causing cardiovascular disease as well.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess whether vitamin B12 deficiency or hyperhomocysteinaemia is associated with recurrent cardiovascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 211 patients discharged alive from our Coronary Care Unit were recruited from February till May 1998. Serum vitamin B12 and plasma homocysteine levels were measured in fasting blood samples. Patient characteristics, medical information and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed from medical files. Patients were followed for 5 years and the prevalence of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the follow-up period of 810 person-years, 48 (21%) of the patients experienced a nonfatal recurrent cardiovascular event and another 14 (7%) died of a cardiovascular cause. Among those with ischaemic heart disease at discharge, no difference in survival was found between the patients with a low (<250 pmol/l) or a high vitamin B12 level (p = 0.21). In patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia (>16 micromol/l), an increased risk of a recurrent cardio vascular event (p = 0.05) in comparison to those with normal plasma homocysteine levels was proven (adjusted hazard ratio of 2.22 (95% CI: 1.40-3.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, high plasma homocysteine concentration, but not a low serum vitamin B12 concentration, increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. M.vanOijen@mdl.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Martijn G H
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van Oijen
authors.forename: Floor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vlemmix
authors.forename: Robert J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laheij
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paloheimo
authors.forename: Jan B M J
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Freek W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000150:complications*