title: Maternal sex and mate relatedness affect offspring quality in the gynodioecious Silene acaulis.
abstract: In gynodioecious species, females sacrifice fitness by not producing pollen, and hence must have a fitness advantage over hermaphrodites. Because females are obligately outcrossed, they may derive a fitness advantage by avoiding selfing and inbreeding depression. However, both sexes are capable of biparental inbreeding, and there are currently few estimates of the independent effects of maternal sex and multiple levels of inbreeding on female advantage. To test these hypotheses, females and hermaphrodites from six Alaskan populations of Silene acaulis were crossed with pollen from self (hermaphrodites only), a sibling, a random plant within the same population, and a plant from a different population. Germination, survivorship and early growth revealed inbreeding depression for selfs and higher germination but reduced growth in sib-crosses, relative to outcrosses. Independent of mate relatedness, females germinated more seeds that grew faster than offspring from hermaphrodites. This indicates that inbreeding depression as well as maternal sex can influence breeding system evolution. The effect of maternal sex may be explained by higher performance of female genotypes and a greater abundance of female genotypes among the offspring of female mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA. srk3d@virginia.edu
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schwaegerle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D029751:Silene / Q000502:physiology*