Anaplerotic molecules: current and future.
This review presents the concepts of anaplerosis and cataplerosis in relation to the regulation of citric acid cycle operation. Anaplerosis is the re-filling of the catalytic intermediates of the cycle that carry acetyl-CoA as it is oxidized. The main anaplerotic substrates are pyruvate, glutamine/glutamate and precursors of propionyl-CoA (odd-chain fatty acids, specific amino acids, C(5)-ketone bodies). Cataplerosis balances anaplerosis by removing excess intermediates from the citric acid cycle. The properties of the main anaplerotic substrates are reviewed from the point of view of potential clinical applications to the treatment of some inherited and acquired conditions.
Brunengraber
Henri
H
Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4906, USA. hxb8@case.edu
Roe
Charles R
CR
D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006537:Heptanoates / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000378:metabolism; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D014631:Valerates / Q000378:metabolism
D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A; D006537:Heptanoates; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D011422:Propionates; D014280:Triglycerides; D014631:Valerates; D005973:Glutamine; C009061:propionyl-coenzyme A; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; C029658:propionic acid