title: Comparison of biochemical values in serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, and hemolyzed samples from orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To the authors' knowledge, on the basis of sample type, storage condition, or hemolysis, differences in serum and plasma biochemical values have not been evaluated in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare values for biochemical analytes in serum vs plasma, fresh vs frozen plasma, and nonhemolyzed vs hemolyzed samples in orange-winged Amazon parrots. We also compared differences in serum and plasma yield from whole-blood aliquots.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen biochemical analytes were evaluated in paired serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, nonhemolyzed and hemolyzed serum and plasma samples from orange-winged Amazon parrots (n = 10) using a wet reagent analyzer. Hemolysis was assessed qualitatively (visually) and quantitatively (hemoglobin [Hgb] measured spectrophotometrically). Serum and plasma yields from 500-microl whole-blood aliquots were determined from centrifuged samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyte values significantly differed among sample groups, but were still within published reference intervals, with the exception of increases in potassium concentration in markedly hemolyzed serum and plasma samples. Clinically important changes in hemolyzed serum and plasma samples included increases in potassium, phosphorus, and albumin concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The degree of hemolysis assigned qualitatively did not correlate with quantitative Hgb concentration. A significantly greater yield of plasma (288 +/- 13 microL) than serum (241 +/- 44 microL) was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences may occur in different sample types, however, only changes in potassium, phosphorus, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase values in hemolyzed samples were considered clinically relevant. Lack of agreement between qualitative and quantitative Hgb concentration indicates the unreliability of visual estimation. Based on higher sample yield, and lack of clinically relevant differences from serum, plasma is a better sample choice for clinical chemistry analysis in birds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA. mghawkins@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Michelle G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zinkl
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tell
mesh_terms: D046708:Amazona / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary*; D005615:Freezing; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry*; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000662:veterinary