title: Shoulder muscle EMG activity during push up variations on and off a Swiss ball.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface instability is a common addition to traditional rehabilitation and strength exercises with the aim of increasing muscle activity, increasing exercise difficulty and improving joint proprioception. The aim of the current study was to determine if performing upper body closed kinetic chain exercises on a labile surface (Swiss ball) influences myoelectric amplitude when compared with a stable surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen males were recruited from a convenience sample of college students. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the triceps, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and external oblique while performing push up exercises with the feet or hands placed on a bench and separately on a Swiss ball. A push up plus exercise was also evaluated with hands on the support surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all muscles responded with an increase in muscle activity. The pectoralis major muscle was not influenced by surface stability. The triceps and rectus abdominis muscles showed increases in muscle activity only when the hands were on the unstable surface. The external oblique muscle was only influenced by surface stability during the performance of the push up plus exercise. No muscle showed a change in activation level when the legs were supported by the Swiss ball instead of the bench.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle activity can be influenced by the addition of surface instability however an increase in muscle activity does not influence all muscles in all conditions. The relationship between the participant's center of mass, the location of the unstable surface and the body part contacting the Swiss ball may be important factors in determining the muscle activation changes following changes in surface stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Graduate Studies, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada. glehman@cmcc.ca
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: MacMillan
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: MacIntyre
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chivers
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fluter