title: Embryonic pig pancreatic tissue transplantation for the treatment of diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transplantation of embryonic pig pancreatic tissue as a source of insulin has been suggested for the cure of diabetes. However, previous limited clinical trials failed in their attempts to treat diabetic patients by transplantation of advanced gestational age porcine embryonic pancreas. In the present study we examined growth potential, functionality, and immunogenicity of pig embryonic pancreatic tissue harvested at different gestational ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implantation of embryonic pig pancreatic tissues of different gestational ages in SCID mice reveals that embryonic day 42 (E42) pig pancreas can enable a massive growth of pig islets for prolonged periods and restore normoglycemia in diabetic mice. Furthermore, both direct and indirect T cell rejection responses to the xenogeneic tissue demonstrated that E42 tissue, in comparison to E56 or later embryonic tissues, exhibits markedly reduced immunogenicity. Finally, fully immunocompetent diabetic mice grafted with the E42 pig pancreatic tissue and treated with an immunosuppression protocol comprising CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand (anti-CD40L) attained normal blood glucose levels, eliminating the need for insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize the importance of selecting embryonic tissue of the correct gestational age for optimal growth and function and for reduced immunogenicity, and provide a proof of principle for the therapeutic potential of E42 embryonic pig pancreatic tissue transplantation in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Smadar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eventov-Friedman
authors.forename: Dalit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tchorsh
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katchman
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shezen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aronovich
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dekel
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rechavi
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Blazar
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feine
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tal
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Freud
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reisner
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000601:surgery*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007668:Kidney; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000637:transplantation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D010179:Pancreas / Q000196:embryology; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D046790:Pancreas, Exocrine / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000172:deficiency; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000196:embryology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007328:Insulin; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D000496:Alloxan; D000069594:Abatacept; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase