title: Exploring potential explanations for the increase in antidepressant prescribing in Scotland using secondary analyses of routine data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antidepressant prescribing in general practice has dramatically increased since the beginning of the last decade.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the increase in antidepressants prescribed in Scotland between 1995 and 2001 was due to increase in incidence, prevalence, care-seeking behaviour by patients, or identification by GPs of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of routine data. Prescribing information was obtained from Information and Statistics Division Scotland, psychosocial morbidity from the Scottish Health Surveys of 1995 and 1998 and GP consultations from the continuous morbidity recording (CMR) dataset. Annual trends in antidepressant prescribing for prescriptions, gross ingredient cost and defined daily doses (DDDs) were examined for all Scottish Practices and 54 stable CMR practices (175 955 patients). Prevalence of psychological morbidity in responders with a General Health Questionnaire score > or = 4, their contact probability and contact frequency was compared in the 1995 and 1998 Scottish Health Surveys. Changes in diagnostic and GP consultation patterns in CMR practices were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total prescriptions for antidepressants increased from 1.5 million in 1995-1996 to 2.8. million in 2000-2001. The gross ingredient cost increased from pounds 20 to pounds 44 million and total DDDs from 44.5 to 93.2 million. Prescription trends in CMR practices were similar. Overall prevalence of psychological morbidity was the same in the 1995 and 1998 Scottish Health Surveys. Percentage of consultations in CMR practices for new diagnoses of depression decreased from 1.7 to 1.3%, the depression-related contact rate decreased and annual prevalence rates for depressive illness were stable between 1998-1999 and 2000-2001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence of an increase in incidence, prevalence, care-seeking behaviour or identification of depression during the period of a sharp increase in antidepressant prescribing. Further work is required to explain the increase.
authors.affiliation: Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh.
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munoz-Arroyo
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends; D005194:Family Practice / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D012606:Scotland
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents