title: Muscle fiber orientation in muscles commonly injected with botulinum toxin: an anatomical pilot study.
abstract: The endplate zone is assumed to be at about the midpoint of a muscle fiber. This study was designed to locate the middle of the muscle fibers of commonly injected muscles, thus identifying the endplate zone of these muscles. The proximal and distal musculotendinous junctions in muscles of the upper and lower extremities were identified. Orientation of muscle fibers was determined. Measurements using common surface landmarks were used to determine the relationship of these muscles with the landmarks (e.g., biceps muscle bulk extends from the upper fourth to the lower fourth of the humerus). Figures were developed using these measurements so as to be able to extrapolate these measurements to other patients of varying sizes. Illustrations of muscle fiber orientation were done and the assumed location of motor endplate bands marked. Color illustrations will be shown. With the thought that the endplate zone is at the middle of the muscle fiber, this detailed study of muscle fibers helps identify assumed location of motor endplates of specific muscles, thereby improving technique and efficacy of botulinum toxin injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55101, USA. supreet_deshpande@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gormley
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D009045:Motor Endplate / Q000187:drug effects; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins