title: The impact of the 80-hour resident workweek on surgical residents and attending surgeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of the 80-hour resident workweek restrictions on surgical residents and attending surgeons.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ACGME mandated resident duty hour restrictions have required a major workforce restructuring. The impact of these changes needs to be critically evaluated for both the resident and attending surgeons, specifically with regards to the impact on motivation, job satisfaction, the quality of surgeon training, the quality of the surgeon's life, and the quality of patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four prospective studies were performed at a single academic surgical program with data collected both before the necessary workforce restructuring and 1 year after, including: 1) time cards to assess changes in components of daily activity; 2) Web-based surveys using validated instruments to assess burnout and motivation to work; 3) structured, taped, one-on-one interviews with an external PhD investigator; and 4) statistical analyses of objective, quantitative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the work-hour changes, surgical residents have decreased "burnout" scores, with significantly less "emotional exhaustion" (Maslach Burnout Inventory: 29.1 "high" vs. 23.1 "medium," P = 0.02). Residents have better quality of life both in and out of the hospital. They felt they got more sleep, have a lighter workload, and have increased motivation to work (Herzberg Motivation Dimensions). We found no measurable, statistically significant difference in the quality of patient care (NSQIP data). Resident training and education objectively were not statistically diminished (ACGME case logs, ABSITE scores). Attending surgeons perceived that their quality of their life inside and outside of the hospital was "somewhat worse" because of the work-hour changes, as they had anticipated. Many concerns were identified with regards to the professional development of future surgeons, including a change toward a shift-worker mentality that is not patient-focused, less continuity of care with a loss of critical information with each handoff, and a decrease in the patient/doctor relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mandated restriction of resident duty hours has had no measurable impact on the quality of patient care and has led to improvements for the current quality of life of residents, there are many concerns with regards to the training of professional, responsible surgeons for the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mhutter@partners.org
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: Katherine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kellogg
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Warshaw
mesh_terms: D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000523:psychology; D004521:Educational Measurement; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*