title: The influence of a city on element contents of a terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens).
abstract: Forty terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens) samples were collected along a 120-km-long south-north transect running through Norway's largest city Oslo. Concentrations of 29 chemical elements (Ag, Al, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, S, Sb, Sr, Th, Ti, and Zn) and values for loss on ignition (475 degrees C) are reported. Silver (Ag), Al, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Th, Ti, and Zn all show a characteristic Oslo peak when element concentrations are plotted against location of the sample site along the transect. Gold (Au) and Pt show the greatest relative enrichment of all elements in the city (ca. 10x "background"). Titanium (Ti), which is related to local minerogenic dust rather than anthropogenic emissions, shows a significant peak in Oslo. Loss on ignition, a measure of the amount of organic material in a sample, shows a negative peak in Oslo and at sites close to a known dust source. Input of fine dust thus appears to dominate many of the observed element concentrations in moss. The concentrations of Na are clearly influenced by the input of marine aerosols and show decreasing concentrations from south (near Oslo Fjord) to north (inland). The major plant nutrients Ca, K, Mg, P and S, as well as Hg, are the few elements displaying no spatial dependency along the transect. Element concentrations reach background variation levels at a distance of 20-40 km from the city centre.
authors.affiliation: Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. Clemens.Reimann@ngu.no
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reimann
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnoldussen
authors.forename: Rognvald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Tor Erik
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Finne
authors.forename: Oystein
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nordgulen
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Volden
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Englmaier
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D019068:Bryopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009664:Norway; D012623:Seawater
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals