title: Thermal monitoring: invasive, minimal-invasive and non-invasive approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermal treatments need verification of effectiveness. Invasive intra-tumoural thermometry was established as a standard method several years ago. However, in deep heating, invasive techniques have disadvantages. Therefore, alternatives have been suggested and are under development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three phase II studies treating rectal cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer, this study replaced invasive (intra-tumoural) thermometry by tumour-related reference points or catheter sections in the rectum, vagina or urethra. Index temperatures and thermal dose parameters were determined. Two recent studies treated patients with recurrent rectal cancer and soft tissue sarcoma using non-invasive MR-thermometry employing the SIGMA-Eye applicator. The proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) method was employed to generate MR-temperature distributions during the entire heat treatment in 10 min intervals (via phase differences). Fat correction (nulling specified regions in the fat tissue) was utilized to calibrate the method, in particular with respect to the B0-drift.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant correlations were found between response (downstaging, WHO) and thermal parameters in rectal cancer (37 patients, rectum measurement, T90, cum min T90 >or= 40.5 degrees C) and cervical cancer (30 patients, vagina, mean temperature and equ min 43 degrees C in a reference point). In prostate cancer (14 patients), a clear correlation was verified between long-term PSA control (<or=1 ng ml-1) and urethral temperatures (T90, Tmax cum min T90 >or= 40.5 degrees C). The mean MR-temperature in the tumour at steady-state as well as the mean T90 were significantly correlated with response for recurrent rectal carcinoma regarding palliation and analgesia (15 patients) and with pathohistological regression rate in soft tissue sarcoma (nine patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For tumours in the pelvis and in the lower extremities, invasive measurements can be replaced by minimally-invasive or non-invasive techniques, which provide equivalent or even more complete information. Extending the application of these surveillance methods to abdominal tumours or liver metastases is a challenge, but strongly desirable for clinical reasons.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Radiation Medicine, Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. peter.wust@charite.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wust
authors.forename: Chie Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gellermann
mesh_terms: D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*