title: First histological observations on the incorporation of a novel nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste OSTIM in human cancellous bone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A commercially available nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste Ostim has been reported in few recent studies to surpass other synthetic bone substitutes with respect to the observed clinical results. However, the integration of this implantable material has been histologically evaluated only in animal experimental models up to now. This study aimed to evaluate the tissue incorporation of Ostim in human cancellous bone after reconstructive bone surgery for trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy specimens from 6 adult patients with a total of 7 tibial, calcaneal or distal radial fractures were obtained at the time of osteosynthesis removal. The median interval from initial operation to tissue sampling was 13 (range 3-15) months. Samples were stained with Masson-Goldner, von Kossa, and toluidine blue. Osteoid volume, trabecular width and bone volume, and cortical porosity were analyzed. Samples were immunolabeled with antibodies against CD68, CD56 and human prolyl 4-hydroxylase to detect macrophages, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts, respectively. TRAP stainings were used to identify osteoclasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histomorphometric data indicated good regeneration with normal bone turnover: mean osteoid volume was 1.93% of the trabecular bone mass, trabecular bone volume--28.4%, trabecular width--225.12 microm, and porosity index--2.6%. Cortical and spongious bone tissue were well structured. Neither inflammatory reaction, nor osteofibrosis or osteonecrosis were observed. The implanted material was widely absorbed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studied nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste showed good tissue incorporation. It is highly biocompatible and appears to be a suitable bone substitute for juxtaarticular comminuted fractures in combination with a stable screw-plate osteosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Clinic, Division of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. franz-xaver.huber@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Franz-Xaver
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Orlin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Belyaev
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillmeier
authors.forename: Hans-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kock
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Peter-Juergen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Meeder
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D003461:Crystallography; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016348:Osseointegration; D011859:Radiography; D011884:Radius / Q000473:pathology; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D017886:Durapatite