title: Changing trends in drug resistance among typhoid salmonellae in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
abstract: We analysed the record of blood cultures carried out at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi between 1996 and 2003. We isolated 477 Salmonella typhi and 410 S. paratyphi A from blood of patients suffering from typhoid fever. We observed a significant shift in the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of typhoid salmonellae. The isolation rate of S. typhi fell significantly while S. paratyphi A is emerging as a major pathogen. Resistance to conventional antityphoid drugs in S. typhi decreased dramatically from 80% to 14%, while in S. paratyphi A resistance increased from 14% to 44%. Susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones decreased in both. No resistance to third generation cephalosporins was detected.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. tariqbutt24@yahoo.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kazmi
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004363:Drug Utilization; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D002939:Ciprofloxacin