title: Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate antimicrobial treatment is an independent determinant of hospital mortality, and fungal bloodstream infections are among the types of infection with the highest rates of inappropriate initial treatment. Because of significant potential for reducing high mortality rates, we sought to assess the impact of delayed treatment across multiple study sites. The goals our analyses were to establish the frequency and duration of delayed antifungal treatment and to evaluate the relationship between treatment delay and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with candidemia from 4 medical centers who were prescribed fluconazole. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy was calculated by subtracting the date on which fluconazole therapy was initiated from the culture date of the first blood sample positive for yeast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 230 patients (51% male; mean age +/- standard deviation, 56 +/- 17 years) were identified; 192 of these had not been given prior treatment with fluconazole. Patients most commonly had nonsurgical hospital admission (162 patients [70%]) with a central line catheter (193 [84%]), diabetes (68 [30%]), or cancer (54 [24%]). Candida species causing infection included Candida albicans (129 patients [56%]), Candida glabrata (38 [16%]), Candida parapsilosis (25 [11%]), or Candida tropicalis (15 [7%]). The number of days to the initiation of antifungal treatment was 0 (92 patients [40%]), 1 (38 [17%]), 2 (33 [14%]) or > or = 3 (29 [12%]). Mortality rates were lowest for patients who began therapy on day 0 (14 patients [15%]) followed by patients who began on day 1 (9 [24%]), day 2 (12 [37%]), or day > or = 3 (12 [41%]) (P = .0009 for trend). Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate independent predictors of mortality, which include increased time until fluconazole initiation (odds ratio, 1.42; P < .05) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (1-point increments; odds ratio, 1.13; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A delay in the initiation of fluconazole therapy in hospitalized patients with candidemia significantly impacted mortality. New methods to avoid delays in appropriate antifungal therapy, such as rapid diagnostic tests or identification of unique risk factors, are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Administration, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA. kgarey@uh.edu
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Garey
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rege
authors.forename: Manjunath P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Dana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mingo
authors.forename: Katie J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.forename: Robin S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bearden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016469:Fungemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole