title: Lipopolyamine-mediated single nanoparticle formation of calf thymus DNA analyzed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to analyze linear calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) nanoparticle formation with N4,N9-dioleoylspermine and N1-cholesteryl spermine carbamate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to determine the quality of ct DNA condensed by lipopolyamines. ct DNA was prelabeled with PicoGreen (PG) to allow fluorescence intensity fluctuation measurement and analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N4,N9-dioleoylspermine efficiently condensed ct DNA into point-like molecules with diffusion coefficient (D) = 1.8 x 10(-12) m2/s and particle number (PN) = 0.7 [at ammonium/phosphate (N/P) charge ratio = 1.0-1.5]. The determined PN values are close to the theoretical value of 0.6, providing evidence that the DNA conformation has been fully transformed, and thus a single nanoparticle has been detected. N1-cholesteryl spermine carbamate showed (slightly) poorer DNA condensation efficiency, even at higher N/P ratios (N/P = 1.5-2.5) with D = 1.3 x 10(-12) m2/s and PN value of 5.2. N4,N9-dioleoylspermine is a more efficient DNA-condensing agent than N1-cholesteryl spermine carbamate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FCS measurement using PG as the probe is a novel analytical method to detect single nanoparticles of condensed DNA in nonviral gene therapy formulation studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Noppadon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adjimatera
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hof
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Blagbrough
mesh_terms: D002219:Carbamates / Q000737:chemistry*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D049329:Nanostructures; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013096:Spermine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C513543:N1-cholesteryl spermine carbamate; C505141:N4,N9-dioleoylspermine; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C099476:PicoGreen; D013096:Spermine; D004247:DNA; C427203:calf thymus DNA