title: The combination of green tea and tamoxifen is effective against breast cancer.
abstract: Epidemiologic data have suggested that green tea may prevent breast cancer. Studies in our laboratory have provided evidence that green tea extract inhibits breast cancer growth by a direct anti-proliferative effect on the tumor cells, as well as by indirect suppressive effects on the tumor-associated endothelial cells. In this study, we asked whether concurrent administration of green tea may add to the anti-tumor effects of standard breast cancer therapy. We observed that green tea increased the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on the proliferation of the ER (estrogen receptor)-positive MCF-7, ZR75, T47D human breast cancer cells in vitro. This combination regimen was also more potent than either agent alone at increasing cell apoptosis. In animal experiments, mice treated with both green tea and tamoxifen had the smallest MCF-7 xenograft tumor size, and the highest levels of apoptosis in tumor tissue, as compared with either agent administered alone. Moreover, the suppression of angiogenesis in vivo correlated with larger areas of necrosis and lower tumor blood vessel density in treated xenografts. Green tea decreased levels of ER-alpha in tumors both in vitro and in vivo. We also observed that green tea blocked ER-dependent transcription, as well as estradiol-induced phosphorylation and nuclear localization of mitogen-activated protein kinase. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show the interaction of green tea with the ER pathway, as well as provide mechanistic evidence that the combination of green tea and tamoxifen is more potent than either agent alone in suppressing breast cancer growth. These results may lead to future improvements in breast cancer treatment and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA.
authors.forename: Maryam R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sartippour
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pietras
authors.forename: Diana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Marquez-Garban
authors.forename: Hsiao-Wang
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heber
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Guilan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartippour
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Jian Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Mai N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001628:Beverages; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013629:Tamoxifen; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3