title: Bacteroides fragilis BmeABC efflux systems additively confer intrinsic antimicrobial resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of expression and function(s) of Bacteroides fragilis RND family efflux transport systems (bmeABC1-16).
  
  
  METHODS
  The mRNA transcripts of bmeB efflux pump genes were detected in a wild-type strain ADB77 by RT-PCR and expression in different strains was quantified by comparative quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In order to determine independent or additive functions, BmeB 1, 3, 12 and 15 (the first efflux pumps identified) were deleted as singles, doubles, triples or quadruples by the double cross-over technique with pADB242 and antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by the spiral gradient endpoint technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All efflux pumps except bmeB9 were expressed in the wild-type parental strain. Susceptibility to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, ethidium bromide, SDS and triclosan was increased in ADB77DeltabmeB3 (up to 3-fold) and ADB77DeltabmeB1DeltabmeB3DeltabmeB12 (up to 5-fold). Expression of bmeB9 was increased and that of bmeB11 repressed in the latter deletant. A quadruple deletant (ADB77DeltabmeB1DeltabmeB3DeltabmeB12DeltabmeB15) had similar changes as well as a 2-fold increase in expression of bmeB16 and norfloxacin resistance. Expression of bmeB3 was increased in two triple deletants ADB77DeltabmeB1DeltabmeB12DeltabmeB15-type I (2-fold) and ADB77DeltabmeB1DeltabmeB12DeltabmeB15-type II (5.8-fold). Antimicrobial MICs were also increased in the latter deletant; ampicillin (2.6-fold), cefoperazone (3.4-fold), cefoxitin (1.8-fold), tetracycline (36.4-fold), SDS (1.7-fold) and triclosan (2-fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that constitutive bmeB expression is prevalent in B. fragilis. At least seven BmeB efflux pumps are functional in transporting antimicrobials and have overlapping substrate profiles, and at least four confer intrinsic resistance.
authors.affiliation: Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare Systems Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pumbwe
authors.forename: Ohmi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Fuminobu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Hannah M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wexler
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001441:Bacteroides fragilis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D009154:Mutation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger