title: Lack of a relationship between the pupillary light reflex response and state/trait anxiety in remitted patients with panic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, some studies have indicated that pupillary function only correlates with state/trait anxiety in healthy subjects. In the present study, we examined whether or not there were relationships between the PLR functions and state/trait anxiety in remitted (the absence of panic attack (PA) symptoms for at least 6 months) PD patients compared to normal control (NC) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after audiovisual stimulation (AS) that induced mental stress through exposure to video images of high stress experiences, such as driving motor vehicles, the pupillary light reflex (PLR) was measured with an infrared pupillometer in 30 remitted PD patients and 30 age- and gender-matched NC subjects. In order to examine the relationships between the 8 PLR parameters (initial pupillary diameter in darkness, pupillary diameter at maximum constriction, constriction ratio, latency of the reflex, time to reach maximum constriction and time constant of redilation) and state/trait anxiety, we used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and stepwise multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant group difference in the STAI-T score and STAI-S scores before and after AS. We confirmed the significant relationships between pupillary function and state/trait anxiety in NC subjects, but not in PD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that in contrast to NCs, even remitted PD patients may have dysfunctional PLR regulation with mental loading, such as AS. Moreover, it is possible that the abnormalities of ANS exist extensively in PD, since almost all panic symptoms, including PA, are involved in cardiovascular symptoms, but not pupillary ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan. tshioiri@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shioiri
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kojima-Maruyama
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bando
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Someya
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012074:Remission Induction; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*