title: Human NK cells can lyse porcine endothelial cells independent of their expression of Galalpha(1,3)-Gal and killing is enhanced by activation of either effector or target cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xenotransplantation of pig organs may provide an approach to alleviate the severe shortage of human organs. Natural antibodies against Galalpha(1,3)-Gal (alphaGal) epitopes cause hyperacute rejection of pig organs in primates. However, evidence for the role of alphaGal in the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated xenoresponse has been contradictory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the recognition of alphaGal by human NK cells using endo-beta-galactosidase C, an enzyme that cleaves alphaGal, and endothelial cells (EC) from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase null pigs that do not synthesize alphaGal. Endo-beta-galactosidase C treatment variably reduced the susceptibility of porcine EC to lysis by fresh human NK cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of alphaGal from porcine EC using endo-beta-galactosidase C, produced variable results, i.e. cytotoxicity was decreased in half of the human NK cell donors tested. The two EC strains from alphaGal-/- pigs were marginally, and not significantly, less susceptible to lysis by naïve human NK cells compared with alphaGal-expressing cells obtained from animals from the same herd, but these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.10). Treatment of porcine EC with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which is known to activate porcine EC, enhanced the susceptibility of all target cells to lysis by fresh human NK cells. Surface expression of MHC or adhesion molecules on alphaGal-/- cells, compared with wild type cells, showed no consistent difference in either MHC or adhesion molecules CD106 (VCAM-1), CD31 (PECAM) or CD62E (E-selectin), either with or without TNF-alpha stimulation, that could explain the differential susceptibility to lysis. Strikingly, all alphaGal-/- and wild type EC exhibited similar susceptibility to human NK cells that had been cultured for 5 days with or without interleukin-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that human NK cells can kill porcine targets in the absence of alphaGal, and donor variability plays a major role in whether alphaGal has a role in determining susceptibility of porcine EC to lysis. Moreover, susceptibility to lysis of alphaGal null EC is enhanced to the level of wild type EC by activation of either effector or target cells. Elimination of alphaGal alone from source pigs will be insufficient to circumvent the NK cell mediated destruction of porcine EC.
authors.affiliation: Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Horvath-Arcidiacono
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Eda T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D004187:Disaccharides; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens; D007376:Interleukin-2; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C057030:endo-beta-D-galactosidase C