title: Transcriptional profiling of acute cytopathic murine hepatitis virus infection in fibroblast-like cells.
abstract: Understanding the orchestrated genome-wide cellular responses is critical for comprehending the early events of coronavirus infection. Microarray analysis was applied to assess changes in cellular expression profiles during different stages of two independent, highly controlled murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infections in vitro. Fibroblast-like L cells were infected at high multiplicity in order to study the direct effects of a synchronized lytic coronavirus infection. Total RNA was harvested from MHV- or mock-infected L cells at 3, 5 and 6 h post-infection and hybridized to Affymetrix microarrays representing approximately 12,500 murine genes and expressed sequences. The expression data were compared to their respective mock-infected controls. Quantitative RT-PCR of selected transcripts was used to validate the differential expression of transcripts and inter-experiment reproducibility of microarray analysis. It was concluded that MHV-A59 infection in fibroblast-like cells triggers very few transcriptional cellular responses in the first 3 h of infection. Later, after having established a productive infection, a chemokine response is induced together with other cellular changes associated with RNA and protein metabolism, cell cycle and apoptosis. Interferon responses are not triggered during infection, although the L cells can be readily stimulated to produce interferon by dsRNA, a known potent inducer of interferon. Possibly, the interferon response is actively counteracted by a virus-encoded antagonist as has been described previously for other RNA viruses.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, E4P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gijs A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, E4P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Slobodskaya
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, E4P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willy J M
authors.initials: WJM
authors.lastname: Spaan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D004260:DNA Repair; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007739:L Cells; D051379:Mice; D006517:Murine hepatitis virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins