title: Microscopic colitis demonstrates a T helper cell type 1 mucosal cytokine profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microscopic colitis (MC) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the mucosal cytokine profile of MC, with a view to understanding its potential pathogenic mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine profiles of mucosal biopse specimens taken at flexible sigmoidoscopy from 18 patients (8 with lymphocytic colitis and 10 with collagenous colitis) were analysed using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR, in comparison with those from 13 aged-matched controls with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Biopsy specimens from six patients with histologically documented remission were available for comparative analysis. Biopsy specimens were also taken to determine the cellular expression of cytokine and cytokine-related proteins using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucosal mRNA levels were 100 times greater for interferon (IFN)gamma and interleukin (IL) 15, 60 times greater for tumour necrosis factor alpha, and 35 times greater for inducible nitric oxide synthase in MC compared with controls. Apart from a trend for increased levels of IL10, levels of other T helper cell type 2 (T(H)2) cytokines including IL2 and IL4 were too low to be accurately quantified. Mucosal IFNgamma mRNA levels correlated with the degree of diarrhoea, and returned to normal in remission. The immunohistochemical expression of cell junction proteins E-cadherin and ZO-1 was reduced in active disease. No differences were noted between lymphocytic and collagenous colitis for any of the above parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MC demonstrates a T(H)1 mucosal cytokine profile with IFNgamma as the predominantly upregulated cytokine, with concurrent induction of nitric oxide synthase and down regulation of IFNgamma-related cell junction proteins. This pattern is similar to that in coeliac disease and suggests that it might represent a response to a luminal antigen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. tagkalidis@mh.org.au
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tagkalidis
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Prithi S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bhathal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D046729:Colitis, Collagenous / Q000276:immunology; D046728:Colitis, Microscopic / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D019409:Interleukin-15; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C569042:TJP1 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II