title: Organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (Slc22a5) is responsible for carnitine transport across apical membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells in mouse.
abstract: The organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 is responsible for renal tubular reabsorption of its endogenous substrate, carnitine, although its physiological role in small intestine remains controversial. Here we present direct evidence for a predominant role of OCTN2 in small intestinal absorption of carnitine based on experiments with juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs) mice, which have a hereditary deficiency of the octn2 gene. Uptake of carnitine, assessed with an Ussing-type chamber system, from the apical surface of the small intestine was saturable and higher than that from the basal surface in wild-type mice, whereas carnitine uptake having these characteristics was almost absent in jvs mice. Saturable uptake of carnitine was also confirmed in isolated enterocytes obtained from wild-type mice, and the Km value obtained (approximately 20 microM) was close to that reported for carnitine uptake by human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing mouse OCTN2 (Slc22a5). The carnitine uptake by enterocytes was decreased in the presence of various types of organic cations, and this inhibition profile was similar to that of mouse OCTN2, whereas uptake of carnitine was quite small and unsaturable in enterocytes obtained from jvs mice. Immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation analyses suggested colocalization of OCTN2 with PDZK1, an adaptor protein that functionally regulates OCTN2. Immunoelectron microscopy visualized both OCTN2 and PDZK1 in microvilli of absorptive epithelial cells. These findings indicate that OCTN2 is predominantly responsible for the uptake of carnitine from the apical surface of mouse small intestinal epithelial cells, and it may therefore be a promising target for oral delivery of therapeutic agents that are OCTN2 substrates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Mikihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yoshimichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sai
authors.forename: Ikumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tamai
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002469:Cell Separation; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008871:Microvilli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D023421:Models, Animal; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C492019:Slc22a5 protein, mouse; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D002331:Carnitine