title: Axonal excitability properties in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate axolemmal ion channel function in patients diagnosed with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A recently described threshold tracking protocol was implemented to measure multiple indices of axonal excitability in 26 ALS patients by stimulating the median motor nerve at the wrist. The excitability indices studied included: stimulus-response curve (SR); strength-duration time constant (tauSD); current/threshold relationship; threshold electrotonus to a 100 ms polarizing current; and recovery curves to a supramaximal stimulus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were significantly reduced in ALS patients (ALS, 2.84+/-1.17 mV; controls, 8.27+/-1.09 mV, P<0.0005) and the SR curves for both 0.2 and 1 ms pulse widths were shifted in a hyperpolarized direction. Threshold electrotonus revealed a greater threshold change to both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing conditioning stimuli, similar to the 'fanned out' appearance that occurs with membrane hyperpolarization. The tauSD was significantly increased in ALS patients (ALS, 0.50+/-0.03 ms; controls, 0.42+/-0.02 ms, P<0.05). The recovery cycle of excitability following a conditioning supramaximal stimulus revealed increased superexcitability in ALS patients (ALS, 29.63+/-1.25%; controls, 25.11+/-1.01%, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Threshold tracking studies revealed changes indicative of widespread dysfunction in axonal ion channel conduction, including increased persistent Na+ channel conduction, and abnormalities of fast paranodal K+ and internodal slow K+ channel function, in ALS patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in persistent Na+ conductances coupled with reduction in K+ currents would predispose axons of ALS patients to generation of fasciculations and cramps. Axonal excitability studies may provide insight into mechanisms responsible for motor neuron loss in ALS.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vucic
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kiernan
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000166:cytology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014953:Wrist / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology