title: MicroAlbuminuria Prevalence Study (MAPS) in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients in Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of macroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, and the level of blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinic-based epidemiological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six medical centres (including two public hospital diabetes centres) in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recruited from the medical centres from April to November 2002, after excluding those with bacteriuria and haematuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index; blood pressure; levels of blood glucose, macroalbuminuria, and microalbuminuria; treatments for hypertension and diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The as per-protocol recruited population of 437 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients had a mean age of 61.7 (standard error, 0.5) years. Overall, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in this population was high; 18.3% had macroalbuminuria (95% confidence interval, 16.5-20.2%) and 24.9% had microalbuminuria (95% confidence interval, 22.9-27.0%). Predictive factors were advanced age, male sex, poor blood pressure control, and existing cardiovascular complications. Whilst almost all patients (96.1%) were receiving treatment for hypertension, only 25.6% had systolic/diastolic blood pressures below the 130/85 mm Hg target.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Hong Kong, the prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria is high in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension, particularly in males and those with poorly controlled systolic blood pressure. Tight glycaemic control, antihypertensive therapy, and use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors/blockers are necessary to retard the progression of nephropathy to advanced renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, Wong Tai Sin, Hong Kong. yeungtf@ha.org.hk
authors.forename: V T F
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents