title: Hepatic expression of galectin-3 and receptor for advanced glycation end products in patients with liver disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of glycosylated proteins (of which carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) is the most common) which accumulate during ageing processes and play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of chronic diseases. Impaired hepatic function might result in elevated levels of AGEs, as the liver represents the major site of AGE metabolism. The actions of AGEs are mediated by various receptors, among which the AGE-receptor complex (including galectin-3 as an essential part) is thought to have a cytoprotective effect, and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) a cytotoxic effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between CML and expression of galectin-3 and RAGE in different histological structures in biopsy specimens from patients with varying degrees of liver impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical staining of 164 biopsies from patients with varying degrees of liver impairment was performed to determine the levels of CML, galectin-3 and RAGE in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and bile ducts by a semiquantative score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of diagnosis, CML and RAGEs were detected in hepatocytes, whereas galectin-3 was present only in hepatocytes of cirrhotics. By contrast, CML and galectin-3 were highly expressed in Kupffer cells (well correlating levels, highest scores in cholestasis) whereas expression of RAGEs was not significant. All three assessed biochemical markers showed their highest levels of expression/detection in bile ducts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate an increased susceptibility of hepatocytes to the detrimental effects of AGEs and underline the protective function of Kupffer cells. Furthermore, the biliary system seems to play an important role in the disposition of AGEs.
authors.affiliation: Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany. dr.m.butscheid@email.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butscheid
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hauptvogel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Alscher
mesh_terms: D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D037502:Galectin 3; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced