title: Very high concentrations of DDE and toxaphene residues in crocodiles from the Ord River, Western Australia: an investigation into possible endocrine disruption.
abstract: Organochlorine pesticide concentrations, particularly those of the DDT family and of toxaphene, were measured by gas chromatography in samples of liver and body fat taken from Australian freshwater crocodiles Crocodylus johnstoni at three locations along the Ord River in Western Australia. The three sampling sites were the irrigation area, downstream of the irrigation area, and well upstream of the irrigation area; the last site serving as the control. DDT and toxaphene were applied in large and known quantities to cotton grown in the Ord Irrigation Area from 1964 to 1974. Thus the residues in the crocodile tissues are representative of the situation almost thirty years after the use of DDT and toxaphene ceased in the area. Very high concentrations of p,p'-DDE and toxaphene were found in the lipid-rich tissues that were examined. Livers and body fat from estuarine crocodiles Crocodylus porosus from the downstream site were also analysed. As p,p'-DDE and toxaphene are both known to be disruptive of endocrine systems, a range of blood parameters, including estradiol and testesterone concentrations, were also measured for all the animals studied. The ovaries and testes of the freshwater crocodiles were also examined histologically. There were no obvious effects on blood chemistry or gonad histology of the large burden of pesticides and their metabolites carried by exposed animals, although the limited number of samples and the variability of the breeding state of the animals examined may have masked possible effects. The isolation of the area, the accurately known applications of DDT and toxaphene, and the simplicity of the drainage system make the lower Ord River a unique natural laboratory for studying the long term breakdown and effects of pesticides applied in a tropical environment.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshikane
authors.forename: Winston R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Tokuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles; D000818:Animals; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D014112:Toxaphene / Q000032:analysis*; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D007306:Insecticides; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D014112:Toxaphene