title: Chronotropic incompetence in young patients with late postoperative atrial flutter: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial flutter causes late postoperative morbidity in congenital heart disease (CHD). Sinoatrial node dysfunction is associated with late postoperative atrial flutter, but pacing interventions driven by minimum heart rates (HR) have yielded mixed results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A retrospective case-control study was used to test the hypothesis that late postoperative atrial flutter is associated with chronotropic incompetence in active young CHD patients. Control CHD patients aged < or =18 years without documented supraventricular ectopy (n = 42) were matched with 42 patients (cases) having atrial flutter onset > or =6 months postoperatively. Minimum, average, and maximum non-flutter HRs were obtained from outpatient ambulatory 24 h ECG (Holter) recordings and graded exercise tests. Chronotropic competence was assessed using percentage of age-specific predicted maximum HR achieved, and calculated chronotropic index. Effects of rate-adaptive programming and maximum atrial pacing rates were analysed in 19 permanently paced cases. Least square estimates of minimum HRs were similar in cases and controls (54+/-2 vs. 52+/-2 bpm). Average HRs were lower in cases (75+/-2 vs. 81+/-2 bpm, P=0.02). Cases and controls differed most significantly with respect to percentage of predicted maximum HR achieved (67+/-2 vs. 80+/-2%, P < 0.001). This difference remained highly significant when the data were adjusted for age, sex, permanent pacing, and negatively chronotropic medication usage at the time of testing. Among paced patients, atrial flutter was significantly less likely to be observed in the setting of rate-adaptive pacing [odds ratio (OR) = 0.36; P < 0.05], and the likelihood of detecting atrial flutter decreased relative to the maximum programmed atrial pacing rate (OR 0.87 for every 5% increment in maximum pacing rate relative to maximum predicted HR for age; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late postoperative atrial flutter is associated with chronotropic incompetence in paediatric CHD patients.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.
authors.forename: Nitasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McCrindle
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kirsh
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Gil J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012804:Sick Sinus Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents