title: Antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of various extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four extracts: water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate, were used. The antioxidative activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging assay at extract concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 microg/ml. Based on the free radical scavenging activity of the extracts, two (water and 50% ethanol) were selected for their protective activity in NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and for cell viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All extracts exhibited antioxidative activity. The water and 50% ethanol extracts showed high free-radical scavenging activity with IC(50) values of 34.98 +/- 2.24 and 30.76 +/- 1.66 microg/ml, respectively. Both water and 50% ethanol extracts exhibited neuroprotective activity on NG108-15 cells. The highest activity was observed at the concentration of 50 microg/ml for both the water and 50% ethanol extracts. For cytotoxicity test, none of the extracts was toxic to the cells except at the high concentration of 100 microg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the water and 50% ethanol extracts from the fruit hull of GM may be potent neuroprotectants.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wanlop
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weecharangsan
authors.forename: Praneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Opanasopit
authors.forename: Monrudee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sukma
authors.forename: Tanasait
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ngawhirunpat
authors.forename: Uthai
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sotanaphun
authors.forename: Pongpan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siripong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit; D029762:Garcinia mangostana; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts