title: Dose-controlled exposure of A549 epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface to airborne ultrafine carbonaceous particles.
abstract: The geometry of commercially available perfusion chambers designed for harbouring three membrane-based cell cultures was modified for reliable and dose-controlled air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures. Confluent A549 epithelial cells grown on membranes were integrated in the chamber system and supplied with medium from the chamber bottom. Cell viability was not impaired by the conditions of ALI exposure without particles. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 by A549 cells during ALI exposure to filtered air for 6h and subsequent stimulation with tumor necrosis factor was not altered compared to submersed controls, indicating that the cells maintained their functional integrity. Ultrafine carbonaceous model particles with a count median mobility diameter of about 95+/-5 nm were produced by spark discharge at a stable concentration of about 2 x 10(6) cm(-3) and continuously monitored for accurate determination of the exposure dose. Delivery to the ALI exposure system yielded a homogeneous particle deposition over the membranes with a deposition efficiency of 2%. Mid dose exposure of A549 cells to this aerosol for 6h yielded a total particle deposition of (2.6+/-0.4) x 10(8) cm(-2) corresponding to (87+/-23) ng cm(-2). The 2.7-fold (p < or = 0.05) increased transcription of heme oxygenase-1 indicated a sensitive antioxidant and stress response, while cell viability did not reveal a toxic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Inhalation Biology, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bitterle
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schroeppel
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Kreyling
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tippe
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ferron
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heyder
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofer
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000633:toxicity; D000388:Air; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D052638:Particulate Matter; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1