title: Regional differences in injecting practices and other substance use-related behaviour among entrants into opioid maintenance pharmacotherapy treatment in New South Wales, Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Investigations of injecting drug users (IDUs) have been conducted largely in urban areas. Those studies that compare rural and urban IDUs often utilise small and possibly unrepresentative samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate regional differences in the characteristics of IDUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study compared the demographic, drug use-related, and treatment characteristics of 1045 urban, 213 regional, and 254 rural opioid maintenance pharmacotherapy (OMP) treatment entrants recruited as part of a feasibility study into the implementation of a state-based treatment outcome monitoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants from regional and rural New South Wales (NSW) were significantly more likely to report sharing of needles and other injection equipment and higher non-opioid drug use and polydrug use than their urban counterparts. In addition, they were more likely to be living with dependent children, to be unemployed, and to be experiencing greater psychological problems than their urban counterparts. Needle sharing also was independently associated with being younger, female, having been arrested, or having non-opioid drugs of concern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasons for the higher rates of blood-borne virus (BBV) transmission risk-related behaviour among rural and regional IDUs should be investigated further and considered when planning for the targeted provision of harm reduction activities.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100 Adelaide, SA 2001 Australia. peter.lawrinson@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lawrinson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Devon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Indig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data