title: Recent developments of intravesical therapy of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a chronic sterile inflammatory disease of the bladder of unknown cause. It is characterized by bladder pain, urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Although there are plenty of theories, the cause of the condition remains obscure. An abundance of treatments has been suggested, but very few have been subjected to proper controlled trials. This review focuses on the recently published literature on intravesical therapy strategies in painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder irrigation with different agents has been used during years in an attempt to treat painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. The background for this is the existing theories about urothelial dysfunction. The 'traditional' agent for glycosaminoglycan substitution is hyaluronic acid. Often used are heparin and dimethyl sulfoxide, the actions of which are not quite clear but supposedly on an anti-inflammatory basis. Other agents for intravesical treatment are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine and botulinum toxin, and some recent studies have pointed to resiniferatoxin and RDP58.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis persists as a challenging syndrome in urology. Intravesical instillation therapy has basically not changed during the last few years, although some studies have disconfirmed some regimens. Intensive research may hopefully result in more effective treatments in the future.
authors.affiliation: Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Benedikte Richter
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordling
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013577:Syndrome