title: Patterns of verbal memory performance in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and normal aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) typically demonstrate memory loss that falls between normal aging (NA) and Alzheimer disease (AD), but little is known about the pattern of memory dysfunction in MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore this issue, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) performance was examined across groups of MCI, AD, and NA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCI subjects displayed a pattern of deficits closely resembling that of AD, characterized by reduced learning, rapid forgetting, increased recency recall, elevated intrusion errors, and poor recognition discriminability with increased false-positives. MCI performance was significantly worse than that of controls and better than that of AD patients across memory indices. Although qualitative analysis of CVLT profiles may be useful in individual cases, discriminant function analysis revealed that delayed recall and total learning were the best aspects of learning/memory on the CVLT in differentiating MCI, AD, and NA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the position that amnestic MCI represents an early point of decline on the continuum of AD that is different from normal aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Greenaway
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lacritz
authors.forename: Dani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Binegar
authors.forename: Myron F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munro Cullum
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*