title: Success and complication rates with prehospital placement of an esophageal-tracheal combitube as a rescue airway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have proven the success of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube (ETC) as a primary airway, but not as a rescue airway.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The object of this study was to observe success and complication rates of paramedic placement of an ETC as a rescue airway, and to compare success rates with endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation. The primary outcome indicator was placement with successful ventilation. Complication rates, esophageal placement, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were secondary measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the records of patients who had ETC attempts by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) was conducted for a period of three years. Complications were defined a priori. The ETC is used primarily as rescue airway for a failed attempt at an endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation. A control group for ETT placements was drawn from the EMS quality assurance (QA) database for the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube insertion was attempted on 162 patients, of which, 113 (70%) were successful, 46 (28%) failed, and the outcome of three (2%) was not recorded. Inability to place the ETC occurred in 29 (18%) patients, and accounted for 48% (22/46) of failures. The use of the ETC caused dental trauma in one patient, and one placement of the ETC was related to the onset of subcutaneous emphysema. Blood in the ETC from active upper gatrointestinal bleeding occurred in nine patients (6%), and four tubes (3%) became dislodged en route to the hospital. The apriori complication rate was 44/162 (27%). Inability to determine placement of the ETC due to emesis from both ports occurred in 21 cases. Combining these problems with the apriori complications, the overall rate was 40% (65/162). Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube location was noted in a subset of 90 charts, of which, 76 (84%) were esophageal, and 14 (16%) were tracheal. Thirteen of 126 (10%) patients in cardiac arrest had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in the field after placement of the ETC. An ETT was attempted in 128 control patients, of which, 107 (84%) were successful, 21 (16%) failed (odds ratio (OR) for ETT vs. ETC = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.12-3.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a low ROSC rate, the complication and success rates of ETC are acceptable for a rescue airway device. Tracheal placement of the Combitube is uncommon, but requires fail-safe discrimination. Similar to previous reports, the success ratio for ETT was greater than for the ETC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-Irvine, California 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Langdorf
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D008485:Medical Audit; D012189:Retrospective Studies