title: Analgesic efficacy of perioperative celecoxib in ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether celecoxib, administered perioperatively, reduces opioid consumption and opioid-related adverse effects, and provides effective analgesia, in patients undergoing ambulatory arthroscopic knee meniscectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (> or = 18 years) with diagnosed knee meniscus disease were given celecoxib (400 mg; n = 99) or placebo (n = 101) 1 hour before they underwent arthroscopic knee surgery; this was followed by celecoxib (200 mg) or placebo given postoperatively at their first request for pain medication. Surgery was performed with patients under general anesthesia (fentanyl, 1 to 3 microg/kg plus 0.25% intra-articular bupivacaine, 10 to 20 mL) administered at the index joint. Every 4 to 6 hours, patients were allowed 1 to 2 tablets of hydrocodone bitartrate 5 mg/acetaminophen 500 mg (and optional opioids as needed). All efficacy analyses were conducted in the modified intent-to-treat population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 24 hours following surgery, total opioid consumption was significantly reduced in the celecoxib group (3.6 tablets) compared with the placebo group (4.6 tablets; P = .009). Celecoxib was associated with significant reductions in opioid consumption compared with placebo at 10 to 12 hours (P = .005) and at 12 to 24 hours (P = .012). The percentage of placebo-treated patients (41%) who required opioid analgesics was significantly greater than the percentage of celecoxib-treated patients who required opioids (22%; P = .008) at 10 to 12 hours. Adverse events (AEs) were experienced by more patients in the placebo group (37%) than in the celecoxib group (18%). Incidences of opioid-related events, such as central nervous system disorders (12% v 3%, respectively) and constipation (5% v 1%, respectively), were higher in placebo-treated patients than in those given celecoxib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative administration of celecoxib plus optional opioids reduces the use of opioids and the occurrence of opioid-related AEs compared with treatment with placebo plus optional opioids given to patients undergoing arthroscopic knee meniscectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
authors.affiliation: Southern Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29204, USA. evanekman@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Evan F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahba
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ancona
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D000068579:Celecoxib; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009294:Narcotics; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib