title: Protein C concentrations in severe sepsis: an early directional change in plasma levels predicts outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein C, because of its central role in hemostasis, plays an integral role in the host response to infection. Protein C depletion, resulting from increased consumption, degradation, and/or decreased synthesis, is characteristic of sepsis and has been shown to predict morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether early directional changes in protein C levels correlate with outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in the Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) clinical trial were assessed and categorized by baseline protein C (n = 1574). Deficiency was categorized as: severe deficiency, protein C levels < or = 40% of normal protein C activity (n = 615, 39% of patients); deficient, protein C levels 41-80% of normal protein C activity (n = 764, 48.5% of patients); and normal, >80% of normal protein C activity (n = 195, 12.4% of patients). Logistic regression analysis of 28-day mortality for placebo patients was used to investigate whether baseline and day 1 protein C levels were independent risk factors for mortality. The impact of treatment with drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein C levels at baseline and day 1 were independent risk factors in placebo patients. If baseline protein C levels of severely deficient placebo patients remained < or = 40% at day 1 their odds of death increased (odds ratio = 2.75, P < 0.0001), while if levels improved to >40% by day 1 their risk of death decreased (odds ratio = 0.43, P = 0.03). If baseline protein C levels of placebo patients were >40% but decreased by > or = 10% on day 1, their risk of death increased (odds ratio = 1.87, P = 0.02). DrotAA treatment improved protein C levels by day 1 compared with placebo (P = 0.008) and reduced the risk of death in severely deficient (< or = 40%) patients at baseline. Treatment also decreased the number of severely protein C deficient (= 40%) patients and decreased the number of deficient (41-80%) patients and normal (>80%) patients who had a > or = 10% decrease in protein C levels by day 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline protein C levels were an independent predictor of sepsis outcome. Day 1 changes in protein C, regardless of baseline levels, were also predictive of outcome. The association of DrotAA treatment, increased protein C levels, and improved survival may partially explain the mechanism of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA. afshorr@dnamail.com
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Shorr
authors.forename: Gordon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dhainaut
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Macias
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sundin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011486:Protein C / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020151:Protein C Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C421124:drotrecogin alfa activated