title: Automated detection of malaria pigment: feasibility for malaria diagnosing in an area with seasonal malaria in northern Namibia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of automated malaria detection with the Cell-Dyn 3700 (Abbott Diagnostics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) haematology analyser for diagnosing malaria in northern Namibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April to June 2003, all patients with a positive blood smear result and a subset of patients with no suspicion of malaria were included. Blood smear and a venous blood sample (to determine haemoglobin, platelet and malaria pigment levels) were collected from each patient. Malaria pigment test characteristics, correlations with blood parameters and pigment clearance time were calculated. Finally, a subset of blood samples was run twice to evaluate the consistency of test outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and eight patients were included. Ninety had a positive blood smear result of which 84 tested positive for malaria pigment and 118 patients had a negative blood smear result of which four tested positive for malaria pigment. Test characteristics as compared with microscopy were as follows: sensitivity 0.93, specificity 0.97, positive predictive value 0.95, negative predictive value 0.95. Rerun of the blood samples resulted in a change of diagnosis in 14%. After 4 weeks, 33% of patients with an initially positive pigment result still tested positive. Malaria pigment was found to be negatively correlated with haemoglobin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated detection of malaria pigment is a useful diagnostic tool in this semi-rural area. In low-risk malaria season, the test can be used for diagnosing malaria because of the high sensitivity. In high-risk malaria season, the test can be used for excluding malaria in case of a negative pigment result because of the high specificity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adrianus J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Langen
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Dillen
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Witte
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mucheto
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagelkerke
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kager
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009276:Namibia / Q000453:epidemiology; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis*; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic