title: The functional diffusion map: an imaging biomarker for the early prediction of cancer treatment outcome.
abstract: Functional diffusion map (fDM) has been recently reported as an early and quantitative biomarker of clinical brain tumor treatment outcome. This approach spatially maps and quantifies treatment-induced changes in tumor water diffusion values resulting from alterations in cell density/cell membrane function and microenvironment. This current study was designed to evaluate the capability of fDM for preclinical evaluation of dose escalation studies and to determine if these changes were correlated with outcome measures (cell kill and overall survival). Serial T2-weighted were carried out on rodents with orthotopically implanted 9L brain tumors receiving three doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (6.65, 13.3, and 26.6 mg/kg, i.p.). All images were coregistered to baseline T2-weighted images for fDM analysis. Analysis of tumor fDM data on day 4 posttreatment detected dose-dependent changes in tumor diffusion values, which were also found to be spatially dependent. Histologic analysis of treated tumors confirmed spatial changes in cellularity as observed by fDM. Early changes in tumor diffusion values were found to be highly correlative with drug dose and independent biologic outcome measures (cell kill and survival). Therefore, The fDM imaging biomarker for early prediction of treatment efficacy can be used in the drug development process.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0648, USA.
authors.forename: Bradford A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Moffat
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chenevert
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: McKeever
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Alnawaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rehemtulla
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D002330:Carmustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004058:Diffusion; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002330:Carmustine