title: Effects of mid-season avermectin treatments on pyrethroid resistance in horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations at three locations in Louisiana.
abstract: Between 1999 and 2002, the effect of mid-season doramectin treatments on the level of resistance in pyrethroid-resistant horn fly populations was examined at three separate Louisiana State University Agricultural Center research stations. The cattle were treated with pyrethroid ear tags in all years at all farms, and each farm received a mid-season doramectin treatment in 1 year. The number of weeks of control at Red River was 11 weeks higher in the year following the mid-season treatment of doramectin. At Macon Ridge, the number of weeks of control was 2 weeks higher in the year following the doramectin treatment. No change was observed at St. Joseph. The LC50s for fly populations tested at Macon Ridge and St. Joseph were found to increase for pyrethroids from the spring populations to the fall populations between 2000 and 2002. The LC50s for fly populations at Red River followed the same trends except in 2000, the year when the doramectin treatment was administered. Flies collected pre and post-treatment each year from St. Joseph and Red River were assayed for two alleles (kdr and skdr) associated with target site resistance to pyrethroids. Flies collected pretreatment at Macon Ridge in 1999 also were assayed for the kdr and skdr, and this population of flies had a frequency of 85.6% R-kdr alleles. At St. Joseph and Red River there was a general decline in the frequency of homozygous susceptible skdr (SS-skdr) and homozygous susceptible kdr (SS-kdr) individuals, as well as a general increase in homozygous resistant skdr (RR-skdr) and homozygous resistant kdr (RR-kdr) individuals, during the 4-year study. At both sites, the frequency of R-kdr alleles increased significantly in flies collected in the fall compared to flies collected in the spring with the exception of Red River in 2000, when dormacetin was applied. The frequency of the R-kdr alleles was significantly higher in flies collected in the fall compared to flies collected in the spring in the following year at both sites in two out of three comparisons. The frequency of R-skdr alleles was significantly lower in fly populations tested in the spring compared to fly populations tested in the fall at both farms in years when doramectin was not applied but there were no differences in the years when doramectin was applied. The frequency of R-skdr alleles was significantly higher in fly populations tested in the fall compared to in the spring the following year during all three comparisons at Red River and in one of three comparisons at St. Joseph.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oremus
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Alison
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Foil
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002417:Cattle; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D009117:Muscidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D009154:Mutation; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin; C084101:doramectin