title: Cytokinins in the perianth, carpels, and developing fruit of Helleborus niger L.
abstract: Reproductive development in the Christmas rose (Helleborus niger L.) differs from that in commonly investigated model plants in two important aspects: (i) the perianth develops a photosynthetic system, after fertilization, and persists until seed ripening; and (ii) the ripe seed contains an immature embryo which continues to mature off the mother plant. The possible roles of cytokinins in these processes are investigated here by analysing extracts of the perianth and the carpels/maturing fruit prepared during anthesis and four stages of post-floral development. trans-Zeatin, dihydrozeatin, N6-(Delta2-isopentenyl)adenine, and their ribosides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Single ion monitoring in the presence of deuterated internal standards demonstrated the additional presence of the corresponding riboside-5'-monophosphates, O-glucosides, and 9-glucosides, and afforded quantitative data on the whole set of endogenous cytokinins. Fruit cytokinins were mostly localized in the seeds. Their overall concentrations increased dramatically during early seed development and remained high for 6-8 weeks, until shortly before seed ripening (the last time point covered in this work). Overall cytokinin levels in the perianth did not change markedly in the period covered, but the level of N6-(Delta2-isopentenyl)adenine-type cytokinins appeared to increase slightly and transiently during the greening phase. The perianths of unpollinated or depistillated flowers, which survived, but did not pass through the complete greening process, contained significantly less cytokinins than observed in fruit-bearing flowers. This suggests that perianth greening requires defined cytokinin levels and supports the role of the developing fruit in their maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tarkowski
authors.forename: Danuse
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tarkowská
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Novák
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mihaljevic
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strnad
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salopek-Sondi
mesh_terms: D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D039322:Helleborus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins