title: A population-based approach to determine the prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant HIV among recent versus established HIV infections: results from the Canadian HIV strain and drug resistance surveillance program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Published results on primary or transmitted HIV drug resistance may be biased because they have been largely derived from specific cohort studies or higher risk individuals who present symptomatically. Here, we present results from a representative population-based study of newly diagnosed cases of HIV in Canada and compare the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance between recent and established infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Available archived sera taken for the purpose of diagnostic HIV testing from all treatment-naive HIV-positive individuals who were newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2001 were tested for recency of infection, HIV-1 subtype, and mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors (PIs). Recent infections were identified using the Organon Teknika Vironostika HIV-1-LS assay. After full-length sequencing of the pol gene, drug resistance mutations were identified using the 2004 International AIDS Society-USA mutations panel. Differences in drug resistance profiles between recent and prevalent infections were examined using the chi test and the Fisher exact test. The variables examined included gender, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, exposure category, ethnicity, and HIV-1 subtype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the study population, 8.1% had genotypic evidence of transmitted drug resistance: 4.1% against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1.4% against nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1.5% against PIs, and 1% against > or =2 classes of drugs. A higher proportion of recent infections had genotypic evidence of transmitted drug resistance when compared with established infections (12.2% vs. 6.1%, respectively; P = 0.005). Transmitted drug resistance was identified mainly among recently infected Caucasian men who have sex with men but it was not limited to this group. Compared with the year 2000, a higher proportion of recently infected individuals with resistance-conferring mutations were diagnosed during the year 2001 (66.7% vs. 46.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Canada, transmitted drug resistance is occurring within all 3 drug classes and across different population groups. The results suggest that the prevalence rates may be higher among recent versus established infections. Given the public health implications of transmitting drug-resistant HIV, it is important to continue population-based drug resistance surveillance to guide optimum prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Gayatri_Jayaraman@phac-aspc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Gayatri C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Chris P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Archibald
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rekart
authors.forename: Ameeta E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harmen
authors.forename: Michelyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors