title: Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.
abstract: Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and meningoencephaloceles extending into the nasal cavity from the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae often are managed by otolaryngologists. A thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, management principles, and treatment options is essential to achieve optimal outcomes. Surgical and medical management is highly individualized and depends on many factors, including etiology, anatomic site, and underlying intracranial pressure. This article highlights the history, physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, surgical techniques, and postoperative care relevant to nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and encephaloceles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, Suite 1130, PO Box 250550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. schlossr@musc.edu
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolger
mesh_terms: D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D019990:Perioperative Care; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed