title: Characterization of PM(2.5) in the ambient air of Shanghai City by analyzing individual particles.
abstract: PM(2.5) samples were collected simultaneously at three representative areas (central city, industrial area and clean air suburban) of Shanghai City. Their morphologies and elemental compositions were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy analysis (SEM-EDX). The particles were classified into four groups based on morphology and elemental composition. Soot aggregates and spherical fly ash particles were the two dominant types and they were identified as originating from automobile exhaust, metallurgical industry and coal combustion. The size distribution of the particles showed that most had diameters in the range of 0.2-1.4 microm. Individual particles were measured by synchrotron radiation micro-beam X-ray fluorescence (micro-SXRF) and the micro-SXRF spectra were obtained. Pattern recognition techniques, which took the micro-SXRF spectrum of a single aerosol particle as its fingerprint, were used to identify the origins of the particles. Seven source types were identified. They were: metallurgical industry, vehicle exhaust, soil dust, coal combustion, diesel exhaust, oil combustion and motorcycle exhaust. Metallurgical industry, automobile exhaust, and coal combustion were recognized to be the main pollution sources of PM(2.5) in the air of Shanghai City.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
authors.forename: Weisheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jiangfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaohan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Tianmin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Guilin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Longyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shushen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003031:Coal; D060729:Coal Ash; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008669:Metallurgy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011210:Power Plants; D012987:Soil; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D060729:Coal Ash; D004391:Dust; D008903:Minerals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012987:Soil; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon