title: Methadone treatment in clinical practice in Italy: need for improvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methadone at appropriate doses has been demonstrated to be the most effective means for retaining patients in treatment and suppressing heroin use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the modalities of day-to-day provision of methadone maintenance treatments (MMT) in Italian public health centres and to analyze the duration of MMTs by dose and by association with psychosocial treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 8,378 subjects, 18 years of age or over, enrolled between September 1998 and March 2001 in one of 115 public treatment centres for heroin dependence in Italy. Treatment data were collected for each subject from enrolment to the end of the study period (maximum of 18 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total of 29,495 treatments delivered, 21.0% were methadone maintenance, and 34.4% were methadone detoxification. Fifty percent of MMTs offered had a mean dose less than or equal to 40 mg/day, and only 19% had doses higher than or equal to 60 mg/day; treatments with doses higher than 60 mg/day lasted longer than treatments with lower doses. Differences in treatment length were observed between MMTs associated with a psychosocial treatment and those offered alone, only for doses <60 mg/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Italy, MMTs are delivered at inappropriate doses in more than 80% of the cases. The increase of methadone doses to adequate levels as indicated by the literature is necessary to ensure proper and effective use of MMTs in public treatment centres for heroin users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, ASL Rome E, Rome, Italy. schifano@asplazio.it
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schifano
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bargagli
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belleudi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davoli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diecidue
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Versino
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vigna-Taglianti
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faggiano
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perucci
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone