title: Effect of zirconium-oxide ceramic surface treatments on the bond strength to adhesive resin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface treatment methods used for resin bonding to conventional silica-based dental ceramics are not reliable for zirconium-oxide ceramics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of airborne-particle abrasion, silanization, tribochemical silica coating, and a combination of bonding/silane coupling agent surface treatment methods on the bond strength of zirconium-oxide ceramic to a resin luting agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty square-shaped (5 x 5 x 1.5 mm) zirconium-oxide ceramic (Cercon) specimens and composite resin (Z-250) cylinders (3 x 3 mm) were prepared. The ceramic surfaces were airborne-particle abraded with 125-microm aluminum-oxide (Al(2)O(3)) particles and then divided into 6 groups (n = 10) that were subsequently treated as follows: Group C, no treatment (control); Group SIL, silanized with a silane coupling agent (Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator); Group BSIL, application of the adhesive 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (MDP)-containing bonding/silane coupling agent mixture (Clearfil Liner Bond 2V/ Porcelain Bond Activator); Group SC, silica coating using 30-microm Al(2)O(3) particles modified by silica (CoJet System); Group SCSIL, silica coating and silanization (CoJet System); and Group SCBSIL, silica coating and application of an MDP-containing bonding/silane coupling agent mixture (Clearfil Liner Bond 2V/Porcelain Bond Activator). The composite resin cylinders were bonded to the treated ceramic surfaces using an adhesive phosphate monomer-containing resin luting agent (Panavia F). After the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, their shear bonding strength was tested using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Debonded specimen surfaces were examined with a stereomicroscope to assess the mode of failure, and the treated surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Bond strength data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Duncan test (alpha = .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bond strengths (mean +/- SD; MPa) in the groups were as follows: Group C, 15.7 +/- 2.9; Group SIL, 16.5 +/- 3.4; Group BSIL, 18.8 +/- 2.8; Group SC, 21.6 +/- 3.6; Group SCSIL, 21.9 +/- 3.9; and Group SCBSIL, 22.9 +/- 3.1. The bond strength was significantly higher in Group SCBSIL than in Groups C, SIL, and BSIL (P<.001), but did not differ significantly from those in Groups SC and SCSIL. Failure modes were primarily adhesive at the interface between zirconium and the resin luting agent in Groups C and SIL, and primarily mixed and cohesive in Groups SC, SCSIL, and SCBSIL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tribochemical silica coating (CoJet System) and the application of an MDP-containing bonding/silane coupling agent mixture increased the shear bond strength between zirconium-oxide ceramic and resin luting agent (Panavia F).
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Turkey. saadetats@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Saadet Saglam
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Atsu
authors.forename: Mehmet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kilicarslan
authors.forename: H Cenker
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kucukesmen
authors.forename: P Sema
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Aka
mesh_terms: D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C112274:Clearfil Liner Bond 2; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C444701:Filtek Z250; D008689:Methacrylates; C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D014867:Water; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C069749:methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide