title: Intrinsic activated microglia map to the peri-infarct zone in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microglial activation is an important component of the neuroinflammatory response to ischemic stroke. Experimental studies have outlined such patterns temporally and spatially. In vivo studies in stroke patients have relied on positron emission tomography and (R)-PK11195, a ligand that binds peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites. In this study we sought to establish temporal and spatial patterns of microglial activation in ischemic stroke with particular emphasis on a defined peri-infarct zone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using this technique, we studied carotid territory ischemic stroke patients in 3 time windows up to 30 days after ictus. Controls were studied in a single session. [11C](R)-PK11195 injection was followed by 3-dimensional acquisition over 60 minutes. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) was measured afterward with the use of standard C15O paradigms. Analysis employed the reference tissue model in which ipsilateral cerebellum was used to generate parametric binding potential maps corrected for CBV. Data were coregistered to T1-based MRI. Using control data to identify 99% confidence limits, a region of interest analysis was applied to identify significant binding in core infarction, contralateral hemisphere, and within a defined peri-infarct zone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients (mean age, 66 years) were imaged across 9 sessions. Four age-matched controls were studied. Within this model, ipsilateral cerebellum was validated as a reference tissue. With the use of control-derived confidence limits and correction for CBV, significant binding potential rises were identified beyond 72 hours and extending to 30 days in core infarction, contralateral hemisphere, and peri-infarct zone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ischemic stroke patients, minimal activation of microglia is seen before 72 hours. Beyond this, binding potential rises in core infarction, peri-infarct zone, and contralateral hemisphere to 30 days. This may represent a therapeutic opportunity that extends beyond time windows traditionally reserved for neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK. cp252@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher J S
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Dechao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Joe V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Guadagno
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cleij
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fryer
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aigbirhio
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011485:Protein Binding; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D007546:Isoquinolines; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018079:Receptors, GABA; C499229:TSPO protein, human; C037850:PK 11195