title: [Emergency surgery for chest injuries in the multiply injured: a systematic review].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe chest injuries are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This systematic review assesses the early operative management of severe chest trauma in multi injured patients with special regard to the priority of the operative therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trials were systematically sought and collected (MEDLINE, Cochrane and hand searches). Of 618 abstracts, 46 articles were selected for detailed appraisal and were classified into evidence levels (1 to 5 according to the Oxford system).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penetrating chest injuries in haemodynamically instable patients require emergency operative therapy. A thoracotomy is also indicated in excessive chest tube output (>1500 ml). An aortic rupture can be treated either by open suture or-in borderline patients-by endovascular stenting. In selected haemodynamically stable patients delayed treatment is also possible. Lesions of the tracheobronchial system should be treated urgently with primary surgical repair. Diaphragmatic ruptures should be closed urgently. Surgical stabilisation of rib fractures with an associated flail chest reduces the ventilator days and the length of intensive care unit stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large part of early surgery for chest injuries is justified because it averts immediate threats to life (level 1c evidence). No randomised and only a few controlled trials have examined the relative value of the different surgical options so far. Long-term data are lacking especially on the safety of endovascular stenting.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Unfall-, Hand-, Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinik, Steinhövelstrasse 9, 89075 Ulm. ulrich.liener@uniklinik-ulm.de
authors.forename: U C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Liener
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauerland
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Knöferl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riepl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kinzl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gebhard
mesh_terms: D001019:Aortic Rupture / Q000601:surgery; D001980:Bronchi / Q000293:injuries; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D004630:Emergencies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D055370:Lung Injury; D016239:MEDLINE; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D015607:Stents; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013908:Thoracotomy; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000293:injuries; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*