title: Excess Mcm2-7 license dormant origins of replication that can be used under conditions of replicative stress.
abstract: In late mitosis and early G1, replication origins are licensed for subsequent use by loading complexes of the minichromosome maintenance proteins 2-7 (Mcm2-7). The number of Mcm2-7 complexes loaded onto DNA greatly exceeds the number of replication origins used during S phase, but the function of the excess Mcm2-7 is unknown. Using Xenopus laevis egg extracts, we show that these excess Mcm2-7 complexes license additional dormant origins that do not fire during unperturbed S phases because of suppression by a caffeine-sensitive checkpoint pathway. Use of these additional origins can allow complete genome replication in the presence of replication inhibitors. These results suggest that metazoan replication origins are actually comprised of several candidate origins, most of which normally remain dormant unless cells experience replicative stress. Consistent with this model, using Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that partial RNAi-based knockdown of MCMs that has no observable effect under normal conditions causes lethality upon treatment with low, otherwise nontoxic, levels of the replication inhibitor hydroxyurea.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Göhler
authors.forename: M Gloria
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Luciani
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oehlmann
authors.forename: Xinquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: Dean A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J Julian
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Blow
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016590:Aphidicolin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D064126:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3; D064148:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D018741:Replication Origin; D013997:Time Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C489425:mcm5 protein, Xenopus; C491206:mcm6a protein, Xenopus; D016590:Aphidicolin; D002110:Caffeine; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C507762:MCM3 protein, Xenopus; C099243:MCM4 protein, human; C102186:Mcm2 protein, Xenopus; C509836:Mcm7 protein, Xenopus; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D064126:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3; D064148:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7; D006918:Hydroxyurea