title: Gastric acid suppression and risk of oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma: a nested case control study in the UK.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastric acid suppressing drugs (that is, histamine(2) receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors) could affect the risk of oesophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma but few studies are available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between long term treatment with acid suppressing drugs and the risk of oesophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons registered in the general practitioners research database in the UK and aged 40-84 years during the period 1994-2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based nested case control study. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4 340 207 person years of follow up, 287 patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, 195 with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, and 327 with gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma were identified, and 10 000 control persons were randomly sampled. "Oesophageal" indication for long term acid suppression (that is, reflux symptoms, oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus, or hiatal hernia) rendered a fivefold increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (odds ratio (OR) 5.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.13-9.39)) while no association was observed among users with a group of other indications, including peptic ulcer and "gastroduodenal symptoms" (that is, gastritis, dyspepsia, indigestion, and epigastric pain) (OR 1.74 (95% CI 0.90-3.34)). "Peptic ulcer" indication (that is, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, or unspecified peptic ulcer) was associated with a greater than fourfold increased risk of gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among long term users (OR 4.66 (95% CI 2.42-8.97)) but no such association was found in those treated for a group of other indications (that is, "oesophageal" or "gastroduodenal symptoms") (OR 1.18 (95% CI 0.60-2.32)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long term pharmacological gastric acid suppression is a marker of increased risk of oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. However, these associations are most likely explained by the underlying treatment indication being a risk factor for the cancer rather than an independent harmful effect of these agents per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, P9: 03, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. mats.lindblad@karolinska.se
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: García Rodríguez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lagergren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindblad
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000863:Antacids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002299:Cardia; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors