title: Tumor buds show reduced expression of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain in DNA mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor budding at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer is an important adverse prognostic factor. The subset of colorectal cancer that is deficient in DNA mismatch repair has been associated with a good prognosis. It is hypothesized that tumor budding in this subset may lack biologic aggressiveness because it is not associated with aberrant expression of the independent prognostic factor, laminin-5 gamma 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty colorectal cancers with high-grade tumor budding were studied, including nine sporadic colorectal cancers with immunohistochemical loss of expression of MLH1 (MLH1(-)), seven colorectal cancers from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and 64 sporadic colorectal cancers expressing both MLH1 and MSH2 (MLH1(+)). Two regulatory mechanisms for laminin-5 gamma 2 expression were explored, including aberrant nuclear expression of beta-catenin by immunohistochemistry and promoter methylation of laminin-5 gamma 2 by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only three of nine MLH1(-) colorectal cancers showed expression of laminin-5 gamma 2 compared with 46 of 64 MLH1(+) colorectal cancers (P = 0.05). Only two of seven hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers expressed laminin-5 gamma 2 compared with MLH1(+) colorectal cancers (P= 0.03). Expression of nuclear beta-catenin was more frequent (58 percent) in MLH1(+) colorectal cancers compared with MLH1(-) colorectal cancers (11 percent, P = 0.01). Methylation of laminin-5 gamma 2 was found in 5 of 38 (13 percent) cases but did not differ among colorectal cancer subsets. Four of five colorectal cancers with methylation of laminin-5 gamma 2 were scored as negative for laminin-5 gamma 2 by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced expression of laminin-5 gamma 2 in colorectal cancers with deficient DNA mismatch repair may underlie a variant of tumor budding that is relatively nonaggressive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. eiji-c@zf6.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shinto
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Foulkes
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jass
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007797:Laminin / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C400567:LAMC2 protein, human; D007797:Laminin; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein