title: Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is contraindicated because of their association with an increased risk of fetopathy. In contrast, first-trimester use of ACE inhibitors has not been linked to adverse fetal outcomes. We conducted a study to assess the association between exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy only and the risk of congenital malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a cohort of 29,507 infants enrolled in Tennessee Medicaid and born between 1985 and 2000 for whom there was no evidence of maternal diabetes. We identified 209 infants with exposure to ACE inhibitors in the first trimester alone, 202 infants with exposure to other antihypertensive medications in the first trimester alone, and 29,096 infants with no exposure to antihypertensive drugs at any time during gestation. Major congenital malformations were identified from linked vital records and hospitalization claims during the first year of life and confirmed by review of medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants with only first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors had an increased risk of major congenital malformations (risk ratio, 2.71; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.72 to 4.27) as compared with infants who had no exposure to antihypertensive medications. In contrast, fetal exposure to other antihypertensive medications during only the first trimester did not confer an increased risk (risk ratio, 0.66; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.25 to 1.75). Infants exposed to ACE inhibitors were at increased risk for malformations of the cardiovascular system (risk ratio, 3.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.89 to 7.30) and the central nervous system (risk ratio, 4.39; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.37 to 14.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester cannot be considered safe and should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. william.cooper@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Diaz
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Arbogast
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gideon
authors.forename: Kathi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000139:chemically induced; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents