Smoking, drinking, sleeping habits, and other lifestyle factors and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese females: findings from the KYSS study.
Many risk factors have been proposed for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, there is little information about the relationship between lifestyles and SLE in Japan. Two case control studies were conducted in Kyushu, southern Japan, and in Hokkaido, northern Japan, to examine the relationship between lifestyles and development of SLE in females. The participants were 78 patients and 329 controls in Kyushu and 35 patients and 188 controls in Hokkaido. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of SLE after adjusting for age in both regions. However, in Hokkaido, this association between smoking and SLE did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for alcohol drinking. The present study suggests that smoking may increase the risk of SLE among Japanese females.
Washio
Masakazu
M
Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. washio@st-mary.ac.jp
Horiuchi
Takahiko
T
Kiyohara
Chikako
C
Kodama
Hiroko
H
Tada
Yoshifumi
Y
Asami
Toyoko
T
Takahashi
Hiroki
H
Kobashi
Gen
G
Abe
Takashi
T
Tanaka
Hisato
H
Nogami
Norihiko
N
Harada
Mine
M
Tsukamoto
Hiroshi
H
Ide
Saburo
S
Nagasawa
Kohei
K
Ushiyama
Osamu
O
Hotokebuchi
Takao
T
Okamoto
Kazushi
K
Sakamoto
Naomasa
N
Sasaki
Satoshi
S
Miyake
Yoshihiro
Y
Yokoyama
Tetsuji
T
Mori
Mitsuru
M
Oura
Asae
A
Sinomura
Yasuhisa
Y
Suzuki
Hiromu
H
Yamamoto
Motohisa
M
Inaba
Yutaka
Y
Nagai
Masaki
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires