title: ACE ID genotype and the muscle strength and size response to unilateral resistance training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations among the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism and the response to a 12-wk (2 d.wk) unilateral, upper-arm resistance training (RT) program in the trained (T, nondominant) and untrained (UT, dominant) arms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 631 (mean+/-SEM, 24.2+/-0.2 yr) white (80%) men (42%) and women (58%). The ACE ID genotype was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with frequencies of 23.1, 46.1, and 30.8% for ACE II, ID, and DD, respectively (chi=1.688, P=0.430). Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) assessed peak elbow flexor muscle strength. Magnetic resonance imaging measured biceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Multiple variable and repeated-measures ANCOVA tested whether muscle strength and size differed at baseline and pre- to post-RT among T and UT and ACE ID genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline muscle strength and size were greater in UT than T (P<0.001) and did not differ among ACE ID genotype in either arm (P >or= 0.05). In T, MVC increases were greater for ACE II/ID (22%) than DD (17%) (P<0.05), whereas 1RM (51%) and CSA (19%) gains were not different among ACE ID genotype pre- to post-RT (P >or= 0.05). In UT, MVC increased among ACE II/ID (7%) (P<0.001) but was similar among ACE DD (2%) pre- to post-RT (P >or= 0.05). In UT, 1RM (11%) and CSA (2%) increases were greater for ACE DD/ID than ACE II (1RM, 7%; CSA, -0.1%) (P<0.05). ACE ID genotype explained approximately 1% of the MVC response to RT in T and approximately 2% of MVC, 2% of 1RM, and 4% of CSA response in UT (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACE ID genotype is associated with the contralateral effects of unilateral RT, perhaps more so than with the muscle strength and size adaptations that result from RT.
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA. Linda.Pescatello@uconn.edu
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Pescatello
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kostek
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gordish-Dressman
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Seip
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Angelopoulos
authors.forename: Priscilla M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Niall M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Moyna
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Visich
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Zoeller
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Devaney
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A