title: Negotiating improved case management of childhood illness with formal and informal private practitioners in Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Uganda, formal and informal private practitioners (PPs) provide most case management for childhood illness. This paper describes the impact of negotiation sessions, an intervention to improve the quality of PPs' case management of childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and malaria in a rural district in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Negotiation sessions targeted PPs working at private clinics and drug shops. The aim was to improve key practices extracted from the national Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines, and to measure the PPs' performance before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-intervention the quality of case management for childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and malaria was generally better, although certain practices appeared resistant to change. We discovered various types of PPs who were mostly unregistered by the district authorities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest the importance of maintaining ongoing monitoring and support to PPs to understand barriers to change and to encourage more practice improvement. Modifications to the intervention are needed to take it to scale and render it more sustainable. Getting local organizations and professional associations more involved could make it easier to establish and maintain contact with PPs. The government needs to simplify registration procedures and reduce associated fees to encourage PPs to register and thus be included in a large-scale intervention. Future interventions need to measure the impact on improving childhood case management at the community/household level.
authors.affiliation: USAID, Washington DC 20523-3700, WA, USA. ytawfik@usaid.org
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tawfik
authors.forename: Jesca
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nsungwa-Sabitii
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owor
authors.forename: Rosette
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kesande
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prysor-Jones
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019090:Case Management / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D046688:Child Mortality; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D017008:Negotiating / Q000379:methods; D011331:Private Practice / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012042:Registries; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012423:Rural Health; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology