mTOR, Akt, S6 kinases and the control of skeletal muscle growth.
In multicellular organisms, growth and metabolism are controlled by extracellular signals, such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Depending on nutrient availability, these factors regulate cell number, cell size, storage of lipids, proteins and sugars. Here we will review recent literature on the intracellular signal transduction pathways regulating the anabolic responses in skeletal muscles. Emphasis will be put on three serine/threonine kinases, mTOR, Akt and S6 Kinase (S6K), and their role in the integration of environmental cues and the coordination of muscle growth.
Pende
Mario
M
Avenir Team, Inserm U810, Faculté de médecine Necker-Enfants malades, Université Paris V, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15. pende@necker.fr
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size / Q000235:genetics*; D002452:Cell Count; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000076223:Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6 / Q000502:physiology; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000076223:Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C463659:RPTOR protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse