title: Bearing witness: a moral way of engaging in the nurse-person relationship.
abstract: For nursing, the idea of bearing witness is of utmost importance. Nurses are present with persons who experience changes in their health and quality of life and who live intense and profound moments of struggling, questioning, and finding meaning. Nurses are also with persons from moment to moment as their lives unfold, and when joy, serenity, contentment, vulnerability, sadness, fear, and suffering are experienced. In this paper, it is proposed that bearing witness is a moral way of engaging in the nurse-person relationship. Based on Levinas's ethics of the face, it is claimed that bearing witness is enacting one's moral responsibility, which arises from the encounter with the other. Drawing on Parse's human becoming theory, ways of witnessing and bearing witness are defined and discussed. It is suggested that bearing witness is a human-to-human way of being-relating, a mode of human coexistence. Bearing witness is being present and attentive to the truth of another's experiences. Moreover, in this paper, the ways nurses enact their moral agency and bear witness to others placed in their care, or turn away, are explored. Nurses' moral agency is located in the constrained moral space of contemporary health care. Hence, the creation of a moral space, which allows nurses to enact their moral responsibility of bearing witness to other persons' experiences of health and quality of life, is called for. In doing so, it is suggested that the act of bearing witness needs a specific nursing knowledge base and a recognition that being present and being with another is a valuable nursing practice that is utterly meaningful for persons who are living through difficult times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing and Social Service, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland. rahel.naef@gmx.net
authors.forename: Rahel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naef
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003243:Consciousness / Q000941:ethics; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004645:Empathy; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006803:Human Development; D006808:Humanism; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D019359:Knowledge; D008016:Life Change Events; D028681:Moral Obligations; D009014:Morals; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics*; D009742:Nursing Theory; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012941:Social Responsibility; D012944:Social Support