title: Metaanalyses of acustimulations: effects on nausea and vomiting in postoperative adult patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using metaanalysis to examine the effects of acustimulations on nausea and vomiting symptoms (NVS) in postoperative adult populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metaanalyses of effects of various acupoints stimulations (AS) (including acupuncture, acupressure, and electrical stimulation) on NVS in postoperative adult populations were performed. Thirty-three quality randomized controlled trials (RCT) published over the past three decades were identified by evaluating the quality of randomization and treatment methods, and results were pooled using a fixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four trials were pooled for nausea, 29 trials for vomiting, and 19 trials for rescue antiemetics, with AS compared with placebo or controls. Two additional trials did not have control groups but compared AS to medication groups. Compared with the controls, AS (all modalities) reduced nausea (relative risk [RR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-0.67, P < .0001), vomiting (RR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.45-0.57, P < .0001), and use of rescue antiemetics (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.54-0.74, P < 0001). All AS modalities were effective in reducing NVS. Korean hand acupressure stimulations (two trials) had the best impact on reducing vomiting. There were no significant differences on pooled RRs for nausea (five trials) and vomiting (eight trials) between medication and AS groups, but medication groups had increased use of rescue antiemetics (two trials, RR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.48-3.49, P = .0002). There was a placebo effect when compared with controls in reducing nausea (four trials, RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.50-0.90, P = .0069) and vomiting (three trials, RR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19-0.80, P = .0106).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This metaanalysis demonstrated that AS is just as effective as medications in reducing NVS and that acupressure is just as effective as acupuncture or electrical stimulation in reducing NVS for postoperative adult populations.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Nursing, Houston, TX, USA. Pamela.Shiao@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Shyang-Yun Pamela K
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shiao
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Dune
mesh_terms: D019050:Acupressure / Q000379:methods*; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015982:Bias; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009325:Nausea / Q000628:therapy; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015990:Placebo Effect; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D014839:Vomiting / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics