title: Short-term hyperglycemia in surgical patients and a study of related cellular mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine cellular mechanisms by which short-term elevations of glucose or insulin impair leukocyte functions and to assess the occurrence of perioperative hyperglycemia in surgical patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A major factor in the contemporary management of the critically ill surgical patient is the progressively exact control of blood glucose. However, the separate role of insulin and underlying immunologic mechanisms are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood samples of 20 healthy volunteers were exposed for 24 hours to various glucose and insulin concentrations. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added at 1 ng/mL for up to 16 hours and the monocytes' ability to express CD14 and HLA-DR assessed as an index of the monocyte's capability to present antigen. To evaluate the clinical importance of the observed experimental results, a prospective evaluation of perioperative blood glucose values in 5285 surgical patients in Kentucky was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both exposure to high glucose (400 mg/dL) and insulin (100 muU/mL) led to an independent and additive impairment of monocyte HLA-DR expression after 24 hours (P < 0.01). Perioperative blood glucose exceeded 200 mg/dL in 21% of all cardiothoracic patients and in 31% of diabetic patients undergoing common major operations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both short-term hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are associated with significantly decreased monocyte HLA-DR expression, a parameter correlating with infectious complications and patient mortality. This may provide a mechanism by which high glucose and insulin impair innate immunity. It also appears that perioperative maintenance of normoglycemia will become a valid performance measure for practicing surgical specialists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40294, USA.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turina
authors.forename: Frederick N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Colleen F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Hiram C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Polk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012016:Reference Values; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D007328:Insulin; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors