title: Survival in infants with Down syndrome, Metropolitan Atlanta, 1979-1998.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Factors influencing survival among persons with Down syndrome (DS) are not well understood. We sought to evaluate survival of infants with DS and potential prognostic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants with DS who were born alive during 1979 to 1998 were identified using the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP), a population-based surveillance system. To document vital status, we used data from hospital records, the National Death Index (NDI), and Georgia vital records. We estimated survival probability using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and hazard ratios using a Cox proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival probability to 1 year was 92.9% (95% CI: 90.9-94.9) and to 10 years was 88.6% (95% CI: 85.0-92.2). Univariate analysis demonstrated that black maternal race, low birth weight, preterm birth, lower paternal education, presence of heart defects, and presence of other major congenital anomalies were important prognostic factors. After multivariate analysis, maternal race, presence of heart defects, low birth weight, and an interaction between maternal race and presence of heart defects were significantly associated with mortality risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A racial disparity is apparent in survival for children with Down syndrome. Further study is needed to elucidate possible reasons for the racial disparity.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. skr9@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Lee-Yang
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gambrell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001724:Birth Weight; D002423:Cause of Death; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*