title: Causes of visual acuity loss among patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitate the frequencies of the common causes of visual acuity loss for patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred seventy-nine patients (494 eyes) with CMV retinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up every 3 months with medical history, ophthalmologic examination, and laboratory testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Loss of visual acuity across the 20/50 or worse and 20/200 or worse thresholds and doubling of the visual angle; frequencies of causes of such vision loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, involvement of the posterior pole with CMV retinitis (zone 1 retinitis) accounted for approximately one half of incident visual acuity loss of 20/50 or worse, 20/200 or worse, and of doubling of the visual angle. Cataract and retinitis-related retinal detachment were the second and third most common causes of vision loss, accounting for 22% to 33% and 13% to 20% of vision loss for the 3 outcomes, respectively. In subset analysis, cataract and cystoid macular edema (CME) accounted for approximately 50% of incident vision loss in eyes of patients with longstanding CMV retinitis and immune recovery at baseline, but these complications accounted for <10% of incident vision loss in eyes of patients with newly diagnosed CMV retinitis at baseline. Of eyes that had a vision-threatening complication of CMV retinitis, eyes that developed retinal detachment had the highest risk of vision loss, with 100% of eyes developing visual impairment (20/50 or worse vision) and 42% of eyes developing legal blindness (20/200 or worse vision) at 12 months after diagnosis of the retinal detachment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the HAART era, zone 1 involvement and retinal detachment remain the most common causes of visual acuity loss among patients with CMV retinitis. Cataract and CME also are common causes of loss of visual acuity, primarily in those patients with HAART-induced immune recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. jthorne@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jabs
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kempen
authors.forename: Janet T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Curtis L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Meinert
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D014792:Visual Acuity