title: Association of low ankle brachial index with high mortality in primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to assess the increased risk of death and severe vascular events in elderly individuals with subclinical or manifest peripheral arterial disease (PAD), evidenced by low ankle brachial index (ABI < 0.9) in primary care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this monitored prospective observational study, 6880 representative unselected patients aged >or=65 years were followed up over 3 years by 344 primary care physicians. Main outcome measures were mortality or a combined endpoint of mortality and severe vascular events. In total, 20 127 patient-years were observed. In the group of PAD patients (n=1230), 134 patients died; in the group without PAD (n=5591), 237 patients died [multivariate hazard ratio (HR) 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1.6-2.5, P<0.001]. Compared with an ABI>or=1.1, the risk of death increased linearly in the lower ABI categories: ABI 0.7-0.89, HR 1.7 (1.2-2.4, P<0.001); ABI<0.5, HR 3.6 (2.4-5.4, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a low ABI (PAD), who can be readily identified in a primary care setting, have a substantially increased risk of death and severe vascular events. Patients with an ABI between 1.1 and 0.9 should be considered and followed up as borderline PAD cases. Particular attention should be paid to patients with PAD and previous vascular events, as their risk is markedly increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Vascular Medicine, SRH-Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Affiliated Teaching Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Guttmannstr. 1, D-76307 Karlsbad, Germany. curt.diehm@kkl.srh.de
authors.forename: Curt
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diehm
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darius
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittrow
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Stritzky
authors.forename: Gerhart
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tepohl
authors.forename: Roman L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Haberl
authors.forename: Jens Rainer
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Allenberg
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dasch
authors.forename: Hans Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Trampisch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis