title: Amygdalar volume and behavioral development in autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amygdala is associated with socioemotional function and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of autism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between amygdalar volume at ages 3 and 4 years and severity of clinical course and outcome at 6 years of age in children with autism spectrum disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images acquired at 3 and 4 years of age were used to measure total cerebral, amygdalar, and hippocampal volumes. Acquisition of social and communication skills was assessed semiannually using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Hierarchical linear models were used to predict variability in individual linear growth trajectories as a function of IQ, total cerebral, and amygdalar or hippocampal volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of children with autism spectrum disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five children with autism spectrum disorders between 3 and 6 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear growth trajectory of age equivalence Vineland communication and social scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larger right amygdalar volume was associated with more severe social and communication impairments at ages 3 and 4 years. Larger right amygdalar volume also was predictive of poorer social and communication abilities at age 6 years, even after controlling for IQ and total cerebral volume. Parallel analyses with hippocampal volumes found no relationship to social or communication development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger right amygdalar volume at 3 and 4 years of age, but not left amygdalar, hippocampal, or total cerebral volume, is associated with a more severe clinical course and worse outcome at age 6 years in children with autism spectrum disorder. These results provide additional evidence that amygdalar development is implicated in the behavioral impairments found in autism.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faja
authors.forename: Sara Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Seth D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Artru
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dager
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012951:Socialization