title: Cytoprotective effects of hypoxia against cisplatin-induced tubular cell apoptosis: involvement of mitochondrial inhibition and p53 suppression.
abstract: Hypoxia that is caused by vascular defects or disruption is commonly associated with renal diseases. During cisplatin nephrotoxicity, hypoxic regions are identified in the outer medulla and the renal cortex. However, the regulation of cisplatin injury by hypoxia is unclear. Previous work has demonstrated the cytoprotective effects of hypoxia against apoptotic injury. This study further examines the cytoprotective mechanisms in models of cisplatin-induced tubular cell apoptosis. In cultured renal tubular cells, 20 microM cisplatin induced approximately 60% apoptosis within 16 h. The rate of apoptosis was suppressed to < 20%, when the incubation was conducted under hypoxia (2% O2). Mitochondrial events of apoptosis, namely Bax accumulation and cytochrome c release, also were ameliorated. During cisplatin treatment, cell ATP was maintained in both normoxic and hypoxic cells. Hypoxic incubation lowered extracellular pH, but prevention of the pH decrease did not restore cisplatin-induced apoptosis. The cytoprotective effects of hypoxia also were independent of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Cobalt, as hypoxia, activated HIF-1 yet did not suppress cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, hypoxia suppressed cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HIF-1-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells and renal proximal tubular cells. Conversely, mitochondrial inhibitors, particularly inhibitors of respiration complex III (antimycin A and myxothiazol), mimicked hypoxia in apoptosis suppression. The effects of hypoxia and mitochondrial inhibitors were not additive. It is interesting that both hypoxia and complex III inhibitors ameliorated cisplatin-induced p53 activation. Therefore, the cytoprotective effects of hypoxia are independent of changes in cell ATP, pH, or HIF but may involve mitochondrial inhibition and the suppression of p53.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Jinzhao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mangatt P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Biju
authors.forename: Mong-Heng
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Volker H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000633:toxicity; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000502:physiology*; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000172:deficiency; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D003035:Cobalt; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III; D002945:Cisplatin