title: Sleep in critically ill chemically paralyzed patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine sleep characteristics in patients receiving mechanical ventilation who require a neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult medical ICU at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation were classified into three groups based on medication regimen determined a priori: intermittent sedation (IS), continuous sedation (CS), or CS and an NMBA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four-hour polysomnography was performed to determine sleep architecture and fragmentation. Measurement of severity of illness, laboratory indexes, patient-care interventions, and drug dosage were compared between groups, and the effects on sleep staging and fragmentation were analyzed. Sleep stages were scored manually using criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales, as well as by a modified 50-muV voltage criteria for scoring delta activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients demonstrated abnormal sleep architecture. In each group of patients, the total sleep time (TST) was > 10 h. There was no statistical difference in the delta activity between the two scoring methods; delta activity was increased in all groups: 32.9%, 49.6%, and 43.7% in the IS, CS, and CS/NMBA groups, respectively. Patients receiving NMBAs spent 22% of the sleep period awake. Rapid eye movement sleep could not be detected in the patients receiving NMBAs and was reduced in the other two groups (3.5%). TST, sleep stage, or arousal/awakening index were not statistically correlated with either severity of illness, clinical laboratory indexes, drug dosage, patient-care interventions, or mode of mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TST during a 24-h period is not reduced in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Delta activity is increased and may reflect age, drug, or a contributing metabolic process. The effect of wakefulness in patients receiving chemical paralysis on recovery and weaning from mechanical ventilation, and overall clinical outcome is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. kahardin@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: Masud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seyal
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: H William
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Bonekat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D016638:Critical Illness; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents