title: Increased peritoneal and endometrial gene expression of biologically relevant cytokines and growth factors during the menstrual phase in women with endometriosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine differential messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of relevant cytokines, metalloproteases, growth and adhesion factors in endometrium and peritoneum from women with endometriosis when compared with women without the disease during menstrual and luteal phases of the cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with endometriosis were compared with control patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 35 patients (20 patients during the luteal phase and 15 patients during the menstrual phase) were selected for this study on the basis of cycle phase and presence or absence of endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, endometriosis was laparoscopically and histologically confirmed in 24 women with endometriosis of revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) stage I-II (n = 12) and revised ASRM stage III-IV (n = 12), and the presence of a normal pelvis was documented by laparoscopy in 11 control patients. The macroscopically normal peritoneum tissues were collected from lateral wall left or right, near the colon ascendens or descendens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression levels were determined as ratios between the target molecules and beta-actin as housekeeping gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women with endometriosis, peritoneal mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin (IL)-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endometrial mRNA levels of MMP-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-8 were significantly higher during the menstrual phase when compared with luteal phase. During the menstrual phase of the cycle, both endometrial expression of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and MMP-3 mRNA levels and peritoneal expression of transforming growth factor-beta, IL-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in women with endometriosis when compared with controls. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of TNF-alpha in peritoneum and endometrium in both women with endometriosis and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased endometrial and peritoneal cytokine mRNA expression during menstruation may contribute to a pelvic inflammatory microenvironment favoring the development of endometriosis.
authors.affiliation: Leuven University Fertility Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Cleophas M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kyama
authors.forename: Lutgart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Overbergh
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Debrock
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valckx
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vander Perre
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meuleman
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mihalyi
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mwenda
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: D'Hooghe
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines