title: Differences in tumor-associated protein levels among middle-age Flemish women in association with area of residence and exposure to pollutants.
abstract: We measured tumor-associated proteins (TAPs) and pollutants in blood, serum, and urine of 200 nonsmoking women 50-65 years of age, residing in the rural municipality of Peer or in Hoboken or Wilrijk, industrial suburbs of Antwerp, Belgium. Persons with occupational exposures or commuting to other towns were excluded. Residents from Hoboken had significantly higher levels of blood lead and serum zinc and polychlorinated biphenyls. Surprisingly, residents of Peer had significantly higher levels of serum cadmium, dioxin-like activity in blood fat, and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. For 5 of the 12 TAPs assessed in this study, we observed significant differences in serum levels among residents of the three municipalities after adjusting for personal or lifestyle parameters. Although we found levels of internal exposure to pollutants to be quite homogeneous in Flanders, we found significantly higher levels of TAPs only in the industrial suburbs. In multiple regression with all 29 available personal, lifestyle, and internal exposure parameters, blood lead levels showed a positive association with serum levels of anti-p53, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS) and with an index for mean TAP level (I(tap)); dioxin-like activity in serum and serum copper showed a positive association with serum CA 125 (cancer antigen 125); and serum zinc showed a positive association with serum levels of c-erbB-2 ectodomain and TPS. An index of internal exposure showed a positive association with serum levels of both CEA and anti-p53 and with I(tap). This study provides some evidence that levels of internal exposure such as those present in Flanders, in particular concerning lead, are indeed associated with biologic effects.
authors.affiliation: Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Department of Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine, and Experimental Cancerology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. nicolas.vanlarebeke@ugent.be
authors.forename: Nicolas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: van Larebeke
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bracke
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nelen
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koppen
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoeters
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Loon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vlietinck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001530:Belgium; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase