title: Effects of antidepressant treatment with rTMS and fluoxetine on brain perfusion in PD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although depression is highly prevalent in Parkinson disease (PD), little is known about the neural correlates associated with depression and antidepressant treatment in PD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of fluoxetine and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using SPECT in patients with PD and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients were enrolled into two groups: One received active rTMS and placebo medication and the other sham rTMS and fluoxetine 20 mg/day. Brain SPECT was performed at baseline and after 2 and 8 weeks. Changes in rCBF were compared across timepoints and correlated with clinical scores. In addition, baseline rCBF of these patients was compared with that of 29 healthy, age-matched subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, patients with PD and depression showed significantly lower rCBF in the left prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, left insula, and right parietal cortex when compared with healthy controls. Both treatments induced significant clinical improvement and increases in rCBF in the posterior cingulate gyrus and decreases in rCBF in the right medial frontal gyrus. These changes were significantly correlated to the clinical outcome. Furthermore, the comparison between these two treatments revealed that whereas rTMS treatment was associated with an increased perfusion in the right and left prefrontal cortex, fluoxetine treatment was associated with a relative rCBF increase in the occipital lobe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression in patients with Parkinson disease is correlated with a dysfunction of the frontal-limbic network that can be modulated by two different antidepressant therapies.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ffregni@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermpohl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buchpiguel
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcolin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Valente
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D005473:Fluoxetine