title: Efficacy and safety of nurse-administered propofol sedation during emergency upper endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have documented the safety of propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures, but many endoscopists are reluctant to use propofol for high-risk patients because of adverse effects. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of nurse-administered propofol sedation during emergency upper endoscopy for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 18 months, 120 patients suffering from acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding received propofol sedation administered by a registered nurse. Among these, 15 patients were classified into American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class IV, 84 were ASA class III, and 21 were ASA class II. Patients without gastrointestinal bleeding, who also received propofol during the same period and were matched for age, gender, and ASA class, served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic hemostasis was achieved in 98.3 % of patients, and 97.5 % were satisfied with the procedure. In patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, the rates of hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) and hypoxemia (peripheral oxygen saturation < 90 %) were 8.3 % and 6.7 % respectively, values higher than those in the control group. However, neither mask ventilation nor endotracheal intubation was necessary. Although two patients with gastrointestinal bleeding developed pneumonia, most likely due to aspiration during the procedure, they recovered within 5 days of treatment. There were no sedation-associated severe complications or mortalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a strict protocol designed to protect the patient's airway and cardiovascular function, nurse-administered propofol sedation during emergency upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is safe and appropriate in cases of acute gastrointestinal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yujin Yamazaki Hospital, Hikone, Shiga, Japan. genkipapa178@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tohda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakumoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sumiyoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing*; D004630:Emergencies; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing* / Q000628:therapy; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000451:nursing*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol