Prenatal care initiation among very low-income women in the aftermath of welfare reform: does pre-pregnancy Medicaid coverage make a difference?
OBJECTIVE
To examine pre-pregnancy Medicaid coverage and initiation of prenatal care among women likely eligible for Medicaid coverage regardless of pregnancy.


METHODS
The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) was used to identify very low-income women with Medicaid payment for delivery. We then compared prenatal care initiation among women with (Non-GAP) and without (Medicaid GAP) pre-pregnancy Medicaid coverage.


RESULTS
Rates of first trimester prenatal care were 47.3% for women in the Medicaid GAP, 70.0% for women who were not. The adjusted odds ratio for being in the Medicaid GAP and delayed prenatal care was 2.7 (95% CI 1.2, 6.2), although this varied by race/ethnicity and education. The relationship was strongest among White and Hispanic women with less than a high school education: OR=13.8, (95% CI 3.0, 62.7) and OR=19.0 (95% CI 2.4, 149.2), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Pre-pregnancy Medicaid coverage appears to be associated with early initiation of prenatal care. Almost a decade after welfare reform, it is essential to preserve the Medicaid expansions for pregnant women, foster Medicaid family planning waivers, and promote access to primary care and early prenatal care, particularly for very low-income women.
Rosenberg
Deborah
D
Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA. drose@uic.edu
Handler
Arden
A
Rankin
Kristin M
KM
Zimbeck
Meagan
M
Adams
E Kathleen
EK
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001719:Birth Certificates; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004608:Eligibility Determination / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends; D008484:Medicaid / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data