title: Prospective study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and incident primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six thousand three hundred eighteen women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women enrolled in the NHS from 1980 to 2000 were observed. Eligible participants were at least 40 years old, did not have POAG at baseline, and reported receiving eye examinations during follow-up. Potential confounders were assessed on biennial questionnaires, and a diagnosis of T2DM was confirmed on a validated supplemental questionnaire. During follow-up, 429 self-reported POAG cases confirmed by medical chart review were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariable rate ratios (RRs) of POAG and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) obtained from proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, race, hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking, and family history of glaucoma, T2DM was positively associated with POAG (RR = 1.82 [95% CI = 1.23-2.70]). Nonetheless, the association did not strengthen with longer duration of diabetes: RR = 2.24 (95% CI = 1.31-3.84) for duration < 5 years versus RR = 1.54 (95% CI = 0.90-2.62) for duration > or = 5 years). In secondary analyses, to evaluate the potential for detection bias we controlled for additional factors such as the number of eye examinations, but T2DM remained positively associated with POAG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of POAG in women.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Louis_Pasquale@meei.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.forename: Jae Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health