title: Vector-velocity estimation in swept-scan using a K-space approach.
abstract: The swept-scan technique (i.e., continuously moving a single-crystal transducer during pulse-echo data acquisition) is used in high-frequency, ultrasonic flow imaging. Relative to the conventional step-scan technique, swept scanning improves the rate of data acquisition and enables near-real-time, high-frequency color flow mapping. However, the continuous transducer movement may have non-negligible effects on accuracy of velocity estimation. This paper introduces a spatial frequency domain (i.e., k-space) approach that quantifies the effects of both lateral and axial motions in a swept scan. It is shown that the k-space representation is equivalent to a Doppler-radio frequency (RF) frequency domain representation, and that transducer movement in the swept-scan technique results in a change in Doppler bandwidth. In addition, a vector velocity estimator is developed based on the proposed k-space approach. Both simulations and flow-phantom experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed vector velocity estimator. A 45-MHz transducer was scanned at 20 mm/s. The Doppler angle ranged from 29 degrees to 90 degrees, and the flow velocities ranged from 15 to 30 mm/s. The results show that the proposed k-space vector velocity estimator exhibited a mean error of 2.6 degrees for flow-direction estimation, with the standard deviation ranging from 2.2 degrees to 8.2 degrees. In comparison, for the conventional spectral-broadening-based vector velocity estimator ignoring the swept-scan effect, the mean error became 15 degrees and the standard deviations were from 2.7 degrees to 6.6 degrees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Geng-Shi
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Pai-Chi
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*