title: Management of bladder, prostatic and pelvic floor disorders.
abstract: Since its introduction in the late 1970s for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been increasingly used in the interventional treatment of several other disorders characterized by excessive or inappropriate muscle contractions. Over the years, the number of primary clinical publications has grown exponentially, and still continues to increase. It has been shown that BoNT blocks cholinergic nerve endings in the autonomic nervous system but does not block non-adrenergic non-cholinergic responses mediated by nitric oxide (NO). The present paper reviews a number of recent clinical indications for urological and pelvic floor dysfunctions, such as overactive and neurogenic bladder, non-bacterial prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic anal fissure, or conditions associated to hyperactivity of the puborectalis muscle during straining. These indications provide a new promising palette of indications for future usage of BoNT in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brisinda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maria
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bentivoglio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marniga
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brandara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albanese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins