Testosterone hormone replacement therapy: state-of-the-art and emerging technologies.
In the human male, testosterone is the major circulating androgen. The clinical effects of androgen are numerous, and testosterone deficiency is associated with a number of clinical abnormalities. At present, a variety of preparations containing testosterone is available for the treatment of androgen deficiency. Ideally, those treatments have to produce and maintain physiologic serum concentrations of the hormone. This article reviews the current existing testosterone dosage forms on the market with their advantages and drawbacks and examines new and emerging technology developments concerning this therapy. In particular, the latest innovations in transdermal delivery are explored.
Leichtnam
Marie-Laure
ML
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
Rolland
Hervé
H
Wüthrich
Patrick
P
Guy
Richard H
RH
D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004304:Dosage Forms; D017277:Drug Approval; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use
D004304:Dosage Forms; D013739:Testosterone