title: Reducing duplex examinations in patients with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection has become the initial treatment of choice for femoral access-related pseudoaneurysms. Patients typically undergo serial duplex examinations to assess for spontaneous resolution of small iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms (IPSAs) (<2.5 cm), or may require repeated diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up studies for larger IPSAs (>2.5 cm). We evaluated the impact of a revised treatment algorithm that includes primary treatment of both small (<2.5 cm) and larger pseudoaneurysms (>2.5 cm), rather than observation of smaller ones, and attempts to establish a single duplex examination via a point-of-care treatment strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 105 consecutive patients treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection from July 2001 through September 2004. Patient, IPSAs, characteristics, and treatment methods were examined. The number of duplex examinations per patient was evaluated over the treatment interval. Also, published cost data were used to compare primary treatment of small ISPAs vs observation with serial duplex examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful thrombosis occurred in 103 (98.1%) of 105 treated pseudoaneurysms. No minor or major complications occurred after thrombin injection in either small or large ISPAs, and both failures requiring operation were in the large aneurysm group. The recurrence rate for the series was 1.9% (2/105), and both recurrences were successfully treated with an additional thrombin injection. A single injection was successful in treating 43 (97.7%) of 44 small (<2.5 cm) IPSAs, and one required a second injection. Patients had an average of 3.3 duplex examinations in our first year of treatment experience, which declined to 1.5 by our third year with the institution of a point-of-care service model for all pseudoaneurysms. Based on this decreased use of duplex examination and an average treatment cohort of 35 IPSA patients per year our institution, we determined this results in a reduction of 35 hours of laboratory time and nearly 70 ultrasounds per year. Similarly for small pseudoaneurysms, a point-of-service primary treatment program rather than observation results in an estimated cost savings of $12,000, based on treating 15 small IPSAs per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is safe and effective for the treatment of nearly all iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. We recommend primary treatment of small pseudoaneurysms by ultrasound-guided thrombin injection rather than observation with serial duplex scans. A point-of-care treatment algorithm can result in cost savings by reducing the number of necessary duplex examinations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, West Virginia University (Charleston Division), USA. pstone0627@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Ali F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Aburahma
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Flaherty
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003363:Cost Control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D013917:Thrombin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000191:economics; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D013917:Thrombin