title: Patients with horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis due to ROBO3 E319K mutation have both uncrossed and crossed central nervous system pathways and perform normally on neuropsychological testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is caused by mutations of the ROBO3 gene, which encodes a receptor associated with axonal guidance during development. Although there is evidence for uncrossed cuneatal and corticospinal tracts in HGPPS, it is unclear whether other central nervous system pathways are involved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study two patients with HGPPS homozygotic for the ROBO3 E319K mutation using a variety of neurophysiological and neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A battery of neuropsychological tests was applied to assess various cognitive and perceptual functions. The corticospinal, somatosensory and auditory pathways were evaluated using appropriate neurophysiological tests. To access motor pathways to the neck muscles, electromyographic recordings were obtained from the sternocleidomastoideus and splenius capitis muscle during active head rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients performed normally on manual dexterity, complex sensory and visuospatial functions, reading and general intelligence tests. Motor evoked potentials in both patients showed uncrossed corticospinal tracts for the extremities, although in one patient, electromyography indicated pyramidal tract crossing for the neck muscles. Although somatosensory evoked potentials showed uncrossed somatosensory fibres subserving proprioception and light touch, right median nerve somatosensory evoked potential in one patient indicated a partial lemniscal crossing. Sympathetic skin response and blink reflex showed a midline crossing of the spinothalamic and quintothalamic tracts. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials indicated a lack of crossing in the level of the trapezoid body.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our patients with the ROBO3 E319Kappa mutation show normal perceptual and cognitive functions and have both crossed and uncrossed motor, sensory and auditory pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece. amoirid@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amoiridis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tzagournissakis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karampekios
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Latsoudis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Panou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plaitakis
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D018450:Disease Progression; D004576:Electromyography; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010465:Perception; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins
chemical_list: D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C499630:ROBO3 protein, human; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins