title: Different mating-type-regulated genes affect the DNA repair defects of Saccharomyces RAD51, RAD52 and RAD55 mutants.
abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing both a- and alpha-mating-type (MAT) genes (termed mating-type heterozygosity) exhibit higher rates of spontaneous recombination and greater radiation resistance than cells expressing only MATa or MATalpha. MAT heterozygosity suppresses recombination defects of four mutations involved in homologous recombination: complete deletions of RAD55 or RAD57, an ATPase-defective Rad51 mutation (rad51-K191R), and a C-terminal truncation of Rad52, rad52-Delta327. We investigated the genetic basis of MAT-dependent suppression of these mutants by deleting genes whose expression is controlled by the Mata1-Matalpha2 repressor and scoring resistance to both campothecin (CPT) and phleomycin. Haploid rad55Delta strains became more damage resistant after deleting genes required for nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), a process that is repressed in MATa/MATalpha cells. Surprisingly, NHEJ mutations do not suppress CPT sensitivity of rad51-K191R or rad52-Delta327. However, rad51-K191R is uniquely suppressed by deleting the RME1 gene encoding a repressor of meiosis or its coregulator SIN4; this effect is independent of the meiosis-specific homolog, Dmc1. Sensitivity of rad52-Delta327 to CPT was unexpectedly increased by the MATa/MATalpha-repressed gene YGL193C, emphasizing the complex ways in which MAT regulates homologous recombination. The rad52-Delta327 mutation is suppressed by deleting the prolyl isomerase Fpr3, which is not MAT regulated. rad55Delta is also suppressed by deletion of PST2 and/or YBR052C (RFS1, rad55 suppressor), two members of a three-gene family of flavodoxin-fold proteins that associate in a nonrandom fashion with chromatin. All three recombination-defective mutations are made more sensitive by deletions of Rad6 and of the histone deacetylases Rpd3 and Ume6, although these mutations are not themselves CPT or phleomycin sensitive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Resenstiel Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valencia-Burton
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oki
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Tracey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Seier
authors.forename: Rohinton
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamakaka
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haber
mesh_terms: D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal / Q000502:physiology*; D006238:Haploidy; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase / Q000235:genetics*; D051721:Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005420:Flavoproteins; C497197:RAD52 protein, S cerevisiae; C087191:RAD55 protein, S cerevisiae; D051721:Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C471606:RAD6 protein, S cerevisiae; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; C495151:RAD51 protein, S cerevisiae; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase