title: Drug use patterns and adherence to treatment among HIV-positive patients: evidence from a large sample of French outpatients (ANRS-EN12-VESPA 2003).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between drug use and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among HIV-positive people, with two alternative measures of drug use: a set of drug uses considered independent and patterns capturing combinations of drug uses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey conducted among a nationally representative sample of 4963 HIV-positive people randomly recruited in 102 French hospital departments delivering HIV care. The researchers modelled non-adherence to HAART with a set of binary indicators of drug use (model I) or comprehensive patterns obtained with a cluster analysis (model II).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In model 1, heroin use, injection drug use, and cocaine/amphetamine/ecstasy use were not significant predictors of poor adherence in contrast with nicotine dependence, cannabis use, and amyl nitrate use. In model II, non-adherence to HAART was more prevalent among profiles characterised by alcohol abuse and multiple addictions, including nicotine dependence and use of various illicit drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine dependence, cannabis use, and amyl nitrate use are associated with non-adherence only if they are embedded in drug use patterns characterised by alcohol abuse or heroin use. The results also illustrate the interest in investigating the effects of drug use patterns on behavioural outcomes, rather than measuring independent effects of various drug use indicators that are highly correlated.
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Disease Control of South-Eastern France, Marseilles, France. peretti@marseille.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peretti-Watel
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spire
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lert
authors.forename: Yolande
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obadia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine