title: Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy for urolith removal in geldings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a technique for laparoscopic-assisted removal of cystic calculi in geldings and report outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four geldings with cystic calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy and urolith retrieval was performed in 4 anesthetized geldings positioned in dorsal recumbency. With a laparoscope portal located at the umbilicus, the abdomen was insufflated and then the surgical table was tilted (30 degrees head-down position) before an instrumental portal was created parallel and 2-3 cm medial to the left external inguinal ring. Laparoscopic grasping forceps were inserted to grasp the cranial aspect of the bladder and elevate it to the ventral abdominal wall. With the instrumental portal as mid-point, the parainguinal skin incision was longitudinally extended cranial and caudal (approximately 8-10 cm) to accommodate the size of the urolith. The apex of the bladder was exteriorized and sharply incised, the urolith extracted, and after cystotomy closure, the bladder was repositioned. The mini-laparotomy and trocar incisions were closed in layers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no intra- or post-operative complications. All horses had minor incisional swelling for 3-4 days. No signs of abdominal or incisional pain were observed. Hematuria and slight stranguria occurred until the 3rd or 4th day. Surgical time (skin incision to skin closure) was 35-40 minutes. On long-term follow-up (up to 12 months) no recurrence of clinical signs associated with cystic calculi occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uroliths (6-8 cm diameter) can be removed by laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy in geldings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy combines the advantages of the parainguinal laparocystotomy with laparoscopic technique for removal of cystic calculi while avoiding their disadvantages.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Clinic Starnberg, Department of Equine Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. MRoecken@t-online.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röcken
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.forename: Gesine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mosel
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rass
authors.forename: Lutz F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Litzke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*