title: Human oocyte cryopreservation and the fate of cortical granules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of the commonly used oocyte cryopreservation protocol on the cortical granules (CGs) of human immature germinal vesicle (GV) and mature metaphase II (MII) oocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  IVF unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unfertilized, intracytoplasmic sperm injected (ICSI) oocytes, and immature oocytes were cryopreserved using a slow freezing-rapid thawing program with 1,2-propanediol (PROH) as a cryoprotectant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortical granule exocytosis (CGE) was assessed by either confocal microscopy or transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survival rates of frozen-thawed oocytes (mature and immature) were significantly lower compared with zygotes. Both mature and immature oocytes exhibited increased fluorescence after cryopreservation, indicating the occurrence of CGE. Mere exposure of oocytes to cryoprotectants induced CGE of 70% the value of control zygotes. The TEM revealed a drastic reduction in the amount of CGs at the cortex of frozen-thawed GV and MII oocytes, as well as appearance of vesicles in the ooplasm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The commonly used PROH freezing protocol for human oocytes resulted in extensive CGE. This finding explains why ICSI is needed to achieve fertilization of frozen-thawed human oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehudith
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ghetler
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skutelsky
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben Nun
authors.forename: Liah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ben Dor
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amihai
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shalgi
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*