title: Accuracy and precision of the three-dimensional assessment of the facial surface using a 3-D laser scanner.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3-D) recording of the surface of the human body or anatomical areas has gained importance in many medical specialties. Thus, it is important to determine scanner precision and accuracy in defined medical applications and to establish standards for the recording procedure. Here we evaluated the precision and accuracy of 3-D assessment of the facial area with the Minolta Vivid 910 3D Laser Scanner. We also investigated the influence of factors related to the recording procedure and the processing of scanner data on final results. These factors include lighting, alignment of scanner and object, the examiner, and the software used to convert measurements into virtual images. To assess scanner accuracy, we compared scanner data to those obtained by manual measurements on a dummy. Less than 7% of all results with the scanner method were outside a range of error of 2 mm when compared to corresponding reference measurements. Accuracy, thus, proved to be good enough to satisfy requirements for numerous clinical applications. Moreover, the experiments completed with the dummy yielded valuable information for optimizing recording parameters for best results. Thus, under defined conditions, precision and accuracy of surface models of the human face recorded with the Minolta Vivid 910 3D Scanner presumably can also be enhanced. Future studies will involve verification of our findings using test persons. The current findings indicate that the Minolta Vivid 910 3D Scanner might be used with benefit in medicine when recording the 3-D surface structures of the face.
authors.affiliation: Department for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Germany. l.kovacs@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baurecht
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwenzer-Zimmerer
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papadopulos
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biemer
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zeilhofer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D007834:Lasers; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity