title: Discovery of novel epigenetic markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
abstract: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a group of malignancies with heterogeneous genetic and epigenetic alterations. Discovery of molecular markers that better define NHL should improve diagnosis, prognosis and understanding of the biology. We developed a CpG island DNA microarray for discovery of aberrant methylation targets in cancer, and now apply this method to examine NHL cell lines and primary tumors. This methylation profiling revealed differential patterns in six cell lines originating from different subtypes of NHL. We identified 30 hypermethylated genes in these cell lines and independently confirmed 10 of them. Methylation of 6 of these genes was then further examined in 75 primary NHL specimens composed of four subtypes representing different stages of maturation. Each gene (DLC-1, PCDHGB7, CYP27B1, EFNA5, CCND1 and RARbeta2) was frequently hypermethylated in these NHLs (87, 78, 61, 53, 40 and 38%, respectively), but not in benign follicular hyperplasia. Although some genes such as DLC-1 and PCDHGB7 were methylated in the vast majority of NHLs, others were differentially methylated in specific subtypes. The methylation of the candidate tumor suppressor gene DLC-1 was detected in a high proportion of primary tumor and plasma DNA samples by using quantitative methylation-specific PCR analysis. This promoter hypermethylation inversely correlated with DLC-1 gene expression in primary NHL samples. Thus, this CpG island microarray is a powerful discovery tool to identify novel methylated genes for further studies of their relevant molecular pathways in NHLs and identification of potential epigenetic biomarkers of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
authors.forename: Huidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Juyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Deiter J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.forename: Farahnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rahmatpanah
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chitima-Matsiga
authors.forename: Mufadhal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Kuhlani
authors.forename: Kristen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Ozy
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sjahputera
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreski
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wooldridge
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016403:Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C112352:DLC1 protein, human; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins