title: Smoking does not influence cadmium concentrations in blood and urine in relatively high levels of environmental cadmium areas in Japan.
abstract: We examined how the influence of smoking on blood and urinary cadmium (Cd) concentrations was modified by the level of environmental Cd. We measured blood and urinary Cd concentrations of 1134 men over 50 yr of age in three areas in Japan that were exposed to different levels of environmental Cd. Analysis of variance was used to compare Cd concentrations in blood and urine of smokers with those of nonsmokers living in the three areas. Correlation coefficients between the number of cigarettes smoked per day or smoking indices (the number of cigarettes smoked per day multiplied by the number of years smoked) and blood and urinary Cd concentrations were calculated. No significant difference in Cd concentrations between smokers and nonsmokers was observed in areas where the average Cd concentration in blood was over approx 2.4 ng/g, 2.0 mug/L in urine, and 2.3 mug/g creatinine in urine, respectively. Therefore, it was suggested that an influence of smoking on blood and urinary Cd concentrations was not observed in areas exposed to relatively high levels of environmental Cd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuohku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Mirei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uetani
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.forename: Muneko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium