title: Penetrating cardiac injuries: recent experience in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penetrating cardiac injury is a dramatic and lethal form of trauma. The majority of patients will die before reaching medical care, but for those who arrive at hospital alive, the diagnostic acumen and rapid surgical intervention of physicians and surgeons can lead to successful outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured diagnostic and management approach is used in our trauma unit to deal with penetrating cardiac injury. A retrospective study of 117 patients with penetrating trauma to the heart was conducted over 32 months; the purpose of this study was to describe our protocol and review overall outcome with this type of injury. Demographic details, mechanism of injury, and mode of presentation were recorded. Mortality and morbidity data were collated and echocardiographic follow-up was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 109 male patients, mean age 29 years (range: 15-54 years) and 8 female patients, mean age 35 years (range: 23-56 years). Most patients (96/117) had sustained stab wounds, and the associated mortality was 15.6%. Twenty-one patients had sustained gunshot wounds (GSW), with a mortality of 81%. Gunshot wounds were significantly more likely to result in death (P<or=0.0001). Five patients sustained multiple cardiac wounds, and three of them died. The risk of death was not different between patients sustaining single or multiple cardiac wounds (P=0.11). Eleven patients had thoracoabdominal injury, and 3/11 (27%) died; all of those that died had sustained GSW. The risk of death was not different between patients sustaining thoracoabdominal wounds and those with isolated thoracic injury (P=1.0). Among the 51 patients with stab wounds who presented with cardiac tamponade, the mortality was only 8%. Compared to the other patients with stab wounds, cardiac tamponade conferred a significant survival advantage (P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high index of suspicion for penetrating cardiac injury and an understanding of the modes of presentation can lead to rapid diagnosis even by inexperienced junior staff. Such a structured approach to patients with penetrating trauma to the chest leads to early definitive management and acceptable results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. degiannis@yebo.co.za
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Degiannis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loogna
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bowley
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*