title: Situation models and retrieval interference: pictures and words.
abstract: Previous studies have found that interference in long-term memory retrieval occurs when information cannot be integrated into a single situation model, but this interference is greatly reduced or absent when the information can be so integrated. The current study looked at the influence of presentation format-sentences or pictures-on this observed pattern. When sentences were used at memorisation and recognition, a spatial organisation was observed. In contrast, when pictures were used, a different pattern of results was observed. Specifically, there was an overall speed-up in response times, and consistent evidence of interference. Possible explanations for this difference were examined in a third experiment using pictures during learning, but sentences during recognition. The results from Experiment 3 were consistent with the organisation of information into situation models in long-term memory, even from pictures. This suggests that people do create situation models when learning pictures, but their recognition memory may be oriented around more "verbatim", surface-form memories of the pictures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Radvansky
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D014796:Visual Perception