title: Postoperative maintenance therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review will highlight the knowledge gained from studies published in the year 2005 on maintenance treatment after surgery for inflammatory bowel diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Crohn's disease the role of smoking in increasing the risk of relapse and recurrence after surgery is confirmed. Ornidazole seems effective in reducing endoscopic recurrence and clinical relapse after surgery. Probiotics do not appear to be effective in preventing endoscopic recurrence and clinical relapse: a controlled placebo trial showed that Lactobacillus johnsonii is not effective in preventing endoscopic recurrence. A retrospective study suggested that enteral nutrition after surgery may reduce the clinical relapse. Pathophysiological studies underlined the value of probiotics in pouchitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Crohn's disease postoperative maintenance treatment is disappointing. Giving up smoking is still the only effective measure. Mesalamine remains the drug that has been widely studied with large trials and meta-analysis. Encouraging results come from small trials on antibiotics. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine must be evaluated in better designed controlled trials. There is no evidence in favour of probiotics as an effective therapy to prevent recurrence. Enteral nutrition after surgery is a candidate new therapy, but further controlled trials are needed. Pathophysiological studies confirm the beneficial role of probiotics in pouchitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Pneumology and Nutrition Clinic, Palermo University, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cottone
authors.forename: Ambrogio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Modesto
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents