title: Evaluation of methods for the isolation, detection and quantification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins.
abstract: Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins such as microcystins and nodularins have been responsible for the poisoning of both animals and humans who ingest or come into contact with toxic blooms. They are extremely stable in water due to their stable chemical structure and can tolerate radical changes in water chemistry, including pH and salinity. Different methods for the extraction and detection of these compounds have been reported. Extraction methods utilizing both aqueous and organic solvent systems have been reported. The detection methods ranging from immunological or biochemical assays such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and enzyme activity assays, to chemicals methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and more sophisticated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have been documented as well. We review some important aspects of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and methods of analysis for these toxins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag, 00704 UB Gaborone, Botswana. msagatit@mopipi.ub.bw
authors.forename: Titus A M
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Msagati
authors.forename: Bupe A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Siame
authors.forename: Deborah D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Shushu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005068:Eutrophication; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity; D052998:Microcystins; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C063998:nodularin; C078588:microcystin