title: Classical and real-time neuronavigation in pediatric neurosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuronavigation has become a cornerstone of neurosurgery. Navigation systems are categorized into two main groups: those based on preoperative imaging and those based on real-time intraoperative acquired images.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The preoperative imaging systems, either computed tomography (CT)- or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based, are straight-forward systems that are routinely used in most institutions. Image accuracy, however, decreases secondary to brain and lesion shifts that occur during surgery. Intraoperative, real-time navigation systems overcome anatomical shifts by updating the image base of the navigation during surgery, thus, maintaining precise navigation capabilities throughout the surgical procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article, we review the main neuronavigation systems and their applications, emphasizing their unique advantages and usage within the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239 Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beni-Adani
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Biyani
authors.forename: Shlomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Constantini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D002551:Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D003199:Computer Systems; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009862:Online Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013724:Teratoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt