title: Reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy ferrets with the aim of establishing normal physiological reference values for this species.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 healthy, unrelated ferrets were used to test most of the parameters in this investigation. Eight of the 15 ferrets were used for central corneal thickness evaluation. Ages varied from 1.5 to 6 years of age. Selected diagnostic ocular tests were performed including Schirmer tear test, tonometry using an applanation tonometer (Tonopen), central corneal thickness using an ultrasonic pachymeter (Sonomed, Micropach, Model 200P +) and culture of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staphylococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated from healthy conjunctival and eyelid margins, suggesting they are normal constituents of the conjunctival flora of the ferret. Results for selected ocular diagnostic tests investigated here for the ferret eye were as follows: intraocular pressure: 14.50 +/- 3.27 mmHg; Schirmer tear test: 5.31 +/- 1.32 mm/min; central corneal thickness: 0.337 +/- 0.020 mm. No statistically significant differences between ages or genders were found for any of the results. The reference data for the ocular tests obtained in this investigation will help veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose ocular diseases in the ferret. Knowledge of these reference values will be particularly useful to diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes of the ferret eye.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba - PR, Brazil. montiani@ufpr.edu
authors.forename: Fabiano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montiani-Ferreira
authors.forename: Bianca Chaim
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: Heloisa Helena Abil
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Russ
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology*; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D003352:Corynebacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000662:veterinary