title: Sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation test for predicting vocal cord palsy after thyroid surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy after thyroidectomy, although infrequently encountered, can decrease quality of life. In addition to the hoarseness that occurs with unilateral RLN palsy, bilateral RLN palsy leads to dyspnea and often to life-threatening glottal obstruction. Therefore, intraoperative awareness of the nerve's status is of great importance. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of a palpation technique to detect contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) through the posterior hypopharyngeal wall while the RLN was being stimulated with a disposable nerve stimulator during thyroid surgery (the laryngeal palpation test) to predict postoperative RLN deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2197 RLNs in 1376 patients were identified to be at risk of injury during thyroidectomy performed between July 2003 and August 2004. Postoperative RLN integrity was assessed using direct laryngoscopy or laryngofiberoscopy to visualize vocal fold mobility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 76 RLNs failed to elicit a PCA contraction in response to nerve stimulation, and 80 cases of temporary vocal cord palsy and 21 cases of permanent vocal cord palsy were recognized on postoperative evaluation. For postoperative vocal cord palsy, the sensitivity and specificity of the laryngeal palpation test were 69.3% and 99.7%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 92.1% and negative predictive value of 98.5%. For permanent vocal cord palsy, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 97.3%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 23.7% and negative predictive value of 99.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laryngeal palpation test is not a particularly useful method for predicting the level of RLN function after thyroidectomy. All patients must be examined postoperatively by direct laryngoscopy or laryngofiberoscopy to check vocal cord mobility. Even if there is no contraction of the PCA and we detect vocal cord palsy immediately after surgery, vocal cord palsy often recovers within 1 year when visual preservation of RLN is successful.
authors.affiliation: Kuma Hospital, 8-2-35 Shimoyamate-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0011, Japan. tomoda@kuma-h.or.jp
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomoda
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uruno
authors.forename: Yuuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miya
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsuzuka
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuma
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010173:Palpation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D061226:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology*