title: Genioplasty distraction osteogenesis and hyoid advancement for correction of upper airway obstruction in patients with Treacher Collins and Nager syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treacher Collins and Nager syndromes may present with mandibular hypoplasia that causes posterior collapse of the tongue base and a decreased oropharyngeal airway. Mandibular distraction and orthognathic advancement are effective treatments to correct the airway, but failure may occur despite achieving class I occlusion. For this select population, the authors propose a novel procedure of genioplasty distraction and hyoid advancement to optimize epiglottal positioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with Treacher Collins (n = 5) or Nager syndrome (n = 3) with obstructive sleep apnea or tracheostomy dependency (n = 8) underwent genioplasty distraction and hyoid advancement. Airway outcome was assessed by preoperative and 1-year follow-up comparison of (1) laryngobronchoscopy, (2) sleep studies, and (3) tracheostomy dependency. For genioplasty outcome, three groups were used: group I (distraction genioplasty, syndromic) (n = 8), group II (acute genioplasty, syndromic) (n = 7), and group III (acute genioplasty, nonsyndromic) (n = 10). Lateral cephalogram measurements were used in the preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up periods to assess horizontal and vertical advancement and relapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epiglottal position was optimized by the procedure in all patients based on direct endoscopic assessment. All five patients with obstructive sleep apnea had resolution of symptoms, and two of three patients achieved removal of their tracheostomy. Mean advancement for groups I, II, and III was 25, 14, and 8 mm, respectively. Follow-up horizontal advancement for groups I, II, and III were 18, 4, and 6 mm, respectively. Cephalometric measurements showed a horizontal relapse for groups I, II, and III of 10, 62, and 11 percent, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that genioplasty distraction allows for a greater advancement and decreased relapse rate than acute procedures alone; and genioplasty distraction with hyoid advancement is a useful technique for resolution of obstructive sleep apnea or to achieve tracheostomy removal in those syndromic patients who have already undergone mandibular advancement into a class I occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Justin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Joubin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gabbay
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Garri
authors.forename: Andrès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urrego
authors.forename: Libby S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Henry K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000379:methods*; D008342:Mandibulofacial Dysostosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014059:Tongue / Q000601:surgery; D014139:Tracheostomy