title: Developmental potential of vitrified holstein cattle embryos fertilized in vitro with sex-sorted sperm.
abstract: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a feasible way to utilize sex-sorted sperm to produce offspring of a predetermined sex in the livestock industry. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of various factors on bovine IVF and to systematically improve the efficiency of IVF production using sex-sorted sperm. Both bulls and sorting contributed to the variability among differential development rates of embryos fertilized by sexed sperm. Increased sorting pressures (275.8 to 344.75 kPa) did not have a significant effect on the in vitro fertility of the sorted sperm; neither did an extended period of 9 to 14 h from semen collection to sorting. As few as 600 sorted sperm were used to fertilize an oocyte, resulting in blastocyst development of 33.2%. Postwarming of vitrified sexed IVF embryos resulted in high morphological survival (96.3%) and hatching (84.4%) rates, similar to those fertilized by nonsexed sperm (93.1 and 80.6%, respectively). A 40.9% pregnancy rate was established following the transfer of 3,627 vitrified, sexed embryos into synchronized recipients. This was not different from the rates with nonsexed IVF (41.9%, n = 481), or in vivo-produced (53.1%, n = 192) embryos. Of 458 calves born, 442 (96.5%) were female and 99.6% appeared normal. These technologies (sperm sexing-IVF-vitrification-embryo transfer) provide farmers, as well as the livestock industry, with a valuable option for herd expansion and heifer replacement programs. In summary, calves were produced using embryos fertilized by sex-sorted sperm in vitro and cryopreserved by rapid cooling vitrification.
authors.affiliation: Evergen Biotechnologies, Inc., Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Nedambale
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dinnyés
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000196:embryology*; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000662:veterinary; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000662:veterinary*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D012743:Sex Preselection / Q000662:veterinary*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology