title: Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the DIG study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonpotassium-sparing diuretics (NPSDs), have been associated with increased sudden cardiac death (SCD) and progressive heart failure (HF) death in HF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 6797 Digitalis Investigation Group study patients, risk ratios were calculated for death, cardiovascular death (CVD), death from worsening HF, SCD, and HF hospitalization among those taking a potassium-sparing (PSD), NPSD, or no diuretic. Compared with not taking diuretic, risk of death (relative risk [RR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.59, P < .0001), CVD (RR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.17-1.63, P = .0001), progressive HF death (RR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.06-1.89, P = .02), SCD (RR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.23-2.27, P = .001), and HF hospitalization (RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.41-1.99, P < .0001) were increased with NPSD. There was no significant difference in any end point for patients taking only PSD compared to no diuretic. PSD only subjects were less likely than NPSD subjects to be hospitalized for HF (RR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.96, P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPSDs are associated with increased risk of death, CVD, progressive HF death, SCD, and HF hospitalization. A randomized trial is needed to assess the role of NPSDs versus PSDs in HF patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Group, Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domanski
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haigney
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D011188:Potassium