title: Effects of acetylcysteine and ischaemic preconditioning on muscular function and postoperative pain after orthopaedic surgery using a pneumatic tourniquet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of a pneumatic tourniquet can induce muscular and neurological complications in the operated limb. The genesis of these injuries could involve an ischaemia/reperfusion phenomenon and a compression under the cuff. We evaluated effects of an antioxidant, acetylcysteine and ischaemic preconditioning on the rhabdomyolysis and postoperative pain following a knee ligamentoplasty using a pneumatic tourniquet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 31 patients scheduled for a knee ligamentoplasty randomly assigned in three groups (control, acetylcysteine 1200 mg the day before and 600 mg at the operative day, ischaemic preconditioning).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a moderate rise in myoglobin and creatinine phosphokinase with no significant difference between the three groups. The muscular functional parameters were similar in all the groups. However, the morphine consumption within the first 48 h was smaller in the treatment groups (0.22 +/- 0.31 mg kg-1 and 0.22 +/- 0.23 mg kg-1 in the preconditioning and antioxidant groups, respectively) than in the control group (0.47 +/- 0.33 mg kg-1, P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetylcysteine and ischaemic preconditioning do not decrease the extent of rhabdomyolysis related to the use of a pneumatic tourniquet and do not improve the postoperative muscle recovery. On the other hand, they allow a significant reduction in the postoperative morphine consumption.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Saint-Roch, Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Est, Nice, France. orban.j@chu-nice.fr
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Orban
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levraut
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gindre
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deroche
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlatterer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ichai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grimaud
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000209:etiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009211:Myoglobin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D000111:Acetylcysteine