title: Reliability of procedures used in the physical examination of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review.
abstract: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the quality of the research and to assess the reliability of different types of physical examination procedures used in the assessment of patients with non-specific low back pain. A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PEDro, AMED, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL) up to August 2005 identified 48 relevant studies which were analysed for quality and reliability. Pre-established criteria were used to judge the quality of the studies and satisfactory reliability, and conclusions emphasised high quality studies (> or = 60% methods score). The mean quality score of the studies was 52% (range 0 to 88%), indicating weak to moderate methodology. Based on the upper threshold used (kappa/ICC > 0.85) most procedures demonstrated either conflicting evidence or moderate to strong evidence of low reliability. When the lower threshold was used (kappa/ICC > 0.70) evidence about pain response to repeated movements changed from contradictory to moderate evidence for high reliability. Most procedures commonly used by clinicians in the examination of patients with back pain demonstrate low reliability.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom. s.may@shu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Littlewood
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bishop
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D015203:Reproducibility of Results