title: In vitro study assessing the response of plasmodium falciparum malaria to chloroquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, quinine and mefloquine in Wad Medani District, Sudan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the in vitro response of Plasmodium falciparum malaria to chloroquine (CQ), sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SDX/PYR), Quinine (QU) and Mefloquine (MQ) and monitoring their resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1999 to 2000, an in vitro study was carried out in Wad Medani district in Sudan. The standard protocol of the WHO in vitro micro-test Mark II was used for the selection of the subjects, the collection of blood samples, the culture techniques, the examination of the post-culture blood slides and the interpretation of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro micro-test Mark II were performed on 62 Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Of these isolates, 42 produced successful schizonts growth. The data obtained showed that 29 of 42 isolates (69%) were CQ resistant with an effective concentrations (EC); EC50 = 399.621 nM, EC90 = 2754.145 nM and EC99 = 13284.967 nM to inhibit the schizont maturation, the values of SDX/PYR showed a flat regression line as an indication of in vitro reduced response with an EC50 = 0.262 nM, EC90 = 147.390 nM and EC99 = 25722.296 nM, and the response to the QU indicated only one of the 42 isolates (2.4%) was resistant with an EC50 = 150.085 nM, EC90 = 822.825 nM and EC99 = 3293.667 nM, while all the 42 isolates were sensitive to MQ with an EC50 = 190.763 nM, EC90 = 615.125 nM and EC99 = 1597.504 nM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study revealed a high degree of in vitro resistance to CQ and reduced in vitro response to SDX/PYR and QU, while MQ was fully sensitive. The effective concentrations to inhibit 50, 90 and 99% of the parasite maturation were determined for antimalarial drugs efficacy monitoring surveillance in Sudan.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Blue Nile Research and Training Institute, University of Gezira, PO Box 101, Wad Medani, Sudan. bakrinour@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Bakri Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Nour
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Faragalla
authors.forename: Osman K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: A Abd Allah
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mohamadani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011803:Quinine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013397:Sudan; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011803:Quinine; D015767:Mefloquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine