title: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a web-based risk score for seven British black and minority ethnic groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To recalibrate an existing Framingham risk score to produce a web-based tool for estimating the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in seven British black and minority ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk prediction models were recalibrated against survey data on ethnic group risk factors and disease prevalence compared with the general population. Ethnic- and sex-specific 10-year risks of CHD and CVD, at the means of the risk factors for each ethnic group, were calculated from the product of the incidence rate in the general population and the prevalence ratios for each ethnic group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two community-based surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  3778 men and 4544 women, aged 35-54, from the Health Surveys for England 1998 and 1999 and the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  10-year risk of CHD and CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10-year risk of CHD and CVD for non-smoking people aged 50 years with a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg and a total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio of 4.2 was highest in men for those of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin (CVD risk 12.6% and 12.8%, respectively). CHD risk in men with the same risk factor values was lowest in Caribbeans (2.8%) and CVD risk was lowest in Chinese (5.4%). Women of Pakistani origin were at highest risk and Chinese women at lowest risk for both outcomes with CVD risks of 6.6% and 1.2%, respectively. A web-based risk calculator (ETHRISK) allows 10-year risks to be estimated in routine primary care settings for relevant risk factor and ethnic group combinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of cohort studies in the UK that include significant numbers of black and minority ethnic groups, this risk score provides a pragmatic solution to including people from diverse ethnic backgrounds in the primary prevention of CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK. peter.brindle@nhs.net.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischbacher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014900:West Indies / Q000208:ethnology