title: Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the rate and predictors of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and its effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression in HIV-infected women, we performed a multiple-site, prospective study of HIV-infected women in 4 cities in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period of 1993-2000, we observed 885 HIV-infected and 425 HIV-uninfected women with a history of injection drug use or high-risk sexual behavior. Participants underwent semiannual interviews, and CD4+ lymphocyte count and viral load were assessed in HIV-infected subjects. Data regarding episodes of bacterial pneumonia were ascertained from medical record reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of bacterial pneumonia among 885 HIV-infected women was 8.5 cases per 100 person-years, compared with 0.7 cases per 100 person-years in 425 HIV-uninfected women (P < .001). In analyses limited to follow-up after 1 January 1996, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) use were associated with a decreased risk of bacterial pneumonia. Among women who had used TMP-SMX for 12 months, each month of HAART decreased bacterial pneumonia risk by 8% (adjusted hazard ratio [HR(adj)], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-0.95). Increments of 50 CD4+ cells/mm3 decreased the risk (HR(adj), 0.88; 95% CI, 0.84-0.93), and smoking doubled the risk (HR(adj), 2.12; 95% CI, 1.26-3.55). Bacterial pneumonia increased mortality risk (HR(adj), 5.02; 95% CI, 2.12-11.87), with adjustment for CD4+ lymphocyte count and duration of HAART and TMP-SMX use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of bacterial pneumonia persist among HIV-infected women. Although HAART and TMP-SMX treatment decreased the risk, bacterial pneumonia was associated with an accelerated progression to death. Interventions that improve HAART utilization and promote smoking cessation among HIV-infected women are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.forename: Yungtai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Homel
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Flanigan
authors.forename: Lytt I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rompalo
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moskaleva
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: Ellie E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Schoenbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination