title: Long-term morbidity and mortality among a sample of cocaine-dependent black and white veterans.
abstract: Racial minorities generally exhibit worse health status than do whites. To assess the presence of similar phenomena among long-term cocaine-using veterans, this study examined racial variations in mortality and health status among cocaine-dependent men who were originally recruited at their admissions to cocaine treatment in 1988-1989 and were interviewed approximately 12 years later in 2002-2003. Mortality was higher among whites (15%) than blacks (6%), particularly due to drug overdose. Controlling for socioeconomic factors, cocaine severity, and depression, the racial difference was still significant in the survival analysis. Racial differences were examined in the health status of those interviewed in the 12-year follow-up study (178 blacks and 65 whites), after confirmation of their comparable socioeconomic backgrounds and levels of healthcare access and utilization. Contrary to expectations, few racial differences were found on most health indicators, although the level of cocaine use was higher among blacks. Furthermore, fewer blacks reported having hepatitis or sexually transmitted diseases than did whites. The study results suggest that black cocaine-dependent veterans do not have worse health status when compared with white veterans on most health indicators.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yih-Ing
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Hser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014728:Veterans; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*