title: Concurrent comparison of three water contact measurement tools in four endemic villages of the Philippines. The schistosomiasis transmission ecology in the Philippines project (STEP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosomiasis japonica is a chronic helminthic infection contracted through contact with water infested with Schistosoma japonicum. The infection is associated with severe disease and is an important public health concern in Philippines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the agreement in the frequency of water contact between bimonthly interviews, self-administered diaries and observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 286 individuals were followed over either a 4 or a 6 months period. Agreement between direct observation and both the bimonthly and diary methods were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement between the observation and the bimonthly interview was 71.8% when days without any water contacts were considered, but decreased to 23.3% when only days with at least some water contact were considered. The agreement between the observation and the diary was 78.7% when days without any water contacts were considered and 40.8% when only days with some water contacts were considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agreement about the degree of water contact is poor between the different measurement tools. This has important implications for future research, since a high degree of measurement error can severely bias any results from studies involving water contact.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma City-County Health Department, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. Gail-Payne@CCHDOC.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carabin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tallo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alday
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olveda
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McGarvey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D017753:Ecosystem; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D011891:Rain / Q000469:parasitology; D045483:Rivers / Q000469:parasitology; D012423:Rural Health; D012554:Schistosomiasis japonica / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014867:Water