title: Accuracy and dispersal of subacromial and glenohumeral injections in cadavers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  "Blind" shoulder injections are often inaccurate and infiltrate untargeted structures. We tested a hypothesis that optimizing certain anatomical and positional factors would improve accuracy and reduce dispersal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated one subacromial and one glenohumeral injection technique on cadavers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean accuracy was 91% for subacromial-targeted and 74 and 91% (worst- and best-case scenarios) for joint-targeted injections. Mean dispersal was 19% for subacromial-targeted and 16% for joint-targeted injections. All results bettered those reported previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These "optimized" techniques might improve accuracy and limit dispersal of blind shoulder injections in clinical situations, benefiting efficacy and safety. However, evaluation is required in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Teesside Centre for Rehabilitation Sciences, The James Cook University Hospital, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, UK. n.hanchard@tees.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanchard
authors.forename: Donal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Lorna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goodchild
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001175:Arthrography; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents