title: Myc-binding-site recognition in the human genome is determined by chromatin context.
abstract: Large-scale chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies have been effective in unravelling the distribution of DNA-binding transcription factors along eukaryotic genomes, but specificity determinants remain elusive. Gene-regulatory regions display distinct histone variants and modifications (or marks). An attractive hypothesis is that these marks modulate protein recognition, but whether or not this applies to transcription factors remains unknown. Based on large-scale datasets and quantitative ChIP, we dissect the correlations between 35 histone marks and genomic binding by the transcription factor Myc. Our data reveal a relatively simple combinatorial organization of histone marks in human cells, with a few main groups of marks clustering on distinct promoter populations. A stretch of chromatin bearing high H3 K4/K79 methylation and H3 acetylation (or 'euchromatic island'), which is generally associated with a pre-engaged basal transcription machinery, is a strict pre-requisite for recognition of any target site by Myc (whether the consensus CACGTG or an alternative sequence). These data imply that tethering of a transcription factor to restricted chromatin domains is rate-limiting for sequence-specific DNA binding in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan 20139, Italy.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guccione
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinato
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finocchiaro
authors.forename: Lucilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luzi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tizzoni
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dall' Olio
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zardo
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nervi
authors.forename: Loris
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amati
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008745:Methylation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006657:Histones; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA