title: An alternative method to amplify RNA without loss of signal conservation for expression analysis with a proteinase DNA microarray in the ArrayTube format.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent developments in DNA microarray technology led to a variety of open and closed devices and systems including high and low density microarrays for high-throughput screening applications as well as microarrays of lower density for specific diagnostic purposes. Beside predefined microarrays for specific applications manufacturers offer the production of custom-designed microarrays adapted to customers' wishes. Array based assays demand complex procedures including several steps for sample preparation (RNA extraction, amplification and sample labelling), hybridization and detection, thus leading to a high variability between several approaches and resulting in the necessity of extensive standardization and normalization procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present work a custom designed human proteinase DNA microarray of lower density in ArrayTube format was established. This highly economic open platform only requires standard laboratory equipment and allows the study of the molecular regulation of cell behaviour by proteinases. We established a procedure for sample preparation and hybridization and verified the array based gene expression profile by quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Moreover, we compared the results with the well established Affymetrix microarray. By application of standard labelling procedures with e.g. Klenow fragment exo-, single primer amplification (SPA) or In Vitro Transcription (IVT) we noticed a loss of signal conservation for some genes. To overcome this problem we developed a protocol in accordance with the SPA protocol, in which we included target specific primers designed individually for each spotted oligomer. Here we present a complete array based assay in which only the specific transcripts of interest are amplified in parallel and in a linear manner. The array represents a proof of principle which can be adapted to other species as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the designed protocol for amplifying mRNA starts from as little as 100 ng total RNA, it presents an alternative method for detecting even low expressed genes by microarray experiments in a highly reproducible and sensitive manner. Preservation of signal integrity is demonstrated out by QRT-PCR measurements. The little amounts of total RNA necessary for the analyses make this method applicable for investigations with limited material as in clinical samples from, for example, organ or tumour biopsies. Those are arguments in favour of the high potential of our assay compared to established procedures for amplification within the field of diagnostic expression profiling. Nevertheless, the screening character of microarray data must be mentioned, and independent methods should verify the results.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Klinikum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany. susch@mti.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schüler
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wenz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiederanders
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slickers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ehricht
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003199:Computer Systems; D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases