title: Usefulness of the polarity in high-density wide range-filtered bipolar mapping to detect isthmus block during radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The atrial activation sequence around the tricuspid annulus (TA) cannot always be used to establish whether complete block has been achieved across the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) during radiofrequency ablation (RFCA) for typical counterclockwise atrial flutter (CCW-AFL).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether a change in the polarity of the atrial high-density wide range-filtered bipolar electrograms recorded near the ablation line is an accurate indicator of complete CTI block.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with CCW-AFL underwent RFCA. Electrograms were recorded around the TA with duodecapolar conventional (2mm x 8mm x 2mm spacing) and high-density (2-mm spacing) Halo catheters. The bipolar electrograms on the high-density Halo catheter recorded from a series of adjacent electrode pairs positioned just lateral to the ablation line were filtered at a bandpass setting of 0.05-500 Hz. The activation sequence on the conventional Halo catheter during coronary sinus pacing (CSp) and inferolateral TA pacing, and the bipolar electrograms on the high-density Halo catheter during CSp were determined before and after RFCA. The final complete CTI block was verified by the presence of widely split double electrograms > or =100 msec along the ablation line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final complete CTI block was achieved in all the 19 patients. Before RFCA, the polarity of bipolar electrograms was predominantly negative during CCW-AFL and positive during CSp. In 18 of the 19 patients, the bipolar electrograms exhibited the CCW activation and a negative polarity during CSp only after complete CTI block. In one of those 18 patients, additional applications of RFCA changed the polarity of bipolar electrograms positive to negative although the conventional Halo electrogram activation sequence suggested complete CTI block during CSp. In seven patients, who had transverse conduction across the crista terminalis during CSp, the conventional Halo electrogram activation sequence suggested an incomplete CTI block. However, in six of those seven patients, the CCW activation had a predominantly negative polarity of the bipolar electrograms. In one of those seven patients, complete CTI block was unable to be detected even using the high-density Halo catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the high-density wide range-filtered mapping can identify the CTI block in undetectable cases of complete CTI block or incomplete CTI block by the conventional method. The polarity of the bipolar electrograms recorded just lateral to the ablation line during CSp after RFCA of AFL may be used as a simple and an accurate indicator of complete CTI block.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Tokyo, Japan. yasuook@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kimie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawauchi
authors.forename: Sonoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashino
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Hidezou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimura
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shindo
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*