title: Smoking rates among pregnant women in Tennessee, 1990-2001.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant smokers represent a major public health challenge. The objective of this study was to determine trends in smoking during pregnancy in Tennessee, a state with one of the highest smoking burdens in the nation, and to confirm characteristics of high-risk groups to target for smoking prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study of pregnant women in Tennessee who delivered live births from 1990-2001. Trends in smoking were determined by maternal age, race and insurance status using vital records and Medicaid data. Characteristics of women who smoked during pregnancy were described for 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 900,986 pregnant women in the cohort, there were statewide decreases in smoking rates during pregnancy; however, smoking among pregnant women younger than 25 years in Medicaid increased from 1996 to 2001: among whites from 31% to 34%, and among blacks from 6% to 9% (P values for trend shifts <0.0001). Characteristics of pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy included white race, Medicaid enrollment, nonurban residence, and less than a high school education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking rates increased significantly among pregnant women <25 years enrolled in Medicaid between 1996 and 2001. Tennessee needs smoking cessation and prevention efforts that target young, low-income women with less than a high school education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: Marie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mitchel
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cruz-Gervis
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Tina V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Hartert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001719:Birth Certificates; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American