title: Identification of adenoid biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the percent mucosal surface area of adenoids removed from children with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) infected with biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative micro-anatomic investigation of adenoid mucosa using scanning electron microscopy from patients with CRS and OSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  4 females and 12 males ranging from 3 months to 10 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenoids removed from patients with CRS had dense mature biofilms covering the mucosal surface. More specifically, adenoids removed from patients with CRS had an average of 94.9% of their mucosal surface covered with mature biofilms vs. an average of 1.9% coverage on the adenoids removed from patients with OSA. These differences were statistically significant at the p<0.001 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is well established that adenoidectomy is useful in the treatment of CRS resistant to antibiotics. Adenoids removed from patients with CRS had almost their entire mucosal surface covered with biofilms vs. scant coverage for patients with OSA (p<0.001). Decreased metabolic activity, decreased growth rate, and transmission of resistance genes all contribute to the antibiotic resistant nature of the biofilms. These metabolically sessile communities shed planktonic microorganisms on an intermittent basis. Therefore biofilms in the nasopharynx of children with CRS may act as a chronic reservoir for bacterial pathogens resistant to standard antibiotics. Also, the mechanical debridement of the nasopharyngeal biofilms may explain the observed clinical benefit associated with adenoidectomy in this subset of pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, United States.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zuliani
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carron
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gurrola
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haupert
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coticchia
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000234:Adenoids / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018441:Biofilms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000382:microbiology*