title: C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in women with previous gestational diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluates the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its association with C-reactive protein (CRP) and other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, in a sample of women with and without previous Gestational Diabetes (pGDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty-six women with pGDM and 98 women (controls) with uncomplicated pregnancy were studied 16 months after delivery. In all women, plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, serum uric acid, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and homocysteine were measured. MS was defined according to NCEP ATPIII criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MS was identified in 15 pGDM women (9%) versus 1 control (1%) (p < 0.001). The more frequent metabolic traits were abdominal obesity (36% vs 17%) and low HDL-cholesterol (34% vs 17% in pGDM women and controls, respectively; all p < 0.01). HOMA-R, LDL-cholesterol, fibrinogen, serum uric acid and CRP resulted significantly higher in pGDM women with MS as compared to those without MS after adjustment for BMI. In women with no criteria for MS, only CRP levels were found to be higher in pGDM women compared to controls (p < 0.05). Seventeen percent of pGDM women with no criteria for MS had CRP levels >or=1 mg/L (all controls showed CRP levels <1 mg/L). After a stepwise regression analysis, CRP levels were independently correlated to HOMA-R (r2 = 0.27, p < 0.001) and fibrinogen (r2 = 0.30, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our population, MS occurs in a sizable proportion of pGDM women and is associated with increased levels of CRP, fibrinogen, uric acid and LDL-cholesterol. Moreover, higher levels of CRP, a marker of chronic low-grade inflammation, are present in a subset of women with pGDM, independently of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Pisa and Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa, Italy. dicianni@immr.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Cianni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lencioni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghio
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cuccuru
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miccoli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Prato
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D006710:Homocysteine; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein