title: Epiphytic macrolichens as indicators of environmental alteration in northern Thailand.
abstract: Epiphytic lichens were sampled on mango trees (Mangifera spp.) in 32 sites in urban centres and surrounding rural areas in seven provinces of upper northern Thailand. Species were recorded on each tree and frequency estimated in a grid of ten 100-cm2 units. Analysis of macrolichen data showed that lichen diversity was inversely correlated with human population, and that lichen diversity was lowest in the cities with the highest population. The distribution and frequencies of species belonging to families Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae contributed to the groups identified by cluster analysis that corresponded to gradients in rainfall and population density. Comparison with modelled pollution data and local pollution records showed greater correspondence of lichen data with the effects of PM10 than with anthropogenic sulphur.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saipunkaew
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolseley
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chimonides
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boonpragob
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D044822:Biodiversity; D002947:Cities; D002980:Climate; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008011:Lichens / Q000502:physiology*; D031022:Mangifera / Q000469:parasitology*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000502:physiology; D011156:Population Density; D011891:Rain; D013785:Thailand; D014507:Urbanization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter