title: Synthesis of microtubule-interfering halogenated noscapine analogs that perturb mitosis in cancer cells followed by cell death.
abstract: We have previously identified the naturally occurring non-toxic antitussive phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, noscapine as a tubulin-binding agent that arrests mitosis and induces apoptosis. Here we present high-yield efficient synthetic methods and an evaluation of anticancer activity of halogenated noscapine analogs. Our results show that all analogs display higher tubulin-binding activity than noscapine and inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and CEM). Surprisingly, the bromo-analog is approximately 40-fold more potent than noscapine in inhibiting cellular proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The ability of these analogs to inhibit cellular proliferation is mediated by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, in that all analogs except 9-iodonoscapine, caused selective mitotic arrest with a higher efficiency than noscapine followed by apoptotic cell death as shown by immunofluorescence and quantitative FACS analyses. Furthermore, our results reveal the appearance of numerous fragmented nuclei as evidenced by DAPI staining. Thus, our data indicate a great potential of these compounds for studying microtubule-mediated processes and as chemotherapeutic agents for the management of human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Research, Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. raneja@emory.edu
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.forename: Surya N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vangapandu
authors.forename: Manu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopus
authors.forename: Vijaya G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Viswesarappa
authors.forename: Neerupma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.forename: Akhilesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Dulal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Harish C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Joshi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006219:Halogens / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D009665:Noscapine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D050257:Tubulin Modulators / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006219:Halogens; D014404:Tubulin; D050257:Tubulin Modulators; D009665:Noscapine