title: Update on primary HIV-1 resistance in Argentina: emergence of mutations conferring high-level resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in drug-naive patients.
abstract: Here we present a survey including 52 drug-naive recently HIV-1-infected subjects from Buenos Aires City and province (79%) and 3 other regions in Argentina (21%). Recent infections were established from previous negative serology (32/52), indeterminate Western blot (12/52), or acute retroviral syndrome after high-risk HIV exposure (8/52) within 9 months before genotyping (median time, 4.2 months). Genotyping was performed from plasma by sequencing both protease and reverse transcriptase. Phylogenetic analysis combined with bootscanning resulted in 21 subtype B sequences and 31 B/F recombinants (RecBF). On protease, minor resistance-related mutations were found in both subtype B and RecBF with low frequencies. The substitution L89M, recently suggested as a resistance-related mutation in some subtype F viruses, was observed in 1 RecBF. On reverse transcriptase, major resistance-related mutations were found in 4 of 52 (7.7%) patients from different health centers: M41L (subtype B) and K103N+/-P225H (1 RecBF and 2 subtype B). The greater than 5% resistance threshold found indicates a need for sentinel resistance surveillances calling for an update in the current resistance testing guidelines in Argentina.
authors.affiliation: Fundación de Ayuda al Inmunodeficiente, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petroni
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deluchi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pryluka
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rotryng
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bortolozzi
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopardo
authors.forename: María Belén
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bouzas
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zapiola
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garone
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiocconi
authors.forename: María Esther
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lázaro
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murano
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maranzana
authors.forename: Stella Maris
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beltrán
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Benetucci
mesh_terms: D001118:Argentina; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors