title: The effects of increased intraabdominal pressure on testicular blood flow, oxidative stress markers, and morphology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP) on testicular blood flow (TBF), oxidative stress markers, and morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 to 350 g were allocated randomly into 3 groups consisting of 8 animals each: A, gasless (control); B, 10 mm Hg IAP with CO(2) pneumoperitoneum for 60 minutes; and C, 20 mm Hg IAP with CO(2) pneumoperitoneum for 60 minutes. Testicular blood flow was studied using the Doppler technique. In the 10 and 20 mm Hg IAP groups, time points of TBF measurements were defined as follows: TBF(baseline), 10 minutes before insufflation; TBF(10min), 10 minutes after pneumoperitoneum; TBF(50min), 50 minutes after pneumoperitoneum; and TBF(reperfusion), 10 minutes after pneumoperitoneum deflation. To evaluate the changes in oxidative stress, we assayed the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of testicular tissues. A 4-level grading scale was used to quantify histologic injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both testes of each rat, TBF(10min), TBF(50min), and TBF(reperfusion) values of each group were separately evaluated according to their TBF(baseline) value percentages. The results revealed no significant differences for each time point of TBF measurements between the right and left testes in any group. Pneumoperitoneum caused a significant decrease in TBF at the 10th and 50th minutes of pneumoperitoneum, both in the 10 and 20 mm Hg IAP groups, compared with their baseline values. TBF(reperfusion) values in both groups were also lower than their baseline values. We determined that mean TBF(10min) and TBF(50min) values decreased significantly in the 20 mm Hg IAP group compared with the 10 mm Hg IAP group, despite there being no significant difference in their mean TBF(reperfusion) values. Mean MDA levels were significantly increased in both the 10 and 20 mm Hg IAP groups compared with those of the control group for the right and left testes. However, there was no significant difference between the mean MDA levels in these first 2 groups. The histologic injury score was significantly increased in both the 10 and 20 mm Hg IAP groups compared with the control group; however, there was no difference in the scores between these first 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated in an animal model that abdominal deflation after IAP of 10 and 20 mm Hg for 60 minutes causes testicular hypoperfusion, free radical production, and subsequent testicular damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey. mimamoglu61@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamoğlu
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cay
authors.forename: Mesut A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Unsal
authors.forename: Sevim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Oğuzhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Caner
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karahan
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.forename: Haluk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sarihan
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008315:Malondialdehyde