title: Evidence for associations between common polymorphisms of estrogen receptor beta gene with homocysteine and nitric oxide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) affect nitric oxide (NO) concentration, thereby contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both amino acids can be reduced in vivo by estrogen. Variation in the estrogen receptor (ER) may influence homocysteine and ADMA, yet no information is available on associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor genes ERalpha (PvuII and XbaI) and ERbeta (1730G-->A and cx + 56 G-->A).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find relationships between common polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors homocysteine and ADMA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study with healthy postmenopausal women (n = 89), homocysteine, ADMA, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), plasma folate and ERalpha and beta polymorphisms ERalpha PvuII, ERalpha XbaI; ERbeta 1730G-->A (AluI), ERbeta cx + 56 G-->A (Tsp509I) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who are homozygotic for ERbetacx + 56 G-->A A/A exhibited higher homocysteine (p = 0.012) and NOx (p = 0.056) levels than wildtype or heterozygotes. NOx concentration was also significantly affected by ERbeta 1730 G -->A polymorphism (p = 0.025). The ERbeta (p < 0.001) and ERalpha (p < 0.001) polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who are homozygotic for ERbetacx + 56 G-->A A/A may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to higher homocysteine levels.
authors.affiliation: Dietary Fibre and the Metabolic Syndrome Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reimann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vafeiadou
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dierkes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahlman-Wright
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallund
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bugel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Branca
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koebnick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D006710:Homocysteine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D005492:Folic Acid; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D014805:Vitamin B 12