title: Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Huntington disease (HD) is characterized by the progressive death of medium spiny dopamine receptor bearing striatal GABAergic neurons. In addition, microglial activation in the areas of neuronal loss has recently been described in postmortem studies. Activated microglia are known to release neurotoxic cytokines, and these may contribute to the pathologic process.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate in vivo the involvement of microglia activation in HD, the authors studied patients at different stages of the disease using [(11)C](R)-PK11195 PET, a marker of microglia activation, and [(11)C]raclopride PET, a marker of dopamine D2 receptor binding and hence striatal GABAergic cell function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In HD patients, a significant increase in striatal [(11)C](R)-PK11195 binding was observed, which significantly correlated with disease severity as reflected by the striatal reduction in [(11)C]raclopride binding, the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale score, and the patients' CAG index. Also detected were significant increases in microglia activation in cortical regions including prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These [(11)C](R)-PK11195 PET findings show that the level of microglial activation correlates with Huntington disease (HD) severity. They lend support to the view that microglia contribute to the ongoing neuronal degeneration in HD and indicate that [(11)C](R)-PK11195 PET provides a valuable marker when monitoring the efficacy of putative neuroprotecting agents in this relentlessly progressive genetic disorder.
authors.affiliation: MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavese
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerhard
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turkheimer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piccini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D020891:Raclopride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: C504060:(R)-(11C)1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide; D000577:Amides; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D020891:Raclopride