title: The effect of open lung ventilation on right ventricular and left ventricular function in lung-lavaged pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventilation according to the open lung concept (OLC) consists of recruitment maneuvers, followed by low tidal volume and high positive end-expiratory pressure, aiming at minimizing atelectasis. The minimization of atelectasis reduces the right ventricular (RV) afterload, but the increased intrathoracic pressures used by OLC ventilation could increase the RV afterload. We hypothesize that when atelectasis is minimized by OLC ventilation, cardiac function is not affected despite the higher mean airway pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  After repeated lung lavage, each pig (n = 10) was conventionally ventilated and was ventilated according to OLC in a randomized cross-over setting. Conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) consisted of volume-controlled ventilation with 5 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure and a tidal volume of 8-10 ml/kg. No recruitment maneuvers were performed. During OLC ventilation, recruitment maneuvers were applied until PaO2/FiO2 > 60 kPa. The peak inspiratory pressure was set to obtain a tidal volume of 6-8 ml/kg. The cardiac output (CO), the RV preload, the contractility and the afterload were measured with a volumetric pulmonary artery catheter. A high-resolution computed tomography scan measured the whole lung density and left ventricular (LV) volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RV end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, representing RV afterload, during steady-state OLC ventilation (2.7 +/- 1.2 mmHg/ml) was not significantly different compared with CMV (3.6 +/- 2.5 mmHg/ml). Pulmonary vascular resistance (OLC, 137 +/- 49 dynes/s/cm5 versus CMV, 130 +/- 34 dynes/s/cm5) was comparable between groups. OLC led to a significantly lower amount of atelectasis (13 +/- 2% of the lung area) compared with CMV (52 +/- 3% of the lung area). Atelectasis was not correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance or end-systolic pressure-volume relationship. The LV contractility and afterload during OLC was not significantly different compared with CMV. Compared with baseline, the LV end-diastolic volume (66 +/- 4 ml) decreased significantly during OLC (56 +/- 5 ml) ventilation and not during CMV (61 +/- 3 ml). Also, CO was significantly lower during OLC ventilation (OLC, 4.1 +/- 0.3 l/minute versus CMV, 4.9 +/- 0.3 l/minute).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this experimental study, OLC resulted in significantly improved lung aeration. Despite the use of elevated airway pressures, no evidence was found for a negative effect of OLC on RV afterload or LV afterload, which might be associated with a loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction due to alveolar recruitment. The reductions in the CO and in the mean pulmonary artery pressure were consequences of a reduced preload.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. d.dosreismiranda@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Dinis Reis
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klompe
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cademartiri
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Haitsma
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Johanna J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Takkenberg
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lachmann
authors.forename: Ad J J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogers
authors.forename: Diederik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gommers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology*