title: Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance has a causal role in type 2 diabetes. Serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a protein secreted by adipocytes, are increased in insulin-resistant states. Experiments in mice suggest that elevated RBP4 levels cause insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether serum RBP4 levels correlate with insulin resistance and change after an intervention that improves insulin sensitivity. We also determined whether elevated serum RBP4 levels are associated with reduced expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in adipocytes, an early pathological feature of insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum RBP4, insulin resistance, and components of the metabolic syndrome in three groups of subjects. Measurements were repeated after exercise training in one group. GLUT4 protein was measured in isolated adipocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum RBP4 levels correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes and in nonobese, nondiabetic subjects with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. Elevated serum RBP4 was associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, including increased body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, serum triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Exercise training was associated with a reduction in serum RBP4 levels only in subjects in whom insulin resistance improved. Adipocyte GLUT4 protein and serum RBP4 levels were inversely correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RBP4 is an adipocyte-secreted molecule that is elevated in the serum before the development of frank diabetes and appears to identify insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with varied clinical presentations. These findings provide a rationale for antidiabetic therapies aimed at lowering serum RBP4 levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blüher
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammarstedt
authors.forename: Theodore P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ciaraldi
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wason
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oberbach
authors.forename: Per-Anders
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D013851:Thinness / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma