title: Failure to detect seasonal changes in the song system nuclei of the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus).
abstract: Most temperate songbird species sing seasonally, and the brain areas involved in producing song (the song system) vary in size alongside the changes in behavior. Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) also sing seasonally, and we find that there are changes in the stereotypy and the length of the fee-bee song from the nonbreeding to the breeding season. Yet despite these changes, we fail to find any evidence of seasonal changes in the song system. The song system of males is larger than that of females, as is typical in songbirds, but the ratio between the sexes is small compared to other species. We suggest three hypotheses to explain our failure to find seasonal variation in the chickadee song system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. tom.smulders@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Smulders
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lisi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tricomi
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Otter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chruszcz
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: DeVoogd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009518:New York; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D020308:Songbirds / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal