title: Characterization of the RF ablation-induced 'oven effect': the importance of background tissue thermal conductivity on tissue heating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of background tissue thermal conductivity on RF ablation heating using ex vivo agar phantoms and computer modelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-compartment cylindrical agar phantom models (5% agar, 5% NaCl, 3% sucrose) were constructed. These included a standardized inner compartment (2 cm diameter, 4 cm length, 0.25% agar) representing a tumour, surrounded by an outer compartment representing background tissue. The thermal conductivity of the outer compartment was varied from 0.48 W m-1 degrees Celsius (normal liver) to 0.23 W m-1 degrees Celsius (fat) by adding a fat-saturated oil-based solute (10-90%) to the agar. RF ablation was applied at 2000 mA current for 2 min. Temperatures were recorded up to 4 cm from the electrode tip at 1 cm intervals. Subsequently, a 2-D finite element computer model was used to simulate RF ablation of 2-24 min duration for tumours measuring 2-4 cm in diameter surrounded by tissues of different thermal conductivity with the presence or absence of perfusion (0-5 kg m-3 s-1) (n = 44). A comparison of results was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In agar phantoms, the amount of fat in the background tissue correlated with thermal conductivity as a negative exponential function (r2 = 0.98). Significantly increased temperatures were observed at the edge of the inner compartment (1 cm from the electrode tip) as the fat content of the outer compartment increased (p < 0.01). Thus, temperatures at 2 min measured 31.5 +/- 2.2 degrees Celsius vs 45.1 +/- 3.1 degrees Celsius for thermal conductivities of 0.46 W m-1 degrees Celsius (10% fat) and 0.23 W m-1 degrees Celsius (90% fat), respectively. On the other hand, higher levels of fat led to lower temperature increases in the background compartment (0.2 +/- 0.3 degrees Celsius for 90% fat vs. 1.1 +/- 0.05 degrees Celsius for 10% fat, p < 0.05). Phantom thermal heating patterns correlated extremely well with computer modelling (r2 = 0.93), demonstrating that background tissues with low thermal conductivity increase heating within the central tumour, particularly for longer durations of RF ablation and in smaller tumours. Furthermore, computer modelling demonstrated that increases in temperature at the tumour margin for background tissues of lower thermal conductivity persisted in the presence of perfusion, with a clinically relevant 4.5 degrees Celsius difference between background thermal conductivities of fat and soft tissue for a 3 cm tumour with perfusion of 2 kg m-3 s-1, treated for 12 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower thermal conductivity of background tissues significantly increases temperatures within a defined ablation target. These findings provide insight into the 'oven effect' (i.e. increased heating efficacy for tumours surrounded by cirrhotic liver or fat) and highlight the importance of both the tumour and the surrounding tissue characteristics when contemplating RF ablation efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Zhengjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Muneeb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Roop L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: S Nahum
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005334:Fever / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013696:Temperature; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000362:Agar