title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease prevent glutamate neurotoxicity via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
abstract: We show here that donepezil, galanathamine and tacrine, therapeutic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors currently being used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, protect neuronal cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner from glutamate neurotoxicity that involves apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects were antagonized by mecamylamine, an inhibitor of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Dihydro-beta-erythroidine and methyllycaconitine, antagonists for alpha4-nAChR and alpha7-nAChR, respectively, antagonized the protective effect of donepezil and galanthamine, but not that of tacrine. Previous reports suggest the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway in the nicotine-induced neuroprotection. Inhibitors for a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase, Fyn, and janus-activated kinase 2, suppressed the neuroprotective effect of donepezil and galanthamine, but not that of tacrine. Furthermore, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, also suppressed the neuroprotective effect of donepezil and galanthamine, but not that of tacrine. The phosphorylation of Akt, an effector of PI3K, and the expression level of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, increased with donepezil and galanthamine treatment, but not with tacrine treatment. These results suggest that donepezil and galanthamine prevent glutamate neurotoxicity through alpha4- and alpha7-nAChRs, followed by the PI3K-Akt pathway, and that tacrine protects neuronal cells through a different pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takada-Takatori
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Hachiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akaike
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases