title: [Anesthesia and analgesia in addicts: basis for establishing a standard operating procedure].
abstract: Addicts have an exaggerated organic and psychological comorbidity and in cases of major operations or polytrauma they are classified as high-risk patients. Additional perioperative problems are a higher analgetics requirement, craving, physical and/or psychological withdrawal symptoms, hyperalgesia and tolerance. However, the clinical expression depends on the substance abused. For a better understanding of the necessary perioperative measures, it is helpful to classify the substances into central nervous system depressors (e.g. heroin, alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics), stimulants (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines, designer drugs) and other psychotropic substances (e.g. cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants). The perioperative therapy should not be a therapy for the addiction, as this is senseless. On the contrary, the characteristics of this chronic disease must be accepted. Anesthesia and analgesia must be generously stress protective and sufficiently analgesically effective. Equally important perioperative treatment principles are stabilization of physical dependence by substitution with methadone (for heroin addicts) or benzodiazepines/clonidine (for alcohol, sedatives and hypnotics addiction), avoidance of stress and craving, thorough intraoperative and postoperative stress relief by using regional techniques or systematically higher than normal dosages of anesthetics and opioids, strict avoidance of inadequate dosage of analgetics, postoperative optimization of regional or systemic analgesia by non-opioids and coanalgetics and consideration of the complex physical and psychological characteristics and comorbidities. Even in cases of abstinence (clean) an inadequate dosage must be avoided as this, and not an adequate pain therapy sometimes even with strong opioids, can potentially activate addiction. A protracted abstinence syndrome after withdrawal of opioids can lead to increased response to administered opioids (e.g. analgesia, side-effects).
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz. jage@anaesthesie.klinik.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jage
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heid
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000758:Anesthesia; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone