title: Correlates of bleeding events among moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and treated with eptifibatide: observations from the PROTECT-TIMI-30 trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to identify correlates of Thrombolysis In Mycocardial Infarction (TIMI) major/minor bleeding among eptifibatide-treated patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evaluation of bleeding predictors among patients treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition might aid in the identification of targets to reduce bleeding risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from 567 moderate- to high-risk PCI patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) treated with eptifibatide/reduced-dose unfractionated heparin or eptifibatide/reduced-dose enoxaparin enrolled in the Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Relative Protection Against Post-PCI Microvascular Dysfunction and Post-PCI Ischemia Among Anti-Platelet and Anti-Thrombotic Agents-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-30 (PROTECT-TIMI-30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of significant bleeding was 3.2% with a median time to event of 7.0 h after the first eptifibatide bolus. Increased age was the only independent correlate of bleeding events. Among patients with reduced creatinine clearance (CrCl), lack of adjustment of the maintenance infusion for CrCl < or =50 ml/min occurred frequently (15 of 33 patients, or 45%) and was associated with a high rate of bleeding (20%). The association of CrCl with bleeding appeared to be largely mediated by the incorporation of age in the estimation of CrCl. Patient gender, Cr, weight, and the peak activated clotting time were not associated with bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among NSTEACS PCI patients treated with eptifibatide, increased age was a significant correlate of bleeding events and appeared to explain the association between low CrCl and bleeding. The more widespread use of CrCl or other estimates of renal function over Cr may lead to more appropriate dose adjustments of eptifibatide.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: Ajay J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kirtane
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: Sabina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Budiu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lakkis
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Palabrica
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000628:therapy*; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D000077542:Eptifibatide