title: Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase polymorphism and the relation between low level lead exposure and the Mini-Mental Status Examination in older men: the Normative Aging Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a polymorphism the in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene modifies the neurotoxicity of lead in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied men participating in the Department of Veterans Affairs' Normative Aging Study, assessing their recent exposure to lead by measuring blood lead (n = 915) at each triennial clinic visit, and, beginning in 1991, assessing their cumulative exposure by measuring lead levels in tibia (n = 722) and patella (n = 720), using K-shell x ray fluorescence. Starting in 1993 and again at each triennial visit, the authors administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess their cognitive functioning. The relation of the lead biomarkers to MMSE score was evaluated and this association was compared among men who carried the variant allele, ALAD-2, versus men without the allele.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen per cent of men carried the ALAD-2 allele. Median tibia and patella lead levels (first-third quartile) were 19 (13-28) and 27 (18-39) microg/g. Blood lead levels were consistent with non-occupational exposure: only 6% of men had levels > or =10 microg/dl. In multivariable adjusted analyses, higher levels of blood lead were associated with poorer performance on the MMSE. This association was most pronounced among ALAD-2 carriers, among whom a 3 microg/dl increment in blood lead (the interquartile range) was associated with a 0.26 point lower mean MMSE score (95% CI -0.54 to 0.01), compared with a 0.04 point lower score (95% CI -0.16 to 0.07) among non-carriers. The modest 0.22 point difference in these associations did not attain statistical significance, however (p(interaction) = 0.13). The associations between bone lead levels and MMSE score did not vary by ALAD-2 status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not statistically significant, these findings suggest that ALAD genotype may modify blood lead's adverse association with cognition among older men who had community exposures to lead. However, despite a relatively large sample size and the use of sensitive methods for measuring lead burden, the evidence overall was fairly weak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. jweuve@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weuve
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bellinger
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D020265:Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Adult / Q000201:enzymology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000737:chemistry; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D013977:Tibia / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase