title: A prospective study of dietary alpha-linolenic acid and the risk of prostate cancer (United States).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the most common omega-3 fatty acid in the Western diet. The relation of dietary intake of ALA to prostate cancer risk remains unresolved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively evaluated total ALA and ALA from specific food sources including animal, fish, and plant sources in relation to prostate cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 29,592 male participants (age 55-74 years) in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial was followed for an average of 5.1 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We ascertained 1,898 cases of total prostate cancer, of which 1,631 were organ-confined cases (stage T1b to T3a and N0M0) and 285 were advanced stage cases (stage>or=T3b, N1, or M1). We found no association between total ALA intake and overall prostate cancer (multivariate RR comparing extreme quintiles=0.94; 95% CI=0.81-1.09; P for trend=0.76). The corresponding RRs for organ-confined and advanced prostate cancer were 0.94 (95% CI=0.80-1.10; P for trend=0.80) and 0.83 (95% CI=0.58-1.19; P for trend=0.34), respectively. In addition, no relations were observed between ALA intake from any specific food source and the risks of total, organ-confined, or advanced prostate cancer. ALA intake also showed no association with low grade (Gleason sum<7; 1,221 cases) tumors (P for trend=0.23) or high grade (Gleason sum>or=7; n=677 cases) tumors (P for trend=0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this prospective study of predominantly Caucasian men who were screened annually for newly incident prostate cancer, dietary intake of total ALA and ALA from specific food sources was not associated with risk of total prostate cancer or prostate tumors that were defined by stage and grade.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA. dkoralek@unc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Koralek
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andriole
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reding
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kirsh
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subar
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination / Q000379:methods; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen