title: Diagnosis and treatment of craniocervical dislocation in a series of 17 consecutive survivors during an 8-year period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Craniocervical dissociation (CCD) is a highly unstable and usually fatal injury resulting from osseoligamentous disruption between the occiput and C-2. The purpose of this study was to elucidate systematic factors associated with delays in diagnosing and treating this life-threatening condition and to introduce an injury-severity classification with therapeutic implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective evaluation of institutional databases, the authors reviewed medical records and original images obtained in 17 consecutive surviving patients with CCD treated between 1994 and 2002. Images and clinical results of treatment were evaluated, emphasizing the timing of diagnosis, clinical effect of delayed diagnosis, potential clinical or imaging warning signs, and response to treatment. Craniocervical dissociation was identified or suspected on the initial lateral cervical spine radiograph acquired in two patients (12%) and was diagnosed based on screening computerized tomography findings in two additional patients (12%). A retrospective review of initial lateral x-ray films showed an abnormal dens-basion interval in 16 patients (94%). The 2-day average delay in diagnosis was associated with profound neurological deterioration in five patients (29%). Neurological status declined in one patient after a fixation procedure was performed. There were no cases of craniocervical pseudarthrosis or hardware failure during a mean 26-month follow-up period. The mean American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score of 50 improved to 79, and the number of patients with useful motor function (ASIA Grade D or E) increased from seven (41%) preoperatively to 13 (76%) postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of CCD was frequently delayed, and the delay was associated with an increased likelihood of neurological deterioration. Early diagnosis and spinal stabilization protected against worsening spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA. cbella@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellabarba
authors.forename: Sohail K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: G Alexander
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dailey
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000293:injuries*; D001269:Atlanto-Occipital Joint / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome