title: Mechanisms of twinning: VII. Effect of diet and heredity on the human twinning rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the possible biochemical effect of diet and heredity on the rates of monozygotic and dizygotic twinning.
  
  
  METHODS
  In that insulin-like growth factor (IGF) has been found to be elevated in cows selected for their demonstrated increased twinning rate, the effect of agents that influence the level of IGF in women was examined. This was correlated with their prior history of singleton versus twin birthing. In particular, the effect of diets consisting of or excluding animal products that have elevated IGF content (e.g., milk) was considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vegan women, who exclude dairy products from their diets, have a twinning rate which is one-fifth that of vegetarians and omnivores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reported here support the proposed IGF model of dizygotic twinning. Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinman
mesh_terms: D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014310:Triplets / Q000502:physiology; D014427:Twins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013002:Somatomedins