title: The protective effect of nitroglycerin on gastrointestinal and renal side effects of lornoxicam in rats.
abstract: The aim of this study is firstly, to determine the preventive effect of chronic usage of combination of nitroglycerin and lornoxicam on gastrointestinal and renal side effects and secondly, to investigate the oxidative and antioxidative effects of this combination in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven Wistar male rats were divided into five groups for 15 days; isotonic group (n = 8, sodium chloride 0.09, Group ISO), lornoxicam group (n = 8, lornoxicam 1.3 mg/kg, Group L), nitroglycerin group (n = 6, nitroglycerin 1 mg/kg, Group NTG), lornoxicam-nitroglycerin combination group (n = 8, 1.3 mg/kg lornoxicam + 1 mg/kg nitroglycerin, Group L-NTG), and control group (n = 7, no drug was administered, Group C). Nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha concentrations were measured before drug injection and on fifteenth day in all blood samples. Gastrointestinal and renal biopsies were performed on fifteenth day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two rats died on tenth and twelfth days in Group L. There were significant differences in Group L compared to the other groups for the lesions of stomach and kidney (p = 0.01, p = 0.028 respectively). Gastric ulceration was occurred in a rat in Group L. Malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels decreased in NTG and L-NTG groups, whereas catalase and glutathion levels increased in NTG, L and L-NTG groups compared to control group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lornoxicam may cause gastrointestinal and renal side effects without oxidative stress. Adding nitroglycerin to lornoxicam for chronic treatment may prevent these side effects and enhance antioxidative effect compared to the use of lornoxicam alone in rats.
authors.affiliation: Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Turkey. drseldasen@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Selda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Firuzan Kacan
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Doger
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Osman N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Aslihan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karul
authors.forename: Turhan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dost
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010894:Piroxicam; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; C059451:lornoxicam; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D005978:Glutathione