title: Attempted therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee chronic HBV carrier with a high viral load.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported successful therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee having a relatively low viral load, which was immunized with recombinant plasmid hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) DNA and boosted with recombinant HBsAg encoding canarypox virus. In the present study, we attempted to confirm these findings in an animal with a high virus load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We tested three immunization strategies successively over a 3-year period. In the first of these, we administered four monthly injections of DNA encoding HBsAg + PreS2 + hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) + DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12, (given 3 days later), and boosted with canarypox expressing all of the above HBV genes 6 months after initial immunization. No reduction in viral load was observed. In the second trial, we administered lamivudine for 8 weeks, and then began monthly DNA-based immunization with plasmids expressing the above viral genes; however, viral loads rebounded 1 week after termination of lamivudine therapy. In a third trial, we continued lamivudine therapy for 30 weeks and immunized with vaccinia virus expressing the above viral genes 18 and 23 weeks after the start of lamivudine therapy. Again viral loads rebounded shortly after cessation of lamivudine treatment. Analysis of cell-mediated immune responses, and their avidity, revealed that DNA-based immunization produced the strongest enhancement of high avidity T-cell responses, while recombinant vaccinia immunization during lamivudine therapy enhanced low avidity responses only. The strongest low and high avidity responses were directed to the middle surface antigen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three strategies for therapeutic immunization failed to control HBV viremia in a chronically infected chimpanzee with a high viral load.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed Tarek M
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Shata
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pfahler
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brotman
authors.forename: Dong-Hun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tricoche
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Alfred M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000915:Antibody Affinity / Q000276:immunology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; C050807:presurface protein 2, hepatitis B surface antigen; D019259:Lamivudine; D007371:Interferon-gamma