title: Effect of age on functional P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier measured by use of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil and positron emission tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter responsible for the transport of various drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Loss of P-gp function with age may be one factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of aging on BBB P-gp function. Furthermore, the relationship between BBB P-gp activity and peripheral P-gp activity in CD3-positive leukocytes was investigated. Finally, plasma pharmacokinetics of carbon 11-labeled (R)-verapamil was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  (R)-[(11)C]verapamil and positron emission tomography were used to assess gray matter P-gp function. Because (R)-[(11)C]verapamil is a substrate for P-gp, the volume of distribution of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil in the brain inversely reflects P-gp function in the BBB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean volume of distribution values for 5 young healthy volunteers (age range, 21-27 years) and 5 elderly healthy volunteers (age range, 59-68 years) were 0.62+/-0.10 and 0.73+/-0.07, respectively (P=.03). The activity index of P-gp activity in CD3-positive leukocytes was 2.88+/-0.77 in young volunteers and 1.76+/-0.58 in elderly volunteers (P=.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed decreased P-gp activity during aging. Consequently, the brain may be exposed to higher drug and toxin levels in elderly subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.Toornvliet@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toornvliet
authors.forename: Bart N M
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: van Berckel
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luurtsema
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lubberink
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Geldof
authors.forename: Tessa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oerlemans
authors.forename: Adriaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lammertsma
authors.forename: Eric J F
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Franssen
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D014700:Verapamil