title: Successful treatment of low PAH-contaminated sewage sludge in aerobic bioreactors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for their adverse and cumulative effects at low concentration. In particular, the PAHs accumulate in sewage sludge during wastewater treatment, and may thereafter contaminate agricultural soils by spreading sludge on land. Therefore, sludge treatment processes constitute the unique opportunity of PAH removal before their release in the environment. In this study, the ability of aerobic microorganisms to degrade light and heavy PAHs was investigated in continuous bioreactors treating trace-level PAH-contaminated sludge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several aerobic reactors were operated under continuous and perfectly mixed conditions to simulate actual aerobic sludge digesters. Three sterile control reactors were performed at 35 degrees C, 45 degrees C or 55 degrees C to assess PAH abiotic losses under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Three biological reactors were also operated at 35 degrees C, 45 degrees C or 55 degrees C. Furthermore, 250 mM methanol were added in an additional mesophilic reactor (35 degrees C). All reactors were fed with long-term PAH-contaminated sewage sludge, and PAH removal was assessed by inlet/outlet mass balance. In this study, PAH compounds ranged from 2 to 5-unsubstituted aromatic rings, i.e. respectively from Fluorene to Indeno(123cd)pyrene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant abiotic losses were observed for the lightest PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene), while biodegradation occurred for all PAHs. More than 80% of the lightest PAHs were removed. Biodegradation rates inversely correlated with the increasing molecular weight, and seemed limited by the low bioavailability of the heaviest PAHs (only 50% of removal). The enhancement of PAH bioavailability by increasing the process temperature or adding methanol was tested. A temperature increase from 35 degrees C to 45 degrees C and then to 55 degrees C significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the heaviest PAHs from 50% to 80%. However, high abiotic losses were observed for all PAHs at 55 degrees C, which was attributed to volatilization. Optimal conditions were found at 45 degrees C considering the low abiotic losses and the high PAH biodegradation rates. Similar performances were achieved by addition of methanol in the sludge. It was concluded that increasing temperatures or addition of methanol favored PAH diffusion from solids to an aqueous compartment, and enhanced their bioavailability to PAH-degrading microorganisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the use of long-term acclimated aerobic ecosystems showed the high potential of aerobic microorganisms to degrade a wide range of PAHs at trace levels. However, PAH biodegradation was likely controlled by their low bioavailability. Two aerobic processes have been finally proposed to achieve efficient decontamination of sewage sludge, at 45 degrees C or in the presence of methanol. The PAH concentrations in reactor outlet were lower than the French requirements, and allow the treated sludge to be spread on agricultural land.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two proposed aerobic processes used physical or chemical diffusing agents. The global ecological impact of using the latter agents for treating trace level contamination must be considered. Since methanol was completely removed during the process, no additional harm is expected after treatment. However, an increase of temperature to 45 degrees C could drastically increase the energy demand in full-scale plants, and therefore the ecological impact of the process. Moreover, since bioavailability controls PAH biodegradation, efficiency of the processes could also be influenced by the hydraulic parameters, such as mixing and aeration rates. Further experimentations in a pilot scale are therefore recommended, as well as a final assessment of the global environmental benefit of using such aerobic processes in the bioremediation of trace level compounds.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, INRA, Narbonne, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trably
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patureau
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012722:Sewage