title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation. A case report and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool for the electrical stimulation of neural tissue. TMS can be applied as single pulses of stimulation, pairs of stimuli separated by variable intervals to the same or different brain areas, or as trains of repetitive stimuli at various frequencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-years-old male infant was referred to our department with a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis, treated with foscarnet and steroids, for he developed mutism and ataxia and loss of the ability to eat, walk and talk. Brain imaging revealed loss of white matter around ventricles and progressive global brain atrophy, findings consistent with encephalopathy. Serology for antibodies against EBV infection was positive and the diagnosis of acute and prolonged EBV infection was made. There was an improvement of the clinical findings after the application of TMS with proper field characteristics (intensity: 1-7.5 pT, frequency: 8-13 Hz).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our case illustrates the possibility of therapeutic applications of TMS (in the order of pT) with proper field characteristics to normalize pathologically decreased levels of brain cortex activity. TMS might provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of the neural circuitry, be developed into clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic tests, and have therapeutic uses in various diseases.
authors.affiliation: Lab of Medical Physics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Alexandroupolis, Greece. anninos@axd.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anninos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tamiolakis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsagas
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome