title: Induction of connective tissue growth factor in retinal pigment epithelium cells by oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is upregulated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  ARPE19 cells were subjected to two forms of oxidative stress: hypoxia/reoxygenation and paraquat exposure. CTGF expression was studied by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The ocular expression of CTGF was analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in an in vivo murine model of oxidative stress exposed to light after intravenous injection of rose bengal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CTGF mRNA expression in ARPE19 cells was upregulated by oxidative stress and peaked 1 h after reoxygenation; protein expression peaked 2 h after reoxygenation. Using paraquat, both CTGF mRNA and protein were upregulated by five doses of paraquat. In vivo, CTGF was upregulated when evaluated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry using murine retinas stimulated by oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upregulation of CTGF expression was confirmed in RPE cells by oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. CTGF might be one of the factors that induces the changes observed in aging retinas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Fumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomi
authors.forename: Taiichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C526318:CCN2 protein, mouse; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor