title: Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on 1160 children aged 4-5 years, who had been longitudinally followed since the age of 4 months, when they were admitted to nurseries in a suburban area of Tampico-Madero, Mexico. Periodically, physical examinations were conducted and a questionnaire was given to their parents or tutors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malocclusion was detected in 640 of the children (51.03% had anterior open bite and 7.5% had posterior cross-bite). Allergic rhinitis alone (adjusted odds ratio = 2.87; 95% CI 1.57 to 5.25) or together with non-nutritive sucking habits (adjusted odds ratio = 3.31; 95% CI 1.55 to 7.09) had an effect on anterior open bite. Bottle feeding alone (adjusted odds ratio = 1.95; 95% CI 1.07 to 3.54) or together with allergic rhinitis (adjusted odds ratio = 3.96; 95% CI 1.80 to 8.74) had an effect on posterior cross-bite. Posterior cross-bite was more frequent in children with allergic rhinitis and non-nutritive sucking habits (10.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allergic rhinitis alone or together with non-nutritive sucking habits is related to anterior open bite. Non-nutritive sucking habits together with allergic rhinitis seem to be the most important factor for development of posterior open bite in children under the age of 5 years.
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Tampico Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico-Madero City, Tamp, Mexico. fvazqueznava@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Nava
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Quezada-Castillo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oviedo-Treviño
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Saldivar-González
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Nuncio
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Beltrán-Guzmán
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Vázquez Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D041361:Pacifiers / Q000009:adverse effects; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous