title: Long-term health and psychosocial outcomes from surgically induced weight loss: results obtained in patients not attending protocolled follow-up visits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity management is focused at weight loss to obtain health, psychological and social benefits. Outcomes from controlled trials, however, do not reflect the everyday routine practice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the results from surgically induced weight loss in patients devoid of a protocol-wise follow-up, who were visited at home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent a vertical banded gastroplasty or a gastric bypass between 1980 and 1997 were eligible. Body weight and height were measured. Patients filled out questionnaires on health status (Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)), psychological symptoms (Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R)), personality traits (Dutch Personality Questionnaire (DPQ)) and eating behaviour (Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 451 operated patients the addresses of 313 subjects could be traced and 236 (75%) agreed to participate. They maintained a mean (s.d.) loss of 32.1 (22.6) kg and 45.2 (29.3) % of excess weight, 8.2 (4.5) years after the operation, about two-third of the largest weight loss they achieved after 17 months postoperatively. The NHP and SCL-90-R conformed to norm values in males except for energy, sleep and emotional reactions. Females differed from norm values in every aspect and even women achieving a BMI<30 kg/m(2) did not catch up to norm values. Weight loss was inversely related to physical immobility and pain. Personality traits (DPQ) showed a higher grievance and dominance and a lower rigidity and self-esteem compared to norm values. Females scored higher in inadequacy and lower in social inadequacy. Eating patterns (DEBQ) showed mainly emotional eating and restrained eating. Effect sizes of >/=0.8 s.d. were chosen to reflect the clinical relevance of statistically significant findings. Pain, disturbances in sleep, energy and mobility and emotional and restrained eating proved to be clinically relevant. In subjects operated >5 years ago, a higher sensitivity, a higher inadequacy and a lower social inadequacy were observed compared to more recently operated subjects. A more restrained eating pattern was related to an operation of recent date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgically induced weight losses are satisfactory in the long-term, even in patients not attending a strict follow-up protocol. Health, psychological symptoms, personality traits and eating behaviour were related to weight loss and time lapse since the operation and did not return to reference normal-weight subject values.
authors.affiliation: EMH Mathus-Vliegen, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. e.mathus-vliegen@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: E M H
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mathus-Vliegen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015391:Gastroplasty / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D010551:Personality; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss