title: Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure and increased concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium of term fetal Guinea pig.
abstract: In humans, the occurrence of prenatal exposure to ethanol is difficult to validate objectively. Increased concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in the meconium of the newborn may be a biomarker of prenatal ethanol exposure. The validity of this proposed biomarker was tested in pregnant guinea pigs that received chronic oral administration of 4 g ethanol/kg maternal body weight/day (n=8), isocaloric-sucrose/pair-feeding (n=8) or water (n=2) throughout gestation. At gestational day 65 (term, gestational day 66 to 69), each dam and her offspring were euthanized, and meconium was collected from the term fetal large intestine. Eight individual FAEE (lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linolenic and arachidonic AEE) were measured by gas chromatography--flame ionization detection and confirmed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. The chronic maternal ethanol regimen decreased fetal body weight and brain weight. There was virtually no measurable FAEE in the meconium for the water group (n=3 fetuses). For meconium of the ethanol offspring (n=25 fetuses) compared with the sucrose offspring (n=23 fetuses), the total FAEE concentration was 8-fold higher; and lauric, palmitic, stearic and oleic AEE concentrations were at least 5-fold higher for the ethanol group. The data indicate that fetal meconium FAEE constitute a biomarker of prenatal ethanol exposure for a maternal ethanol regimen that restricts fetal development, with an inverse relationship between meconium total FAEE concentration and both body weight and brain weight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. brienj@post.queensu.ca
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brien
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Courtney R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Joey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gareri
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kobus
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bocking
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids; D000431:Ethanol