title: A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the extracellular domain of porcine endoglin induces anti-tumour immune response against self-endoglin-related angiogenesis in two liver cancer models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-angiogenesis therapy has showed a promising future in tumour treatment. More and more evidence suggest that endoglin is a powerful marker of angiogenesis in solid malignancies, including liver cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether a plasmid DNA encoding the porcine endoglin has the ability of breaking immune tolerance against endoglin-related tumour angiogenesis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A eukaryotic plasmid encoding the extracellular domain of porcine endoglin was constructed, and then used it as a xenogeneic DNA vaccine. Hepa1-6 and H22 hepatoma models were established to observe the anti-tumour activities. Western blot, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunospot assay were used to determine the antibody characters. Immunohistochemistry and alginate-encapsulated tumour cell assay were used to observe the anti-angiogenesis effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunotherapy with recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin was effective at both protective and therapeutic anti-tumour immunity in two hepatoma models. Autoantibodies against murine endoglin were identified. IgG1 and IgG2b were the major subclasses in response to recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin vaccination. Anti-endoglin antibody-producing B cells were significantly increased in the spleens of mice immunised with recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin. In addition, mouse self-immunoglobulins were found deposited on the blood vessels of recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin-immunised tumour tissues. The similar anti-tumour activity was induced by the adoptive transfer of the purified immunoglobulins from the sera of mice immunised with recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin. Furthermore, angiogenesis was apparently inhibited within the tumour tissues from the recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin-immunised mice, and the vascularisation of alginate balls was also reduced in recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin-immunised mice. Most importantly, recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin could really induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibit cell proliferation against endothelial cells. In addition, both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes took part in the function of inhibiting tumour growth and were synergistically responsible for induction of the anti-tumour activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach may provide an alternative strategy for liver cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Xueyuan Lu, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: J-G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Y-N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: R-Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: F-Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000071063:Endoglin; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007167:Immunotherapy; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D000071063:Endoglin; C502004:Eng protein, mouse; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic