title: Biology, clinical relevance, and molecularly targeted therapy in acute leukemia with FLT3 mutation.
abstract: Overexpression and activating mutations of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are known to be involved in the pathophysiology of several kinds of cancer cells. FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), together with KIT, FMS, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, is a class III RTK. FLT3 mutations were first reported as internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) of the juxtamembrane domain-coding sequence; subsequently, a missense point mutation at the D835 residue and point mutations, deletions, and insertions in the codons surrounding D835 within a FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain (FLT3/KDMs) have been found. FLT3 mutations are the most frequent genetic alterations so far reported in acute myeloid leukemia and are involved in the signaling pathway of autonomous proliferation and differentiation block in leukemia cells. Several large-scale studies have confirmed that FLT3/ITD is strongly associated with leukocytosis and a poor prognosis. Therefore, routine screening for FLT3 mutations is recommended to stratify patients into distinct risk groups. However, because high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation cannot overcome the adverse effects of FLT3 mutations, the development of FLT3 kinase inhibitors is expected to produce a more efficacious therapeutic strategy for leukemia therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. kiyoi@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyoi
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naoe
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015195:Drug Design; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D009154:Mutation; D011379:Prognosis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D051941:fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C497970:FLT3 protein, human; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051941:fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3