title: H2O2 induces abnormal tail flexure in Xenopus embryos: similarities with Paraquat teratogenic effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As previously shown, Paraquat (PQ) treatments of Xenopus developing embryos mainly induce a characteristic developmental alteration we named "abnormal tail flexure." PQ oxidative activity has been indicated as the cause of this malformation. Since PQ evokes reactive oxygen species (ROS), among which hydroxyl radicals (OH(*)), and H(2)O(2) can be converted to (OH(*)) via Fenton reaction, we compared here the lethal and teratogenic potentials of both oxidants by using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX), in order to grasp eventual similarities in their teratogenic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Xenopus embryos were exposed, from stage 8 to stage 47, at 368, 491, 612, and 735 microM H(2)O(2) and 0.388 microM PQ. The probit analysis of H(2)O(2) mortality and malformed larva percents gave a 598.82 microM Lethal Concentration 50% (LC(50)) and 536.04 microM Teratogenic Concentration 50% (TC(50)) from which a 1.11 Teratogenic Index (T.I.) has been calculated. This T.I. value should allow the classification of H(2)O(2) as a non-teratogenic compound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison of H(2)O(2) mortality and malformed larva percents with those obtained from PQ exposure showed the higher embryotoxicity of PQ, but, markedly, both compounds mainly induced the "abnormal tail flexure." Histological analysis of both H(2)O(2) and PQ malformed embryo tails showed a similar distorted morphology of both somites and myocytes. Some of muscle cells were necrotic and affected by an apical enlargement as well as a detachment from the connective tissue of intersomitic boundaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our opinion, both of the tested chemicals likely weaken the mechanical bridge connecting the myocyte contractile apparatus to the extracellular matrix, therefore causing the detachment of some of tail myocytes from their connectival septum as well as their apical enlargement. This could lead to the unbalance of tail tensional forces and, in turn, to the appearance of the "abnormal tail flexure."
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. claudio.vismara@unimi.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vismara
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bacchetta
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Muzio
authors.forename: Paride
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mantecca
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tarca
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vailati
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colombo
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010269:Paraquat / Q000633:toxicity*; D013623:Tail / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010269:Paraquat