title: Cholestasis protects the liver from ischaemic injury and post-ischaemic inflammation in the mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholestasis is associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing major liver surgery, but the mechanisms responsible remain elusive. Increased ischaemic liver injury and inflammation may contribute to the poor outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Common bile duct ligation (biliary obstruction with hyperbilirubinaemia) or selective ligation of the left hepatic duct (biliary obstruction without hyperbilirubinaemia) was performed in C57BL/6 mice before 1 h of hepatic ischaemia and 1, 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Infection with the intracellular hepatic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes for 12 and 48 h was used to study ischaemia-independent hepatic inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholestatic mice showed considerable protection from ischaemic liver injury as determined by transaminase release, histological liver injury and neutrophil infiltration. In cholestatic mice, reduced injury correlated with a failure to activate nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) mRNA synthesis, two key mediators of post-ischaemic liver inflammation. After selective bile duct ligation, both the ligated and the non-ligated lobes showed blocked activation of NFkappaB as well as reduced induction of TNFalpha mRNA synthesis and neutrophil infiltration. By contrast, infection with L monocytogenes showed comparable activation of NFkappaB and hepatic recruitment of neutrophils 12 h after infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholestasis does not increase but rather dramatically protects the liver from ischaemic injury and inflammation. This effect is mediated by a systemic factor, but not bilirubin, and is associated with a preserved capacity to trigger an inflammatory response to other stimuli such as a bacterial pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiev
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Navarini
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eloranta
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kullak-Ublick
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nocito
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dahm
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jochum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: P-A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clavien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000032:analysis; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D001663:Bilirubin