title: Neuropsychological impairment among asymptomatic HIV-positive former intravenous drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and situation of drug consumption on neuropsychological impairment in asymptomatic HIV-positive (HIV+) former intravenous drug users (IVDUs) of Spanish nationality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Currently, we have no data about neuropsychological impairment in asymptomatic HIV+ IVDUs taking into account different situations of drug consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A neuropsychological evaluation was made of four groups of IVDUs: 33 abstinent HIV+ IVDUs, 21 methadone-maintained HIV+ IVDUs, 27 abstinent HIV-negative (HIV-) IVDUs, and 21 methadone-maintained HIV- IVDUs. Their neuropsychological impairment rates were determined taking as a reference the performance of 23 HIV- subjects without history of drug abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of neuropsychological impairment of methadone-maintained HIV+ patients (48%) and that of those in abstinence (24%) is greater than that of HIV- subjects in a similar condition (19% and 11%). The impairment rate of the methadone-maintained HIV+ group is significantly greater than that of the abstinent HIV+. Methadone-maintained HIV+ subjects with neuropsychological impairment have fewer education years than those not impaired; likewise, the percentages of subjects with significant immunodepression, detectable viral load, and without antiretroviral treatments are higher among methadone-maintained subjects with neuropsychological impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasizes the association of asymptomatic HIV infection with neuropsychological impairment in IVDUs and reveals the importance of the drug consumption situation in relation to this risk, being methadone-maintained IVDUs more likely to suffer from it. This fact seems to be related to the worsening of the infection and its treatment and to educational level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain. pcdrs028@usc.es
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Salgado
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Alvarez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seoane Pesqueira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone