title: Naturally occurring variability in some phenotypic markers and correlates of haemonchotolerance in West African Dwarf goats in a subhumid zone of Nigeria.
abstract: West African Dwarf (WAD) goats of the Nigerian subhumid zone generally show strong resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus in laboratory experiments, although a relatively small proportion are susceptible to infection. Little is known about these extremes of response phenotype in nature. Therefore, a survey was carried out of gastrointestinal nematode infections in WAD goats, with emphasis on abomasal worms, at three goat markets in Southern Nigeria during the rainy season. Faecal samples (n=1070) were collected weekly from goats between April and September, and 352 abomasa and small intestines from local abattoirs were examined. Total strongyle (prevalence=65.0%) and H. contortus (prevalence=64.3%) faecal egg counts (FEC) varied between the three markets, being highest throughout at Opi. FEC increased from April to peak in August. Based on raw FEC, 76.1% of goats had FEC of <100, and 4.7%>500. Adjustment of these figures for monthly and between-market differences, gave figures of 78.8 and 3.4%, respectively. H. contortus worm burdens (WB) showed a similar pattern with 67.9% of goats harbouring <200 worms and 8.2% >1000, and after adjustment 69.6 and 6.0%, respectively. Fecundity, based on eggs in the uterus, did not vary between markets or monthly, but fell with increasing WB. Trichostrongylus colubriformis was less frequent (prevalence=42.4%) but goats from Opi also carried higher WB, and worms were similarly highly aggregated in hosts. When the between-market and monthly differences for both species were controlled, a highly significant positive correlation between the species emerged. Therefore, although a small subset of goats, highly susceptible to H. contortus, exists in this breed, the majority show resistance under field conditions and the resistant phenotype is also resistant to T. colubriformis. Both species are highly aggregated in the susceptible subset of the population. While, we cannot yet exclude alternative explanations, our data are compatible with a strong genetic basis for this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK. jerzy.behnek@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chiejina
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Musongong
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Fakae
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ezeokonkwo
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nnadi
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ngongeh
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wakelin
mesh_terms: D000018:Abomasum / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006041:Goats; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D010641:Phenotype; D012621:Seasons