title: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha blockers: potential limitations in the management of advanced endometriosis? A case report.
abstract: Several studies have shown that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels are increased in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis, with correlation between TNF-alpha concentrations and the degree of disease. It is also likely that elevation of peritoneal fluids' TNF-alpha levels may play a role in the pathogenesis of infertility associated with endometriosis. Use of drugs such as etanercept, a TNF-alpha receptor immunoglobulin fusion protein which inhibits TNF-alpha activity, showed in an animal study to reduce the severity of the disease, and the size of endometriotic foci. TNF-alpha blockers were recommended as a possible new line of therapy for endometriosis. Our case involved a 35-year-old Para 0, with rheumatic arthritis and stage 4 endometriosis. After 6 years of constant use of etanercept, she showed no improvement of endometriosis as demonstrated at laparoscopy. However, she underwent a successful IVF after the first attempt. TNF-alpha-blocker medications might not be beneficial for patients with advanced endometriosis. However, we cannot exclude the possible effect of these medications on early-stage endometriosis, and further study is required. Some of the immunologic abnormalities in the pelvis of patients with endometriosis could be the consequence of the disease and not the cause, and possibly suppression of immune cells and their products may not have a major effect on endometriotic lesions at an advanced stage. This also could explain why suppression of TNF-alpha showed no effect on infertility. However, use of TNF-alpha-blockers before IVF might increase the success rate in advanced endometriosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Khashayar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shakiba
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falcone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications; D000068579:Celecoxib; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000473:pathology; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D010535:Laparoscopy; D011241:Prednisone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007783:Lactones; D011720:Pyrazoles; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C116926:rofecoxib; D000068579:Celecoxib; D000068800:Etanercept; D011241:Prednisone