title: The relationship between ex ante mortality risk and end-of-life medical costs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spending on medical care for patients in their last year of life accounts for over one-quarter of US Medicare programme outlays. While the magnitude of spending on end-of-life care is striking, it is difficult to determine if expenditures are wasteful or simply reflect the inherent uncertainty facing physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, we document the association between mortality risk and end-of-life medical spending. Mortality risk at 1 year before death was estimated using a logistic model with age, sex and co-morbidities as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that, among decedents, end-of-life spending is inversely related to predicted mortality risk, ranging from Dollars US 23,000 for decedents with mortality risk in the interval 0.00-0.05 to Dollars US 16,000 for decedents with mortality risk > 0.25 (1999 dollar values). In aggregate, > 50% of Medicare spending on medical care in the last year of life is for beneficiaries with below-median mortality risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that physicians treat patients who are likely to die differently than those who are not. Substituting palliative for curative care for patients with unfavourable prognoses may lower total expenditures, but probably not as much as commonly expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. david.howard@emory.edu
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Culler
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Druss
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Thorpe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003363:Cost Control; D003657:Decision Making; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018426:SEER Program; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States