title: Prostaglandin production by human osteoclasts in culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostaglandins (PG) are important mediators of bone metabolism with direct and indirect effects on bone cells. They may have important effects on osteoclasts, but it is not known if these cells can synthesize PG. We used 2 experimental models in order (1) to determine the presence and functionality of cyclooxygenase (COX) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes in human osteoclasts and (2) to study their role in cell metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were undertaken on authentic human osteoclasts extracted from human fetuses (fhOC) and on human osteoclast-like (hOCL) cells differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presence of COX proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. COX and PLA2 enzymatic activity was evaluated at the single-cell level by fluorescence microscopy. An enriched population of hOCL cells was used to evaluate total PG production and the influence of COX activity on bone resorption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COX-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm and COX-2 was distributed mainly near the nuclear membrane of osteoclasts. These cells showed a high basal level of COX activity that could be inhibited by pretreatment with COX inhibitors. Cytosolic PLA2 was present in both models. Human osteoclasts actively produced PG, and the COX-1 pathway was implicated in the control of bone resorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that PG may be important autacoids for the control of osteoclast biology and that the COX-1 pathway is implicated in the inhibition of bone resorption.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology and the Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Josette A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allard-Chamard
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarrazin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Fatima Lucena
authors.forename: Maxime A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gallant
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fortier
authors.forename: Moni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nader
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Ghassan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bkaily
authors.forename: Artur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Brum-Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2