title: Expanding the scope of the turnover flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Turnover flaps are often utilized as alternatives to more traditional flaps, especially in situations where traditional flap viability is limited. Most turnover flaps are currently used in the lower extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the senior author's use of the turnover flap in 103 cases between 1987 and 2004. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 3 months to 10 years, with an average follow-up of 9 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (n = 90) of the cases involved the lower extremities and carried high success rates; there were 72 successful operations (complete graft take), 10 partial flap losses (partial graft take that could be treated postoperatively without surgery), and eight complete flap losses (no graft take and the necessity of additional surgery). Three of the partial flap losses and two of the complete flap losses involved patients with end-stage vascular disease. End-stage vascular disease cases represented 20.0 percent of the lower extremity cases and carried a significantly higher percentage of partial or complete flap loss (27.8 percent). These circumstances were examined in detail; the authors found that the turnover flap provided improved outcome to such end-stage patients who otherwise would have undergone amputation. In 13 cases, turnover flaps were utilized in nontraditional regions, such as the chest wall, abdominal wall, head and neck region, and upper extremities, with a high degree of success (zero partial or complete flap losses). These approaches are discussed in detail. The surgical approach is examined with recommendations regarding preferred wound size and type and overall flap design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that turnover flaps are effective and useful as an alternative and, in some cases, primary procedure. In addition, the results serve to expand the present scope of the turnover flap by examining nontraditional regions in which the flap was highly successful. The authors believe the turnover flap should be given higher priority as a reconstructive option, but more research is needed to explain the sources of blood supply in these flaps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Avir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCampbell
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003646:Debridement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013536:Suture Techniques