title: Does smoking reduce akathisia? Testing a narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The self-medication hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia patients smoke to decrease their schizophrenia symptoms or antipsychotic side effects, but they usually start smoking before their illness and heavy smoking is not consistently associated with fewer symptoms or side effects. A narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis, heavy smoking reduces akathisia, is explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 250 outpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Barnes Akathisia Scale. Prevalences were 69% (173/250) for smoking, 39% (98/250) for heavy smoking (> or =30 cigarettes/day), 7% (17/250) for akathisia (Barnes Global score>1), 14% (35/250) for a broader akathisia definition (Barnes Global score>0) and 20% for excited symptoms (>1 on the PANSS factor score).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy smoking was not associated with akathisia (41% of patients with akathisia were heavy smokers versus 39% of patients without akathisia; chi2=0.3, df=1, p=0.86), even after correcting for confounding factors and/or using a broader akathisia definition. Heavy smoking was associated with excited schizophrenia symptoms (possibly reflecting agitation). Particularly in patients taking lower doses of typical antipsychotics, excited symptoms, with or without akathisia, were strongly associated with heavy smoking and appear to interact with patients' reports of smoking's calming effect as the main reason for smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-medication hypothesis does not explain increased smoking and heavy smoking in schizophrenia. Moreover, heavy smoking may be associated with more disturbed brain homeostatic mechanisms. Prospective studies need to explore whether temporary increases in cigarette smoking may be associated with periods of higher agitation, with or without akathisia.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. jdeleon@uky.edu
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Leon
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jurado
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurpegui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents