title: Keep music live: music and the alleviation of apathy in dementia subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent Cochrane report concluded that more and better quality research is required to investigate the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing problems in behavioral, social, emotional and cognitive domains in patients with dementia. This randomized placebo-controlled trial with blinded observer rater aimed to explore whether music, live or pre-recorded, is effective in the treatment of apathy in subjects with moderate to severe dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two subjects meeting ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for moderate to severe dementia and fulfilling diagnostic criteria for apathy were exposed to live interactive music, passive pre-recorded music or silence for 30 minutes. Each subject was randomized to 30-minute music or silent periods and was video recorded and the muted recording analyzed every 3 minutes using dementia care mapping to assess the quality of engagement to the blinded music intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to low baseline levels of positive engagement (12.5%) in the silent placebo period, the majority of subjects (69%), regardless of dementia severity, showed a significant and positive engagement to live music. Engagement to pre-recorded music was non-significant, with just 25% of all subjects showing positive engagement. No subjects showed any evidence of experiencing a state of ill-being during either the live or pre-recorded music sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the intervention, live interactive music has immediate and positive engagement effects in dementia subjects with apathy, regardless of the severity of their dementia. Pre-recorded music is non-harmful but less clearly beneficial.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK. ch4@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knights
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hodkinson
authors.forename: Vivienne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009147:Music Therapy; D009735:Nursing Homes; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012931:Social Environment