title: Search for Bacillus anthracis potential vaccine candidates by a functional genomic-serologic screen.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis proteins that possess antigenic properties and are able to evoke an immune response were identified by a reductive genomic-serologic screen of a set of in silico-preselected open reading frames (ORFs). The screen included in vitro expression of the selected ORFs by coupled transcription and translation of linear PCR-generated DNA fragments, followed by immunoprecipitation with antisera from B. anthracis-infected animals. Of the 197 selected ORFs, 161 were chromosomal and 36 were on plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, and 138 of the 197 ORFs had putative functional annotations (known ORFs) and 59 had no assigned functions (unknown ORFs). A total of 129 of the known ORFs (93%) could be expressed, whereas only 38 (64%) of the unknown ORFs were successfully expressed. All 167 expressed polypeptides were subjected to immunoprecipitation with the anti-B. anthracis antisera, which revealed 52 seroreactive immunogens, only 1 of which was encoded by an unknown ORF. The high percentage of seroreactive ORFs among the functionally annotated ORFs (37%; 51/129) attests to the predictive value of the bioinformatic strategy used for vaccine candidate selection. Furthermore, the experimental findings suggest that surface-anchored proteins and adhesins or transporters, such as cell wall hydrolases, proteins involved in iron acquisition, and amino acid and oligopeptide transporters, have great potential to be immunogenic. Most of the seroreactive ORFs that were tested as DNA vaccines indeed appeared to induce a humoral response in mice. We list more than 30 novel B. anthracis immunoreactive virulence-related proteins which could be useful in diagnosis, pathogenesis studies, and future anthrax vaccine development.
authors.affiliation: Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. avigdor@iibr.gov.il
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gat
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosfeld
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ariel
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inbar
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaide
authors.forename: Yehoshua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Broder
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zvi
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chitlaru
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Altboum
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Avigdor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafferman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022122:Anthrax Vaccines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D023281:Genomics; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D022122:Anthrax Vaccines; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007106:Immune Sera; D019444:Vaccines, DNA