title: Hypoxic vasoconstriction of partial muscular intra-acinar pulmonary arteries in murine precision cut lung slices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) which serves to match lung perfusion to ventilation. The underlying mechanisms are not fully resolved yet. The major vascular segment contributing to HPV, the intra-acinar artery, is mostly located in that part of the lung that cannot be selectively reached by the presently available techniques, e.g. hemodynamic studies of isolated perfused lungs, recordings from dissected proximal arterial segments or analysis of subpleural vessels. The aim of the present study was to establish a model which allows the investigation of HPV and its underlying mechanisms in small intra-acinar arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intra-acinar arteries of the mouse lung were studied in 200 mum thick precision-cut lung slices (PCLS). The organisation of the muscle coat of these vessels was characterized by alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry. Basic features of intra-acinar HPV were characterized, and then the impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, inhibitors of the respiratory chain and Krebs cycle metabolites was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-acinar arteries are equipped with a discontinuous spiral of alpha-smooth muscle actin-immunoreactive cells. They exhibit a monophasic HPV (medium gassed with 1% O2) that started to fade after 40 min and was lost after 80 min. This HPV, but not vasoconstriction induced by the thromboxane analogue U46619, was effectively blocked by nitro blue tetrazolium and diphenyleniodonium, indicating the involvement of ROS and flavoproteins. Inhibition of mitochondrial complexes II (3-nitropropionic acid, thenoyltrifluoroacetone) and III (antimycin A) specifically interfered with HPV, whereas blockade of complex IV (sodium azide) unspecifically inhibited both HPV and U46619-induced constriction. Succinate blocked HPV whereas fumarate had minor effects on vasoconstriction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes the first model for investigation of basic characteristics of HPV directly in intra-acinar murine pulmonary vessels. The data are consistent with a critical involvement of ROS, flavoproteins, and of mitochondrial complexes II and III in intra-acinar HPV. In view of the lack of specificity of any of the classical inhibitors used in such types of experiments, validation awaits the use of appropriate knockout strains and siRNA interference, for which the present model represents a well-suited approach.
authors.affiliation: University of Giessen Lung Center, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. Renate.Paddenberg@anatomie.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paddenberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Faulhammer
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pfeil
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kummer
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D000818:Animals; D000968:Antimycin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D042963:Electron Transport Complex II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011422:Propionates; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D000968:Antimycin A; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D042963:Electron Transport Complex II; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III; C015392:3-nitropropionic acid