title: The porcine remnant kidney model of chronic renal insufficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present study was to develop and characterize a porcine model of chronic renal insufficiency created by renal artery embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model was created using 42 castrated juvenile male pigs (7-8 months old) in two parts (pilot (N = 10) group, definitive (N = 26) group, and control group (N = 6). In the pilot group, the embolization procedure was optimized with respect to the size of polyvinyl acrylide (PVA) particles, coils, and amount of kidney embolized. The animals were followed serially for 4 weeks after the embolization procedure to determine the renal function and hypertensive response. In the definitive group, these results were extended to later time points and a left total nephrectomy and a right partial nephrectomy (remnant) were performed and these animals were followed for 28 to 84 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kidney function after the embolization was characterized by acute deterioration in renal function, followed by improvement, and "stable" chronic renal insufficiency with statistically significant elevation in creatinine and BUN being observed until day 42. The mean arterial blood pressure remained significantly elevated until day 7 after which it began to decrease to pre-embolization value. The remnant kidney developed fibrosis in the tublointerstitial compartment as it hypertrophied and increased its weight which remained significantly elevated after embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reproducible remnant kidney model of chronic renal insufficiency in pigs was developed. In this model, stable renal insufficiency develops by 4 weeks that lasts until 12 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.misra.sanjay@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Jeffery D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Glockner
authors.forename: Alejandro R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Chade
authors.forename: Jaywant
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandrekar
authors.forename: Lilach
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine