title: The influence of race and gender on time to initial electrocardiogram for patients with chest pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether race or gender affected time to initial electrocardiogram (ECG) for patients who presented to an emergency department with chest pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study of patients with chest pain. Patients were divided into three groups based on final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina and all others with noncardiac chest pain. Data were analyzed using ranks in a two-way analysis of covariance adjusted for age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4,358 patients were studied; 58.6% were women and 41.4% men, and 70.3% were African American, 26.0% white, and 3.6% other. Overall, nonwhite patients had longer times to initial ECG compared with white patients. These effects were consistent regardless of ultimate diagnosis. Overall, women had longer times to initial ECG than men. However, ECG time differed by final diagnosis. There were no differences in time to ECG for women compared with men with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina, but women received an ECG significantly slower than men for noncardiac chest pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first screening test for acute coronary syndrome, the ECG, took longer to obtain for nonwhite patients, regardless of final diagnosis. This was unfortunately consistent with the literature that shows racial disparities in all aspects of emergent cardiac care. For women, the overall delay in ECG time can be explained by delays for those women with noncardiac chest pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. kevin.takakuwa@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Takakuwa
authors.forename: Frances S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Shofer
authors.forename: Judd E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hollander
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000175:diagnosis; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D015143:Philadelphia; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors