title: Sonochemistry: a powerful way of enhancing the efficiency of carbohydrate synthesis.
abstract: Using sonication as a means of facilitating organic reactions in carbohydrate chemistry was explored under the conditions used for traditional organic synthesis. An array of representative reactions, including hydroxy group manipulation (acylation, protection/deprotection, acyl group migration), thioglycoside synthesis, azidoglycoside synthesis, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and reductive cleavage of benzylidene, commonly used in the synthesis of carbohydrate derivatives was examined. A series of glycosylation reactions that employ thioglycosides, glycosyl trichloroacetimidate, glycosyl bromide and glycosyl acetate as the glycosyl donors was also examined. Our results demonstrate that sonication can significantly shorten the reaction time, enhance the reactivity of reactant and lead to superior yield and excellent stereoselectivity. More importantly, a general protocol of glycosylation may finally be developed. Sonication is compatible to the conditions used for traditional organic synthesis. We believe that sonication can also be applied to other areas of synthetic processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
authors.forename: Shenglou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gangadharmath
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei Tom
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D013010:Sonication; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates