title: Plasma ghrelin concentrations are positively associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ghrelin, a peptide hormone from stomach, stimulates food intake and decreases fat utilization. Ghrelin binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR density has been shown to be upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions, but the relationship between ghrelin concentration and atherosclerosis has not yet been studied. We, therefore, characterized the association between ghrelin concentration and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in a population-based cohort of 1024 middle-aged (40-60 years) men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intima-media thickness and the number of atherosclerotic plaques were determined ultrasonographically. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations were analysed using RIA-kit (PhoenixPeptide).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive association between mean IMT and ghrelin concentration in the analysis of males before and after adjustments for the traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis [age, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), and smoking (ancova, P = 0.004 and P = 0.007, respectively)]. However, no such association was found in females (P = 0.985 and P = 0.915). There was no correlation between ghrelin and CRP concentrations or ghrelin and smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghrelin concentrations and carotid artery atherosclerosis are positively associated in males even after adjustment for the commonly recognized risk factors of atherosclerosis. Experimental and prospective studies are warranted to elucidate the role of ghrelin in atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. seppo.poykko@ppshp.fi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pöykkö
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kellokoski
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ukkola
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kauma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Päivänsalo
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kesäniemi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hörkkö
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D002784:Cholesterol