title: Surface roughness of stainless-steel mirrors for focusing soft x rays.
abstract: We have used polished stainless steel as a mirror substrate to provide focusing of soft x rays in grazing-incidence reflection. The critical issue of the quality of the steel surface, polished and coated with gold, is discussed in detail. A comparison is made to a polished, gold-coated, electroless nickel surface, which provides a smoother finish. We used the surface height distributions, measured with an interferometric microscope and complemented by atomic-force microscope measurements, to compute power spectral densities and then to evaluate the surface roughness. The effects of roughness in reducing the specular reflectivity were verified by soft-x-ray measurements.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8199, USA. vvyashchuk@lbl.gov
authors.forename: Valeriy V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Yashchuk
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gullikson
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Howells
authors.forename: Steve C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Irick
authors.forename: Alastair A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: MacDowell
authors.forename: Wayne R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salmassi
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Warwick
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Tonnessen