title: Randomized surgical trials and "sham" surgery: relevance to modern orthopaedics and minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: Surgical techniques are constantly changing and evolving, though research trials supporting the value of a specific surgical intervention are often limited by the lack of a legitimate control group. In surgical trials, the use of a placebo, or a "sham" surgery, is controversial. This article explores the debate regarding the use of sham surgeries and summarizes the few surgical studies that have used them. Arguments for and against their use in research are presented.
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa Hospitals, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. brian-wolf@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000941:ethics*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000941:ethics*; D010919:Placebos; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos