title: Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant produced under constant reactant concentration.
abstract: Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, AlO(OH), is used to potentiate the immune response to vaccines by adsorbing the antigen. The structure of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is unusual as it is crystalline but has a high surface area due to its very small primary particles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical and thermal conditions required to synthesize aluminum hydroxide adjuvant that is stable and exhibits a high protein adsorptive capacity. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was precipitated using a procedure in which the concentration of reactants was maintained constant throughout the precipitation. The precipitation variables were: 2.50, 2.75, and 3.00 OH/Al molar ratio; 0.5, 4.0, and 5.0 M NaCl; and 25, 60, and 65 degrees C. High sodium chloride concentration and high temperature facilitated the formation of AlO(OH) rather than crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)(3). The AlO(OH) produced was not stable because crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide formed during aging at room temperature. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was stabilized for the study period of 12 weeks at room temperature by either the addition of 3.0 M NaCl after precipitation and washing or hydrothermal treatment at 110 degrees C for 4 h. Stabilization by the addition of sodium chloride required a hypertonic concentration of sodium chloride and was not practical as vaccines for parenteral administration are desired to be isotonic (equivalent to 0.15 M NaCl). Stabilization by hydrothermal treatment produced aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, which exhibited a high protein adsorptive capacity that did not change during the 12-week study period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2091, USA.
authors.forename: Kwok Pan
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Darrell G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Cliff T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Stanley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hem
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide