title: The comparison of pyrosequencing molecular Gram stain, culture, and conventional Gram stain for diagnosing orthopaedic infections.
abstract: We have developed a combined real-time PCR and pyrosequencing assay that successfully differentiated the vast majority of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria when bacterial isolates were tested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this assay on clinical specimens obtained from orthopedic surgeries, and to prospectively compare the results of "molecular Gram stain" with culture and conventional direct Gram stain. Forty-five surgical specimens were obtained from patients who underwent orthopedic surgery procedures. The DNA was extracted and a set of broad-range PCR primers that targeted a part of the 16S rDNA gene was used for pan-bacterial PCR. The amplicons were submitted for pyrosequencing and the resulting molecular Gram stain characteristics were recorded. Culture and direct Gram staining were performed using standard methods for all cases. Surgical specimens were reviewed histologically for all cases that had a discrepancy between culture and molecular results. There was an 86.7% (39/45) agreement between the traditional and molecular methods. In 12/14 (85.7%) culture-proven cases of bacterial infection, molecular Gram stain characteristics were in agreement with the culture results, while the conventional Gram stain result was in agreement only for five cases (35.7%). In the 31 culture negative cases, 27 cases were also PCR negative, whereas 4 were PCR positive. Three of these were characterized as gram negative and one as gram positive by this molecular method. Molecular determination of the Gram stain characteristics of bacteria that cause orthopedic infections may be achieved, in most instances, by this method. Further studies are necessary to understand the clinical importance of PCR-positive/culture-negative results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Marion J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tuohy
authors.forename: Isador H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Togawa
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujishiro
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Procop
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D003354:Corynebacterium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005840:Gentian Violet; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010000:Osteitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D010619:Phenazines; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D005840:Gentian Violet