title: Heart rate variability in an ageing population and its association with lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors: results of the SAPALDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (i) To report associations between cardiovascular risk factors and heart rate variability (HRV) in a general population and (ii) to provide normal values for various HRV measurements in a healthy European general population sample aged >or=50.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four-hour electrocardiograms were recorded in 1742 randomly selected SAPALDIA (Swiss cohort study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults) participants aged >or=50. In multivariate regression analyses, women (n=895) had a 6.1% lower standard deviation of all normal RR (NN) intervals (SDNN), a 11.4% lower total power (TP), and a 27.2% lower low-frequency (LF) power than men (n=847). Per unit increase in BMI, SDNN decreased by 0.7% and TP decreased by 1.2%. Persons with high blood pressure had a 9.2% lower LF than normotensive persons and current smokers a 15.5% lower LF than never smokers. Each hour of heavy physical exercise was associated with a 2.0% increase in SDNN, a 3.6% increase in the high frequency (HF) range power and a 4.2% increase in LF power. Higher levels of uric acid, high-sensitive C-reactive protein and non-HDL-cholesterol were associated with lower TP, HF and LF. Percentiles of TP and LF/HF as a function of age were calculated for an asymptomatic subsample of participants (n=499) free of cardioactive medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart rate variability in a general population sample shows expected associations with all known cardiovascular risk factors, although not identically for all HRV domains. Together with our percentile estimates for HRV as a function of age, these findings could assist scientists in interpreting 24 h HRV values and factors influencing them in an ageing population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Steinengraben 49, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. denise.felber@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Felber Dietrich
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barthélémy
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tschopp
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Eckardstein
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brändli
authors.forename: Philipppe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leuenberger
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaspoz
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ackermann-Liebrich
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors