title: Prevention and management of aggression training and violent incidents on U.K. Acute psychiatric wards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reports of violence and injuries to staff and patients in acute psychiatric inpatient settings have led to the development and implementation of training courses in the Prevention and Management of Violence and Aggression (PMVA). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between PMVA training of acute psychiatric ward nursing staff and officially reported violent incident rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted of training records (312 course attendances) and violent incident rates (684 incidents) over two-and-a-half years on 14 acute admission psychiatric wards (5,384 admissions) at three inner-city hospitals in the United Kingdom as part of the Tompkins Acute Ward Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive association was found between training and rates of violent incidents. There was weak evidence that increased rates of aggressive incidents prompted course attendance, no evidence that course attendance reduced violence, and some evidence that attendance of briefer update courses triggered small short-term rises in rates of physical aggression. Course attendance was associated with a rise in physical and verbal aggression while staff were away from the ward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The failure to find a drop in incident rates after training, coupled with the small increases in incidents detected, raises concerns about the training course's efficacy as a preventive strategy. Alternatively, the results are consistent with a threshold effect, indicating that once adequate numbers of staff have been trained, further training keeps incidents at a low rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health and Learning Disability, City University, Philpot Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2EA, United Kingdom. l.bowers@city.ac.uk
authors.forename: Len
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nijman
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Lynny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D008131:London; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data