title: Myocardial infarction symptom recognition by the lay public: the role of gender and ethnicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find out if gender and ethnicity are associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) symptom recognition and the recommendation of enlisting emergency medical services.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experiment, a random sample of the public was provided a scenario of a person experiencing symptoms of AMI; the gender of the character (male, female, or indeterminate) was manipulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vancouver, Canada
  
  
  METHODS
  976 people from a population based random sample of 3419 people, 40 years of age and older, participated in a telephone survey given in English, Cantonese, Mandarin, and Punjabi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  78% of the respondents identified the symptoms as heart related. Unadjusted analyses showed that ethnicity, education, income, and AMI knowledge were significantly associated with symptom recognition (Chinese respondents were least likely to identify the symptoms as heart related). Thirty seven per cent recommended calling emergency services, which was associated with symptom recognition, ethnicity (Chinese respondents were least likely to make the recommendation), AMI knowledge, having an immediate family member with AMI, and having talked with a health professional about the signs and symptoms of AMI. Neither the gender of the respondent nor of the affected person in the scenario was associated with symptom recognition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart health education must be targeted to and tailored for ethnic communities. Health professionals must discuss the signs and symptoms of AMI, and the correct course of action, with their patients.
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Health Behaviour Research Unit, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 302-6190 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. pam.ratner@ubc.ca
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.forename: Roula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tzianetas
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Joy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Buller
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reime
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology