title: Open-angle glaucoma and cardiovascular mortality: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between open-angle glaucoma (termed glaucoma) and 9-year mortality in an older population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three thousand six hundred fifty-four persons aged 49 to 97 years (82.4% of the eligible population), residents of the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline (1992-1994), glaucoma was diagnosed from congruous typical glaucomatous visual field changes (full-threshold fields) and optic disc cupping (stereo-optic disc photography). Demographic information from baseline participants was matched with the Australian National Death Index data (December 2001) to obtain the number and causes of deaths. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, controlling for age, male gender, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, use of oral beta-blockers, current smoking history, alcohol use, myopia, and nuclear cataract were performed to assess hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality. Adjustments for all-cause mortality also included history of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, glaucoma was diagnosed in 108 participants (3.0%). Of 873 deaths (23.9%) before January, 2002, 312 people (8.5%) died of cardiovascular events. The age-standardized all-cause mortality was 24.3% in persons with and 23.8% in those without glaucoma, whereas cardiovascular mortality was 14.6% in persons with and 8.4% in those without glaucoma. After multivariate adjustment, those with glaucoma had a nonsignificant increased risk of cardiovascular death (relative risk [RR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-2.23). Increased cardiovascular mortality was observed mainly in glaucoma patients aged <75 years (RR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.20-6.47). Further stratified analyses showed that cardiovascular mortality was higher among those with previously diagnosed glaucoma (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.12-3.04), particularly in those also treated with topical timolol (RR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.18-3.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study demonstrate an increased cardiovascular mortality in persons with previously diagnosed glaucoma. There was a suggestion of higher cardiovascular mortality in glaucoma patients using topical timolol that merits further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jie Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kifley
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013999:Timolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D013999:Timolol