title: Lower urinary tract symptoms and depressive symptoms in elderly men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the impact of moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on clinically significant depressive symptoms in elderly Chinese men aged 65 and above.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large prospective cohort of 2000 Chinese men aged 65 to 92 years of age in Hong Kong, the association between moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms and clinically relevant depressive symptoms was studied. After excluding men with prostate or bladder cancer or surgery, 1980 subjects provided response to a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and physical examination. A case-control analysis was performed, comparing subjects with clinically relevant depressive symptoms (cases) to those without depressive symptoms (controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multiple analyses adjusting for all factors that were shown to be significantly associated with having clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the initial bivariate analyses, being widowed, divorced or single were associated with increased risk of having clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Having a history of cardiac disease, being a current smoker and the use of corticosteroid were also associated with increased risk. Having moderate to severe LUTS was significantly associated with increased odds of having clinically relevant depressive symptoms (OR: 2.40; CI: 1.68-3.43) even after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was cross-sectional and there were no clinician-based diagnostic interviews that were conducted to diagnose clinical depression and thus only clinically relevant depressive symptoms were assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly men, moderate to severe LUTS are important public health problems that are associated with increased risk of having clinically relevant depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that physicians who deal with patients with moderate to severe LUTS should consider the psychological health of their patients as this population is at risk of having clinically relevant depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F, School of Public Health Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. yeungshanwong@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Samuel Y S
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Athena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Ping C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053158:Nocturia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012803:Sick Role; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones