title: Death in the neonatal intensive care unit: changing patterns of end of life care over two decades.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Death remains a common event in the neonatal intensive care unit, and often involves limitation or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document changes in the causes of death and its management over the last two decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  An audit of infants dying in the neonatal intensive care unit was performed during two epochs (1985-1987 and 1999-2001). The principal diagnoses of infants who died were recorded, as well as their apparent prognoses, and any decisions to limit or withdraw medical treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In epoch 1, 132 infants died out of 1362 admissions (9.7%), and in epoch 2 there were 111 deaths out of 1776 admissions (6.2%; p<0.001). Approximately three quarters of infants died after withdrawal of life sustaining treatment in both epochs. There was a significant reduction in the proportion of deaths from chromosomal abnormalities, and from neural tube defects in epoch 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There have been substantial changes in the illnesses leading to death in the neonatal intensive care unit. These may reflect the combined effects of prenatal diagnosis and changing community and medical attitudes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. dominic.wilkinson@rch.org.au
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fitzsimons
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dargaville
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Loughnan
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000639:trends; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000639:trends*; D008485:Medical Audit; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000639:trends*; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000639:trends