title: Postmortem radiology of fatal hemorrhage: measurements of cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels and volumes of aorta and spleen on MDCT and volumes of heart chambers on MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autopsy determination of fatal hemorrhage as the cause of death is often a difficult diagnosis in forensic medicine. No quantitative system for accurately measuring the blood volume in a corpse has been developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article describes the measurement and evaluation of the cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels, of the diameter of the right pulmonary artery, of the volumes of thoracic aorta and spleen on MDCT, and of the volumes of heart chambers on MRI in 65 autopsy-verified cases of fatal hemorrhage or no fatal hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most cases with a cause of death of "fatal hemorrhage" had collapsed vessels. The finding of a collapsed superior vena cava, main pulmonary artery, or right pulmonary artery was 100% specific for fatal hemorrhage. The mean volumes of the thoracic aorta and of each of the heart chambers and the mean cross-sectional areas of all vessels except the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta were significantly smaller in fatal hemorrhage than in no fatal hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the quantitative differentiation of fatal hemorrhage from other causes of death, we propose a three-step algorithm with measurements of the diameter of the right pulmonary artery, the cross-sectional area of the main pulmonary artery, and the volume of the right atrium (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 95%). However, this algorithm must be corroborated in a prospective study, which would eliminate the limitations of this study. Quantitative postmortem cross-sectional imaging might become a reliable objective method to assess the question of fatal hemorrhage in forensic medicine.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Buehlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, Switzerland. emin.aghayev@irm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aghayev
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sonnenschein
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackowski
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thali
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolliger
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dirnhofer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D001027:Aortography; D001344:Autopsy; D001810:Blood Volume; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging