title: Metabolic engineering of potato tuber carotenoids through tuber-specific silencing of lycopene epsilon cyclase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Potato is a major staple food, and modification of its provitamin content is a possible means for alleviating nutritional deficiencies. beta-carotene is the main dietary precursor of vitamin A. Potato tubers contain low levels of carotenoids, composed mainly of the xanthophylls lutein, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, and of xanthophyll esters. None of these carotenoids have provitamin A activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We silenced the first dedicated step in the beta-epsilon- branch of carotenoid biosynthesis, lycopene epsilon cyclase (LCY-e), by introducing, via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, an antisense fragment of this gene under the control of the patatin promoter. Real Time measurements confirmed the tuber-specific silencing of Lcy-e. Antisense tubers showed significant increases in beta-beta-carotenoid levels, with beta-carotene showing the maximum increase (up to 14-fold). Total carotenoids increased up to 2.5-fold. These changes were not accompanied by a decrease in lutein, suggesting that LCY-e is not rate-limiting for lutein accumulation. Tuber-specific changes in expression of several genes in the pathway were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that epsilon-cyclization of lycopene is a key regulatory step in potato tuber carotenogenesis. Upon tuber-specific silencing of the corresponding gene, beta-beta-carotenoid and total carotenoid levels are increased, and expression of several other genes in the pathway is modified.
authors.affiliation: ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, PO Box 2400, Roma 00100AD, Italy. gianfranco.diretto@casaccia.enea.it
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diretto
authors.forename: Raffaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavazza
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welsch
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pizzichini
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mourgues
authors.forename: Velia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papacchioli
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods; D019753:Intramolecular Lyases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014975:Lutein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D035281:Plant Tubers / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000235:genetics; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D019753:Intramolecular Lyases; C070925:lycopene cyclase-isomerase; D014975:Lutein