title: The role of the medial collateral ligament and posteromedial capsule in controlling knee laxity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medial aspect of the knee has a complex capsular structure; the biomechanical roles of specific structures are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The 3 strong stabilizing structures, the superficial and deep medial collateral ligaments and the posteromedial capsule, make distinct contributions to controlling tibiofemoral laxity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in knee laxity under anterior-posterior drawer, valgus, and internal-external rotation loads were found by sequential cutting in 18 cadaveric knees. Three cutting sequences allowed the roles of the 3 structures to be seen in isolation and in combination. Some force contributions were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The posteromedial capsule controlled valgus, internal rotation, and posterior drawer in extension, resisting 42% of a 150-N drawer force when the tibia was in internal rotation. The superficial collateral ligament controlled valgus at all angles and was dominant from 30 degrees to 90 degrees of flexion, plus internal rotation in flexion. The deep collateral ligament controlled tibial anterior drawer of the flexed and externally rotated knee and was a secondary restraint to valgus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct roles in controlling tibiofemoral laxity have been found for these structures that vary according to knee flexion and tibial rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The restraining functions demonstrated provide new information about knee stabilization, which may allow better evaluation of structural damage at the medial aspect of the knee.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Anthony M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: Rhidian R Dew
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation