title: Smoking is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction are associated with high mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. This study tested the hypothesis that smoking is associated with insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients who are not treated with insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study patients were 22 current smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age: 57 +/- 5 years, mean +/- SD) and 30 age-matched never-smoked patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (control group, 57 +/- 8 years). The quality of blood glucose was assessed by fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting immunoreactive insulin (F-IRI), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The severity of smoking status was expressed by the Brinkman index, which is calculated as number of cigarettes per day multiplied by years of smoking. Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart-rate variability, plasma norepinephrine concentration and cardiac (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baroreflex sensitivity was lower in the current smokers group than in the never-smoked group (P < 0.05). Early and delayed (123)I-MIBG myocardial uptake values were lower (P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively) and the percentage washout-rate of (123)I-MIBG was higher (P < 0.0001) in the current smokers group than in the never-smoked group. Fasting immunoreactive insulin (F-IRI) concentration (P < 0.0001) and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index (P < 0.0001) were higher in the current smokers group than the never-smoked group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking was independently predicted by F-IRI and the percentage washout-rate of (123)I-MIBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study suggested that smoking was associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemia and that F-IRI and the percentage washout-rate of (123)I-MIBG were independent predictors of smoking in these Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Oita 879-5593, Japan. anan-f@med.oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katsuragi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakuma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yonemochi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eshima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saikawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshimatsu
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine / Q000032:analysis; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D005947:Glucose; D009638:Norepinephrine