title: Virus infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses.
  
  
  METHODS
  An epidemiological study conducted over 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-bed intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  ICU patients over 45 years of age with a primary diagnosis of COPD exacerbation requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or ventilation via endotracheal tube (ETT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) and posterior pharyngeal swabs (PS) were tested for viruses with immunofluorescence assay (IFA), virus culture (VC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Paired virus and atypical pneumonia serology assays were taken. Blood, sputum and endotracheal aspirates were cultured for bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  107 episodes in 105 patients were recorded. Twenty-three (21%) died within 28[Symbol: see text]days. A probable infectious aetiology was found in 69 patient episodes (64%). A virus was identified in 46 cases (43%), being the sole organism in 35 cases (33%) and part of a mixed infection in 11 cases (10%). A probable bacterial aetiology was found in 25 cases (23%). There was no statistically significant difference in clinical characteristics or outcomes between the group with virus infections and that without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forty-six (43%) of the patients with COPD exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation had a probable viral pathogen. Prodromal, clinical and outcome parameters did not distinguish virus from non-virus illness. PCR was the most sensitive whilst virus culture was the least of virus assays.
authors.affiliation: Gosford Hospital, ICU, PO Box 361, Gosford, NSW 2250, Australia. rcameron@doh.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Deo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Toni N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Terry V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Grissell
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology