title: Adverse effects of T-2 toxin on chicken lymphocytes blastogenesis and its protection with Vitamin E.
abstract: T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by fusarium species, is prevalent mainly in cereal crops and poultry feed. One of the major effects of this toxin is immunomodulation. The effect of T-2 toxin on chicken lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens and the subsequent protection with Vitamin E in both fat and water soluble forms was studied using an MTT colorimetric assay. T-2 toxin was administered in concentrations ranging from 0 to 10ng/mL of lymphocytes in the presence of either concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinine (PHA-M) at optimum concentration of 333ng/mL and a dilution of 1:160 for ConA and PHA-M, respectively. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to ConA and PHA-M mitogens was depressed at T-2 doses of 1ng/mL or higher (p<0.05). The proliferation was completely abolished at 10ng/mL when the toxin was added at 0 time, while it was decreased by 80% when the toxin was added to the lymphocytes after 24h. The addition of Vitamin E in the fat soluble form (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) did not exert any protection effect against the toxin when it was added at either 25 or 100microg. However, when the water soluble form (Trolox) was added at a concentration of (200microg) (equivalent to 100microM of alpha-tocopherol), it provided considerable protection (p<0.05) against T-2 toxin inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. The difference in the effect between the two forms of Vitamin E might be related to their relative solubility in the culture media which in turn may affect their availability for protection.
authors.affiliation: Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. jaradatz@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Ziad W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Jaradat
authors.forename: Borja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Viià
authors.forename: Ronal R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Marquardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002645:Chickens; D003208:Concanavalin A; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005562:Formazans / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008934:Mitogens; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000633:toxicity*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005562:Formazans; D008934:Mitogens; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D003208:Concanavalin A; D014810:Vitamin E; C079782:MTT formazan; D013605:T-2 Toxin