Green primary explosives: 5-nitrotetrazolato-N2-ferrate hierarchies.
The sensitive explosives used in initiating devices like primers and detonators are called primary explosives. Successful detonations of secondary explosives are accomplished by suitable sources of initiation energy that is transmitted directly from the primaries or through secondary explosive boosters. Reliable initiating mechanisms are available in numerous forms of primers and detonators depending upon the nature of the secondary explosives. The technology of initiation devices used for military and civilian purposes continues to expand owing to variations in initiating method, chemical composition, quantity, sensitivity, explosive performance, and other necessary built-in mechanisms. Although the most widely used primaries contain toxic lead azide and lead styphnate, mixtures of thermally unstable primaries, like diazodinitrophenol and tetracene, or poisonous agents, like antimony sulfide and barium nitrate, are also used. Novel environmentally friendly primary explosives are expanded here to include cat[Fe(II)(NT)(3)(H(2)O)(3)], cat(2)[Fe(II)(NT)(4)(H(2)O)(2)], cat(3)[Fe(II)(NT)(5)(H(2)O)], and cat(4)[Fe(II)(NT)(6)] with cat = cation and NT(-) = 5-nitrotetrazolato-N(2). With available alkaline, alkaline earth, and organic cations as partners, four series of 5-nitrotetrazolato-N(2)-ferrate hierarchies have been prepared that provide a plethora of green primaries with diverse initiating sensitivity and explosive performance. They hold great promise for replacing not only toxic lead primaries but also thermally unstable primaries and poisonous agents. Strategies are also described for the systematic preparation of coordination complex green primaries based on appropriate selection of ligands, metals, and synthetic procedures. These strategies allow for maximum versatility in initiating sensitivity and explosive performance while retaining properties required for green primaries.
Huynh
My Hang V
MHV
*Dynamic and Energetic Materials Division, DE-2: High Explosive and Science and Technology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS C920, Los Alamos, NM 87545.
Coburn
Michael D
MD
*Dynamic and Energetic Materials Division, DE-2: High Explosive and Science and Technology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS C920, Los Alamos, NM 87545.
Meyer
Thomas J
TJ
Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and tjmeyer@unc.edu.
Wetzler
Modi
M
Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720.
D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D005107:Explosions; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D008024:Ligands; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification
D002412:Cations; D008024:Ligands; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; C017311:ferrate ion; D007501:Iron