title: Do expandable metallic airway stents have a role in the management of patients with benign tracheobronchial disease?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With increasing availability many centers are deploying expandable metallic stents to manage patients with diverse endobronchial disorders. Although these devices have an important role in malignant disease their usefulness in benign large airway disorders is less defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2005, 31 patients aged 34 to 83 years with benign large airway compromise secondary to tracheomalacia (n = 7), posttracheostomy stricture (n = 8), posttracheostomy rupture (n = 2), postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula (n = 2), stricture after lung transplantation (n = 3), lobectomy, tuberculosis, traumatic injury to right main bronchus (n = 1 patient each), and external compression of the airway secondary to achalasia, multinodular goiter, aortic aneurysm, right brachiocephalic artery aneurysm, right interrupted aortic arch, and dissecting aneurysm (n = 1 patient each) who were medically unfit for formal surgical intervention were treated by Ultraflex stent deployment. The range of follow-up was 1 week to 96 months. Stents were deployed under anesthesia using rigid bronchoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications included granulation tissue formation (n = 11) treated with Nd: YAG laser ablation, stent migration (n = 1; stent removed, another deployed), metal fatigue (n = 1), stent removal (n = 1), mucus plugging (n = 2), and halitosis (n = 6) difficult to treat despite antibiotics. Thirteen patients died of unrelated causes between 1 week and 15 months after stent deployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endobronchial metallic stents should be considered only for selected patients with large airway compromise secondary to benign airway diseases for whom other medical comorbidities contraindicate formal airway surgery. Once deployed, they are difficult to remove, are associated with significant complications, and require prospective bronchoscopic surveillance and often further therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. brendan.madden@stgeorges.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Brendan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Tuck-Kay
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.forename: Abhijat C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sheth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000150:complications; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001980:Bronchi / Q000293:injuries; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000150:complications; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D015897:Comorbidity; D020878:Device Removal; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000150:complications; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D006209:Halitosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D016156:Respiratory Tract Fistula / Q000150:complications; D012421:Rupture / Q000628:therapy; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014139:Tracheostomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications