title: The effect of dose reduction on the detection of anatomical structures on panoramic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the effect of dose reduction on diagnostic accuracy using different screen-film combinations and digital techniques for panoramic radiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five observers assessed 201 pairs of panoramic radiographs (a total of 402 panoramic radiographs) taken with the Orthophos Plus (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), for visualization of 11 anatomical structures on each side, using a 3-point scale -1, 0 and 1. Two radiographs of each patient were taken at two different times (conventional setting and setting with decreased dose, done by increasing tube potential settings or halving tube current). To compare the dose at different tube potential settings dose-length product was measured at the secondary collimator. Films with medium and regular intensifying screens (high and low tube potential settings) and storage phosphor plates (low tube potential setting, tube current setting equivalent to regular intensifying screen and halved) were compared. The five observers made 27 610 assessments. Intrarater agreement was expressed by Cohen's kappa coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated an equivalence of regular screens (low tube potential setting) and medium screens (high and low tube potential settings). A significant difference existed between medium screens (low tube potential setting, mean score 0.92) and the group of regular film-screen combinations at high tube potential settings (mean score 0.89) and between all film-screen combinations and the digital system irrespective of exposure (mean score below 0.82). There were no significant differences between medium and regular screens (mean score 0.88 to 0.92) for assessment of the periodontal ligament space, but there was a significant difference compared with the digital system (mean score below 0.76). The kappa coefficient for intrarater agreement was moderate (0.55).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New regular intensifying screens can replace medium screens at low tube potential settings. Digital panoramic radiographs should be taken at low tube potential levels with an exposure equivalent at least to a regular intensifying screen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. gabriele.kaeppler@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaeppler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinert
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D010486:Periapical Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014962:X-Ray Film; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens