title: Lysophosphatidylcholine suppresses apoptotic cell death by inducing cyclooxygenase-2 expression via a Raf-1 dependent mechanism in human cholangiocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high incidence of biliary tract carcinoma in patients with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (APBDJ) implicates that a compositional alteration in bile may contribute to the genesis of this cancer. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is generated in the bile of these patients. Given the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in biliary tract carcinogenesis, we postulated that LPC induces COX-2 in cholangiocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of LPC on COX-2 expression in cholangiocytes was evaluated by immunoblot analysis, real-time PCR and reporter gene assay. Apoptosis was induced by TRAIL treatment, and quantified using DAPI staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lysophosphatidylcholine increased COX-2 protein expression in cholangiocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. LPC-induced Raf-1 activation was responsible for this COX-2 induction. Accordingly, LPC increased COX-2 mRNA levels in a Raf-1 dependent manner by stabilizing COX-2 mRNA. Finally, LPC attenuated TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through a COX-2/PgE2 dependent mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results implicate that LPC inhibits cholangiocyte apoptosis by inducing COX-2 expression via a Raf-1 dependent mechanism. This anti-apoptotic signaling may participate in biliary tract carcinogenesis in APBDJ patients, and therefore, its interruption may be a viable chemopreventative strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yungun-dong Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: G-Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Gwak
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf