title: Distinguishing bipolar and unipolar disorders: an isomer model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As division between unipolar and bipolar disorders can be problematic, we sought to develop a self-report questionnaire of mood 'highs' that would both distinguish true Bipolar Disorder from any elevated mood states in unipolar depression and sharpen the distinction between Bipolar I and II conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 46-item questionnaire was developed and completed by 157 out-patients presenting with a major depressive episode, and clinically diagnosed as having either Bipolar I (BP-I), Bipolar II (BP-II) or Unipolar (UP) depression, although DSM-IV duration criteria for BP-I and BP-II were not imposed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analyses identified four key constructs to mood 'highs', while additional analyses refined the questionnaire to 27 items. The refined measure was highly accurate in distinguishing composite Bipolar (BP-I and BP-II) from UP subjects (AUC = 0.93, sensitivity = 81%; specificity = 98%, positive predictive value = 0.95). Questionnaire scores were similar for BP-I and BP-II subjects, raising the possibility that the core mood state differs little in severity across the two expressions, and that their distinction allows an alternative model that weights the presence or absence of psychotic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study advances understanding of boundary distinctions between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders, and between BP-I and BP-II conditions, and allows consideration of a model distinguishing BP-I from BP-II by the presence of psychotic features only. The described model is the mirror image of a hierarchical structural model for conceptualizing psychotic and melancholic depression, allowing an 'isomer model' for linking the mood swing states.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick 2031, Sydney, Australia. g.parker@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadzi-Pavlovic
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tully
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires