title: Effect of agro-ecological zone and grazing system on incidence of East Coast Fever in calves in Mbale and Sironko Districts of Eastern Uganda.
abstract: Between May 2002 and February 2003 a longitudinal survey was carried out in Mbale and Sironko Districts of Eastern Uganda to determine the influence of agro-ecological zones (AEZ) and grazing systems on tick infestation patterns and incidence of East Coast Fever (ECF) in bovine calves. The study area was stratified into AEZ (lowland, midland and upland) and grazing systems {zero grazing (ZG), restricted-outdoor grazing (ROG) and communal grazing (CG)}, whose strata had previously been shown to influence the prevalence of ECF, babesiosis and anaplasmosis. One hundred and eighty-five smallholder dairy farms with a total of 198 calves of both sexes, between the ages of 1 day and 6 weeks, were purposively selected from the AEZ-grazing system strata. Nine dynamic cohorts (11-51 calves in each) of these calves were examined and sampled monthly. Ticks infesting the calves were counted from one side of the animal body and categorized into the different species, sex and feeding status. Sera were collected at recruitment and monthly thereafter and antibodies against Theileria parva, T. mutans, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale were measured using ELISA. Tick challenge (total and specific) varied with AEZ and grazing system. The risk of infection with T. parva was higher in the lowland zone compared to the upland zone (hazard ratio (HR)=2.59; 95% CI: 1.00-6.34). The risk of infection with T. parva was higher in the CG system than the ZG system (HR=10.00; 95% CI: 3.61-27.92). The incidence risk for sero-conversion, over the 10 months study period, was 62, 16 and 9% in the lowland, midland and upland zones, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of the calves in lowland-CG stratum sero-converted by the age of 6 months, while 56 and 8% did so in the lowland-ROG and the lowland-ZG stratum, respectively. The results of this study show the need to consider farm circumstances and the variation in ECF risk, both spatially and temporally when designing control strategies for ECF.
authors.affiliation: Makerere University, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. rubaire@vetmed.mak.ac.ug
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rubaire-Akiiki
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okello-Onen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musunga
authors.forename: Edmond K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kabagambe
authors.forename: Mettee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaarst
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opolot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisagaya
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okori
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bisagati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ongyera
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mwayi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D042322:Anaplasma marginale / Q000276:immunology; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D001403:Babesia / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D016794:Theileria / Q000276:immunology; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan