title: A secondary metabolite biosynthesis cluster in Trichoderma virens: evidence from analysis of genes underexpressed in a mutant defective in morphogenesis and antibiotic production.
abstract: A transcriptional comparison of wild type and a secondary metabolite deficient Trichoderma virens mutant resulted in the identification of six genes similar to those involved in secondary metabolism in other fungi, including four cytochrome P450 genes, one O-methyl transferase and one terpene cylase. Four of the genes (three cytochrome P450s and the cyclase) are located as a cluster. Transcript levels of three of the P450 genes, the O-methyl transferase and the terpene cyclase were measured. These genes are underexpressed in the mutant, which lacks the major secondary metabolites produced by this strain, viridin and viridiol. Expression levels of clones from the differential library with similarity to fungal trehalose synthase and a hydrophobin were also underexpressed in the mutant, while a heat shock protein hsp98 homolog was not. Based on the gene expression pattern and associated secondary metabolite profile, along with similarity to other secondary metabolism pathways in related fungi, we predict that the cluster is associated with the production of a terpene. The terpene could be viridin. This is the first report on cloning of secondary metabolism related genes from T. virens, and of their organization in a cluster, in this biocontrol fungus.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Mala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: Pramod D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sherkhane
authors.forename: Ruthi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hadar
authors.forename: Prasun K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000736:Androstenes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001483:Base Sequence; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000736:Androstenes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001430:Bacteriocins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C012097:viridin