title: Tacrolimus in steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Steroid resistance and steroid dependence constitute a major problem in the treatment of minimal-change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine are well-established alternative immunomodulating agents, whereas data on FK 506 (tacrolimus) are rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present work provides data from 10 patients of an open, monocentric, non-randomized, prospective trial. Five patients with steroid-dependent minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, 1 patient with steroid-refractory minimal-change disease and 4 patients with steroid-refractory FSGS were started on tacrolimus at trough levels of 5 10 microg/l. In case of steroid-dependence, prednisolone was tapered off in presence oftacrolimus within one month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 6 months, complete remission was achieved in 5 patients (50%) and partial remission in 4 patients (40%), yielding a final response rate of 90%. One patient was primarily resistent to tacrolimus (steroid-refractory minimal-change), another patient became secondarily resistant to tacrolimus after an initial remission (steroid-refractory FSGS). Average proteinuria significantly decreased by 77% from 9.5 +/- 1.4 - 2.2 +/- 1.1 g/day (p < 0.01). Serum protein significantly raised from 55.0 +/- 1.9 - 64.6 +/- 1.9 g/l (p < 0.01). Tacrolimus induced non-significant increases of blood glucose (4.9 +/- 0.1 - 5.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/l), systolic blood pressure (131.4 +/- 7.1 - 139.0 +/- 7.6 mmHg) and creatinine (93.2 +/- 13.9 103.2 +/- 15.3 mmol/l). Five patients have been tapered off tacrolimus so far, nephrotic syndrome relapsed in 4 of them (80%). Relapse occurred at tacrolimus levels between 2.6 and 6.9 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that tacrolimus may be a promising alternative to cyclosporine both in steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic IV, Nephrology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. timm.westhoff@charite.de
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zidek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beige
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Giet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D013256:Steroids; D011239:Prednisolone; D003404:Creatinine; D016559:Tacrolimus