title: Role discrepancy: is it a common problem among nurses?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports a study of nurses' perceptions of the differences between ideal and actual nursing roles, how these perceptions differ according to length of experience and the factors that might contribute to these perceived differences.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The literature suggests that nurses tend to experience role discrepancy or a mismatch between their ideal and actual roles. Although it has been assumed that experienced nurses perceive less role discrepancy than inexperienced nurses, either because the former adjust themselves to their actual practice or because they have the expertise to improve their practice, this assumption has not been tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey design was used and the data were collected in 2003. Selected items from the Jefferson Survey of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Inventory and the Staff Nurse Role Conception Inventory were administered to 216 Registered Nurses in Victoria, Australia to measure their perceptions of ideal and actual nursing roles. Data were analysed using a t-test and regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses with more clinical experience rated their ideal and actual nursing roles more positively than those with less experience. However, the results showed that both groups of nurses experienced the same degree of role discrepancy. Both groups perceived strong role discrepancy in the areas of organizational decision-making and provision of patient education. Experienced nurses also perceived moderate role discrepancy in developing nursing care plans and in the freedom to initiate referrals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Role discrepancy cannot be resolved by having more clinical experience. While clinical experience enhances nurses' conceptions of their ideal roles, it can also lead to role discrepancy if there are organizational barriers that prevent nurses from engaging in their ideal roles. It is important to find a way whereby nurses can actualize their ideal views of practice in the current healthcare environment.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan. m.takase@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maude
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012938:Social Perception