title: Management of the spectrum of hormone refractory prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In its advanced stages, hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is an incurable condition which consists of a spectrum of disease. This requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach by an uro-oncologic team supported by radiologists, skeletal surgeons and palliative care. Aim of this review was to critically evaluate the current and potential approaches to patients affected by HRPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive evaluation of available published data included analysis of published full-length papers that were identified with Medline and Cancerlit from January 1981 to January 2006. Official proceedings of internationally known scientific societies held in the same time period were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most men with hormone refractory prostate cancer will die of their disease in the absence of intercurrent illness, and the various conditions arising as a consequence of local and distal cancer progression commonly lead to a spectrum of morbidity requiring treatment. Recent data regarding docetaxel-based chemotherapy have shown small but significant improvements in survival and improvement in quality of life in men receiving treatment. However, this therapy may not be suitable for all patients. New agents used alone or in combination with docetaxel currently are under trial in an attempt to provide much needed improvements in outcome. Bone-targeted treatments, particularly late-generation bisphosphonates, have added to the range of options, reducing the incidence of skeletal complications in some men. Further work is needed to target their use more effectively, to explore their efficacy in combination with existing proven therapies and to develop new approaches to treat bone metastases. Complications arising as a consequence of upper and lower tract dysfunction, haematologic, neurologic and psychologic disorders are common. These complications often are amenable to effective treatment, but interventions may engender difficult clinical and ethical decisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although HRPC is incurable, it is not untreatable, and that the clinical management embraces not just chemotherapy, but many interventional and supportive therapies. A holistic and supportive approach to patient care is vital for optimal management, and is best provided by a coordinated, multidisciplinary team including urologists and oncologists.
authors.affiliation: Christie Hospital and Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Trusts, Manchester, UK. noel.clarke@srht.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Noel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004164:Diphosphonates