title: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome for fetuses with congenital absence of the pulmonary valve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze fetal echocardiographic findings of absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS), its association with chromosomal and extracardiac anomalies including nuchal translucency (NT) and the outcome after diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 14 fetuses with confirmed APVS retrospectively collected in two tertiary referral centers between 1998 and 2004 were analyzed. The variables examined were: reason for referral, gestational age at diagnosis and associated abnormalities, including first trimester NT thickness. Cardiac evaluation included measurement of cardiothoracic ratio, diameter of pulmonary arteries and Doppler flow in the pulmonary trunk. Information was retrieved from clinical files, recorded videotapes and stored images. Karyotyping including examination for the 22q11 deletion was performed in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 28 weeks, with 5/14 (36%) diagnosed before 22 weeks. In 13/14 (93%) there was an associated ventricular septal defect (subaortic in 12 fetuses and inlet-type in one) and all 13 had tetralogy of Fallot. Enlargement of the central pulmonary arteries and cardiomegaly were present in all cases diagnosed after 22 weeks. Of the five fetuses in which APVS was detected before 22 weeks, four (80%) had a normal pulmonary trunk diameter, two (40%) had normal pulmonary branches and three (60%) had normal cardiac size. The arterial duct was absent in 11/14 (79%). A correlation between presence of the arterial duct and the size of the central pulmonary arteries or cardiomegaly could not be established. Increased NT was observed in 4/10 cases (40%) for which this information was available. 22q11 microdeletion was diagnosed in three fetuses (21%). There were five terminations of pregnancy, one intrauterine death, five neonatal deaths and one infant death. Of the six neonates with respiratory distress, only one (17%) survived and of the eight babies in whom there was an intention to treat, two survived (25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APVS can be accurately diagnosed by fetal echocardiography but screening ultrasound in the mid-second trimester is likely to have a low detection rate, probably due to the incomplete expression of the disease at this point. Many fetuses with APVS have an increased NT in the first trimester and this may help an earlier recognition of the defect. The most common associated karyotype anomaly is 22q11 microdeletion. Enlargement of the central pulmonary arteries is mainly related to the gestational age at diagnosis. Our results confirm that the outlook for these patients is extremely poor.
authors.affiliation: Ultrasound and Fetal Physiopathology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. agalindo.hdoc@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Larraya
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grañeras
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Puerto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratacos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000150:complications; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal