title: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is induced by low-oxygen and glucose deprivation conditions found in solid-tumor microenvironments.
abstract: Low oxygen gradients (hypoxia and anoxia) are important determinants of pathological conditions under which the tissue blood supply is deficient or defective, such as in solid tumors. We have been investigating the relationship between the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the primary transcriptional regulator of the mammalian response to hypoxia, and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), another regulatory system important for controlling cellular energy metabolism. In the present study, we used mouse embryo fibroblasts nullizygous for HIF-1alpha or AMPK expression to show that AMPK is rapidly activated in vitro by both physiological and pathophysiological low-oxygen conditions, independently of HIF-1 activity. These findings imply that HIF-1 and AMPK are components of a concerted cellular response to maintain energy homeostasis in low-oxygen or ischemic-tissue microenvironments. Finally, we used transformed derivatives of wild-type and HIF-1alpha- or AMPKalpha-null mouse embryo fibroblasts to determine whether AMPK is activated in vivo. We obtained evidence that AMPK is activated in authentic hypoxic tumor microenvironments and that this activity overlaps with regions of hypoxia detected by a chemical probe. We also showed that AMPK is important for the growth of this tumor model.
authors.affiliation: SRI International, Bldg. L, Rm. A258, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. keith.laderoute@sri.com
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Laderoute
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Joy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Calaoagan
authors.forename: Merrill
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Theresamai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orduna
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foretz
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Viollet
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; D005947:Glucose