title: Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in non invasive clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected in Belgium during winters 2003 and 2004.
abstract: A total of 391 and 424 non-invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected by 15 laboratories during the 2003 and 2004 survey were tested for their susceptibility by a microdilution technique following NCCLS recommendations. Insusceptibility rates (IR) in the two surveys (2003/2004) were as follows: penicillin 15.0/14.7% [8.4/6.4% Resistance (R)], ampicillin 17.4/14.6% (R 9.0/7.1%), amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid 2.6/1.2 % (R 0/0%), cefaclor 14.3/14.1% (R 11.5/13.4%), cefuroxime 13.6/12.7% (R 10.5/11.8%), cefuroxime-axetil 10.5/11.8% (R 10.0/9.2%) (breakpoints based on 250 mg), cefotaxime 4.9/6.2% (R 1.3/2.4%), ceftazidime NotTested (NT)/6.4 (R NT/2.6%), cefepime NT/6.4 (R NT/2.6%), imipenem 7.7/8.9 % (R 1.8/1.4%), ertapenem 0.8/NT% (R O/NT%), ciprofloxacin 13.8/9.0% (R 4.3/2.4%), levofloxacin 3.3/2.8% (R 1.5/0.2%), moxifloxacin 0.6/0.2% (R 0.3/0%), ofloxacin 13.5/9.0% (R 4.3/2.4%), erythromycin 26.1/24.7% (R 25.3/24.5%), azithromycin 25.4/24.7% (R 24.6/24.5%), telithromycin 0.8/0.2% (R 0.5/0%), clindamycin 21.2/18.4% (R 19.2/17.7%) and tetracycline 32.3/22.1% (R 29.2/19.3%). There were only minor differences in resistance rates according to age, sample site, admission type (i.e. ambulatory, hospitalized or long-term care facility patients), gender and geographic origin. Overall, telithromycin (MIC50, MIC90 in 2003/2004: 0.015 microg/ml, 0.12 microg/ml/ 0.008,0.06 respectively), ertapenem (0.03; 0.25/NT), moxifloxacin (0.06; 0.25/0.06, 0.12), and amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid (0.03; 0.25/0.015, 0.5) were the most active compounds in both surveys. In 2003, the most common resistance phenotype was isolated insusceptibility to tetracycline (10.5%) followed by combined insusceptibility to erythromycin and tetracycline (9.3%). Erythromycin-tetracycline resistance (10.4%) was the most common in 2004. Isolates showing resistance to an antibiotic were significantly more present in 2003 than in 2004 (50.4% versus 40.8%). In penicillin-insusceptible isolates, MICs of all beta-lactams were increased but cross-resistance between penicillin and other beta-lactams in the penicillin-insusceptible isolates was not complete. In the 2003 survey, most of these isolates remained fully susceptible to ertapenem (94.9%) and amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid (83.1%). In the 2004 survey, 91.9% of the penicillin insusceptible isolates remained susceptible to amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid. In both surveys, the most common serotypes in penicillin insusceptible isolates were 14, 23,19 and 9 (20.0%, 20.0%, 16.4% and 10.9% respectively in 2003; 41.6%, 11.7%, 15.0% and 18.3% respectively in 2004).
authors.affiliation: Pasteurinstituut, Brussel, Eenheid Antibiotica-Onderzoek, Engelandstraat 642, B-1180 Brussel. rvanhoof@pasteur.be
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanhoof
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carpentier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cartuyvels
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Damée
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fagnart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gordts
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Glupczynski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goffinet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Govaerts
authors.forename: P h
authors.initials: Ph
authors.lastname: Lefèvre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lontie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magerman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mans
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meunierz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moonens
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Surmont
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Bossuyt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van De Vyvere
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Eldere
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Landuyt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Nimmen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Noyen
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authors.lastname: Verhaegen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003625:Data Collection; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents