title: Topoisomerase enzymes as therapeutic targets for cancer chemotherapy.
abstract: The topoisomerase enzymes are essential for DNA metabolism, where they act to adjust the number of supercoils in DNA, a key requirement in the cellular processes of transcription and replication. Their enzymatic mechanism creates transient nicks (type I) or breaks (type II) in the double stranded DNA polymer, allowing DNA to be converted between topological isomers. Humans possess both types of topoisomerase enzymes, however the two types utilize very different enzymatic mechanisms. Both type I and type II topoisomerases have been identified as clinically important targets for cancer chemotherapy and their inhibitors are central components in many therapeutic regimes. Over the course of the last 30 years inhibitors with extensive structural diversity have been developed through a combination of drug screening and rational design programs. Simultaneously much emphasis has been placed upon establishing the mechanisms of action of both classes of topoisomerase enzyme. Crucial structural insights have come from the crystal structure of topoisomerase I, while modelling comparisons are beginning to map out a possible framework for topoisomerase II action. This review discusses these recent advances in the fields of enzyme mechanism and inhibitor design. We also address the development of drug resistance and dose-limiting side effects as well as cover alternative methods in drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
authors.forename: Gregory I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Ram P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001665:Binding Sites; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004358:Drug Therapy; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors