title: Repeated measurement of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in Down syndrome screening: a validation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm that measuring pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in both first- and second-trimester serum samples improves Down syndrome screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected paired first- and second-trimester stored serum samples from 34 Down syndrome pregnancies (cases) and 514 unaffected pregnancies (controls) and tested the second-trimester samples for PAPP-A and dimeric inhibin-A (DIA). First-trimester PAPP-A measurements were already available, as were second-trimester measurements of alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol (uE3), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAPP-A was lower among cases than controls (0.47 MoM) in the first trimester (at an average of 12.5 weeks); in the second trimester, it was not different (0.91 MoM). Using repeated measures of PAPP-A alone, 21 of 34 cases were detected (62%, 95%CI 44% to 78%) with 5% false positives. At an observed 2% false-positive rate, the detection rates (DR) for the quadruple (69%) and serum integrated (69%) tests were lower than for the repeated measures test (75%). Modelled performance at 12 weeks was similar to these observed findings (70, 75, and 82%, respectively). If the first-trimester samples were collected at 10 weeks, however, DR would be higher (70, 81, and 91%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding a repeated measure of PAPP-A to existing serum markers improves Down syndrome screening to levels that are currently obtainable only by including ultrasound measurement of nuchal translucency (NT). Serum-based screening has the advantages of higher availability and reliability at a lower cost, resulting in a more effective screening strategy. A serum-based repeated measures test has a place in routine Down syndrome screening.
authors.affiliation: Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. gpalomaki@ipmms.org
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Palomaki
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Neveux
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'donnell
authors.forename: Tianhua
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haddow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000032:analysis*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A