title: Improved circadian sleep-wake cycle in infants fed a day/night dissociated formula milk.
abstract: On the basis of the circadian nutritional variations present in breast milk, and of the implications for the sleep/wake cycle of the nutrients present in infant formula milks, we designed a formula milk nutritionally dissociated into a Day/Night composition. The goal was to improve the bottle-fed infant's sleep/wake circadian rhythm. A total of 21 infants aged 4-20 weeks with sleeping difficulties were enrolled in the three-week duration study. The sleep analysis was performed using an actimeter (Actiwatch) placed on an ankle of each infant to uninterruptedly record movements during the three weeks. The dissociated Day milk, designed to be administered from 06:00 to 18:00, contained low levels of tryptophan (1.5g/100g protein) and carbohydrates, high levels of proteins, and the nucleotides Cytidine 5 monophosphate, Guanosine 5 monophosphate and Inosine 5 monophosphate. The dissociated Night milk, designed to be administered from 18.00 to 06.00, contained high levels of tryptophan (3.4g/100g protein) and carbohydrates, low levels of protein, and the nucleotides Adenosine 5 monophosphate and Uridine 5 monophosphate. Three different milk-feeding experiments were performed in a double-blind procedure covering three weeks. In week 1 (control), the infants received both by day and by night a standard formula milk; in week 2 (inverse control), they received the dissociated milk inversely (Night/Day instead of Day/Night); and in week 3, they received the Day/Night dissociated formula concordant with the formula design. When the infants were receiving the Day/Night dissociated milk in concordance with their environment, they showed improvement in all the nocturnal sleep parameters analyzed: total hours of sleep, sleep efficiency, minutes of nocturnal immobility, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency. In conclusion, the use of a chronobiologically adjusted infant formula milk seems to be effective in improving the consolidation of the circadian sleep/wake cycle in bottle-fed infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Extremadura University, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cubero
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Narciso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garau
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rial
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barriga
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D002909:Chronobiology Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000178:diet therapy*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D014364:Tryptophan