title: [Gymnastic school sport injuries--aspects of preventive measures].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gymnastic school sport injuries account for a significant morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents. Preventive issues may be derived from a thorough in-depth analysis of the pattern and circumstances of gymnastic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a school year among 3993 schools in 43 889 classes with 993 056 pupils 2234 school sport injuries have been reported to the Gemeinde Unfall Versicherung (GUV) Niedersachsen, Germany.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gymnastic sport injuries account for 18 % (403 accidents), which is second after ball sports injuries. Regarding the distribution of the gymnastic disciplines, vault was the major discipline with 34 %, followed by floor exercise (21.3 %), mini- and competition trampoline (16.8 %), and parallel bars (8.2 %). The analysis of the type of injury during vault accidents revealed contusion (31 %) as the predominant injury, followed by sprains (15.4 %), and fractures (15.4 %). Floor exercise injuries distributed among distorsions (26.7 %), contusions (18.6 %), muscle tears (14 %). Back injuries especially of the cervical and thoracic spine, accounted for 40 % of all their injuries. Minor head injuries account for 4.7 % of all floor exercise injuries. Mini-trampoline injuries distribute among contusions (30 %), fractures (22.5 %), distorsions (7.5 %). 21.8 % collisions were noted against a box in comparison to 6.8 % in case of the horse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gymnast injuries account for a significant number of all school sport related injuries. Vault and floor exercise account for the vast majority of all injuries, with alarming high numbers of spine injuries during floor exercise and mini-trampoline. A preservation of a high level of attention during a sport lesson, safety measures including appropriate mats and landing zones are mandatory to reduce injuries. Muscle injuries and ankle sprains can be prevented by a prospective proprioceptive training intervention to be implemented in school sports.
authors.affiliation: Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. kknobi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knobloch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jagodzinski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haasper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeichen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011315:Preventive Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*