title: Effect of HLA DQ2, dietary exposure and coeliac disease on the development of antibody response to gliadin in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of HLA DQ2, dietary history and development of coeliac disease (CD) on the induction of antibody response to wheat gliadin and cow's milk, beta-lactoglobulin between 1 and 2.5 years of age in children who developed CD and in healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants participating in a birth cohort study (the ABIS study) in Sweden were studied. Thirty-nine children developed CD (=cases), confirmed through biopsy, during follow-up until 2.5-5 years of age. A total of 181 healthy control children were matched for duration of exclusive breast-feeding, birth-weight, gender, maternal smoking and season of birth. IgG and IgA antigliadin and anti-beta-lactoglobulin antibodies were measured using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The effects of HLA-risk genotypes, DQ2 and DQ8, on CD were also considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who developed CD had higher IgG and IgA antigliadin and anti-beta-lactoglobulin antibody levels at 1 year of age than controls (all comparisons: p<0.001). Similar differences were seen between cases with as yet undiagnosed CD by 1 year of age and controls, and also when cases were compared with HLA-matched controls. Higher levels of IgG and IgA antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin (p=0.003; p=0.001), but not to gliadin, were found in treated cases versus controls at 2.5 years of age. HLA-DQ2-positive healthy children had lower levels of IgG and IgA antigliadin antibodies than HLA-DQ2 negative controls at 1 year of age (p=0.004; p=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced humoral response emerging not only to gliadin, but also to other food antigens seems to be primarily associated with CD. Poor induction of antibody response to wheat gliadin in healthy children with the HLA-DQ2 risk molecule could at least partly explain the genetic predisposition to gluten intolerance and CD.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Orebro University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eylert
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigson
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaarala
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology*; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; C053186:HLA-DQ2 antigen; C109756:HLA-DQ8 antigen; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007782:Lactoglobulins; C442487:cohumulone; D005903:Gliadin