title: A study of zearalenone cytotoxicity on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) is a common contaminant of all major cereal grains worldwide with estrogenic and anabolic activity. We investigated the in vitro cytopathic effects of ZEA on freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in relation to proliferation and cell death patterns of untreated and mitogen-activated cells. The higher concentration of 30microg/ml ZEA was found to totally inhibit T and B lymphocyte proliferation from the stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen. The inhibitory effects of ZEA were further related to cell necrosis/apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis showed a distinct necrotic effect on PBMC, irrespective of mitogen stimulation, whereas apoptotic activity was less evident. Necrosis was observed in both the lymphocyte and monocyte/granulocyte gates. Measurements of ZEA-induced intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) mobilization showed an increase of both Ca(2+) levels and the number of cells with high Ca(2+) only in the monocyte/granulocyte gated cells. Using phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine protease inhibitor, and ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl), a lysosomal inhibitor, both associated with cell necrosis inhibition, we showed that PMSF at 0.05mM and NH(4)Cl at 1 and 10mM reduced the cytopathic effects induced by 30microg/ml ZEA, whereas apoptosis was less affected. Expose of PBMC to 1microg/ml ZEA did not alter the viability of the cells. Our results suggest that high ZEA concentrations in the blood may well exert cytotoxic effects that merit further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Zaxarenia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vlata
authors.forename: Filippos
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porichis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tzanakakis
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krambovitis
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D009336:Necrosis; D010664:Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D010664:Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride; D015025:Zearalenone; D002118:Calcium