title: TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta modulate hyaluronan synthase expression in human skin fibroblasts: synergistic effect by concomital treatment with FeSO4 plus ascorbate.
abstract: Several reports have shown that a number of cytokines such as tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-beta (IL-1beta) are capable to induce hyaluronan sinthases (HASs) mRNA expression in different cell culture types. The obvious consequence of this stimulation is a marked increment in hyaluronan (HA) production. It has been also reported that oxidative stress, by itself, may increase HA levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate how TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma,IL-1beta, and exposition to oxidative stress may modulate HAS activities in normal human skin fibroblasts. Moreover, the effects on HAS mRNA expression of the concomitant treatment with cytokines and oxidants, and the HA concentrations after treatments, were studied. TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta were added to normal or/and exposed to FeSO(4) plus ascorbate fibroblast cultures and HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3 mRNA content, by PCR-real time, was assayed 3,h later. HA levels were also evaluated after 24,h incubation. The treatment of fibroblasts with cytokines up-regulated HASs gene expression and increased HA production. IL-1beta induced HAS mRNA expression and HA production more efficiently than TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. The exposition of the fibroblasts with the oxidant system markedly increased HAS activities while slightly HA production. The concomitant treatment of cells with the cytokines and the oxidant was able to further enhance, in a dose dependent way, with synergistic effect on HAS mRNA expression. On the contrary HA levels resulted unaffected by the concomitant treatment, and resemble those obtained with the exposure to FeSO(4) plus ascorbate only. This lack in HA production could be due to the deleterious action of free radicals on the HA synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125, Messina, Italy. gcampo@unime.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avenoso
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: D'Ascola
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Angela
authors.forename: Alida M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ferlazzo
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calatroni
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D007375:Interleukin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D016695:Glycosyltransferases; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; C101754:HAS2 protein, human; C105458:HAS3 protein, human; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D001205:Ascorbic Acid