title: The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and its relationship to cryptorchidism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the significance of the CAG repeat polymorphism in the pathogenesis of cryptorchidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from blood samples from 42 cryptorchid boys and from 31 non-cryptorchid control subjects. In the cryptorchid group, 7 had bilateral cryptorchidism and 6 had patent processus vaginalis in the contralateral side. To determine the number of CAG repeats, the DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CAG repeat length in the AR gene was 22.5 (range 16 to 28) in patients and 21.5 (range 17 to 26) in controls (non-significant). Patients with bilateral cryptorchidism had a mean length of 24.3 (range 21 to 26) and patients with unilateral cryptorchidism and patent processus vaginalis in the contra lateral side had a mean of 25.2 (range 21 to 28), which was statistically different from controls (p = 0.015 and p = 0.005 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAG repeat length of the AR gene does not seem to play a major role in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism. However, in patients with bilateral undescended testis, a less functional androgen receptor through a longer polyglutamine chain may have a role in its pathogenesis. In the same way, patients with unilateral cryptorchidism a contralateral patent processus vaginalis have longer CAG repeats that might be responsible for a slower testicular descent and incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Santo Antonio General Hospital, Porto, Portugal. miguel.silva_ramos@sapo.pt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silva-Ramos
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cabeda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pimenta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen