title: Metazoan Scc4 homologs link sister chromatid cohesion to cell and axon migration guidance.
abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Scc2 binds Scc4 to form an essential complex that loads cohesin onto chromosomes. The prevalence of Scc2 orthologs in eukaryotes emphasizes a conserved role in regulating sister chromatid cohesion, but homologs of Scc4 have not hitherto been identified outside certain fungi. Some metazoan orthologs of Scc2 were initially identified as developmental gene regulators, such as Drosophila Nipped-B, a regulator of cut and Ultrabithorax, and delangin, a protein mutant in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. We show that delangin and Nipped-B bind previously unstudied human and fly orthologs of Caenorhabditis elegans MAU-2, a non-axis-specific guidance factor for migrating cells and axons. PSI-BLAST shows that Scc4 is evolutionarily related to metazoan MAU-2 sequences, with the greatest homology evident in a short N-terminal domain, and protein-protein interaction studies map the site of interaction between delangin and human MAU-2 to the N-terminal regions of both proteins. Short interfering RNA knockdown of human MAU-2 in HeLa cells resulted in precocious sister chromatid separation and in impaired loading of cohesin onto chromatin, indicating that it is functionally related to Scc4, and RNAi analyses show that MAU-2 regulates chromosome segregation in C. elegans embryos. Using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to knock down Xenopus tropicalis delangin or MAU-2 in early embryos produced similar patterns of retarded growth and developmental defects. Our data show that sister chromatid cohesion in metazoans involves the formation of a complex similar to the Scc2-Scc4 interaction in the budding yeast. The very high degree of sequence conservation between Scc4 homologs in complex metazoans is consistent with increased selection pressure to conserve additional essential functions, such as regulation of cell and axon migration during development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vlad C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Seitan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laval
authors.forename: Nazia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dorsett
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krpic
authors.forename: Arnd
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hostert
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rollins
authors.forename: Hediye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Erdjument-Bromage
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tempst
authors.forename: Claire Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Benard
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hekimi
authors.forename: Sarah F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Newbury
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strachan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D002842:Chromatids / Q000502:physiology*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C515655:MAU2 protein, human; C496519:Mau-2 protein, C elegans; C487465:NIPBL protein, human; C515656:PQN-85 protein, C elegans; D011506:Proteins; C410592:SCC2 protein, S cerevisiae; C410593:SCC4 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C119839:nipped-B protein, Drosophila