title: Collaborative care for bipolar disorder: Part II. Impact on clinical outcome, function, and costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study addressed whether a collaborative model for chronic care, described in part I (this issue), improves outcome for bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention was designed to improve outcome by enhancing patient self-management skills with group psychoeducation; providing clinician decision support with simplified practice guidelines; and improving access to care, continuity of care, and information flow via nurse care coordinators. In an effectiveness design veterans with bipolar disorder at 11 Veterans Affairs hospitals were randomly assigned to three years of care in the intervention or continued usual care. Blinded clinical and functional measures were obtained every eight weeks. Intention-to-treat analysis (N=306) with mixed-effects models addressed the hypothesis that improvements would accrue over three years, consistent with social learning theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention significantly reduced weeks in affective episode, primarily mania. Broad-based improvements were demonstrated in social role function, mental quality of life, and treatment satisfaction. Reductions in mean manic and depressive symptoms were not significant. The intervention was cost-neutral while achieving a net reduction of 6.2 weeks in affective episode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collaborative chronic care models can improve some long-term clinical outcomes for bipolar disorder. Functional and quality-of-life benefits also were demonstrated, with most benefits accruing in years 2 and 3.
authors.affiliation: Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VANC), Rhode Island 02908-4799, USA. mark.bauer@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Williford
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kinosian
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kilbourne
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajatovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000191:economics; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000191:economics; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006284:Health Plan Implementation / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000191:economics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012648:Self Care / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*