title: Organization and financing of alcohol and substance abuse programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although American Indians and Alaska Natives have high rates of substance abuse, few data about treatment services for this population are available. We used national data from 1997-2002 to describe recent trends in organizational and financial arrangements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Indian Health Service (IHS), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Census Bureau, we estimated the number of American Indians served by substance abuse treatment programs that apparently are unaffiliated with either the IHS or tribal governments. We compared expected and observed IHS expenditures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half of the American Indians and Alaska Natives treated for substance abuse were served by programs (chiefly in urban areas) apparently unaffiliated with the IHS or tribal governments. IHS substance abuse expenditures were roughly what we expected. Medicaid participation by tribal programs was not universal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many Native people with substance abuse problems are served by programs unaffiliated with the IHS. Medicaid may be key to expanding needed resources.
authors.affiliation: One Sky Center (the American Indian/Alaska Native National Resource Center for Substance Abuse), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland 97239, USA. mcfarlab@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Bentson H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: R Dale
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D017050:Episode of Care; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006077:Government Agencies; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006303:Health Services, Indigenous / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004930:Inuit / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data