title: The association between seated immobility and local lower-limb venous coagulability in healthy adult volunteers: a simulation of prolonged travel immobility.
abstract: This is the first study to examine the hypothesis that prolonged sitting is associated with procoagulant changes in the local lower-limb venous system. A comparison was made with upper-limb venous changes. Changes in markers of thrombin generation, fibrinolysis, endothelial perturbation and haemoconcentration were analysed as 10 healthy adult male participants sat for 8 h. The change in foot volume was estimated. Subjective venous thromboembolism assessment was undertaken hourly, along with 2-week and 4-week safety follow-up for clinical events. Expected increases in median prothrombin fragments 1 and 2, thrombin-antithrombin complex and D-dimer were not observed in either limb. An increase greater than 45% in the median tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator-1 molar ratio (t-PA/PAI-1), and a decrease greater than 15% in median soluble thrombomodulin were noted in both limbs. Median haematocrit decreased minimally (1%) in the lower limbs, while the foot volume increased by 4%. Subjects experienced vague symptoms after 6 h of sitting, but none developed symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Upper and lower-limb changes in biomarkers did not correlate, except those in t-PA/PAI-1 ratio and plasminogen activator-1. Significant correlation was found between changes in the lower-limb t-PA/PAI-1 ratio and right foot volume. This study originally reveals that even in the lower limbs, prolonged daytime cramped sitting is not associated with significant procoagulant changes in healthy adult male volunteers, and confirms a previous observation that local lower-limb venous changes are not identically reflected in the upper limbs.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR).
authors.forename: Mohammed T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Mohammad T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: Johan P E
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Karlberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000990:Antithrombin III; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D011516:Prothrombin; D012995:Solubility; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood; D014195:Travel; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011498:Protein Precursors; D018180:Thrombomodulin; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C029733:prothrombin fragment 1; C044183:prothrombin fragment 2; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases