title: Association between cigarette smoking and prognosis in locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if smoking, a known risk factor for a number of cancers including cervical cancer, is associated with poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with primary, previously untreated, histologically confirmed stage II-B, III-B or IV-A cervical carcinoma participated in a Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) phase III study (GOG 165) and were randomly allocated to receive radiation plus either cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil. Smoking behavior was ascertained using an administered questionnaire and by quantifying urine cotinine concentration. Disease progression was defined as a >or=50% increase in the cross product of the existing tumor compared with previous assessments. Patients were followed until death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 328 enrolled patients, 12 were ineligible, one was inevaluable for reported smoking status and 40 others were inevaluable for cotinine-derived smoking status. Among evaluable patients, 133 (42%) were reported smokers and 111 (40%) were cotinine-derived smokers. The kappa for agreement between the groups was 0.872 (P<0.01). Compared with non-smokers, median survival was 15 months shorter for reported smokers and 20 months shorter for cotinine-derived smokers (P<0.01). After adjusting for covariates, a significant increase in the risk of death (but not disease progression) was observed for reported smokers (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.27; P=0.04) and cotinine-derived smokers (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03-2.38; P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking predicts worse overall survival in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. steven.waggoner@uhhs.com
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Darcy
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
authors.forename: Groesbeck
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parham
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lucci
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine