title: Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in patients with melanoma and colorectal cancer liver metastases and the association with disease outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of chemokine receptor (CR) expression in patients with melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Murine and in vitro models have identified CR as potential factors in organ-specific metastasis of multiple cancers. Chemokines via their respective receptors have been shown to promote cell migration to distant organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent hepatic surgery for melanoma or CRC liver metastases were assessed. Screening cDNA microarrays of melanoma/CRC cell lines and tumor specimens were analyzed to identify CR. Microarray data were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT) in paraffin-embedded liver metastases. Migration assays and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify CR function and confirm CR expression, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray analysis identified CXCR4 as the most common CR expressed by both cancers. qRT demonstrated CXCR4 expression in 24 of 27 (89%) melanoma and 28 of 29 (97%) CRC liver metastases. In vitro treatment of melanoma or CRC cells with CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, significantly increased cell migration (P < 0.001). Low versus high CXCR4 expression in CRC liver metastases correlated with a significant difference in overall survival (median 27 months vs. 10 months, respectively; P = 0.036). In melanoma, low versus high CXCR4 expression in liver metastases demonstrated no difference in overall survival (median 11 months vs. 8 months, respectively; P = not significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CXCR4 is expressed and functional on melanoma and CRC cells. The ligand for CXCR4 is highly expressed in liver and may specifically attract melanoma and CRC CXCR4 (+) cells. Quantitative analysis of CXCR4 gene expression in patients with liver metastases has prognostic significance for disease outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Oncology, Gastrointestinal Cancer Section, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Farin F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Amersi
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Roderick R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Anton J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bilchik
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Dave S B
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002633:Chemotaxis; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D019718:Receptors, CXCR4