title: The association of physical deconditioning and chronic low back pain: a hypothesis-oriented systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does physical deconditioning (loss of cardiovascular capacity and strength/endurance of paraspinal muscles) exist in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and are treatments specifically aimed to reduce these signs effective?
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature search in PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO until December 2004 to identify observational studies regarding deconditioning signs and high quality RCTs regarding the effectiveness of cardiovascular and/or muscle strengthening exercises. Internal validity of the RCTs was assessed by using a checklist of nine methodology criteria in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is conflicting evidence that cardiovascular deconditioning is present in CLBP and limited evidence for wasting of the multifidus muscle. No study examined the effectiveness of cardiovascular training specifically. General and lumbar muscle strengthening are equally effective as other active treatments. Only moderate evidence is available for the effectiveness of intensive low back extensor muscle strengthening compared to less intensive strengthening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probably reactivation caused by active treatment and not the reconditioning itself is the important factor in the reduction of disability. Further prospective and evaluative research into the role of physical deconditioning is necessary. It seems more promising to further explore the interplay between biological, social and psychological factors.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Centre Blixembosch, P.O. Box 1355, 5602 BJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. rsmeets@iae.nl
authors.forename: Rob J E M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Derick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Alita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hidding
authors.forename: Peter J C M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Johan W S
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Vlaeyen
authors.forename: J Andre
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
mesh_terms: D018493:Cardiovascular Deconditioning / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome