title: Three-dimensional spinal and pelvic alignment in an asymptomatic population.
abstract: METHODS
  A 3-dimensional (3-D) analysis of asymptomatic spinal and pelvic alignment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To obtain 3-D reference values of spinal and pelvic parameters, vertebral and intervertebral orientations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Referential values of spine and pelvis alignment are essential for the assessment of posture and balance. However, only 2-D referential values have been reported using standing sagittal radiographs, and, to our knowledge, no 3-D referential values have been reported to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biplanar radiographic technique was used to obtain the 3-D reconstruction of the spine and pelvis of 34 asymptomatic standing subjects. The 3-D values were calculated for most of the spinal and pelvic parameters. In addition, 3-D vertebral and intervertebral orientations were computed, and the apical and junctional zones were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As reported in 2-D, a large variability and particular correlations were observed for the 3-D spinal and pelvic parameters. However, significant differences were found between 3-D and 2-D values. The 3-D vertebral and intervertebral sagittal rotations showed specific features in the apical and junctional zones of the asymptomatic spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data may be used as 3-D referential values of spinal and pelvic alignment.
authors.affiliation: Bordeaux University Hospital, Spinal Disorders Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bordeaux, France. nicolas.gangnet@chu-bordeaux.fr
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gangnet
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pomero
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitulescu
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Skalli
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vital
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001175:Arthrography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology