title: Translation and cultural adaptation of the Piper Fatigue Scale for use in Sweden.
abstract: The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the revised Piper Fatigue Scale to Swedish. For translation, guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation were used. Two teams independently translated the instrument and two other teams produced back-translations, after which a multidisciplinary committee decided on a Swedish version. In pre-test interviews, ten cancer patients were encouraged to think out loud while completing the Swedish version. Their verbal responses were analysed and used for a second revision. The initial translations varied in words, expressions and grammar, shown in a lack of equivalence to the original instrument after back-translation. In order to establish semantic equivalence, the committee changed some grammatical constructions, and some words were replaced for experiential and conceptual equivalence. When analysing the pre-test, obscurities due to the phrasing of some items were revealed and dealt with in the second revision. This study does not fulfil the process of validation for a translated instrument but offers a sound basis for further accumulation of evidence for validity, and facilitates the choice of an appropriate instrument for studying cancer-related fatigue in Sweden.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing, Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden. ulrika.ostlund@ki.se
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ostlund
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Carl-Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fürst
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011594:Psychometrics; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012660:Semantics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013548:Sweden; D014175:Translating