title: The association of mammographic density with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: the Multiethnic Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well established that women with high mammographic density are at greater risk for breast cancer than are women with low breast density. However, little research has been done on mammographic density and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, which is thought to be a precursor lesion to some invasive breast cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control study within the Multiethnic Cohort, and compared the mammographic densities of 482 patients with invasive breast cancer and 119 with breast DCIS cases versus those of 667 cancer-free control subjects. A reader blinded to disease status performed computer-assisted density assessment. For women with more than one mammogram, mean density values were computed. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for two measurements of mammographic density: percentage density and dense area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mammographic density was associated with invasive breast cancer and breast DCIS. For the highest category of percentage breast density (> or = 50%) as compared with the lowest (< 10%), the OR was 3.58 (95% CI 2.26-5.66) for invasive breast cancer and 2.86 (1.38-5.94) for breast DCIS. Similarly, for the highest category of dense area (> or = 45 cm2) as compared with the lowest (< 15 cm2), the OR was 2.92 (95% CI 2.01-4.25) for invasive breast cancer and 2.59 (1.39-4.82) for breast DCIS. Trend tests were significant for invasive breast cancer (P for trend < 0.0001) and breast DCIS (P for trend < 0.001) for both percentage density and dense area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The similar strength of association for mammographic density with breast DCIS and invasive breast cancer supports the hypothesis that both diseases may have a common etiology.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. jgill@crch.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Jasmeet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maskarinec
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People