title: Cardiovascular events following renal transplantation: role of traditional and transplant-specific risk factors.
abstract: Cardiovascular mortality is increased in transplant recipients. However, studies including non-fatal events are critical to assess the burden of disease and to identify novel risk factors. We described the incidence of fatal and non-fatal events, and explored associations and interactions among traditional and transplant-specific risk factors and cardiovascular events (CVE) in a cohort of 922 patients transplanted between 1993 and 1998. One hundred and seventy-six patients experienced 201 CVE (111 cardiac, 48 cerebrovascular, 42 peripheral-vascular). Most CVE were non-fatal. Factors associated with cardiac events were (adjusted hazard ratios) tobacco (3.53; P<0.001), obesity (2.92; P<0.001), diabetes (2.63; P<0.001), multiple rejections (2.19; P=0.008), prior CVE (2.0; P=0.004), dialysis >1 year (1.91; P=0.007), and overweight status (1.68; P=0.04); with cerebrovascular events: diabetes and peritoneal dialysis (11.95; P<0.001), age >45 (6.77; P<0.001), diabetes (4.87; P<0.001), prior CVE (3.73; P<0.001), creatinine >141 micromol/l (3.16; P=0.001), peritoneal dialysis (3.06; P=0.027), and obesity (0.32; P=0.046); with peripheral-vascular events: diabetes (8.48; P<0.001), tobacco and cytomegalovirus (3.88; P<0.001), age >45 (2.31; P=0.019), and prior CVE (2.25; P=0.016); with mortality: tobacco and deceased-donor (3.52; P<0.001), age >45 (1.81; P=0.002), diabetes (1.76; P=0.002), pulse pressure (1.64; P=0.029), prior CVE (1.52; P=0.04), and dialysis >1 year (1.47; P=0.04). The majority of CVE post-transplant were non-fatal. Previous CVE was strongly associated with CVE post-transplant. Interactions among transplant-specific and traditional risks impacted significantly the incidence of CVE. Modifiable factors such as duration of dialysis, deceased-donor transplantation, and acute rejection should be viewed as cardiovascular risks.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Medicine Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. demattos@uab.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Mattos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prather
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Olyaei
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibagaki
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014019:Tissue Donors