title: Accommodative lens refilling in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accommodation can be restored to presbyopic human eyes by refilling the capsular bag with a soft polymer. This study was conducted to test whether accommodation, measurable as changes in optical refraction, can be restored with a newly developed refilling polymer in a rhesus monkey model. A specific intra- and postoperative treatment protocol was used to minimize postoperative inflammation and to delay capsular opacification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine adolescent rhesus monkeys underwent refilling of the lens capsular bag with a polymer. In the first four monkeys (group A) the surgical procedure was followed by two weekly subconjunctival injections of corticosteroids. In a second group of five monkeys (group B) a treatment intended to delay the development of capsular opacification was applied during the surgery, and, in the postoperative period, eye drops and two subconjunctival injections of corticosteroids were applied. Accommodation was stimulated with carbachol iontophoresis or pilocarpine and was measured with a Hartinger refractometer at regular times during a follow-up period of 37 weeks in five monkeys. In one monkey, lens thickness changes were measured with A-scan ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A, refraction measurement was possible in one monkey. In the three other animals in group A, postoperative inflammation and capsular opacification prevented refraction measurements. In group B, the maximum accommodative amplitude of the surgically treated eyes was 6.3 D. In three monkeys the accommodative amplitude decreased to almost 0 D after 37 weeks. In the two other monkeys, the accommodative amplitude remained stable at +/-4 D during the follow-up period. In group B, capsular opacification developed in the postoperative period, but refraction measurements could still be performed during the whole follow-up period of 37 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A certain level of accommodation can be restored after lens refilling in adolescent rhesus monkeys. During the follow-up period refraction measurements were possible in all five monkeys that underwent the treatment designed to prevent inflammation and capsular opacification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. s.a.koopmans@ohk.azg.nl
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.forename: Thom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terwee
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glasser
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Abhiram S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vilupuru
authors.forename: Abhiram S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vilipuru
authors.forename: Theo G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Kooten
authors.forename: Sverker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norrby
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Haitjema
authors.forename: Aart C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kooijman
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000517:prevention & control; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects*; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular / Q000379:methods*; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers