title: Detachment-induced upregulation of XIAP and cIAP2 delays anoikis of intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: Detachment of normal epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix triggers apoptosis, a phenomenon called anoikis. Conversely, carcinoma cells tend to be relatively more anoikis-resistant than their normal counterparts, and this increased resistance represents a critical feature of the malignant phenotype. Mechanisms that control susceptibility and resistance to anoikis are not fully understood. It is now known that detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells triggers both pro- and antiapoptotic signals, and it is the balance between these signals and the duration of detachment that determine further fate of the cells. Detachment-induced antiapoptotic events delay anoikis and if cells reattach relatively soon after detachment they survive. Direct regulators of apoptosis responsible for this delay of anoikis are unknown. We found that detachment of non-malignant intestinal epithelial cells triggers upregulation of inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, such as X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 (cIAP2). We demonstrated that this upregulation requires detachment-dependent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. We further observed that various IAP antagonists accelerate anoikis, indicating that upregulation of the IAPs delays detachment-triggered apoptosis. We conclude that the IAPs are important regulators of the balance between detachment-triggered life and death signals. Perhaps, not by coincidence, these proteins are often upregulated in carcinomas, tumors composed of cells that tend to be anoikis-resistant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stadnyk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirasawa
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: LaCasse
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Korneluk
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C494832:BIRC3 protein, human; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases