title: Endoluminal endosurgery: rivet application in flexible endoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoluminal endoscopy could be significantly enhanced by adequate approaches to wound closure. Current solutions are basically confined to clip applications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A new approach to sewing in flexible endoscopy is achieved with an endoluminal rivet system. This system allows the application of several ligatures without withdrawing the rivet application device to reload. For this purpose, a pilot experimental study of the device was conducted, which obtained a tissue approximation and avoided the difficult process of knot tying.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rivet application was tested through a 1.8-mm working channel of the endoscope in laboratory and postmortem animal tissues. It consists of a flexible anchor at the front and a lockable bracket at the rear. Both edges of a defect of the GI wall can be aligned and compressed, thus leading to wound closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test samples were evaluated in postmortem gastric tissue by using flexible gastroscopes. The feasibility of applying a series of rivets with 1 instrument to close transmural lacerations of the stomach was demonstrated. Further tests were performed to determine the forces to penetrate the gastric wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue closure, rivet degradation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The penetration force can be brought down to less than 0.57 N by using a magnesium tip. The sharp tip of the rivet, which could potentially lacerate healthy tissue after implantation, is degraded in the stomach within the first few hours because of rapid corrosion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of in vivo feasibility data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoluminal wound closure through common gastroscopes and colonoscopes is possible. Further in vivo data are required for the rivet system.
authors.affiliation: Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hausmann
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feussner
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinzl
mesh_terms: D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*