title: Immolina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of Spirulina, enhances chemokine expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) is a dietary supplement valued for its immune-enhancing properties. We previously reported that the immunostimulatory effect of spirulina can be traced to a high-molecular- weight polysaccharide fraction. This fraction, labeled Immolina, activates nuclear factor kappa-B in human monocytic THP-1 cells and increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize further the immunostimulatory effects of Immolina on THP-1 cells, we evaluated its effect on genes encoding the chemokines interleukin (IL)-8, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, IP-10, the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1beta, and the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  THP-1 cells were exposed to concentrations of Immolina ranging from 1 ng/mL to 100 microg/mL and changes in gene expression were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For comparison, THP-1 cells were activated with 1 ng/mL of TNF-alpha, 10 ng/mL of IL-1beta, or 10 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide using the same assay conditions. To assess the response of THP-1 cells to Immolina at the protein level, we probed culture supernatants using a cytokine array immunoblot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT-PCR analysis revealed that Immolina dose-dependently increased the expression of all 5 chemokines tested as well as the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and COX-2. The cytokine array immunoblot assay revealed an increase in the chemokines IL-8 and MIP-1beta. Thymidine uptake experiments verified that Immolina did not affect the viability and growth rate of THP-1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the experiments demonstrate that Immolina activates THP-1 cells in a manner that is consistent with the recruitment of diverse populations of leukocytes in response to inflammatory and infectious signals.
authors.affiliation: RMG Biosciences, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grzanna
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polotsky
authors.forename: Phong V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pasco
authors.forename: Carmelita G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Frondoza
mesh_terms: D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053545:Spirulina; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; C515194:immolina