title: In vivo temperature profile of intervertebral discs and vertebral endplates during vertebroplasty: an experimental study in sheep.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental study of temperature profiles during vertebroplasty.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define accurate temperature profiles during vertebroplasty in an in vivo animal model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Controversy still exists whether vertebroplasty achieves its analgesic effect by stabilizing fracture fragments or due to thermal damage of sensory nerves inside the vertebral body. Furthermore, the energy release during cement polymerization may cause thermal injury to the spinal cord or intervertebral discs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4.0 mL PMMA was injected into three lumbar vertebrae of four skeletally mature mixed-bred ewes. Nine separate K-type thermocouples were placed into 12 vertebrae and their adjacent intervertebral discs. Temperature changes were recorded continuously before, during, and after the injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest peak temperatures were measured at the cranial endplate (mean 42.4 +/- 8.8 C) and in the center of the vertebral body (mean 43.3 +/- 6.9 C). Temperatures stayed above 40 C for approximately 2.5 minutes. Peak temperatures in the discs and at the dorsal wall (closest to spinal cord) did not exceed 41 C and 47 C and stayed above 40 C for approximately 1.5 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervertebral discs and the spinal cord do not seem to be in danger of thermal damage during vertebroplasty. The measured energy does not seem to be sufficient for the palliative effect achieved by vertebroplasty.
authors.affiliation: AO Spine Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aebli
authors.forename: Ben G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krebs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate