title: Irritants in combination with a synergistic or additive effect on the skin response: an overview of tandem irritation studies.
abstract: Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has often been chosen as a model for irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) to study the effect of irritants in combination (1-14). Recently 'tandem', or sequential, exposures with SLS have been performed to study the mechanism of skin barrier impairment in ICD (1-6, 15). The assessment of reactions have been documented with visual scoring, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin colour reflectance measurements, skin blood flow; among which TEWL has been noted as the most sensitive value (16). The matched control groups were treated with either a single exposure to a single irritant or in tandem with the same irritant repeatedly. Synergistic and additive effects have been reported for various tandem pairs of irritants, however, the mechanism for both remains unclear. The results of tandem irritation studies were evaluated to define and investigate the responses produced and deduce a possible mechanism of action. Clinical ramifications, albeit complex, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, UCSF, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kartono
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010539:Permeability; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate