title: Prevalence and mechanisms of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Ankara, Turkey.
abstract: From 2002 to 2003, a total of 381 consecutive S. pyogenes isolates were obtained from throat swabs (n = 337) and samples of pus (n = 31), sputum (n=10) and blood (n = 3) at Hacettepe University Hospital. The susceptibility of the isolates to erythromycin was tested by the agar dilution method. Erythromycin resistant strains were then tested for their MICs to azithromycin, clindamycin, and penicillin, their phenotype of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B (MLSB) and for the presence of macrolide resistance genes. The rate of resistance to erythromycin was 6.8%. Constitutive (cMLSB), inducible (iMLSB), and M phenotypes of resistance were detected in 7.7, 30.8, and 57.7% of resistant strains, respectively. One strain had both cMLSB and iMLSB phenotypes. All M phenotypes carried the mefA gene, all iMLSB phenotype carried the ermTR gene, 1 isolate with cMLSB phenotype harboured the ermB gene, and 1 isolate with cMLSB phenotype carried both the ermB and mefA genes. One strain which showed cMLSB and iMLSB phenotypes harboured the ermB gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbiology, Hacettepe University Medical School Ankara, 06100, Turkey. sulecolakoglu@yahoo.com.tr
authors.forename: Sule
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colakoglu
authors.forename: Ruhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alacam
authors.forename: Gulsen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hascelik
mesh_terms: D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D018942:Macrolides; D010406:Penicillins; D002981:Clindamycin; D004917:Erythromycin; D017963:Azithromycin