title: Human astrocytes express 14-3-3 sigma in response to oxidative and DNA-damaging stresses.
abstract: The 14-3-3 protein family consists of seven isoforms, most of which are expressed abundantly in neurons and glial cells, although the sigma isoform, a p53 target gene originally identified as an epithelium-specific marker, has not been identified in the human central nervous system. Here, we show that human astrocytes in culture expressed 14-3-3sigma under stress conditions. By Western blot, the expression of 14-3-3sigma, p53 and p21 was coordinately upregulated in astrocytes following exposure to hydrogen peroxide, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) or etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. 14-3-3sigma was induced by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, suggesting a hypermethylated status of the gene promoter in astrocytes. In vivo, a small subset of hypertrophic reactive astrocytes, often showing a multinucleated morphology, expressed 14-3-3sigma in active demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) and ischemic lesions of cerebral infarction, where the expression of 4-HNE and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was enhanced in reactive astrocytes. Microarray analysis of etoposide-treated astrocytes verified upregulation of p53-responsive genes and concurrent downregulation of mitotic checkpoint-regulatory genes. These observations suggest that 14-3-3sigma might serve as a marker of oxidative and DNA-damaging stresses inducing the mitotic checkpoint dysfunction in reactive astrocytes under pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Neuroinformatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan. satoj@my-pharm.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabunoki
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nanri
authors.forename: Kunimasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamura
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D005092:Exonucleases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005095:Exoribonucleases; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D005092:Exonucleases; D005095:Exoribonucleases; C413442:SFN protein, human