title: Impairment of dilator responses of cerebral arterioles during diabetes mellitus: role of inducible NO synthase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During diabetes, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in the development of endothelial dysfunction in extracranial blood vessels. Progression of vascular dysfunction after the onset of diabetes differs among vascular beds. In this study, the effects of hyperglycemia/diabetes on vasomotor function were examined in cerebral arterioles at 2 different times in control and iNOS-deficient mice and compared with the effects on carotid arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Streptozotocin (150 mg/kg IP) was given to induce diabetes. The diameter of cerebral arterioles was measured through a cranial window in diabetic and nondiabetic mice in vivo. Vasomotor function of the carotid artery was examined in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diabetic mice, responses of the cerebral arterioles to acetylcholine (1 mumol/L) were normal after 3 weeks of diabetes but were significantly impaired after 5 to 6 weeks of diabetes (4+/-1% [mean+/-SEM] increase in diameter) compared with control mice (14+/-1; P=0.0002). Responses to sodium nitroprusside were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic mice at both time points. In contrast, the vasomotor function of the carotid artery was not affected after 5 to 6 weeks of diabetes. In diabetic iNOS-deficient mice, cerebral arteriolar vasomotor function was not impaired, even after 4 months of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During diabetes, endothelial dysfunction of cerebral arterioles requires expression of iNOS and develops earlier than in carotid arteries.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Faraci
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gunnett
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heistad
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000109:Acetylcholine