title: Functional neuroimaging in the preoperative evaluation of children with drug-resistant epilepsy.
abstract: FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING: Although the primary imaging modality in the management of epilepsy is magnetic resonance imaging MRI, functional neuroimaging with positron-emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) often provides complementary information and, in a number of situations, provides unique information that cannot be obtained with MRI. The most commonly used PET tracers used for epilepsy evaluation are 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D: -glucose (FDG) and [(11)C]flumazenil (FMZ). Recently, interictal PET with alpha-[(11)C]methyl-L: -tryptophan was found to be highly specific for the epileptic focus and can differentiate between epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic lesions in the same patient (e.g., in patients with tuberous sclerosis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review, we discuss clinical applications of these three PET tracers in drug-resistant temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy, selected epilepsy syndromes of childhood, lesional and nonlesional epilepsy, and the challenges of imaging secondary epileptic foci. A brief discussion of SPECT applications in epilepsy is also included. With further development of new tracers highly sensitive and specific for epileptogenic brain regions, the presurgical evaluation of refractory epilepsy will be greatly facilitated. Approximately 0.5 to 1.0% of the population suffer from epilepsy, of which 15-20% are intractable. Infants and children, whose seizures have a focal onset are refractory to anticonvulsants and are prolonged, tend to have the worst cognitive outcome [Meador KJ, Neurology 58 (Suppl 5):S21-S26, 2002]. Seizures themselves affect the developing brain and contribute to an adverse neurologic outcome (Holmes, Pediatric Neurology 33:1-110, 2005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, in treating children with intractable epilepsy, it is important to consider seizure control and to give allowance for normal cognitive development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Harry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chugani
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen