title: The effects of smoking deprivation and nicotine administration on emotional reactivity.
abstract: Although converging lines of evidence suggest that nicotine and mood are related at a fundamental biological level, this link has not been reliably demonstrated in laboratory studies. In this study, startle probe methodology was used to examine the effects of nicotine administration and deprivation on emotional processes associated with motivation. Smokers (N = 115) completed four laboratory sessions crossing deprivation (12-hr deprived vs. nondeprived) with nicotine spray (active vs. placebo). Participants viewed affective pictures (positive, negative, neutral) and pictures involving cigarette cues, while startle probes were administered. Deprivation decreased startle responding to cigarette cues, suggesting an activation of appetitive processes. Nicotine administration suppressed overall startle responding during deprivation. In addition, during deprivation, random exposure to negative stimuli over two blocks of trials resulted in decreased adaptation of the startle response, suggesting that some sensitization to negative emotional cues may take place during nicotine withdrawal. These effects are consistent with formulations of addiction, stressing that withdrawal may both increase the reinforcement salience of smoking stimuli and decrease habituation to negative emotional stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA. pcinciri@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cinciripini
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Cho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: XiFeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Moor
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Baile
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wetter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine