title: Leaf surface characteristics of apple seedlings, bean seedlings and kohlrabi plants and their impact on the retention and rainfastness of mancozeb.
abstract: A study was made of the influence of the upper leaf surface characteristics on the retention and rainfastness of the contact fungicide mancozeb with and without tank-mix adjuvants (RSO 5 and RSO 60) on apple seedlings, bean seedlings and kohlrabi plants. Large differences in roughness, in the amount and composition of surface waxes and in the retention and rainfastness of mancozeb were found among species. Strong correlations between roughness and total amount of surface waxes and mass of C29 alkane in the wax mass were also found. Fungicide retention was strongly, negatively correlated with surface roughness, total epicuticular wax, amount of C29 alkane and the total mass of alkanes. Rainfastness correlated strongly or very strongly with the amount of C28 alcohol and C33 alkane. The addition of a more hydrophobic (RSO 5) or a more hydrophilic (RSO 60) adjuvant to the spray solution influenced retention and rainfastness, and also altered the correlation coefficients. The present results support earlier observations which show that the success of adjuvants in enhancing the retention and rainfastness of agrochemicals depends on the characteristics of the leaf surface.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. mauriciohunsche@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunsche
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bringe
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Eiberger
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noga
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000473:Alkanes / Q000378:metabolism; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008344:Maneb / Q000032:analysis*; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011891:Rain; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D015038:Zineb / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000473:Alkanes; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014885:Waxes; D008344:Maneb; C013099:mancozeb; D015038:Zineb