title: Testing the safety of clinical-grade mature autologous myeloid DC in a phase I clinical immunotherapy trial of CML.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a phase I clinical immunotherapy trial of CML to evaluate the safety of a clinical-grade leukemic DC product standardized for purity and mature phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  We injected autologous DC into patients in late chronic or accelerated phases of CML. The patients received mature CD83+ and bcr-abl+ DC prepared from CD14+ cells. Two cohorts of three patients received four injections each of 3 x 10(6) DC and 15 x 10(6) DC/injection, respectively. The first patient was studied before imatinib mesylate (IM) was available, four patients were treated concurrently with IM therapy and one did not tolerate the IM and was off the drug at the time of DC therapy. IM effects on WBC counts precluded DC preparation in numbers sufficient for further dose escalation. The first patient received DC s.c. and all subsequent patients received DC into a cervical lymph node under ultrasound guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DC injections were well tolerated. We observed no clinical responses. T cells drawn later in the course of therapy were more sensitive to stimulation by CML DC in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in T-cell sensitivity to CML-specific stimulation that accompanied active immunization by CML DC justifies further clinical studies, possibly with modifications such as an increased frequency and number of DC injections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Litzow
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bulur
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gastineau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoering
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Letendre
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Padley
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Paternoster
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tefferi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vuk-Pavlović
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000097802:CD83 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000097802:CD83 Antigen; C497964:CD86 protein, human