title: Influences of electromagnetic articulography sensors on speech produced by healthy adults and individuals with aphasia and apraxia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether the intraoral transducers used in electromagnetic articulography (EMA) interfere with speech and whether there is an added risk of interference when EMA systems are used to study individuals with aphasia and apraxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult talkers (5 individuals with aphasia/apraxia, 5 controls) produced 12 American English vowels in /hVd/ words, the fricative-vowel (FV) words (/si/, /su/, /ei/, /eu/), and the sentence She had your dark suit in greasy wash water all year, in EMA sensors-on and sensors-off conditions. Segmental durations, vowel formant frequencies, and fricative spectral moments were measured to address possible acoustic effects of sensor placement. A perceptual experiment examined whether FV words produced in the sensors-on condition were less identifiable than those produced in the sensors-off condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMA sensors caused no consistent acoustic effects across all talkers, although significant within-subject effects were noted for a small subset of the talkers. The perceptual results revealed some instances of sensor-related intelligibility loss for FV words produced by individuals with aphasia and apraxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support previous suggestions that acoustic screening procedures be used to protect articulatory experiments from those individuals who may show consistent effects of having devices placed on intraoral structures. The findings further suggest that studies of fricatives produced by individuals with aphasia and apraxia may require additional safeguards to ensure that results are not adversely affected by intraoral sensor interference.
authors.affiliation: Callier Center for Communication Disorders, University of Texas at Dallas, 75235, USA. wkatz@utdallas.edu
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Sneha V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
authors.forename: Monica P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stettler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001037:Aphasia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001072:Apraxias / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D010700:Phonetics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014705:Verbal Behavior