title: Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome and brain volume after treatment for hydrops fetalis by in utero intravascular transfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of successfully treated fetuses with immune hydrops are similar to their unaffected siblings according to a protocol that addresses the underlying pathophysiologic condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen of 18 consecutive hydropic fetuses (89%) who were treated in a dedicated fetal medicine unit between July 1985 and October 1995 survived. The transfusion protocol used a 2-step correction over a 2 to 4 day interval, combined with umbilical venous pressure measurements to avoid over transfusion and bicarbonate administration to assure a posttransfusion UV pH of >7.30. Survivors were evaluated at a mean age of 10 years. Statistical analyses included t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, death or major neurologic morbidity occurred in 4 of 18 of the fetuses (22%) who were treated (2/16 of survivors [12.5%]). Among the survivors, the children with immune hydrops had physical, neurologic, and cognitive outcomes statistically similar to their siblings, except for a measure of visual attention. Two of the children (12%) had major neurologic sequelae. Brain volumes were statistically smaller than unrelated control subjects by 8.8%, but these control subjects were not matched for height at testing or gestational age at birth. Both groups had brain volumes within the normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravascular transfusion of fetuses with profoundly anemic immune hydrops results in high survival rates and favorable long-term neuropsychological outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, The University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1011, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Hanes M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Swingle
authors.forename: Carl P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bonthius
authors.forename: Glen P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Aylward
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Widness
mesh_terms: D001805:Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome