title: Trichloroethylene, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid: do they affect eye development in the Sprague-Dawley rat?
abstract: Maternal exposure to high doses of trichloroethylene (TCE) and its oxidative metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), has been implicated in eye malformations in fetal rats, primarily micro-/anophthalmia. Subsequent to a cardiac teratology study of these compounds (Fisher et al. 2001, Int. J. Toxicol. 20:257-267), their potential to induce ocular malformations was examined in a subset of the same experimental animals. Pregnant, Sprague-Dawley Crl:CDR BR rats were orally treated on gestation days (GDs) 6 to 15 with bolus doses of either TCE (500 mg/kg/day), TCA (300 mg/kg/day), DCA (300 mg/kg/day), or all-trans retinoic acid (RA; 15 mg/kg/day). The heads of GD 21 fetuses were not only examined grossly for external malformations, but were sectioned using a modified Wilson's technique and subjected to computerized morphometry that allowed for the quantification of lens area, globe area, medial canthus distance, and interocular distance. Gross ocular malformations were essentially absent in all treatment groups except for the RA group in which 26% of fetuses exhibited micro-/anophthalmia. Using the litter as the experimental unit of analysis, lens area, globe area, and interocular distance were statistically significantly reduced in the DCA treatment group. Statistically significant reductions in lens and globe areas also occurred in the RA treatment group, all four ocular measures were reduced in the TCA treatment group but none significantly so, and TCE was without effect. Because DCA, TCA, and RA treatments were associated with significant reductions in fetal body weight (bw), data were also statistically analyzed after bw adjustment. Doing so dramatically altered the results of treatment group comparisons, but the severity of bw reduction and the degree of change in ocular measures did not always correlate. This suggests that bw reduction may not be an adequate explanation for all the changes observed in ocular measures. Thus, it is unclear whether DCA specifically disrupted ocular development even under these provocative exposure conditions. Clearly, however, if TCE is capable of disrupting ocular development in the Sprague-Dawley rat, a higher dose than that employed in the present study is required.
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA. dwarren@gwm.sc.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Graeter
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Channel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Goodyear
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Macmahon
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Sudberry
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Latendresse
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013723:Teratogens / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D014212:Tretinoin; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid