title: Exploring the mycobacteriophage metaproteome: phage genomics as an educational platform.
abstract: Bacteriophages are the most abundant forms of life in the biosphere and carry genomes characterized by high genetic diversity and mosaic architectures. The complete sequences of 30 mycobacteriophage genomes show them collectively to encode 101 tRNAs, three tmRNAs, and 3,357 proteins belonging to 1,536 "phamilies" of related sequences, and a statistical analysis predicts that these represent approximately 50% of the total number of phamilies in the mycobacteriophage population. These phamilies contain 2.19 proteins on average; more than half (774) of them contain just a single protein sequence. Only six phamilies have representatives in more than half of the 30 genomes, and only three-encoding tape-measure proteins, lysins, and minor tail proteins-are present in all 30 phages, although these phamilies are themselves highly modular, such that no single amino acid sequence element is present in all 30 mycobacteriophage genomes. Of the 1,536 phamilies, only 230 (15%) have amino acid sequence similarity to previously reported proteins, reflecting the enormous genetic diversity of the entire phage population. The abundance and diversity of phages, the simplicity of phage isolation, and the relatively small size of phage genomes support bacteriophage isolation and comparative genomic analysis as a highly suitable platform for discovery-based education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. gfh@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Hatfull
authors.forename: Marisa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pedulla
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobs-Sera
authors.forename: Pauline M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Houtz
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hryckowian
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kelchner
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namburi
authors.forename: Kostandin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Pajcini
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Popovich
authors.forename: Donald T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.forename: Brian Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Simanek
authors.forename: Alexis L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Zdanowicz
authors.forename: Vanaja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Peebles
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005814:Genes, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D023281:Genomics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009160:Mycobacteriophages / Q000235:genetics*; D020543:Proteome; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014773:Virology / Q000193:education*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D020543:Proteome; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012343:RNA, Transfer