title: Higher-order CpG-DNA stimulation reveals distinct activation requirements for marginal zone and follicular B cells in lupus mice.
abstract: Mouse follicular B cells express TLR9 and respond vigorously to stimulation with single-stranded CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Surprisingly, follicular B cells do not respond to direct stimulation with other TLR9 ligands, such as bacterial DNA or class A(D) CpG-ODN capable of forming higher-order structures, unless other cell types are present. Here, we show that priming with interferons or with B cell-activating factor, or simultaneous co-engagement of the B cell receptor for antigen (BCR), can overcome this unresponsiveness. The effect of interferons occurs at the transcriptional level and is mediated through an autocrine/paracrine loop, which is dependent on IRF-1, IL-6 and IL-12 p40. We hypothesize that the lack of bystander activation of follicular B cells with more complex CpG ligands may be an important safety mechanism for avoiding autoimmunity. This will prevent resting B cells from responding to foreign or self-derived hypomethylated double-stranded CpG ligands unless these ligands are either delivered through the B cell receptor or under conditions where B cells are simultaneously co-engaged by activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells or TH1 cells. A corollary is that the heightened responsiveness of lupus B cells to TLR9-induced stimulation cannot be ascribed to unprimed follicular B cells, but is rather mediated by hypersensitive marginal zone B cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brummel
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Katryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lenert
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004247:DNA / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008024:Ligands; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D008814:Mice, Inbred NZB; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D008024:Ligands; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C495370:Tlr9 protein, mouse; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D004247:DNA