title: 5,6-Dichloro-1-methylgramine, a non-toxic antifoulant derived from a marine natural product.
abstract: The laboratory culture of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite has made it possible to supply cypris larvae for antifouling assays all year round. The settlement of cyprids obtained from cultured B. amphitrite was indistinguishable from cyprids reared from field-collected barnacles. In laboratory cyprid settlement assays of extracts from marine sessile organisms, antifouling activity was expressed as the 99% inhibitory concentration (IC99), and toxicity as the 30% lethal concentration (LC30). The lipophilic extract of the marine bryozoan, Zoobotryon pellucidum, which showed promising antifouling activity, yielded 2,5,6-tribromo-1-methylgramine (TBG) by bioassay-guided isolation. The inhibitory activity of TBG was 6 times as strong as that of bis-(n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO), while its toxicity to cypris larvae was one-tenth that of TBTO. A structure-activity relationship study with 155 indole derivatives led to the discovery of the non-toxic antifoulant candidates 5,6-dichlorogramine, 5-chloro-2-methylgramine, and 5,6-dichrolo-1-methylgramine (DCMG), the latter being selected as the antifouling paint ingredient for performance evaluation tests (panel tests) following the results of a preliminary safety tests. A silicone-based antifouling paint containing 5-10% of DCMG was prepared and tested in the field; the painted surfaces remained almost barnacle-free for 1.5 years similar to silicone coatings such as Biox. Since the leaching rate of DCMG from the paint surface could be controlled by the addition of an acrylic acid-styrene copolymer (ASP), the life of the antifouling performance is expected to be improved. Thus, an extremely non-toxic silicone-based antifouling paint containing DCMG is under development.
authors.affiliation: Hydraulic and Bio Engineering Research Section, Civil Engineering Research Institute, Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, 344-1, Nase-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0051, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kon-ya
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miki
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002013:Bryozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008386:Marine Biology; D010150:Paint; D012308:Risk Management; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C005961:bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide