title: Comparative outcomes of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the survival of women and men with transitional cell bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database to identify patients aged 35 years or older diagnosed with bladder cancer between 1991 and 2001 actively followed up. We excluded cases diagnosed by autopsy or death certificates and those of unknown race. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to analyze survival in patients with advanced disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 31,009 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 26.7% were women. Median age at diagnosis for women and men was 72 and 70 years, respectively. Regional disease was diagnosed in 20.3% of white women and 35.5% of African-American women, compared with only 17.6% of white men and 25.9% of African-American men (P < .001). Increased age, African-American race, and being female significantly increased the hazard of death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.037, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1,034-1.041; HR 1.402, 95% CI 1.187-1.656; and HR 1.842, 95% CI 1.158-2.931).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with bladder cancer, particularly African-Americans, have shorter survival. This is partially explained by higher risk of diagnosis with poorly differentiated tumors, advanced stage, and advanced age. Women should be targeted for timely diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-2.
authors.affiliation: Section of Health Services Research, Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA. mcardena@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Marylou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cárdenas-Turanzas
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooksley
authors.forename: Curtis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pettaway
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabichi
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018426:SEER Program; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*