Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation (FGM) and to compare the extent of cutting verified by clinical examination with the corresponding World Health Organization classification.


METHODS
Cross sectional study.


METHODS
One paediatric hospital and one gynaecological outpatient clinic in Khartoum, Sudan, 2003-4.


METHODS
255 girls aged 4-9 and 282 women aged 17-35.


METHODS
The women's reports of FGMthe actual anatomical extent of the mutilation, and the corresponding types according to the WHO classification.


RESULTS
All girls and women reported to have undergone FGM had this verified by genital inspection. None of those who said they had not undergone FGM were found to have it. Many said to have undergone "sunna circumcision" (excision of prepuce and part or all of clitoris, equivalent to WHO type I) had a form of FGM extending beyond the clitoris (10/23 (43%) girls and 20/35 (57%) women). Of those who said they had undergone this form, nine girls (39%) and 19 women (54%) actually had WHO type III (infibulation and excision of part or all of external genitalia). The anatomical extent of forms classified as WHO type III varies widely. In 12/32 girls (38%) and 27/245 women (11%) classified as having WHO type III, the labia majora were not involved. Thus there is a substantial overlap, in an anatomical sense, between WHO types II and III.


CONCLUSIONS
The reliability of reported form of FGM is low. There is considerable under-reporting of the extent. The WHO classification fails to relate the defined forms to the severity of the operation. It is important to be aware of these aspects in the conduct and interpretation of epidemiological and clinical studies. WHO should revise its classification.
Elmusharaf
Susan
S
Division of International Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Sozan.Elmusharaf@ki.se
Elhadi
Nagla
N
Almroth
Lars
L
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013397:Sudan; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014944:World Health Organization