title: The Neonatal Bowel Output Study: indicators of adequate breast milk intake in neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes the bowel habits of neonates who were exclusively breastfed during the first 14 days following birth to determine whether bowel output (frequency and character) could be used as a proxy measure for adequate breast milk intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, descriptive study was conducted. During the 14-day study period, mothers kept a log of their infants' daily naked weight, number of feedings, number of daily bowel movements, and color of all bowel movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-one participants were enrolled in the study; 73 participants completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicate that more bowel movements per day during the first 5 days following birth were significantly associated with less initial weight loss, earlier transition to yellow bowel movements, earlier return to birth weight, and heavier weight at 14 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that scant bowel output during the first 5 days following birth, or delayed transition of bowel movements to yellow, warrant weighing the infant in a health care professional's office.
authors.affiliation: Mercy Health Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Shrago
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reifsnider
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Insel
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D003116:Color; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000379:methods; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss