title: Physical fitness, absenteeism and workers' compensation in smoking and non-smoking police officers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Employers seek to minimize business costs by creating conditions of employment. Relying on the presumably negative effects of smoking on variables such as workers' compensation claims, absenteeism and physical fitness scores, they seek a rational basis for requirements that employees refrain from smoking. No research has been found on police officer smoking rates relating to physical fitness, and the resulting economic variables of workers' compensation claims and absenteeism rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare police officer non-smoker and smoker physical fitness, absenteeism rates and workers' compensation claims.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 514 officers of a metropolitan police department. A physical fitness test was administered. Smoking status, yearly absenteeism rates and workers' compensation claims were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male smokers were significantly older than non-smokers. An analysis of covariance controlling for sex and age indicated that smokers had significantly (P < or = 0.05) lower fitness scores in sit and reach flexibility, sit-ups endurance, bench press strength and bicycle ergometer cardiovascular endurance. When neither age nor sex was controlled in males, a similar trend continued. However, in females only the sit and reach and sit-up tests demonstrated statistically significant differences. Fat percentage, step-test scores, absenteeism rates and workers' compensation claims were not statistically different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data do not provide a rational basis for the requirement that officers refrain from smoking when considering body fat and the economic savings of lower absenteeism rates and workers' compensation. To some extent, smoking policies can be justified by officers' physical fitness but there are age, gender and test protocol considerations.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Department of Health and Applied Human Sciences, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA. boycer@uncw.edu
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perko
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Ann H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hiatt
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Boone
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016495:Police / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*