title: The localization of facial motor impairment in sporadic Möbius syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neurophysiologic aspects of facial motor control in patients with sporadic Möbius syndrome defined as nonprogressive congenital facial and abducens palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors assessed 24 patients with sporadic Möbius syndrome by performing a complete clinical examination and neurophysiologic tests including facial nerve conduction studies, needle electromyography examination of facial muscles, and recording of the blink reflex and of the trigeminofacial inhibitory reflex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct groups of patients were identified according to neurophysiologic testing. The first group was characterized by increased facial distal motor latencies (DMLs) and poor recruitment of small and polyphasic motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). The second group was characterized by normal facial DMLs and neuropathic MUAPs. It is hypothesized that in the first group, the disorder is due to a rhombencephalic maldevelopment with selective sparing of small-size MUs, and in the second group, the disorder is related to an acquired nervous injury during intrauterine life, with subsequent neurogenic remodeling of MUs. The trigeminofacial reflexes showed that in most subjects of both groups, the functional impairment of facial movements was caused by a nuclear or peripheral site of lesion, with little evidence of brainstem interneuronal involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two different neurophysiologically defined phenotypes can be distinguished in sporadic Möbius syndrome, with different pathogenetic implications.
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy. Luigi.cattaneo@nemo.unipr.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chierici
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sesenna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pavesi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020331:Mobius Syndrome / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors