title: Systemic hypoxia and vasoconstrictor responsiveness in exercising human muscle.
abstract: Exercise blunts sympathetic alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis). We hypothesized that sympatholysis would be augmented during hypoxic exercise compared with exercise alone. Fourteen subjects were monitored with ECG and pulse oximetry. Brachial artery and antecubital vein catheters were placed in the nondominant (exercising) arm. Subjects breathed hypoxic gas to titrate arterial O2 saturation to 80% while remaining normocapnic via a rebreath system. Baseline and two 8-min bouts of rhythmic forearm exercise (10 and 20% of maximum) were performed during normoxia and hypoxia. Forearm blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, minute ventilation, and end-tidal CO2 were measured at rest and during exercise. Vasoconstrictor responsiveness was determined by responses to intra-arterial tyramine during the final 3 min of rest and each exercise bout. Heart rate was higher during hypoxia (P < 0.01), whereas blood pressure was similar (P = 0.84). Hypoxic exercise potentiated minute ventilation compared with normoxic exercise (P < 0.01). Forearm blood flow was higher during hypoxia compared with normoxia at rest (85 +/- 9 vs. 66 +/- 7 ml/min), at 10% exercise (276 +/- 33 vs. 217 +/- 27 ml/min), and at 20% exercise (464 +/- 32 vs. 386 +/- 28 ml/min; P < 0.01). Arterial epinephrine was higher during hypoxia (P < 0.01); however, venoarterial norepinephrine difference was similar between hypoxia and normoxia before (P = 0.47) and during tyramine administration (P = 0.14). Vasoconstriction to tyramine (%decrease from pretyramine values) was blunted in a dose-dependent manner with increasing exercise intensity (P < 0.01). Interestingly, vasoconstrictor responsiveness tended to be greater (P = 0.06) at rest (-37 +/- 6% vs. -33 +/- 6%), at 10% exercise (-27 +/- 5 vs. -22 +/- 4%), and at 20% exercise (-22 +/- 5 vs. -14 +/- 4%) between hypoxia and normoxia, respectively. Thus sympatholysis is not augmented by moderate hypoxia nor does it contribute to the increased blood flow during hypoxic exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. wilkins.brad@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Brad W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Schrage
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kellie C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joyner
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010092:Oximetry; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014439:Tyramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D002395:Catecholamines; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D014439:Tyramine