title: Osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand modulation by enamel matrix derivative in human alveolar osteoblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone regeneration techniques increasingly rely on the use of exogenous molecules able to enhance tissue formation in pathologic and traumatic defects. An enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been largely used to promote tooth ligament regeneration within periodontal pockets. Recent evidence suggests that EMD may contribute to inducing osteoblast growth and differentiation. We investigated the effects of EMD on growth and osteogenic marker modulation in human mandibular osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We focused our attention on cell growth by 3-(4,5-dimethyl[thiazol-2-yl]-3,5-diphery)tetradium bromide (MTT) assay, cell differentiation, mineralized nodule formation, and, in particular, the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), the main osteoclast differentiation factor, and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell growth was significantly increased by EMD. Similarly, a significantly higher quantity of OPG and a lower amount of RANKL were detectable in groups treated with 50 and 100 microg/ml at weeks 1, 2, and 3, and alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin production were enhanced in cultures treated with 50 and 100 microg/ml at weeks 2 and 3. Mineralized nodules appeared bigger and more numerous in cultures treated with 50 and 100 microg/ml EMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMD was able to enhance osteoblast cell growth and the expression of markers of osteoblastic phenotype and differentiation. EMD also seemed able to create a favorable osteogenic microenvironment by reducing RANKL release and enhancing osteoblastic OPG production.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Guido M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guizzardi
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vescovini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passeri
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Passeri
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000166:cytology*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; C109069:enamel matrix proteins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase