title: Phase behavior of monoglycerol fatty acid esters in nonpolar oils: reverse rodlike micelles at elevated temperatures.
abstract: We have studied nonaqueous phase behavior and self-assemblies of monoglycerol fatty acid esters having different alkyl chain lengths in different nonpolar oils, namely, liquid paraffin (LP 70), squalane, and squalene. At lower temperatures, oil and solid surfactants do not mix at all compositions of mixing. Upon an increase in the temperature of the surfactant system, the solid melts to give isotropic single or two-liquid phases, depending on the nature of the oil and the surfactant. All monolaurin/oil systems form an isotropic single-phase liquid, but with a decreasing alkyl chain length of surfactant, they become less lipophilic and immiscible in oils. As a result, a two-phase domain is observed in the oil rich region of all monocaprylin/oil systems over a wide range of concentrations. Judging from the phase diagrams, the surfactants are the least miscible with squalane, and the order of miscibility tendency is squalene > LP 70 > squalane. With a further increase of temperature, the solubility of the surfactant in the oil increases, and the two-liquid phase transforms to an isotropic single phase. This phase transformation corresponds to the reverse of the cloud-point phenomenon observed in aqueous nonionic surfactant systems. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements show the presence of reversed rodlike micelles in the isotropic single phase, and the length of the aggregates decreases with increasing temperature and increasing alkyl chain length of the surfactant. These results indicate a rod-sphere transformation with increasing lipophilicity of the surfactant and confirms the validity of Ninham's penetration model in the reversed system. An addition of a small amount of water dramatically enhances the elongation of the reverse micelles. Increasing the surfactant concentration or changing the oil from squalene to LP 70 also increases the length of the rodlike aggregates.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Lok Kumar
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Durga P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aramaki
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kunieda