title: Ultrasonography-guided rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia--a new approach to an old technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was an anatomical and clinical evaluation of ultrasonography-guided rectus sheath blocks in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 children were included in the sono-anatomical part of the study. The depth of the anterior and posterior rectus sheath was evaluated with a portable SonSite 180 plus ultrasound machine and a 5-10 MHz linear probe. In total, 20 consecutive children undergoing umbilical hernia repair were included in the clinical part of this study. After induction of general anaesthesia children received a rectus sheath block under real-time ultrasonographic guidance by placing 0.1 ml kg(-1) bilaterally in the space between the posterior aspect of the sheath and the rectus abdominis muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasonographic visualization of the posterior rectus sheath was possible in all children. The correlation between the depth of the posterior rectus sheath and weight (adjusted r(2)=0.175), height (adjusted r(2)=0.314) and body surface area (adjusted r(2)=0.241) was poor. The ultrasound-guided rectus sheath blockade provided sufficient analgesia in all children with no need for additional analgesia in the perioperative period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bilateral placement of levobupivacaine 0.25% 0.1 ml kg(-1) in the space between the posterior aspect of the rectus sheath and the rectus abdominis muscle under real-time ultrasonographic guidance provides sufficient analgesia for umbilical hernia repair. The unpredictable depth of the posterior rectus sheath in children is a good argument for the use of ultrasonography in this regional anaesthetic technique in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Viena, Austria. harald.willschke@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Willschke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bösenberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marhofer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kettner
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wanzel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapral
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine