title: Phenylphosphonic acid functionalization of indium tin oxide: surface chemistry and work functions.
abstract: The work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates was modified with phosphonic acid molecular films. The ITO surfaces were treated prior to functionalization with a base cleaning procedure. The film growth and coverage were quantified by contact angle goniometry and XPS. Film orientation was determined by reflection/absorption infrared spectroscopy using ITO-on-Cr substrates. The absolute work functions of nitrophenyl- and cyanophenyl-phosphonic acid films in ITO were determined by Kelvin probe measurement to be 5.60 and 5.77 eV, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Krystal D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dulcey
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chaney
authors.forename: Pehr E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Pehrsson