title: Incidence and types of arrhythmias after mediastinal manipulation during transhiatal esophagectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) is a common operative procedure for carcinoma esophagus. Complications of this procedure include arrhythmias and hypotension during blunt dissection of the esophagus from posterior mediastinum. In the literature, exact incidence and type of arrhythmias have not been reported. We employed Holter monitoring during mediastinal manipulation in patients undergoing THE, for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was carried out in 20 consecutive American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I-II patients undergoing THE. Anesthetic technique included induction with thiopentone and maintenance with morphine, vecuronium, and isoflurane. In addition to routine parameters, Holter monitoring was undertaken to record the exact incidence and types of arrhythmias. "Premanipulation" or control period included duration of 30 minutes preceding mediastinal manipulation, while "during manipulation" or study period included the duration of mediastinal manipulation. The incidence of arrhythmias was studied for 48 hours in the postoperative period. The Fisher exact test was applied to analyze incidence of arrhythmias and hypotension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 20 patients, only 2 had arrhythmias in the premanipulation period, while 13 had arrhythmias during the manipulation period (p < 0.01). During the manipulation period, arrhythmias included supraventricular ectopics and ventricular ectopics in 2 patients each and a combination of both in 9 patients. Arrhythmias were transient and had no correlation with either duration or degree of hypotension in all the patients. However, there was a linear relationship between hypotension and duration of mediastinal manipulation. Two patients (10%) had atrial arrhythmias in the postoperative period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In transhiatal esophagectomy, there is a significant incidence of both arrhythmias and hypotension during mediastinal manipulation. The incidence of arrhythmias can be minimized by limiting the duration of the manipulation. The incidence of postoperative arrhythmias was not significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. drskmalhotra@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Surender K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Rupinder P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Narinder M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramprabu
authors.forename: Dhiraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018880:Atrial Premature Complexes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D003964:Diaphragm; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology