Ultraviolet A sensitivity in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: Possible involvement of cholesta-5,7,9(11)-trien-3 beta-ol.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe developmental disorder caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene coding for 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase, the enzyme involved in the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. SLOS homozygotes exhibit marked deficiency of cholesterol in plasma and tissues with concomitant increase in 7-DHC. Ultraviolet A (UVA) photosensitivity has been recognized as part of SLOS with maximal response occurring at 350 nm. 7-DHC itself has no UVA absorption and so cannot be the direct cause of SLOS photosensitivity. However, cholesta-5,7,9(11)-trien-3beta-ol (9-DDHC), a metabolite of 7-DHC, has been detected in plasma from SLOS patients. Because 9-DDHC has strong absorption in the UVA range (approximately 15,000 @ 324 nm), we have examined its photobiology to determine whether it could be involved in SLOS photosensitivity. High levels of 7-DHC (0.65 mg/100 g wet weight) and measurable amounts of 9-DDHC (0.042 mg/100 g wet weight) were found in skin lipids extracted from CD-1 mice treated with AY9944 (trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride), an inhibitor of 7-DHC reductase. Human HaCaT keratinocytes treated with 9-DDHC (10 microM) and then immediately exposed to UVA (15 J/cm2) exhibited an 88% decrease in viability (compared to dark controls). No damage was observed in cells exposed to 7-DHC/UVA or UVA alone. However, HaCaT keratinocytes treated with 7-DHC (5 microM) for 15 h and then exposed to UVA (30 J/cm2) were damaged. 9-DDHC was detected in keratinocytes incubated with 7-DHC. Reactive oxygen species were detected in 9-DDHC/UVA-exposed cells using the fluorescent probe 5-(and 6-)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester. Singlet oxygen was generated when 9-DDHC was UVA irradiated in CCl4. UVA irradiation of 9-DDHC in acetonitrile generated superoxide and carbon-centered and alkoxyl radicals which were trapped by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. These findings suggest that reactive oxygen species generated by 9-DDHC may play a role in the UVA skin photosensitivity of SLOS patients. Furthermore, several statin drugs inhibit 7-DHC reductase, in addition to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoenzymeA reductase, so that 9-DDHC may also be responsible for statin-derived photosensitivity, dermatoses, and cataract formation. Finally, we have previously detected 9-DDHC in skin lipids from normal subjects, so this sterol may also be the skin chromophore responsible for skin photoaging and UV-induced skin cancer.
Chignell
Colin F
CF
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. chignell@miehs.nih.gov
Kukielczak
Barbara M
BM
Sik
Robert H
RH
Bilski
Piotr J
PJ
He
Yu-Ying
YY
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002782:Cholestenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D019082:Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013113:Spin Labels; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D002782:Cholestenes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013113:Spin Labels; C025498:cholesta-5,7,9-trien-3 beta-ol