title: Keratin 6 is not essential for mammary gland development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Keratin 6 (K6) has previously been identified as a marker of early mammary gland development and has also been proposed to be a marker of mammary gland progenitor cells. However, the function of K6 in the mammary gland was not known, so we examined the expression pattern of the protein during both embryonic and postnatal mammary development, as well as the mammary gland phenotype of mice that were null for both K6a and K6b isoforms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunostaining was performed to determine the expression pattern of K6a throughout mammary gland development, from the embryonic mammary bud to lactation. Double immunofluorescence was used to co-localize K6 with known markers of mammary gland development. Wild-type and K6ab-null mammary tissues were transplanted into the cleared fat pads of nude mice and the outgrowths were analyzed for morphology by whole-mount staining and for markers of mammary epithelium by immunostaining. Finally, progesterone receptor (PR) and bromodeoxyuridine co-localization was quantified by double immunofluorescence in wild-type and K6ab-null mammary outgrowths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report that K6 is expressed earlier than described previously, by embryonic day 16.5. K6a is the predominant isoform expressed in the mammary gland, localized in the body cells and luminal epithelial cells but not in the cap cells or myoepithelial cells. Co-localization studies showed that most K6a-positive cells express steroid receptors but do not proliferate. When both the K6a and K6b genes are deleted, mammary gland development appears normal, with similar expression of most molecular markers examined in both the pubertal gland and the mature gland. Loss of K6a and K6b, however, leads to an increase in the number of steroid-receptor-positive cells, and increased co-localization of steroid receptor expression and proliferation was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although K6a was not essential for mammary gland development, loss of both K6a and K6b resulted in an increase in PR-positive mammary epithelial cells and decreased proliferation after exposure to steroid hormones. There was also increased co-localization of PR and bromodeoxyuridine, suggesting alterations in patterning events important for normal lobuloalveolar development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA. sgrimm@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Longley
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Roop
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053553:Keratin-6; D007633:Keratins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000254:growth & development*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053553:Keratin-6; C507567:Krt6a protein, mouse; C507568:Krt71 protein, mouse; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D007633:Keratins