title: Repair of 104 failed anti-reflux operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether reoperative surgery for failed Nissen fundoplication is beneficial and to classify all mechanisms of failure recognized.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Antireflux surgery is often necessary, but a 10% failure rate is commonplace. We report results for patients undergoing reoperative surgery and present a nomenclature of mechanisms of failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 104 patients, who had a previous fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), underwent reoperative surgery. Manometry (n = 86), endoscopy (n = 101), pH monitoring (n = 27), upright esophagram (n = 90), gastric emptying (n = 26), and symptom assessment (n = 104) were performed prior to reoperative surgery. Patients were also assessed before and during reoperation for mechanism of failure using a newly proposed classification. The operative approach was laparoscopic in 58 patients, via open laparotomy in 12, and a thoracotomy in 34 patients. Follow-up was conducted by phone interview and was completed in 97 patients (97%; 3 were deceased) with a mean follow-up of 32 months (range, 1-146 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conversion rate to laparotomy for laparoscopic patients was 8%. The perioperative complication rate was 32%. One patient died of respiratory insufficiency after a laparotomy. Seven patients required additional surgery for correction of persistent or recurrent symptoms. The short and long-term complication rate was similar for the different operative approachs. Symptom resolution (rare or absent) occurred in 74% of patients with dysphagia, 75% with heartburn, 85% with regurgitation, and 94% with chest pain. The overall post-reoperative patient satisfaction was 7 on a scale of 1 to 10 and 3 on a scale of 1 to 4 when patients were asked to grade the operative result. There was no difference in the symptom resolution for patients operated upon by the laparoscopic approach as compared with laparotomy, but those patients undergoing a Collis gastroplasty had poorer results. The preoperative accuracy of assessment for mechanism of failure was 78%. A nomenclature of mechanisms of failure is included to aide reoperative assessment and new mechanisms of failure are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reoperative surgery results for GERD are satisfactory. A variety of operative approaches proved equally effective. Poorer results were observed in patients with more advanced disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simkins
authors.forename: Ricky
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mumnoon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Turaga
authors.forename: Anouki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karu
authors.forename: Sumeet K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Filipi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013908:Thoracotomy; D017211:Treatment Failure