title: Effects of cholecystokinin-8 induced gastric dysmotility on bile regurgitation during stress and molecular mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the existence of bile regurgitation under stress condition, and explore the possible effects and related mechanism of changes of plasma cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and intragastric pH on stress-induced bile regurgitation in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Changes in plasma CCK-8 and gastric bile concentration were respectively measured by using radioimmunoassay (RIA) method while simultaneously calculating gastric ulcer index (UI) and intragastric pH; (2) Each isolated gastric strips were suspended in a tissue chamber to record the contractile responses by polyphysiograph; (3) The responsiveness of gastric smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) were examined using fura-2-loaded microfluorimetric measurement of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i); (4) The current of L-type calcium channels (I(CaL)) of SMCs were recorded by patch clamp techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Compared with the normal control group, plasma CCK-8 and gastric bile concentration significantly increased during stress (p<0.01) and both simultaneously reached the peak at the time point of 2 h after stress; UI and intragastric pH apparently increased (p<0.01); (2) Significant changes to CCK-8S were found in the mean contractile amplitude and frequency of circular muscle (CM) and longitudinal muscle (LM) of gastric antrum and pylorus; (3) CCK-8S-evoked significant increase in [Ca(2+)]i (p<0.01) could be suppressed by CCK-A receptor (CCK-AR) antagonist; whereas a small but significant increase was still elicited by CCK-8S under condition of the removal of extracellular calcium or by given nifidipine; (4) CCK-8S-intensified calcium current (I(CaL)) apparently inhibited by respective administration of nifidipine, Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors or calcium dependent chloride channel (I(Cl-Ca)) blocker (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastric mucosal damage induced by bile regurgitation is closely connected with gastric antrum and pylorus dysmotility evoked by CCK-8 during the stress. CCK-8S-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increase in gastric antrum and pylorus SMC depends on the release of intracellular calcium stores which activates L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) through the activation of calcium dependent chloride channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Medicine, RenMin Hospital of WuHan University, HuBei, 430060, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: He-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; C410885:cholecystokinin 8; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D002118:Calcium