title: Is the outcome of schizophrenia really better in developing countries?
abstract: That schizophrenia has a better prognosis in non-industrialized societies has become an axiom in international psychiatry; the evidence most often cited comes from three World Health Organization (WHO) cross-national studies. Although a host of socio-cultural factors have been considered as contributing to variation in the course of schizophrenia in different settings, we have little evidence from low-income countries that clearly demonstrates the beneficial influence of these variables. In this article, we suggest that the finding of better outcomes in developing countries needs re-examination for five reasons: methodological limitations of the World Health Organization studies; the lack of evidence on the specific socio-cultural factors which apparently contribute to the better outcomes; increasing anecdotal evidence describing the abuse of basic human rights of people with schizophrenia in developing countries; new evidence from cohorts in developing countries depicting a much gloomier picture than originally believed; and, rapid social and economic changes are undermining family care systems for people with schizophrenia in developing countries. We argue that the study of the long-term course of this mental disorder in developing countries is a major research question and believe it is time to thoroughly and systematically explore cross-cultural variation in the course and outcome of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Rangaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thara
authors.forename: Oye
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gureje
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000208:ethnology*; D014944:World Health Organization