title: Dissemination of IMP-1 metallo- beta -lactamase-producing Acinetobacter species in a Brazilian teaching hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the emergence and dissemination of metallo- beta -lactamase (MBL)-producing Acinetobacter species.
  
  
  METHODS
  All carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter strains (1 strain per patient) collected during the period 1993-2001 were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Brazilian tertiary care teaching hospital (Hospital Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three strains of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species were recovered from the organism bank of the hospital. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution methods, and the production of MBL was initially assessed by phenotypic tests (MBL Etest strip and a disk approximation test). The MBL enzymes were identified by polymerase chain reaction using primers for bla(IMP), bla(VIM), and bla(SPM), followed by gene sequencing. Genetic similarity among the carbapenem-resistant strains was evaluated by automated ribotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only colistin and ampicillin-sulbactam showed reasonable in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant isolates (97% and 74% of isolates susceptible, respectively). More than half of the isolates (55%) had a positive MBL phenotypic test result and a positive polymerase chain reaction result for bla(IMP-1). The proportion of IMP-1-producing Acinetobacter isolates among carbapenem-resistant strains increased from 0% in the 1993-1997 period to 29% in 1998 and 100% in the 1999-2001 period. No carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter isolates that harbored bla(VIM) or bla(SPM) were detected. Molecular typing results revealed 20 ribogroups among carbapenem-resistant isolates. During the study period of 1994-2001, we identified 2 major ribogroups, 52-1 (MBL-negative and MBL-positive strains) and 60-7 (MBL-positive strains), that had a coefficient of similarity of 0.85 or higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that IMP-1-producing strains of Acinetobacter emerged in our institution in 1998. Since then, production of this MBL was detected not only in the major ribogroups of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species but also among isolates that belonged to 17 distinct ribogroups, indicating that this important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance was disseminated among distinct clones.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria C B
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tognim
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gales
authors.forename: Andréia P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Penteado
authors.forename: Suzane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silbert
authors.forename: Hélio S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sader
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D001938:Brazil; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D017931:DNA Primers; C409201:beta-lactamase IMP-1; D001618:beta-Lactamases