title: Effect of hardness on acute toxicity of metal mixtures using Daphnia magna: prediction of acid mine drainage toxicity.
abstract: In this study, the effect of hardness on the combined outcome of metal mixtures was investigated using Daphnia magna. The toxic unit (TU) was calculated using modified LC(50) values based on the hardness (i.e., LC(50-soft) and LC(50-hard)). From a bioassay test, the degree of sensitivity to hardness on the toxicity changes was in the order: Cd<Cu<Zn<Pb, with 25, 66, 77 and 88% decreases in the LC(50) values, respectively, when the hard test solution was replaced with a soft test solution. In mixture toxicity tests, the difference in the test solution hardness was found to clearly cause different toxicities, as determined by the TU calculated by the LC(50-hard), using the toxicity of a standard culture medium as the reference. That is, approximately four to five times higher toxicity was observed in soft (i.e., 44+/-4 mg/L as CaCO(3)) rather than hard water (i.e., 150+/-10mg/L as CaCO(3)) test solutions. In the tests where the modified reference toxicity values (i.e., LC(50-soft) and LC(50-hard) for soft and hard test solution, respectively) obtained from the individual metal toxicity tests with different hardness were used to calculate the TU, the results showed very similar D. magna toxicities to those of the TU from the mixture of soft and hard test solutions, regardless of the hardness. According to the toxicity results of the mixture, the aquatic toxic effects of the acid mine drainage (AMD) collected from mine areas that contained metal mixtures were investigated using Daphnia magna and the modified LC(50) value of the TU hardness function calculated for varying solution hardness. The results of the biological WET test closely matched our overall prediction, with significant correlation, having a p-value of 0.513 in one way ANOVA test (n=19). Therefore, this study revealed that the predicted toxicity of the metal mixture agreed well with the biological toxicity test when the modified LC(50) value was employed as the basis of hardness in the TU calculation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Kyoung W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005544:Forecasting; D006244:Hardness; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D008906:Mining; D013997:Time Factors; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical