title: Ageism in breast cancer surgical options by medical students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The similar long-term survival of breast conservation and modified radical mastectomy in treating early invasive breast cancer has been well established. Since doctors often find themselves in the position of making operative recommendations, characterization of factors that may influence their recommendations is important. Previous investigations have demonstrated the phenomenon of ageism (i.e., between patients aged 30 versus 60 years old) in doctors and doctors-in-training. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate any possible economic bias of doctors-in-training in breast conserving procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical students were instructed on the efficacy of breast conservation in treating breast cancer. Then, their opinions were assessed using a questionnaire about recommendations for breast conservation as well as breast reconstruction after mastectomies in similar patients. All patients were between the ages of 41-54 years old but differed by occupation. Chi squared tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight students participated in the study. No differences were noted between "high income" occupations and "low income" occupations. However, subtle ageism was noted even in this similarly aged population. Modified radical mastectomy was recommended in 35 percent of the "older" age group (41-48 years old) versus 15 percent of "younger" patients (49-54 years old, p < 0.002). Further, breast reconstruction was recommended in 89 percent of younger patients versus only 72 percent of older patients (p < 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical students still demonstrate an age bias against older women in their recommendations of breast conservation and breast reconstruction. Educational efforts should be instituted during the medical school training to decrease this age bias in treatment of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, USA. amadan@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Atul K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gratzer
authors.forename: Derrick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Beech
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis