title: Evidence for handheld electronic medical records in improving care: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Handheld electronic medical records are expected to improve physician performance and patient care. To confirm this, we performed a systematic review of the evidence assessing the effects of handheld electronic medical records on clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  To conduct the systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane library from 1966 through September 2005. We included randomized controlled trials that evaluated effects on practitioner performance or patient outcomes of handheld electronic medical records compared to either paper medical records or desktop electronic medical records. Two reviewers independently reviewed citations, assessed full text articles and abstracted data from the studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two studies met our inclusion criteria. No other randomized controlled studies or non-randomized controlled trials were found that met our inclusion criteria. Both studies were methodologically strong. The studies examined changes in documentation in orthopedic patients with handheld electronic medical records compared to paper charts, and both found an increase in documentation. Other effects noted with handheld electronic medical records were an increase in time to document and an increase in wrong or redundant diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Handheld electronic medical records may improve documentation, but as yet, the number of studies is small and the data is restricted to one group of patients and a small group of practitioners. Further study is required to determine the benefits with handheld electronic medical records especially in assessing clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. robert.wu@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Straus
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D034201:Computers, Handheld / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D013997:Time Factors