title: Early effects of responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching for children with developmental delays and their parents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month course of responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching (RE/PMT) for children with developmental delay and RE/PMT's effects on parenting stress in a randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one children, age 24-33 months, with no more than 10 expressive words or signs, were randomly assigned to treatment/no-treatment groups. Thirteen children in each group had a diagnosis of Down syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1 of 2 multivariate comparisons, the RE/PMT group exhibited superior gains in communication compared with the no-treatment group. The treatment effect for overall use of intentional communication acts in the child-examiner context was significant (d = .68, 95% confidence interval = 0.12-1.24). There were no effects on child outcomes due to presence or absence of Down syndrome. RE/PMT led to modest increases in recoding of child acts by parents of children who did not have Down syndrome. There were no effects on parenting stress associated with the intervention or the presence or absence of Down syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RE/PMT may be applied clinically with the expectation of medium-size effects on the child's rate of intentional communication acts after 6 months of intervention. The approach warrants further investigation with modifications, such as delivery at higher intensity levels.
authors.affiliation: Hearing and Speech Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 66160-7605, USA. mfey@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Lizbeth H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Finestack
authors.forename: Shelley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bredin-Oja
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.forename: Shari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Yoder
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D004519:Education, Special / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D010988:Play and Playthings; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014825:Vocabulary