title: 3D-conformal-intensity modulated radiotherapy with compensators for head and neck cancer: clinical results of normal tissue sparing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the potential of parotic gland sparing of intensity modulated radiotherapy (3D-c-IMRT) performed with metallic compensators for head and neck cancer in a clinical series by analysis of dose distributions and clinical measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  39 patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck irradiated using 3D-c-IMRT were evaluable for dose distribution within PTVs and at one parotid gland and 38 patients for toxicity analysis. 10 patients were treated primarily, 29 postoperatively, 19 received concomitant cis-platin based chemotherapy, 20 3D-c-IMRT alone. Initially the dose distribution was calculated with Helax and photon fluence was modulated using metallic compensators made of tin-granulate (n = 22). Later the dose distribution was calculated with KonRad and fluence was modified by MCP 96 alloy compensators (n = 17). Gross tumor/tumor bed (PTV 1) was irradiated up to 60-70 Gy, [5 fractions/week, single fraction dose: 2.0-2.2 (simultaneously integrated boost)], adjuvantly irradiated bilateral cervical lymph nodes (PTV 2) with 48-54 Gy [single dose: 1.5-1.8]). Toxicity was scored according the RTOG scale and patient-reported xerostomia questionnaire (XQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean of the median doses at the parotid glands to be spared was 25.9 (16.3-46.8) Gy, for tin granulate 26 Gy, for MCP alloy 24.2 Gy. Tin-granulate compensators resulted in a median parotid dose above 26 Gy in 10/22, MCP 96 alloy in 0/17 patients. Following acute toxicities were seen (degree 0-2/3): xerostomia: 87%/13%, dysphagia: 84%/16%, mucositis: 89%/11%, dermatitis: 100%/0%. No grade 4 reaction was encountered. During therapy the XQ forms showed (degree 0-2/3): 88%/12%. 6 months postRT chronic xerostomia degree 0-2/3 was observed in 85%/15% of patients, none with degree 4 xerostomia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D-c-IMRT using metallic compensators along with inverse calculation algorithm achieves sufficient parotid gland sparing in virtually all advanced head and neck cancers. Since the concept of lower single (and total) doses in the adjuvantly treated volumes reduces acute morbidity 3D-c-IMRT nicely meets demands of concurrent chemotherapy protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Bachstrasse 18, D-07743 Jena, Germany. thomas.wendt@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abbasi-Senger
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salz
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pinquart
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koscielny
authors.forename: Susi-Marie
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Przetak
authors.forename: Tilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiezorek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology