title: Intraoperative visualization for resection of gliomas: the role of functional neuronavigation and intraoperative 1.5 T MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate how functional neuronavigation and intraoperative high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) influence glioma resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-seven patients [World Health Organization (WHO) grade I: 20; II: 19; III: 41; IV: 57] underwent resection for supratentorial gliomas in an operative suite equipped with intraoperative high-field MRI and microscope-based neuronavigation. Besides standard anatomical image data including T1- and T2-weighted sequences, various functional data from magnetoencephalography (n=37), functional MRI (n=65), positron emission tomography (n=8), MR spectroscopy (n=28) and diffusion tensor imaging (n=55) were integrated in the navigational setup.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative MRI showed primary complete resection in 27% of all patients (I: 50%; II: 53%; III: 2%; IV: 28%). In 41% of all patients (I: 40%; II: 26%; III: 66%; IV: 28%) the resection was extended owing to intraoperative MRI increasing the percentage of complete resections to 40% (I: 70%; II: 58%; III: 17%; IV: 40%). Integrated application of functional navigation resulted in low post-operative morbidity with a transient new neurological deficit in 10.2% (paresis: 8.8% and speech disturbance: 1.4%) decreasing to a permanent deficit in 2.9% (four of 137 patients with a new or increased paresis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of intraoperative MRI and functional navigation allows safe extended resections in glioma surgery. However, despite extended resections, still in the majority of the grade III and IV gliomas no gross total resection could be achieved owing to the extension of the tumor into eloquent brain areas. Intraoperative MRI data can be used to localize the tumor remnants reliably and compensate for the effects of brain shift.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. nimsky@nch.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nimsky
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ganslandt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchfelder
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahlbusch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography