title: Urological complications and copper replacement therapy in childhood Menkes syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urological complications are frequent in Menkes syndrome, a very rare X-linked recessive disorder of copper (Cu) metabolism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of Cu therapy in preventing the progression of urological complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively enrolled 57 patients with Menkes syndrome (55 published case reports and two of our own unpublished cases) and investigated the reported urological complications, distinguishing the patients with or without Cu replacement therapy and evaluating the efficacy of this therapy in the prevention of urological complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent urological complication was bladder diverticulum (38.6% of the total patients); obstruction bladder outflow and rupture of the kidney were less frequent (both 1.8% of the total). The number of congenital urological complications increased progressively by age category; in fact, 77.8% of patients did not report urological complications at the age of 0.4+/-0.2 y, and 28.6% of them displayed > or = two congenital urological complications at the age of 9.3+/-2.6 y. The percentage of urological complications found in younger patients not on Cu therapy did not differ from that of older patients treated with Cu therapy. A comparison between patients of the same age interval, who were or were not treated with Cu, showed that treated children had fewer urological complications than untreated children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigation suggests that Cu therapy in patients with Menkes syndrome does not prevent the progression of urological complications; however, it might delay their worsening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mother and Child, Biology-Genetics, Section of Paediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. marco.zaffanello@univr.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaffanello
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fanos
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franchini
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zamboni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003300:Copper / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007706:Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003300:Copper