title: Braking hazards of golf cars and low speed vehicles.
abstract: Research and analysis of braking issues for golf cars and other low speed vehicles (LSVs) are reported in this study. It is shown that many such vehicles only provide braking for their rear wheels, which can lead to a driver losing control during travel on typical steep downgrades. The braking performance of a golf car equipped with brakes on two or four wheels was analyzed to determine the effects of two and four wheel brake designs on braking efficiency and vehicle yaw stability. Besides reducing braking efficiency, it is demonstrated that installing brakes on only the rear wheels can lead to directional instability (fishtailing) and rollover when the rear wheels are braked until skidding occurs. The nonexistence of golf course standards and the inadequacy of golf car and LSV standards are noted and a connection between this and the comparatively high level of accidents with such vehicles is inferred. Based on these results, it is advisable to install brakes on all four wheels of golf cars and LSVs. In addition, new safety standards should be considered to reduce the occurrence of golf car accidents on steep downhill slopes.
authors.affiliation: Technology Associates, Stamford, CT 06905, USA. kselguga@technology-assoc.com
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Seluga
authors.forename: I U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Ojalvo
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D012449:Safety