title: Non-invasive measurement of reduced ventilation:perfusion ratio and shunt in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a physiological definition of the disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An objective definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is required to interpret trial outcomes and provide a baseline for prognostic studies. Current definitions do not quantify disease severity. The cardinal measures of impaired gas exchange are a reduced ventilation:perfusion ratio (V(A):Q) and increased right to left shunt. These can be determined non-invasively by plotting arterial oxygen saturation (Spo(2)) against inspired oxygen pressure (PIo(2)).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the reduced V(A):Q and shunt in infants with BPD and evaluate these as graded measures of pulmonary dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  21 preterm infants with BPD were studied. PIo(2) was changed stepwise to vary Spo(2) between 86% and 94%. Pairs of PIo(2) and Spo(2) data points for each infant were plotted and analysed to derive reduced V(A):Q ratio and shunt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In every infant, the Spo(2) versus PIo(2) curve was shifted to the right of the normal because of a reduced V(A):Q. The mean (SD) shift was 16.5 (4.7) kPa (normal 6 kPa). Varying degrees of shunt were also present, but these were less important in determining Spo(2) within the studied range. The degree of shift was strongly predictive of the PIo(2) required to achieve any Spo(2) within the range 86-94% (R(2)>0.9), permitting shift and V(A):Q to be determined from a single pair of PIo(2) and SpO(2) values in this range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predominant gas exchange impairment in BPD is a reduced V(A):Q, described by the right shift of the Spo(2) versus PIo(2) relationship. This provides a simpler method for defining BPD, which can grade disease severity.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Quine
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stenson
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D014692:Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen