title: Women's empowerment and domestic violence: the role of sociocultural determinants in maternal and child undernutrition in tribal and rural communities in South India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate malnutrition continues to affect 46% of children under five years of age and 47% of rural women in India. Women's lack of empowerment is believed to be an important factor in the persistent prevalence of malnutrition. In India, women's empowerment often varies by community, with tribes sometimes being the most progressive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between women's empowerment, maternal nutritional status, and the nutritional status of their children aged 6 to 24 months in rural and tribal communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study in rural Karnataka, India, included tribal and rural subjects and used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. Structured interviews with mothers were performed and anthropometric measurements were obtained for 820 mother-child pairs. The data were analyzed by multivariate and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some degree of malnutrition was seen in 83.5% of children and 72.4% of mothers in the sample. Biological variables explained most of the variance in nutritional status, followed by health-care seeking and women's empowerment variables; socioeconomic variables explained the least amount of variance. Women's empowerment variables were significantly associated with child nutrition and explained 5.6% of the variance in the sample. Maternal experience of psychological abuse and sexual coercion increased the risk of malnutrition in mothers and children. Domestic violence was experienced by 34% of mothers in the sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to the known investments needed to reduce malnutrition, improving women's nutrition, promoting gender equality, empowering women, and ending violence against women could further reduce the prevalence of malnutrition in this segment of the Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Gender Initiative, Reproductive Health and Nutrition Unit, International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC 20036, USA. ksethuraman@icrw.org
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sethuraman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lansdown
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007229:Infant Welfare; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012423:Rural Health; D020377:Self Efficacy