title: Antibiotic-stewardship practices at top academic centers throughout the United States and at hospitals throughout Massachusetts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improvements in antibiotic prescribing to reduce bacterial resistance and control hospital costs is a growing priority, but the way to accomplish this is poorly defined. Our goal was to determine whether certain antibiotic stewardship interventions were universally instituted and accepted at top US academic centers and to document what interventions, if any, are used at both teaching and community hospitals within a geographic area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two surveys were conducted. In survey 1, detailed phone interviews were performed with the directors of antibiotic stewardship programs at 22 academic medical centers that are considered among the best for overall medical care in the United States or as leaders in antibiotic stewardship programs. In survey 2, teaching and community hospitals throughout Massachusetts were surveyed to ascertain what antibiotic oversight program components were present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In survey 1, each of the 22 participating hospitals had instituted interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing, but none of the interventions were universally accepted as essential or effective. In survey 2, of 97 surveys that were mailed to prospective participants, a total of 54 surveys from 19 teaching hospitals and 35 community hospitals were returned. Ninety-five percent of the teaching hospitals had a restricted formulary, compared with 49% of the community hospitals, and 89% of teaching hospitals had an antibiotic approval process, compared with 29% of community hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was great variability among the approaches to the oversight of antibiotic prescribing at major academic hospitals. Antibiotic management interventions were lacking in more than half of the Massachusetts community hospitals surveyed. More research is needed to define the best antibiotic stewardship interventions for different hospital settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. tbarlam@bu.edu
authors.forename: Tamar F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Barlam
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiVall
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008404:Massachusetts; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents