title: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in pediatric cardiac support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resuscitation extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (R-ECMO) was introduced at our institution in July 2002. We reviewed the use of venoarterial (VA)-ECMO for cardiac diagnoses at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of patients on VA-ECMO for cardiac failure was performed. Survival was defined as discharge from hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients were supported with VA-ECMO (median age, 27 days; range, 1 to 640 days; median weight, 3.8 kg; range, 1.8 to 11.3 kg). Diagnoses were cardiomyopathy-myocarditis (CMM) in 8 (30%), systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt-dependent single ventricle (SV) in 12 (44%), postcardiotomy for biventricular repair (BiV) in 6 (22%), and arrhythmia in 1 (4%). Sixteen of 27 patients survived (59%). Seven of 8 CMM patients survived (88%); 6 (75%) bridged to cardiac recovery, 1 to transplant (13%), and 1 death (13%). Seven of 12 SV patients survived (58%). The SV ECMO indications: post-Norwood ventricular dysfunction (n = 3, 2 deaths), postoperative cardiac failure (n = 6, 2 deaths), respiratory failure (n = 1, 1 death), and acute shunt occlusion (n = 2, 0 deaths). One of 6 BiV patients survived (17%). The BiV ECMO indications: failure to wean from CPB (n = 3, 3 deaths), postoperative cardiac failure (n = 2, 2 deaths), and pulmonary hypertension (n = 1, 0 deaths). Fifteen patients (56%) underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation during ECMO cannulation. Eleven of 15 R-ECMO patients (73%) survived versus 5 of 12 non-R-ECMO patients (42%, p = 0.13). Median duration of R-ECMO: 66 hours (range, 18 to 179) versus 145 hours (range, 43 to 986, p = 0.01) for non-R-ECMO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resuscitation extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an appropriate application in pediatric patients with cardiac disease. Single ventricle patients experiencing cardiopulmonary collapse and CMM patients have favorable outcomes. Failure to wean from CPB and postoperative ventricular failure are higher risk indications.
authors.affiliation: Joseph B. Whitehead Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Vinod H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Thourani
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kirshbom
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simsic
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Kogon
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagoner
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dykes
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fortenberry
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Forbess
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014850:Waiting Lists