Health consequences of the September 11 World Trade Center attacks: a review.
In the aftermath of the September 11 World Trade Center (WTC) attack, a large number of people sustained potential exposures to smoke, dust, particulate matter, and a variety of toxins, including asbestos, pulverized concrete, glass fibers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated furans and dioxins. Additionally, many had exposure to psychological traumatogens. The most common effects seen to date are respiratory and mental health consequences. The long-term consequences of exposures are not yet known, and there remains concern about the potential for late-emerging diseases such as cancers. This article reviews WTC-related health effects, the spectrum of exposures and how they were documented, and discusses future preventive efforts.
Moline
Jacqueline
J
Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. jacqueline.moline@mssm.edu
Herbert
Robin
R
Nguyen
Ngoctram
N
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000009:adverse effects; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004391:Dust; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D019016:Mineral Fibers / Q000009:adverse effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D019016:Mineral Fibers; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001194:Asbestos