title: A clamping mechanism involved in SNARE-dependent exocytosis.
abstract: During neurotransmitter release at the synapse, influx of calcium ions stimulates the release of neurotransmitter. However, the mechanism by which synaptic vesicle fusion is coupled to calcium has been unclear, despite the identification of both the core fusion machinery [soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)] and the principal calcium sensor (synaptotagmin). Here, we describe what may represent a basic principle of the coupling mechanism: a reversible clamping protein (complexin) that can freeze the SNAREpin, an assembled fusion-competent intermediate en route to fusion. When calcium binds to the calcium sensor synaptotagmin, the clamp would then be released. SNARE proteins, and key regulators like synaptotagmin and complexin, can be ectopically expressed on the cell surface. Cells expressing such "flipped" synaptic SNAREs fuse constitutively, but when we coexpressed complexin, fusion was blocked. Adding back calcium triggered fusion from this intermediate in the presence of synaptotagmin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Claudio G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Giraudo
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Melia
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050863:Synaptotagmin I / Q000378:metabolism; D050857:Synaptotagmins / Q000378:metabolism; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; C095992:complexin I; D050857:Synaptotagmins; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D002118:Calcium