title: Efficacy of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, percutaneous transhepatic obliteration and combined techniques for the management of gastric fundal varices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of three interventional treatments involving transvenous obliteration for the treatment of gastric varices, and to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of these methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1995 to 2004, 93 patients with gastric fundal varices underwent interventional radiologic embolotherapy at our hospital. Of the 93 patients, 75 were treated with the balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) procedure; 8 were with the percutaneous transhepatic obliteration (PTO) procedure; and 10 were with the combined BRTO and PTO therapy. A follow-up evaluation examined the rates of survival, recurrence and rebleeding of the gastric varices, worsening of esophageal varices and complications in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BRTO, PTO, and combined therapy were technically successful in 81% (75/93), 44% (8/18), and 100% (10/10) patients, respectively. Recurrence of gastric varices was found in 3 patients in the BRTO group and in 3 patients in the PTO group. Rebleeding was observed in 1 patient in the BRTO group and in 1 patient in the PTO group. The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 98% and 87% in the patients without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the BRTO group, 100% and 100% in the PTO group, and 90% and 75% in the combined therapy group, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined BRTO and PTO therapy may rescue cases with uncontrollable gastric fundal varices that remained even after treatment with BRTO and/or PTO, though there were limitations of our study, including retrospective nature and discrepancy in sample size between the BRTO, PTO and combined therapy groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Japan. h-arai0213@jcom.home.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Masatomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000379:methods*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome