title: Electroencephalographic recording during transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans and animals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report on the development of an EEG recording system, comprised of electrodes and amplifiers that are compatible with TMS (single and rapid-rate) in both human and animal studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assembled a versatile multi-channel EEG recording system consisting of: (1) two types of electrodes that are safe during TMS or rTMS. (2) Low slew-rate EEG amplifiers that recover within a few milliseconds after the application of TMS pulses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two electrode types: (a) a conductive-plastic surface electrode with a conductive-silver epoxy coat and (b) a subdermal silver wire electrode (SWE) are compatible to TMS pulses. The amplifiers recover within 30 ms, so that the EEG can be viewed online, essentially without interruption and/or blocking or excessive artifact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our TMS compatible electrode and EEG recording system allows safe and online viewing/recording of the subject's (human or animal) EEG/EP during experiments or studies involving TMS or rTMS applications. The TMS compatible electrode/amplifier system can be used with any EEG recording instrument.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple recording technique coupled with new electrodes permit safe and readable EEG records during TMS in humans and animals. Such online monitoring of the EEG would allow control of TMS/rTMS parameters based on EEG activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada. jives@uwo.ca
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poma
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thut
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation