title: The beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist metipranolol blunts zinc-induced photoreceptor and RPE apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of zinc on retinal cells at concentrations at which it is known to cause oxidative stress. Furthermore, the effects of metipranolol, known to prevent retinal damage, and of other antiglaucoma drugs were determined on zinc-injured retinal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipid peroxidation assays were conducted on rat brain and bovine retina-retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) membrane preparations. Immunohistochemistry, immunoblot analysis and the terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-linked nick-end labeling (TUNEL) procedure determined the effects of zinc with or without trolox or metipranolol on photoreceptor death in situ. The effect of treatments on cultured RPE cells was analyzed using cell viability assays, immunoblot analysis, and the TUNEL procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zinc-induced lipid peroxidation of rat brain and bovine retina-RPE membranes, although the effect of the latter was of a (twofold) greater magnitude. Both effects, however, were similarly attenuated by metipranolol, desacetylmetipranolol, and trolox. Antiglaucoma drugs other than metipranolol had no effect. Intraocular injection of 150 microM zinc and treatment of cultured RPE cells with zinc led to mainly photoreceptor apoptosis and apoptotic death of RPE cells (50% death at 18 microM rising to 10% at 50 microM), respectively. Zinc-induced apoptosis of cultured RPE cells and photoreceptors were attenuated only by metipranolol and trolox.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined data suggest that oxidative injury to RPE cells and photoreceptors may be caused by elevated levels of zinc in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and that metipranolol may act as an efficacious antioxidant to blunt this process.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. neville.osborne@eye.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Neville N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: John P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D014290:Metipranolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D015032:Zinc; D014290:Metipranolol