title: Stereo-EEG in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereotactic placement of intracerebral multilead electrodes for chronic EEG recording of seizures or stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) was introduced 50 years ago at Saint Anne Hospital in Paris, France for the presurgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. SEEG explorations are indicated whenever the noninvasive tests fail to adequately localize the epileptogenic zone (EZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Currently, approximately 35% of our operated-on children require a SEEG evaluation. Arrangement of electrodes is individualized according to the peculiar needs of each child, to verify a predetermined hypothesis of localization of the EZ based on pre-SEEG anatomo-electro-clinical findings. Multilead intracerebral electrodes are designed to sample cortical structures on the lateral, intermediate, and mesial aspect of the hemisphere, as well as deep-seated lesions. Stereotactic stereoscopic teleangiograms and coregistered 3-D MRI are employed to plan avascular trajectories and to accurately target the desired structures. Pre-SEEG stereotactic neuroradiology and electrode implantation are usually performed in separate procedures. Electrodes are removed once video-SEEG monitoring is completed.
  Intracerebral electrical stimulations are used to better define the EZ and to obtain a detailed functional mapping of critical cortical and subcortical regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical morbidity of SEEG is definitely low in children. SEEG-GUIDED RESECTIVE SURGERY: In 90% of evaluated children, SEEG provides a guide for extratemporal or multilobar resections. SEEG-guided resective surgery may yield excellent results on seizures with 60% of patients in Engel's Class I.
authors.affiliation: Centro Claudio Munari per la Chirurgia dell'Epilessia e del Parkinson, Ospedale Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy. massimo.cossu@ospedaleniguarda.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cossu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castana
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nobili
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Russo
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques