title: Visual training improves underwater vision in children.
abstract: Children in a tribe of sea-gypsies from South-East Asia have been found to have superior underwater vision compared to European children. In this study, we show that the improved underwater vision of these Moken children is not due to better contrast sensitivity in general. We also show that European children can achieve the same underwater acuity as the Moken children. After 1 month of underwater training (11 sessions) followed by 4 months with no underwater activities, European children showed improved underwater vision and distinct bursts of pupil constriction. When tested 8 months after the last training session in an outdoor pool in bright sunlight-comparable to light environments in South-East Asia-the children had attained the same underwater acuity as the sea-gypsy children. The achieved performance can be explained by the combined effect of pupil constriction and strong accommodation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden. anna.gislen@cob.lu.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gislén
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Warrant
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dacke
authors.forename: Ronald H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kröger
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D006178:Romani People; D013785:Thailand; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water