title: Antimicrobial barrier of an in vitro oral epithelial model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral epithelia function as a microbial barrier and are actively involved in recognizing and responding to bacteria. Our goal was to examine a tissue engineered model of buccal epithelium for its response to oral bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines and compare the tissue responses with those of a submerged monolayer cell culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tissue model was characterized for keratin and beta-defensin expression. Altered expression of beta-defensins was evaluated by RT-PCR after exposure of the apical surface to oral bacteria and after exposure to TNF-alpha in the medium. These were compared to the response in traditional submerged oral epithelial cell culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The buccal model showed expression of differentiation specific keratin 13, hBD1 and hBD3 in the upper half of the tissue; hBD2 was not detected. hBD1 mRNA was constitutively expressed, while hBD2 mRNA increased 2-fold after exposure of the apical surface to three oral bacteria tested and hBD3 mRNA increased in response to the non-pathogenic bacteria tested. In contrast, hBD2 mRNA increased 3-600-fold in response to bacteria in submerged cell culture. HBD2 mRNA increased over 100-fold in response to TNF-alpha in the tissue model and 50-fold in submerged cell culture. Thus, the tissue model is capable of upregulating hBD2, however, the minimal response to bacteria suggests that the tissue has an effective antimicrobial barrier due to its morphology, differentiation, and defensin expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oral mucosal model is differentiated, expresses hBD1 and hBD3, and has an intact surface with a functional antimicrobial barrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: Wipawee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nittayananta
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: Whasun O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Beverly A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053535:Keratin-13 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053547:Keratin-14 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013291:Streptococcus; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D053535:Keratin-13; D053547:Keratin-14; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D023083:beta-Defensins