Secondary prevention of work-related upper extremity disorders: recommendations from the Annapolis conference.
BACKGROUND
Efforts to improve the secondary prevention of work-related upper extremity (WRUE) symptoms continue to present a challenge. As with many occupational musculoskeletal pain disorders no single, direct cause-effect relationship exists among specific exposures, pathologic processes, and symptoms. The field has yet to create truly effective and efficient interventions for these problems that are based on current epidemiological and clinical knowledge.


METHODS
A working conference was held in Annapolis, Maryland on September 23rd and 24th, 2005 with leaders in research and application related to upper extremity disorders to address this challenge. The intent of the meeting was to review "state of the art" evidence in epidemiology and intervention research in order to develop suggestions regarding next steps in intervention research and application. On day 2 a number of stakeholders were present to discuss what they perceived as the missing pieces in both epidemiological research and applied intervention research in order to generate more effective workplace interventions.


RESULTS
The papers in this series of the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation indicate that scientifically sound progress has been made over the past decade in identifying ergonomic, workplace psychosocial, and individual factors in both the etiology and exacerbation of these symptoms/disorders. However, there is a gap between this knowledge and the development and practical implementation of comprehensive interventions for these problems. The conference also highlighted the paucity of economic analyses of the impact of these disorders as well as the economic study of the impact of intervention. Approaches for such evaluations were presented and are included in this special section of the journal.


CONCLUSIONS
This series of papers and the summary of the invited group's discussions provided in this paper clearly emphasize the need for innovative ways to think about these problems and specific research topics that can help translate this knowledge into effective secondary prevention efforts.
Feuerstein
Michael
M
Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. mfeuerstein@usuhs.mil
Harrington
Cherise B
CB
D003226:Congresses as Topic; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017132:Workplace