title: Carbamoyl phosphate synthase-1: a marker of mitochondrial damage and depletion in the liver during sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced organ failures. Unfortunately, specific markers of mitochondrial damage in vital organs do not currently exist. Recently, carbomyl phosphate synthase (CPS)-1, a protein primarily localized to liver mitochondria, was found to be present in high concentrations in the plasma of septic humans. Thus, we hypothesized that the circulatory release of CPS-1 would correlate with mitochondrial damage or impaired mitochondrial function in the liver in a clinically relevant model of sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical center research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male, Balb/C mice, aged 10-12 wks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were assigned to receive cecal ligation and puncture (CLP sepsis) or sham operation and compared with untreated controls. Plasma CPS-1 levels and liver mitochondrial variables, including morphology, respiratory activity, mass (i.e., cardiolipin content), and protein carbonylation, were assessed at various time points (8, 24, and 48 hrs and 6 days) after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxidant stress (i.e., carbonylation) was detected within 8 hrs of CLP and persisted through 48 hrs. Plasma CPS-1 levels increased dramatically at 24 hrs, remained significantly elevated at 48 hrs, and normalized by 6 days in the sepsis group. Abnormalities of liver mitochondrial morphology and function coincided with increased plasma CPS-1 levels. Mitochondrial depletion in the liver was not due to cell death but was associated with increased lysosomal clearance. Increased expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors preceded restoration of mitochondrial variables and normalization of CPS-1 levels by day 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating CPS-1 is a marker of mitochondrial damage and depletion in the liver during the subacute phase of CLP sepsis. From a mechanistic standpoint, mitochondrial depletion is not due to cell death but is apparently related to the removal of damaged mitochondria by lysosomes (i.e., autophagy), followed by repletion of mitochondrial populations. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of CPS-1 as a marker of sepsis severity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, 43210, USA. Elliott.Crouser@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Elliott D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Crouser
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Julian
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002222:Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) / Q000097:blood*; D019069:Cell Respiration; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002222:Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)