title: Comparison between transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography in the confirmation of brain death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral blood flow tests have increasingly been advocated for the confirmation of brain death (BD). Angiography has been considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of BD but is invasive. We validated transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) to confirm BD by comparing it to angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients experienced the clinical diagnosis of brain death due to head injury in 19 cases (47.5%), cerebral hemorrhage in 11 (27.5%), subarachnoid hemorrhage in 7 (17.5%), and cerebral infarction in 3 (7.5%). Blood pressure, heart rate, SPO2, and PCO2 were monitored throughout the study. Patients were excluded if episodes of hypoxia, arrhythmia, and hypotension occurred during examinations, or if the TCD was not technically feasible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both angiography and TCD confirmed BD in all patients. The agreement between the above methods to confirm BD was 100%. Angiography showed the absence of filling of intracranial arteries, while TCD revealed: (1) brief systolic forward flow or systolic spikes and diastolic reversed flow (50%); (2) brief systolic forward flow or systolic spikes and no diastolic flow (25%); (3) no demonstrable flow in a patient in whom flow had been clearly documented on a previous TCD examination (12.5%). Five patients required repeated TCD examinations, because of initial detection of a diastolic to-and-fro flow pattern. BD was confirmed by TCD in the above patients after 30 hours of clinical BD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCD was a sensitive tool to diagnose BD, affording a reliable alternative examination to standard angiography.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Genimatas General State Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece, and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poularas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karakitsos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kouraklis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kostakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Groot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalogeromitros
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bilalis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boletis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karabinis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage; D002544:Cerebral Infarction; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial