title: Operative morbidity and mortality after D2 and D4 extended dissection for advanced gastric cancer: a prospective randomized trial conducted by Asian surgeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A randomized study was performed to evaluate morbidity and mortality after D2 (level 1 and 2 lymphadenectomy) and D4 (D2 plus lymphadenectomy of para-aortic lymph nodes) dissection for advanced gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-six patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma were enrolled (128 to each group). Patients were randomly allocated into D2 (N = 128) or D4 (N = 128) group. The first and second tiers of lymph nodes are removed in D2 dissection. In D4 gastrectomy, the paraaortic lymph nodes were additionally removed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no indication of significant distribution bias with regard to age, sex, T-grade, and N-grade between the two groups. Operation time of D4 gastrectomy (369 +/- 120 min) was significantly longer than that of D2 gastrectomy (273 +/- 1103 min), and blood loss of the D4 group (872 +/- 683 mL) was significantly greater than that of the D2 group 571 +/- 527 mL (P < 0.001). Five (4%) and two (2%) medical complications developed in the D2 and D4 groups, respectively. Surgical complications developed in 28 (22%) and 48 patients (38%) after D2 and D4 gastrectomy. The most common complications were anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, and abdominal abscess. Pancreatic fistula developed in 6 (19%) of 32 patients after D4 plus pancreatosplenectomy, but the incidence of pancreatic fistula after D2 gastrectomy plus pancreatosplenectomy was low (6%, 1/16). Two patients died within 30 days of operation (0.8%, 2/256), and each patient belonged to the D2 and D4 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is a significantly higher surgical complication rate in D4 dissection, D4 dissection can be done safely as D2 dissection when performed by well-trained surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Gastric Surgery Division, Peritoneal Dissemination Program, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimo-nagakubo, Nagaizumi-machi, Suntou-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan. y.yonemura@scchr.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonemura
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bandou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Noh
mesh_terms: D018784:Abdominal Abscess / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001208:Asia; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D010185:Pancreatic Fistula / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors