title: [Evidence of facial palsy and facial malformations in pottery from Peruvian Moche and Lambayeque pre-Columbian cultures].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moche (100-700 AD) and Lambayeque-Sicán (750-1100 AD) are pre-Columbian cultures from Regional States Period, developed in Northern Peru. Information about daily life, religion and medicine has been obtained through the study of Moche ceramics found in lords and priests tombs, pyramids and temples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze archeological evidences of Moche Medicine and neurological diseases through ceramics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representations of diseases in Moche and Lambayeque iconography and Moche pottery collections exposed in Casinelli museum from Trujillo, and Brüning National Archeological museum from Lambayeque, Peru, were studied. The most representative cases were analyzed and photographed, previous authorization from authorities and curators of the museums.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following pathologies were observed in ceramic collections: peripheral facial palsy, facial malformations such as cleft lip, hemifacial spasm, legs and arm amputations, scoliosis and Siamese patients. Male and females Moche doctors were also observed in the ceramics in ritual ceremonies treating patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main pathologies observed in Moche and Lambayeque pottery are facial palsy and cleft lip. These are one of the earliest registries of these pathologies in pre-Columbian cultures in South-America.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Sarah, Brasilia, Brazil. fjavier4644@terra.com.br
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Carod-Artal
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Vázquez Cabrera
mesh_terms: D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D003469:Culture; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D009144:Museums; D010568:Peru; D012613:Sculpture / Q000266:history*