Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas.
Estuarine and coastal transformation is as old as civilization yet has dramatically accelerated over the past 150 to 300 years. Reconstructed time lines, causes, and consequences of change in 12 once diverse and productive estuaries and coastal seas worldwide show similar patterns: Human impacts have depleted >90% of formerly important species, destroyed >65% of seagrass and wetland habitat, degraded water quality, and accelerated species invasions. Twentieth-century conservation efforts achieved partial recovery of upper trophic levels but have so far failed to restore former ecosystem structure and function. Our results provide detailed historical baselines and quantitative targets for ecosystem-based management and marine conservation.
Lotze
Heike K
HK
Biology Department, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1. hlotze@dal.ca
Lenihan
Hunter S
HS
Bourque
Bruce J
BJ
Bradbury
Roger H
RH
Cooke
Richard G
RG
Kay
Matthew C
MC
Kidwell
Susan M
SM
Kirby
Michael X
MX
Peterson
Charles H
CH
Jackson
Jeremy B C
JB
D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000266:history*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D005068:Eutrophication; D005843:Geography; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006802:Human Activities / Q000266:history; D006801:Humans; D007448:Invertebrates; D010944:Plants; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012623:Seawater; D014714:Vertebrates; D014867:Water; D014876:Water Pollution
D014867:Water