title: Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrum for the diagnosis of breast cancer. A physical model (Monte Carlo inverse model) and an empirical model (partial least squares analysis) based approach, were compared for extracting diagnostic features from the diffuse reflectance spectra.
  
  
  METHODS
  The physical model and the empirical model were employed to extract features from diffuse reflectance spectra measured from freshly excised breast tissues. A subset of extracted features obtained using each method showed statistically significant differences between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues. These features were separately input to a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify each tissue sample as malignant or non-malignant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The features extracted from the Monte Carlo based analysis were hemoglobin saturation, total hemoglobin concentration, beta-carotene concentration and the mean (wavelength averaged) reduced scattering coefficient. Beta-carotene concentration was positively correlated and the mean reduced scattering coefficient was negatively correlated with percent adipose tissue content in normal breast tissues. In addition, there was a statistically significant decrease in the beta-carotene concentration and hemoglobin saturation, and a statistically significant increase in the mean reduced scattering coefficient in malignant tissues compared to non-malignant tissues. The features extracted from the partial least squares analysis were a set of principal components. A subset of principal components showed that the diffuse reflectance spectra of malignant breast tissues displayed an increased intensity over wavelength range of 440-510 nm and a decreased intensity over wavelength range of 510-600 nm, relative to that of non-malignant breast tissues. The diagnostic performance of the classification algorithms based on both feature extraction techniques yielded similar sensitivities and specificities of approximately 80% for discriminating between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues. While both methods yielded similar classification accuracies, the model based approach provided insight into the physiological and structural features that discriminate between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Changfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Tara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Breslin
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harter
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramanujam
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005348:Fibrocystic Breast Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D018218:Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019207:beta Carotene