title: The effect of kidney morcellation on operative time, incision complications, and postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic nephrectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compare the outcomes between kidney morcellation and two types of open specimen extraction incisions, several covariates need to be taken into consideration that have not yet been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 153 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy at our institution, 107 who underwent specimen morcellation and 46 with intact specimen removal, either those with connected port sites with a muscle-cutting incision and those with a remote, muscle-splitting incision. Operative time, postoperative analgesia requirements, and incisional complications were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis, comparing variables such as patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), laterality, benign versus cancerous renal conditions, estimated blood loss, specimen weight, overall complications, and length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference for operative time between the 2 treatment groups (p = 0.65). Incision related complications occurred in 2 patients (4.4%) from the intact specimen group but none in the morcellation group (p = 0.03). Overall narcotic requirement was lower in patients with morcellated (41 mg) compared to intact specimen retrieval (66 mg) on univariate (p = 0.03) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.049). Upon further stratification, however, there was no significant difference in mean narcotic requirement between the morcellation and muscle-splitting incision subgroup (p = 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morcellation does not extend operative time, and is associated with significantly less postoperative pain compared to intact specimen retrieval overall, although this is not statistically significant if a remote, muscle-splitting incision is made. Morcellation markedly reduces the risk of incisional-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Affonso H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Brent D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ershoff
authors.forename: Maxwell V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Marshall L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stoller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome