title: Porous coated motion cervical disc replacement: a biomechanical, histomorphometric, and biologic wear analysis in a caprine model.
abstract: METHODS
  The biomechanical, histopathologic, and histomorphometric characteristics of cervical disc replacement were assessed in a caprine animal model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the biomechanical, porous ingrowth, and histopathologic characteristics of the Porous Coated Motion (PCM) Cervical Disc replacement (Cervitech, Inc., Rockaway, NJ).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  As an alternative to anterior cervical interbody arthrodesis, an artificial cervical disc serves to replace the symptomatic degenerated disc, restore the functional biomechanical properties of the motion segment, and preserve neurologic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 12 mature Nubian goats divided into 2 groups based on postoperative survival periods of 6 (n = 6) and 12 months (n = 6). Using an anterior surgical approach, a complete discectomy was performed at the C3-C4, followed by implantation of the PCM device. Functional outcomes of the disc prosthesis were based on computerized tomography (CT), multidirectional flexibility testing, undecalcified histology, histomorphometric, and immunocytochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence of prosthesis loosening, or neurologic or vascular complications. CT showed the ability to image and assess the cervical spinal canal for the presence of compressive pathology in the area of the CoCrMo prosthesis. Multidirectional flexibility testing under axial rotation and lateral bending indicated no differences in the full range of intervertebral motion between the disc prosthesis and nonoperative controls (P > 0.05). Based on immunohistochemical and histologic analysis, there was no evidence of particulate debris, cytokines, or cellular apoptosis within the local or systemic tissues. Moreover, review of the spinal cord at the operative levels indicated no evidence of cord lesions, inflammatory reaction, wear particles, or significant pathologic changes in any treatment. Histomorphometric analysis at the metal-bone interface indicated the mean trabecular ingrowth of 40.5% +/- 24.4% and 58.65% +/- 28.04% for the 6 and 12-month treatments, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this serves as the first in vivo time-course study investigating the use of the PCM device for cervical arthroplasty. All 12 animals undergoing cervical disc replacement had no evidence of implant loosening, subluxation, or inflammatory reactions. PCM cervical arthroplasty permits unobstructed visualization of the spinal canal based on CT imaging. Segmental intervertebral motion was preserved under axial rotation and lateral bending loading conditions, while at the same time permitting porous osseointegration at the prosthesis-bone interface. Based on histopathologic review of all local and systemic tissues, there was no evidence of particulate wear debris, cytokines, cellular apoptosis, or significant pathologic changes in any treatment.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Spinal Research laboratory, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
authors.forename: Nianbin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: McAfee
authors.forename: Seok Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sefter
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cappuccino
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pimenta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017586:Diskectomy; D006041:Goats; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D008422:Materials Testing; D016348:Osseointegration; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible