title: Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of microbial infections: basic principles and perspective applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be endowed with several favorable features for the treatment of infections originated by microbial pathogens, including a broad spectrum of action, the efficient inactivation of antibiotic-resistant strains, the low mutagenic potential, and the lack of selection of photoresistant microbial cells. Therefore, intensive studies are being pursued in order to define the scope and field of application of this approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimal cytocidal activity against a large variety of bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens has been found to be typical of photosensitizers that are positively charged at physiological pH values (e.g., for the presence of quaternarized amino groups or the association with polylysine moieties) and are characterized by a moderate hydrophobicity (n-octanol/water partition coefficient around 10). These photosensitizers in a micromolar concentration can induce a >4-5 log decrease in the microbial population after incubation times as short as 5-10 minutes and irradiation under mild experimental conditions, such as fluence-rates around 50 mW/cm2 and irradiation times shorter than 15 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDT appears to represent an efficacious alternative modality for the treatment of localized microbial infections through the in situ application of the photosensitizer followed by irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded infected area. Proposed clinical fields of interest of antimicrobial PDT include the treatment of chronic ulcers, infected burns, acne vulgaris, and a variety of oral infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy. jori@bio.unipd.it
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jori
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fabris
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soncin
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Olimpia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Coppellotti
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dei
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fantetti
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiti
authors.forename: Gabrio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roncucci
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000188:drug therapy; D001419:Bacteria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents