title: Combined acute effects of red wine consumption and cigarette smoking on haemodynamics of young smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Red wine seems to improve haemodynamic variables, while smoking provokes adverse effects. The haemodynamic effects of their combined use is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of red wine and its constituents, in combination with the smoking of one cigarette, on haemodynamic parameters, such as blood pressure and wave reflections, in a group of smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty smokers (12 males, eight females) participated in a double-blind, crossover study comprised of 3 study days. All subjects either smoked one cigarette, or smoked and drank 250 ml of red wine, or 250 ml of de-alcoholized red wine (containing the same type and similar concentration of antioxidants). Applanation tonometry and generalized transfer functions were used to estimate aortic pressure waveforms at baseline and 30, 60 and 90 min after each trial. The augmentation index (AIx) was used to express wave reflections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking increased peripheral systolic blood pressure (P < 0.005) 30 min later, but simultaneous consumption of either type of red wine caused no such effect. Additionally, smoking caused no overall effect on AIx, while smoking and drinking either regular or de-alcoholized red wine reduced AIx (P < 0.001). The reduction of AIx after red wine consumption was significantly greater than the respective reduction after de-alcoholized red wine (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antioxidant substances in red wine counteracted the smoking-induced increase in peripheral systolic blood pressure. Both alcohol and antioxidants in red wine decrease wave reflections in uncomplicated habitual smokers postprandially, indicating an additional favourable effect of red wine.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papamichael
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karatzi
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karatzis
authors.forename: Theodore G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katsichti
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zampelas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lekakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants