title: Speech effort measurement and stuttering: investigating the chorus reading effect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate chorus reading's (CR's) effect on speech effort during oral reading by adult stuttering speakers and control participants. The effect of a speech effort measurement highlighting strategy was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve persistent stuttering (PS) adults and 12 normally fluent control participants completed 1-min base rate readings (BR-nonchorus) and CRs within a BR/CR/BR/CR/BR experimental design. Participants self-rated speech effort using a 9-point scale after each reading trial. Stuttering frequency, speech rate, and speech naturalness measures were also obtained. Instructions highlighting speech effort ratings during BR and CR phases were introduced after the first CR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CR improved speech effort ratings for the PS group, but the control group showed a reverse trend. Both groups' effort ratings were not significantly different during CR phases but were significantly poorer than the control group's effort ratings during BR phases. The highlighting strategy did not significantly change effort ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that CR will produce not only stutter-free and natural sounding speech but also reliable reductions in speech effort. However, these reductions do not reach effort levels equivalent to those achieved by normally fluent speakers, thereby conditioning its use as a gold standard of achievable normal fluency by PS speakers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106, USA. rjingham@speech.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cotton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome