title: Co-twin control designs for testing behavioral economic theories of child nutrition: methodological note.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the use and potential efficiency of the co-twin control design for testing behavioral economic theories of child nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Co-twin control design, in which participating twins ate an ad libitum lunch on two laboratory visits. At visit 1, child food choices were not reinforced. On visit 2, twins were randomized to conditions such that one twin was reinforced for each fruit and vegetable serving consumed during lunch ('contingent') while his co-twin was reinforced irrespective of food intake ('non-contingent').
  
  
  METHODS
  Six male twins, 5 years old, from three monozygotic twin pairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ad libitum intake of total energy (kcals), fat (kcals), and fruits and vegetables (servings) from the protocol test meals on the two visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to twins receiving non-contingent reinforcement, twins receiving contingent reinforcement increased fruit and vegetable intake by 2.0 servings, reduced fat intake 106.3 kcals, and reduced total energy intake by 112.7 kcals. The relative efficiency of the co-twin control design compared to a conventional between-groups design of unrelated children was most powerful for detecting 'substitution effects' (i.e., reduced total energy and fat intake) more so than for detecting increased fruit and vegetable intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetically informative studies, including the co-twin control design, can provide conceptually elegant and efficient strategies for testing environmental theories of child nutrition and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Weight and Eating Disorders Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mfaith@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Faith
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Matz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrobelli
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001824:Body Constitution; D002652:Child Behavior; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats