title: A randomized controlled trial of the effect of dietary soy and flaxseed muffins on quality of life and hot flashes during menopause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of daily ingestion of soy flour (S), ground flaxseed (F), or wheat flour (W) muffins, on quality of life and hot flash frequency and severity in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, intention-to-treat trial. Ninety-nine women, 1 to 8 years after menopause, ingested muffins with 25 g of flaxseed (50 mg of lignans), 25 g of soy (42 mg of isoflavones), or wheat (control) daily for 16 weeks. Subjects completed the Menopause-specific Quality of Life instrument monthly along with daily hot flash frequency and severity diaries. Compliance measures included a 3-day food diary and urinary isoflavone and lignan analyses at weeks 0 and 16 and returned muffin counts monthly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven women (28, ground flaxseed muffins; 31, soy flour muffins; and 28, wheat flour muffins) completed the trial. Multivariate analysis of variance of all quality-of-life domains yielded an insignificant treatment x time interaction (F46,122 = 0.92, P = 0.62) but a significant time main effect (P <.0001). Repeated-measures analyses of covariance controlling for body mass index showed no significant group x time interaction nor time nor group differences on all quality-of-life domains and hot flash measures except severity. Hot flashes were less severe with flaxseed (P = 0.001) compared to placebo; however, the group x by time interaction was not significant. Phytoestrogen excretion analysis showed treatment group exposure as allocated and no contamination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither dietary flaxseed nor soy flour significantly affected menopause-specific quality of life or hot flash symptoms in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. lewisj@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nickell
authors.forename: Lilian U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szalai
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hilditch
mesh_terms: D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013025:Glycine max; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D048789:Phytoestrogens