title: Behavioral effects of aminoadamantane class NMDA receptor antagonists on schedule-induced alcohol and self-administration of water in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aminoadamantanes represent a class of NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists that reduce alcohol consumption and may prevent alcohol-induced neuronal adaptations and side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Behavioral specificity of memantine and amantadine on alcohol drinking in a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) task was investigated in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6J mice were food-deprived and divided into four groups: 5% alcohol SIP, water SIP, 1 h limited access regulatory water drinking, and a control group to determine if either drug altered ethanol drinking. Behavioral specificity of memantine (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, ip) and amantadine (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, ip) was determined by comparing alterations in alcohol or water consumption in SIP and regulatory water drinking. Drug effects on SIP drinking-specific measures (grams per kilogram consumption) were also compared to nondrinking measures (locomotion, head-entries for food, and lick efficiency).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to saline, memantine reduced alcohol SIP drinking (10 and 25 mg/kg). Memantine increased locomotion during alcohol SIP (25 mg/kg) and during water SIP (5 and 25 mg/kg). In contrast, amantadine reduced both alcohol SIP (40 mg/kg) and water SIP (40 and 60 mg/kg). Both drugs reduced regulatory water consumption over the entire dose range tested. Blood alcohol concentrations indicated consumption of physiologically meaningful amounts of alcohol during SIP, and that changes in alcohol metabolism did not account for drug-induced reductions in alcohol drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to reducing alcohol drinking, both drugs had other behavioral effects that included reductions in regulatory drinking. These results suggest that the therapeutic utility of these drugs for ameliorating human alcohol addiction remains questionable.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. tescher@scripps.com
authors.forename: Tobie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Escher
authors.forename: Stanford B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Call
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mittleman
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000547:Amantadine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008559:Memantine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D000431:Ethanol; D000547:Amantadine; D008559:Memantine