title: Chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer: a review of the molecular pathways involved, and evidence for the potential for chemoprevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis. The use of drugs or natural agents which inhibit or slow down tumour growth therefore has important potential in the development of future therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of the PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases was undertaken to review the current data available on the alterations in signalling pathways found in pancreatic carcinogenesis, in order to identify sites that could be targeted by chemopreventive agents. Several agents of particular relevance to pancreatic cancer were identified, and their possible mechanisms of action reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemopreventive agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, green tea constituents, and antioxidants have been shown to target various steps in intracellular signalling pathways, particularly those controlling cell proliferation and survival. Work on cell lines and animal models has shown that some of these agents may be able to modulate the growth of pancreatic tumours. Initial clinical trials of some chemopreventives in pancreatic cancer have been undertaken, and have yielded mixed results, prompting the need for further studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer becomes better understood, sites of action of chemopreventive substances have been uncovered. Several agents have shown promising results by their ability to inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis in laboratory studies. If these effects can be successfully translated into human studies then these agents may prove to be valuable adjuvant therapies in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Biocentre, Leicester, UK. hd24@leicester.ac.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doucas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcea
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents