title: Congenital vulvar deformity in 6 alpacas.
abstract: METHODS
  6 female alpacas, ranging in age from < 1 day to > 2 years, were examined because of primary owner complaints related to urogenital malformation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all instances, the vulva was totally to subtotally imperforate. One neonate had failure of passive transfer of immunity and mild azotemia at the time of initial examination. No additional urogenital malformations were detected in any of the alpacas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vulvoplasty performed via local anesthesia was successful in all alpacas. The neonate with failure of passive transfer received a plasma transfusion. Postsurgical wound management was limited to topically applied medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital vulvar deformity in alpacas may result in interference with urine outflow. Neonates with a completely imperforate vulva may be brought to veterinarians for examination on an emergency basis. Less severely affected alpacas may be examined later in life with owner complaints ranging from stranguria or dysuria to urogenital malformation. No other primary abnormalities of the urogenital tract in alpacas have been reported, to the authors' knowledge. Vulvoplasty, performed with local anesthesia, resolves obstructed urine flow. Because it is possible that this condition is heritable, affected alpacas, and possibly their sires and dams, should not be used for breeding.
authors.affiliation: Section of Emergency, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19348, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Louise L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Southwood
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bedenice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000662:veterinary; D001947:Breeding; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014844:Vulva / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing