title: Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains in the maize and bean phylloplane and their respective soils in Colombia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from maize and bean phylloplane and their respective soils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B. thuringiensis was isolated from the phylloplane and soil of maize and bean from three municipalities in Antioquia, Colombia. Ninety six samples of phylloplane and 24 of soil were analyzed. A total of 214 isolates were obtained from 96 phylloplane samples while 59 isolates were recovered from 24 soil samples. Sixty five per cent and 12% of the phylloplane and soil isolates, respectively, showed activity against Spodoptera frugiperda. These isolates contained delta-endotoxin proteins of 57 and 130 kDa. The most toxic isolates against S. frugiperda had the genotype cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1B, and cry1D. In contrast, 27% of the phylloplane isolates and 88% of the soil isolates were active against Culex quinquefasciatus and had protein profiles similar to B. thuringiensis serovar. medellin and B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. The most active isolates contain cry4 and cry11 genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predominant population of B. thuringiensis on the phylloplane harbored the cry1 gene and was active against S. frugiperda, whereas in soil, isolates harboring cry11 gene and active against C. quinquefasciatus were the majority.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predominance of specific B. thuringiensis populations, both on the leaves and in the soil, suggests the presence of selection in B. thuringiensis populations on the studied environment.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Control Biológico y Biotecnología, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maduell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orduz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001681:Biological Assay; D003105:Colombia; D003465:Culex / Q000382:microbiology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*