title: Agitated "unipolar" major depression: prevalence, phenomenology, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to explore how prevalent agitated "unipolar" major depression is, whether it belongs to the bipolar spectrum, and whether it differs from nonagitated "unipolar" major depression with respect to course and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted from January 1, 1978, to December 31, 1996. From 361 patients with major depressive disorder, the authors selected those fulfilling Research Diagnostic Criteria for agitated depression. These 94 patients were compared to 94 randomly recruited patients with nonagitated major depressive disorder regarding demographic and historical features, the clinical characteristics of the index episode, the percentage of time spent in an affective episode during a prospective observation period, and the 5-year outcome. Patients with agitated major depressive disorder who had at least 2 manic/hypomanic symptoms in their index episode were compared to the other patients with agitated major depressive disorder with respect to the same variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with agitated major depressive disorder were more likely to receive antipsychotics during their index episode and spent a higher proportion of time in an affective episode during the observation period compared with patients with nonagitated major depressive disorder. The presence of at least 2 manic/hypomanic symptoms in the index episode was associated with a higher rate of family history of bipolar I disorder, a higher score for suicidal thoughts during the episode, a longer duration of the episode, and a higher affective morbidity during the observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of agitated major depressive disorder is not uncommon and has significant therapeutic and prognostic implications. The subgroup of patients with at least 2 manic/hypomanic symptoms may suffer from a mixed state and/or belong to the bipolar spectrum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Italy. majmario@tin.it
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maj
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirozzi
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magliano
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiorillo
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bartoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents