title: Bone density comparison of selected carpal and tarsal bones: validation for their use in compression fracture fixation studies of scaphoid screws.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine if trabecular, total and cortical bone densities of the capitate, navicular, cuboid, and first cuneiform were equivalent to those of the scaphoid, such that these bones could be used in place of the scaphoid in evaluating new headless scaphoid compression screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty scaphoids, capitates, naviculars, cuboids, and first cuneiforms were harvested from fresh frozen cadavers. The trabecular, total and cortical bone densities were measured using pQCT technology and statistically compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A paired t comparison between paired scaphoids and capitates showed no difference between the trabecular bone densities. However, their total bone and cortical densities were found to be different. An independent measures ANOVA comparison of the five bones, showed no significant difference in mean trabecular density between the capitates, naviculars and first cuneiforms when compared to the scaphoids. However, the mean total and cortical densities of the first cuneiforms were less than the scaphoids and the mean trabecular, total and cortical bone densities of the cuboids were all less than the scaphoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compression fracture fixation studies of headless compression screws could be conducted using the capitate, navicular, and first cuneiform as models of the scaphoid when the supply of scaphoids is limited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. jpbrutus@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brutus
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rust
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*