title: Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as thrombotic microangiopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) are systemic vasoocclusive disorders associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of TMA is critical. The diagnosis is complicated by a lack of objective and sensitive laboratory testing as well as multiple concurrent diseases, including infectious processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis associated with TMA manifestations in renal transplant recipients, including one patient with histologically documented renal microthrombi; both patients were referred for plasma exchange. After the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, the treatment plan was changed to antifungal medications, reduced immuno-suppression, and supportive care, with progressive resolution of TMA manifestations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMA occurs in transplant populations in association with infections, medications, and other factors. Appropriate management includes recognition and treatment of possible etiological factors. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered in transplant patients presenting with TMA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Denis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dwyre
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siechen
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Raife
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006463:Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006660:Histoplasmosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010951:Plasma Exchange; D011697:Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013927:Thrombosis
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents