title: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation: improvements in outcome with reprogramming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently the most effective surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson disease (PD). Even when the electrode is well positioned in the target, the optimization of clinical results depends on careful programming of electrical parameters and changes in antiparkinsonian drug dosages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether stable outcomes from subthalamic nucleus DBS for PD can be improved by revising stimulation parameters and drug dosages through "hands-on" involvement of a neurologist expert in both movement disorders and DBS programming.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 44 consecutive patients with PD with long-term stable response to subthalamic nucleus DBS (mean +/- SD, 3.5 +/- 1.7 years), we compared scores from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale parts II through IV obtained immediately before and following a formal reprogramming of their stimulation. The reprogramming was performed by a neurologist expert in both PD and DBS and accompanied by further medication adjustments. The patients were subsequently followed up for as long as 14 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 24 patients (54.6%), the scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale parts II and III significantly improved by 15.0% and 25.9%, respectively. Anti-PD drugs were significantly reduced (by 25.9%). No improvement was observed in 16 patients (36.4%), and the conditions of 4 patients (9.1%) worsened.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further improvement of parkinsonian signs can be achieved in the majority of patients even after long-term stable stimulation. Improved patient outcomes from subthalamic nucleus DBS are obtained when postoperative care is personally managed by a neurologist expert in movement disorders and DBS who is directly responsible for stimulation programming and simultaneous drug adjustments based on observed clinical responses to changing stimulation parameters.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario. elena.moro@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Yu-Yan W
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Andres M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Saint-Cyr
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents