title: A subtype of multiple sclerosis defined by an activated immune defense program.
abstract: Given the heterogeneous nature of multiple sclerosis (MS), we applied DNA microarray technology to determine whether variability is reflected in peripheral blood (PB) cells. In this study, we studied whole-blood gene expression profiles of 29 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We used microarrays with a complexity of 43K cDNAs. The data were analyzed using sophisticated pathway-level analysis in order to provide insight into the deregulated peripheral immune response programs in MS. We found a remarkable elevated expression of a spectrum of genes known to be involved in immune defense in the PB of MS patients compared to healthy individuals. Cluster analysis revealed that the increased expression of these genes was characteristic for approximately half of the patients. In addition, the gene signature in this group of patients was comparable with a virus response program. We conclude that the transcriptional signature of the PB cells reflects the heterogeneity of MS and defines a sub-population of RRMS patients, who exhibit an activated immune defense program that resembles a virus response program, which is supportive for a link between viruses and MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L G M
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: van Baarsen
authors.forename: T C T M
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: van der Pouw Kraan
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kragt
authors.forename: J M C
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baggen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rustenburg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meilof
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fero
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Polman
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Verweij
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I