title: Social engagement and depressive symptoms in late life: longitudinal findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose is to investigate whether social engagement protects against depressive symptoms in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three waves of data from a representative cohort study of community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and above from the New Haven Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly are examined using random effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social engagement (an index combining social and productive activity) is associated with lower CES-D scores after adjustment for age, sex, time, education, marital status, health and functional status, and fitness activities. This association is generally constant with time, suggesting a cross-sectional association. In addition, social engagement is associated with change in depressive symptoms, but only among those with CES-D scores below 16 at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social engagement is independently associated with depressive symptoms cross-sectionally. A longitudinal association is seen only among those not depressed at baseline.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. tglass@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Carlos F Mendes
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: De Leon
authors.forename: Shari S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bassuk
authors.forename: Lisa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Berkman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States