title: Risk factors for distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency of distant metastases (DM) and to determine the ability of certain clinical and pathologic factors to predict the development of distant metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1972 patients with oral, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas who were treated from 1981 to 1998 and who were not diagnosed as having DM at the time of initial treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the frequency of DM and the influence of different variables in their appearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 181 patients (9.2%) (95% confidence interval, 7.9%-10.5%) developed DM. Younger age (<45 years), hypopharyngeal localization, an advanced T stage and/or N stage tumor according to the TNM staging system, high histologic grade, and locoregional control were found to be significantly associated with the risk of DM at both univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of DM in subjects with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is relatively low. The risk of DM is influenced by age, site of primary cancer, local and/or regional extension, grading, and achievement of locoregional control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. werner.garavello@unimib.it
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garavello
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciardo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spreafico
authors.forename: Renato Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gaini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors