title: Rho kinase as a novel molecular therapeutic target for hypertensive internal anal sphincter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increase in Rho kinase (ROK) activity has been associated with agonist-induced sustained contraction of the smooth muscle, but its role in the pathophysiology of spontaneously tonic smooth muscle is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Present studies examined the effects of ROK inhibitor Y-27632 in the tonic smooth muscle of the rat internal anal sphincter (IAS) versus in the flanking phasic smooth muscle of the rectum. In addition, studies were performed to determine the relationship between the decreases in the basal IAS tone and the ROK activity. Confocal microscopic studies determined the cellular distribution of the smooth muscle-predominant isoform of ROK (ROCK-II) in the smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In in vitro studies using neurohumoral inhibitors and tetrodotoxin and the use of SMCs demonstrate direct relaxation of the IAS SMCs by Y-27632. The ROK inhibitor was more potent in the IAS than in the rectal smooth muscle. The IAS relaxation by Y-27632 correlated specifically with the decrease in ROK activity. Confocal microscopy revealed high levels of ROCK-II toward the periphery of the IAS SMCs. In in vivo studies, the lower doses of Y-27632 caused a potent and selective decrease in the IAS pressures without any adverse cardiovascular systemic effects. The ROK inhibitor also caused potent relaxation of the hypertensive IAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RhoA/ROK play a crucial role in the maintenance of the basal tone in the IAS, and ROK inhibitors have a therapeutic potential in the IAS dysfunction characterized by the hypertensive IAS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. satish.rattan@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rattan
authors.forename: Marcio A F
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Godoy
authors.forename: Chirag A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; C108830:Y 27632; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases