Rejuvenation of the aging upper third of the face.
Age-related changes to the upper third of the face manifest, typically, as brow ptosis and the development of deep skin furrows. Depression of the brow evolves as gravity and the action of the corrugator supercilli, procerus, and orbicularis draw on the progressively inelastic forehead skin. Facial mimetic muscle action reveals itself over time via the development of deep forehead rhytids. Facial plastic surgeons have at their disposal several effective surgical, and recently, medical interventions to address these changes. Each technique has merits and suitable applications. This review examines the history of rejuvenation of the upper face, details the pertinent treatment modalities, and evaluates the context in which each is applicable.
Presti
Paul
P
Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, USA.
Yalamanchili
Haresh
H
Honrado
Carlo P
CP
D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005138:Eyebrows; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000473:pathology*
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A