title: Overcoming barriers that inhibit proper treatment of anemia.
abstract: Intravenous (i.v.) iron and recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), like all other medications, are associated with the risk of adverse events. Historically, the primary concern with iron therapy has been the possibility of iron overload, which exposes the individual to the effects associated with nontransferrin-bound iron. Experience with EPO use has demonstrated an association with hypertension and with the upregulation of a number of markers of inflammation. The impact of these potential adverse effects merits careful analysis, given that both i.v. iron and EPO are designed for long-term use in a patient population at high risk for infection and cardiovascular disease. However, the incidence of iron overload and the risks associated with nontransferrin-bound iron have dramatically been reduced since the introduction of EPO therapy, and no data exist that demonstrate a definitive association between i.v. iron and an increased risk of morbidity related to infection or cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, EPO use is associated with hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and prothrombotic and inflammatory states in hemodialysis patients. Risks associated with hypertension can be minimized by using the lowest effective EPO dose, which may be achieved through the regular use of i.v. iron. Judicious use of both i.v. iron and EPO may optimize cardiovascular outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 West 10th Street, 11 IN, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ragarwal@iupui.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000628:therapy*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000502:physiology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006486:Hemosiderosis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron