title: Initial clinical evaluation of a handheld device for detecting retained surgical gauze sponges using radiofrequency identification technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A handheld wand-scanning device (1.5 lb, battery powered, 10 x 10 x 1.5 in) has been developed to detect commonly used surgical gauze sponges, which have been tagged with a radiofrequency identification (RFID) chip. We tested the hypothesis that this wand device has a successful detection rate of 100%, with 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, blinded, experimental clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients undergoing abdominal or pelvic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight untagged sponges (1 control per patient) and 28 RFID sponges were placed in the patients. Just before closure, the first surgeon placed 1 RFID sponge (adult laparotomy tape; 18 x 18 in, 4-ply) in the surgical site, while the second surgeon looked away so as to be blinded to sponge placement. The edges of the wound were pulled together so that the inside of the cavity was not exposed during the detection experiments. The second (blinded) surgeon used the wand-scanning device to try to detect the RFID sponge.
  
  
  METHODS
  A successful detection was defined as detection of an RFID sponge within 1 minute. We also administered a questionnaire to the surgeon and nurse involved in the detections to assess ease of use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RFID wand device detected all sponges correctly, in less than 3 seconds on average. There were no false-positive or false-negative results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a detection accuracy of 100% for the RFID wand device. Despite this engineering success, the possibility of human error and retained sponges remains because handheld scanning can be performed incorrectly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5640, USA. amaca@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macario
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011846:Radio Waves; D015503:Surgical Sponges