title: Are early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and the Ohtahara syndrome (EIEE) independent of each other?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and the Ohtahara syndrome are currently listed as two separate syndromes in the classification of epilepsies. The most prominent differentiating points are the observations that patients with Ohtahara syndrome experience predominantly tonic seizures; their seizures evolve to infantile spasms and the prognosis is often worse than patients with EME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We performed a literature review of published cases. Although syndromes may have distinct courses, the differentiation early on may be impossible as both myoclonus and tonic seizures may coexist. There is also an overlap in the etiologies. Tonic seizures are considered a manifestation of brainstem dysfunction and it is possible that this is more prominent in Ohtahara syndrome. To date, there are 17 autopsy cases (12 presumed to be Ohtahara cases and 5 EME). Evidence of hindbrain pathology was present in all. Tonic seizures or tonic posturing was a feature of all cases. We suggest that the two syndromes may represent a continuum and that the prominence of tonic seizures in the Ohtahara syndrome may be an indication of brainstem dysfunction which may play an important role in the subsequent transition to infantile spasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Kennedy 311, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djukic
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Lado
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinnar
authors.forename: Solomon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Moshé
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013577:Syndrome