title: Disparity in prenatal care among women of colour in the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the disparity in prenatal care among women of colour in timing of initiation of prenatal care and total number of prenatal visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, descriptive design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large, urban university midwifery faculty practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  439 healthy women at term (37-42 weeks gestation) with a vertex singleton pregnancy, and an essentially uncomplicated prenatal course. One clinic, the university facility, provided full-scope services. The other four community clinics, all outside the university in the larger metropolitan area, were designed to provide care to low-, under-, and uninsured pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timing of initiation of prenatal care and total number of prenatal visits were examined in relation to demographic variables, including race, education, age, marital status, method of payment and clinic sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in initiation of prenatal care and total number of prenatal visits were documented. The non-Hispanic white women at the university hospital clinic, with high school or college degrees and insurance or Medicaid, were more likely to visit prenatal clinics. Examination of association between timing of initiation of prenatal care and demographic variables showed significant differences in race and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reflects the difficulty in access to care faced by women of colour. When comparing 1997 national survey findings with those of a 2001 study, about 40% of the 50 States and the District of Columbia showed an increase in the frequency of women receiving late care or no care; additionally, a disparity in access to prenatal care between non-Hispanic white and non-white women was noted in most of these areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of births to women of colour delivered by midwives has rapidly increased in recent years. Also, the numbers of babies born to women of colour is anticipated to surpass 50% in the next few decades. Considering the increased proportion of births to women of colour, special attention to promote early prenatal care for these populations is needed. Recruitment and retention efforts for non-white midwives, regular education for cultural competence of midwives, and provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate care for women of colour should be considered.
authors.affiliation: University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hastings-Tolsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*