title: Celecoxib inhibits cellular growth, decreases Ki-67 expression and modifies apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is controversy on the safety of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase administered at high doses; however, these drugs have been reported to be effective in the prevention of a variety of human cancers. To determine if celecoxib influences cellular growth, we evaluated several effects in ovarian carcinoma cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAOV3, OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of celecoxib (0-100 microM) for 24-96 h. Cellular growth was assessed using a cell viability assay. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3. Apoptosis was determined by a TUNEL assay, and Western blot was used to determine COX-2 protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant decrease in the cellular growth of all cell lines studied exposed to > or = 70 microM of celecoxib for 72 and 96 h (p < 0.02). All cells demonstrated pancytotoxicity at 100 microM of celecoxib. A significant decrease in Ki-67 expression in all cell lines exposed to > or = 30 microM of celecoxib (p < or = 0.05) for 72 h was observed. We observed significant changes in apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 expression in SKOV3 cells exposed to 50 microM of celecoxib. Downregulation of COX-2 protein expression caused by celecoxib was observed in SKOV3 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that celecoxib inhibits cellular growth and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in all cell lines studied. SKOV3 cells showed an increase in cleaved caspase-3 expression. Additional studies are in progress to evaluate the effects of celecoxib on other aspects of the control of the cell cycle in cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vital-Reyes
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Burford
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chhieng
authors.forename: Denise K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Oelschlager
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyes-Fuentes
authors.forename: Mack
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Grizzle
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000068579:Celecoxib; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D053148:Caspase 3; D000068579:Celecoxib