title: Naked Sendai virus vector lacking all of the envelope-related genes: reduced cytopathogenicity and immunogenicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sendai virus (SeV) is a new class of cytoplasmic RNA vector that is free from genotoxicity that infects and multiplies in most mammalian cells, and directs high-level transgene expression. We improved the vector by deleting all of the envelope-related genes from the SeV genome and thus reducing its immunogenicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The matrix (M), fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes-deleted SeV vector (SeV/DeltaMDeltaFDeltaHN) was recovered in a newly established packaging cell line. Then, the generated SeV/DeltaMDeltaFDeltaHN vector was characterised by comparing with single gene-deleted type SeV vectors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This SeV/DeltaMDeltaFDeltaHN vector carrying the green fluorescent protein gene in place of the envelope-related genes could be propagated to a titer of more than 10(8) cell infectious units/ml. This vector showed an efficient transduction capability in vitro and in vivo, and the cytopathic effect and induction of neutralizing antibody in vivo were greatly reduced compared with those of single gene-deleted type SeV vectors. No activity of neutralizing antibody or anti-HN antibody was seen when SeV/DeltaMDeltaFDeltaHN was transduced ex vivo. Additional introduction of amino acid mutations that had been identified from SeV strains causing persistent infections was also effective for the reduction of cytopathic effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deletion of genes from the SeV genome and the additional mutation are very effective for reducing both the immunogenic and cytopathic reactions to the SeV vector. These modifications are expected to improve the safety and broaden the range of clinical applications of this new class of cytoplasmic RNA vector.
authors.affiliation: DNAVEC Corporation, 1-25-11 Kannondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hironaka
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokusumi
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression; D005814:Genes, Viral; D015752:Genes, env; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015707:HN Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000882:Haplorhini; D009154:Mutation; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D029082:Sendai virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019065:Virus Assembly
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015707:HN Protein; C097020:M protein, Sendai virus; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins