title: Regulon and promoter analysis of the E. coli heat-shock factor, sigma32, reveals a multifaceted cellular response to heat stress.
abstract: The heat-shock response (HSR), a universal cellular response to heat, is crucial for cellular adaptation. In Escherichia coli, the HSR is mediated by the alternative sigma factor, sigma32. To determine its role, we used genome-wide expression analysis and promoter validation to identify genes directly regulated by sigma32 and screened ORF overexpression libraries to identify sigma32 inducers. We triple the number of genes validated to be transcribed by sigma32 and provide new insights into the cellular role of this response. Our work indicates that the response is propagated as the regulon encodes numerous global transcriptional regulators, reveals that sigma70 holoenzyme initiates from 12% of sigma32 promoters, which has important implications for global transcriptional wiring, and identifies a new role for the response in protein homeostasis, that of protecting complex proteins. Finally, this study suggests that the response protects the cell membrane and responds to its status: Fully 25% of sigma32 regulon members reside in the membrane and alter its functionality; moreover, a disproportionate fraction of overexpressed proteins that induce the response are membrane localized. The intimate connection of the response to the membrane rationalizes why a major regulator of the response resides in that cellular compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blankschien
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Virgil A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Rhodius
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018869:Heat-Shock Response / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018085:Regulon; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D012808:Sigma Factor; C069774:heat-shock sigma factor 32