title: Bowel necrosis associated with early jejunal tube feeding: A complication of postoperative enteral nutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative enteral nutrition may sometimes be responsible for severe complications such as mesenteri ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies in the English literature were identified by a computer-assisted search of the MEDLINE database using the key words "enteral feeding OR jejunostomy" AND "complications OR mesenteric ischemia." Cited references of each retrieved paper were checked for relevance.
  
  
  METHODS
  All reports of mesenteric ischemia in the setting of postoperative enteral feeding were included. In cases of multiple articles from the same institution with overlapping patients, the most exhaustive article was included.
  
  
  METHODS
  All reports were abstracted for number of patients, presence of preoperative comorbidities, development of perioperative hypotension or mesenteric occlusion, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies were retrieved in which enteral feedings were responsible for bowel ischemia; we report an additional case. The common clinical picture is that of a patient without significant risk factors for mesenteric ischemia, which during the early postoperative course develops nonspecific abdominal symptoms and then rapidly progresses to septic shock and eventually to multisystem organ failure and death. Mesenteric ischemia may present in up to 3.5% of enterally fed surgical patients; the associated mortality approaches 100%. The lack of specific symptoms requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis; prompt abdominal exploration and bowel resection are the only chance for survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of enteral nutrition outweigh the likelihood of severe complications; when mesenteric ischemia develops, early diagnosis is challenging and the prognosis is poor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Marcovalerio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melis
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fichera
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D007579:Jejunal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed