title: Advanced age and preinjury warfarin anticoagulation increase the risk of mortality after head trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large population of patients on oral anticoagulants is exposed to the risk of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Effects of age and anticoagulation on TBI outcomes need to be assessed separately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of consecutive series of TBI patients (age 18 years and older) in a suburban teaching hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,493 adult blunt head trauma patients between January 2001 and May 2005 were analyzed. Of these, 159 patients were warfarin-anticoagulated at the time of trauma. The mortality in anticoagulated patients was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (38/159, 23.9% vs. 66/1,334, 4.9%; p < 0.001; odds ratio 6.0). Mortality of patients over 70 years of age was significantly higher than in the younger population (p < 0.001). Both mortality and the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after head trauma were significantly increased with higher INR (Cochran's linear trend p < 0.001), especially with INR over 4.0 (mortality 50%, risk of ICH 75%). Preinjury warfarin anticoagulation and age were found to be predictive of survival in a binary logistic regression model (92.5% correct prediction, p = 0.027). Addition of Injury Severity Score and initial Glasgow Coma Score to this model only modestly improved its predictive performance (95.4% correct prediction, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both age and warfarin anticoagulation are independent predictors of mortality after blunt TBI. Warfarin anticoagulation carries a six-fold increase in TBI mortality. Age over 70 years and excessive anticoagulation are associated with higher mortality, as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Abington Memorial Hospital, Abington, Pennsylvania 19001, USA. jan.franko@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franko
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kish
authors.forename: Brendan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Yuschak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin