title: c-Jun N-terminal kinase plays a major role in murine acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In searching for effects of acetaminophen (APAP) on hepatocytes downstream of its metabolism that may participate in hepatotoxicity, we examined the role of stress kinases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse hepatocytes and C57BL/6 mice were administered a toxic dose of APAP with or without SP600125, a chemical c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. JNK activity as reflected in phospho-c-jun levels, serum alanine transaminase (ALT), and liver histology were assessed. Similar experiments were repeated in JNK1 and JNK2 knockout mice and by using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to knockdown JNK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sustained activation of JNK was observed in cultured mouse hepatocytes and in vivo in the liver after APAP treatment. The importance of this pathway was identified by the marked protective effect of SP600125 against APAP toxicity in vitro and in vivo. The specificity of this protective effect was confirmed in vivo by the knockdown of JNK1 and 2 using ASO pretreatment. JNK2 knockout mice and mice treated with JNK2 ASO exhibited partial protection against APAP. One potential target of JNK is Bax translocation, which was enhanced by APAP and blocked by the JNK inhibitor. Protection by the JNK inhibitor persisted in Kupffer cell-depleted mice, whereas there was no protection against CCl(4) or concanavalin A toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work suggests that JNK acts downstream of APAP metabolism to promote hepatotoxicity. The results suggest that JNK2 plays a predominant role, although maximum protection was seen with decrease in both forms of JNK.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA. gbasuki@usc.edu
authors.forename: Basuki K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Gunawan
authors.forename: Zhang-Xu
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Derick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanawa
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gaarde
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaplowitz
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000873:Anthracenes; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases