title: Dorsal transfer of the brachioradialis to the flexor pollicis longus enables simultaneous powering of key pinch and forearm pronation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To show biomechanically that the brachioradialis (BR) muscle can be transferred to restore key pinch and forearm pronation simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine fresh-frozen forearms were thawed and instrumented with a custom muscle-tendon excursion jig. Maximum BR muscle-tendon excursion was measured with the wrist and thumb mobile. Muscle-tendon excursion then was measured from 60 degrees of supination to 60 degrees of pronation in 15 degrees increments with the wrist and thumb fixed. Measurements were performed in 3 configurations: the native BR, the BR transferred volarly to the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon, and the BR transferred dorsally (posterior to the radius) through the interosseous membrane to the FPL tendon. Muscle excursion-joint angle data were differentiated to compute pronation/supination moment arms. Two-way analyses of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were used to compare transfer conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum muscle excursion was nearly identical when volar and dorsal transfer conditions were compared. When pronation/supination motions were isolated, however, the volar transfer was associated with muscle shortening and small pronation moment arms through 30 degrees +/- 9 degrees of supination. Importantly, the dorsal transfer was associated with muscle shortening and larger pronation moment arms through 28 degrees +/- 10 degrees of pronation, a significant difference of 58.0 degrees +/- 16.0 degrees compared to the traditional volar transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that dorsal BR-to-FPL transfers can power key pinch and forearm pronation simultaneously even in the absence of other functional pronators. This transfer can be accomplished without changes to total muscle excursion compared with the traditional volar BR-to-FPL transfer. This result may enable the use of the BR-to-FPL transfer in patients who need key pinch but who lack functional pronation muscle groups (eg, ocular cutaneous 3). As result a larger patient population may benefit from the BR-to-FPL reconstructive procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California and Veterans Administration San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Peace
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fridén
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lieber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013484:Supination / Q000502:physiology; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013933:Thumb / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*