title: On the effect of resistive EEG electrodes and leads during 7 T MRI: simulation and temperature measurement studies.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of electrodes and leads on electromagnetic field and specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions during simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and 7-T MRI. Two different approaches were evaluated and compared to the case without electrodes: (a) the use of different EEG lead resistivity and (b) the use of a radiofrequency (RF) resistor on the lead near the EEG electrode. These configurations are commonly used in research and clinical settings. Electromagnetic field and SAR distributions generated by the transmit RF coil were evaluated using finite difference time domain simulations on an anatomically accurate head model. The spatiotemporal changes of temperature were estimated with the heat equation. Temperature changes during turbo spin echo sequences were also measured using a custom-made phantom: the conductive head mannequin anthropomorphic (CHEMA). The results of this study showed that the SAR and temperature distributions in CHEMA (a) increased when using low resistive leads, with respect to the no-electrode case; (b) were affected by the resistivity of the EEG leads, with carbon fiber leads performing better than standard copper leads; and (c) were not affected by the use of an RF resistor between the EEG electrode and the lead.
authors.affiliation: MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. angelone@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Leonardo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Angelone
authors.forename: Christos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Vasios
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wiggins
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Purdon
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonmassar
mesh_terms: D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006257:Head; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013696:Temperature