title: Health and social services accessed by a cohort of Canadian illicit opioid users outside of treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the use of social and health services by illicit opioid users outside of treatment in five Canadian cities ('OPICAN' cohort).
  
  
  METHODS
  677 eligible participants completed an interviewer-administered protocol and 584 supplied saliva samples for HIV and HCV antibody-testing. Chi-squared tests and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were carried out in order to determine the associations between use of services and specific factors. The explanatory variables of service utilization were determined with multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of respondents was 35 years, 66% were male and 68% were Caucasian. Women and HIV-positive individuals were more likely to receive health care. Participants who had a history of injection drug use, but had not injected within the previous 30 days, visited doctors more regularly and had a higher uptake of community-based services. Those who reported mental health problems used services less frequently than others. Participants recruited in Vancouver had more visits to needle exchange programs and centres specifically for women. Toronto participants were more likely to use homeless shelters and had a higher uptake of other types of community-based services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found a high rate of physical and mental health problems in illicit untreated opioid users in Canada, including the transmission of infectious disease. The availability of services seems to be a predictor of use of services. Setting up, adapting and evaluating front-line services tailored to illicit opioid users outside of treatment should be a policy and program priority.
authors.affiliation: Institut national de sante publique du Québec, Beauport, QC. lina.noel@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: D Richard
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bradet
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brissette
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brochu
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruneau
authors.forename: Nady
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Guebaly
authors.forename: T Cameron
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012947:Social Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*