title: Nanog retrotransposed genes with functionally conserved open reading frames.
abstract: The Nanog gene plays a key role in the pluripotency of early embryonic cells in vitro and in vivo. In this article retrotransposed copies of Nanog, termed NanogPc and NanogPd, are identified on mouse Chromosomes 4 and 7, respectively. In contrast to the two previously characterized mouse Nanog retrogenes that contain multiple frameshifts and point mutations, NanogPc and NanogPd are 98% identical to NANOG within the open reading frame and encode proteins with activity in an embryonic stem cell self-renewal assay. Mutations common to all four retrotransposed genes but distinct from Nanog suggest divergence from a common progenitor that appears likely to be Nanog because transcripts derived from Nanog but not from the retrogenes are detected in germ-line cells. The possibility that expression of Nanog could be erroneously attributed to novel cellular sources is suggested by the high homology among Nanog, NanogPc, and NanogPd. Analysis of distinct Mus species suggests that NanogPc and NanogPd arose between divergence of M. caroli and M. spretus and indicates that Nanog retrotransposition events continue to occur at a high frequency, a property likely to extend to other germ-line transcripts.
authors.affiliation: Centre Development in Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JQ, Scotland.
authors.forename: Morag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stenhouse
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: Jamie R K
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marland
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tweedie
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; C475540:Nanog protein, mouse; D018626:Retroelements