title: Topical cooling for myocardial protection: the results of a prospective randomized study of the "shallow technique".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory distress following cardiac surgery is a troublesome complication. In several cases it is associated to cool-related phrenic nerve injury (PNI) after adoption of iced slush or hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. We compare two different strategies for myocardial protection: the "shallow technique" (ST) (dripping and prompt removal of cold saline solution from the epicardial surface) plus normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, versus mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass plus iced slush.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-nine patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to receive either ST (Group A) or iced slush (Group B). Occurrence of postoperative PNI (abnormal diaphragmatic movement plus alteration of nerve conduction) was evaluated. Multivariate analysis was performed for identification of factors associated to PNI. Patients had a 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PNI and failure of extubation occurred more frequently in Group B (p = 0.009 and p = 0.034, respectively), but there was no statistically significant difference in mean intensive care unit stay. Diabetes and the use of iced slush were independent predictors of phrenic dysfunction, while internal thoracic artery (ITA) harvest was a significant risk factor only among Group B patients. Abnormal diaphragmatic movement was persistent at 6 months only in 30% of Group B individuals who suffered this complication in the early postoperative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ST likely reduces the incidence of postoperative PNI and might be protective mainly in the event of ITA harvest. It should be considered as a valuable tool for myocardial protection protocols.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, S. Anna Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassese
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nasso
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anselmi
authors.forename: Carlo Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: De Filippo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braccio
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baraldi
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: De Rosis
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agnino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000637:transplantation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome