title: Impact of ADHD on the neurocognitive functioning of adolescents with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (BD) has been associated with a number of neurocognitive deficits not dissimilar to ADHD. This study compared neuropsychological profiles of 4 groups of adolescents (14-17 years): 41 Normal Controls (NC), 30 ADHD, 12 BD and 12 combined (BD+ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were identified according to a standardized protocol (WASHU-KSADS mood section, K-SADS-PL and Conners Scales) and completed tests of processing speed, memory, executive functioning, set shifting, and inhibition. ADHD adolescents on stimulant medication did not take it on the day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for covariates, the ADHD-only and combined groups were most impaired, including processing and naming speed, working memory, and response inhibition. The ADHD-only group showed specific impairment in naming objects, numbers and letters than the NC and showed greater deficits than the BD-only group on tests of naming speed. The combined group showed greatest deficits in verbal memory and inhibitory control. Other than working memory, there were no differences between the BD-only and NC groups. Removal of BD-NOS did not impact on the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study failed to find broad neurocognitive deficits in BD-only adolescents. Only those with comorbid ADHD showed cognitive deficits, highlighting the impact ADHD may have on neurocognitive functioning of BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury & Youth Specialty Service, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand. Julia.rucklidge@canterbury.ac.nz
authors.forename: Julia J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rucklidge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales