title: Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian Amazon.
abstract: Iron and zinc deficiencies are common in developing countries and supplementation is one way of reversing these deficiencies. The objective of this randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to identify the effect of daily supplementation with iron, zinc, and iron plus zinc on the morbidity experience of 855 children 0.5-15 years of age in Peru. Single nutrient supplementation with zinc reduced diarrhea morbidity by 23% in all children. In older children (more than five years of age), iron supplementation increased morbidity due to Plasmodium vivax and diarrhea. In younger children, iron combined with zinc provided protection against P. vivax malaria, but also interfered with some of the diarrhea protection associated with zinc supplementation. No statistically significant effect was observed of either supplement on incidence of respiratory infection or anthropometric indices. Iron and zinc deficiencies should be remedied, and combined supplementation may be a good option, particularly in younger children in P. vivax malaria-endemic areas, although local endemicity and species-specific prevalence should be considered carefully when designing any supplementation program involving iron in a malaria-endemic area.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, and Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. cyq9@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zavaleta
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Witzig
authors.forename: Anuraj H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Shankar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000592:standards*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D007501:Iron