title: Early otitis media with effusion, hearing loss, and auditory processes at school age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of conductive hearing loss (HL) secondary to otitis media with effusion (OME) in the first 3 years of life on physiologic, peripheral, and higher-order behavioral auditory measures examined at school age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral hearing sensitivity for conventional and extended high-frequency audiometric ranges, physiologic (distortion product otoacoustic emissions, contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic middle ear muscle reflexes), auditory brain stem response (ABR), and higher-order auditory processing measures (masking level difference; Virtual Auditory Localization, Speech Intelligibility Gain; adaptive Pediatric Speech Intelligibility task) were examined at the end of the second grade of elementary school in two cohorts (North Carolina, N = 73, and New York, N = 59). All participants (mean age, 8 years) were followed prospectively in infancy and early childhood (7 to 39 months) for middle ear status and hearing loss (using pneumatic otoscopy/tympanometry and repeated conditioned behavioral audiometric response procedures). Multivariate analyses were conducted to address whether early OME and early conductive HL were related to physiologic, peripheral, and higher-order auditory processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early hearing loss and OME were significantly associated with peripheral hearing at school age; extended high-frequency thresholds accounted for the result. Similarly, hearing loss in early life and OME were significantly associated with the acoustic middle ear muscle reflex: The contralateral stimulation condition accounted for the association. Significant associations with both early OME and early HL were also found for the auditory brain stem response measure and were explained by the correlations between early hearing loss and the ABR Wave V latency but not other ABR indices. There were no reliable associations between either early OME or early HL on any other auditory processes evaluated at the end of second grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extended high-frequency hearing and brain stem auditory pathway measures in childhood were significantly associated with children's experiences with OME and hearing loss from 7 to 39 months of age. However, no significant associations were found for psychoacoustic measures of binaural processing or a behavioral adaptive speech-in-noise test at school age.
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gravel
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Jackson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roush
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grose
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besing
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burchinal
authors.forename: Eloise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neebe
authors.forename: Ina F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeisel
mesh_terms: D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*