title: Pathology of renal xenograft rejection in pig to non-human primate transplantation.
abstract: Xenotransplantation has the potential to alleviate the critical shortage of organs for transplantation in humans. Miniature swine are a promising donor species for xenotransplantation. However, when swine organs are transplanted into primates, hyperacute rejection (HAR), acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR), acute cellular xenograft rejection (ACXR), and chronic xenograft rejection prevent successful engraftment. Developing a suitable regimen for preventing xenograft rejection requires the ability to accurately diagnosis the severity and type of rejection in the graft. For this purpose, histopathology remains the most definitive and reliable tool. We discuss here the characteristic features of xenograft rejection in a preclinical pig-to-non-human primate transplantation model. In miniature swine to baboon xenotransplantation, marked interstitial hemorrhage develops in HAR, and renal microvascular injury develops with multiple platelet-fibrin microthrombi in both HAR and AHXR. T-cell-mediated cellular immunity plays an important role in ACXR. Chronic humoral and cellular rejection may induce chronic xenograft rejection, and will be a major cause of graft loss in discordant xenotransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D010215:Papio / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature / Q000276:immunology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D005700:Galactosyltransferases