title: Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes, little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable, supportive conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities. Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals. Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) and methylphenidate hydrochloride (40 mg/70 kg) in counterbalanced order. To obscure the study design, six additional volunteers received methylphenidate in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session. The 8-h sessions were conducted individually. Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. Study monitors rated volunteers' behavior during sessions. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions. Community observers rated changes in the volunteer's attitudes and behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes, subjective experiences, and labile moods including anxiety. Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience. At 2 months, the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences. The ability to occasion such experiences prospectively will allow rigorous scientific investigations of their causes and consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA. rgriff@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jesse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011562:Psilocybin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029181:Spirituality; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D011562:Psilocybin; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide