title: A comparison of empiric to physician-tailored programming of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the prospective randomized multicenter EMPIRIC trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this randomized study was to determine whether a strategically chosen standardized set of programmable settings is at least as effective as physician-tailored choices, as measured by the shock-related morbidity of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Programming of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia [VT] or ventricular fibrillation [VF]) detection and therapy for ICDs is complex, requires many choices by highly trained physicians, and directly influences the frequency of shocks and patient morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 900 ICD patients were randomly assigned to standardized (EMPIRIC, n = 445) or physician-tailored (TAILORED, n = 455) VT/VF programming and followed for 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary end point was met: the adjusted percentages of both VT/VF (22.3% vs. 28.7%) and supraventricular tachycardia or other non-VT/VF event episodes (11.9% vs. 26.1%) that resulted in a shock were non-inferior and lower in the EMPIRIC arm compared to the TAILORED arm. The time to first all-cause shock was non-inferior in the EMPIRIC arm (hazard ratio = 0.95, 90% confidence interval 0.74 to 1.23, non-inferiority p = 0.0016). The EMPIRIC trial had a significant reduction of patients with 5 or more shocks for all-cause (3.8% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.039) and true VT/VF (0.9% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.018). There were no significant differences in total mortality, syncope, emergency room visits, or unscheduled outpatient visits. Unscheduled hospitalizations occurred significantly less often (p = 0.001) in the EMPIRIC arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standardized empiric ICD programming for VT/VF settings is at least as effective as patient-specific, physician-tailored programming, as measured by many clinical outcomes. Simplified and pre-specified ICD programming is possible without an increase in shock-related morbidity.
authors.affiliation: The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. wilkofb@ccf.org
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wilkoff
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Ousdigian
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sterns
authors.forename: Zengri J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control