title: Bone graft substitutes in the upper extremity.
abstract: The development of effective bone graft substitutes is one of the most important innovations in musculoskeletal surgery. Bone graft substitutes provide an osteoconductive scaffolding similar to those of autogenous bone. They eliminate donor site morbidity,decrease operative time and complexity and treatment costs, and improve patient satisfaction. Osteoinductive and osteogenic elements may be added to further stimulate and enhance healing and incorporation of the scaffolding substance into the adjacent bone. Bone graft substitutes have proven effective in the spine and larger long bones of the extremities. The continuing development of bone graft substitutes, evaluation of their efficacy relative to autogenous bone grafts and to each other, and their use in the hand and wrist are emerging fields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. 3doghill@msn.com
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Geissler
mesh_terms: D050280:Arm Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D050276:Hand Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018786:Bone Substitutes