title: Pain relief and motor function during continuous interscalene analgesia after open shoulder surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison between levobupivacaine 0.25%, and ropivacaine 0.25% or 0.4%.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare pain relief and motor impairment of 0.25% levobupivacaine with either an equivalent (0.25%) or equipotent (0.4%) concentration of ropivacaine for continuous interscalene block after open shoulder surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two adult patients scheduled for elective major shoulder surgery received an interscalene injection of mepivacaine 1.5% 30 mL followed by 24 h patient-controlled interscalene analgesia (basal infusion rate: 5 mL h-1; incremental bolus: 2 mL; lockout period: 10 min; maximum boluses per hour: 4) with either 0.25% levobupivacaine (n = 24), 0.25% ropivacaine (n = 24) or 0.4% ropivacaine (n = 24). A blinded observer recorded the evolution of pain relief and recovery of motor block during the first 24 h. Motor function was assessed as the maximum pressure developed while squeezing a sphygmomanometer cuff with the blocked hand. The reduction from preoperative values was considered as an index of motor impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were reported among the three groups in the quality of postoperative analgesia. The number of incremental patient-controlled interscalene analgesia doses, total volume of local anaesthetic infused during the 24-h patient-controlled interscalene analgesia, and number of rescue ketoprofen analgesia were higher in the ropivacaine 0.25% group than in the other two groups (P = 0.0005). The hand strength recovered to >or=90% of baseline values within the first 24 h of infusion in all groups, without differences among the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When providing patient-controlled interscalene analgesia after open shoulder surgery 0.25% levobupivacaine and 0.4% ropivacaine performed equally in terms of pain relief, motor block and number of patient-controlled boluses required, while patients receiving 0.25% ropivacaine needed significantly more boluses and rescue analgesia to control their pain.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Department of Anaesthesiology, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Facchini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agnoletti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adduci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lambertini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallerani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sassoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luppi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects*; D009407:Nerve Block; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine