title: Oncologic and functional outcome following sacrectomy for sacral chordoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sacral chordoma is a rare, low to intermediate-grade tumor that poses substantial challenges in terms of timely diagnosis and adequate treatment. Few studies have examined the oncologic and functional outcomes of patients treated for sacral chordoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records of sixteen patients who had undergone sacrectomy for chordoma between 1985 and 2001 were evaluated retrospectively. All patients underwent resection by means of a sequential combined anterior and posterior approach. Patients were followed clinically at six-month intervals following recovery from the index surgical procedure. The disease onset, treatment, hospital stay, recurrence rates, survival, adjuvant therapy, functional outcome measures, and complications were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age at the time of diagnosis was sixty-one years. The mean tumor size was 15.2 cm in diameter, and all patients had a resection involving S1 or S2. The mean duration of follow-up was sixty-six months, and the tumor recurred in twelve of the sixteen patients. The mean time to metastasis was fifty months. Four patients were clinically disease-free at a mean follow-up of 94.5 months, while five patients died as a result of progressive local or metastatic disease at a mean follow-up of 31.4 months. Only one patient had normal bowel and bladder control postoperatively, and only three were able to walk without assistive devices. Eight patients had wound complications, and one patient had a deep-vein thrombosis. With the numbers available, neither negative margins at the time of initial tumor resection nor adjuvant radiation therapy had a significant impact on survival or local recurrence. More cephalad levels of resection were associated with significantly worse bowel (p = 0.01) and bladder (p = 0.01) control. Complications were frequent and were more common with a larger tumor size at the time of presentation (p = 0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of sacral chordoma is an arduous clinical undertaking that requires a multidisciplinary approach and attention to detail from the outset. Despite aggressive well-planned surgical management and adherence to strict surveillance protocols, frequent recurrence and the late onset of metastatic disease are to be expected in a substantial proportion of patients, especially those with a very large chordoma or one at a more cephalad level. Adequate surgical treatment results in substantial functional impairment and numerous complications; however, it does offer the possibility of long-term disease-free survival. We advocate an attempt at complete resection, when there is still a possibility of cure, and aggressive treatment of local recurrences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA. chulen@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hulen
authors.forename: H Thomas
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sama
authors.forename: Barth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Eismont
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002817:Chordoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012447:Sacrum / Q000601:surgery*; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome