title: High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Ethiopia, malaria is caused by both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Drug resistance of P. falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and chloroquine (CQ) is frequent and intense in some areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 100 patients with uncomplicated malaria from Dilla, southern Ethiopia, P. falciparum dhfr and dhps mutations as well as P. vivax dhfr polymorphisms associated with resistance to SP and P. falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutations conferring CQ resistance were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P. falciparum and P. vivax were observed in 69% and 31% of the patients, respectively. Pfdhfr triple mutations and pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutations occurred in 87% and 86% of P. falciparum isolates, respectively. Pfcrt T76 was seen in all and pfmdr1 Y86 in 81% of P. falciparum. The P. vivax dhfr core mutations N117 and R58 were present in 94% and 74%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data point to an extraordinarily high frequency of drug-resistance mutations in both P. falciparum and P. vivax in southern Ethiopia, and strongly support that both SP and CQ are inadequate drugs for this region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802 Munich, Germany. schunk@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schunk
authors.forename: Wondimagegn P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Kumma
authors.forename: Isabel Barreto
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Maha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roewer
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alano
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löscher
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bienzle
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Mockenhaupt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine