title: Imaging peptidoglycan biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis with fluorescent antibiotics.
abstract: The peptidoglycan (PG) layers surrounding bacterial cells play an important role in determining cell shape. The machinery controlling when and where new PG is made is not understood, but is proposed to involve interactions between bacterial actin homologs such as Mbl, which forms helical cables within cells, and extracellular multiprotein complexes that include penicillin-binding proteins. It has been suggested that labeled antibiotics that bind to PG precursors may be useful for imaging PG to help determine the genes that control the biosynthesis of this polymer. Here, we compare the staining patterns observed in Bacillus subtilis using fluorescent derivatives of two PG-binding antibiotics, vancomycin and ramoplanin. The staining patterns for both probes exhibit a strong dependence on probe concentration, suggesting antibiotic-induced perturbations in PG synthesis. Ramoplanin probes may be better imaging agents than vancomycin probes because they yield clear staining patterns at concentrations well below their minimum inhibitory concentrations. Under some conditions, both ramoplanin and vancomycin probes produce helicoid staining patterns along the cylindrical walls of B. subtilis cells. This sidewall staining is observed in the absence of the cytoskeletal protein Mbl. Although Mbl plays an important role in cell shape determination, our data indicate that other proteins control the spatial localization of the biosynthetic complexes responsible for new PG synthesis along the walls of B. subtilis cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kittichoat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiyanont
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: David Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Rudner
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism*; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D047630:Depsipeptides; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010457:Peptidoglycan; C041438:ramoplanin; D014640:Vancomycin