title: Percutaneous embolization of transhepatic tracks for biliary intervention.
abstract: Significant pain can occur after removing transhepatic catheters from biliary access tracks, after percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) or stenting. We undertook a randomized prospective study to ascertain whether track embolization decreases the amount of pain or analgesic requirement after PBD. Fifty consecutive patients (M:F, 22:28; age range: 29-85 years; mean age: 66.3 years) undergoing PBD were randomized to receive track embolization or no track embolization after removal of biliary drainage catheters. A combination of Lipoidol and n-butyl cyanoacrylate were used to embolize transhepatic tracks using an 8F dilator. The patients who did not have track embolization performed had biliary drainage catheters removed over a guide wire. A visual analog scoring (VAS) system was used to grade pain associated with catheter removal, 24 h afterward. A required analgesic score (RAS) was devised to tabulate the analgesia required. No analgesia had a score of 0, oral or rectal nonopiate analgesics had a score of 1, oral opiates had a score of 2, and parenteral opiates had a score of 3. The average VAS and RAS for both groups were calculated and compared. Seven patients were excluded for various reasons, leaving 43 patients in the study group. Twenty-one patients comprised the embolization group and 22 patients comprised the nonembolization group. The mean biliary catheter dwell time was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the embolization group and nonembolization (mean: 5.4 days vs 6.9 days, respectively). In the nonembolization group, the mean VAS was 3.4. Eight patients required parenteral opiates, three patients required oral opiates, and five patients required oral or rectal analgesics, yielding a mean RAS of 1.6. In the embolization group, the mean VAS was 0.9. No patient required parenteral opiates, six patients required oral opiates, and two patients had oral analgesia. The average RAS was 0.6. Both the VAS and the RAS were significantly lower in the embolization group compared with the nonembolization group (p < 0.0023 and p < 0.002, respectively). No complications were seen related to track embolization. Percutaneous track embolization after removal of biliary drainage catheters decreases patient's perception of pain and decreases the amount of required analgesia. In particular, the amount of opiate analgesia required is considerably less.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Terhaar
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Given
authors.forename: Helena M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: O'Dwyer
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000628:therapy; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000628:therapy*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics