title: Nobel Laureate surgeons.
abstract: Eminent surgeons who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work and accomplishments are considered Nobel Laureate surgeons. There are nine such distinguished individuals who achieved this award. In chronological order, from earliest to latest, we encounter: 1. Theodor Kocher, 1909, thyroid gland pathology; 2. Allvar Gullstrand, 1911, dioptrics of the eye; 3. Alexis Carrel, 1912, vascular suture and organ transplant; 4. Robert Barany, 1914, vestibular system; 5. Frederick Banting, 1923, discovery of insulin; 6. Walter Hess, 1949, midbrain function; 7. Werner Forssmannn, 1956, cardiac catheterization; 8. Charles Huggins, 1966, hormones and cancer; 9. Joseph Murray, 1990, organ transplantation. These extraordinary Nobel Laureate surgeons had in common four significant qualities expressed by four letters, CDFI, representing commitment, determination, focus, and innovation. The examples of a sustained path of accomplishment and success set by these unique personalities serve as a vivid guide for future generations of surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Borgess Research Institute, 1521 Gull Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49048, USA. litoledo@borgess.com
authors.forename: Luis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Toledo-Pereyra
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D005060:Europe; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D009613:Nobel Prize; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014481:United States