title: Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: Pulmonary infections and dysfunction are frequent outcomes during the development of immunodeficiency associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and obtaining a better understanding of the immunologic changes that occur in lungs following HIV-1 infection will provide a foundation for the development of further intervention strategies. We sought here to identify changes in the pulmonary immune environment that arise during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques, which serves as an excellent model system for HIV-1 infection and disease. To examine the gene expression profiles of macaque lung tissues following infection with the pathogenic SIV/DeltaB670 isolate, we performed cDNA microarray hybridizations with lung total RNAs using two commercially available cDNA arrays and a custom-fabricated, immunologically focused macaque cDNA microarray. In situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR were performed to provide additional analyses of gene expression. Among the genes exhibiting the highest level of induction in lung tissues were the IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL9/Mig. In situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR strongly supported these findings. Correlation analyses revealed that the levels of expression of IFN-gamma, CXCL9/Mig, and CXCL10/IP-10 mRNAs were all strongly positively correlated, and that CXCL10/IP-10 mRNA and Pneumocystis carinii rRNA were positively correlated. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that inflammatory chemokines are among the most differentially expressed mRNAs in macaque lung tissues during systemic SIV infection of rhesus macaques, and provide insight into the complicated events occurring in the lung tissues during HIV-1 infection in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Shrabani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fallert
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Poveda
authors.forename: Sonali K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sanghavi
authors.forename: Yang-Kyu
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Denise E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Reinhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012313:RNA; D007371:Interferon-gamma