title: A radial basis classifier for the automatic detection of aspiration in children with dysphagia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Silent aspiration or the inhalation of foodstuffs without overt physiological signs presents a serious health issue for children with dysphagia. To date, there are no reliable means of detecting aspiration in the home or community. An assistive technology that performs in these environments could inform caregivers of adverse events and potentially reduce the morbidity and anxiety of the feeding experience for the child and caregiver, respectively. This paper proposes a classifier for automatic classification of aspiration and swallow vibration signals non-invasively recorded on the neck of children with dysphagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vibration signals associated with safe swallows and aspirations, both identified via videofluoroscopy, were collected from over 100 children with neurologically-based dysphagia using a single-axis accelerometer. Five potentially discriminatory mathematical features were extracted from the accelerometry signals. All possible combinations of the five features were investigated in the design of radial basis function classifiers. Performance of different classifiers was compared and the best feature sets were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimal feature combinations for two, three and four features resulted in statistically comparable adjusted accuracies with a radial basis classifier. In particular, the feature pairing of dispersion ratio and normality achieved an adjusted accuracy of 79.8 +/- 7.3%, a sensitivity of 79.4 +/- 11.7% and specificity of 80.3 +/- 12.8% for aspiration detection. Addition of a third feature, namely energy, increased adjusted accuracy to 81.3 +/- 8.5% but the change was not statistically significant. A closer look at normality and dispersion ratio features suggest leptokurticity and the frequency and magnitude of atypical values as distinguishing characteristics between swallows and aspirations. The achieved accuracies are 30% higher than those reported for bedside cervical auscultation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed aspiration classification algorithm provides promising accuracy for aspiration detection in children. The classifier is conducive to hardware implementation as a non-invasive, portable "aspirometer". Future research should focus on further enhancement of accuracy rates by considering other signal features, classifier methods, or an augmented variety of training samples. The present study is an important first step towards the eventual development of wearable intelligent intervention systems for the diagnosis and management of aspiration.
authors.affiliation: Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. joon.lee@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Joon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blain
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berall
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chau