title: Determination of discretionary salt intake in an iodine deficient area of East Java-Indonesia using three different methods.
abstract: As salt is a potential vehicle for delivering iodine to a population, study on salt intake is important. Many methods have been used to measure iodised-salt intake, but the methods were suspected to be inaccurate. A new method, called a lithium-marker technique, has been considered as suitable and safe; hence it has been proposed as a gold standard for measuring the actual salt intake of an individual. We conducted a study to determine discretionary salt intake using the lithium marker technique. The study shows that the total salt intake for children (N = 15) and mothers (N = 15) were 5.4+/-2.1 g/d and 5.8+/-1.7 g/d respectively in which 48.5+/-17.1% and 50.5?17.3% were discretionary salt. The discretionary salt intake measured using lithium marker (2.53 +/- 1.2 g/d for children and 2.99 +/- 1.5 g/d for mother) were significantly lower than using 24-hour salt recall (7.01+/-2.44 g/cap/d) and salt weighing (6.00+/-1.8 g/cap/d) (p<0.001). In conclusion, the discretionary salt intake by 24-hour salt recall and salt weighing were over estimated as compared to the lithium-labelled salt measurement. It is recommended that the level of iodine fortification in salt be increased up to 80-100 ppm of KIO3 to provide iodine intake of 150 microg/d.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Annasari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: Siti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muslimatun
authors.forename: Juliawati
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Untoro
authors.forename: Maria C P J
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Yohanes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kristianto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency*; D008094:Lithium / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000652:urine; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007455:Iodine; D008094:Lithium