title: Frequency, timing, and course of depressive symptomatology after whiplash.
abstract: METHODS
  Population-based incidence cohort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the incidence, timing, and course of depressive symptoms after whiplash.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evidence is conflicting about the frequency, time of onset, and course of depressive symptoms after whiplash.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults making an insurance claim or seeking health care for traffic-related whiplash were followed by telephone interview at 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-injury. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at each follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5,211 subjects reporting no pre-injury mental health problems, 42.3% (95% confidence interval, 40.9-43.6) developed depressive symptoms within 6 weeks of the injury, with subsequent onset in 17.8% (95% confidence interval, 16.5-19.2). Depressive symptoms were recurrent or persistent in 37.6% of those with early post-injury onset. Pre-injury mental health problems increased the risk of later onset depressive symptoms and of a recurrent or persistent course of early onset depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptomatology after whiplash is common, occurs early after the injury, and is often persistent or recurrent. This suggests that, like neck pain and headache, depressed symptomatology is part of the cluster of acute whiplash symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of both physical and psychologic injuries after traffic collisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. lcarroll@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007346:Insurance, Accident; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*