title: A double-blind comparison of intrathecal S(+) ketamine and fentanyl combined with bupivacaine 0.5% for Caesarean delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study, we investigated the sensory, motor and analgesic block characteristics of S(+) ketamine, fentanyl and saline given intrathecally (IT) in addition to 0.5% plain bupivacaine (10 mg) for spinal analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety ASA I or II adult patients undergoing Caesarean section were randomly allocated to receive 1.0 mL of 0.9% saline in Group S (n = 30), 0.05 mg kg-1 of S(+) ketamine (1.0 mL) in Group K (n =30) or 25 microg (1.0 mL) of fentanyl in Group F (n =30) following 10 mg of plain bupivacaine 0.5% IT. We recorded onset and duration of sensory and motor block, time to reach the maximal dermatomal level of sensory block and duration of spinal analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The onset time of sensory and motor block was significantly shorter in Groups K and F than in Group S (P < 0.014). Their duration was significantly longer in Group F than in Groups K and S (P < 0.009). The time to reach the maximal dermatomal level of sensory block was significantly shorter in Groups K and F than in Group S (P < 0.001). The duration of spinal analgesia was significantly longer in Group F than in Groups K and S (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing Caesarean section with spinal analgesia, the addition of S(+) ketamine (0.05 mg kg-1) IT to 10 mg of spinal plain bupivacaine (0.5%) led to rapid onset of both sensory and motor blockade and enhanced the segmental spread of spinal block without prolonging the duration of spinal analgesia, whereas fentanyl provided prolonged analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Adana, Turkey. unlugenc@cu.edu.tr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Unlugenc
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozalevli
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gunes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olguner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evrüke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozcengiz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D007649:Ketamine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine