title: RUNX3 is frequently inactivated by dual mechanisms of protein mislocalization and promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer.
abstract: A tumor suppressor function has been attributed to RUNX3, a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors. Here, we examined alterations in the expression of three members, RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3, and their interacting partner, CBF-beta, in breast cancer. Among them, RUNX3 was consistently underexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Fifty percent of the breast cancer cell lines (n = 19) showed hypermethylation at the promoter region and displayed significantly lower levels of RUNX3 mRNA expression (P < 0.0001) and protein (P < 0.001). In primary Singaporean breast cancers, 9 of 44 specimens showed undetectable levels of RUNX3 by immunohistochemistry. In 35 of 44 tumors, however, low levels of RUNX3 protein were present. Remarkably, in each case, protein was mislocalized to the cytoplasm. In primary tumors, hypermethylation of RUNX3 was observed in 23 of 44 cases (52%) and was undetectable in matched adjacent normal breast epithelium. Mislocalization of the protein, with or without methylation, seems to account for RUNX3 inactivation in the vast majority of the tumors. In in vitro and in vivo assays, RUNX3 behaved as a growth suppressor in breast cancer cells. Stable expression of RUNX3 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells led to a more cuboidal phenotype, significantly reduced invasiveness in Matrigel invasion assays, and suppressed tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. This study provides biological and mechanistic insights into RUNX3 as the key member of the family that plays a role in breast cancer. Frequent protein mislocalization and methylation could render RUNX3 a valuable marker for early detection and risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Research Institute and Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.
authors.forename: Quek Choon
authors.initials: QC
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Erna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salto-Tellez
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Thomas Choudary
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Putti
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Tun Kiat
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Canhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kapil N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Saraswati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sukumar
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050677:Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D018390:Gene Targeting; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D050677:Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C493729:Runx3 protein, human; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine