title: Immunohistochemical and mutational analysis of c-kit in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cell carcinoma (NEC) is a highly aggressive tumor with poor prognosis, for which an effective therapy is highly desirable. Recently, use of a c-kit inhibitor achieved excellent results against gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) that showed c-kit overexpression and mutation in most cases. According to recent studies, 17-44% of pulmonary NEC also expressed c-kit and the antitumor effect of c-kit inhibitor was demonstrated in vitro against small cell carcinoma of the lung. As gastrointestinal NECs are clinicopathologically similar to pulmonary NECs, we investigated c-kit expression and mutation in gastrointestinal NEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgically resected gastrointestinal NEC was examined for c-kit expression by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Mutation of the c-kit gene was also investigated by means of single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six percent (6 out of 23 patients) of gastrointestinal NEC expressed c-kit protein. c-kit protein expression was demonstrated in 1 out of 4 colorectal, 1 out of 2 duodenal, 4 out of 16 gastric and no esophageal (sample size of 1) NECs. The results of immunohistochemistry for c-kit were consistent with the RT-PCR. No c-kit gene mutation was found in gastrointestinal NEC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of c-kit expression in gastrointestinal NEC was similar to that previously reported for pulmonary NEC. These findings suggest that c-kit inhibitor may be effective against some gastrointestinal NECs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, Kitaadachigun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikubo
authors.forename: Kiwamu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosumi
authors.forename: Kensei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ochiai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit