title: [Etiologic spectrum of intracerebral hemorrhage in young patients].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhagic stroke is uncommon in young patients. The etiologic spectrum is very wide in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the range of etiology in a group of patients completely investigated and to study the relation with a history of high blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed study database, clinical and diagnostic records of 130 patients identified in a population based study, aged 18 to 55 years presenting with hemorrhagic stroke. There were divided into two groups: 67 patients treated at Hotel-Dieu Hospital in Beirut, Lebanon, and 63 patients reviewed at Yale New Haven Hospital, Connecticut, USA. Patients presenting with selective subarachnoidal or intraventricular hemorrhage were excluded. Diagnostic evaluation was assessed for completeness (based on prospectively articulated evidence based criteria) and for identifiable etiology of hemorrhagic stroke and its relation to high blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 84 cases (64%) with complete diagnostic workup. The most common cause of incomplete investigations in remaining cases was death, poor neurological condition and incomplete follow up. Hematoma was superficially located (lobar) in 59.2%, deep seated (thalamo-capsulo-lenticular) in 26%, within the brain stem in 8.7% and cerebellar in 6.1%. An etiology was established in 70.4% of cases (pial AVM 16.7%, aneurysms 15.5%, hematological disorders 13%, cavernous malformations 10.7%, tumors 4.8%, bleeding within ischemic area 3.8%, vasculitis 2.3%, venous thrombosis 1.2% and venous angioma 1.2%. 29.6% of patients remained with undetermined etiology despite complete investigations. In a subgroup of 45 patients, a history of high blood pressure was found in 46.7%. In this cohort, an underlying etiology was established in 71% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete investigation can establish an etiology in 70% of young patients who survived hemorrhagic stroke, independently from the presence of a history of high blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu-de-France, Beyrouth, Liban. ronald_moussa@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harb
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Menassa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Risk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nohra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samaha
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mohasseb
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okais
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Awad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology