title: Emergence of a new disease as a result of interspecific virulence gene transfer.
abstract: New diseases of humans, animals and plants emerge regularly. Enhanced virulence on a new host can be facilitated by the acquisition of novel virulence factors. Interspecific gene transfer is known to be a source of such virulence factors in bacterial pathogens (often manifested as pathogenicity islands in the recipient organism) and it has been speculated that interspecific transfer of virulence factors may occur in fungal pathogens. Until now, no direct support has been available for this hypothesis. Here we present evidence that a gene encoding a critical virulence factor was transferred from one species of fungal pathogen to another. This gene transfer probably occurred just before 1941, creating a pathogen population with significantly enhanced virulence and leading to the emergence of a new damaging disease of wheat.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Cereal Crops Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Northern Crop Science Lab, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.forename: Eva H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Stukenbrock
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Faris
authors.forename: Jack B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D044404:Genomic Islands / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009183:Mycotoxins; C105776:TOXA protein, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis