title: Prognostic value of adaptive textural features--the effect of standardizing nuclear first-order gray level statistics and mixing information from nuclei having different area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nuclear texture analysis is a useful method to obtain quantitative information for use in prognosis of cancer. The first-order gray level statistics of a digitized light microscopic nuclear image may be influenced by variations in the image input conditions. Therefore, we have previously standardized the nuclear gray level mean value and standard deviation. However, there is a clear relation between nuclear DNA content, area, first-order statistics, and texture. For nuclei with approximately the same DNA content, the mean gray level increases with an increasing nuclear area. The aims of the present methodical work were to study: (1) whether the prognostic value of adaptive textural features varies with nuclear area, and (2) the effect of standardizing nuclear first-order statistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuclei from 134 cases of ovarian cancer were grouped into intervals according to nuclear area. Adaptive features were extracted from two different image sets, i.e., standardized and non-standardized nuclear images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prognostic value of adaptive textural features varied strongly with nuclear area. A standardization of the first-order statistics significantly reduced this prognostic information. Several single features discriminated the two classes of cancer with a correct classification rate of 70%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nuclei having an area between 2000-4999 pixels contained most of the class distance information between the good and poor prognosis classes of cancer. By considering the relation between nuclear area and texture, we avoided a loss of information caused by standardizing the first-order statistics and mixing data from cells having different nuclear area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway. birgitn@ifi.uio.no
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Håvard E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Danielsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin