title: Surface and elemental alterations of dental alloys induced by electro discharge machining (EDM).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the surface and elemental alterations induced by electro discharge machining (EDM) on the surface of dental cast alloys used for the fabrication of implant retained meso- and super-structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A completed cast model of an arch that received dental implants was used for the preparation of six wax patterns which were divided into three groups (Au, Co and Ti). The wax patterns of the Au and Co groups were invested with conventional phosphate-bonded silica-based investment material and the Ti group with magnesia-based investment material. The investment rings of the Au and Co groups were cast with an Au-Ag alloy (Stabilor G) and a Co-Cr base alloy (Okta C), respectively, while the investment rings of group Ti were cast with cp Ti (Biotan). One casting of each group was subjected to electro discharge machining (EDM); the other was conventionally ground and polished. The surface morphology and the elemental compositions of conventionally and EDM-finished surfaces were studied by SEM/X-ray EDS analysis. Six spectra were collected from each surface employing the area scan mode and the mean value of each element between conventionally and EDM-finished surfaces was statistically analyzed by t-test (a=0.05). Then the specimens of each group were cut perpendicular to their longitudinal axis and after metallographic grinding and polishing the cross-sections studied under the SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EDM surfaces showed a significant increase in C due to the decomposition of the dielectric fluid during spark erosion. Moreover, a significant Cu uptake was noted on these surfaces from the decomposition of the Cu electrodes used for EDM. Cross-sectional analysis showed that all alloys developed a superficial zone (recast layer) varying from 2 microm for Au-Ag to 10 microm for Co-Cr alloy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elemental composition of dental alloy surfaces is significantly altered after EDM treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Thivon 2, Goudi 115 27, Athens, Greece. szinelis@dent.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003734:Dental Casting Investment / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003734:Dental Casting Investment; D006047:Gold Alloys; D010710:Phosphates; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D012834:Silver; D002244:Carbon; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D003300:Copper; D014025:Titanium