title: Role of delayed nonsynaptic neuronal plasticity in long-term associative memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is now well established that persistent nonsynaptic neuronal plasticity occurs after learning and, like synaptic plasticity, it can be the substrate for long-term memory. What still remains unclear, though, is how nonsynaptic plasticity contributes to the altered neural network properties on which memory depends. Understanding how nonsynaptic plasticity is translated into modified network and behavioral output therefore represents an important objective of current learning and memory research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using behavioral single-trial classical conditioning together with electrophysiological analysis and calcium imaging, we have explored the cellular mechanisms by which experience-induced nonsynaptic electrical changes in a neuronal soma remote from the synaptic region are translated into synaptic and circuit level effects. We show that after single-trial food-reward conditioning in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, identified modulatory neurons that are extrinsic to the feeding network become persistently depolarized between 16 and 24 hr after training. This is delayed with respect to early memory formation but concomitant with the establishment and duration of long-term memory. The persistent nonsynaptic change is extrinsic to and maintained independently of synaptic effects occurring within the network directly responsible for the generation of feeding. Artificial membrane potential manipulation and calcium-imaging experiments suggest a novel mechanism whereby the somal depolarization of an extrinsic neuron recruits command-like intrinsic neurons of the circuit underlying the learned behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that nonsynaptic plasticity in an extrinsic modulatory neuron encodes information that enables the expression of long-term associative memory, and we describe how this information can be translated into modified network and behavioral output.
authors.affiliation: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ildikó
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kemenes
authors.forename: Volko A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Straub
authors.forename: Eugeny S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Nikitin
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Staras
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kemenes
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium