title: Identifying Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome in conjunction with prenatal screening for Down syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare hereditary disorder of cholesterol metabolism. We examine the feasibility of identifying SLOS as a part of a routine prenatal screening and evaluate diagnostic testing in maternal urine (or serum), in addition to amniotic fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our SLOS risk algorithm utilized three Down syndrome screening markers (estimated 62% detection rate; 0.3% screen-positive rate). Fifteen North American prenatal screening programs implemented this algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLOS risk was assigned to 1 079 301 pregnancies; 3083 were screen-positive (0.29%). Explanations were found for 1174, including 914 existing fetal deaths. Among the remaining pregnancies, 739 were screen-positive only for SLOS; 1170 were also screen-positive for other fetal disorders. Five of six SLOS pregnancies (83%) were screen-positive. All six had sonographic findings, were biochemically confirmed, and were terminated. Maternal urine steroid measurements were confirmatory in four cases tested. Second-trimester prevalence among Caucasians was 1 in 101 000 (1 in 130 000 overall; no cases in other racial groups). Among 739 pregnancies screen-positive only for SLOS, two cases were identified; another 69 had major fetal abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although SLOS occurred less often than previously reported, many other major abnormalities were detected. Implementing the algorithm as an adjunct to Down syndrome screening may be feasible.
authors.affiliation: Foundation for Blood Research, Scarborough, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haddow
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Palomaki
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.forename: Cedric H L
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shackleton
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stephen Tint
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: MacRae
authors.forename: Malgorzata J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nowaczyk
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kloza
authors.forename: Mira B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Irons
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberson
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000649:Amniocentesis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D015995:Prevalence; D019082:Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013256:Steroids / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013256:Steroids