title: Twist mediates suppression of inflammation by type I IFNs and Axl.
abstract: Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. The immunosuppressive actions of type I IFNs are poorly understood, but IFN-mediated suppression of TNFalpha production has been implicated in the regulation of inflammation and contributes to the effectiveness of type I IFNs in the treatment of certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated mechanisms by which type I IFNs suppress induction of TNFalpha production by immune complexes, Fc receptors, and Toll-like receptors. Suppression of TNFalpha production was mediated by induction and activation of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and downstream induction of Twist transcriptional repressors that bind to E box elements in the TNF promoter and suppress NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Twist expression was activated by the Axl ligand Gas6 and by protein S and apoptotic cells. These results implicate Twist proteins in regulation of TNFalpha production by antiinflammatory factors and pathways, and provide a mechanism by which type I IFNs and Axl receptors suppress inflammatory cytokine production.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: M Nusrat
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.forename: Drazen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sosic
authors.forename: Carla V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Rothlin
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Eric N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Lionel B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Ivashkiv
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011961:Receptors, Fc / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011961:Receptors, Fc; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase