title: Neuropsychiatric manifestations in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus and association with antiphospholipid antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using the 1999 American College of Rheumatology case definitions for NP syndromes in SLE, and their association with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of 106 pediatric and adolescent SLE patients at 2 academic medical centers. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained by medical record review. All aPL testing was performed in standard clinical laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients (23.6%) had NP manifestations, including seizures (9.4%), headaches (4.7%), mood disorders (4.7%), cognitive dysfunction (4.7%), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), psychosis and pseudotumor (2.8% each), aseptic meningitis (0.9%), acute confusional state (0.9%), anxiety (0.9%), and cranial neuropathy (0.9%). NP events were not necessarily accompanied by an SLE flare. aPL were positive in 70% of all SLE patients, including anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) in 64%, aCL IgG in 56%, aCL IgM in 35%, rapid plasma reagin or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test in 13%, and lupus anticoagulant (LAC) in 18%. The only significant association between NP manifestations and aPL was for CVA and IgM aCL (p=0.03). LAC was slightly more common among patients with NP events, and the finding of LAC on more than one occasion was significantly associated with developing a NP event (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NP manifestations occur in about one-fourth of children with SLE, are an early event in the course of the disease, and are not necessarily accompanied by an SLE flare. Seizures are the most frequent symptom. Although aPL are common, their association with NP events, unlike in adults, is weak, except for CVA, suggesting a different pathogenic mechanism for NP manifestations in pediatric SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics C, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikvah, Israel. liorahar@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: Liora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandborg
authors.forename: Tzielan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Scheven
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid