title: Mitral leaflet remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normal mammalian mitral leaflets have regional heterogeneity of biochemical composition, collagen fiber orientation, and geometric deformation. How leaflet shape and regional geometry are affected in dilated cardiomyopathy is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine sheep had 8 radio-opaque markers affixed to the mitral annulus (MA), 4 markers sewn on the central meridian of the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) forming 4 distinct segments S1 to S4 and 2 on the posterior leaflet (PML) forming 2 distinct segments S5 and S6. Biplane videofluoroscopy and echocardiography were performed before and after rapid pacing (180 to 230 bpm for 15+/-6 days) sufficient to develop tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC) and functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). Leaflet tethering was defined as change of displacement of AML and PML edge markers from the MA plane from baseline values while leaflet length was obtained by summing the segments between respective leaflet markers. With TIC, total AML and PML length increased significantly (2.11+/-0.16 versus 2.43+/-0.23 cm and 1.14+/-0.27 versus 1.33+/-0.25 cm before and after pacing for AML and PML, respectively; P<0.05 for both), but only segments near the edge of each leaflet (S4 lengthened by 23+/-17% and S5 by 24+/-18%; P<0.05 for both) had significant regional remodeling. AML shape did not change and no leaflet tethering was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIC was not associated with leaflet tethering or shape change, but both anterior and posterior leaflets lengthened because of significant remodeling localized near the leaflet edge. Leaflet remodeling accompanies mitral regurgitation in cardiomyopathy and casts doubt on FMR being purely "functional" in etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305-5247, USA.
authors.forename: Tomasz A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Timek
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dagum
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Daughters
authors.forename: Neil B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: D Craig
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012756:Sheep; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000150:complications; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014741:Video Recording