title: Structured data entry for narrative data in a broad specialty: patient history and physical examination in pediatrics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas an electronic medical record (EMR) system can partly address the limitations, of paper-based documentation, such as fragmentation of patient data, physical paper records missing and poor legibility, structured data entry (SDE, i.e. data entry based on selection of predefined medical concepts) is essential for uniformity of data, easier reporting, decision support, quality assessment, and patient-oriented clinical research. The aim of this project was to explore whether a previously developed generic (i.e. content independent) SDE application to support the structured documentation of narrative data (called OpenSDE) can be used to model data obtained at history taking and physical examination of a broad specialty.
  
  
  METHODS
  OpenSDE was customized for the broad domain of general pediatrics: medical concepts and its descriptors from history taking and physical examination were modeled into a tree structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An EMR system allowing structured recording (OpenSDE) of pediatric narrative data was developed. Patient history is described by 20 main concepts and physical examination by 11. In total, the thesaurus consists of about 1800 items, used in 8648 nodes in the tree with a maximum depth of 9 levels. Patient history contained 6312 nodes, and physical examination 2336. User-defined entry forms can be composed according to individual needs, without affecting the underlying data representation. The content of the tree can be adjusted easily and sharing records among different disciplines is possible. Data that are relevant in more than one context can be accessed from multiple branches of the tree without duplication or ambiguity of data entry via "shortcuts".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An expandable EMR system with structured data entry (OpenSDE) for pediatrics was developed, allowing structured documentation of patient history and physical examination. For further evaluation in other environments, the tree structure for general pediatrics is available at the Erasmus MC Web site (in Dutch, translation into English in progress) 1. The generic OpenSDE application is available at the OpenSDE Web site 2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. s.e.bleeker@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Sacha E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bleeker
authors.forename: Gerarda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Derksen-Lubsen
authors.forename: Astrid M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Lei
authors.forename: Henriëtte A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003663:Decision Trees; D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods; D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008487:Medical History Taking; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D033262:Narration; D009426:Netherlands; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D010808:Physical Examination; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled