title: Immunohistochemical and histochemical findings favoring the occurrence of autocrine/paracrine as well as nerve-related cholinergic effects in chronic painful patellar tendon tendinosis.
abstract: The pathogenesis of the pain in patellar tendon tendinosis ("jumper's knee") is unclear. We have recently presented new information about the sensory nervous system in the human patellar tendon, but there is very little information regarding the possible occurrence of a cholinergic system in this tendon. In the present study, specimens of pain-free normal tendons and chronically painful tendinosis tendons were examined by different immunohistochemical and histochemical methods. Antibodies against the M(2) receptor, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were applied, and staining for demonstration of activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also utilized. It was found that immunoreactions for the M(2) receptor could be detected intracellularly in both blood vessel cells and tenocytes, especially in tendinosis specimens. Furthermore, in the tendinosis specimens, some tenocytes were seen to exhibit immunoreaction for ChAT and VAChT. AChE reactions were seen in fine nerve fibers associated with small blood vessels in both the normal control tendons and the tendinosis tendons. The observations suggest that there is both a nerve related and a local cholinergic system in the human patellar tendon. As ChAT and VAChT immunoreactions were detected in tenocytes of tendinosis tendons, these cells might be a source of local acetylcholine (Ach) production. As both tenocytes and blood vessel cells were found to exhibit immunoreactions for the M(2) receptor, it is likely that both of these tissue cells may be influenced by ACh. Thus, in conclusion, there appears to be an upregulation of the cholinergic system, and an occurrence of autocrine/paracrine effects in this system, in the tendinosis patellar tendon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. patrik.danielson@anatomy.umu.se
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alfredson
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forsgren
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D019898:Autocrine Communication; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000032:analysis; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000473:pathology; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D010329:Patella / Q000473:pathology; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2 / Q000032:analysis; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000109:Acetylcholine