title: Detection of estrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta in human ejaculated immature spermatozoa with excess residual cytoplasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A key role of estrogens in human sperm biology has been recently suggested by aromatase and estrogen receptor detection in human testicular germ cells and ejaculated spermatozoa. However, the involvement of these hormones in the sperm maturation process is still not defined. The aim of this work was to investigate the expression of estrogen receptors, ER-alpha and ER-beta, in human ejaculated immature spermatozoa with excess residual cytoplasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunofluorescence labelling has been used to localize ER-alpha and ER-beta proteins in immature spermatozoa isolated by Percoll gradient, while Western blot analysis was carried out on sperm protein extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both estrogen receptors were localized in excess residual cytoplasm of immature sperm, while sperm tails showed only ER-beta. Furthermore, in the same cells, immunoblots detected the presence of the full-length (approximately 67 kDa) ER-alpha and (approximately 59 kDa) ER-beta proteins, together with a approximately 50 kDa ER-beta species, lacking in mature sperm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present investigation demonstrated ER-alpha and ER-beta presence in excess residual cytoplasm of human abnormal sperm cells, suggesting the hypothesis that both the 'classical' ERs could be able to mediate estrogen action in spermatogenetic cells. Furthermore, the presence of the short ER-beta form in abnormal germ cells and its disappearance in mature sperm, support estrogen modulation via different ER forms during sperm maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy. vittoriarago@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rago
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.forename: Saveria
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aquila
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpino
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004542:Ejaculation; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta