title: Water uptake by dry beans observed by micro-magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Water uptake by dry kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris 'Rajma') and adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) was traced using micro-magnetic resonance imaging in order to elucidate the channel of water entry, the manner of water delivery and the timing of swelling of the seeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images of beans absorbing water were continuously measured with the single-point imaging method for 16 h or 20 h at 15-min intervals. With this technique, it was possible to detect and visualize the location of water in the beans, at a low water content, in the initial stages of water entry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Water was taken up through a specified tissue, the lens, near the hilum, and distributed primarily to the testa. When water reached the radicle, it began to be incorporated into cotyledons with considerable swelling of the seeds. Water uptake took place within a short time for kidney beans. The initial process of water entry was associated with mechanical vibration of the seed. Rapid hydration of the testa and the swelling of the cotyledons were then observed. Water was supplied to cotyledons through the adaxial epidermis. In contrast, it took a long time, approx. 7 h, to activate the water channel of the lens for adzuki beans which have a tightly fitting testa. Steeping of the testa was not uniform, which induced temporary slanting before enlargement of the seed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation of the lens as the sole water channel, the delivery of water to the radicle within the testa, the swelling of the cotyledons, and the further increment of water are physiologically different processes during imbibition, and were separated by locating water in various tissues and by analysing the time course of water uptake using magnetic resonance imaging with the single-point imaging method.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, Ano, Mie 514-2392, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kano
mesh_terms: D018548:Cotyledon / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water