title: Calcium ionophore-induced de-encryption of tissue factor in monocytes is associated with extensive cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell surface tissue factor (TF) is normally encrypted, but can be activated by various cellular perturbations. Exposure of TF bearing cells to calcium ionophore has been reported to increase TF activity, de-encrypt TF, by phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our aim has been to examine at the single cell level, if increased cell surface PS coincided with increased cell surface TF antigen, and cell death (necrosis, 7-AAD-intercalation), and relate this to monocyte- and microparticle (MP)-associated procoagulant activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated, human, elutriation-purified, cryopreserved TF bearing monocytes to increasing concentrations of calcium ionophore (A23187) and measured procoagulant activity in cells and supernatants. These measurements were compared with quantification of cell surface TF and PS (Annexin V) and of cell necrosis (7-AAD) by flow cytometry, and complemented by confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that calcium ionophore increased cellular and MP-associated TF activity, but not cell surface TF antigen. The discrepancy between TF activity and TF antigen coincided with a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells expressing PS. These cells were to a large extent necrotic and many of them also expressed TF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest such TF positive dying cells to contribute to the discordance between TF activity and TF expression. Calcium ionophore also increased MP-associated TF activity and release of MPs may be a way to disseminate procoagulant activity. Our findings emphasize the importance of adequately assessing cell death and taking into consideration its possible role in experiments with calcium ionophore.
authors.affiliation: The R&D Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. carola.henriksson@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klingenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellum
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Landsverk
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Joø
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Westvik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kierulf
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007476:Ionophores; D013925:Thromboplastin; D015951:Factor Xa; D002118:Calcium