title: Comparison of hysterosalpingography, hysterosonography and hysteroscopy in evaluation of the uterine cavity in patients with recurrent pregnancy losses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy and acceptability of hysterosonography (HS) in the diagnosis of uterine anomalies in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty non-pregnant patients with a history of at least three previous recurrent miscarriages were submitted to the HS, HSG and hysteroscopy (HTC) exams. The findings fall into three categories: synechiae, polypoid lesions and abnormal uterine cavity shape. The HTC exam was used as the gold standard. The findings of the HS and the HSG were compared to the HTC's and the agreement was evaluated using the Kappa coefficient. Significance was established at < 0.05. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were determined for each method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uterine anomalies were present in 38.3% (23) of the patients: 16 (26.7%) with synechiae, 3 (5.0%) with polypoid lesions and 8 (13.3%) with abnormal uterine cavity shape. Accuracy of the HS and the HSG was 90.9 and 85.2%. General sensitivity of the HS was superior to the HSG (90.5 vs. 75.0%). It also had a higher degree of agreement with the HTC (Kappa = 0.81 vs. 0.68). The HS caused significantly less pain than the other two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HS had higher diagnostic accuracy in the detection of uterine cavity anomalies and it was better tolerated by the patients when compared to hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, São Paulo's Federal University, Paulista Medical School, Rua Napoleão de Barros, São Paulo 05407-000, Brazil. helioagf@ig.com.br
authors.forename: Hélio Antonio
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Guimarães Filho
authors.forename: Rosiane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mattar
authors.forename: Cláudio R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo Júnior
authors.forename: Antonio F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Moron
authors.forename: Luciano M M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nardozza
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D015907:Hysteroscopy; D011247:Pregnancy; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging