title: The genetic basis for differences in leaf form between Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relative Cardamine hirsuta.
abstract: A key question in biology is how differences in gene function or regulation produce new morphologies during evolution. Here we investigate the genetic basis for differences in leaf form between two closely related plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cardamine hirsuta. We report that in C. hirsuta, class I KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins are required in the leaf to delay cellular differentiation and produce a dissected leaf form, in contrast to A. thaliana, in which KNOX exclusion from leaves results in a simple leaf form. These differences in KNOX expression arise through changes in the activity of upstream gene regulatory sequences. The function of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1/ROUGHSHEATH2/PHANTASTICA (ARP) proteins to repress KNOX expression is conserved between the two species, but in C. hirsuta the ARP-KNOX regulatory module controls new developmental processes in the leaf. Thus, evolutionary tinkering with KNOX regulation, constrained by ARP function, may have produced diverse leaf forms by modulating growth and differentiation patterns in developing leaf primordia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Miltos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsiantis
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D031217:Cardamine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C456239:ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C095848:Kn1 protein, plant; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018749:RNA, Plant; D014157:Transcription Factors