title: The humoral immune response and protective efficacy of vaccination with inactivated split and whole influenza virus vaccines in BALB/c mice.
abstract: Recently the urgency of developing a pandemic influenza vaccine has lead to the re-evaluation of the use of whole virus vaccine. We have compared the humoral immune response and the protective efficacy of whole and split influenza virus vaccines in mice. Whole virus vaccine was more immunogenic particularly after the first dose of vaccine, generally eliciting higher numbers of systemic antibody secreting cells and an earlier and higher neutralising antibody response. Immunisation with one dose of whole virus vaccine more effectively reduced viral shedding upon non-lethal homologous viral challenge, but two doses of split virus vaccine was most effective at limiting viral replication and this was correlated with high influenza specific serum IgG concentrations. The two vaccine formulations induced different T helper profiles particularly after one dose of vaccine; split virus vaccine induced a type 2 bias response, whereas whole virus vaccine elicited a dominant type 1 response.
authors.affiliation: Influenza Centre, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. rebecca.cox@gades.uib.no
authors.forename: Rebecca Jane
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Arnt-Ove
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Hovden
authors.forename: Karl Albert
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brokstad
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szyszko
authors.forename: Abdullah Sami
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Madhun
authors.forename: Lars Reinhardt
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Haaheim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000921:Antibody-Producing Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated