Risk factors and therapy strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy.
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as increased costs for medical care, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. A key step to safer CIN is to identify patients at risk and applying proven preventive interventions. Extracellular volume expansion, minimizing the dose of contrast media, using low-osmolar non-ionic contrast media, stopping the intake of nephrotoxic drugs, and avoiding short intervals between procedures have all been shown to be effective in reducing CIN. The aim of the present review is to summarize the knowledge about the risk factors and prophylactic treatments of CIN.
Toprak
Omer
O
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2372, USA. info@omertoprak.com
Cirit
Mustafa
M
D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
D003287:Contrast Media