title: Antibodies against cell surface antigens as very potent immunological adjuvants.
abstract: We describe here two very potent adjuvant systems which are thought to work directly on antigen specific lymphocytes, thus by-passing the normal route for adjuvants, which is to activate antigen presenting cells (APCs) inducing release of inflammatory cytokines with resultant side effects of local and systemic reactogenicity. CD40 and CD28 based adjuvants are extremely potent and should avoid the inflammatory side effects induced by most adjuvants.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Rd, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlring
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hatzifoti
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000906:Antibodies; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D019013:CD40 Antigens