title: Effects of changing clinical practice on costs and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention between 1998 and 2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of changing clinical practice on the costs and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 1998 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two tertiary interventional centres.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing PCI over a 12-month period between 1998 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative observational study of costs and 12-month clinical outcomes of consecutive PCI procedures in 1998 (n = 1047) and 2002 (n = 1346). Clinical data were recorded in the Scottish PCI register. Repeat PCI, coronary artery bypass graft and mortality were obtained by record linkage. Costs of equipment were calculated using a computerised bar-code system and standard National Health Service reference costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1998 and 2002, the use of bare metal stents increased from 44% to 81%, and the use of glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors increased from 0% to 14% of cases. During this time, a significant reduction was observed in repeat target-vessel PCI (from 8.4% to 5.1%, p = 0.001), any repeat PCI (from 11.7% to 9.2%, p = 0.05) and any repeat revascularisation (from 15.1% to 11.3%, p = 0.009) within 12 months. Significantly higher cost per case in 2002 compared with 1998 (mean (standard deviation) 2311 pounds (1158) v 1785 pounds (907), p<0.001) was mainly due to increased contribution from bed-day costs in 2002 (45.0% (16.3%) v 26.2% (12.6%), p = 0.01) associated with non-elective cases spending significantly longer in hospital (6.22 (4.3) v 4.6 (4.3) days, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater use of stents and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors between 1998 and 2002 has been accompanied by a marked reduction in the need for repeat revascularisation. Longer duration of hospital stay for non-elective cases is mainly responsible for increasing costs. Strategies to reduce the length of stay could considerably reduce the costs of PCI.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Research, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. mdenvir@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Denvir
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rysdale
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eteiba
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Starkey
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003325:Coronary Care Units / Q000191:economics; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome