title: Phenol and terpene quenching of singlet- and triplet-excited states of riboflavin in relation to light-struck flavor formation in beer.
abstract: Phenolic compounds present in beer were shown by fluorescence spectroscopy and laser flash photolysis to deactivate both singlet- and triplet-excited states of riboflavin with bimolecular rate constants close to the diffusion control ranging from 2.8x10(9) to 1.1x10(10) M-1 s-1 and from 1.1x10(9) to 2.6x10(9) M-1 s-1, respectively. Enthalpies of activation were low (up to 33.2 kJ mol-1), and entropies of activation were positive, ranging from 17 to 92 J mol-1 K-1, as derived from temperature dependence, indicating a compensation effect. From a Stern-Volmer analysis of the singlet-excited riboflavin quenching by phenols it was found that high amounts of phenolic compounds (>0.3 M) would be needed to hinder triplet-excited riboflavin generation. On the other hand, a phenolic content of 0.36 mM is likely to quench 90% of the triplet-excited state. Phenol photodegradation was found to be complex, and using ESI-MS analysis it was not possible to identify specific photooxidation products of the phenolic compounds; only the photoproducts of riboflavin could be detected and structurally assigned. The rate of reaction of triplet-excited riboflavin with phenolic compounds in acetonitrile/citrate buffer (pH 4.6, 10 mM) is 550 times faster than the reaction with iso-alpha-acids from hops, indicating that triplet-excited quenchers such as phenols may be involved in the early steps in light-struck flavor formation in beer through radical formation. Terpenes present in herb-flavored beers were found to be nonreactive toward singlet- and triplet-excited-state riboflavin, and any protection depends on other mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Jens K S
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Leif H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Skibsted
mesh_terms: D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis*; D008027:Light; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013649:Taste; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D013729:Terpenes; D012256:Riboflavin