title: Hormone replacement therapy is associated with increased C-reactive protein in women with Type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers, especially C-reactive protein (CRP), are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and sudden cardiac death. Medical interventions that increase CRP levels, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in post-menopausal women, are under increasing scrutiny. The effect of HRT on CRP levels in women with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not well documented, and conflicting conclusions have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of HRT on women with diabetes in a large cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and twenty-seven post-menopausal women with T2DM from the Diabetes Heart Study participated. Current use of HRT was determined and serum CRP levels were measured using a high-sensitivity ELISA kit. Generalized estimating equation methods were used to assess the relationship of multiple clinical and lifestyle (e.g. smoking) measures on CRP levels including differences between women taking HRT (HRT+) and not taking HRT (HRT-).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall serum CRP levels were strongly associated with body mass index (P < 0.0001) and age (P < 0.0001). Of the women, 243 were not using HRT and 84 were using HRT. HRT+ and HRT- women did not differ significantly in measures of clinical traits, with the exception of higher mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HRT- women (P = 0.004). In all models tested, HRT+ women had significantly higher circulating CRP levels, with P-values ranging from 0.0045 to 0.010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of serum CRP concentration as a function of HRT in women with Type 2 diabetes, there was consistent evidence for increased circulating CRP levels in women receiving oestrogen-containing HRT. Whether HRT-induced increases in CRP can account for the adverse cardiovascular effects of HRT remains to be established; however, based on these data, there is little reason to believe that diabetic women would be spared from such an effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. dbowden@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: F-C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Langefeld
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lenchik
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagenknecht
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Herrington
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002097:C-Reactive Protein