title: One third of the variability in HDL-cholesterol level in a large dyslipidaemic population is predicted by age, sex and triglyceridaemia: The Paris La Pitié Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to identify key determinants of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level, including subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance, and to determine the prevalence of a low HDL-C phenotype in dyslipidaemic patients at high cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of low HDL-C phenotypes in 14 667 dyslipidaemic patients attending our specialised lipid clinic and evaluated the potential relationships between HDL-C level and 16 clinical and biological parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analysis, women exhibited higher plasma concentrations of HDL-C as compared with men. Levels of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, waist circumference, body mass index, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), insulin resistance (as HOMA-IR index) and smoking were all negatively correlated with HDL-C, whereas age was positively correlated with HDL-C levels. Moderate drinkers (10-30 g/day) displayed higher HDL-C concentrations as compared with abstinent subjects; in contrast, consumption of more than 30 g alcohol/day was associated with a further non-significant elevation of HDL-C levels as compared to moderate drinkers. Multivariate analysis identified eight independent correlates of HDL-C. Age, sex and TG accounted for 37% of variability in HDL-C; modifiable factors including waist circumference, alcohol consumption and smoking, in addition to HOMA-IR and hs-CRP, accounted for an additional 5% of the variability in HDL-C. Using a cut-off of 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) for men and 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) for women, 33% and 28% of men and women displayed low levels of HDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eight independent determinants of HDL-C account for 41% of variability in HDL-C in our dyslipidaemic population. Three of them, i.e. age, sex and degree of triglyceridaemia accounted for more than one third of such variability. The high prevalence of low HDL-C phenotypes in dyslipidaemic patients at elevated cardiovascular risk emphasises the need for both lifestyle and pharmacological strategies of intervention to raise HDL-C.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Endocrinologie-Métabolisme (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France. boris.hansel@odessaglobe.com
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hansel
authors.forename: Anatol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kontush
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giral
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonnefont-Rousselot
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruckert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL