title: Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in Escherichia coli-infected urothelium: involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) regulates apoptosis and/or cell shedding in uroepithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, as bladder epithelial cells undergo shedding during urinary tract infection, which is considered a part of the host's defence and is thought to take place via an apoptotic pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bladders and kidneys of mice infected with Escherichia coli were used to study caspase-3 immunoreactivity at different times after infection. Wild-type (E. coli 1177) and type-1 recombinant (E. coli PKL4) bacteria were used. iNOS-deficient mice were used to study the association of caspase-3 with iNOS. Isolated human uroepithelial cells were used to examine the effect of the NO donor DETA/NO and the peroxynitrite generator SIN-1 on caspase-3 activity and cell shedding in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many caspase-3 immunoreactive neutrophils were found soon after infection and some superficial bladder epithelial cells were also immunoreactive for caspase-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caspase-3 immunoreactivity was also detected in neutrophils and bladder epithelial cells of infected iNOS-deficient mice. There was no co-expression between iNOS- and caspase-3 in bladder epithelial cells. DETA/NO and SIN-1 did not stimulate caspase-3 activity or cell shedding in isolated human uroepithelial cells. Caspase-3 and iNOS are not co-expressed in uroepithelial cells and apoptosis is evident in the absence of iNOS. Exogenous NO did not induce apoptosis or cell shedding in isolated human uroepithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poljakovic
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000201:enzymology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000201:enzymology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000201:enzymology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases