title: Keep looking ahead? Re-direction of visual fixation does not always occur during an unpredictable obstacle avoidance task.
abstract: Visual information about the environment, especially fixation of key objects such as obstacles, is critical for safe locomotion. However, in unpredictable situations where an obstacle suddenly appears it is not known whether central vision of the obstacle and/or landing area is required or if peripheral vision is sufficient. We examined whether there is a re-direction of visual fixation from an object fixated ahead to a suddenly appearing obstacle during treadmill walking. Furthermore, we investigated the temporal relationship between the onset of muscle activity to avoid the obstacle and saccadic eye and head movements to shift fixation. Eight females (mean +/- SD; age = 24.8 +/- 2.3 years) participated in this experiment. There were two visual conditions: a central vision condition where participants fixated on two obstacles attached to a bridge on the treadmill and a peripheral vision condition where participants fixated an object two steps ahead. There were two obstacle release conditions: only an obstacle in front of the left foot was released or an obstacle in front of either foot could be released. Only trials when the obstacle was released in front of the left foot were analyzed such that the difference in the two obstacle conditions was whether there was a choice of which foot to step over the obstacle. Obstacles were released randomly in one of three phases during the step cycle corresponding to available response times between 219 and 462 ms. We monitored eye and head movements along with muscle activity and spatial foot parameters. Performance on the task was not different between vision conditions. The results indicated that saccades are rarely made (< 18% of trials) and, when present, are initiated approximately 350 ms after muscle activity for limb elevation, often accompanied by a downward head movement, and always directed to the landing area. Therefore, peripheral vision of a suddenly appearing obstacle in the travel path is sufficient for successful obstacle avoidance during locomotion: visual fixation is generally not re-directed to either the obstacle or landing area.
authors.affiliation: Gait and Posture Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, Canada. dsmarigo@ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Marigold
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weerdesteyn
authors.forename: Aftab E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Patla
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duysens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology