title: Liposomes and micro/nanoparticles as colloidal carriers for nasal drug delivery.
abstract: The use of the nasal route for drug delivery has attracted much interest in recent years in the pharmaceutical field. Local and principally systemic drug delivery can be achieved by this route of administration. But the nasal route of delivery is not applicable to all drugs. Polar drugs and some macromolecules are not absorbed in sufficient concentration due to poor membrane permeability, rapid clearance and enzymatic degradation into the nasal cavity. Thus, alternative means that help overcome these nasal barriers are currently in development. Absorption enhancers such as phospholipids and surfactants are constantly used, but care must be taken in relation to their concentration. Drug delivery systems including liposomes, cyclodextrins, micro- and nanoparticles are being investigated to increase the bioavailability of drugs delivered intranasally. This review article discusses recent progress and specific development issues relating to colloidal drug delivery systems in nasal drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Araraquara, Brasil. mainardes@fcfar.unesp.br
authors.forename: Rubiana Mara
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mainardes
authors.forename: Maria Cristina Cocenza
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Priscila Oliveira
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Cinto
authors.forename: Marco Vinícius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Chaud
authors.forename: Raul Cesar
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Evangelista
authors.forename: Maria Palmira Daflon
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gremião
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003102:Colloids; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D014612:Vaccines