title: Free and total human glandular kallikrein 2 in patients with prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA, hK3) results in the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of prostate cancer. Markers are needed that could identify aggressive, fast-growing tumors and help decide which patients would benefit most from aggressive treatment. Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) could be such a marker. The aim of this study was to test how PSA and hK2 could predict the pathologic stage and grade in a set of patients with clinically organ-confined disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heparin plasma was collected from 188 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy at the Turku University Central Hospital. Total and free PSA, as well as total and free hK2, were measured and the results compared with the pathologic TNM stage, tumor World Health Organization grade, and Gleason score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Free and total hK2 performed similarly to PSA in their ability to separate groups of patients with different stages or grades. Concentrations of both kallikreins were significantly different in patients with World Health Organization grade 1 cancer compared with grade 2. Neither marker could separate patients with different Gleason scores. Although PSA concentrations increased most between patients with Stage pT2b and those with pT3a, the increase in hK2 was most pronounced between those with Stage pT3a and those with pT3b.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although hK2 could not predict the cancer stage or grade better than PSA, changes in the hK2 and PSA concentrations occurred at different points in cancer progression. hK2 may have a role in the prognosis of prostate cancer, but additional studies with longer follow-up are required to determine whether hK2 can help when selecting treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. ville.vaisanen@utu.fi
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Väisänen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alanen
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nurmi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen