Pathogenesis of osteopenia/osteoporosis induced by highly active anti-retroviral therapy for AIDS.
The advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically decreased the rate of AIDS-related mortality and significantly extended the life span of patients with AIDS. A variety of metabolic side effects are associated with these therapies, one of which is metabolic bone disease. A higher prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in HIV-infected patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy than in patients not on therapy has now been reported in several studies. Several factors have been demonstrated to influence HIV-associated decreases in bone mineral density (BMD), including administration of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). In this article, discussion will focus on the molecular pathogenesis and treatment of HAART-associated osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Pan
George
G
Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 701 19 Street S., LHR 504 Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Yang
Zhen
Z
Ballinger
Scott W
SW
McDonald
Jay M
JM
D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000473:pathology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology