title: Sun protection enhancement of titanium dioxide crystals by the use of carnauba wax nanoparticles: the synergistic interaction between organic and inorganic sunscreens at nanoscale.
abstract: Carnauba wax is partially composed of cinnamates. The rational combination of cinnamates and titanium dioxide has shown a synergistic effect to improve the sun protection factor (SPF) of cosmetic preparations. However, the mechanism of this interaction has not been fully understood. In this study, an ethanolic extract of the carnauba wax and an ethanolic solution of a typical cinnamate derivative, ethylcinnamate, were prepared and their UV absorption and SPF either alone or in the presence of titanium dioxide were compared. The titanium dioxide crystals and the cinnamates solutions were also distributed into a matrix composed of saturated fatty acids to emulate the structure of the crystallized carnauba wax. SPF, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray studies of these matrices were performed. Additionally, carnauba wax nanosuspensions containing titanium dioxide either in the lipid phase or in the aqueous phase were prepared to evaluate their SPFs and their physical structure. Strong UV absorption was observed in diluted suspensions of titanium dioxide after the addition of cinnamates. The saturated fatty acid matrices probably favored the adsorption of the cinnamates at the surface of titanium dioxide crystals, which was reflected by an increase in the SPF. No modification of the crystal structure of the fatty acid matrices was observed after the addition of cinnamates or titanium dioxide. The distribution of the titanium dioxide inside the lipid phase of the nanosuspensions was more effective to reach higher SPFs than that at the aqueous phase. The close contact between the carnauba wax and the titanium dioxide crystals after the high-pressure homogenization process was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Villalobos-Hernández
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Müller-Goymann
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014885:Waxes; C009495:titanium dioxide; C451418:ethyl cinnamate; D014025:Titanium; C026344:carnauba wax