title: BCG vaccine: efficacy and indications for vaccination and revaccination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the protective efficacy of the first and second doses of BCG vaccine and to assess its major indications and contraindications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was made by searching PubMed and selecting studies carried out in the last 50 years. The studies were grouped according to their design (clinical trials, case-control studies, and meta-analyses) and the results were presented separately for each type of study. Other relevant topics such as BCG and HIV/AIDS, use of tuberculin skin test, issues related to vaccine scars and to the development of new vaccines were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCG vaccine has been used since 1921. However, the data concerning its use are variable and inconsistent. The protective efficacy of the first dose of BCG vaccine against miliary tuberculosis or tuberculous meningitis is remarkably important. Nevertheless, results regarding pulmonary tuberculosis have been inconsistent, either showing no efficacy or a protective efficacy rate around 80%. There is some evidence that a second dose of BCG vaccine does not increase its protective efficacy. Studies have shown that BCG vaccine protects against leprosy. The development of new vaccines to replace BCG in the future has been investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the hope that a new vaccine against tuberculosis will be available in the future, BCG vaccine, in spite of its deficiencies, is today and will be for many years to come an important tool in controlling the harmful effects of tuberculosis, especially in countries where this disease has moderate to high levels of incidence.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. mauricio@ufba.br
authors.forename: Mauricio L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Arlan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000517:prevention & control; D014391:Tuberculosis, Miliary / Q000517:prevention & control; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine