title: Alphastatin downregulates vascular endothelial cells sphingosine kinase activity and suppresses tumor growth in nude mice bearing human gastric cancer xenografts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether alphastatin could inhibit human gastric cancer growth and furthermore whether sphingosine kinase (SPK) activity is involved in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using migration assay, MTT assay and Matrigel assay, the effect of alphastatin on vascular endothelial cells (ECs) was evaluated in vitro. SPK and endothelial differentiation gene (EDG)-1, -3, -5 mRNAs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). SPK activity assay was used to evaluate the effect of alphastatin on ECs. Matrigel plug assay in nude mice was used to investigate the effect of alphastatin on angiogenesis in vivo. Female nude mice were subcutaneously implanted with human gastric cancer cells (BGC823) for the tumor xenografts studies. Micro vessel density was analyzed in Factor VIII-stained tumor sections by the immunohistochemical SP method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, alphastatin inhibited the migration and tube formation of ECs, but had no effect on proliferation of ECs. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that ECs expressed SPK and EDG-1, -3, -5 mRNAs. In vivo, alphastatin sufficiently suppressed neovascularization of the tumor in the nude mice. Daily administration of alphastatin produced significant tumor growth suppression. Immunohistochemical studies of tumor tissues revealed decreased micro vessel density in alphastatin-treated animals as compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Downregulating ECs SPK activity may be one of the mechanisms that alphastatin inhibits gastric cancer angiogenesis. Alphastatin might be a useful and relatively nontoxic adjuvant therapy in the treatment of gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China. chenlinbj@vip.sina.com
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005340:Fibrinogen; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D012333:RNA, Messenger; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C514422:alphastatin