title: Effect of variations from the recommended powder/liquid ratio on some properties of resin-modified cements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The powder and liquid contents of cements are mixed in accordance with the recommended mixing ratio, but discrepancies occur despite the use of proportioning scoops. Little is known about powder/liquid ratio variations on certain properties of resin-modified cements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) were mixed using various powder/liquid ratios: (a) Recommended ratio: Fuji Plus: powder/liquid 2:1; ProTecCEM p/l 2.25:1. (b) Maximal variation arising using proportioning aids (17% liquid surplus): Fuji Plus 1.66:1, ProTecCEM 1.875:1. Limits of mixing and specimen construction: either (c) both groups with more liquid (1.5:1) or (d) more powder (3:1). Flexural strength was determined using a 3-point bending test (after 24 h) and wear using a 3-body abrasion device. The extent of cure reaction was characterized using differential thermal analysis (DTA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  While higher powder content did not significantly affect the flexural strength of Fuji Plus and ProTecCEM, it considerably reduced wear of Fuji Plus. Increasing liquid content reduced flexural strength. A substantial increase in wear for Fuji Plus 1.5:1, and ProTecCEM 1.875:1 and 1.5:1 mixtures was observed. DTA demonstrated that a higher liquid content resulted in incomplete setting reactions, which could be detected even after 24 h of cure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If RMGICs are mixed with powder/liquid variations, given the inaccuracy of proportioning aids the properties of RMGIC will change slightly and may be disregarded. If set with higher powder/liquid variations, a surplus of powder has less influence on the properties than a surplus of liquid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University of Regensburg Dental School, Regensburg, Germany. michael.behr@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosentritt
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loher
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Handel
mesh_terms: D019554:Dental Restoration Wear; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D011208:Powders; D012996:Solutions; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011208:Powders; C091610:Protech glass ionomer cement; D012996:Solutions; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement