title: Comparison of two bond strength testing methodologies for bilayered all-ceramics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the shear bond strength (SBS) and microtensile (MTBS) testing methodologies for core and veneering ceramics in four types of all-ceramic systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different ceramic veneer/core combinations, three of which were feldspathic and the other a fluor-apatite to their respectively corresponding cores, namely leucite-reinforced ceramic ((IPS)Empress, Ivoclar), low leucite-reinforced ceramic (Finesse, Ceramco), glass-infiltrated alumina (In-Ceram Alumina, Vita) and lithium disilicate ((IPS)Empress 2, Ivoclar) were used for SBS and MTBS tests. Ceramic cores (N=40, n=10/group for SBS test method, N=5 blocks/group for MTBS test method) were fabricated according to the manufacturers' instructions (for SBS: thickness, 3mm; diameter, 5mm and for MTBS: 10 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm) and ultrasonically cleaned. The veneering ceramics (thickness: 2mm) were vibrated and condensed in stainless steel moulds and fired onto the core ceramic materials. After trying the specimens in the mould for minor adjustments, they were again ultrasonically cleaned and embedded in PMMA. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 1 week and bond strength tests were performed in universal testing machines (cross-head speed: 1mm/min). The bond strengths (MPa+/-S.D.) and modes of failures were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant difference between the two test methods and all-ceramic types were observed (P<0.05) (2-way ANOVA, Tukey's test and Bonferroni). The mean SBS values for veneering ceramic to lithium disilicate was significantly higher (41+/-8 MPa) than those to low leucite (28+/-4 MPa), glass-infiltrated (26+/-4 MPa) and leucite-reinforced (23+/-3 MPa) ceramics, while the mean MTBS for low leucite ceramic was significantly higher (15+/-2 MPa) than those of leucite (12+/-2 MPa), glass-infiltrated (9+/-1 MPa) and lithium disilicate ceramic (9+/-1 MPa) (ANOVA, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the testing methodology and the differences in chemical compositions of the core and veneering ceramics influenced the bond strength between the core and veneering ceramic in bilayered all-ceramic systems.
authors.affiliation: Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Izmir, Turkey. minedundar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dündar
authors.forename: Mutlu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gökçe
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cömlekoğlu
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Luiz Felipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Valandro
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C118557:Empress 2; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; C483026:In-Ceram Alumina; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar; C078519:leucite; C037884:finesse