title: Alteration of gene expression in melanoma cells following combined treatment with E2F-1 and doxorubicin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of E2F-1 gene therapy and chemotherapy produces a synergistic effect on melanoma cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to identify novel genes or pathways that may play key roles in apoptosis when E2F-1 gene therapy is combined with doxorubicin chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  SK-MEL-2 melanoma cells were infected with Ad-E2F-1 alone, Ad-E2F-1 plus doxorubicin, or Ad-LacZ plus doxorubicin. After 16 hours of treatment, the total RNA was extracted from these cells and subjected to microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to confirm the microarray data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the combination treatment of Ad-E2F-1 and doxorubicin affected the expression of cytokines, transcription factors, as well as genes involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings have identified, for the first time, novel molecular targets and pathways that led to apoptosis in melanoma cells when Ad-E2F-1 was combined with doxorubicin. The molecular information provided here will enhance further mechanistic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Yan Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bowling
authors.forename: H Sam
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McMasters
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D004317:Doxorubicin