title: Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: a clinicopathological correlation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a fatal autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in swi/snf-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1 (SMARCAL1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of detailed autopsies to correlate clinical and pathological findings in two men severely affected with SIOD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted by the clinical course, T cell deficiency in peripheral lymphoid organs, defective chondrogenesis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, cerebral ischaemic lesions and premature atherosclerosis were identified. Clinically unexpected findings included a paucity of B cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs, emperipolesis-like (penetration of one cell by another) abnormalities in the adenohypophysis, fatty infiltration of the cardiac right ventricular wall, pulmonary emphysema, testicular hypoplasia with atrophy and azospermia, and clustering of small cerebral vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A regulatory role for the SMARCAL1 protein in the proliferation of chondrocytes, lymphocytes and spermatozoa, as well as in the development or maintenance of cardiomyocytes and in vascular homoeostasis, is suggested. Additional clinical management guidelines are recommended as this study has shown that patients with SIOD may be at risk of pulmonary hypertension, combined immunodeficiency, subcortical ischaemic dementia and cardiac dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: J Marietta
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clewing
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Antalfy
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lücke
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Najafian
authors.forename: Katja M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marwedel
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Ralph M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Powel
authors.forename: A F Safo
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Najera
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: SantaCruz
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Dawna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Corndins F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Boerkoel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology; D001344:Autopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010009:Osteochondrodysplasias / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C412482:SMARCAL1 protein, human; D004265:DNA Helicases