title: Urgent superselective segmental renal artery embolization in the treatment of life-threatening renal hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal hemorrhage is a major life-threatening condition that can be caused by trauma, operation, biopsy, as well as sudden spontaneous rupture of renal tumors or aneurysms. We report our experience with superselective segmental renal artery catheterization and embolization as therapeutic options for such cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the last 8 years, 28 patients with severe renal hemorrhage were admitted for evaluation and possible further treatment. Twenty of them had a history of previous biopsy (6 of them one of a transplanted kidney), 1 patient had a recent percutaneous nephrostomy, 4 patients presented with renal mass ruptures (2 patients renal cell carcinoma, 1 patient angiomyolipoma, 1 patient hemorrhagic cysts), 1 patient had rupture of a renal aneurysm during delivery, 1 patient suffered bleeding after partial nephrectomy, and 1 patient was hospitalized after a car accident. They all presented with clinical signs of hemodynamic instability. Angiographic investigation of the kidneys preceded further intervention in all cases. 26 out of the 28 patients underwent superselective embolization of the specific bleeding vessel with the use of microcoils and/or Gelfoam particles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients treated by superselective segmental renal artery embolization had a successful outcome, including a steady renal function and a stable clinical course. No complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Superselective segmental renal artery catheterization and embolization is a safe and efficient method for the treatment of patients with severe renal hemorrhage, preserving healthy renal parenchyma and renal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Paris
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Polytimi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leonardou
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papadoukakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zavos
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michail
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boletis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tzortzis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012077:Renal Artery