title: Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the literature and summarize the effect of cognitive training (CT) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on multiple functional domains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for 17 controlled studies identified through a comprehensive literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall effect size of 0.47 was observed for all CT strategies across all measured outcomes. Mean effect sizes were higher for restorative (0.54) than for compensatory (0.36) strategies. Domain-specific effect sizes ranged from 2.16 (verbal and visual learning) to -0.38 (visuospatial functioning). Data are also presented on the relative impact of restorative and compensatory strategies for each domain of functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT evidenced promise in the treatment of AD, with primarily medium effect sizes for learning, memory, executive functioning, activities of daily living, general cognitive problems, depression, and self-rated general functioning. Restorative strategies demonstrated the greatest overall effect on functioning. Several limitations of the published literature are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sitzer
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Twamley
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jeste
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male