title: Uterine effects of clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous data on the efficacy of clomiphene citrate, the most commonly used drug for treating anovulatory infertility in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), have shown a discrepancy between ovulation and pregnancy rates. In the present subanalysis (of a larger previously published randomized controlled trial), the effect of clomiphene citrate on several ultrasonographic markers of uterine receptivity in PCOS patients who ovulated under treatment was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three PCOS women who ovulated under 150 mg daily clomiphene citrate and 33 healthy controls were studied. Uterine, subendometrial and endometrial blood flows, endometrial thickness and pattern were assessed using serial ultrasonographic assessments. The data were analysed before and after grouping the clomiphene citrate-stimulated ovulatory cycles for reproductive outcome [unfavourable (ovulation alone or early pregnancy loss) or favourable outcome (clinical pregnancy and/or live birth)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both before and during treatment, uterine vascularity assessed at all sites was significantly lower in the PCOS group than in controls. Endometrial thickness and pattern were impaired in the PCOS group under clomiphene citrate treatment. A significant difference in all ultrasonographic parameters was observed between cycles ending in unfavourable versus those ended in favourable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clomiphene citrate administration alters several surrogate ultrasonographic parameters of uterine receptivity, and this effect could be crucial for its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy. stefanopalomba@tin.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palomba
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orio
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falbo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manguso
authors.forename: Annalidia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sammartino
authors.forename: Achille
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tolino
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colao
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carmina
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zullo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000858:Anovulation / Q000209:etiology; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D002996:Clomiphene