title: Skin absorption of inorganic lead (PbO) and the effect of skin cleansers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the percutaneous penetration of lead oxide (PbO) powder and the effect of rapid skin decontamination with two different detergents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Franz cells were used to study in vitro PbO skin penetration through human skin during a 24-hour period. The tests were performed without or with decontamination using either Ivory Liquid soap or a new experimental cleanser 30 minutes after the start of exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We confirm that PbO can pass through the skin with a median penetration of 2.9 ng/cm (25-75th percentiles 0.35-6). The cleaning procedure using Ivory Liquid soap significantly increased skin penetration with a median value of 23.6 ng/cm (25-75th percentiles 12-47.1; Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.0002), whereas the new experimental cleanser only marginally increased penetration (7.1 ng/cm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that it is necessary to prevent skin contamination from occurring because a short contact can increase skin content and penetration even if quickly followed by washing. This study demonstrated that PbO powder can pass through the skin and that skin decontamination done after 30 minutes of exposure did not decrease skin absorption occurring over 24 hours and stresses the need to prevent skin contamination when using toxic substances.
authors.affiliation: Unità Clinico Operativa di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento di Scienze di Medicina Pubblica, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy. larese@units.it
authors.forename: Francesca Larese
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Filon
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boeniger
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Damian
mesh_terms: D003902:Detergents; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007854:Lead / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011208:Powders; D012869:Skin Absorption; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D011208:Powders; D007854:Lead