title: Treatment and prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. Survival of patients depends on tumor extension and liver function, but yet there is no consensual prognostic model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence on survival of pretreatment parameters (clinico-laboratorial, liver function, tumor extension, Okuda and Cancer of the Liver Italian program (CLIP) staging) and treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 207 patients, diagnosed between 1993 and 2003. The initial treatment was: surgery--six patients; radiofrequency ablation--21; percutaneous ethanol injection--29; transarterial chemoembolization--49; tamoxifen--49; supportive care alone--53. Factors determining survival were assessed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median survival was 24 months. In univariate analysis, Child-Pugh classification and Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, portal vein thrombosis (PVT), tumor size, number of lesions, Okuda and CLIP scores were all associated with prognosis (P < 0.001). Alpha-fetoprotein levels were not predictive of survival. Independent predictors of survival were ascites, bilirubin, PVT and therapeutic modalities (P < 0.001). In early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), survival was similar for both percutaneous ablation modalities, either radiofrequency or ethanol injection (P = NS). In advanced HCC, survival was better in patients receiving tamoxifen than supportive care alone (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reinforces the importance of baseline liver function (Child-Pugh classification and MELD score) in the survival of patients with HCC, although staging systems allowed the stratification of patients in different prognostic groups. Ascites, bilirubin and PVT were independent pretreatment predictors of survival. All treatments influenced the patient's outcome, whether in early or advanced stages.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Hepatologia-Serviço Gastrenterologia, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, IMM, Lisboa, Portugal. alexandrammartins@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cortez-Pinto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fatela
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glória
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marinho
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Távora
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.forename: M Carneiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Moura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate