title: Clinical features of hereditary spastic paraplegia due to spastin mutation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the spastin gene are the commonest cause of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP), accounting for up to 40% of autosomal dominant cases. The phenotype associated with HSP due to mutation in the spastin gene (SPG4) tends to be pure HSP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize in more detail the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of SPG4 by examining a large cohort of patients with HSP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified patients who tested positive for spastin mutation using a direct sequencing approach of all exons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified spastin mutations in 53 patients. Twenty-seven of the mutations identified were novel. The phenotype in the majority of patients was of pure HSP. In one individual, a complicated phenotype with progressive bulbar dysfunction and respiratory insufficiency was observed. Evidence of lower motor neuron dysfunction in a subgroup of SPG4 patients was identified. The missense changes S44L and P45Q were identified in patients with other spastin mutations and seemed to be exerting a phenotype-modifying effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add to the number of spastin mutations identified and demonstrate the importance of screening the whole gene, given the possibility of double mutations and intragenic modifiers. The identification of the complicated phenotypes has important implications for identifying the phenotype of patients in whom spastin screening should be considered. The presence of lower motor neuron dysfunction in a subgroup of SPG4 patients suggests that the cellular dysfunction in SPG4 extends beyond the axonal projections of upper motor neurons and ascending sensory pathways.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Care and Research Centre for Motor Neuron Disorders, Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Burness
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hewamadduma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharrack
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadjivassiliou
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chinnery
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005973:Glutamine / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011392:Proline / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012694:Serine / Q000235:genetics; D015419:Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000074181:Spastin; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D012694:Serine; D011392:Proline; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D000074181:Spastin; C400283:SPAST protein, human; D007930:Leucine