title: Effects of calcified cartilage on healing of chondral defects treated with microfracture in horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microfracture of full-thickness articular defects has been shown to significantly enhance the amount of repair tissue. However, there is a suggestion that leaving calcified cartilage inhibits this repair response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Removal of the calcified cartilage with retention of subchondral bone enhances the amount of attachment of the repair tissue compared with retention of the calcified cartilage layer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 1-cm(2) articular cartilage defects made in 12 skeletally mature horses on the axial weightbearing portion of both medial femoral condyles. Using a custom measuring device and direct arthroscopic observation of the subchondral bone beneath the calcified cartilage layer, the authors removed the calcified cartilage from 1 defect of each horse. The repair was assessed with arthroscopy, clinical examination, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging examinations, biopsy at 4 months, gross and histopathologic examinations at 12 months, as well as mRNA and immunohistochemical evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of calcified cartilage with retention of the subchondral bone plate increased the overall repair tissue as assessed by arthroscopic (4 months) and gross evaluation (12 months). An increase in the level of the subchondral bone was also observed with removal of the calcified cartilage layer. The clinical pain, radiographic examinations, magnetic resonance imaging evaluations, histologic character, matrix proteins, or mRNA expression do not appear to differ based on level of defect debridement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of the calcified cartilage layer appears to provide optimal amount and attachment of repair tissue. Therefore, close arthroscopic visualization is recommended for debridement of clinical lesions to ensure removal of the calcified cartilage layer.
authors.affiliation: Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, 80523, USA.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Frisbie
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morisset
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Rodkey
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Steadman
authors.forename: C Wayne
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: McIlwraith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003646:Debridement; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006736:Horses; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D003094:Collagen; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3