title: Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964-2004.
abstract: Tularemia in the United States is caused by 2 subspecies of Francisella tularensis, subspecies tularensis (type A) and subspecies holarctica (type B). We compared clinical and demographic features of human tularemia cases from 1964 to 2004 from 39 states in which an isolate was recovered and subtyped. Our data indicate that type A and type B infections differ with respect to affected populations, anatomic site of isolation, and geographic distribution. Molecular subtyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis further defined 2 subpopulations of type A (type A-east and type A-west) that differ with respect to geographic distribution, disease outcome, and transmission. Our data suggest that type A-west infections are less severe than either type B or type A-east infections. Through a combined epidemiologic and molecular approach to human cases of tularemia, we provide new insights into the disease for future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
authors.forename: J Erin
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Staples
authors.forename: Kristy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Linda G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Chalcraft
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.forename: Jeannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014406:Tularemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology