title: 24-h Systolic blood pressure and heart rate recordings in lean and obese adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the hypothesis that differences in day and night-time systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) recordings were smaller in obese versus lean children and adolescents, and whether measurements obtained during a school week or during weekends or holidays influenced these nocturnal falls. We also wanted to determine whether the results were influenced by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory 24-h BP and HR measurements were performed in 80 subjects, 51 girls and 29 boys. Lean (n = 25) and obese (n = 55) subjects were classified according to body mass index (BMI)-standard deviation (SD) criteria. Forty-eight subjects had their 24-h recordings performed during a school week and 32 during leisure time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SBP nocturnal dipping response was less pronounced in obese subjects (16.2 +/- 6.3 mmHg) compared with lean controls (21.1 +/- 5.7 mmHg) (P < 0.01) of which the girls constituted most of the difference. HR change between day and night was similar in both groups being approximately 15 b/min. A small but statistical negative correlation was observed between BMI-SD and nocturnal fall in SBP (r = -0.3, P = 0.0065). In all subjects, regardless of BMI-SD, daytime SBP was higher when readings were obtained during a school week (123 +/- 7 mmHg) than during weekends or holidays (119 +/- 7 mmHg) (P = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese children and adolescents showed smaller nocturnal falls in SBP compared with lean subjects. This pattern may cause increased cardiovascular loading; thus, it may reflect an early sign of high blood pressure development and adds to cardiovascular risk in young obese individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Framme
authors.forename: Frida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dangardt
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mårild
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Osika
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Währborg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity; D012574:Schools