title: Sex differences in outcomes of sinus surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex has been demonstrated to affect outcome in many diseases. Our current aim is to investigate the relationship between sex and outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four males and 73 females undergoing ESS for CRS with a mean follow-up of 1.4 years were evaluated prospectively. Computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, and quality of life (QOL) assessment was performed. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate whether sex was predictive of outcome. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate sex association with patient factors predictive of outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although no sex differences in CT and endoscopy were observed (CT, P=.107 and endoscopy, P>.1), females consistently scored worse than males on disease-specific QOL pre- and postoperatively. Importantly, there was no effect of sex on improvement/change scores for the QOL instruments. PREDICTIVE MODELS AND MULTIPLE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS: Sex was not found to be predictive of QOL or endoscopic outcome. Female sex was, however, associated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) intolerance and depression, both factors that have been associated with poorer outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite similarities in objective disease measures, females report significantly worse QOL scores pre- and postoperatively. Postoperative improvement did not differ by sex, nor was sex predictive of postoperative outcome. Sex differences in QOL reflect sex differences in ASA intolerance and depression, both more prevalent in females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, MCW Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendolia-Loffredo
authors.forename: Purushottam W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Laud
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sparapani
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Loehrl
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology