title: Advances in scalp reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review summarizes traditional and advanced techniques used to reconstruct defects of the scalp. These deformities range from small defects that can be closed primarily to significant defects, which require free tissue transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased use of tissue expanders, advancement rotational flaps, and hair transplantation has resulted in improved cosmetic outcomes for larger defects of the scalp. Free tissue transfer has provided a revolutionary method of reconstructing subtotal and total defects of the scalp, in particular those associated with neoplasms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New advances in techniques of scalp reconstruction have provided improved outcomes in terms of cosmetic appearance and decreased morbidity for scalp reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rafii
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sykes
mesh_terms: D006197:Hair / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012535:Scalp / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D015626:Tissue Expansion; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome