title: Toddler anxiety disorders: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research examined the validity of criteria for diagnosing social phobia (SOC) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), where the DSM-IV criteria were modified to better identify toddlers who could have these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnoses were made with a semistructured clinical interview that included child observations. Parents and caregivers completed child behavior, temperament, and socioemotional functioning questionnaires to test convergent and discriminant validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 72 children, 18 months to 5 years old, 19 met modified SOC criteria (8 met DSM-IV criteria SOC also), 29 met modified GAD criteria (5 met DSM-IV criteria GAD also), and 35 met no anxiety disorder criteria. Children with modified SOC were more likely than nonanxious children to display higher levels of anxiety symptoms and shyness/inhibition and to have anxious parents. Modified SOC did not relate to the nonanxiety constructs (cuddling, imaginary play, fine motor). Children with modified GAD did not consistently demonstrate higher levels of anxiety symptoms, did not have more anxious parents than nonanxious children, and did not have higher mean scores on the nonanxiety constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research provides initial evidence supporting convergent and discriminant validity for the modified SOC criteria but not the modified GAD criteria.
authors.affiliation: The George Washington University, Ross 550, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. psyslw@gwumc.edu
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Polina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Umylny
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aron
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Simmens
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires