title: Associations between behavioral/emotional difficulties in kindergarten children and the quality of their peer relationships.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between children's difficulties (conduct problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and emotional symptoms) and peer victimization and rejection in kindergarten. For the assessment of children's difficulties, the authors used a multi-informant approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 153 five-year-old children were interviewed (Berkeley Puppet Interview). Teachers and parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Teachers reported on peer victimization. Peer nominations (rejection and acceptance) were conducted in a subgroup of 92 children. Combining teacher, parent, and self-reports of children's difficulties, three components were established: trait (degree of problems), informant differences resulting from perspective (self versus others), and context (kindergarten versus home).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children's difficulties were significantly associated with teacher- and self-reported victimization and peer rejection (r = 0.20-0.35), but not with peer acceptance. Conduct problems and emotional symptoms, but not hyperactivity/impulsivity, contributed independently to the variance of peer victimization and rejection. Perspective differences between children and adults according to hyperactivity/impulsivity also predicted peer rejection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral and emotional difficulties as well as a lack of self-awareness regarding hyperactive/impulsive behavior may place children at risk of peer victimization and rejection. Child psychiatric assessments and therapeutic strategies should thus take children's self-perception of symptoms and their peer relationships into account.
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. perren@jacobscenter.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perren
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Wyl
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stadelmann
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bürgin
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Klitzing
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012574:Schools; D012919:Social Behavior; D013663:Teaching