title: Targeted anticancer immunotoxins and cytotoxic agents with direct killing moieties.
abstract: Despite the progress of the bioinformatics approach to characterize cell-surface antigens and receptors on tumor cells, it remains difficult to generate novel cancer vaccines or neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Among targeted cancer therapeutics, biologicals with targetable antibodies or ligands conjugated or fused to toxins or chemicals for direct cell-killing ability have been developed over the last 2 decades. These conjugated or fused chimeric proteins are termed immunotoxins or cytotoxic agents. Two agents, DAB389IL-2 (ONTAKTM) targeting the interleukin-2 receptor and CD33-calicheamicin (Mylotarg), have been approved by the FDA for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively. Such targetable agents, including RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22), IL13-PE38QQR, and Tf-CRM107, are being tested in clinical trials. Several agents using unique technology such as a cleavable adapter or immunoliposomes with antibodies are also in the preclinical stage. This review summarizes the generation, mechanism, and development of these agents. In addition, possible future directions of this therapeutic approach are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. kawakami-k@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Oumi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: Ryozo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D009699:N-Glycosyl Hydrolases / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054789:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; D012276:Ricin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000076985:Saporins; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D000097668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
chemical_list: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin; D005098:Exotoxins; D000922:Immunotoxins; D009699:N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; D010940:Plant Proteins; D054789:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; D012276:Ricin; D000076985:Saporins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000097668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A