title: Managed death in a PACE: pathways in present and advance directives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect of an innovative method of documenting present and advance health care wishes on the rates of completion and the qualitative choices of health care wishes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional prospective cohort (pre- and post-).
  
  
  METHODS
  Program for All-inclusive Care of the Elderly (PACE) site in St. Louis, MO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrolled PACE participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A documentation tool that captures both present and advance directives in a framework of "pathways," blending goals of care with typical procedure-oriented directives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from medical records to calculate rates of health care wishes (HCW) completion, proportions of qualitative choices, and compliance with wishes at death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline prevalences of present directives (PD) and advance directives (AD) were 77% and 36%, respectively, while Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) wishes were documented in 48% of PD and 26% of AD. After implementation of the Pathways Tool, completion rates increased to 99% for both PD and AD. Documented DNR wishes decreased to 38% of PD and increased to 66% of AD. Qualitative choices for care (Longevity vs Function vs Palliation) changed toward a palliation pathway for AD (from 9% to 53%). The rate of dying at home increased from 24% to 65%. Compliance with end-of-life wishes increased from 72% to 96%. These are statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introduction of a novel pathways method of documenting HCW in a PACE site was associated with increased completion, preferences toward less invasive levels of care at life's end, and increased compliance with participants' wishes and deaths at home. Future research to validate the methodology employed in this intervention should be conducted in other long-term care settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. schampro@slu.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schamp
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tenkku
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024362:Advance Directive Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002755:Choice Behavior; D032962:Consent Forms; D019091:Critical Pathways / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D008923:Missouri; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D036301:Qualitative Research; D016414:Resuscitation Orders