title: Isolated parenchymal lesions on cranial ultrasound in very preterm infants in the context of maternal infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the associations between a clinical diagnosis of maternal infection (CDMI) and findings on the initial cranial ultrasound scan in very preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among infants born at less than 32 weeks gestation, cases of CDMI and controls were identified on the basis of routinely available obstetric data. Neonatal cranial ultrasound scans carried out soon after birth were retrospectively reviewed for evidence of parenchymal echodensity (PED), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) or PED contiguous with IVH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any PED was identified in 20/40 (50%) cases of CDMI and 9/30 (30%) of controls. Logistic regression was used to adjust for differences between the two study groups. When compared with normal scans, isolated PED was more likely with CDMI odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI), 41.8 (2.64, 662) and lower Apgar score at 5 min 2.89 (1.05, 7.98). IVH was more likely with lower gestational age, OR for each completed week of gestation 0.64 (0.46, 0.88) and a protective effect of female sex, OR 0.25 (0.063, 0.98), PED contiguous with IVH was more likely with lower gestational age OR 0.59 (0.336, 1.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDMI may be associated with isolated PED in very preterm infants. We speculate that isolated PED (including "flares") identify infants who have sustained early brain injury because of intrauterine infection. Isolated PED may be a useful intermediate outcome in perinatal cohort studies.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Manchester, UK. mark.turner@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vause
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chiswick
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: D'Souza
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging