title: The application of polymer gel dosimeters to dosimetry for targeted radionuclide therapy.
abstract: There is a lack of standardized methodology to perform dose calculations for targeted radionuclide therapy and at present no method exists to objectively evaluate the various approaches employed. The aim of the work described here was to investigate the practicality and accuracy of calibrating polymer gel dosimeters such that dose measurements resulting from complex activity distributions can be verified. Twelve vials of the polymer gel dosimeter, 'MAGIC', were uniformly mixed with varying concentrations of P-32 such that absorbed doses ranged from 0 to 30 Gy after a period of 360 h before being imaged on a magnetic resonance scanner. In addition, nine vials were prepared and irradiated using an external 6 MV x-ray beam. Magnetic resonance transverse relaxation time, T2, maps were obtained using a multi-echo spin echo sequence and converted to R2 maps (where T2 = 1/R2). Absorbed doses for P-32 irradiated gel were calculated according to the medical internal radiation dose schema using EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulations. Here the energy deposited in cylinders representing the irradiated vials was scored. A relationship between dose and R(2) was determined. Effects from oxygen contamination were present in the internally irradiated vials. An increase in O2 sensitivity over those gels irradiated externally was thought to be a result of the longer irradiation period. However, below the region of contamination dose response appeared homogenous. Due do a drop-off of dose at the periphery of the internally irradiated vials, magnetic resonance ringing artefacts were observed. The ringing did not greatly affect the accuracy of calibration, which was comparable for both methods. The largest errors in calculated dose originated from the initial activity measurements, and were approximately 10%. Measured R2 values ranged from 5-35 s(-1) with an average standard deviation of 1%. A clear relationship between R2 and dose was observed, with up to 40% increased sensitivity for internally irradiated gels. Curve fits to the calibration data followed a single exponential function. The correlation coefficients for internally and externally irradiated gels were 0.991 and 0.985, respectively. With the ability to accurately calibrate internally dosed polymer gels, this technology shows promise as a means to evaluate dosimetry methods, particularly in cases of non-uniform uptake of a radionuclide.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK. jgear@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gear
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Flux
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charles-Edwards
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Partridge
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ott
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers; D010100:Oxygen