title: Detrimental effects of nitric oxide inhibition on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure: role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic encephalopathy is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome. A previous study showed that chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition aggravated the severity of encephalopathy in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated rats. The present study investigated the relative contribution of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms on the severity of hepatic encephalopathy in TAA-treated rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fulminant hepatic failure was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (350 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. Rats were divided into three groups to receive N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, 25 mg/kg/day in tap water), L-canavanine (an inducible NOS inhibitor, 100 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal injection) or normal saline (N/S) from 2 days prior to TAA administration and lasting for 5 days. Severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the counts of motor activity. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine were determined by colorimetric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with L-canavanine or N/S-treated rats (0% and 4%, respectively), the mortality rate was significantly higher in rats receiving L-NAME administration (29%, P < 0.005). Inhibition of NO created detrimental effects on the counts of motor activities (P < 0.05). Rats treated with L-NAME had significantly higher plasma levels of total bilirubin, ALT, creatinine and TNF- alpha as compared with rats treated with L-canavanine or N/S (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic L-NAME administration, but not L-canavanine, had detrimental effects on the severity of hepatic damage and motor activities in TAA-treated rats. These results suggest that constitutive NOS activities play a major protective role in rats with fulminant hepatic failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ching-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Teh-Fang
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fa-Yauh
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Full-Young
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yi-Chou
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Che-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Hui-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sun-Sang
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shou-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002172:Canavanine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013853:Thioacetamide / Q000633:toxicity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013853:Thioacetamide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002172:Canavanine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester