title: Sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in Sarawak, Malaysia: lessons from the first 7 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major outbreak of human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak in 1997 marked the beginning of a series of outbreaks in the Asia Pacific region. Some of these outbreaks had unusually high numbers of fatalities and this generated much fear and anxiety in the region.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established a sentinel surveillance programme for hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia, in March 1998, and the observations of the first 7 years are described here. Virus isolation, serotyping and genotyping were performed on throat, rectal, vesicle and other swabs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this period Sarawak had two outbreaks of human enterovirus 71, in 2000 and 2003. The predominant strains circulating in the outbreaks of 1997, 2000 and 2003 were all from genogroup B, but the strains isolated during each outbreak were genetically distinct from each other. Human enterovirus 71 outbreaks occurred in a cyclical pattern every three years and Coxsackievirus A16 co-circulated with human enterovirus 71. Although vesicles were most likely to yield an isolate, this sample was not generally available from most cases and obtaining throat swabs was thus found to be the most efficient way to obtain virological information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 transmission will allow public health personnel to predict when outbreaks might occur and to plan interventions in an effective manner in order to reduce the burden of disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. ypodin@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yuwana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Podin
authors.forename: Edna L M
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gias
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Yee-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Siew-Fung
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Mohd Apandi
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Bibiana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Thian-Yew
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: Sik-Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Sik-King
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiyu
authors.forename: Mohd Taha
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cardosa
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005838:Genotype; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012703:Serotyping; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral