title: Glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is strong evidence from family and twin studies that genetic determinants play an important role in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the only genome scan of OCD to date that we are aware of, suggestive linkage was reported to the chromosomal region 9p24, a finding that was subsequently replicated. This region contains the gene encoding the neuronal glutamate transporter, SLC1A1. SLC1A1 represents an excellent candidate gene for OCD based on evidence from neuroimaging and animal studies that altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sequence variants in SLC1A1 are associated with transmission of the OCD trait.
  
  
  METHODS
  A family-based candidate gene association study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A specialized anxiety disorders outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-seven white probands with DSM-IV OCD recruited from consecutive referrals and their first-degree relatives (476 individuals in total).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning SLC1A1 were genotyped. Single-locus and haplotype analyses were performed using the Family-Based Association Test and the Transmission Disequilibrium Test. Traits examined included DSM-IV OCD diagnosis and highest lifetime symptom severity as measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Correction for multiple comparisons was performed using permutation tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After correction for multiple comparisons, 2 variants, rs301434 (chi 2 = 12.04; P = .006) and rs301435 (chi 2 = 9.24; P = .03), located within a single haplotype block were found to be associated with transmission of OCD. Furthermore, a specific 2-marker haplotype within this block was significantly associated with OCD (chi 2 = 12.60; P = .005). This haplotype association was statistically significant in transmissions to male but not female offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although requiring replication in larger samples, these findings provide preliminary evidence that sequence variation in SLC1A1 is associated with susceptibility to OCD, particularly in males. Furthermore, these results provide support for the role of altered glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of OCD.
authors.affiliation: Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul Daniel
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sicard
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burroughs
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / Q000235:genetics; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D050580:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D050580:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3; C493400:SLC1A1 protein, human