title: Comparison of new diagnostic tools for management of pediatric Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: New techniques are available for diagnosing leishmaniasis, but their efficacy in the identification of pediatric visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has not been compared with that of traditional methods. Blood, bone marrow, and urine samples were taken from 25 children with VL during their first clinical episode, 22 days after the start of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg/day on 6 days over a 10-day period), and when a relapse was suspected during follow-up. The results obtained suggest that antibody detection techniques, the antigen detection in urine (KAtex kit), and Leishmania nested PCR (LnPCR) analysis of the blood could be used for diagnosis of the first clinical episode. After treatment, clinical improvement was associated with negativization of Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle culture and microscopy of bone marrow aspirate, KAtex test, and LnPCR blood analysis results. Interestingly, LnPCR analysis of the bone marrow aspirate showed that sterile cure was not achieved in eight patients, two of which suffered a relapse within 10 to 20 weeks. All of the new noninvasive techniques tested showed high diagnostic sensitivity. However, LnPCR analysis of the bone marrow was the most sensitive; this test was able to detect the persistence of parasites and predict potential relapses.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. cruzi@isciii.es
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chicharro
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bailo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cañavate
authors.forename: María-Concepción
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Figueras
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvar
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013030:Spain; D014556:Urine / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D000666:Amphotericin B