title: Hormone replacement therapy and bleeding disorders.
abstract: Bleeding disorders encountered during administration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are reviewed. The incidence of bleeding disorders is dependent on the phase of HRT and the age of the patient. In the diagnosis of these bleedings transvaginal sonography and minihysteroscopy are very important methods. Endometrial thickness can be monitored exactly by transvaginal sonography. Outpatient minihysteroscopy without anesthesia results in higher compliance to HRT after the procedure. In hormonal treatment of bleeding disorders during HRT, the sonographically supported progestogen test is very useful and can reduce endometrium thickness. Operative treatments include myoma and polyp resection as well as endometrial ablation. By these methods a high rate of bleeding-free HRT can be reached. The problem of endometrial cancer during HRT is discussed on the basis of new literature and critical statements. The review shows the importance of individual diagnostic and treatment schedules for bleeding disorders during HRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Cologne Weyertal, Germany. Thomas.Roemer@evk-koeln.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Römer
mesh_terms: D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000150:complications; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011127:Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D017698:Postmenopause; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens