title: The CHARGE study: an epidemiologic investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to autism.
abstract: Causes and contributing factors for autism are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that prevalence is rising, but the extent to which diagnostic changes and improvements in ascertainment contribute to this increase is unclear. Both genetic and environmental factors are likely to contribute etiologically. Evidence from twin, family, and genetic studies supports a role for an inherited predisposition to the development of autism. Nonetheless, clinical, neuroanatomic, neurophysiologic, and epidemiologic studies suggest that gene penetrance and expression may be influenced, in some cases strongly, by the prenatal and early postnatal environmental milieu. Sporadic studies link autism to xenobiotic chemicals and/or viruses, but few methodologically rigorous investigations have been undertaken. In light of major gaps in understanding of autism, a large case-control investigation of underlying environmental and genetic causes for autism and triggers of regression has been launched. The CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) study will address a wide spectrum of chemical and biologic exposures, susceptibility factors, and their interactions. Phenotypic variation among children with autism will be explored, as will similarities and differences with developmental delay. The CHARGE study infrastructure includes detailed developmental assessments, medical information, questionnaire data, and biologic specimens. The CHARGE study is linked to University of California-Davis Center for Children's Environmental Health laboratories in immunology, xenobiotic measurement, cell signaling, genomics, and proteomics. The goals, study design, and data collection protocols are described, as well as preliminary demographic data on study participants and on diagnoses of those recruited through the California Department of Developmental Services Regional Center System.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, and Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA. ihp@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Irva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hertz-Picciotto
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Croen
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Carrie R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van de Water
authors.forename: Isaac N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pessah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors