title: Delayed evaluation of combat-related penetrating neck trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The approach to penetrating trauma of the head and neck has undergone significant evolution and offers unique challenges during wartime. Military munitions produce complex injury patterns that challenge conventional diagnosis and management. Mass casualties may not allow for routine exploration of all stable cervical blast injuries. The objective of this study was to review the delayed evaluation of combat-related penetrating neck trauma in patients after evacuation to the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2003 through April 2005, a series of patients with military-associated penetrating cervical trauma were evacuated to a single institution, prospectively entered into a database, and retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suspected vascular injury from penetrating neck trauma occurred in 63 patients. Injuries were to zone II in 33%, zone III in 33%, and zone I in 11%. The remaining injuries involved multiple zones, including the lower face or posterior neck. Explosive devices wounded 50 patients (79%), 13 (21%) had high-velocity gunshot wounds, and 19 (30%) had associated intracranial or cervical spine injury. Of the 39 patients (62%) who underwent emergent neck exploration in Iraq or Afghanistan, 21 had 24 injuries requiring ligation (18), vein interposition or primary repair (4), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft interposition (1), or patch angioplasty (1). Injuries occurred to the carotid, vertebral, or innominate arteries, or the jugular vein. After evacuation to the United States, all patients underwent radiologic evaluation of the head and neck vasculature. Computed tomography angiography was performed in 45 patients (71%), including six zone II injuries without prior exploration. Forty (63%) underwent diagnostic arteriography that detected pseudoaneurysms (5) or occlusions (8) of the carotid and vertebral arteries. No occult venous injuries were noted. Delayed evaluation resulted in the detection of 12 additional occult injuries and one graft thrombosis in 11 patients. Management included observation (5), vein or PTFE graft repair (3), coil embolization (2), or ligation (1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penetrating multiple fragment injury to the head and neck is common during wartime. Computed tomography angiography is useful in the delayed evaluation of stable patients, but retained fragments produce suboptimal imaging in the zone of injury. Arteriography remains the imaging study of choice to evaluate for cervical vascular trauma, and its use should be liberalized for combat injuries. Stable injuries may not require immediate neck exploration; however, the high prevalence of occult injuries discovered in this review underscores the need for a complete re-evaluation upon return to the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA. Charles.Fox@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Mitchell W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hawksworth
authors.forename: Chad M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cryer
authors.forename: Norman M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000601:surgery; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014857:Warfare; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*