title: Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the profile of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  537 patients with PDD drawn from an international multicentre clinical trial of rivastigmine were assessed using the 10-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). A cluster analysis was used to investigate the inter-relationship of NPI items. Associations between the clusters and demographic and clinical variables were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  89% of the patients presented at least one symptom on the NPI, 77% had two or more symptoms and 64% had at least one symptom with a score > or = 4. The most common symptoms were depression (58%), apathy (54%), anxiety (49%) and hallucinations (44%). Patients with more severe dementia and advanced Parkinson's disease had more neuropsychiatric symptoms. Nearly 60% of the care givers reported at least one NPI symptom to be of at least moderate severe distress. Five NPI clusters were identified: one group with few and mild symptoms (52%); a mood cluster (11%, high scores on depression, anxiety and apathy); apathy (24%; high apathy and low scores on other items); agitation (5%, high score on agitation and high total NPI score); and a psychosis cluster (8%; high scores on delusions and hallucinations). The psychosis and agitation clusters had the lowest Mini-Mental State Examination score and the highest Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and care giver distress scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in patients with PDD. The profile of these symptoms differs from that in other types of dementia. Subgroups with different neuropsychiatric profiles were identified. These subgroups may be associated with distinct neurobiological changes, which should be explored in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Neuroscience Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. daa@sir.no
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aarsland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brønnick
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ehrt
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emre
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological