title: Female serial killing: review and case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single homicide committed by women is rare. Serial killing is very infrequent, and the perpetrators are usually white, intelligent males with sadistic tendencies. Serial killing by women has, however, also been described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a review of published literature on female serial killers and consider its usefulness in assessing a presenting case.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted, after searching EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO. The presenting clinical case is described in detail in the context of the literature findings. Results The literature search revealed few relevant publications. Attempts to categorize the phenomenon of female serial killing according to patterns of and motives for the homicides have been made by some authors. The most common motive identified was material gain or similar extrinsic gratification while the 'hedonistic' sadistic or sexual serial killer seems to be extremely rare in women. There is no consistent theory of serial killing by women, but psychopathic personality traits and abusive childhood experiences have consistently been observed. The authors' case did not fit the description of a 'typical' female serial killer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In such unusual circumstances as serial killing by a woman, detailed individual case formulation is required to make sense of the psychopathology in each case. Publication of cases in scientific journals should be encouraged to advance our understanding of this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Psychiatric Services, Psychiatric Hospital Lucerne, Kantonsspital, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Völlm
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dittmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000379:methods; D006708:Homicide / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D013557:Switzerland