title: Nongalenic arteriovenous fistulas: history of treatment and technology.
abstract: Nongalenic cerebral arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are uncommon, high-flow vascular lesions first treated by Walter Dandy and his colleagues by using open surgery with ligation of the feeding artery. Due to advances in endovascular technology over the past four decades that make possible the control of high flow in AVFs, treatment has evolved from the sole option of surgery to include the alternative or adjunct option of endovascular embolization. The authors of this review discuss the history of nongalenic AVF treatment, including techniques of both surgery and interventional neuroradiology and the technological developments underlying them.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-7039, USA. kupchurch@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Upchurch
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Duckwiler
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Frazee
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
mesh_terms: D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000266:history*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States