title: Graduated driver licensing programs and fatal crashes of 16-year-old drivers: a national evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implementation of graduated driver licensing programs is associated with reductions in crash rates of young drivers, but graduated driver licensing programs vary in their components. The impact of programs with different components is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to determine which graduated driver licensing programs are associated with the greatest reductions in fatal motor vehicle crashes involving 16-year-old drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of all 16-year-old drivers involved in fatal crashes in the United States from 1994 through 2004 using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the US Census Bureau. We measured incidence rate ratios of fatal motor vehicle crashes involving 16-year-old drivers according to graduated driver licensing programs, adjusted for state and year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with state quarters with no graduated driver licensing program components, reductions of 16% to 21% in fatal crash involvement rates of 16-year-old drivers occurred with programs that included > or = 3-month mandatory waiting period, nighttime driving restriction, and either > or = 30 hours of supervised driving or passenger restriction. Reductions of 18% to 21% occurred in state quarters with programs that included > or = 5 of the 7 components examined. Drivers aged 20 to 24 or 25 to 29 years did not experience significant reductions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive graduated driver licensing programs are associated with reductions of approximately 20% in 16-year-old drivers' fatal crash involvement rates. The greatest benefit seems to be associated with programs that include age requirements and > or = 3 months of waiting before the intermediate stage, nighttime driving restriction, and either > or = 30 hours of supervised driving or passenger restriction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore Maryland 21205-1996, USA.
authors.forename: Li-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology