title: Mechanism of recurrent/persistent ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation in the chronic phase after surgical annuloplasty: importance of augmented posterior leaflet tethering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical annuloplasty can potentially hoist the posterior annulus anteriorly, exaggerate posterior leaflet (PML) tethering, and lead to recurrent ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation (MR). Characteristics of leaflet configurations in late postoperative MR were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 30 patients with surgical annuloplasty for ischemic MR and 20 controls, the anterior leaflet (AML) and PML tethering angles relative to the line connecting annuli, posterior and apical displacement of the coaptation and the MR grade were measured by echocardiography before, early after, and late after surgery. Early after surgery, grade of MR and AML tethering generally decreased (P<0.01), whereas PML tethering significantly worsened (P<0.01). Nine of the 30 patients showed recurrent/persistent MR late after surgery. Compared with patients without late MR, those with the MR showed similar reduction in the annular area, significant re-increase in posterior displacement of the coaptation, and progressive worsening in PML tethering (P<0.05) late after surgery in comparison to the early phase. Both preoperative MR and late postoperative MR were significantly correlated with all tethering variables in univariate analysis. Although apical displacement of the coaptation was the primary determinant of preoperative MR (r2=0.60, P<0.0001), increased PML tethering was the primary determinant of late MR (r2=0.75, P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas both leaflets tethering is related to preoperative ischemic MR, both leaflets tethering but with predominant contribution from augmented and progressive PML tethering is related to recurrent/persistent ischemic/functional MR late after surgical annuloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, 890-8520, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otsuji
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iguro
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mizukami
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakashiki
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: Kunitsugu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takasaki
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kisanuki
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Ryuzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Chuwa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009038:Motion; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014463:Ultrasonography