Electrodes and multiple electrode systems for radio frequency ablation: a proposal for updated terminology.
OBJECTIVE
Research on technology for soft tissue radio frequency (RF) ablation is ever advancing. A recent proposal to standardize terminology of RF electrodes only deals with the most frequently used commercial electrodes. The aim of this study was to develop a logical, versatile, and unequivocal terminology to describe present and future RF electrodes and multiple electrode systems.


METHODS
We have carried out a PubMed search for the period from January 1st 1990 to July 1st 2004 in seven languages and contacted the six major companies that produce commercial RF electrodes for use in the liver. In a first step, names have been defined for the five existing basic designs of single-shaft electrode. These names had to be unequivocal, descriptive of the electrode's main working principle and as short as possible. In a second step, these basic names have been used as building blocks to describe the single-shaft electrodes in combination designs. In a third step, using the same principles, a logical terminology has been developed for multiple electrode systems, defined as the combined use of more than one single-shaft RF electrode.


RESULTS
Five basic electrode designs were identified and defined: plain, cooled, expandable, wet, and bipolar electrodes. Combination designs included cooled-wet, expandable-wet, bipolar-wet, bipolar-cooled, bipolar-expandable, and bipolar-cooled-wet electrodes. Multiple electrode systems could be characterized by describing several features: the number of electrodes that were used (dual, triple, etc.), the electric mode (monopolar or bipolar), the activation mode (consecutive, simultaneous or switching), the site of the inserted electrodes (monofocal or multifocal), and the type of single-shaft electrodes that were used.


CONCLUSIONS
In this terminology, the naming ofthe basic electrode designs has been based on objective criteria. The short and unequivocal names of the basic designs can easily be combined to describe current and future combination electrodes. This terminology provides an exact and complete description of the versatile novel multiple electrode systems.
Mulier
Stefaan
S
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Mont-Godinne, Catholic University of Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.
Miao
Yi
Y
Mulier
Peter
P
Dupas
Benoit
B
Pereira
Philippe
P
De Baere
Thierry
T
Lencioni
Riccardo
R
Leveillee
Raymond
R
Marchal
Guy
G
Michel
Luc
L
Ni
Yicheng
Y
D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000145:classification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D039781:PubMed; D009626:Terminology as Topic