title: Neuropsychological outcome of children with intrauterine growth restriction: a 9-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the effect of late-onset intrauterine growth restriction on the neuropsychological profile and on academic achievements at 9 years of age using a large-scale prospective paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed up 123 infants diagnosed with late-onset intrauterine growth restriction yearly for 9 years. They were matched with 63 children for gestation age and multiple socioeconomic factors and evaluated by an extensive neuropsychological battery to assess intelligence quotient, academic achievements, learning and memory, visuomotor skills, visuospatial integration, attention, language, executive functions, and creativity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with intrauterine growth restriction had lower intelligence quotient and more frequent neuropsychological difficulties. Difficulties in executive functioning, inflexibility-creativity, and language, indicative of frontal lobe dysfunction, were typically affected by intrauterine growth restriction and were rarely identified in the control group. Learning difficulties accompanied by lower academic achievements were more prevalent in the intrauterine growth restriction group, particularly when anthropometric catch-up was incomplete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The longitudinal findings reaffirm that functional coherence depends on preestablished structural growth and reorganization of the central nervous system. The neuropsychological profile at 9 years of age indicates that late-onset intrauterine growth restriction compromises frontal network functioning.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Child Neurology and Neurology Unit, Dana Children's Hospital, Souraski Medical Center, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. gevaro@mail.biu.ac.il
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geva
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eshel
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leitner
authors.forename: Aviva Fattal
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Valevski
authors.forename: Shaul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harel
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008606:Mental Processes; D009048:Motor Skills; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011340:Problem Solving; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors