title: Progressive prothrombotic state in women with advancing HIV disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for venous thrombotic events (VTEs). We sought to determine if advancing stages of HIV were associated with coagulation abnormalities that could predispose to VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional protein S, factor VIII activity, and lupus anticoagulant were assayed in 144 participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Women with conditions associated with VTE (cancer, pregnancy, hormone use, acute infection, cancer, and autoimmune disease) were excluded. Subjects included 34 women with history of clinical AIDS, 11 with immunologic AIDS (CD4 count, <200 cells/dL), 49 with asymptomatic HIV, and 50 HIV-negative comparators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found progressive decreases in protein S, when comparing HIV-negative women (median, 76%) to women with asymptomatic HIV (median, 67%), immunologic AIDS (median, 62%), or clinical AIDS (median, 46%; P < 0.0001). Similarly, advancing HIV was associated with stepwise increases in factor VIII, from a median of 116% in HIV-negative women to 149% in those with asymptomatic HIV, 196% in those with immunologic AIDS, and 211% in those with clinical AIDS (P < 0.0001). No subject had lupus anticoagulant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advancing HIV is associated with progressive abnormalities of protein S and factor VIII; both of which are associated with increased risk for VTE, thus providing a biologic mechanism for the increased prevalence of VTE in HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA. alevine@usc.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vigen
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gravink
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: C Heather
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Liebman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000097:blood; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D017293:Protein S; D005169:Factor VIII