title: Prenatal viral exposure followed by adult stress produces glucose intolerance in a mouse model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that the uterine environment may influence metabolic disease occurring later in adult life, and that adult stress may promote disease outcome. Using a mouse model, we tested whether in utero exposure to Ljungan virus (LV) followed by adult exposure to stress produces diabetes. The influence of the timing of viral exposure over the course of pregnancy was also tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed i.p. to LV on pregnancy days 4, 8, 12 or 17. Adult male mice from these pregnancies were stressed by being kept in shared cages. Stress only, LV exposure in utero only, and no-stress/no virus exposure groups were also followed. Outcome variables included bodyweight, epididymal fat weight, baseline glucose, glucose tolerance tests (60 and 120 min) and serum insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that male mice developed a type 2-like diabetes, including obesity, as adults if infected during pregnancy with LV. Diabetes at the age of 11 weeks was more severe in mice whose mothers were infected earlier than in those whose mothers were infected later in pregnancy. Only animals infected in utero and kept under stress developed diabetes; infection or stress alone did not cause disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrates that a type 2 diabetes-like disease can be virus-induced in a mouse model. Early in utero viral insults can set the stage for disease occurring during adult life, but the final manifestation of diabetes is dependent on the combination of early viral exposure and stress in adult life.
authors.affiliation: Apodemus AB, Grevgatan 38, SE-114 53, Stockholm, Sweden. Bo.Niklasson@Apodemus.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niklasson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samsioe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blixt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjöholm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lagerquist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D030061:Parechovirus; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin