title: Surgical treatment of superficial esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The worldwide incidence of superficial esophageal cancer (SEC) is increasing. The aim of this study is to review the systematic surgical outcomes of esophagectomy for SEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only manuscripts written in English and written between 1980 and 2003 were selected from MEDLINE. The keywords consisting of superficial esophageal cancer, early esophageal cancer, and early stage or superficial stage or stage I in esophageal cancer were searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were no exclusion criteria for published information relevant to the topics. The most representative articles were selected when there were several articles from the same institution. Case reports were excluded. DATA EXTRACTIONS: Thirty-two manuscripts were finally collected from MEDLINE and eight articles were also added from reference lists of the pertinent literatures. In evaluating the statistical analysis of the complications of the reported literature, collective method was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The collected information was organized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclusions drawn from those articles showed that the overall prevalence of SEC accounted around 10% and increased to 25% in the 2000s. The overall incidence of lymph node metastasis of SEC was about 25% and its incidences in mucosal and submucosal cancer were 5 and 35%, respectively. The percentage of the cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) vs adenocarcinoma (AC) widely varied depending on the geographic locations reported; most SCC cases were from the Asian countries and most AC cases were from the European countries. Clinical significance of multimodal treatment for SEC has dramatically developed in the recent era and could provide various potential therapeutic options for SEC. These concepts make it possible to individualize surgical management of SEC as part of various multimodal treatments. The operative approaches for SEC varied from minimally invasive thoracoscopic esophagectomy, limited transabdominal distal esophagectomy, conventional transthoracic esophagectomy, transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy, en bloc esophagectomy, and to extended esophagectomy with a complete three-field lymph node dissection. A 5-year overall survival rate of SEC after esophagectomy was good (46 to 83%) to excellent (71 and 100%) for mucosal SEC, but far from satisfactory (33 and 78%) for submucosal SEC. Early diagnosis, development of multimodal treatment, standardization of the surgical procedure including routine lymph node dissection, and improved perioperative management of patients have led to a better survival for patients with SEC.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Digestive and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan. nigeka35@med.shimane-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.forename: Muneaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibakita
authors.forename: Yasuhito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tonomoto
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hyakudomi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Dipok Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Dhar
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagasue
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate