title: Mg2+ dependence of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by sevoflurane or halothane in skeletal muscle from humans susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In normal resting muscle, cytosolic Mg(2+) exerts a potent inhibitory influence on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor, RyR1). Impaired Mg(2+)-regulation of RyR1 has been proposed as a causal factor in malignant hyperthermia (MH). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cytosolic Mg(2+) on SR Ca(2+) release induced by halothane or sevoflurane in normal (MHN) and MH susceptible (MHS) human skeletal muscle fibres.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of vastus medialis muscle were obtained from patients under investigation for MH susceptibility. Single fibres were mechanically skinned and perfused with solutions mimicking the intracellular milieu. Changes in [Ca(2+)](i) were detected using fura-2 fluorescence after application of equimolar halothane or sevoflurane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In MHN fibres, concentrations of sevoflurane or halothane as high as 10 mM typically failed to induce SR Ca(2+) release at physiological free [Mg(2+)] (1 mM). However, when [Mg(2+)] was decreased to 0.4 mM, SR Ca(2+) release occurred in 51% (16/33) and 6% (2/33) of MHN fibres after the addition of 1 mM halothane or 1 mM sevoflurane, respectively. Further decreases in [Mg(2+)] increased the proportion of responsive fibres. In the presence of 0.1 mM [Mg(2+)], Ca(2+) release occurred in all fibres (33/33) after the introduction of 1 mM halothane or 1 mM sevoflurane. In MHS fibres, 1 mM halothane or 1 mM sevoflurane-induced Ca(2+) release in 54% (7/13) or 15% (2/13) of fibres, respectively, at 1 mM Mg(2+). A decrease in [Mg(2+)] to 0.2 mM Mg(2+) was sufficient to render 100% of MHS fibres (13/13) responsive to 1 mM halothane or 1 mM sevoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both MHS and MHN fibres (i) halothane is a more potent activator of SR Ca(2+) release than sevoflurane and (ii) as with halothane, the efficacy of sevoflurane-induced SR Ca(2+) release exhibits a marked dependence on cytosolic [Mg(2+)]. The marked potentiation of SR Ca(2+) release after a moderate reduction in cytosolic [Mg(2+)] suggests that conditions which cause hypomagnesaemia will increase the probability and possibly severity of an MH event. Conversely, maintenance of a normal or slightly increased cytosolic [Mg(2+)] may reduce the probability of MH.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Halsall
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008305:Malignant Hyperthermia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium; D006221:Halothane