title: Use of cytokine polymorphisms and Epstein-Barr virus viral load to predict development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in paediatric liver transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently there are no tests to accurately identify paediatric liver transplant patients at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Herein we describe the use of cytokine polymorphisms and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral load to identify patients at risk for PTLD development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2001 and 2004, approximately 1047 patient samples were collected for qPCR for EBV in 59 patients. EBV viral load was reported in three groups: low EBV (<4,000 copies/microg DNA), high EBV/no PTLD (>4000 copies/microg DNA) and biopsy-proven PTLD. All 59 patients also had cytokine polymorphism genotyping performed for six cytokine polymorphisms (transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukins (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-2, and interferon (IFN)-gamma) from DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using qPCR and cytokine polymorphism results. Data are reported as a mean +/- standard error of the mean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 35 males and 24 females with a mean follow-up of 34.9 months. EBV viral load had a PPV and NPV of 29 and 95%, respectively. The low IFN-gamma (A/A) polymorphism was found to be present in 4/6 PTLD patients (67%) and only 17/53 (33%) non-PTLD patients. When the low A/A IFN-gamma polymorphism was combined with EBV viral load for prediction of PTLD, PPV and NPV were 57 and 93%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of cytokine genotyping in conjunction with qPCR for EBV viral load can significantly improve the predictive value of diagnostic tests for identification of patients at high risk for PTLD.
authors.affiliation: Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Savoldo
authors.forename: Neal R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Barshes
authors.forename: Cliona M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Heslop
authors.forename: Adrian P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Jaymee D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004279:DNA, Viral; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents