title: Transactivation of elements in the human endogenous retrovirus W family by viral infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrant expression of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) elements in the W family has previously been associated with schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and preeclampsia. Little is know regarding the basal expression, transcriptional regulation and functional significance of individual HERV-elements. Since viral infections have previously been reported to transactivate retroviral long terminal repeat regions we examined the basal expression of HERV-W elements and following infections by influenza A/WSN/33 and Herpes simplex 1 viruses in human cell-lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative levels of transcripts encoding HERV-W elements and cellular genes were analyzed by qPCR methods. An analysis of amplicon melting temperatures was used to detect variations in the frequencies of amplicons in discrete ranges of such melting temperatures. These frequency-distributions were taken as proxy markers for the repertoires of transcribed HERV-W elements in the cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report cell-specific expression patterns of HERV-W elements during base-line conditions. Expressed elements include those with intact regulatory long terminal repeat regions (LTRs) as well as elements flanked by truncated LTRs. Subsets of HERV-W elements were transactivated by viral infection in the different cell-lines. Transcriptional activation of these elements, including that encoding syncytin, was dependent on viral replication and was not induced by antiviral responses. Serum deprivation of cells induced similar changes in the expression of HERV-W elements suggesting that the observed phenomena are, in part, an effect of cellular stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that HERV-W elements, including elements lacking regulatory LTRs, are expressed in cell-specific patterns which can be modulated by environmental influences. This brings into light that mechanisms behind the regulation of expression of HERV-W elements are more complex than previously assumed and suggests biological functions of these transcripts.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. christoffer.nellaker@ki.se
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nellåker
authors.forename: Yuanrong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones-Brando
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallet
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yolken
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D020298:U937 Cells; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D015686:Gene Products, env; D015683:Gene Products, gag