title: DDX3, a DEAD box RNA helicase with tumor growth-suppressive property and transcriptional regulation activity of the p21waf1/cip1 promoter, is a candidate tumor suppressor.
abstract: DDX3 is a DEAD box RNA helicase with diverse biological functions. Using colony formation assay, our results revealed that DDX3 inhibited the colony formation ability of various tumor cells, and this inhibition might be due to a reduced growth rate caused by DDX3. Additionally, we identified p21(waf1/cip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, as a target gene of DDX3, and the up-regulation of p21(waf1/cip1) expression accounted for the colony-suppressing activity of DDX3. Moreover, DDX3 exerted its transactivation function on p21(waf1/cip1) promoter through an ATPase-dependent but helicase-independent mechanism, and the four Sp1 sites located within the -123 to -63 region, relative to the transcription start site of p21(waf1/cip1) promoter, were essential for the response to DDX3. Furthermore, DDX3 interacted and cooperated with Sp1 to up-regulate the promoter activity of p21(waf1/cip1). To determine the relevance of DDX3 in clinical cancers, the expression profile of DDX3 in various tumors was also examined. A declined expression of DDX3 mRNA and protein was found in approximately 58% to 73% of hepatoma specimens, which led to the reduction of p21(waf1/cip1) expression in a manner independent of p53 status. Additionally, an alteration of subcellular localization from nuclei to cytoplasm was also observed in >70% of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma samples. Because DDX3 exhibits tumor suppressor functions, such as a growth-suppressive property and transcriptional activation of the p21(waf1/cip1) promoter, and is inactivated through down-regulation of gene expression or alteration of subcellular localization in tumor cells, all these features together suggest that DDX3 might be a candidate tumor suppressor.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chi-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Chun-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pei-Lin
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jing-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Ann-Ping
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.forename: Yan-Hwa Wu
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C119332:DDX3X protein, human; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D020365:RNA Helicases