title: Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia.
abstract: Neuromotor prostheses (NMPs) aim to replace or restore lost motor functions in paralysed humans by routeing movement-related signals from the brain, around damaged parts of the nervous system, to external effectors. To translate preclinical results from intact animals to a clinically useful NMP, movement signals must persist in cortex after spinal cord injury and be engaged by movement intent when sensory inputs and limb movement are long absent. Furthermore, NMPs would require that intention-driven neuronal activity be converted into a control signal that enables useful tasks. Here we show initial results for a tetraplegic human (MN) using a pilot NMP. Neuronal ensemble activity recorded through a 96-microelectrode array implanted in primary motor cortex demonstrated that intended hand motion modulates cortical spiking patterns three years after spinal cord injury. Decoders were created, providing a 'neural cursor' with which MN opened simulated e-mail and operated devices such as a television, even while conversing. Furthermore, MN used neural control to open and close a prosthetic hand, and perform rudimentary actions with a multi-jointed robotic arm. These early results suggest that NMPs based upon intracortical neuronal ensemble spiking activity could provide a valuable new neurotechnology to restore independence for humans with paralysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Leigh R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: Mijail D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Serruya
authors.forename: Gerhard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Friehs
authors.forename: Jon A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mukand
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Abraham H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Branner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Penn
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Donoghue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001701:Bionics / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface