title: Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among 345 adults in rural India--the Andhra Pradesh Rural Health Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart attack and stroke are problems already faced by some urban populations of India, but less is known about cardiovascular disease and risk factors in rural areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the levels and management of major cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in two villages in rural Andhra Pradesh, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was done by selecting a random sample stratified by age and gender from each village using census lists compiled in 2002. For each individual, trained study staff administered a Telugu-translation of a structured questionnaire, performed a brief physical examination and collected a fasting venous blood sample. Weighted estimates of mean (or percentages with) risk factor levels in the population were calculated and are reported with confidence intervals unless otherwise specified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was collected from 345 adults aged 20 to 90. The average household size was 4.2 and the mean combined household income was about Indian Rupees 25,454 (580 US dollars) per year. The mean systolic blood pressure was 116 (114-117) mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 73 (114-120) mm Hg, total cholesterol 4.6 (4.5-4.7) mmol/L, HDL-cholesterol 0.8 (0.8-0.9) mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol 3.2 (3.1-3.3) mmol/L and triglyceride 1.3 (1.2-1.4) mmol/L. The prevalence of current smoking was 19.9% (15.4-24.4%), hypertension 20.3% (16.2-24.4%), diabetes 3.7% (1.8-5.5%), overweight 16.9% (12.3-21.5%) and obesity 4.4% (1.9-6.8%). A medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (previous heart attack, stroke or angina) was reported by 2.5% (1.1-3.9%) and a further 1.1% (0.1-2.1%) had angina by the 'Rose' classification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possibility of increasing cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of vascular disease in areas of rural India represent a public health concern. Larger and repeated epidemiological studies focusing on chronic diseases are required to inform treatment and prevention strategies suitable for use in these areas and other resource poor settings.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute For International Health, University of Sydney, P.O. Box M 210, Missenden Road, Sydney 2050, Australia. cchow@thegeorgeinstitute.org
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Magnolia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: P Krishnam
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.forename: Akamshetty
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukumar
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madhav
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: K Srinath
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Celermajer
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol