title: Timing of rotator cuff activation during shoulder external rotation in throwers with and without symptoms of pain.
abstract: METHODS
  Fine-wire EMG rotator cuff onset time analysis in 2 matched groups of throwers with and without pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify if there is a difference in the activation patterns of the rotator cuff muscles during a rapid shoulder external rotation task between throwers with and without pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The coordinated action of the rotator cuff is recognized as essential for glenohumeral joint control in the throwing athlete. Identification of abnormalities occurring in muscle activation patterns for injured athletes is relevant when prescribing rehabilitative exercises.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve throwers with shoulder pain were compared to a matched group of 11 asymptomatic throwers. Participants were matched for age, height, body mass, and habitual activity. Fine-wire EMG electrodes were inserted into the subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus. EMG activity was measured during a reaction time task of rapid shoulder external rotation in a seated position. The timing of onset of EMG activity was analyzed in relation to visualization of a light (reaction time) and to the onset of infraspinatus activity (relative latency).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group with shoulder pain, the onset of subscapularis activity was found to be significantly delayed (reaction time, P = .0018; relative latency, P = .0005) from the onset of infraspinatus activity when compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of shoulder pain in these athletes was associated with a difference in the onset of subscapularis EMG activity during a rapid shoulder external rotation movement. This was an initial step in the understanding of the joint protection mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint and the problems that occur in throwers. This information may assist in providing future guidelines for more effective rehabilitation and prevention strategies for this condition.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia. Sally.hess@aanet.com.au
authors.forename: Sally Anne
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Darnell
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lisle
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001484:Baseball; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain; D012399:Rotation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*