title: Neurologists and the threat of bioterrorism.
abstract: Neurologists are most likely to become involved in primarily diagnosing those bioterrorist attacks utilising botulinum toxin. Oral ingestion, or possibly inhalation, are likely routes of delivery. The characteristic descending paralysis starts in the extraocular and bulbar muscles, with associated autonomic features. Repetitive nerve stimulation usually shows an incremental muscle response. Treatment is supportive. The differential diagnosis is from naturally occurring paralysing illnesses such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenic crisis or diphtheria, from paralysing seafood neurotoxins (tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin), snake envenomation, and from chemical warfare poisoning by organophosphates. Primary neurological infections are less feasible for use as bioweapons. There are theoretical possibilities of Venezuelan equine encephalitis transmission by inhalation and secondary zoonotic transmission cycles sustained by horses and mosquitoes. Severe haemorrhagic meningitis regularly occurs in anthrax, usually in the aftermath of severe systemic disease likely to have been transmitted by spore inhalation. Panic and psychologically determined 'me-too' symptomatology are likely to pose the biggest diagnostic and management burden on neurologists handling bioterrorist attack on an institution or a random civilian population. Indeed civilian panic and disablement of institutional operations are likely to be prominent intentions of any bioterrorist attack.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK. joanna.wilkinson@clneuro.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donaghy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000635:transmission; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000639:trends*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D001906:Botulism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002960:Civil Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004685:Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008399:Mass Behavior; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D009462:Neurology / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins