title: Can ultrasound fetal biometry predict fetal hyperinsulinaemia at delivery in pregnancy complicated by maternal diabetes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between ultrasound fetal biometry and amniotic fluid insulin levels at delivery in women with pre-existing diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study identified 93 women who had amniotic fluid insulin levels measured at time of delivery. Standardised estimated fetal weight and fetal growth velocity were calculated from serial third trimester fetal ultrasound measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with pre-existing diabetes had significantly greater mean growth velocity [1.39 (95% CI: 0.43-2.23) versus 0.39 (95% CI: -01.7-0.95); p=0.04], significantly greater mean estimated fetal weight (EFW) Z score prior to delivery [2.36 (95% CI: 1.82-2.9) versus 1.38 (95% CI: 1.02-1.74); p=0.002] and greater mean birthweight centile [82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.89) versus 67 (95% CI: 58-76); p=0.02] than those with GDM/IGT. Amniotic fluid insulin levels demonstrated a similar significant difference between the pre-existing and GDM/IGT groups [20.5 (95% CI: 12.9-28.1) versus 8.5 (95% CI: 5.4-11.7); p=0.001]. An association between fetal growth and size and amniotic fluid insulin was observed in women with pre-existing diabetes. Positive likelihood ratios were 1.67 and 2.08, respectively, for the prediction of liquor insulin greater than the 95th centile in women with pre-existing diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound measures of fetal size and growth used in this study are not sufficiently accurate to predict those infants likely to be at risk from the adverse effects of fetal hyperinsulinaemia.
authors.affiliation: The Jessop Wing, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK. tom.farrell@sth.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kernaghan
authors.forename: Bola
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ola
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D020567:Fetal Weight; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000032:analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin