title: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography in patients with transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) before and after closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with cryptogenic ischemic events.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful noninvasive tool for detailed assessment of cardiac anatomy and function. The relevance of CMRI compared with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients undergoing transcatheter PFO closure has not been evaluated so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast-enhanced CMRI and TEE were performed in 75 patients before and after PFO closure. Twelve months after PFO closure, both imaging techniques were repeated in 61 patients with contrast application. To determine provokable atrial right-to-left shunting in CMRI, we applied a contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging technique. Detection of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) was achieved by means of a high-resolution cine imaging technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before PFO closure, ASA was seen with CMRI in 28 of 75 cases (37.3%), compared with 47 of 75 (62.7%) cases using TEE. There were a total of 211 CMRI studies with a corresponding TEE performed in 75 patients. No shunt was present in 107 of 211 studies with both techniques. Contrast-enhanced right-to-left shunting was detected by CMRI in 48 of 72 (66.6%) cases with moderate or severe shunts seen with TEE, but only in 6 of 32 (18.8%) studies with mild shunts with TEE. Anomalous venous returns were excluded in all patients. In two patients, coronary anomalies were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present CMRI technique is inferior to TEE in detection of contrast-enhanced right-to-left shunting and identification of ASA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nusser
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höher
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: Olaf C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Grebe
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spiess
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kestler
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rasche
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kochs
authors.forename: Vinzenz
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hombach
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wöhrle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA