title: Retinocollicular synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission during formation of the visual map in the superior colliculus of the wallaby (Macropus eugenii).
abstract: Spontaneous retinal activity has been implicated in the development of the topographic map in the superior colliculus (SC) but a direct demonstration that it reaches the colliculus is lacking. Here we investigate when the retinocollicular projection is capable of transmitting information from the retina in a marsupial mammal, the wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The projection develops postnatally, allowing in vivo analysis throughout development. Quantification of retinocollicular synaptogenesis has been combined with electrophysiology of the development and characteristics of retinocollicular transmission, including in vivo and in vitro recording in the same animals. Prior to postnatal day (P) 12-14 in vitro recording detected only presynaptic activity in retinal axons in the colliculus, in response to stimulation of the optic nerve. Postsynaptic responses, comprising both N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA responses, were first detected in vitro at P12-14 and retinal synapses were identified. In contrast, postsynaptic responses to optic nerve stimulation could not be detected in vivo until P39, around the time that retinal axons begin arborizing. Around this age density and numbers of total synapses began increasing in the retinorecipient layers of the colliculus. By P55-64, the numbers of retinal synapses had increased significantly and density and numbers of retinal and total synapses continued to increase up to P94-99. During this time the map is undergoing refinement and degenerating axons and synapses were present. The discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo onset of functional connections raises the question of when retinal activity reaches collicular cells in the intact, unanaesthetized animal and this will require investigation.
authors.affiliation: Central Nervous System Stability and Degeneration Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Flett
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Marotte
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007614:Macropodidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D038081:Organogenesis; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013477:Superior Colliculi / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; C056723:FG 9041; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate