title: Routes to improving the reliability of low level DNA analysis using real-time PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate quantification of DNA using quantitative real-time PCR at low levels is increasingly important for clinical, environmental and forensic applications. At low concentration levels (here referring to under 100 target copies) DNA quantification is sensitive to losses during preparation, and suffers from appreciable valid non-detection rates for sampling reasons. This paper reports studies on a real-time quantitative PCR assay targeting a region of the human SRY gene over a concentration range of 0.5 to 1000 target copies. The effects of different sample preparation and calibration methods on quantitative accuracy were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At very low target concentrations of 0.5-10 genome equivalents (g.e.) eliminating any replicates within each DNA standard concentration with no measurable signal (non-detects) compromised calibration. Improved calibration could be achieved by eliminating all calibration replicates for any calibration standard concentration with non-detects ('elimination by sample'). Test samples also showed positive bias if non-detects were removed prior to averaging; less biased results were obtained by converting to concentration, including non-detects as zero concentration, and averaging all values. Tube plastic proved to have a strongly significant effect on DNA quantitation at low levels (p = 1.8 x 10(-4)). At low concentrations (under 10 g.e.), results for assays prepared in standard plastic were reduced by about 50% compared to the low-retention plastic. Preparation solution (carrier DNA or stabiliser) was not found to have a significant effect in this study.Detection probabilities were calculated using logistic regression. Logistic regression over large concentration ranges proved sensitive to non-detected replicate reactions due to amplification failure at high concentrations; the effect could be reduced by regression against log (concentration) or, better, by eliminating invalid responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of low-retention plastic tubes is advised for quantification of DNA solutions at levels below 100 g.e. For low-level calibration using linear least squares, it is better to eliminate the entire replicate group for any standard that shows non-detects reasonably attributable to sampling effects than to either eliminate non-detects or to assign arbitrary high Ct values. In calculating concentrations for low-level test samples with non-detects, concentrations should be calculated for each replicate, zero concentration assigned to non-detects, and all resulting concentration values averaged. Logistic regression is a useful method of estimating detection probability at low DNA concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Technology, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK. s.ellison@lgc.co.uk
authors.forename: Stephen L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Jacquie T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Keer
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001483:Base Sequence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*