title: Cerebral activation during withholding urine with full bladder in healthy men using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT.
abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the brain areas that control urinary continence in healthy men by 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) SPECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  SPECT scans were performed on 15 right-handed healthy male volunteers, 24-45 y old. Each subject was scanned twice without movement in a supine position, and 444 and 555 MBq 99mTc-HMPAO were separately injected intravenously during the following 2 conditions: resting state with an empty bladder and urine-withholding state with a full bladder. The final image during urine withholding was obtained by subtracting the first scan data from the second scan data. The images were analyzed by statistical image analysis software and displayed on Z-score images at a significance threshold of P < 0.05 with correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the urine-withholding state, as compared with resting, there was a significant increase in tracer activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri and the right superior and the middle temporal gyri. Among the regions, the right inferior frontal gyrus was distinctly prominent. When the threshold value was decreased to P < 0.005 without correction, there was a vast network of cortical and subcortical regions involved during urine withholding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the right inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in brain control of urinary continence. This study also suggests that brain control of continence can be confirmed by statistical image analysis software using SPECT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan. yinyafu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yafu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shuke
authors.forename: Atsutaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okizaki
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Tamio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aburano
authors.forename: Yaming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizunaga
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yachiku
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D014553:Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena; D014554:Urination; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime