title: Impact of warm ischemia on different leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage from mouse lung: possible new targets to condition the pulmonary graft from the non-heart-beating donor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs) for lung transplantation is a possible alternative for increasing the number of organs available. The warm ischemic period after circulatory arrest may contribute to a higher degree of primary graft dysfunction, resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). A better understanding of the role of inflammatory cells during the warm ischemic interval may be useful for developing new therapeutic strategies against IRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were divided in 7 groups (n = 6/group). In 3 groups, ischemia was induced by clamping the hilum of the left lung for 30, 60 or 90 minutes (Groups [30I], [60I] or [90I], respectively). In 3 more groups, the lung was reperfused for 4 hours after identical ischemic intervals (Groups [30I+R], [60I+R] or [90I+R], respectively). Surgical impact was evaluated in a sham group ([sham]). Total and differential cell counts and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were determined and their correlations were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total cell, macrophage and lymphocyte numbers and IL-1beta protein levels increased progressively with longer ischemic intervals. A significant rise in BAL macrophages and lymphocytes was observed between [60I] and [90I] (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). BAL neutrophils only increased after reperfusion with longer ischemic intervals. A positive correlation was found in the ischemic groups between IL-1beta levels and the number of macrophages (r = 0.62; p = 0.0012) and the number of lymphocytes (r = 0.68; p = 0.0002). A positive correlation was found in the reperfusion groups between IL-1beta levels and the number of neutrophils (r = 0.48; p = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time that BAL macrophages and lymphocytes increase significantly during warm ischemia and correlate with IL-1beta levels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geudens
authors.forename: Bart M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Vanaudenaerde
authors.forename: Arne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Neyrinck
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van De Wauwer
authors.forename: Filip R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Rega
authors.forename: Geert M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Verleden
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verbeken
authors.forename: Toni E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lerut
authors.forename: Dirk E M
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Van Raemdonck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002452:Cell Count; D006323:Heart Arrest; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D014019:Tissue Donors; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods; D052096:Warm Ischemia
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1