title: Relationship between smoking habits and the features of the metabolic syndrome in a non-diabetic population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect of smoking on the pathogenic factors for the development of diabetes is little explored. We evaluate the relation of smoking with the features of the insulin resistance syndrome, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  2412 non-diabetic men, aged 35-65 years, were studied. Smoking habit was investigated by questionnaire. Anthropometry, blood pressure, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), fasting glucose, triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), insulin and fibrinogen were measured. HOMA-IR and HOMA beta cell were calculated. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to ATP III criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in smokers than non-smokers (OR: 1.34; 95% CI 1.01-1.77). This was mainly due to a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia - high triglycerides (46.1% vs 29.9%, p<0.001), or low HDL cholesterol (42.2% vs 30.4%, p<0.001), in smokers. In smokers, other features of insulin resistance - i.e. obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were significantly less frequent and FFA were lower (p<0.001). Plasma insulin and HOMA beta cell were similar in the two groups (8.3 vs 8.0microU/ml and 80.7% vs 82.9%, respectively), but HOMA-IR was significantly lower in smokers (p<0.001) due to the lower glucose values observed in these people.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the features of the metabolic syndrome, only dyslipidemia is associated with chronic smoking. Smoking in not associated with enhanced insulin resistance, or with impaired insulin secretion. Alternative hypotheses should be explored for the increased risk of diabetes in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, II Policlinico, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy. magia77@inwind.it
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masulli
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galasso
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin