title: Factors affecting calcium oxalate dihydrate fragmented calculi regrowth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to treat calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) renal calculi gives excellent fragmentation results. However, the retention of post-ESWL fragments within the kidney remains an important health problem. This study examined the effect of various urinary conditions and crystallization inhibitors on the regrowth of spontaneously-passed post-ESWL COD calculi fragments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post-ESWL COD calculi fragments were incubated in chambers containing synthetic urine varying in pH and calcium concentration: pH = 5.5 normocalciuria (3.75 mM), pH = 5.5 hypercalciuria (6.25 mM), pH = 6.5 normocalciuria (3.75 mM) or pH = 6.5 hypercalciuria (6.25 mM). Fragment growth was evaluated by measuring increases in weight. Fragment growth was standardized by calculating the relative mass increase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals formed on COD renal calculi fragments under all conditions. Under pH = 5.5 normocalciuria conditions, only COM crystals formed (growth rate = 0.22 +/- 0.04 microg/mg x h). Under pH = 5.5 hypercalciuria and under pH = 6.5 normocalciuria conditions, COM crystals and a small number of new COD crystals formed (growth rate = 0.32 +/- 0.03 microg/mg x h and 0.35 +/- 0.05 microg/mg x h, respectively). Under pH = 6.5 hypercalciuria conditions, large amounts of COD, COM, hydroxyapatite and brushite crystals formed (growth rate = 3.87 +/- 0. 34 microg/mg x h). A study of three crystallization inhibitors demonstrated that phytate completely inhibited fragment growth (2.27 microM at pH = 5.5 and 4.55 microM at pH = 6.5, both under hypercalciuria conditions), while 69.0 microM pyrophosphate caused an 87% reduction in mass under pH = 6.5 hypercalciuria conditions. In contrast, 5.29 mM citrate did not inhibit fragment mass increase under pH = 6.5 hypercalciuria conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The growth rate of COD calculi fragments under pH = 6.5 hypercalciuria conditions was approximately ten times that observed under the other three conditions. This observation suggests COD calculi residual fragments in the kidneys together with hypercalciuria and high urinary pH values may be a risk factor for stone growth. The study also showed the effectiveness of specific crystallization inhibitors in slowing calculi fragment growth.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma of Mallorca, Spain. dqufgfo@ps.uib.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa-Bauzá
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perelló
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isern
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanchis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grases
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003460:Crystallization; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008096:Lithotripsy; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012008:Recurrence; D014556:Urine / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019343:Citric Acid; D010833:Phytic Acid; D002118:Calcium