title: Novel nontoxic mitochondrial probe for confocal fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: We propose a 2,5-Bis[1-(4-N-methylpyridinium)ethen-2-yl)]-N-methylpyrrole ditriflate (PEPEP) as a novel nontoxic, nonpotentiometric mitochondrial probe for confocal fluorescence microscopy. PEPEP is a representative chromophore of a large family of heterocyclic fluorescent dyes that show fluorescence emission in aqueous media and great DNA affinity. We check its cytotoxicity and intracellular localization in mammalian and yeast cell cultures. We demonstrate that PEPEP is a very efficient dye for fluorescence confocal microscopy and a valuable alternative to the most frequently used mitochondrial stains.
authors.affiliation: CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Versari
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Silvia Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Doglia
authors.forename: Giorgio A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bradamante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: C503166:1-methyl-2,5-bis(2-(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)ethenyl)pyrrole; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D011758:Pyrroles