title: Occult tethered cord syndrome: not an indication for surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The author describes the paucity of information known about occult tethered cord syndrome and summarizes the argument for using a nonsurgical approach in these cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of what we do and do not know about this syndrome is provided. Surgical procedures to divide the terminal filum in patients with symptoms of tethered spinal cord without the imaging correlates are said to result in clinical improvement, yet there is little physiological evidence to support the surgical release of the filum in the absence of other anatomical lesions. Validated diagnostic and outcome measures are also lacking, which makes the interpretation of reported results exceedingly difficult. Finally, reports used to support surgical intervention are limited by small size, the absence of control groups, and observer bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without conclusive clinical evidence, the arguments supporting surgery for occult tethered cord syndrome must be viewed cautiously.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. james.drake@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery