title: Arsenic and cigarette smoke synergistically increase DNA oxidation in the lung.
abstract: Epidemiological evidence has indicated that arsenic and cigarette smoking exposure act synergistically to increase the incidence of lung cancer. Since oxidative damage of DNA has been linked to cancer, our hypothesis is that aerosolized arsenic and cigarette smoke work synergistically to increase oxidative stress and increase DNA oxidation in the lung. To test this hypothesis male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to room air (control), aerosolized arsenic compounds (3.2 mg/m3 for 30 minutes), cigarette smoke (5 mg/m3 for 30 minutes), or both smoke and arsenic. Exposures were for 5 days/week for 5 or 28-days. Animals were sacrificed one day after the last exposure. In the 28-day group, glutathione levels and DNA oxidation (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG)) were determined. Our results show that in the 28-day arsenic/smoke group there was a significant decrease in both the reduced and total glutathione levels compared with arsenic or smoke alone. This correlated with a 5-fold increase in DNA oxidation as shown by HPLC. Immunohistochemical localization of 8-oxo-dG showed increase staining in nuclei of airway epithelium and subadjacent interstitial cells. These results show that dual exposure of arsenic and cigarette smoke at environmentally relevant levels can act synergistically to cause DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5044, USA.
authors.forename: Allison Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Witten
authors.forename: Dean E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: R Clark
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lantz
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D001149:Arsenates / Q000633:toxicity; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D006224:Cricetinae; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001149:Arsenates; D001152:Arsenicals; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D012906:Smoke; D013440:Sulfides; C045816:arsenic trisulfide; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D004247:DNA; C045817:calcium arsenate; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D005978:Glutathione; D001151:Arsenic; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide