title: Using infant mannequins in objective standardized clinical examinations: are there unintended consequences?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In objective standardized clinical examination (OSCE) of infants, real infants are generally not used. Instead, the standardized patient portrays a parent who answers a student's questions, and there is no physical examination. One way to assess physical examination skills in these encounters is to have students demonstrate the appropriate examination on a mannequin. But before using this approach, we wanted to assess whether having students examine mannequins affects their history-collecting or communication skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  Third-year medical students were randomized to 2 versions of an infant OSCE case. During the encounter, controls were handed a printed listing of all physical examination (PE) findings. Students in the mannequin group were told relevant PE findings only after the students had examined a part of the mannequin. Student performances on the OSCE case and perceptions about the case were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two students were in the control group, and 35 students examined mannequins. No differences were found in total case score (P = .78), or on history-gathering skills (P = .86) and communication skills subscales (P = .78). In addition, questionnaires completed by students after the encounter indicated that the infant mannequins did not affect student perceptions about the realism of the case (P = .91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Student performances at collecting the clinical history or communicating with the standardized patient were not adversely affected by inclusion of an infant mannequin. This suggests mannequins can be used to assess students' knowledge of the relevant case-specific PE without adverse effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and the Office of Student Affairs and Curriculum, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. george-bergus@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergus
authors.forename: Clarence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kreiter
authors.forename: Jerold
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodhead
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002982:Clinical Clerkship; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008348:Manikins; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education; D010808:Physical Examination; D013337:Students, Medical