title: Functional growth in tissue-engineered living, vascular grafts: follow-up at 100 weeks in a large animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Living autologous vascular grafts with the capacity for regeneration and growth may overcome the limitations of contemporary artificial prostheses. Particularly in congenital cardiovascular surgery, there is an unmet medical need for growing replacement materials. Here we investigate growth capacity of tissue-engineered living pulmonary arteries in a growing lamb model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular grafts fabricated from biodegradable scaffolds (ID 18+/-l mm) were sequentially seeded with vascular cells. The seeded constructs were grown in vitro for 21 days using biomimetic conditions. Thereafter, these tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) were surgically implanted as main pulmonary artery replacements in 14 lambs using cardiopulmonary bypass and followed up for < or = 100 weeks. The animals more than doubled their body weight during the 2-year period. The TEVG showed good functional performance demonstrated by regular echocardiography at 20, 50, 80, and 100 weeks and computed tomography-angiography. In particular, there was no evidence of thrombus, calcification, stenosis, suture dehiscence, or aneurysm. There was a significant increase in diameter by 30% and length by 45%. Histology showed tissue formation reminiscent of native artery. Biochemical analysis revealed cellularity and proteoglycans and increased collagen contents in all of the groups, analogous to those of native vessels. The mechanical profiles of the TEVG showed stronger but less elastic tissue properties than native pulmonary arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence of growth in living, functional pulmonary arteries engineered from vascular cells in a full growth animal model.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery and Department of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. simon_philipp.hoerstrup@usz.ch
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hoerstrup
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cummings Mrcs
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lachat
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenni
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leschka
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neuenschwander
authors.forename: Dörthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Günter
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gössi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Genoni
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zund
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015415:Biomarkers; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D013718:Tensile Strength; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011509:Proteoglycans; D003094:Collagen