title: The calcineurin pathway links hyperpolarization (Kir2.1)-induced Ca2+ signals to human myoblast differentiation and fusion.
abstract: In human myoblasts triggered to differentiate, a hyperpolarization, resulting from K+ channel (Kir2.1) activation, allows the generation of an intracellular Ca2+ signal. This signal induces an increase in expression/activity of two key transcription factors of the differentiation process, myogenin and MEF2. Blocking hyperpolarization inhibits myoblast differentiation. The link between hyperpolarization-induced Ca2+ signals and the four main regulatory pathways involved in myoblast differentiation was the object of this study. Of the calcineurin, p38-MAPK, PI3K and CaMK pathways, only the calcineurin pathway was inhibited when Kir2.1-linked hyperpolarization was blocked. The CaMK pathway, although Ca2+ dependent, is unaffected by changes in membrane potential or block of Kir2.1 channels. Concerning the p38-MAPK and PI3K pathways, their activity is present already in proliferating myoblasts and they are unaffected by hyperpolarization or Kir2.1 channel block. We conclude that the Kir2.1-induced hyperpolarization triggers human myoblast differentiation via the activation of the calcineurin pathway, which, in turn, induces expression/activity of myogenin and MEF2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. stephane.konig@medecine.unige.ch
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konig
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Béguet
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernheim
mesh_terms: D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016764:Cell Polarity; D006801:Humans; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018008:Myogenin / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C489461:Kir2.1 channel; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D018008:Myogenin; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019703:Calcineurin