title: Automated detection of videotaped neonatal seizures of epileptic origin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at the development of a seizure-detection system by training neural networks with quantitative motion information extracted from short video segments of neonatal seizures of the myoclonic and focal clonic types and random infant movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The motion of the infants' body parts was quantified by temporal motion-strength signals extracted from video segments by motion-segmentation methods based on optical flow computation. The area of each frame occupied by the infants' moving body parts was segmented by clustering the motion parameters obtained by fitting an affine model to the pixel velocities. The motion of the infants' body parts also was quantified by temporal motion-trajectory signals extracted from video recordings by robust motion trackers based on block-motion models. These motion trackers were developed to adjust autonomously to illumination and contrast changes that may occur during the video-frame sequence. Video segments were represented by quantitative features obtained by analyzing motion-strength and motion-trajectory signals in both the time and frequency domains. Seizure recognition was performed by conventional feed-forward neural networks, quantum neural networks, and cosine radial basis function neural networks, which were trained to detect neonatal seizures of the myoclonic and focal clonic types and to distinguish them from random infant movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computational tools and procedures developed for automated seizure detection were evaluated on a set of 240 video segments of 54 patients exhibiting myoclonic seizures (80 segments), focal clonic seizures (80 segments), and random infant movements (80 segments). Regardless of the decision scheme used for interpreting the responses of the trained neural networks, all the neural network models exhibited sensitivity and specificity>90%. For one of the decision schemes proposed for interpreting the responses of the trained neural networks, the majority of the trained neural-network models exhibited sensitivity>90% and specificity>95%. In particular, cosine radial basis function neural networks achieved the performance targets of this phase of the project (i.e., sensitivity>95% and specificity>95%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best among the motion segmentation and tracking methods developed in this study produced quantitative features that constitute a reliable basis for detecting neonatal seizures. The performance targets of this phase of the project were achieved by combining the quantitative features obtained by analyzing motion-strength signals with those produced by analyzing motion-trajectory signals. The computational procedures and tools developed in this study to perform off-line analysis of short video segments will be used in the next phase of this project, which involves the integration of these procedures and tools into a system that can process and analyze long video recordings of infants monitored for seizures in real time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77204-4005, USA. karayiannis@uh.edu
authors.forename: Nicolaos B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Karayiannis
authors.forename: Yaohua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Guozhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Merrill S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hrachovy
authors.forename: Eli M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mizrahi
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020936:Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*