title: Correlation between activation of the sympathetic nervous system estimated by plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and Doppler echocardiographic variables in dogs with acquired heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate correlations between plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and Doppler echocardiographic variables for dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) or dilatative cardiomyopathy (DCM) to better understand the time course and magnitude of sympathetic activation in dogs with heart failure (HF).
  
  
  METHODS
  15 healthy dogs, 15 dogs with DMVD, and 15 dogs with DCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency with minimal restraint for at least 20 minutes. Plasma samples were obtained and assayed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations were correlated with HF classification and with the main Doppler echocardiographic variables for each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD norepinephrine concentration was significantly higher in dogs with DMVD (494.4 +/- 204.8 pg/mL) or DCM (655.7 +/- 652.5 pg/mL) than in healthy dogs (205.8 +/- 78.9 pg/mL), but concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 groups with HF. Correlations were not detected between norepinephrine and heart rate or any M-mode echocardiographic variables evaluated, except for fractional shortening (FS) in DCM dogs. In that group, norepinephrine was inversely correlated with FS values. In DMVD dogs, no significant correlation was found between norepinephrine and the left atrium-to-aortic root ratio or mitral regurgitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A proportional inverse correlation exists between norepinephrine and FS values in dogs with DCM. However, norepinephrine concentration was not correlated with the evaluated echocardiographic variables in dogs with DMVD. Sympathetic antagonists should be evaluated as a treatment option because of the increased plasma concentrations of norepinephrine detected in dogs with HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiology Service, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcondes Santos
authors.forename: Célia M C
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Strunz
authors.forename: Maria H M A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine