title: Rapid evaluation of the efficacy of microbial cell removal from fabrics.
abstract: The efficacy of microbial cell removal (EMR) from fabrics is a practically important indicator for the evaluation of cleansers and detergents. EMR is expressed quantitatively by the relative number of viable cells remaining on a fabric swatch after the treatment with these reagents. In order to count the viable cells on the swatch directly and rapidly, we have developed a unique microscopic imaging system with an ultra-deep focusing range. Standard swatches of cotton fabric were inoculated with microorganisms such as Pseudomonas fluorescence, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans. After the incubation on an agar medium, each swatch was treated with a fluorescent glucose, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose, to stain only viable cells. The images of every cell distributed within the surface layer with no greater than 130 microm thickness could be integrated into one image. Thus visualized cells could be counted automatically by a novel imaging program. Using a pair of cotton swatches (0.5 x 1.0 cm(2)) inoculated with C. albicans, EMR was evaluated quantitatively. Before washing, the total number of viable cells found on the observation area (3.8 x 10(-4 )cm(2)) was 288 cells. After washing with a test detergent, no cell (<1) was detected. For this case, EMR was given by the formula: log(288/<1)=greater than 2.5. The imaging and cell count of a test fabric could be performed within 1 h.
authors.affiliation: Kobe Technical Center, Procter & Gamble Far East, Inc., 17, Koyo-cho Naka 1-Chome, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0032, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohtaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kozone
authors.forename: Mikako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000166:cytology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D032561:Cotton Fiber; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013784:Textiles / Q000382:microbiology*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan; C098340:2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose