title: In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment of Mexican farm-workers' children in California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas study, a birth cohort study, included 360 singletons with maternal serum measures of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE. Psychomotor development and mental development were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6, 12, and 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a approximately 2-point decrease in Psychomotor Developmental Index scores with each 10-fold increase in p,p'-DDT levels at 6 and 12 months (but not 24 months) and p,p'-DDE levels at 6 months only. We found no association with mental development at 6 months but a 2- to 3-point decrease in Mental Developmental Index scores for p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT at 12 and 24 months, corresponding to 7- to 10-point decreases across the exposure range. Even when mothers had substantial exposure, breastfeeding was usually associated positively with Bayley scale scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to DDT, and to a lesser extent DDE, was associated with neurodevelopmental delays during early childhood, although breastfeeding was found to be beneficial even among women with high levels of exposure. Countries considering the use of DDT should weigh its benefit in eradicating malaria against the negative associations found in this first report on DDT and human neurodevelopment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Children's Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 600, Berkeley, California 94720-7380, USA. eskenazi@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eskenazi
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradman
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fenster
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Jewell
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT