title: Ex vivo programming of antigen-presenting B lymphocytes: considerations on DNA uptake and cell activation.
abstract: Plasmids used in DNA vaccination not only serve as a source of antigen, but also have an important adjuvant effect. This review focuses on recent advancements made in understanding how cells internalize DNA, and how internalized DNA activates immune response pathways. We also comment on the role of B cells in both of these processes.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Medicine and Cancer Center and Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0837, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Xotchil
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cortez-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frazzi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D004247:DNA