title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligands.
abstract: Testosterone and structurally related anabolic steroids have been used to treat hypogonadism, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, male contraception, cancer cachexia, anemia, and hormone replacement therapy in aging men or age-related frailty; while antiandrogens may be useful for treatment of conditions like acne, alopecia (male-pattern baldness), hirsutism, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. However, the undesirable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of steroidal androgen receptor (AR) ligands limited their clinical use. Nonsteroidal AR ligands with improved pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed to overcome these problems. This review focuses on the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacology of clinically used and emerging nonsteroidal AR ligands, including antagonists, agonists, and selective androgen receptor modulators.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Wenqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Juhyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000728:Androgens / Q000819:agonists*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000187:drug effects*; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D008024:Ligands; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013256:Steroids