title: Water and heat balance during flight in the rose-colored starling (Sturnus roseus).
abstract: Water imbalance during flight is considered to be a potentially limiting factor for flight ranges in migrating birds, but empirical data are scarce. We studied flights under controlled ambient conditions with rose-colored starlings in a wind tunnel. In one experiment, we measured water fluxes with stable isotopes at a range of flight speeds (9-14 m s(-1)) at constant temperature (15 degrees C). In a second experiment, we measured evaporation rates at variable ambient temperatures (Ta = 5 deg -27 deg C) but constant speed (12 m s(-1)). During all flights, the birds experienced a net water loss. On average, water influx was 0.98 g h(-1) (SD = 0.16; n = 8), and water efflux was 1.29 g h(-1) (SD = 0.14; n = 8), irrespective of flight speed. Evaporation was related to temperature in a biphasic pattern. At temperatures below 18.2 degrees C, net evaporation was constant at 0.36 g h(-1) (SD = 0.18; n = 10), rising at higher temperatures with a slope of 0.11 per degree to about 1.5 g h(-1) at 27 degrees C. We calculated the relative proportion of dry and evaporative heat loss during flight. Evaporative heat loss at Ta < 18.2 deg C was 14% of total heat production during flight, and dry heat loss accounted for 84%. At higher temperatures, evaporative heat loss increased linearly with T(a) to about 25% at 27 degrees C. Our data suggest that for prolonged flights, rose-colored starlings should adopt behavioral water-saving strategies and that they cannot complete their annual migration without stopovers to replenish their water reserves.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Andechs, Germany. s.engel@rug.nl
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Biebach
authors.forename: G Henk
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D046749:Starlings / Q000502:physiology*