title: Infectious complications after kidney transplantation: current epidemiology and associated risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of newer immunosuppressive and antimicrobial prophylactic agents on the pattern of infectious complications following kidney transplantation has not been well studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an observational study in 127 adult recipients transplanted from 2001 to 2004. Patients received thymoglobulin (ATG) (50%) or basiliximab (50%) for induction and were maintained on mycophenolate mofetil, either tacrolimus (73%) or sirolimus (SRL) (27%), and prednisone (79%). Antimicrobial prophylaxis included perioperative cefazolin, trimethoprim/sulfamethaxazole for six months, valganciclovir for three months and nystatin for two months. Regression models were used to examine the association of various factors with infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 127 infections in 65 patients, consisting of urinary tract infection (UTI) (47%), viral infections (17%), pneumonia (8%) and surgical wound infections (7%). UTI was the most common infection in all post-transplant periods. Enterococcus spp. (33%) and Escherichia coli (21%) were the most prevalent uropathogens. Of six patients with cytomegalovirus infection, none had tissue-invasive disease. There were no cases of pneumocystis pneumonia or BK nephropathy. Six patients developed fungal infections. Two deaths due to disseminated Rhizopus and Candida albicans accounted for a 1.5% infection-related mortality. Retransplantation and ureteral stents were independently associated with UTI (OR=4.5 and 2.9, p=0.06 and 0.03, respectively), as were ATG and SRL with bacterial infections (OR=3.3 and 2.5, p=0.009 and 0.047, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the use of newer immunosuppressive agents in recent years is associated with some changes in the epidemiology of post-transplant infections. Enterococci have become the predominant uropathogen. Invasive fungal infections, although rare, are often fatal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Alangaden
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thyagarajan
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Katherina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morawski
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garnick
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: El-Amm
authors.forename: Miguel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Dale H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sillix
authors.forename: Pranatharthi H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chandrasekar
authors.forename: Abdolreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haririan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077552:Basiliximab; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000077552:Basiliximab