title: Modelling salinity inhibition effects during biodegradation of perchlorate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mathematical kinetic rates and mechanisms of acclimated perchlorate (ClO)-reducing microbial cultures by incorporating a term to relate the inhibitory effect of high salinity during biological reduction of concentrated perchlorate solutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salt toxicity associated with the biodegradation of concentrated perchlorate (200, 500, 1100, 1700 and 2400 mg l(-1) as ClO) was investigated using two microbial cultures isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment plant [return activated sludge (RAS) and anaerobic digester sludge (ADS)]. Experiments were performed in wastewaters containing various sodium chloride concentrations, ranging from 0% to 4.0% (w/v) NaCl (ionic strength: 0.14-0.82 mol l(-1), total dissolved solids: 5.3-42.6 g l(-1)) at near-neutral values of pH (6.7-7.8). Perchlorate biodegradation was stimulated through stepwise acclimation to high salinity. The ADS culture was capable of reducing perchlorate at salinities up to 4% NaCl, while the RAS culture exhibited complete inhibition of perchlorate degradation at 4% NaCl, probably resulting from either a toxic effect or enzyme inactivation of the perchlorate-reducing microbes. Further, a kinetic growth model was developed based on experimental data in order to express an inhibition function to relate specific growth rate and salinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biological reduction of concentrated perchlorate wastewaters using either acclimated RAS or ADS cultures is feasible up to 3% or 4% NaCl, respectively. In addition, the kinetic model including a salinity inhibition term should be effective in many practical applications such as improving reactor design and management, furthering the understanding of high salinity inhibition, and enhancing bioremediation under high salinity loading conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applications of these findings in water treatment practice where ion exchange or membrane technologies are used to remove perchlorate from water can have the potential to increase the overall attractiveness of these processes by eliminating the need to dispose of a concentrated perchlorate solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0152, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Marchand
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D008954:Models, Biological; D010472:Perchlorates; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D010472:Perchlorates; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C031068:sodium perchlorate