title: Doppler ultrasonography versus amniocentesis to predict fetal anemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancies complicated by Rh alloimmunization have been evaluated with the use of serial invasive amniocentesis to determine bilirubin levels by measuring in the amniotic fluid the change in optical density at a wavelength of 450 nm (DeltaOD450); however, this procedure carries risks. Noninvasive Doppler ultrasonographic measurement of the peak velocity of systolic blood flow in the middle cerebral artery also predicts severe fetal anemia, but this test has not been rigorously evaluated in comparison with amniotic-fluid DeltaOD450.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, international, multicenter study including women with RhD-, Rhc-, RhE-, or Fy(a)-alloimmunized pregnancies with indirect antiglobulin titers of at least 1:64 and antigen-positive fetuses to assess whether Doppler ultrasonographic measurement of the peak systolic velocity of blood flow in the middle cerebral artery was at least as sensitive and accurate as measurement of amniotic-fluid DeltaOD450 for diagnosing severe fetal anemia. The results of the two tests were compared with the incidence of fetal anemia, as determined by measurement of hemoglobin levels in fetal blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 165 fetuses, 74 had severe anemia. For the detection of severe fetal anemia, Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery had a sensitivity of 88 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 78 to 93 percent), a specificity of 82 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 73 to 89 percent), and an accuracy of 85 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 79 to 90 percent). Amniotic-fluid DeltaOD450 had a sensitivity of 76 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 65 to 84 percent), a specificity of 77 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 67 to 84 percent), and an accuracy of 76 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 69 to 82 percent). Doppler ultrasonography was more sensitive, by 12 percentage points (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 24.0), and more accurate, by 9 percentage points (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 15.9), than measurement of amniotic-fluid DeltaOD450.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doppler measurement of the peak velocity of systolic blood flow in the middle cerebral artery can safely replace invasive testing in the management of Rh-alloimmunized pregnancies. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00295516.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oepkes
authors.forename: P Gareth
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Seaward
authors.forename: Frank P H A
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Vandenbussche
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Windrim
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kingdom
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beyene
authors.forename: Humphrey H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kanhai
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001663:Bilirubin; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D012203:Rh Isoimmunization; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin