title: Dehalogenation of halogenated fumigants by polysulfide salts.
abstract: Halogenated fumigants are among the most heavily used pesticides in agriculture. Because of their high mobility and toxicological characteristics, the contamination of air or groundwater by these compounds has been a great environmental concern. In this study, we investigated dehalogenation of several halogenated fumigants by polysulfides. The reaction of polysulfides and methyl iodide (MeI), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and chloropicrin (CP) was very rapid. When the initial fumigant and polysulfide concentrations were both 0.2 mM, the observed 50% disappearance time values (DT50) of MeI, cis-1,3-D, and trans-1,3-D were 27.2, 29.6, and 102 h, respectively. When the initial polysulfide concentration was 1.0 mM, the corresponding DT50 values were only 2.2, 1.6, and 3.8 h. Under similar conditions, the reaction with CP was even more rapid than with the other fumigants. In 0.2 mM polysulfide solution, more than 90% of the spiked CP disappeared in 1 h after the initiation of the reaction. The reaction between fumigants and polysulfides also progressed at enhanced rates when the polysulfide solution was initially purged with nitrogen. Analysis of reaction kinetics and initial products suggests that the reaction is SN2 nucleophilic substitution for MeI and 1,3-D but likely reductive dehalogenation for CP. Given the high reactivity of polysulfide salts toward halogenated fumigants, this reaction may be used as a pollution mitigation strategy, such as for disposal of fumigant wastes, treatment of fumigant-containing wastewater, and cleanup of fumigant residues in environmental media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bondarenko
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D005651:Fumigation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006219:Halogens / Q000737:chemistry*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006219:Halogens; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012996:Solutions; D013440:Sulfides; C032915:polysulfide; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C014055:methyl iodide; C100187:chloropicrin