title: Aldosterone impairs bone marrow-derived progenitor cell formation.
abstract: Aldosterone has been suggested recently to cause vascular injury by directly acting on the vasculature, in addition to causing injury by raising the blood pressure. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to exert an important role in the repair of the endothelium. In addition, cell-based therapy using EPCs is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy for myocardial and peripheral vascular diseases. However, impaired formation and function of EPCs has been observed in patients with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated the possible effects of aldosterone on EPCs by examining the progenitor cell formation from bone marrow mononuclear cells ex vivo. Aldosterone (10 to 1000 nmol/L) reduced the formation of progenitor cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect of aldosterone was attenuated by cotreatment with spironolactone. Aldosterone reduced the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR) 2 without having any effect on the production of VEGF or mRNA levels of VEGF and hepatocyte growth factor in the progenitor cells. However, the expression of stromal-derived growth factor 1 mRNA was paradoxically increased. Consistent with the downregulation of VEGFR-2, VEGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt was abolished in the progenitor cells after aldosterone treatment. N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, attenuated the inhibitory effects of aldosterone. These data indicate that aldosterone inhibits the formation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, at least partly, by attenuating VEGFR-2 expression and the subsequent Akt signaling. Reduction of aldosterone levels, blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor, and/or cotreatment with antioxidants may, therefore, enhance vascular regeneration by EPCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Renal Regeneration, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. tmarumo-npr@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marumo
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchimura
authors.forename: Matsuhiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hishikawa
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D000450:Aldosterone; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000111:Acetylcysteine