title: Interstitial radiation therapy for early-stage nasal vestibule cancer: a continuing quest for optimal tumor control and cosmesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article reports on the effectiveness, cosmetic outcome, and costs of interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for early-stage cancer of the nasal vestibule (NV) proper and/or columella high-dose-rate (HDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor control, survival, cosmetic outcome, functional results, and costs were established in 64 T1/T2N0 nasal vestibule cancers treated from 1991-2005 by fractionated interstitial radiation therapy (IRT) only. Total dose is 44 Gy: 2 fractions of 3 Gy per day, 6-hour interval, first and last fraction 4 Gy. Cosmesis is noted in the chart by the medical doctor during follow-up, by the patient (visual analog scale), and by a panel. Finally, full hospital costs are computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A local relapse-free survival rate of 92% at 5 years was obtained. Four local failures were observed; all four patients were salvaged. The neck was not treated electively; no neck recurrence in follow-up was seen. Excellent cosmetic and functional results were observed. With 10 days admission for full treatment, hospital costs amounted to euro5772 (7044 US dollars).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excellent tumor control, cosmesis, and function of nasal airway passage can be achieved when HDR-IRT for T1/T2N0 NV cancers is used. For the more advanced cancers (Wang classification: T3 tumor stage), we elect to treat by local excision followed by a reconstructive procedure. The costs, admission to hospital inclusive, for treatment by HDR-IRT amounts to euro5772 (7044 US dollars). This contrasts substantially with the full hospital costs when NV cancers are treated by plastic reconstructive surgery, being on average threefold as expensive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation-Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. p.levendag@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Wideke M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nijdam
authors.forename: Sanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: van Moolenburgh
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noever
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Rooy
authors.forename: Marc A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mureau
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Munte
authors.forename: Stefan O P
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Hofer
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010781:Photography