title: Molecular evidence for deep evolutionary roots of bilaterality in animal development.
abstract: Nearly all metazoans show signs of bilaterality, yet it is believed the bilaterians arose from radially symmetric forms hundreds of millions of years ago. Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, and "jellyfish") diverged from other animals before the radiation of the Bilateria. They are diploblastic and are often characterized as being radially symmetrical around their longitudinal (oral-aboral) axis. We have studied the deployment of orthologs of a number of family members of developmental regulatory genes that are expressed asymmetrically during bilaterian embryogenesis from the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. The secreted TGF-beta genes Nv-dpp, Nv-BMP5-8, six TGF-beta antagonists (NvChordin, NvNoggin1, NvNoggin2, NvGremlin, NvFollistatin, and NvFollistatin-like), the homeodomain proteins NvGoosecoid (NvGsc) and NvGbx, and the secreted guidance factor, NvNetrin, were studied. NvDpp, NvChordin, NvNoggin1, NvGsc, and NvNetrin are expressed asymmetrically along the axis perpendicular to the oral-aboral axis, the directive axis. Furthermore, NvGbx, and NvChordin are expressed in restricted domains on the left and right sides of the body, suggesting that the directive axis is homologous with the bilaterian dorsal-ventral axis. The asymmetric expression of NvNoggin1 and NvGsc appear to be maintained by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. The asymmetric expression of NvNoggin1, NvNetrin, and Hox orthologs NvAnthox7, NvAnthox8, NvAnthox1a, and NvAnthox6, in conjunction with the observation that NvNoggin1 is able to induce a secondary axis in Xenopus embryos argues that N. vectensis could possess antecedents of the organization of the bilaterian central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Bioscience Research Center, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
authors.forename: David Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Matus
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.forename: Casey W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Gerald H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Mark Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Martindale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D016678:Genome; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D018021:Lithium Chloride