title: KIT immunohistochemistry and mutation status in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) evaluated for treatment with imatinib.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the availability of effective but expensive treatment in the form of imatinib, accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is extremely important. The aims of this study were: to describe the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of cases referred to a cancer centre with a possible diagnosis of GIST; to identify pitfalls in the performance and interpretation of KIT immunohistochemistry; to define the role of KIT mutation testing in making a diagnosis of GIST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological review, KIT immunohistochemistry and mutation testing were performed on all cases referred with a diagnosis of GIST or where the diagnosis was under serious consideration on the basis of KIT immunopositivity with a view to treating with imatinib. Thirty-seven cases met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 26 were classified as GIST and 11 as non-GIST. Most GISTs showed strong diffuse membranous, cytoplasmic or paranuclear KIT immunopositivity. Some non-GISTs demonstrated patchy cytoplasmic KIT immunopositivity related to the immunohistochemical protocol used in the external laboratory, which led to erroneous diagnoses of GIST in nine (24%) cases. KIT mutations involving exons 11 or 9 were identified in 22 (88%) GISTs tested and none of the non-GISTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An accurate diagnosis of GIST can be made on clinicopathological and immunohistochemical criteria without the need for mutational analysis in most cases, provided proper attention is paid to the immunohistochemical protocol used and, most importantly, control material. False-positive diagnoses of GIST potentially leading to inappropriate treatment with imatinib are more common than missed diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. maurice.loughrey@bll.n-i.nhs.uk
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Loughrey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trivett
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Beshay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kovalenko
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lade
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zalcberg
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Waring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001483:Base Sequence; D001549:Benzamides; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D046152:Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha