title: Development of a new sensor based on micro-electro-mechanical systems for objective in vivo measurement of the cutaneous temperature: application to foundations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to develop a new sensor for objective in vivo measurement of the cutaneous temperature based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and to compare these performances with those of a classical thermocouple. Research on this new sensor was carried out to allow the quantification of the thermal properties of the made-up skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen female subjects divided into two different age groups (18-35 and >50 years old) were recruited for this study. Several zones of the face and forearms were made up at random with foundations containing or not a thermoregulator raw material. The quantity of foundation applied on the skin was standardized and measurements were carried out first before make-up, and then 10 s and 5 min after make-up. The new sensor and the thermocouple were used successively on each zone. The cutaneous temperature was expressed in degrees celsius.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two systems are similar in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, with some differences in sensibility. The data measured by the MEMS sensor appear lower than those measured by the thermocouple. After make-up, the MEMS sensor detects a progressive increase of the temperature in time whereas the thermocouple detects a decrease. We found the same evolution on the face but in a more attenuated way. These results tend to show that the devices do not measure the same phenomenon. The thermocouple appears more sensitive to the thermal response of the made-up surface whereas the MEMS sensor appears more sensitive to the heat transfers in the interface between the skin and make-up.
authors.affiliation: LVMH Recherche, 45804 Saint Jean de Braye, France. rkorichi@diormail.com
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korichi
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mac-Mary
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elkhyat
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sainthillier
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ränsch
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Humbert
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viviant
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazano
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009824:Ointments / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017592:Skin Care; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D009824:Ointments