title: Comparative pharmacokinetics of Panadol Extend and immediate-release paracetamol in a simulated overdose model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panadol Extend is a modified-release paracetamol formulation in which each 665 mg tablet contains 69% slow-release and 31% immediate-release paracetamol. There are no data on Panadol Extend pharmacokinetics in overdose. It is unknown whether the paracetamol treatment nomogram can be used to make decisions regarding the toxicity of this product in overdose.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pharmacokinetics of Panadol Extend and immediate-release paracetamol (APAP-IR) in simulated overdose model in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-over study using a dose of 90 mg/kg ideal body weight of Panadol Extend or APAP-IR in seven healthy volunteers. Serum paracetamol concentrations were measured over 12 h. Maximal paracetamol concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean paracetamol dose was 73 mg/kg actual body weight. Panadol Extend produced lower Cmax (0.208 mmol/L +/- 0.02 vs 0.48 mmol/L +/- 0.02, P = 0.0001) and AUC(0-12 h) when compared with APAP-IR. Tmax was delayed with Panadol Extend (2.83 h +/- 0.26 vs 0.94 h +/- 0.17, P = 0.0001). Absorption was complete in all subjects by 4 h post ingestion in both study arms. Elimination t(1/2) was 1.69 +/- 0.09 h for APAP-IR and 1.65 +/- 0.13 h for Panadol Extend (not significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in Panadol Extend Cmax and AUC(0-12 h) might be related to elimination occurring during the absorption phase. In this model of Panadol Extend moderate overdose, Tmax was significantly delayed. In larger overdoses, time to peak paracetamol levels might be further delayed, because of continuing absorption from the formulation. Therefore, the paracetamol treatment nomogram might not reliably predict hepatotoxicity from Panadol Extend if paracetamol levels are measured too early.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Toxicology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Andis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graudins
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning*; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D004304:Dosage Forms; D000082:Acetaminophen; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase