title: Endoscopic management of facial fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic applications in otolaryngology continue to expand, most recently in the area of maxillofacial trauma. Endoscopic management of orbital blow-out, frontal sinus, zygomatic arch, and subcondylar fractures has been described. This paper reviews the current literature including new techniques, indications, and outcomes in endoscopic management of facial fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very few large studies of endoscopic fracture repair exist. The current literature, however, suggests that, when compared with an open approach, smaller endoscopic incisions result in reduced patient morbidity with similar outcomes. Dedicated endoscopic instrumentation and novel surgical approaches continue to be developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic repair of facial fractures is a new and evolving technique that offers the potential for reduced patient morbidity and operating time, as well as quicker patient recovery. Current applications include the management of orbital blow-out, frontal sinus, zygomatic arch, and subcondylar fractures. It should be emphasized that endoscopy augments, rather than replaces, the 'time tested' principles of adequate skeletal exposure, accurate fracture reduction, and appropriate internal fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: E Bradley
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Strong
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015050:Zygoma / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery