title: Abdominal manifestations in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood-onset lupus erythematosus is a rare disorder of unknown origin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency of gastrointestinal manifestations at presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus SLE and at follow-up, and discuss the specific causes of these manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 201 patients with childhood-onset SLE followed up in French paediatric nephrological, haematological and rheumatological centres were reviewed and abstracted for gastrointestinal manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastrointestinal involvement was recorded in 39 (19%) children. The median (range) age at the time of initial gastrointestinal manifestations was 11.3 (4.5-16) years. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present at or occurred within 1 month after diagnosis in 32% patients. Abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom, present in 34 (87%) patients. It was mostly related to lupus involvement, especially ascites (n = 14) and pancreatitis (n = 12), more rarely to treatment-induced events (n = 1) or infection (n = 1) and never to events unrelated to SLE. Three children with surgical abdomen underwent a laparotomy before SLE was diagnosed, with a final diagnosis of lupus peritonitis and lupus acalculous cholecystitis. C reactive protein values were <40 mg/l in all but two patients who had surgical abdomen. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography scans were abnormal in 58% and 83% of the evaluated patients, respectively. Corticosteroids, associated with intravenous cyclophospamide in eight patients, led to complete remission of gastrointestinal involvement in 30 of 31 treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrointestinal involvement is common in children with SLE, and is mainly due to primary lupus involvement. Corticoidsteroid treatment should be promptly considered in children with lupus presenting with abdominal pain after infectious disease; side effects of treatment and intestinal perforation have been excluded.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94276, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Richer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ulinski
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lemelle
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ranchin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loirat
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pillet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quartier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bader-Meunier
mesh_terms: D000006:Abdomen, Acute / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001201:Ascites / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D004751:Enteritis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D011241:Prednisone