title: Dietary glycemic index and liver steatosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance (IR) and liver steatosis (LS) are interlinked metabolic derangements whose prevalence is rapidly increasing, but the effect of dietary carbohydrate quality on LS is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to describe the relation of IR and LS to total carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, and the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load of the diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a cross-sectional evaluation of 247 apparently healthy subjects who had no evidence of viral, toxic, or autoimmune hepatitis and who were unselected for alcohol intake. The homeostasis model assessment index was used as a surrogate measure of IR, and a liver echography was used as a proxy for LS grading. Dietary data were collected by using 3-d food records. Total carbohydrate intake, total dietary fiber, GI, and glycemic load were calculated by using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire concerning the dietary sources of carbohydrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of high-grade LS (HG-LS) increased significantly across quartiles of dietary GI (P for trend < 0.034): HG-LS in the 4th quartile (high GI) was twice that in the first 3 quartiles (low to medium GIs), whereas no relation was observed with total carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, or glycemic load. In insulin-sensitive subjects (first 3 quartiles of homeostasis model assessment index of IR), the prevalence of HG-LS did not differ significantly between GI groups, but, in insulin-resistant subjects (4th quartile of homeostasis model assessment index of IR), it was twice as high in those with high GI as in those with low to medium GIs (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-GI dietary habits are associated with HG-LS, particularly in insulin-resistant subjects. Dietary advice on the quality of carbohydrate sources therefore may be a complementary tool for preventing or treating LS of metabolic origin.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valtueña
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ardigò
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Numeroso
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scazzina
authors.forename: Lucilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zavaroni
authors.forename: Furio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brighenti
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber