title: The role of telementoring and telerobotic assistance in the provision of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in rural areas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess whether telementoring and telerobotic assistance would improve the range and quality of laparoscopic colorectal surgery being performed by community surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a series of 18 patients who underwent telementored or telerobotically assisted laparoscopic colorectal surgery in two community hospitals between December 2002 and December 2003. Four community surgeons with no formal advanced laparoscopic fellowship were remotely mentored and assisted by an expert surgeon from a tertiary care center. Telementoring was achieved with real-time two-way audio-video communications over bandwidths of 384 kbps-1.2 mbps and included one redo ileocolic resection, two right hemicolectomies, two sigmoid resections, three low anterior resections, one subtotal colectomy, one reversal of a Hartmann operation, and one abdominoperineal resection. A Zeus TS microjoint system (Computer Motion Inc, Santa Barbara CA) was used to provide telepresence for the telerobotically assisted laparoscopic procedures, which included three right hemicolectomies, three sigmoid resections, and one low anterior resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no major intraoperative complications. There were two minor intraoperative complications involving serosal tears of the colon from the robotic graspers. In the telementored cases, there were two postoperative complications requiring reoperation (intra-abdominal bleeding and small bowel obstruction). Two telementored procedures were converted because of the mentee's inability to find the appropriate planes of dissection. One telerobotically assisted procedure was completed laparoscopically by the local surgeon with aid of telementoring because of inadequate robotic arm position. The median length of hospital stay for this series was 4 days. The surgeons considered telementoring useful in all cases (median score 4 out of 5). The use of remote telerobotic assistance was also considered a significant enabling tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telementoring and remote telerobotic assistance are excellent tools for supporting community surgeons and providing patients better access to advanced surgical care.
authors.affiliation: North Bay District Hospital, 720 Mclaren St., P.O. Box 2500, North Bay, Ontario, P1B 3L9, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sebajang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trudeau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dougall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegge
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anvari
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003082:Colectomy; D003106:Colon / Q000293:injuries; D003107:Colorectal Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000601:surgery; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D022125:Lacerations / Q000209:etiology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007902:Length of Stay; D008611:Mentors; D008875:Middle Aged; D010502:Perineum / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012371:Robotics; D012423:Rural Health; D013523:Surgical Equipment; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation