title: Low efficacy of the combination artesunate plus amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria among children under 5 years in Kailahun, Sierra Leone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2004, Sierra Leone adopted artesunate plus amodiaquine as first-line antimalarial treatment. We evaluated the efficacy of this combination in Kailahun, where a previous study had shown 70.2% efficacy of amodiaquine in monotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Method and outcome classification of the study complied with WHO guidelines. Children 6-59 months with uncomplicated malaria were followed-up for 28 days. PCR genotyping was used to distinguish recrudescence from reinfection. Reinfections were reclassified as cured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 172 children who were referred to the study clinic, 126 satisfied inclusion criteria and were enrolled. No early treatment failures were reported. The day 14, efficacy was 98.2% (95% CI: 93.8-99.8). Of 65 recurrent parasitaemias analysed by PCR, 17 were recrudescences. The PCR-adjusted day 28 efficacy was 84.5% (95% CI: 76.4-90.7). All true failures occurred in the last 8 days of follow-up. Of 110 children who completed the 28-day follow-up, 54 (49.1%) experienced a novel infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of this combination was disappointing. The high reinfection rate suggested little prophylactic effect. In Kailahun a more efficacious combination might be necessary in the future. The efficacy of AS + AQ needs to be monitored in Kailahun and in the other regions of Sierra Leone.
authors.affiliation: Epicentre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grandesso
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagerman
authors.forename: Sarian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamara
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Checchi
authors.forename: Suna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balkan
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scollo
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guthmann
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077332:Artesunate; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012807:Sierra Leone / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000655:Amodiaquine; D000077332:Artesunate