title: Patterns of intimate partner violence and their associations with physical health, psychological distress, and substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work is to formally model patterns of intimate partner violence (IPV) separately for males and females and to assess the unique contributions of different types of violence exposure to health related outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey--a national probability sample of U.S. men and women--latent class analyses produced a map of the underlying structure of IPV for both males and females that is defined by specific types of violent acts. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed the differential physical health, mental health, and substance use consequences of exposure to IPV by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women and men experience similar types of IPV, although the prevalence of the different types of violence is much greater for women than men. Second, exposure to IPV for both women and men is associated with a range of negative health outcomes including increased odds of poor physical health and physical disability, psychological distress and mental illness, and heightened recreational and non-recreational substance use. Finally, there is some evidence that experiences with IPV have stronger and broader associations with negative health outcomes among women, likely reflecting differences in the severity of violence experienced by men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More attention to the ways in which interpersonal violence is conceptualized, measured, and screened for is crucial. Specifically, while women have greater exposure to IPV, and subsequently a greater range of health problems, the effects on men should not be ignored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-2035, USA. Kcarbone@miami.edu
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carbone-López
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kruttschnitt
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macmillan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*