title: Intronic alternative splicing regulators identified by comparative genomics in nematodes.
abstract: Many alternative splicing events are regulated by pentameric and hexameric intronic sequences that serve as binding sites for splicing regulatory factors. We hypothesized that intronic elements that regulate alternative splicing are under selective pressure for evolutionary conservation. Using a Wobble Aware Bulk Aligner genomic alignment of Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae, we identified 147 alternatively spliced cassette exons that exhibit short regions of high nucleotide conservation in the introns flanking the alternative exon. In vivo experiments on the alternatively spliced let-2 gene confirm that these conserved regions can be important for alternative splicing regulation. Conserved intronic element sequences were collected into a dataset and the occurrence of each pentamer and hexamer motif was counted. We compared the frequency of pentamers and hexamers in the conserved intronic elements to a dataset of all C. elegans intron sequences in order to identify short intronic motifs that are more likely to be associated with alternative splicing. High-scoring motifs were examined for upstream or downstream preferences in introns surrounding alternative exons. Many of the high-scoring nematode pentamer and hexamer motifs correspond to known mammalian splicing regulatory sequences, such as (T)GCATG, indicating that the mechanism of alternative splicing regulation is well conserved in metazoans. A comparison of the analysis of the conserved intronic elements, and analysis of the entire introns flanking these same exons, reveals that focusing on intronic conservation can increase the sensitivity of detecting putative splicing regulatory motifs. This approach also identified novel sequences whose role in splicing is under investigation and has allowed us to take a step forward in defining a catalog of splicing regulatory elements for an organism. In vivo experiments confirm that one novel high-scoring sequence from our analysis, (T)CTATC, is important for alternative splicing regulation of the unc-52 gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kabat
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barberan-Soler
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Hiram
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Clawson
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Farrer
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zahler
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002107:Caenorhabditis; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data