title: Low dose N, N-dimethylsphingosine is cardioprotective and activates cytosolic sphingosine kinase by a PKCepsilon dependent mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N, N-Dimethylsphingosine (DMS) is recognized as an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase (SphK), a key enzyme responsible for the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We previously showed that S1P was cardioprotective and that SphK was critical for myocardial ischemic preconditioning. Although DMS is an endogenous sphingolipid, its effect on cardiac function and cardioprotection at low concentration has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Langendorff-perfused wild-type and protein kinase C (PKC)epsilon-null mouse hearts, cardiac function, infarction size, and SphK activity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with 0.3 microM and 1 microM DMS for 10 min protected against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiac function (LVDP, +/-dP/dtmax) was improved and infarction size was reduced. The cardiac protection induced by DMS was abolished in PKCepsilon-null mouse hearts. Administration of 1 microM DMS ex vivo increased cytosolic SphK activity. This enhanced SphK activity was abolished in PKCepsilon-null mouse hearts. DMS also increased PKCepsilon translocation from the particulate to the cytosolic fraction with no effect on PKCalpha distribution. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that SphK1 interacted with PKCepsilon phosphorylated on Ser729. DMS also increased cytosolic Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473) and Akt translocation from a Triton-insoluble fraction to the cytosol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DMS has a biphasic effect on cardioprotection. Higher concentrations (10 microM) are inhibitory, whereas a low concentration (0.3 microM and 1 microM) of DMS protects murine hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury. DMS activates SphK in the cytosol via a PKCepsilon dependent mechanism. The PKCepsilon-SphK-S1P-Akt pathway is involved in the cardiac protection induced by DMS.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Section, VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Zhu-Qiu
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karliner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D013110:Sphingosine; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C061800:N,N-dimethylsphingosine