title: The cost-effectiveness and budget impact of intravenous versus oral proton pump inhibitors in peptic ulcer hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most cost-effective route of administering proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in peptic ulcer hemorrhage remains uncertain. Oral (PO) PPI therapy may be less effective than intravenous (IV) PPI therapy, but is less expensive and does not mandate a 72-hour posthemostasis hospital stay to complete a full therapeutic course. Because there are currently no published head-to-head clinical trials comparing IV vs PO PPIs, we used decision analysis with budget impact modeling to measure the clinical and economic outcomes of these competing modes of administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 3 postendoscopic strategies for high-risk peptic ulcer hemorrhage: (1) PO PPI therapy, (2) IV PPI therapy, and (3) IV histamine(2) receptor antagonist therapy. The primary outcomes were cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained, and per-member per-month cost in a hypothetical managed care organization with 1,000,000 covered lives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the PPI strategies, the histamine(2) receptor antagonist strategy was more expensive and less effective. Of the 2 PPI strategies, using IV instead of PO PPI cost an incremental 708,735 US dollars per year to gain 1 additional quality-adjusted life-year. Substituting IV in lieu of PO PPI cost each member 2.86 US dollars per month to subsidize. The IV PPI strategy became dominant when the rebleed rate with PO PPIs exceeded 24% (base case = 13%), and when the hospital stay on IV PPIs decreased to less than 72 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher effectiveness of IV PPI therapy may not offset its increased costs vs PO PPI therapy in ulcer hemorrhage. The managed care budget impact of IV PPIs exceeds most benchmarks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Veteran's Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California, USA.
authors.forename: Brennan M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Gareth S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dulai
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Neel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Fasiha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kanwal
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gralnek
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors