title: Extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: results of a university hospital of 526 patients in Turkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Presence of extra-articular manifestations (EAM) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with more severe disease and increased mortality. Prevalence of EAM may vary in different geographic areas and in different ethnic populations. In this study we investigated the frequency of EAM in 526 RA patients from a single university hospital in Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hospital records of patients who had been diagnosed as RA in Hacettepe University Department of Rheumatology between the years 1988 and 2003 were retrospectively evaluated. There were 73 males and 453 females, and mean age of the patients was 48.0 +/- 12.3 years. The mean follow-up period was 4.8 +/- 4.1 years. Three hundred and fifty-nine patients were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive (68.3%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall frequency of EAM was 38.4% (202 patients). The most common EAM was rheumatoid nodules (18.1%). Sicca symptoms, pulmonary findings, Raynaud's phenomenon, livedo reticularis, carpal tunnel syndrome, vasculitis, amyloidosis, and Felty syndrome were present in 11.4%, 4.8%, 3%, 4.8%, 2.8%, 1.3%, 1.1%, and 0.3% of the patients, respectively. Overall EAM and rheumatoid nodules were significantly more common in RF positive patients than RF negative patients. The frequency of rheumatoid nodules was significantly higher in males than in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of EAM in Turkey is higher than East Asia and Africa, and lower than UK and North America. Excluding secondary Sjögren's syndrome, our results are similar to other Mediterranean populations like Italy.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University Department of Rheumatology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calgüneri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ureten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akif Oztürk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Onat
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ertenli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiraz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akdogan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012218:Rheumatoid Nodule / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology