title: Optimization of a flat-panel based real time dual-energy system for cardiac imaging.
abstract: A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high-energy beam filtration, dual-gain operation and noise reduction on dual-energy images using a digital flat-panel detector. High-energy beam filtration increases image contrast through greater beam separation and tends to reduce total radiation exposure and dose per image pair. It is also possible to reduce dual-energy image noise by acquiring low and high-energy images at two different detector gains. In addition, dual-energy noise reduction algorithms can further reduce image noise. The cumulative effect of these techniques applied in series was investigated in this study. The contrast from a small thickness of calcium was simulated over a step phantom of tissue equivalent material with a CsI phosphor as the image detector. The dual-energy contrast-to-noise ratio was calculated using values of energy absorption and energy variance. A figure-of-merit (FOM) was calculated from dual-energy contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and patient effective dose estimated from values of entrance exposure. Filter atomic numbers in the range of 1-100 were considered with thicknesses ranging from 0-2500 mg/cm2. The simulation examined combinations of the above techniques which maximized the FOM. The application of a filter increased image contrast by as much as 45%. Near maximal increases were seen for filter atomic numbers in the range of 40-60 and 85-100 with masses above 750 mg/cm2. Increasing filter thickness beyond 1000 mg/cm2 increased tube loading without further significant contrast enhancement. No additional FOM improvements were seen with dual gain before or after the application of any noise reduction algorithm. Narrow beam experiments were carried out to verify predictions. The measured FOM increased by more than a factor of 3.5 for a silver filter thickness of 800 microm, equal energy weighting and application of a noise clipping algorithm. The main limitation of dynamic high-energy filtration is increased tube loading. The results of this study can be used to help develop an optimal dual-energy imaging system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ducote
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Sabee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molloi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D003287:Contrast Media; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D003287:Contrast Media; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes