title: Evidence-based analysis of odontoid fracture management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of odontoid fractures remains controversial. Evidence-based methodology was used to review the published data on odontoid fracture management to determine the state of the current practices reported in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Medline literature (1966-1999) was searched using the keywords "odontoid," "odontoid fracture," and "cervical fracture" and graded using a four-tiered system. Those articles meeting selection criteria were divided in an attempt to formulate practice guidelines and standards or options for each fracture type. Evidentiary tables were constructed by treatment type. Ninety-five articles were reviewed. Five articles for Type I, 16 for Type II, and 14 for Type III odontoid fractures met selection criteria. All studies reviewed contained Class III data (American Medical Association data classification).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence to establish a standard or guideline for odontoid fracture management. Given the extent of Class III evidence and outcomes reported on Type I and Type III fractures, a well-designed casecontrolled study would appear to provide sufficient evidence to establish a practice guideline, suggesting that cervical immobilization for 6 to 8 weeks is appropriate management. In cases of Type II fracture, analysis of the Class III evidence suggests that both operative and nonoperative management remain treatment options. A randomized trial or serial case-controlled studies will be required to establish either a guideline or treatment standard for this fracture type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse, Syracuse, New York, USA.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Traynelis
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ryken
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery*