title: Surveillance for Wilms tumour in at-risk children: pragmatic recommendations for best practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most Wilms tumours occur in otherwise healthy children, but a small proportion occur in children with genetic syndromes associated with increased risks of Wilms tumour. Surveillance for Wilms tumour has become widespread, despite a lack of clarity about which children are at increased risk of these tumours and limited evidence of the efficacy of screening or guidance as to how screening should be implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available literature was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The potential risks and benefits of Wilms tumour surveillance are finely balanced and there is no clear evidence that screening reduces mortality or morbidity. Prospective evidence-based data on the efficacy of Wilms tumour screening would be difficult and costly to generate and are unlikely to become available in the foreseeable future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following pragmatic recommendations have been formulated for Wilms tumour surveillance in children at risk, based on our review: (1) Surveillance should be offered to children at >5% risk of Wilms tumour. (2) Surveillance should only be offered after review by a clinical geneticist. (3) Surveillance should be carried out by renal ultrasonography every 3-4 months. (4) Surveillance should continue until 5 years of age in all conditions except Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and some familial Wilms tumour pedigrees where it should continue until 7 years. (5) Surveillance can be undertaken at a local centre, but should be carried out by someone with experience in paediatric ultrasonography. (6) Screen-detected lesions should be managed at a specialist centre.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Ø E
authors.initials: ØE
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pritchard-Jones
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craft
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005199:Fanconi Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D011364:Professional Practice; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*