title: Costs of measures to control tuberculosis/HIV in public primary care facilities in Cape Town, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the costs and estimate the cost-effectiveness of the ProTEST package of tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) interventions in primary health care facilities in Cape Town, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected annual cost data retrospectively using ingredients-based costing in three primary care facilities and estimated the cost per HIV infection averted and the cost per TB case prevented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of costs per person for the ProTEST interventions in the three facilities were: US$ 7-11 for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), US$ 81-166 for detecting a TB case, US$ 92-183 for completing isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) and US$ 20-44 for completing six months of cotrimoxazole preventive therapy. The estimated cost per HIV infection averted by VCT was US$ 67-112. The cost per TB case prevented by VCT (through preventing HIV) was US$ 129-215, by intensified case finding was US$ 323-664 and by IPT was US$ 486-962. Sensitivity analysis showed that the use of chest X-rays for IPT screening decreases the cost-effectiveness of IPT in preventing TB cases by 36%. IPT screening with or without tuberculin purified protein derivative screening was almost equally cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the ProTEST package is cost saving. Despite moderate adherence, linking prevention and care interventions for TB and HIV resulted in the estimated costs of preventing TB being less than previous estimates of costs of treating it. VCT was less expensive than previously reported in Africa.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 8002, South Africa. hhausler@uwc.ac.za
authors.forename: Harry Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hausler
authors.forename: Edina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinanovic
authors.forename: Lilani
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kumaranayake
authors.forename: Pren
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Hennie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schoeman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karpakis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Godfrey-Faussett
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011634:Public Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000517:prevention & control*