title: The build-up of clinical science.
abstract: In the years 1720-1820 medicine changed from an art into a science. The slow construction of clinical science, a process still to be completed, has many founding fathers. Here the transition is analyzed through the biographic studies of John Hunter (1728-1793), Domenico Cotugno (1736-1824) and Pierre Joseph Desault (1738-1795) who respectively taught in London, Naples and Paris. Because of their scientific stature they were able to plan, build and foresee the impact of these changes.
authors.affiliation: First Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. nataleg.desanto@unina2.it
authors.forename: Natale G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bisaccia
authors.forename: Luca S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cirillo
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richet
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education / Q000266:history; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D012586:Science / Q000193:education / Q000266:history*