title: Sound production mechanism in carapid fish: first example with a slow sonic muscle.
abstract: Fish sonic swimbladder muscles are the fastest muscles in vertebrates and have fibers with numerous biochemical and structural adaptations for speed. Carapid fishes produce sounds with a complex swimbladder mechanism, including skeletal components and extrinsic sonic muscle fibers with an exceptional helical myofibrillar structure. To study this system we stimulated the sonic muscles, described their insertion and action and generated sounds by slowly pulling the sonic muscles. We find the sonic muscles contract slowly, pulling the anterior bladder and thereby stretching a thin fenestra. Sound is generated when the tension trips a release system that causes the fenestra to snap back to its resting position. The sound frequency does not correspond to the calculated resonant frequency of the bladder, and we hypothesize that it is determined by the snapping fenestra interacting with an overlying bony swimbladder plate. To our knowledge this tension release mechanism is unique in animal sound generation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Institut de chimie, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium. E.Parmentier@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lagardère
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Braquegnier
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandewalle
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000400:Air Sacs / Q000502:physiology*; D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D005399:Fishes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound