title: Residual disease monitoring in childhood acute myeloid leukemia by multiparameter flow cytometry: the MRD-AML-BFM Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monitoring of residual disease (RD) by flow cytometry in childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may predict outcome. However, the optimal time points for investigation, the best antibody combinations, and most importantly, the clinical impact of RD analysis remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred forty-two specimens of 150 children enrolled in the AML-Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM) 98 study were analyzed by four-color immunophenotyping at up to four predefined time points during treatment. For each of the 12 leukemia-associated immunophenotypes and time points, a threshold level based on a previous retrospective analysis of another cohort of children with AML and on control bone marrows was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding all four time points, there is a statistically significant difference in the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) in those children presenting with immunologically detectable blasts at 3 or more time points. The levels at bone marrow puncture (BMP) 1 and BMP2 turned out to have the most significant predictive value for 3-year-EFS: 71% +/- 6% versus 48% +/- 9%, P(Log-Rank) = .029 and 70% +/- 6% versus 50% +/- 7%, P(Log-Rank) = .033), resulting in a more than two-fold risk of relapse. In a multivariate analysis, using a combined risk classification based on morphologically determined blasts at BMP1 and BMP2, French-American-British classification, and cytogenetics, the influence of immunologically determined RD was no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RD monitoring before second induction has the same predictive value as examining levels at four different time points during intensive chemotherapy. Compared with commonly defined risk factors in the AML-BFM studies, flow cytometry does not provide additional information for outcome prediction, but may be helpful to evaluate the remission status at day 28.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. langebrake.claudia@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langebrake
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Creutzig
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dworzak
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hrusak
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mejstrikova
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Griesinger
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome