[Comprehensive study of lead pollution in atmospheric aerosol of Shanghai].
The lead contamination, lead species and source assignment were studied by a combination of several analytical techniques such as Proton-induced X-ray emission analysis (PIXE), Proton microprobe (micro-PIXE), Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques. The results indicate that the lead concentration in the air of Shanghai gradually decreased over the last years. The atmospheric lead concentration of PM10 in the winter of 2002 was 369 ng x m(-3), which had declined by 28% in 2001, and in the winter of 2003 it decreased further to 237 ng x m(-3). The main lead species in the samples collected in the winter of 2003 were probably PbCl2, PbSO4 and PbO. The source apportionment was calculated in terms of the combination of lead isotope ratios and lead mass balance method, assisted by single particle analysis with micro-PIXE and pattern recognition. The results suggest that the major contributors of atmospheric lead pollution in Shanghai are the coal combustion dust; the metallurgic dust and vehicle exhaust particles, with a contribution around 50%, 35% and 15%, respectively. It probably is the first time to give a city a quantitative estimation of lead pollution contribution from emission sources. The influence from leaded gasoline was still present in the atmosphere by four or five years after the phasing out of leaded gasoline.
Zhang
Gui-lin
GL
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. glzhang@sinap.ac.cn
Tan
Ming-guang
MG
Li
Xiao-lin
XL
Zhang
Yuan-xun
YX
Yue
Wei-sheng
WS
Chen
Jian-min
JM
Wang
Yin-song
YS
Li
Ai-guo
AG
Li
Yan
Y
Zhang
Yuan-mao
YM
Shan
Zhu-ci
ZC
D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D007854:Lead; C029891:lead chloride; C032722:lead sulfate