title: Changes in intra-abdominal fat in early postmenopausal women: effects of hormone use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-abdominal fat (IAF) accumulates with age, is greater among postmenopausal vs. premenopausal women, and is linked to risk for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prevents or attenuates changes in IAF and related risk factors is not clear. The objectives of this observational study were to 1) determine whether HRT attenuated the expected age-related increase in IAF and 2) identify the independent effects of HRT and fat distribution on changes in disease risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were early postmenopausal white women 45 to 55 years of age. Women either used HRT at the time of enrollment (n = 33) or did not (n = 17). Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 2 years for body composition (DXA), body fat distribution (computed tomography), insulin sensitivity (Si; minimal model), and serum lipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IAF increased significantly over 2 years, and this increase was not attenuated by HRT. HRT users had less IAF throughout the study. HRT users showed an increase in Si, whereas non-users showed a decrease. Superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly and independently related to total cholesterol, whereas IAF was related to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and Si.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRT users had less IAF at baseline and throughout the study. Whether HRT altered the relationship between total body fat and IAF or whether differences between groups existed before the study should be addressed through a randomized, interventional study design. HRT had a significant effect on Si; IAF and superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue were significant determinants of disease risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, the Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3360, USA. bgower@uab.edu
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gower
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: Tena
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hilario-Hailey
authors.forename: Xiuxiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiao
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001823:Body Composition; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000502:physiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids