title: Impact of an herbicide combination of bromoxynil and prosulfuron on soil microorganisms.
abstract: Soil microcosm experiments were used to investigate the effects on growth and activity of soil microorganisms of an herbicide combination (60% bromoxynil + 3% prosulfuron) frequently used to provide a broad spectrum control of weed species. Culturable aerobic bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, the fundamental groups of heterotrophic microorganisms, and nitrifiers, considered a very sensitive group to these compounds, were evaluated. Since herbicides have been found to inhibit decomposition of cellulose in soil, the effects on cellulolytic bacteria and fungi were determined. Dehydrogenase activity as a measure of microbial activity was another parameter considered. The results emphasized a tendency of reversible stimulatory/inhibitory effects of the tested compounds on soil microorganisms, with fungi as an exception. A long-lasting negative action on the activity of the dehydrogenase (DHA), commonly used as an index of the overall microbial activity in soil, was found. The magnitude of these effects were dependent on the assayed concentrations of the herbicides mixture. We concluded that the presence of bromoxynil + prosulfuron could induce significant changes in the microbial populations of the soil, concerning the activity and balance of microbial community. Possible environmental risks must be considered. Dehydrogenase activity was shown to be an important indicator of side-effects attributed to these herbicides.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica e Engenharia Biológica, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. mepampulha@isa.utl.pt
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pampulha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D009570:Nitriles; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012987:Soil; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C006826:bromoxynil; C459097:prosulfuron