title: Prevalence rates for constipation and faecal and urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence rates for constipation and faecal and urinary incontinence in children attending primary care clinics in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of case records of all children, 4-17 years of age, seen for at least one health maintenance visit during a 6 month period and followed from birth or within the first 6 months of age in our clinics. We reviewed all charts for constipation, faecal incontinence and urinary incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 482 children in the study, after excluding 39 children with chronic diseases. The prevalence rate for constipation was 22.6% and was similar in boys and girls. The constipation was functional in 18% and acute in 4.6%. The prevalence rate for faecal incontinence (> or =1/week) was 4.4%. The faecal incontinence was associated with constipation in 95% of our children. The prevalence rate for urinary incontinence was 10.5%; 3.3% for daytime only, 1.8% for daytime with night-time and 5.4% for night-time urinary incontinence. Faecal and urinary incontinence were significantly more commonly observed in children with constipation than in children without constipation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence rates were 22.6% for constipation, 4.4% for faecal incontinence and 10.5% for urinary incontinence in a US primary care clinic. Children with constipation had higher prevalence rates for faecal and urinary incontinence than children without constipation. Boys with constipation had higher rates of faecal incontinence than girls with constipation.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, JCP 2555, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. vera-loening-baucke@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loening-Baucke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*