title: The use of insulin declines as patients live farther from their source of care: results of a survey of adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although most diabetic patients do not achieve good physiologic control, patients who live closer to their source of primary care tend to have better glycemic control than those who live farther away. We sought to assess the role of travel burden as a barrier to the use of insulin in adults with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  781 adults receiving primary care for type 2 diabetes were recruited from the Vermont Diabetes Information System. They completed postal surveys and were interviewed at home. Travel burden was estimated as the shortest possible driving distance from the patient's home to the site of primary care. Medication use, age, sex, race, marital status, education, health insurance, duration of diabetes, and frequency of care were self-reported. Body mass index was measured by a trained field interviewer. Glycemic control was measured by the glycosolated hemoglobin A1C assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Driving distance was significantly associated with insulin use, controlling for the covariates and potential confounders. The odds ratio for using insulin associated with each kilometer of driving distance was 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.95, 0.99; P = 0.01). The odds ratio for using insulin for those living within 10 km (compared to those with greater driving distances) was 2.29 (1.35, 3.88; P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with type 2 diabetes who live farther from their source of primary care are significantly less likely to use insulin. This association is not due to confounding by age, sex, race, education, income, health insurance, body mass index, duration of diabetes, use of oral agents, glycemic control, or frequency of care, and may be responsible for the poorer physiologic control noted among patients with greater travel burdens.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA. benjamin.littenberg@vtmednet.org
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Littenberg
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: Austin R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Troy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009513:New Hampshire; D009518:New York; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin