title: Characterization of fasted-state human intestinal fluids collected from duodenum and jejunum.
abstract: The solubility of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract is very challenging to simulate with artificial media due to the high complexity of human intestinal fluid (HIF). In particular, bile salt composition, pH and buffer capacity are very important characteristics of HIF, since they determine the solubility of drugs in-vivo. In this study, we have measured the concentrations of individual bile salts in human intestinal fluids (n=6) collected from two different locations (duodenum and jejunum) in the fasted state. Total bile salt concentrations ranged from 570 to 5,137 microM in the duodenum and from 829 to 5,470 microM in the jejunum. The following rank order of relative bile salt concentration in duodenum was observed: taurocholic acid > glycocholate >or= glycochenodeoxycholate > glycodeoxycholate > taurochenodeoxycholate > taurodeoxycholate. Cholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid represented less than 1% of bile salts present in the samples. Ursodeoxycholate could not be detected in HIF. No statistically significant difference between bile salt composition of duodenal and jejunal aspirates was observed. The buffer capacity of HIF was compared with other media commonly used for solubility/dissolution determinations, indicating a relatively low buffer capacity of HIF (4-13 mmol L(-1)/pH). This low buffer capacity was reflected in the change in pH (between 4 and 9.5) that occurred in HIF after addition of model compounds covering a broad pK(a) range. Interindividual variability in pH, buffer capacity and bile salt contents of HIF will contribute to differences in the rate and extent of absorption of compounds for which dissolution/solubility is the rate limiting step. The variability observed warrants further research to explore the impact of intraluminal conditions on drug solubility.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, O&N Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mariangeles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez de la Cruz Moreno
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oth
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deferme
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lammert
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dressman
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Augustijns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D002021:Buffers; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002021:Buffers