title: A modified longitudinally split segmental rectus femoris muscle flap transfer for facial reanimation: anatomic basis and clinical applications.
abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the intra-muscular neurovascular anatomy and the intra-muscular tendon distribution of the rectus femoris muscle to reassess the reliability of technique of harvesting a longitudinally split segmental muscle flap, and to present our clinical experience on usefulness of the longitudinally split segmental rectus femoris muscle flap as a method for reconstruction of the paralysed face in a series of 25 patients. Twenty fresh cadavers were systemically injected with lead oxide, gelatin and water. Based on the anatomy of intra-muscular neurovascular structure in the rectus femoris muscle, 25 consecutive patients with established facial paralysis were treated by using a two-stage method combining neurovascular free-muscle transfer with cross-face nerve grafting. Follow-ups were 15-24 months. All of the 25 patients showed significantly improvement in the appearance of the oral commissure and oral competence. Satisfactory results of facial reanimation were obtained in 23 patients. Among these cases, near-natural facial expression was achieved. Recovery continued up to 2 years postoperatively. There were two cases having poor movement of transferred muscle 2 years postoperatively. No complications occurred in the donor site. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated the suitability for subdivision of the segment muscle flap of the rectus femoris into two functional units with a common neurovascular pedicle. This series has further demonstrated the safety and reliability of using the rectus femoris muscle flap for facial reanimation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, HLJ 150086, China. dapingyang@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Daping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Maolin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005149:Facial Expression; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000637:transplantation*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome