title: Cell migration through small gaps.
abstract: Cell motility is a fundamental process associated with many phenomena in nature, such as immune response, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. In these processes, cells must squeeze through cell layers, and we characterize this ability to actively produce forces and simultaneously adapt their shapes. We have measured forward forces up to 15 nN that a migrating keratocyte was able to generate, in order to adjust its shape and successfully force its way under and past an obstacle. We also observed that 34 nN was capable of stalling the cell's forward motion. Furthermore, we measured that under compression stresses up to 1,165 pN/micro m2 (1,165 Pa), cell morphology, and velocity remained unchanged. Additionally, we found that keratocytes were able to compress themselves up to 80% vertically in order to squeeze through a gap as small as 500 nm.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehrlicher
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kohlstrunk
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knebel
authors.forename: Josef A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Käs
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goegler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D048430:Cell Shape; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D006054:Goldfish; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes