title: Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms:  probability and risk factors for aneurysm rupture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a study to investigate the long-term natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and the predictive risk factors determining subsequent rupture in a patient population in which surgical selection of cases was not performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 142 patients with 181 unruptured aneurysms from the 1950s until death or the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, or until the years 1997 to 1998. The annual and cumulative incidence of aneurysm rupture as well as several potential risk factors predictive of rupture were studied using life-table analyses and the Cox's proportional hazards regression models including time-dependent covariates. The median follow-up time was 19.7 years (range 0.8-38.9 years). During 2575 person years of follow up, there were 33 first-time episodes of hemorrhage from a previously unruptured aneurysm, giving an average annual incidence of 1.3%. In seventeen of these cases, hemorrhages led to the patients' deaths. The cumulative rate of bleeding was 10.5% at 10 years, 23.0% at 20 years, and 30.3% at 30 years after diagnosis. The diameter of the unruptured aneurysm(relative risk [RR] 1.11 per mm in diameter, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.23, p = 0.05) and patient age at diagnosis inversely (RR 0.97 per year, 95% CI 0.93-1.00, p = 0.05) were significant independent predictors for a subsequent aneurysm rupture after adjustment for sex, hypertension, and aneurysm group. Active smoking status at the time of diagnosis was a significant risk factor for aneurysm rupture (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.04-2.06, p = 0.033) after adjustment for the size of the aneurysm, age, sex, presence of hypertension, and aneurysm group. Active smoking status asa time-dependent covariate was an even more significant risk factor for aneurysm rupture (adjusted RR 3.04, 95% CI 1.21-7.66, p = 0.020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking, size of the unruptured intracranial aneurysm, and age, inversely, are important factors determining risk for subsequent aneurysm rupture. The authors conclude that such unruptured aneurysms should be surgically treated irrespective of their size and of patients' smoking status, especially in young and middle-aged adults, if this is technically possible and if the patient's concurrent diseases are not contraindications. Cessation of smoking may also be a good alternative to surgery in older patients with small-sized aneurysms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. seppo.juvela@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juvela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porras
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poussa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality