title: Management of cardiovascular risk factors in advanced type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a comparative analysis in nephrology, diabetology and primary care settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by a marked development of cardiovascular and renal disease. These patients are frequently managed by different health professionals with the consequence that the quality of care may differ substantially. To compare the management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 DN and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 15-60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 followed in nephrology, diabetology and primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicentre cross-sectional study verified the control of blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, triglycerides, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and haemoglobin in patients exclusively followed in either nephrology (n = 266), diabetology (n = 246) or primary care (n = 195) of the same metropolitan area for at least 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary care patients were older and had a greater prevalence of previous cardiovascular events. The GFR was lower in nephrology than in diabetology and primary care (33 +/- 13 versus 47 +/- 9 and 40 +/- 12 ml/min per 1.73 m2, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of BP target (< 130/80 mmHg) was similarly low in nephrology, diabetology and primary care (14, 13 and 10%, P = 0.421) probably because of insufficient prescription of diuretics and low-salt diet. Whereas the prevalence of the triglycerides target was similar, that of total cholesterol (< 200 mg/dl) was larger in diabetology (63%) than in nephrology and primary care (59 and 46%, P = 0.003) because of greater statin prescription in hypercholesterolemic individuals (70, 50 and 41%, respectively, P = 0.002). The attainment of HbA1c less than 7% was less frequent in diabetology (32%) than in nephrology and primary care (61 and 46%, P = 0.0003) despite a more frequent prescription of insulin/oral agents in diabetology. The control of anaemia was better in diabetology. Multivariate analysis adjusted for the patient case-mix and physician-level clustering confirmed these differences except for anaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with advanced DN, despite the worst renal and cardiovascular prognosis, are at high risk of being under-treated independently of the type of clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. roberto.minutolo@unina2.it
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minutolo
authors.forename: Ferdinando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Sasso
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cianciaruso
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carbonara
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamboli
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tirino
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pota
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torella
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Nicola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014280:Triglycerides