title: Radiation therapy alone for stage I (UICC T1N0M0) squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: indications for surgery or combined chemoradiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to clarify the efficacy and limitations of radiation therapy (RT) for superficial esophageal carcinoma, and to explore the indications for more aggressive therapy, such as combined chemo-radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight patients with stage I (UICC T1N0M0) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated by definitive RT alone were analyzed. Brachytherapy was administered in 36 patients as a boost, and the prescribed doses were 10 Gy (5 Gy x 2 times) at a low dose rate (19 patients) and 9 Gy (3 Gy x 3 times) at a high dose rate (17 patients). Recurrence patterns and survival rates were assessed and the factors predisposing to recurrences after RT were statistically investigated by univariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year cause-specific survival rate and the locoregional control rate were 79.9% and 82.1%, respectively. No case of recurrence or disease-related death was observed in any of the patients with mucosal cancer. Among the cases with the cancer invading the submucosa, there were 12 cases with locoregional recurrence and two cases with distant metastases. In cases of submucosal esophageal cancer, the tumor length was the only statistically significant factor predicting locoregional control. The 5-year locoregional control rate in cases with a short length of the tumor (<or=5 cm) was 83.3%, whereas the corresponding rate in cases with the tumor measuring >5 cm in length was 57.8% (P = 0.036). Patients treated by additional brachytherapy exhibited better cause-specific survival and locoregional control rates than those receiving external RT alone, however, the addition had no statistically significant influence on the outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT was a successful treatment for stage I esophageal cancer, and the treatment outcome using RT was nearly comparable to that of surgery. However, it is suggested that chemo-radiation should be considered in inoperable cases of submucosal cancer when the tumor is more than 5 cm in length.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan. hisikawa@med.gunma-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Michitaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Yoshizumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitamoto
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents