title: An assessment of inter-rater agreement of the literature filtering process in the development of evidence-based dietary guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the literature filtering process, a vital initial component of a systematic literature review, could be successfully completed by nutrition professionals or non-professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a diet-disease relationship as the guideline topic, inter-rater agreement for the title and abstract filtering processes between and among professionals and non-professionals was assessed and compared with an expert reference standard. Predetermined eligibility criteria were applied by all raters to 185 titles and 90 abstracts. Filtering decisions were initially made independently and then revised after a within-pair consensus meeting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The raters were six dietitians (RD) and six nutrition graduate students (Grad). To assess inter-rater agreement (reliability), each group was divided into three pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weighted and unweighted kappa statistics and percentage agreement were calculated to determine the inter-rater agreement within pairs. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were determined by comparing responses with those of an expert reference standard. Overall, Grad pairs demonstrated greater inter-rater agreement than RD pairs for title filtering (P<0.05); no differences were observed for abstract filtering. Compared with the expert reference standard, every rater and pair had false-negative responses for both title and abstract filtering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After consensus meetings, both RDs and Grads were comparable in their agreement on title and abstract filtering, although important differences remained compared with the expert reference standard. This study provides preliminary findings on the value of utilising a non-expert pair in developing guidelines, and suggests that the literature filtering process is complex and quite subjective.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. marcia_cooper@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ungar
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zlotkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003245:Consensus Statements as Topic; D004046:Dietetics / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013334:Students