title: c-Type cytochrome-dependent formation of U(IV) nanoparticles by Shewanella oneidensis.
abstract: Modern approaches for bioremediation of radionuclide contaminated environments are based on the ability of microorganisms to effectively catalyze changes in the oxidation states of metals that in turn influence their solubility. Although microbial metal reduction has been identified as an effective means for immobilizing highly-soluble uranium(VI) complexes in situ, the biomolecular mechanisms of U(VI) reduction are not well understood. Here, we show that c-type cytochromes of a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, are essential for the reduction of U(VI) and formation of extracellular UO(2) nanoparticles. In particular, the outer membrane (OM) decaheme cytochrome MtrC (metal reduction), previously implicated in Mn(IV) and Fe(III) reduction, directly transferred electrons to U(VI). Additionally, deletions of mtrC and/or omcA significantly affected the in vivo U(VI) reduction rate relative to wild-type MR-1. Similar to the wild-type, the mutants accumulated UO(2) nanoparticles extracellularly to high densities in association with an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In wild-type cells, this UO(2)-EPS matrix exhibited glycocalyx-like properties and contained multiple elements of the OM, polysaccharide, and heme-containing proteins. Using a novel combination of methods including synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution immune-electron microscopy, we demonstrate a close association of the extracellular UO(2) nanoparticles with MtrC and OmcA (outer membrane cytochrome). This is the first study to our knowledge to directly localize the OM-associated cytochromes with EPS, which contains biogenic UO(2) nanoparticles. In the environment, such association of UO(2) nanoparticles with biopolymers may exert a strong influence on subsequent behavior including susceptibility to oxidation by O(2) or transport in soils and sediments.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Beliaev
authors.forename: Alice C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dohnalkova
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Zheming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Maxim I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Boyanov
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kemner
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Samantha B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Culley
authors.forename: Vanessa L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Cody J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Simonson
authors.forename: Daad A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saffarini
authors.forename: Margaret F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Romine
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zachara
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fredrickson
mesh_terms: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism*; D019276:Glycocalyx / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D020592:Shewanella / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014501:Uranium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017974:Uranium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D017974:Uranium Compounds; D010758:Phosphorus; D014501:Uranium; D007501:Iron; C012597:uranium dioxide