title: Lipopolysaccharide-induced decreased protein S expression in liver cells is mediated by MEK/ERK signaling and NFkappaB activation: involvement of membrane-bound CD14 and toll-like receptor-4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vitamin K-dependent protein S (PS), mainly synthesized in hepatocytes and endothelial cells, plays a critical role in the anticoagulant activity of plasma. The decreased plasma level of PS in sepsis is associated with thrombotic tendency, but the mechanism is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on PS expression in vivo in rat liver, and in vitro in isolated hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) from normal rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS induced a progressive decrease of plasma PS antigen level up to 12 h with a slight recovery at 24 h, and a transient decrease of liver PS mRNA level at 4-8 h with a complete recovery at 24 h. In the in vitro studies, LPS decreased PS antigen and mRNA levels in both hepatocytes and SECs. After LPS treatment, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) transiently increased in plasma. IL-6 increased the protein expression of PS from hepatocytes, while TNF-alpha decreased it from SECs. LPS increased CD14 in hepatocytes and decreased it in SECs, but did not affect toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression in both cells. Antirat CD14 and antirat TLR-4 antibodies inhibited LPS-induced NFkappaB activation, and a NFkappaB inhibitor suppressed LPS-induced decreased PS expression in both cells. Furthermore, MEK inhibitor blocked LPS-induced decreased PS expression in both cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that LPS-induced decreased PS expression in hepatocytes and SECs is mediated by MEK/ERK signaling and NFkappaB activation and that membrane-bound CD14 and TLR-4 are involved in this mechanism. These findings may explain in part the decreased level of plasma PS and thrombotic tendency in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kishiwada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Gabazza
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D017293:Protein S / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017293:Protein S; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases