title: Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 initiate the innate immune response of the renal tubular epithelium to bacterial products.
abstract: Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) respond diffusely to local infection, with the release of multiple cytokines, chemokines and other factors that are thought to orchestrate the cellular constituents of the innate immune response. We have investigated whether the Toll-like receptors TLR4 and TLR2, which are present on tubular epithelium and potentially detect a range of bacterial components, co-ordinate this inflammatory response acting through nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). Primary cultures of TECs were grown from C57BL/6, C3H/HeN, C3H/HeJ, TLR2 and TLR4 knock-out mice. Cell monolayers were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and synthetic TLR2 and 4 agonists. The innate immune response was quantified by measurement of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and KC (IL-8 homologue) in cell supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cultured TECs grown from healthy mice produced the cytokines TNF-alpha and KC in response to stimulation by LPS and synthetic TLR2 and TLR4 agonists. Cells lacking the respective TLRs had a reduced response to stimulation. The TLR2- and TLR4-mediated response to stimulation was dependent on NF-kappaB signalling, as shown by curcumin pretreatment of TECs. Finally, apical stimulation of these TLRs elicited basal surface secretion of TNF-alpha and KC (as well as the reverse), consistent with the biological response in vivo. Our data highlight the potential importance of TLR-dependent mechanisms co-ordinating the innate immune response to upper urinary tract infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK. paramit.chowdhury@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Sheerin
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000276:immunology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96 / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016207:Cytokines; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4