title: The level of adrenomedullin immunoreactivity in seminal fluid is higher in oligozoospermic subjects and correlates with semen biochemical parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The newly discovered vasoactive peptide, adrenomedullin, and its receptors are widely distributed in various non-vascular tissues. Recent studies have suggested the possible regulatory role of adrenomedullin (AM) at several levels of the pituitary-gonadal axis. We determined the level of adrenomedullin-like immunoreactivity in the seminal fluid and examined its possible correlation with routine semen parameters, semen biochemical levels or plasma levels of FSH, LH, testosterone or prolactin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 51 males were divided into three groups according to semen analysis: (i) normospermic (n=19); (ii) oligozoospermic (n=17); (iii) azoospermic (n=15). All the subjects were submitted to hormone analysis (LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin), routine semen parameters and semen biochemical levels (fructosio, citric acid, L-carnitine, nitric oxide) evaluation. AM was determined in plasma and seminal fluid using a specific radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean AM concentration in seminal plasma was higher in oligozoospermic subjects than in normospermic males. In patients with non-obstructive azoospermia AM in semen was significantly lower than in patients with obstructive azoospermia. Semen AM levels correlated negatively with citric acid concentrations in oligozoospermic subjects. In patients with obstructive azoospermia AM in seminal fluid was correlated with citric acid levels. There was a relationship between plasma AM and prolactin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in human seminal fluid AM concentration is increased in infertile oligozoospermic patients and derives very likely from the prostate. Its role in the regulation of male fertility, however has to be understood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Perinatology and Child Health, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Rome, Italy. emanuelamarinoni@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marinoni
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vellucci
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Letizia
authors.forename: Mariateresa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sessa
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moscarini
authors.forename: Romolo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Iorio
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002331:Carnitine / Q000378:metabolism; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D005632:Fructose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053607:Adrenomedullin; D005632:Fructose; D013739:Testosterone; D011388:Prolactin; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D002331:Carnitine