title: [Strabismus-associated Parinaud syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We undertook this study to describe the causes of Parinaud syndrome (PS) with diplopia to determine a topographic diagnosis and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied patients with PS from January 1980 to January 2004 and reviewed causes and treatment. We identified all strabismus associated with PS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 18 patients with diplopia, 6 females and 12 males. Median age was 28 years old, SD 22 (10; CI 95%). Results are strabismus related: III nerve palsy in 15 patients (79%), optical nerve damage in 8 (44.4%), VII nerve palsy in 3, IV nerve palsy 2, bilateral III nerve palsy 2, nystagmus 2, Foville syndrome 2, one-and-a-half syndrome (1). The following causes were reported: tumors (6), brain stroke (4), cranial trauma (3), neurocysticercosis (2). Orthoposition under botulinum toxin treatment was obtained in 1.72 +/- 1.1 (0.65 CI 95%). Surgery was done in nine patients, and only one patient had spontaneous resolution of diplopia and PS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to identify the topographic diagnosis and prognosis of brain diseases such as the complete study of strabismus-related PS. In this way we can learn more about the extent of damage and can identify recurrences quickly in order to offer better control.
authors.affiliation: Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, ISSTE. smoguel@prodigy.net.mx
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moguel-Ancheita
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Morfín
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedraza-Jacob
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004172:Diplopia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications