title: Neurological Symptoms, Not Signs,<br />Are Common in Early HIV Infection.
abstract: Objective. To examine the cross-sectional prevalence of neurological symptoms and signs in a large cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive men, and determine the relationship of the symptoms to disease stage, immunologic markers, and independent variables from neuropsychological (NP) testing and psychiatric interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred-nine controls and 386 HIV-infected volunteers enrolled in the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) longitudinal study. The majority, without acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), were screened for alcohol/substance abuse; previous diagnosis of HIV-associated dementia; and HIV-unrelated developmental, neurological, medical, and neurobehavioral conditions which potentially impair cognition; and underwent a structured neurological interview and examination, standardized NP testing, and psychiatric interview as part of a more extensive battery. A large subset (N = 377) underwent lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) examination. We examined the relationship of sixteen select but independent variables, using stepwise multiple regressions, from demographic/staging, immunological, NP, and psychiatric domains to neurological symptoms in an effort to identify possible predictors of subclinical nervous systems involvement. Results. All categories of neurological symptoms were significantly more prevalent among medically asymptomatic (CDC stage A) subjects than controls, with a further rise in prevalence in those with more advanced stages of infection. The most marked rise was seen in cognitive and sensorimotor complaints. In contrast, significant findings on neurological examination were evident in only the sicker (stage C) subjects. Stage of illness, serum &beta;2-microglobulin, psychiatric indices of depressed mood or anxiety, and NP "motor" performance were the most significant independent variables associated with the presence of neurological symptoms. CSF pleocytosis was seen early (CDC stage A), and may reflect the presence of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS) at the least stages of infection. We also confirmed the value of CSF &beta;2m and neopterin as important markers of advancing disease stage. Whether they predict subclinical CNS involvement is to be determined by longitudinal observations. Conclusion. Neurological complains are common in medically asymptomatic HIV subjects whereas signs are not. The symptoms correlate with commonly determined independent measures of depression, anxiety, NP tests of fine motor speed and strength, as well as indices of disease worsening (CDC stage, serum &beta;2m).
authors.affiliation: , Neurology Service (127), 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gulevich
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Thal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Olichney
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kirson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaplanski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Group
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests