title: Determinants of survival without antiretroviral therapy after infancy in HIV-1-infected Zambian children in the CHAP Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data on predictors of HIV progression in untreated children in resource-limited settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with HIV Antibiotic Prophylaxis (CHAP) was a randomized trial comparing cotrimoxazole prophylaxis with placebo in HIV-infected Zambian children. The prognostic value of baseline characteristics was investigated using Cox models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred fourteen children aged 1 to 14 (median 5.5) years contributed 607 years follow-up (maximum 2.6 years). Half were boys, and in 67%, the mother was the primary carer; at baseline, median CD4 percentage was 11% and weight was less than third percentile in 67%. One hundred sixty-five children died (27.2 per 100 years at risk; 95% confidence interval 23.3-31.6). Low weight-for-age, CD4 percentage, hemoglobin, mother as primary carer, current malnutrition, and previous hospital admissions for respiratory tract infections or recurrent severe bacterial infections were independent predictors of poorer survival, whereas oral candidiasis predicted poorer survival only when baseline CD4 percentage was not considered. Mortality rates per 100 child years of 44.5 (37.2-53.2), 14.7 (10.9-19.8), and 2.3 (0.3-16.7) were associated with new World Health Organization stages 4, 3, and 1/2, respectively, applied retrospectively; very low weight-for-age was the only staging feature for 42% of stage 4 children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malnutrition and hospitalizations for respiratory/bacterial infections predict mortality independent of immunosuppression, suggesting that they capture HIV- and non-HIV-related mortality, whereas oral candidiasis is a proxy for immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK. s.walker@ctu.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: A Sarah
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mulenga
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sinyinza
authors.forename: Kennedy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lishimpi
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: Chifumbe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gibb
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001835:Body Weight; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D015497:HIV-1; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents