title: Risk factors before autologous stem-cell transplantation for lymphoma predict for secondary myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk factors for treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) are similar to those that increase the risk of difficult stem-cell harvests. We reviewed our experience in 526 patients with lymphoma treated by ASCT to determine whether difficult stem-cell harvests predict for an increased risk of t-MDS/AML.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autologous peripheral stem cells were initially mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) alone (n = 334), etoposide and G-CSF (n = 166), or cyclophosphamide and G-CSF with or without etoposide (n = 26). Difficult harvests were those that required more than 5 days to collect enough stem cells and those that required additional attempts with etoposide and/or cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF (n = 52). All patients were then treated with high-dose chemotherapy alone and observed for outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a median follow-up time for surviving patients of 69 months, 20 patients developed t-MDS/AML, for an actuarial incidence of 6.8% at 10 years. Pretransplantation characteristics, including age, diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease, bone marrow involvement, prior radiation therapy, prior exposure to chemotherapy, lactate dehydrogenase at the time of ASCT, disease status, and method of stem-cell mobilization, were then analyzed with respect to the subsequent development of t-MDS/AML. By multivariable analysis, prior exposure to radiation therapy, four or more chemotherapy regimens, and more than 5 days of apheresis needed to harvest enough stem cells were identified as independent risk factors for t-MDS/AML. Bootstrap analysis confirmed these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that identifiable pretransplantation factors predict for t-MDS/AML after ASCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. kalaycm@ccf.org
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalaycio
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pohlman
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sobecks
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuczkowski
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bolwell
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000209:etiology*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D036102:Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor