title: Colony stimulating factors (including erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and analogues) for stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colony stimulating factors (CSFs), also called haematopoietic growth factors, regulate bone marrow production of circulating red and white cells, and platelets. They have been shown to be neuroprotective in experimental stroke. Some CSFs also mobilise the release of bone marrow stem cells into the circulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We systematically assessed the effects of CSFs on functional outcome and haematology measures in patients with acute or subacute stroke enrolled into randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched February 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1985 to March 2006), EMBASE (1985 to November 2005), and Science Citation Index (1985 to November 2005). In an attempt to identify further published, unpublished and ongoing trials we contacted manufacturers and principal investigators of trials (last contacted 2005). We also searched reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unconfounded randomised controlled trials recruiting patients with acute or subacute ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke were included. CSFs included stem cell factor (SCF), erythropoietin (EPO), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1), and thrombopoietin (TPO), or analogues of these. The primary outcome was functional outcome (assessed as combined death or disability and dependency using scales such as the modified Rankin Scale or Barthel Index) at the end of the trial. Secondary outcomes included safety at the end of treatment (death, impairment, deterioration, extension or recurrence), death at the end of follow up, and haematology measures (blood counts at or around day seven after treatment commenced).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on measures by intention to treat (where available) were collected and analysed as dichotomous or continuous outcomes, as relevant, using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No large trials were identified. EPO therapy was associated with a non-significant reduction in neurological impairment in one small trial (n = 40 participants) but had no significant effect on haematological measures. Further small trials of EPO and G-CSF are ongoing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No large trials of EPO, G-CSF or other colony stimulating factors have been performed and it is too early to know whether CSFs improve functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, Division of Stroke Medicine, South Block D Floor, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK NG7 2UH. philip.bath@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: P M W
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bath
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sprigg
mesh_terms: D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors; D004921:Erythropoietin