title: Quantification of functional weakness and abnormal synergy patterns in the lower limb of individuals with chronic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of abnormal muscle activation patterns is a well documented factor limiting the motor rehabilitation of patients following stroke. These abnormal muscle activation patterns, or synergies, have previously been quantified in the upper limbs. Presented here are the lower limb joint torque patterns measured in a standing position of sixteen chronic hemiparetic stroke subjects and sixteen age matched controls used to examine differences in strength and coordination between the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the trunk stabilized, stroke subjects stood on their unaffected leg while their affected foot was attached to a 6-degree of freedom load cell (JR3, Woodland CA) which recorded forces and torques. The subjects were asked to generate a maximum torque about a given joint (hip abduction/adduction; hip, knee, and ankle flexion/extension) and provided feedback of the torque they generated for that primary joint axis. In parallel, EMG data from eight muscle groups were recorded, and secondary torques generated about the adjacent joints were calculated. Differences in mean primary torque, secondary torque, and EMG data were compared using a single factor ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stroke group was significantly weaker in six of the eight directions tested. Analysis of the secondary torques showed that the control and stroke subjects used similar strategies to generate maximum torques during seven of the eight joint movements tested. The only time a different strategy was used was during maximal hip abduction exertions where stroke subjects tended to flex instead of extend their hip, which was consistent with the classically defined "flexion synergy." The EMG data of the stroke group was different than the control group in that there was a strong presence of co-contraction of antagonistic muscle groups, especially during ankle flexion and ankle and knee extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that in a standing position stroke subjects are significantly weaker in their affected leg when compared to age-matched controls, yet showed little evidence of the classic lower-limb abnormal synergy patterns previously reported. The findings here suggest that the primary contributor to isometric lower limb motor deficits in chronic stroke subjects is weakness.
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Research, National Rehabilitation Hospital, 102 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA. 06neckel@cua.edu
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neckel
authors.forename: Marlena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelliccio
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hidler