title: Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates.
abstract: Natural radioactivity was determined in 11 different brands of commonly sold bottled drinking water in the federal capital Islamabad and Rawalpindi city of Pakistan using gamma spectrometry technique. Mean concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and (40)K were found to be 11.3 +/- 2.3, 5.2 +/- 0.4 and 140.9 +/- 30.6 mBq l(-1), respectively. The annual cumulative effective doses due to all three natural radionuclides for different age groups of 1-5 y, 5-10 y, 10-15 y and adults (>or=18 y) were estimated to be 4.0, 3.4, 3.1 and 4.1 microSv y(-1), respectively. Among the three natural radionuclides, annual effective doses for all age groups from 226Ra were significant. Children in the age group of 1-5 y appeared to be at risk with respect to the annual effective doses from 226Ra as compared to the other age groups. Results obtained in this study are compared with the reported values from other countries of the world and it was observed that measured activity concentrations of three natural radionuclides in the bottled drinking water were lower than these values. Annual estimated effective doses for all four age groups from the intake of natural radionuclides in bottled drinking water were also found below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y(-1) as well as the average radiation dose of 0.29 mSv y(-1) received per head worldwide due to ingestion of natural radionuclides assessed by UNSCEAR (2000).
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Chemistry Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, PO Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.forename: S N A
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tahir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008954:Models, Biological; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013051:Spectrometry, Gamma; D013910:Thorium / Q000032:analysis; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008900:Mineral Waters; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D013910:Thorium; D011883:Radium