title: Reliability of two goniometric methods of measuring active inversion and eversion range of motion at the ankle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active inversion and eversion ankle range of motion (ROM) is widely used to evaluate treatment effect, however the error associated with the available measurement protocols is unknown. This study aimed to establish the reliability of goniometry as used in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 subjects (60 ankles) with a wide variety of ankle conditions participated in this study. Three observers, with different skill levels, measured active inversion and eversion ankle ROM three times on each of two days. Measurements were performed with subjects positioned (a) sitting and (b) prone. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC[2,1]) were calculated to determine intra- and inter-observer reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within session intra-observer reliability ranged from ICC[2,1] 0.82 to 0.96 and between session intra-observer reliability ranged from ICC[2,1] 0.42 to 0.80. Reliability was similar for the sitting and the prone positions, however, between sessions, inversion measurements were more reliable than eversion measurements. Within session inter-observer measurements in sitting were more reliable than in prone and inversion measurements were more reliable than eversion measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that ankle inversion and eversion ROM can be measured with high to very high reliability by the same observer within sessions and with low to moderate reliability by different observers within a session. The reliability of measures made by the same observer between sessions varies depending on the direction, being low to moderate for eversion measurements and moderate to high for inversion measurements in both positions.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. collette@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Collette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menadue
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kilbreath
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Refshauge
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011187:Posture; D016684:Prone Position; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome