title: Effect of practice on standardised learning outcomes in simulation-based medical education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report synthesises a subset of 31 journal articles on high-fidelity simulation-based medical education containing 32 research studies drawn from a larger qualitative review published previously. These studies were selected because they present adequate data to allow for quantitative synthesis. We hypothesised an association between hours of practice in simulation-based medical education and standardised learning outcomes measured as weighted effect sizes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Journal articles were screened using 5 exclusion and inclusion criteria. Response data were extracted and 3 judges independently coded each study. Learning outcomes were standardised using a common metric, the average weighted effect size (AWES), due to the heterogeneity of response measures in individual studies. anova was used to evaluate AWES differences due to hours of practice on a high-fidelity medical simulator cast in 5 categories. The eta squared (eta2) statistic was used to assess the association between AWES and simulator practice hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a strong association (eta2=0.46) between hours of practice on high-fidelity medical simulators and standardised learning outcomes. The association approximates a dose-response relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hours of high-fidelity simulator practice have a positive, functional relationship with standardised learning outcomes in medical education. More rigorous research methods and more stringent journal editorial policies are needed to advance this field of medical education research.
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA. wcmc@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McGaghie
authors.forename: S Barry
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Issenberg
authors.forename: Emil R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Petrusa
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scalese
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D016544:Patient Simulation; D013664:Teaching Materials; D014481:United States