title: Health information literacy and competencies of information age students: results from the interactive online Research Readiness Self-Assessment (RRSA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an era of easy access to information, university students who will soon enter health professions need to develop their information competencies. The Research Readiness Self-Assessment (RRSA) is based on the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, and it measures proficiency in obtaining health information, evaluating the quality of health information, and understanding plagiarism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to measure the proficiency of college-age health information consumers in finding and evaluating electronic health information; to assess their ability to discriminate between peer-reviewed scholarly resources and opinion pieces or sales pitches; and to examine the extent to which they are aware of their level of health information competency.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interactive 56-item online assessment, the Research Readiness Self-Assessment (RRSA), was used to measure the health information competencies of university students. We invited 400 students to take part in the study, and 308 participated, giving a response rate of 77%. The RRSA included multiple-choice questions and problem-based exercises. Declarative and procedural knowledge were assessed in three domains: finding health information, evaluating health information, and understanding plagiarism. Actual performance was contrasted with self-reported skill level. Upon answering all questions, students received a results page that summarized their numerical results and displayed individually tailored feedback composed by an experienced librarian.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even though most students (89%) understood that a one-keyword search is likely to return too many documents, few students were able to narrow a search by using multiple search categories simultaneously or by employing Boolean operators. In addition, nearly half of the respondents had trouble discriminating between primary and secondary sources of information as well as between references to journal articles and other published documents. When presented with questionable websites on nonexistent nutritional supplements, only 50% of respondents were able to correctly identify the website with the most trustworthy features. Less than a quarter of study participants reached the correct conclusion that none of the websites made a good case for taking the nutritional supplements. Up to 45% of students were unsure if they needed to provide references for ideas expressed in paraphrased sentences or sentences whose structure they modified. Most respondents (84%) believed that their research skills were good, very good, or excellent. Students' self-perceptions of skill tended to increase with increasing level of education. Self-reported skills were weakly correlated with actual skill level, operationalized as the overall RRSA score (Cronbach alpha = .78 for 56 RRSA items).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the majority of students think that their research skills are good or excellent, many of them are unable to conduct advanced information searches, judge the trustworthiness of health-related websites and articles, and differentiate between various information sources. Students' self-reports may not be an accurate predictor of their actual health information competencies.
authors.affiliation: Central Michigan University, 1205 Health Professions Building, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA. ivani1sv@cmich.edu
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivanitskaya
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D020407:Internet; D015714:Plagiarism; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface