title: Accurate placement of the distal end of a ventriculoatrial shunt with the aid of real-time transesophageal echocardiography. Technical note.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts remain a valid option for the treatment of hydrocephalus, especially in patients in whom ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts fail. Correct positioning of the distal end of the catheter in the right atrium is of paramount importance for maintaining shunt patency and reducing the incidence of VA shunt-associated morbidity. The authors present their experience with real-time transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) monitoring for the accurate placement of the distal catheter of a VA shunt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients underwent conversion of a VP shunt to a VA shunt under the guidance of intraoperative fluoroscopy and TEE between May 2003 and December 2004. After induction of general anesthesia, the TEE transducer was advanced into the esophagus. A cervical incision was made and the external jugular vein was visualized. An introducer was passed through an opening in the jugular vein and a guidewire was placed through the introducer. Under continuous TEE guidance, the guidewire was carefully advanced into the superior vena cava. A distal shunt catheter overlying a J-wire was then passed to the superior vena cava, again under TEE guidance. The catheter was advanced to the right atrium after removing the guidewire. Final visualization with TEE and fluoroscopy revealed a good position of the catheter in the right atrium in all four cases. The mean duration of the operation was 91 minutes (range 65-120 minutes) and the mean operative blood loss was 23 ml (range 10-50 ml). No procedure-related complication was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time TEE is a safe and simple technique for the accurate placement of the distal catheter of a VA shunt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Theofilos G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Machinis
authors.forename: Kostas N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Fountas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Joe Sam
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: E Christopher
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Troup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome