title: Normotensive women with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria are at high risk for macrovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The excess risk of macrovascular disease and death associated with diabetes seems higher in women than in men. The pathogenesis for this risk difference has not been fully elucidated. We investigated whether female sex was associated with macrovascular disease and death, independently of known risk factors related to type 2 diabetes, nephropathy, or retinopathy in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, prolonged follow-up study of a subgroup of 67 diabetic patients (46 men and 21 women) without established cardiovascular disease who participated in a larger clinical trial. Data were collected on current and past health, medication use, blood pressure, renal function, and HbA(1c) during the follow-up period of 4.7 +/- 0.8 (means +/- SE) years. The end point was a composite of death, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular events, and peripheral artery disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the women, eight (38.1%) met the end point compared with six (13.4%) of the men (P = 0.02 for difference in event-free survival). The hazard ratio of women relative to men was 3.19 (95% CI 1.11-9.21), which further increased after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, urinary albumin excretion, and retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study population of normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, female sex was associated with increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease, independent of the classical cardiovascular risk factors, the severity of nephropathy or presence of retinopathy, or health care utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. adrienne_zandbergen@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Adrienne A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zandbergen
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sijbrands
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: Aart H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Bootsma
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015996:Survival Rate; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*