Use of a glucose algorithm to direct diabetes therapy improves A1C outcomes and defines an approach to assess provider behavior.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an algorithm that recommended individualized changes in therapy would help providers to change therapy appropriately and improve glycemic control in their patients.



The algorithm recommended specific doses of oral agents and insulin based on a patient's medications and glucose or A1C levels at the time of the visit. The prospective observational study analyzed the effect of the algorithm on treatment decisions and A1C levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.



The study included 1250 patients seen in pairs of initial and follow-up visits during a 7-month baseline and/or a subsequent 7-month algorithm period. The patients had a mean age of 62 years, body mass index of 33 kg/m(2), duration of diabetes of 10 years, were 94% African American and 71% female, and had average initial A1C level of 7.7%. When the algorithm was available, providers were 45% more likely to intensify therapy when indicated (P = .005) and increased therapy by a 20% greater amount (P < .001). A1C level at follow-up was 90% more likelyto be <7% in the algorithm group, even after adjusting for differences in age, sex, body mass index, race, duration of diabetes and therapy, glucose, and A1C level at the initial visit (P < .001).



Use of an algorithm that recommends patient-specific changes in diabetes medications improves both provider behavior and patient A1C levels and should allow quantitative evaluation of provider actions for that provider's patients.
Miller
Christopher D
CD
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)|Dr Miller is currently based at the Bond Clinic, Winter Haven, Florida, and Dr Cook is based at the Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
Ziemer
David C
DC
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)
Kolm
Paul
P
Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Kolm)
El-Kebbi
Imad M
IM
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)
Cook
Curtiss B
CB
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)|Dr Miller is currently based at the Bond Clinic, Winter Haven, Florida, and Dr Cook is based at the Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
Gallina
Daniel L
DL
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)
Doyle
Joyce P
JP
General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Doyle).
Barnes
Catherine S
CS
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)
Phillips
Lawrence S
LS
The Divisions of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Miller, Ziemer, El-Kebbi, Cook, Gallina, Barnes, Phillips)
D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010353:Patient Education as Topic
D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin