title: Chemoprevention of breast cancer: tamoxifen, raloxifene, and beyond.
abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death among women in the United States. While nonrandomized studies have reported that prophylactic mastectomy or oophorectomy can significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer, these approaches are unacceptable to the majority of women. Chemoprevention, which is defined as the prevention of cancer by pharmacological agents that inhibit or reverse the process of carcinogenesis, has thus increasingly become the focus of breast cancer prevention efforts. The first-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen is the only US Food and Drug Administration- approved drug for breast cancer prevention and reduces the risk of breast cancer by as much as 50% in high-risk women. Raloxifene, a second-generation SERM, also has demonstrated efficacy for breast cancer prevention and is being compared with tamoxifen in a large randomized trial that has recently completed accrual. The aromatase inhibitors (AIs) decrease the incidence of contralateral breast cancer when used in the adjuvant setting and are being evaluated in ongoing primary prevention studies. In addition, a number of novel agents, including antiinflammatory drugs and retinoid derivatives, which appear to be of promise based on preclinical and epidemiological data, are under investigation. Several important challenges remain, including determination of the appropriate dose and duration of treatment when used in the primary prevention setting and development of new research models using surrogate end points for breast cancer incidence and mortality to permit more rapid clinical application of promising new agents.
authors.affiliation: The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prowell
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stearns
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride