title: Facial and affective reactions to tastes and their modulation by sadness and joy.
abstract: This study examined adults' affective and facial reactions to tastes which differ in quality and valence, and the impact of sadness and joy on these reactions. Thirty-six male and female subjects participated voluntarily. Subjects each tasted 6 ml of a sweet chocolate drink, a bitter quinine solution (0.0015 M) and a bitter-sweet soft drink. Following a baseline period, either joy or sadness was induced using film clips before the same taste stimuli were presented for a second time. Subjects rated the drinks' pleasantness and intensity of taste immediately after each stimulus presentation. Facial reactions were videotaped and analysed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS [P. Ekman, W.V. Friesen, Facial Action Coding System: Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1978., P. Ekman, W. Friesen, J. Hager, Facial Action Coding System. Salt Lake City, Utah: Research Nexus; 2002.]). The results strongly indicated that the tastes produced specific facial reactions that bear strong similarities to the facial reactivity patterns found in human newborns. The data also suggest that some adults' facial reactions serve additional communicative functions. Emotions modulated taste ratings, but not facial reactions to tastes. In particular, ratings of the sweet stimulus were modulated in congruence with emotion quality, such that joy increased and sadness decreased the pleasantness and sweetness of the sweet stimulus. No emotion-congruent modulation was found for the pleasantness and intensity ratings of the bitter or the bitter-sweet stimulus. This 'robustness' of bitter taste ratings may reflect a biologically meaningful mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany. egreimel@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greimel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macht
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krumhuber
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ellgring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*