title: Retinoic acid regulates the expression of photoreceptor transcription factor NRL.
abstract: NRL (neural retina leucine zipper) is a key basic motif-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, which orchestrates rod photoreceptor differentiation by activating the expression of rod-specific genes. The deletion of Nrl in mice results in functional cones that are derived from rod precursors. However, signaling pathways modulating the expression or activity of NRL have not been elucidated. Here, we show that retinoic acid (RA), a diffusible factor implicated in rod development, activates the expression of NRL in serum-deprived Y79 human retinoblastoma cells and in primary cultures of rat and porcine photoreceptors. The effect of RA is mimicked by TTNPB, a RA receptor agonist, and requires new protein synthesis. DNaseI footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using bovine retinal nuclear extract demonstrate that RA response elements (RAREs) identified within the Nrl promoter bind to RA receptors. Furthermore, in transiently transfected Y79 and HEK293 cells the activity of Nrl-promoter driving a luciferase reporter gene is induced by RA, and this activation is mediated by RAREs. Our data suggest that signaling by RA via RA receptors regulates the expression of NRL, providing a framework for delineating early steps in photoreceptor cell fate determination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA, and Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Hemant
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siffroi-Fernandez
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaroop
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D013552:Swine; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; C490037:NRL protein, human; D014212:Tretinoin