title: [Alpha-tocopherol levels in mothers of children with cleft lip or with cleft lip and palate].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Environmental factors may play equally critical role as genes in facial embryogenesis. It was suggested that cleft palate occurring in association with cleft lip may result from environmental factors that affect development of both the lip and the palate. Cleft lip forms from the third through seventh week of embryonic development. During these period fetal nutrition is histotrophic, pressure of oxygen is low, genes for antioxidant enzymes are supressed and alpha-tocopherol play an essential role in the fetal tissues antioxidant capacity. Cleft palate forms from the fifth through twelfth weeks of gestation, when hemonutrition and antioxidant enzymes are developing, and hypothetical deficiency of tocopherol is not so crucial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study was to investigate concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in women who gave birth to a child with cleft lip and mothers of children with cleft lip and palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from 31 healthy mothers of children with isolated cleft lip (CL) and 29 healthy mothers of children with isolated cleft lip and palate (CLP) were collected. Fasting plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were measured by the high performance liquid chromatography. Kolmologorov-Smirnov test with Lilefors correction and k-means cluster analysis were applied to determine differences between the groups of women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lower in CL compared to CLP, but the difference did not achieve level of statistical significantly (medians: 15.8 micromol/L vs. 20.0 micromol/L; p = 0.066). There were identified three clusters of alpha-tocopherol concentrations: 14.0 micromol/L (19CL+8CLP), 19.6 micromol/L (8CL+13CLP), and 21.1 micromol/L (4CL+8CLP). The distribution of results to the clusters was dependent on type of the orofacial cleft (chi squared = 6.95 with 2 degrees of freedom, p = 0,031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis for environmental risk factors should be performed separately for cleft lip and cleft lip and palate because these two conditions appear to be etiologically distinct. The role of a higher periconceptional intake of alpha-tocopherol in reduction of risk of giving birth to a child with cleft lip requires further research.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Pediatrii IMiD. khozyasz@alpha.net.pl
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hozyasz
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chełchowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol