title: Are physicians' attitudes of respect accurately perceived by patients and associated with more positive communication behaviors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the domain of physician-reported respect for individual patients by investigating the following questions: How variable is physician-reported respect for patients? What patient characteristics are associated with greater physician-reported respect? Do patients accurately perceive levels of physician respect? Are there specific communication behaviors associated with physician-reported respect for patients?
  
  
  METHODS
  We audiotaped 215 patient-physician encounters with 30 different physicians in primary care. After each encounter, the physician rated the level of respect that s/he had for that patient using the following item: "Compared to other patients, I have a great deal of respect for this patient" on a five-point scale between strongly agree and strongly disagree. Patients completed a post-visit questionnaire that included a parallel respect item: "This doctor has a great deal of respect for me." Audiotapes of the patient visits were analyzed using the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) to characterize communication behaviors. Outcome variables included four physician communication behaviors: information-giving, rapport-building, global affect, and verbal dominance. A linear mixed effects modeling approach that accounts for clustering of patients within physicians was used to compare varying levels of physician-reported respect for patients with physician communication behaviors and patient perceptions of being respected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Physician-reported respect varied across patients. Physicians strongly agreed that they had a great deal of respect for 73 patients (34%), agreed for 96 patients (45%) and were either neutral or disagreed for 46 patients (21%). Physicians reported higher levels of respect for older patients and for patients they knew well. The level of respect that physicians reported for individual patients was not significantly associated with that patient's gender, race, education, or health status; was not associated with the physician's gender, race, or number of years in practice; and was not associated with race concordance between patient and physician. While 45% of patients overestimated physician respect, 38% reported respect precisely as rated by the physician, and 16% underestimated physician respect (r=0.18, p=0.007). Those who were the least respected by their physician were the least likely to perceive themselves as being highly respected; only 36% of the least respected patients compared to 59% and 61% of the highly and moderately respected patients perceived themselves to be highly respected (p=0.012). Compared with the least-respected patients, physicians were more affectively positive with highly respected patients (p=0.034) and provided more information to highly and moderately respected patients (p=0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians' ratings of respect vary across patients and are primarily associated with familiarity rather than sociodemographic characteristics. Patients are able to perceive when they are respected by their physicians, although when they are not accurate, they tend to overestimate physician respect. Physicians who are more respectful towards particular patients provide more information and express more positive affect in visits with those patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician respectful attitudes may be important to target in improving communication with patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mcbeach@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Mary Catherine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roter
authors.forename: Nae-Yuh
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015142:Baltimore; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004219:District of Columbia; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013637:Tape Recording