title: West Nile virus in raptors from Virginia during 2003: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic findings.
abstract: Sixty-one birds of prey admitted to The Wildlife Center of Virginia (WCV; Waynesboro, Virginia, USA) from June to November 2003 were tested for West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Choanal and/or cloacal swabs were obtained and submitted to Virginia's Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services (Richmond, Virginia, USA) for analysis with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Forty birds of prey were positive for WNV by RT-PCR. Five avian families and nine species of raptors were represented, with great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) most frequently affected. Presenting clinical signs were consistent with previous reports of WNV infection in raptors; however, these differed between species. Of WNV positive birds, nonspecific signs of illness were the most common clinical findings, particularly in red-tailed hawks; signs included dehydration (n = 20), emaciation (n = 18), and depression (n = 15). Neurologic abnormalities were frequently identified, especially in great horned owls, and included head tremors (n = 17), ataxia (n = 13), head incoordination (n = 7), torticollis (n = 3), nystagmus (n = 3), and head tilt (n = 3). Great horned owls exhibited anemia and leukocytosis with heterophilia, eosinophilia, and monocytosis consistent with chronic inflammation. Red-tailed hawks were anemic with a heterophilic leukocytosis and regenerative left shift. The majority of WNV cases occurred during August and September; there was a marked increase in the number of raptors admitted to WCV during these months followed by a marked decrease during October, November, and December. This pattern differed from mean monthly admissions during the previous 10 years and suggests a negative impact on local raptor populations. The effects of WNV on avian populations are largely unknown; however, because of their ecological importance, further investigation of the effects of WNV on raptor populations is warranted.
authors.affiliation: The Wildlife Center of Virginia, PO Box 1557, Waynesboro, Virginia 22980, USA. phjoyner@wildlifecenter.org
authors.forename: Priscilla H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Allison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shreve
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Snead
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sleeman
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pettit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002988:Cloaca / Q000821:virology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D020307:Eagles / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D046428:Hawks / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D020304:Raptors / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D020305:Strigiformes / Q000821:virology; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*