title: Massage for mechanical neck disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical neck disorders (MND) are common, disabling and costly. Massage is a commonly used modality for the treatment of neck pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of massage on pain, function, patient satisfaction and cost of care in adults with neck pain. To document adverse effects of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, MANTIS, CINAHL, and ICL databases were electronically searched, without language restriction, from their inception to September 2004
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies using random or quasi-random assignment were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently conducted citation identification, study selection, data abstraction and methodological quality assessment. Using a random-effects model, we calculated the relative risk and standardized mean difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen trials met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the methodological quality was low, with 12/19 assessed as low-quality studies. Trials could not be statistically pooled because of heterogeneity in treatment and control groups. Therefore, a levels-of-evidence approach was used to synthesize results. Assessment of the clinical applicability of the trials showed that the participant characteristics were well reported, but neither the descriptions of the massage intervention nor the credentials or experience of the massage professionals were well reported. Six trials examined massage as a stand-alone treatment. The results were inconsistent. Of the 14 trials that used massage as part of a multimodal intervention, none were designed such that the relative contribution of massage could be ascertained. Therefore, the role of massage in multimodal treatments remains unclear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No recommendations for practice can be made at this time because the effectiveness of massage for neck pain remains uncertain. Pilot studies are needed to characterize massage treatment (frequency, duration, number of sessions, and massage technique) and establish the optimal treatment to be used in subsequent larger trials that examine the effect of massage as either a stand-alone treatment or part of a multimodal intervention. For multimodal interventions, factorial designs are needed to determine the relative contribution of massage. Future reports of trials should improve reporting of the concealment of allocation, blinding of outcome assessor, adverse events and massage characteristics. Standards of reporting for massage interventions, similar to CONSORT, are needed. Both short- and long-term follow-up are needed.
authors.affiliation: North Surrey Massage Therapy Clinic, 201-10366 136A Street, Surrey, BC, Canada V3T 5R3. bodhigharaldsson@yahoo.ca
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Haraldsson
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ezzo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morien
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Peloso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bronfort
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic