title: Pathophysiological changes of the gastrointestinal tract in ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysphagia is common after stroke and represents a marker of poor prognosis. After ischemic stroke, dysphagia represents only one part of the clinical spectrum of changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and includes GI hemorrhage, delayed GI emptying, and colorectal dysfunction. State-of-the-art imaging techniques have started to revolutionize to study the cortical and brainstem control of these GI symptoms. It has become increasingly obvious that GI alterations after stroke are complex and its recovery following stroke is even more so.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, an electronic database research was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the COCHRANE database using the terms stroke, dysphagia, GI motility, or cortical reorganization; an extensive manual searching was additionally conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral ischemia may lead to an interruption of the axis between central nervous system and GI system. This altered interrelation between the central nervous system and the GI system may cause, among other things, mainly dysphagia, GI dysmotility, and GI hemorrhage. The consecutive clinical symptoms can often be directly attributed to specific cerebral ischemic lesions involving the brain stem as well as certain cortical and subcortical structures. However, in some cases the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to GI symptoms are incompletely understood. Recent improvement of imaging techniques, especially in functional imaging, has lead to new insights of the central control of the GI tract, suggesting that its cortical and medullar organization is multifocal, and bilateral with handness-independent hemispheric dominance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following stroke, patients may have swallowing impairment and other changes of the GI tract that could affect nutritional and hydration status and that lead to aspiration pneumonia. Impaired nutritional status is associated with reduced functional improvement, increased complication rates, and prolonged hospital stays.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*