title: Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular death in a community-based population in Japan: NIPPON DATA90.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of cardiovascular death was evaluated in a large cohort of participants selected randomly from the overall Japanese population. Participants (mean age, 52.4 years) free of previous CVD were followed up for 10 years. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the abbreviated equation developed at the Cleveland Clinic laboratory for the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study. Of the 7,316 participants, 6.7% had CKD with a GFR<60 at baseline. Even after adjustment for other risk factors, the presence of CKD conferred an increased risk of cardiovascular death with a hazard ratio of 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.82-1.76). Furthermore, a negative, graded correlation between GFR and risk of cardiovascular death was observed: 1.09 (0.72-1.64) for a 60<or=GFR<90, 1.15 (0.67-1.99) for a 45<or=GFR<60, 1.23 (0.49-3.09) for a 30<or=GFR<45, 5.52 (1.62-18.75) for a 15<or=GFR<30, 9.12 (2.12-39.29) for a GFR<15, as compared with normal kidney function (GFR>or=90). The proportion of excess cardiovascular death due to CKD was 1.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular death in a community-dwelling Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. ksnkmr@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Takehito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.forename: Yoshikuni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors