title: Epidurography contrast patterns with fluoroscopic guided lumbar transforaminal epidural injections:a prospective evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lumbar transforaminal epidural injections have been utilized in the treatment of radicular pain with proven success. It was postulated that interlaminar epidural injections result in a dorsal flow of contrast while transforaminal epidural steroid injections showed good ventral flow limited to one single spinal motion segment. There have been no published studies evaluating epidurography/contrast patterns utilizing fluoroscopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pattern and spread of epidural contrast during fluoroscopically guided lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of case series of 20 consecutive patients receiving lumbar transforaminal epidural injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients had either herniated nucleus pulposus or lumbar spinal stenosis. All patients received their injection by one of five physicians trained in this technique. Once the needle tip was felt to be in the anterior epidural space anteroposterior and a lateral radiographs were obtained after a total of 2 mL of iopamidol (Isovue) contrast was injected. Epidurograms were reviewed by a physician trained in fluoroscopic injections. Patterns were recorded as unilateral, bilateral, dorsal or ventral. Ventral flow, both cephalad and caudal, and number of lumbar intervertebral levels of flow were recorded as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventral contrast flow occurred in all 20 injections. Unilateral contrast flow was noted in all injections. The mean number of levels of flow of contrast cephalad and caudad from the injection site were 1.13 and 0.6 levels, respectively, but these differences were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in contrast flow noted between patients with herniated nucleus pulposus or lumbar spinal stenosis. Vascular injection patterns were noted with 2 injections, which required repositioning of the needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast appeared ventrally and unilaterally in all injections. Dorsal flow occurred in 20% of these injections. No contrast flow crossed the midline. The observed contrast flow patterns should be studied clinically to determine whether they have any effect on clinical outcome. Intravascular injections were noted in 10% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Florida Spine Institute, 2250 Drew Street, Clearwater, FL 33765, USA. contactus@floridaspineinstitute.com
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Botwin
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Natalicchio
authors.forename: Lee Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brown