title: Intentionally hastening death by withholding or withdrawing treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to provide empirical data on physicians' intentions in withholding and withdrawing treatment, and to discuss possible implications for the ethical debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data presented come from EURELD, a large research project designed to investigate medical end-of-life decisions in six European countries. A continuous random sample of death certificates formed the basis for contacting doctors who had attended the deceased; the doctors were asked to complete, strictly anonymously, mail questionnaires on the decisions taken at the end of their patients' lives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the six countries studied, physicians reported they had the explicit intention of hastening the end of life in 45% of all treatments that were withheld/ withdrawn. The highest numbers of cases with an underlying intention of hastening the end of life were found in Switzerland and Sweden (52% and 51%, respectively); the lowest figures came from Denmark and Belgium (36% and 38%). Middle-ranking countries were Italy (42%) and the Netherlands (45%). Overall, dialysis and respiration were comparatively more often forgone with the explicit intent to hasten the end of life (57% and 54%, respectively), whereas a particularly low percentage of cases with such an explicit intention was found for oncotherapy (34%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In almost every second case, a medical decision to withhold or withdraw treatment is taken with the explicit intention of hastening the end of the patient's life. No clear association can be found between the intent to hasten the end of life and features of the treatment forgone that can be determined objectively, such as the likelihood and extent of a life-shortening effect, the immediacy of death, or the expected burden of any potential life-sustaining measure. The findings of the study challenge the usefulness of doctors' intentions with regard to hastening the end of life as criteria for moral judgements on decisions to withhold or withdraw medical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. bosh@irm.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bosshard
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miccinesi
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faisst
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003644:Death Certificates; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016079:Refusal to Treat / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*