title: Paternal occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last decades, public concern that radiofrequency radiation (RFR) may be related to adverse reproductive outcomes has been emerging. Our objective was to assess associations between paternal occupational exposure to RFR and adverse pregnancy outcomes including birth defects using population-based data from Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on reproductive outcomes derived from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway were linked with data on paternal occupation derived from the general population censuses. An expert panel categorized occupations according to exposure. Using logistic regression, we analyzed 24 categories of birth defects as well as other adverse outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the offspring of fathers most likely to have been exposed, increased risk was observed for preterm birth (odds ratio (OR): 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.15). In this group we also observed a decreased risk of cleft lip (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.97). In the medium exposed group, we observed increased risk for a category of "other defects" (OR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.22, 4.70), and a decreased risk for a category of "other syndromes" (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.99) and upper gastrointestinal defects (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study is partly reassuring for occupationally exposed fathers.
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. dagsa75@c2i.net
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mjøen
authors.forename: Dag Ottar
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Saetre
authors.forename: Rolv T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tynes
authors.forename: Karl Gerhard
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Blaasaas
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannevik
authors.forename: Lorentz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Irgens
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors