title: Near-infrared autofluorescence imaging of the fundus: visualization of ocular melanin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the origin of the near-infrared autofluorescence (AF) of the fundus detected by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and compare the distribution of this AF with that of lipofuscin.
  
  
  METHODS
  AF [787] fundus images (excitation [Exc.] 787 nm; emission [Emi.] >800 nm) were recorded with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, in 85 normal subjects (ages: 11-77 years) and in 25 patients with AMD and other retinal diseases. Standard AF [488] images (Exc. 488 nm; Emi. >500 nm) were recorded in a subset of the population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fovea exhibits higher AF[787] than the perifovea in an area approximately 8 degrees in diameter, roughly equivalent to the area of higher RPE melanin seen in AF[488] and color images. The ratio of foveal to perifoveal AF[787] decreases with age (P < 0.0001) and is higher in subjects with light irides (P = 0.04). Higher AF[787] emanates from hyperpigmentation, from the choroidal pigment (nevi, outer layers) and from the pigment epithelium and stroma of the iris. Low AF[787] is observed in geographic atrophy particularly in subjects with light irides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF[787] originates from the RPE and to a varying degree from the choroid. Oxidized melanin, or compounds closely associated with melanin, contributes substantially to this AF, but other fluorophores cannot be excluded at this stage. Confocal AF[787] imaging may provide a new modality to visualize pathologic features of the RPE and the choroid, and, together with AF[488] imaging, offers a new tool to study biological changes associated with aging of the RPE and pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany. ckeilhauer@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Claudia N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Keilhauer
authors.forename: François C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Delori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002829:Choroid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins