title: Antidotal efficacy of pyridinium chloride derivatives against soman poisoning.
abstract: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7.) is an extremely active enzyme necessary for terminating the action of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four mono-pyridinium compounds 1-phenacylpyridinium chloride (I), 1-phenacyl-2-methylpyiridinium chloride (II), 1-benzoylethylpyridinium chloride (III), and 1-benzoylethylpyridinium-4-aldoxime chloride (IV) in the therapy of soman poisoning. Their effect was compared with HI-6 and TMB-4 oximes. The inhibitory potency (IC50) of compounds as well as reactivating (%R) and protective potency (P50) with respect to soman-inhibited AChE were determined for each of the compounds. Their acute intraperitoneal toxicity (LD50 with 95% confidence limits) was tested in mice and observed for 24 hr. The therapeutic effect was expressed as the protective index and as the therapeutic dose. The tested compounds were found to be reversible inhibitors of AChE. In vivo results show that the tested compounds are relatively toxic (their LD50 was from 74.9 to 210.0 mg/kg body weight). The best antidotal efficacy was obtained with compound II, which had the highest affinity for AChE (IC50 was 1.9 x 10(-5) mol l(-1)) and seems to be an adequate antidote in soman poisoning (its protective index and therapeutic dose were 2.8 and 2, respectively). Our results indicate that its antidotal effect is related to the reactivation or protection of AChE. The type of the substituent in the pyridinium ring generally has a significant influence on toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and on the antidotal efficacy of all new tested compounds.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. alucic@imi.hr
authors.forename: Ana Lucić
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vrdoljak
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lovrić
authors.forename: Bozica
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radić
authors.forename: Vilim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zlender
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning*; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010091:Oximes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012999:Soman / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000506:poisoning*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D010091:Oximes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D012999:Soman; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000109:Acetylcholine