title: Patient support and education for promoting adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adherence to prescribed regimens is required to derive maximal benefit from many highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens in people living with HIV/AIDS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of the research literature on the effectiveness of patient support and education to improve adherence to HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of electronic databases was performed from January 1996 to May 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of patient support and education to improve adherence to HAART were considered for inclusion. Only those studies that measured adherence at a minimum of six weeks were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study selection, quality assessments and data abstraction were performed independently by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies involving a total of 2,159 participants met criteria for inclusion. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis due to study heterogeneity with respect to populations, interventions, comparison groups, outcomes, and length of follow-up. Sample sizes ranged from 22 to 367. The populations studied ranged from general HIV-positive populations to studies focusing exclusively on children, women, Latinos, or adults with a history of alcohol dependence, to studies focusing almost exclusively on men. Study interventions included cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, medication management strategies, and interventions indirectly targeting adherence, such as programs directed to reduce risky sexual behaviours. Ten studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of the intervention on adherence. We found that interventions targeting practical medication management skills, those administered to individuals vs groups, and those interventions delivered over 12 weeks or more were associated with improved adherence outcomes. We also found that interventions targeting marginalized populations such as women, Latinos, or patients with a past history of alcoholism were not successful at improving adherence. We were unable to determine whether effective adherence interventions were associated with improved virological or immunological outcomes. Most studies had several methodological shortcomings leaving them vulnerable to potential biases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence to support the effectiveness of patient support and education interventions intended to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Interventions targeting practical medication management skills, those interventions administered to individuals vs groups, and those interventions delivered over 12 weeks or more were associated with improved adherence outcomes. There is a need for standardization and increased methodological rigour in the conduct of adherence trials.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Park-Wyllie
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bayoumi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tynan
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rourke
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Glazier
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010594:Pharmacies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic