title: Cavitation, shock waves and the invasive nature of sonoelectrochemistry.
abstract: The invasive nature of electrodes placed into sound fields is examined. In particular, perturbations of the sound field due to the presence of the electrode support are explored. The effect of an electrode on the drive sound field (at approximately 23 kHz) is shown to be negligible under the conditions investigated in this paper. However, scattering of shock waves produced by cavity collapse is shown to exhibit a significant effect. To demonstrate this, multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) and electrochemical erosion measurements are employed. These measurements show an enhancement, due to the reflection by the solid/liquid boundary at the electrode support, of pressure pulses emitted when cavitation bubbles collapse. To first order, this effect can be accounted for by a correction factor. However, this factor requires accurate knowledge of the acoustic impedance of the interface and the electrolyte media. These are measured for two commonly employed substrates (soda glass and epoxy resin, specifically Epofix). A scattering model is developed which is able to predict the acoustic pressure as a function of position over a disk-like electrode substrate. The effects of shock wave reflection and materials employed in the electrode construction are used to clarify the interpretation of the results obtained from different sonoelectrochemical experiments. Given the widespread experimentation involving the insertion of electrodes (or other sensors) into ultrasonic fields, this work represents a significant development to aid the interpretation of the results obtained.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. prb2@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Birkin
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Offin
authors.forename: Phillip F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Leighton