title: Adverse drug event reporting in intensive care units: a survey of current practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) higher in the intensive care unit (ICU) than other areas of the hospital, it is suspected that ADE/ADR surveillance systems differ between ICU and non-ICU areas. However, there is a lack of information about ADE/ADR identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies in the ICU. Understanding the frequency with which institutions incorporate standardized operational ADE/ADR definitions, triggers, and evaluation tools in this population will facilitate benchmarking between hospitals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ADE/ADR identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies differ between ICU and non-ICU populations and to characterize ADE/ADR reporting strategies in the ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  A validated survey was mailed to pharmacy directors at 590 randomly selected hospitals in the US having at least one ICU. A reminder was sent one week after the surveys were mailed. Five weeks later, a second survey was mailed to hospitals that did not respond.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 22% (132/590); institutions were predominantly community (68.2%), with 199 or fewer (54.5%) operational beds and 19 or fewer (60.6%) ICU beds. ICU types included mixed medical/surgical (62.1%), medical (48.5%), surgical (31.8%), coronary (29.5%), neonatal (22.7%), and cardiothoracic (15.2%). Operational definitions for ADEs and ADRs varied little between ICU and non-ICU areas, as 92.4% of institutions used the same term for both settings. Triggers were used to identify ADE/ADRs hospital-wide (75%) and were usually the same between ICU and non-ICU areas (88.6%). ADE reporting was nearly always voluntary (94.7%), using paper reports (88.6%), phone calls (22.7%), e-mail (12.1%), Intranet (12.1%), Web-based/Internet (10.6%), or PDA (1.5%). Only 22% of hospitals tracked ICU-specific data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADE identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies are similar between ICU and non-ICU areas. Few institutions currently track ICU-specific ADE/ADR data. The institution of ICU-specific ADE detection and prevention strategies may improve the safety of critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Center for Pharmacoinformatics and Outcomes Research, PA 15261, USA. KaneSL@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kane-Gill
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Devlin
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States