title: Olfactory mucosa autografts in human spinal cord injury: a pilot clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Olfactory mucosa is a readily accessible source of olfactory ensheathing and stem-like progenitor cells for neural repair. To determine the safety and feasibility of transplanting olfactory mucosa autografts into patients with traumatically injured spinal cords, a human pilot clinical study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients ranging from 18 to 32 years of age (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] class A) were treated at 6 months to 6.5 years after injury. Olfactory mucosa autografts were transplanted into lesions ranging from 1 to 6 cm that were present at C4-T6 neurological levels. Operations were performed from July 2001 through March 2003. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electromyography (EMG), and ASIA neurological and otolaryngological evaluations were performed before and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI studies revealed moderate to complete filling of the lesion sites. Two patients reported return of sensation in their bladders, and one of these patients regained voluntary contraction of anal sphincter. Two of the 7 ASIA A patients became ASIA C. Every patient had improvement in ASIA motor scores. The mean increase for the 3 subjects with tetraplegia in the upper extremities was 6.3 +/- 1.2 (SEM), and the mean increase for the 4 subjects with paraplegia in the lower extremities was 3.9 +/- 1.0. Among the patients who improved in their ASIA sensory neurological scores (all except one patient), the mean increase was 20.3 +/- 5.0 for light touch and 19.7 +/- 4.6 for pinprick. Most of the recovered sensation below the initial level of injury was impaired. Adverse events included sensory decrease in one patient that was most likely caused by difficulty in locating the lesion, and there were a few instances of transient pain that was relieved by medication. EMG revealed motor unit potential when the patient was asked to perform movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that olfactory mucosa autograft transplantation into the human injured spinal cord is feasible, relatively safe, and potentially beneficial. The procedure involves risks generally associated with any surgical procedure. Long-term patient monitoring is necessary to rule out any delayed side effects and assess any further improvements.
authors.affiliation: Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal. crlima@clix.pt
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pratas-Vital
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Escada
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasse-Ferreira
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capucho
authors.forename: Jean D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Peduzzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014110:Touch; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices