title: Triphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Side effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCs) discourage adherence to and continuation of OC regimens. Strategies to decrease adverse effects led to the introduction of the triphasic OC in the 1980s. Whether triphasic OCs have higher accidental pregnancy rates than monophasic pills is unknown. Nor is it known if triphasic pills give better cycle control and fewer side effects than the monophasic pills.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare triphasic OCs with monophasic OCs in terms of efficacy, cycle control, and discontinuation due to side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the computerized databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, LILACS and CENTRAL. Additionally, we searched the reference lists of relevant articles and book chapters. We also contacted researchers and pharmaceutical companies in Europe and the U.S. to identify other trials not found in our search.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any triphasic OC with any monophasic pill used to prevent pregnancy. Interventions had to include at least three treatment cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the studies found in the literature searches for possible inclusion and for their methodological quality. We contacted the authors of all included studies and of possibly randomized trials for supplemental information about the methods and outcomes studied. We entered the data into RevMan 4.2 and calculated odds ratios for the outcome measures of efficacy, breakthrough bleeding, spotting, withdrawal bleeding and discontinuation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 21 trials included, 18 examined contraceptive effectiveness: the triphasic and monophasic preparations did not differ significantly. Several trials reported favorable bleeding patterns, i.e. less spotting, breakthrough bleeding or amenorrhea, in triphasic versus monophasic OC users. However, meta-analysis was generally not possible due to differences in measuring and reporting the cycle disturbance data as well as differences in progestogen type and hormone dosages. No significant differences were found in the numbers of women who discontinued due to medical reasons, cycle disturbances, intermenstrual bleeding or adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence is insufficient to determine whether triphasic OCs differ from monophasic OCs in effectiveness, bleeding patterns or discontinuation rates. Therefore, we recommend monophasic pills as a first choice for women starting OC use. Large, high-quality RCTs that compare triphasic and monophasic OCs with identical progestogens are needed to determine whether triphasic pills differ from monophasic OCs. Future studies should follow the WHO recommendations on recording menstrual bleeding patterns and the CONSORT reporting guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Dep.of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medecine, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, Netherlands NL 2300 RC. haam.vliet@worldonline.nl
authors.forename: H A A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Helmerhorst
mesh_terms: D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000139:chemically induced; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D009640:Norethindrone