title: Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Toll-like receptor 2.
abstract: The course of autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be influenced by infections. Here we assessed the disease-modulating effects of the most frequent respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumonia on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG(35-55)) peptide, challenged intraperitoneally with live S. pneumoniae type 3, and then treated with ceftriaxone. EAE was monitored by a clinical score for 35 days after immunization. EAE was unaltered in mice infected with S. pneumoniae 2 days before and 21 days after the first MOG(35-55) injection but was more severe in animals infected 7 days after the first MOG(35-55) injection. The antigen-driven systemic T-cell response was unaltered, and the intraspinal Th1 cytokine mRNA concentrations at the peak of disease were unchanged. The composition of CNS-infiltrating cells and subsequent tissue destruction were only slightly increased after S. pneumoniae infection. In contrast, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 and spinal interleukin-6 levels were elevated, and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, CD80, and CD86 on splenic dendritic cells were enhanced early after infection. Serum cytokine concentrations were not elevated, and EAE was not aggravated by S. pneumoniae infection in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient mice. In conclusion, infection with S. pneumoniae worsens EAE probably by elevation of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of dendritic cells in the systemic circulation via TLR2 and cross talk through the blood-brain barrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellert
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mildner
authors.forename: Uwe K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Hanisch
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brück
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018992:Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein / Q000008:administration & dosage; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C571326:MOG protein, human; C571327:Mog protein, mouse; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018992:Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2