title: Developmental origins of midlife grip strength: findings from a birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing evidence that the prenatal environment has long-term effects on adult grip strength, but little is known about the effects of the postnatal environment. We tested whether prepubertal growth, pubertal growth, or the development of motor and cognitive capabilities was associated with midlife muscle strength independently of other determinants of grip strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Handgrip strength and body size were measured in a representative British sample of 1406 men and 1444 women 53 years old with prospective childhood data. Normal regression models were used to examine the effects of birth weight, postnatal height and weight gain before 7 years and between 7 and 15 years, motor milestones and cognitive ability on grip strength at age 53, taking account of lifetime social class, current physical activity, and health status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birth weight and prepubertal height gain were associated with midlife grip strength, independently of later weight and height gain and other determinants. Pubertal growth was also independently associated with midlife grip strength; for men weight gain during puberty was beneficial, whereas for women it was height gain. Those participants with earlier infant motor development had better midlife grip strength, which was partly confounded by the growth trajectory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that components of prenatal, prepubertal, and pubertal growth have long-term effects on midlife grip strength. To the extent that these associations are modifiable, interventions in childhood that help to build muscle mass and strength, such as increased physical exercise, may have long-term beneficial effects on adult muscle strength and may help to prevent sarcopenia, disability, and frailty in later life.
authors.affiliation: MRC National Survey of Health and Development, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, UK. d.kuh@nshd.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuh
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Okell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Avan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aihie Sayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom; D015430:Weight Gain