title: Effects of professional singing education on vocal vibrato--a longitudinal study.
abstract: Vocal vibrato is regarded as one of the essential characteristics of voice quality in classical singing. Professional singers seem to develop vibrato automatically, without actively striving to acquire it. In this longitudinal investigation, the vocal vibrato of 22 singing students was examined at the beginning of and after 3 years of professional singing education. Subjects sang an ascending-descending triad pattern in slow tempo on vowel [a:] at a comfortable pitch level twice at soft (piano) and twice at medium (mezzoforte) loudness. The top note of the triad pattern was sustained for approximately 5s. The mean and the standard deviation (SD) of the vibrato rate were measured for this note. Results revealed that after 3 years of training, voices with vibrato slower than 5.2 Hz were found to have a faster vibrato, and voices with vibrato faster than 5.8 Hz were found to have a slower vibrato. Standard deviation of vibrato rate was higher in soft than in medium loudness, particularly before the education. Also high values of SD of vibrato rate, exceeding 0.65 Hz, had decreased after the education. These findings confirm that vibrato characteristics can be affected by singing education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, Germany. dirk.muerbe@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mürbe
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zahnert
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhlisch
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014833:Voice Quality; D014834:Voice Training