title: Childhood socioeconomic status predicts physical functioning a half century later.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic status (SES) affects health outcomes at all stages of life. Relating childhood socioeconomic environment to midlife functional status provides a life course perspective on childhood factors associated with poor and good health status later in life.
  
  
  METHODS
  The British 1946 birth cohort was prospectively evaluated with periodic examinations from birth through age 53 years, when physical performance tests assessing strength, balance, and rising from a chair were administered. Early childhood socioeconomic factors were examined as predictors of low, middle, or high function at midlife. We tested the hypothesis that adulthood behavioral risk factors would explain the childhood SES-midlife physical function associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple measures of childhood deprivation were associated with midlife function but in multivariate analyses only father's occupation was associated with low function (relative risk [RR] for manual occupation = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.3), and only mother's education was associated with high function (RR for lower mother's education = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.34-0.72). Early adulthood behavioral risk factors and middle-age SES and disease status only modestly attenuated the relationship between father's occupation and low function and had no impact on the relationship of mother's education with high function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The social environment in which a child grows up has a strong association with midlife, objectively measured functional status, which is a reflection of the aging process and chronic diseases accumulated over the life course. Of particular interest is the role of higher maternal education in promoting high midlife functioning.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography aand Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. jg48s@nih.gov
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.forename: Michael E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuh
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D006113:United Kingdom