title: Shoulder function and 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in people with and without shoulder impingement syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several factors such as posture, muscle force, range of motion, and scapular dysfunction are commonly believed to contribute to shoulder impingement. The purpose of this study was to compare 3-dimensional scapular kinematics, shoulder range of motion, shoulder muscle force, and posture in subjects with and without primary shoulder impingement syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five subjects with impingement syndrome were recruited and compared with 45 subjects without known pathology or impairments matched by age, sex, and hand dominance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shoulder motion and thoracic spine posture were measured goniometrically, and force was measured with a dynamometer. An electromagnetic motion analysis system was used to capture shoulder kinematics during active elevation in both the sagittal and scapular planes as well as during external rotation with the arm at 90 degrees of elevation in the frontal plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impingement group demonstrated slightly greater scapular upward rotation and clavicular elevation during flexion and slightly greater scapular posterior tilt and clavicular retraction during scapular-plane elevation compared with the control group. The impingement group demonstrated less range of motion and force in all directions compared with the control group. There were no differences in resting posture between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The kinematic differences found in subjects with impingement may represent scapulothoracic compensatory strategies for glenohumeral weakness or motion loss. The decreased range of motion and force found in subjects with impingement support rehabilitation approaches that focus on strengthening and restoring flexibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 19038, USA. mcclure@arcadia.edu
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Michener
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Karduna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011187:Posture; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted