title: Management of macular hole and submacular hemorrhage in the same eye.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To report the management of patients with a macular hole and submacular hemorrhage in the same eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case reports of two eyes of two patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and air-fluid exchange to displace a submacular hemorrhage. In one eye with a submacular hemorrhage due to age-related macular degeneration, a macular hole formed during subretinal t-PA injection. In another patient with a submacular hemorrhage due to a ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM), a sub-internal limiting membrane (ILM) hemorrhage was noted, and a macular hole was found after peeling the ILM, overlying the subretinal hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first case, after 45 min was allowed for the subretinal clot to liquefy, the macular hole was noted to be closed. A partial air-fluid exchange was performed and the patient was positioned upright, to displace the submacular hemorrhage and tamponade the macular hole. Two weeks later, visual acuity had improved from 20/400 with eccentric viewing to 20/100, the macular hole was closed by optical coherence tomography, and the patient subsequently underwent two sessions of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat choroidal neovascularization detected by fluorescein angiography. At last follow-up 7 months after surgery, vision was 20/200, the CNV was active angiographically, and another session of PDT was performed. In the second case, PPV was combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. An 80% air-fluid exchange was performed after injecting the subretinal t-PA, the air was exchanged for 14% perfluoropropane gas, and the patient was positioned upright. Visual acuity improved from 20/400 to 20/200 at last follow-up 4 months after surgery, with the RAM spontaneously sclerosed and the macular hole closed clinically and angiographically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative evacuation of subretinal hemorrhage is not necessary in cases with coexisting macular hole and submacular hemorrhage. The submacular hemorrhage can be displaced using air or gas, and the bubble can be used to tamponade the macular hole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. bakri.sophie@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Sophie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakri
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: Hilel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator