title: Kidney function predicts the rate of bone loss in older individuals: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of cross-sectional analyses of the association of kidney function with bone mineral density (BMD) have been conflicting. We examined the association of cystatin-C, a new marker of kidney function that is unrelated to lean mass, with initial and follow-up BMD, in an ancillary study of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based cohort of individuals > or = 65 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two years after measurement of cystatin-C and other covariates, the first BMD was measured in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Davis, California, by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Follow-up BMD was measured in Pittsburgh 4 years later. Associations of cystatin-C with initial BMD and the change in BMD (%/y) at the hip were examined with linear regression. Analyses were conducted separately for men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1519 participants who had cystatin-C and initial BMD assessed, 614 had follow-up BMD. The percent annual change in BMD at the total hip by cystatin-C quartiles was -0.24, -0.13, -0.40, and -0.66%/y (first to fourth quartile) in women and -0.02, -0.30, -0.18, and -0.94%/y in men. After adjusting for potential confounders, cystatin-C was marginally associated with initial BMD in men but not women. Cystatin-C was associated with bone loss in men; after adjustment for weight loss, cystatin-C was not associated with bone loss in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney dysfunction, as assessed by cystatin-C, is associated with a more rapid loss of BMD at the hip, especially in men. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether this loss leads to an elevated risk of fracture.
authors.affiliation: VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA. linda.fried@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stehman-Breen
authors.forename: Anuja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittalhenkle
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seliger
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarnak
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: C525030:CST3 protein, human; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins; D003404:Creatinine