title: Reduced occipital regional volumes at term predict impaired visual function in early childhood in very low birth weight infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Premature infants are at increased risk of impaired visual performance related to both cortical and subcortical pathways for oculomotor control. The hypothesis for the current study was that preterm infants with impaired saccades, smooth pursuit, and binocular eye alignment at age 2 years would have smaller occipital brain volumes at term equivalent, as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, than would preterm infants without such abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants consisted of 68 infants from a representative regional cohort of 100 preterm infants born between 23 and 33 weeks' gestation. At term equivalent, all infants underwent MR imaging, and the images were coregistered, tissue segmented into five cerebral tissue subtypes, and further subdivided into eight regions for each hemisphere. At 2 years corrected, all infants completed a comprehensive orthoptic evaluation performed by a single examiner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four (35%) of the 68 infants had abnormal oculomotor control at 2 years, including abnormalities in saccadic movements (n = 7), smooth pursuit (n = 14), or strabismus (n = 9, four with esotropia and five with exotropia). When compared with preterm infants without visuomotor impairment, these infants had significantly smaller inferior occipital region brain tissue volumes bilaterally (n = 24 vs. n = 44; total tissue, mean +/- SD, left, 37.9 +/- 7.4 cm(3) vs. 43.7 +/- 7.4 cm(3); mean difference [95% CI] -5.7 [-9.4 to -2.0] cm(3), P = 0.003; right, 36.8 +/- 7.1 cm(3) vs. 41.4 +/- 6.2 cm(3), mean difference -4.6 [-7.9 to -1.3] cm(3), P = 0.007). This difference remained significant after adjusting for intracranial volume (ICV; left, mean difference -3.5 [-6.7 to -0.2] cm(3), P = 0.04; right, mean difference -2.4 [-5.2 to -0.4] cm(3), P = 0.09). Within this region, the cortical gray matter volume was the most significantly reduced (left, 20.4 +/- 6.2 cm(3) vs. 25.4 +/- 5.6 cm(3), mean difference -3.1 [-5.7 to -0.5] cm(3), P = 0.02; right 21.0 +/- 5.4 cm(3) vs. 24.9 +/- 5.0 cm(3), mean difference -2.2 [-4.4 to 0.0] cm(3), P = 0.05, ICV adjusted). Abnormalities in saccadic eye movements accounted for the largest effect on inferior occipital regional brain volumes (left side, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volumetric MR imaging techniques demonstrated an overall reduction in the inferior occipital regional brain volumes in preterm infants at term corrected who later exhibit impaired oculomotor function control. These findings assist in understanding the neuroanatomic correlates of later visual difficulties experienced by infants born prematurely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Divyen K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guinane
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: August
authors.forename: Nicola C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Lianne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Deanne K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Simon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Warfield
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clemett
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Inder
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D012438:Saccades; D047929:Term Birth; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015357:Vision Disparity