title: Topology of splicing and snRNP biogenesis in dinoflagellate nuclei.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dinoflagellates are protists that are hypothesized to have experienced a secondary loss of histones. Amongst eukaryotes, they are unique in lacking these proteins. To date, information on the mechanisms involving remodelling, transcription and splicing of their chromatin is limited. Dinoflagellate genes lack TATA boxes and downstream polyadenylation sites and particular linear arrangements. They have an alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase, specific transcription factors and regulators, and both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Dinoflagellates produce either polycistronic or discrete mRNAs, and have conserved snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs), indicating that their genes are spliced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five representative dinoflagellate species (Amphidinium carterae, Akashiwo sanguinea, Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrium fundyense and Prorocentrum micans), which show diversity in their DNA content, nuclear organization and taxonomic position, were investigated. The nuclear distribution and ultrastructural organization of splicing and snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) biogenesis were determined by fluorescent and electron microscopy immunolabelling with Y12 sera [recognizing the sDMA (symmetrical dimethylarginine) domain of Sm and other nuclear proteins], anti-p105-PANA [proliferation-associated nuclear antigen; a marker of IGs (interchromatin granules)] and anti-DNA antibodies. In parallel, ultrastructural analysis, including cytochemical staining for RNA, phosphorylated proteins and DNA, was carried out. Splicing factors were distributed in a diffuse perichromosomal layer containing perichromatin granules and fibrils that co-localized with the decondensed peripheral DNA loops, but not with the main chromosome body. Interchromosomal domains with IGs and Cajal-like bodies were also detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dinoflagellates are rather dissimilar to other eukaryotes in their genomes, their mechanisms of gene expression and their chromosome ultrastructure. However, they share common splicing nuclear domains and snRNP biogenesis with that of other eukaryotes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alverca
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franca
authors.forename: Susana Moreno
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Díaz de la Espina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000235:genetics; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012326:RNA Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D017381:Spliceosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear