title: Ultrastructural clues for the protective effect of ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine against oxidative damage on caerulein-induced pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxygen free radicals (OFR) have been implicated in the induction of acute pancreatitis (AP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), potent antioxidants, against oxidative stress in AP.
  
  
  METHODS
  AP was induced by two i.p. injections of caerulein at 2-hour intervals (50 microg/kg BW). One group received additionally an antioxidant mixture composed of L(+)-ascorbic acid (14.3 mg/kg BW) and NAC (181 mg/kg BW) i.p. The rats were sacrificed 12 h after the last injection. Oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Light-microscopic and ultrastructural examination was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formation of vacuoles, mitochondrial damage, and dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, margination and clumping of chromatin were major ultrastructural alterations in AP group. Ascorbic acid + NAC prevented these changes. Small vacuoles were present within the cytoplasm of some of the acinar cells. Pancreas damage was accompanied by an increase in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05), whereas a decrease was seen in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and total glutathione (GSH) levels (p < 0.005). Ascorbic acid + NAC decreased MDA levels but increased CAT, SOD, GPx activities and GSH levels (p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that ascorbic acid + NAC is potentially capable of limiting pancreatic damage produced during AP via protecting fine structure of acinar cells and tissue antioxidant enzyme activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. drmukaddes@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mukaddes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eşrefoğlu
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gül
authors.forename: Burhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ateş
authors.forename: Ismet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002108:Ceruletide / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D002108:Ceruletide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D000111:Acetylcysteine