title: Clopidogrel increases expression of chemokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with coronary artery disease: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines and platelet activation are both important in atherogenesis. Platelet inhibitors are widely used in coronary artery disease (CAD), and we hypothesized that the platelet inhibitor clopidogrel could modify chemokines in CAD patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate the effect of clopidogrel on the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in CAD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with stable angina were randomized to clopidogrel (n = 18) or placebo (n = 19). PBMC, blood platelets and plasma were collected at baseline and after 7-10 days in the patients, and in 10 healthy controls. mRNA levels of chemokines and chemokine receptors in PBMC were analyzed by ribonuclease protection assays and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Platelet activation was studied by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) At baseline, the gene expression of the regulated on activation normally T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) chemokines and macrophage inflammatory peptide (MIP)-1beta in PBMC, the expression of CD62P and CD63 on platelets and the levels of platelet-derived microparticles (PMP) were elevated in angina patients comparing healthy controls; (ii) markers of platelet activation were either reduced (CD63) or unchanged (CD62P, PMP, beta-thromboglobulin) during clopidogrel therapy; (iii) in contrast, clopidogrel significantly up-regulated the gene expression of RANTES and MIP-1beta in PBMC, while no changes were found in the placebo group; (iv) a stable adenosine 5'-diphosphate metabolite attenuated the release of MIP-1beta, but not of RANTES, from activated PBMC in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if we do not argue against a beneficial role for clopidogrel in CAD, our findings may suggest potential inflammatory effects of clopidogrel in CAD.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. torgun.wehre@ahus.no
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waehre
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Damås
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gullestad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yndestad
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Frøland
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Semb
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hansteen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gjertsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brosstad
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Solum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukrust
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D010919:Placebos; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine