title: Diagnostic value of signs, symptoms and laboratory values in lower respiratory tract infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) account for the majority of all antibiotics prescribed in the clinical practice, irrespective of the fact that most cases are self-limiting. Using the outcome and microbiology findings as gold standard, we determined sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of common used signs and symptoms of bacterial LRTI requiring antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  243 consecutive patients with suspected LRTI admitted to a tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial LRTI requiring antibiotic therapy and self-limiting LRTI were diagnosed in 32 and 86 patients, respectively. Assessing these two groups, sputum, dyspnea, crackles, fever and leukocytes (WBC) were insensitive and unspecific parameters for the diagnosis of bacterial LRTI requiring antibiotic therapy. Cough was sensitive (93.8%) but unspecific (5.8%). The sensitivity of infiltrates, C-reactive protein (CRP) >50 mg/L and procalcitonin (PCT) >0.1 ng/mL was 96.9%, 93.8% and 93.8%, respectively. PCT >0.25 ng/mL showed the highest specificity (97.7%), followed by WBC >16 x 109/L (94.2%) and CRP >100 mg/L (91.9%). The sensitivity of WBC >16 x 109/L was low (37.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall sensitivity and specificity of signs and symptoms for bacterial LRTI requiring antibiotic therapy was poor. Obtaining a chest-X-ray with infiltrates and determining CRP at a cut-off value of 50 mg/L or PCT at a cutoff value of 0.1 ng/mL was required to ascertain the need for antibiotics in LRTI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Cell Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. DStolz@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Daiana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christ-Crain
authors.forename: Mikael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gencay
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bingisser
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide