title: Risk of cardiovascular diseases with oral contraceptives.
abstract: Oral contraceptive pills (OCs) are widely used method of contraception for its effectiveness and easier compliance. However, adverse effects associated with OCs use notably the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), manifesting as ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thromboembolic diseases were reported soon after their introduction to the market in the early 1960s. Various modifications were made in an attempt to lower these risks including a reduction in the estrogen dose and changes in the progestogen compound. Currently used OCs containing the new progestin (Levonorgestrel, Desogestrel, gestodene or norgestimate) classified as low dose because all contain less than 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. Despite their low steroid content, all have proved to be highly effective. The rationale of this reviewed study based upon cardiovascular risks in relation to these monophasic low-dose oral contraceptives. To review all relevant articles it is concluded that the risk for cardiovascular disease is lower with current preparations of oral contraceptives. Cardiovascular diseases occur mainly among oral contraceptive users who smoke or have predisposing factors--such as age more than 35 years, overweight, diabetes & hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nessa
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D008055:Lipids