title: HIV and tuberculosis: partners in crime.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis is the commonest infection detected in HIV-infected individuals worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to describe the clinical, bacteriologic and radiological spectrum of tuberculosis (TB) in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 8640 HIV-infected individuals were screened for tuberculosis routinely from January 1998 to December 2003, using clinical examination, chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography, sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB was detected in 8078 (93.5%) patients of whom 3393 (42%) had pulmonary, 3514 (43.5%) had extrapulmonary TB and 1171 (14.5%) had disseminated disease. One thousand two hundred thirty eight patients (36.5%) showed AFB in sputum, while 1154 (34%) showed growth on culture medium and 4174 had radiographic involvement. In 781 (67%) individuals disseminated disease coexisted with pulmonary involvement. All 8078 coinfected patients were treated with anti-TB therapy (ATT), of whom 6422 patients (79.5%) showed one or more adverse events. Gastritis was the commonest complaint followed by hepatitis and skin rashes. ATT resistance was detected in 482 individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tuberculosis is the commonest opportunistic infection (OI) in HIV positive patients in India, showing a higher prevalence of extrapulmonary and disseminated TB and adverse events due to ATT. Early recognition of concurrent OIs and their adequate treatment and prophylaxis is essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India, and Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK. jkmaniar@vsnl.com
authors.forename: Janak K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Maniar
authors.forename: Ratnakar R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.forename: Sundhiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandalia
authors.forename: Keyur
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maniar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents