title: Long-term follow-up of oropharyngeal dysphagia in children without apparent risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of swallowing dysfunction in children without obvious risk factors remains under appreciated. Early identification and prompt initiation of appropriate treatments are critical for reduction of morbidities associated with dysphagia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  : To describe the clinical presentations, radiologic characteristics, and long-term outcomes in children with oropharyngeal dysphagia presenting as unexplained respiratory problems. We completed a retrospective chart review of all children without known dysphagic risk factors upon presentation to Speech-Language Pathology (December 1991-April 1995) for feeding/swallowing evaluations because of refractory respiratory problems and dysphagic concerns, and who subsequently were diagnosed with dysphagia on Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS). In August 2002, follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with caregivers of 14 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : We identified 19 children (mean age 1.14 years; range 0.9-5.75) with dysphagia presenting as unexplained respiratory problems. On VFSS, delayed pharyngeal swallow onset was the most common abnormal radiologic finding and always preceded penetration or tracheal aspiration. Eleven (57.9%) children aspirated. Aspiration occurred only with liquids and 100% of aspiration events were silent (i.e., no cough). Dysphagia was not a concern in 11 children at a mean age 3.2 years (range 0.7-10) and persisted in three children who were 9 years or older.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Oropharyngeal dysphagia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young children without known risk factors associated with swallowing dysfunction when they present with unexplained respiratory problems. Although the prognosis for resolution of dysphagic concerns is very good, it may take several years.
authors.affiliation: Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. mailto:mlefton@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lefton-Greif
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Loughlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate