title: Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are common causes of serious morbidity and death. Calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia through a number of mechanisms, and may help to prevent preterm labour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and related maternal and child outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (February 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, 2005, Issue 4), and contacted study authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials comparing at least one gram daily of calcium during pregnancy with placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed eligibility and trial quality, extracted and double-entered data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve studies of good quality were included. The risk of high blood pressure was reduced with calcium supplementation rather than placebo (11 trials, 14,946 women: relative risk (RR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 0.86). There was also a reduction in the risk of pre-eclampsia associated with calcium supplementation (12 trials, 15,206 women: RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.69). The effect was greatest for high-risk women (5 trials, 587 women: RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.42), and those with low baseline calcium intake (7 trials, 10,154 women: RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.70). The composite outcome maternal death or serious morbidity was reduced (4 trials, 9732 women; RR 0.80, 0.65 to 0.97). Almost all the women in these trials were low risk and had a low calcium diet. Maternal deaths were reported in only one trial. One death occurred in the calcium group and six in the placebo group, a difference which was not statistically significant (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.39). There was no overall effect on the risk of preterm birth (10 trials, 14,751 women: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.03), or stillbirth or death before discharge from hospital (10 trials 15,141 babies; RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.09).Blood pressure in childhood has been assessed in one study: childhood systolic blood pressure greater than 95th percentile was reduced (514 children: RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium supplementation appears to almost halve the risk of pre-eclampsia, and to reduce the rare occurrence of the composite outcome 'death or serious morbidity'. There were no other clear benefits, or harms.
authors.affiliation: University of the Witwatersrand, University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape Department of Health, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, Private Bag X 9047, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa 5200. gjh@global.co.za
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hofmeyr
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Atallah
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duley
mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary