title: Medication use for pediatric upper respiratory tract infections.
abstract: The present study monitored medication prescribing patterns to patients treated for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in the pediatric outpatient department (OPD) at Central Referral Hospital (CRH), Gangtok, Sikkim. A total of 562 URTI prescriptions of children, aged 0-12 years attending pediatric OPD at CRH, Sikkim were collected by a random once-weekly survey between May 2002 and April 2003. Males numbered 284 (50.5%), and females 278 (49.5%). Most of the patients in our study were aged 2-5 years (preschool children) (44.8%). The average number of medications prescribed per encounter was 2.37; 59.2% (789) of medicines were fixed-dose combination (FDC) products and two-thirds of FDCs were respiratory medicines (521). The most commonly prescribed medicines were respiratory medicines (47% of the total medicines prescribed). Others were antimicrobials (30.7%) and analgesic-antipyretics (18.8%). Among respiratory medicines, cough and cold preparations (prescribed in 13 different FDC products in 25 brand names) were prescribed most frequently (62%) followed by nasal preparations (21%) and beta(2) adrenergic agonist inhalers (9.2%). Ninety-eight percent of nasal preparations were isotonic saline drops (129). Antihistaminics (41.8%), non-opioid antitussives (13.5%), alpha agonist oral decongestants (42.3%), expectorants (32.2%), mucolytics (18.7%), paracetamol (14.7%), and beta(2) agonists (17.2%) were common ingredients of respiratory medicine combinations. Antihistamines (2.5%) and beta(2) agonists (9.2%) were used alone. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobial was amoxicillin with clavulanate (28.4%) followed by cefadroxil (20%), cotrimoxazole (9.5%) and amoxicillin alone (9.3%). Average number of antimicrobials prescribed was 0.7 (409/562). The most commonly prescribed analgesic-antipyretic was paracetamol (81.3%) followed by combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol (12.4%) and nimesulide (5.6%). Medication selection was rational in few cases. Various anomalies were observed in various aspects of drug use in children for URTI's. The main aim of the initiative is the need for more rational medicine use in URTIs in children for improvement of clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and reduction of potential useless risk of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, 5th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. biswadeepdas@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Biswadeep
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Chayna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Abhijeet Guha
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Majumder
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services; D002675:Child, Preschool; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011897:Random Allocation; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D019141:Respiratory System Agents