title: Outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia in immunocompetent children caused by contaminated nebulized sulbutamol in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An outbreak of 5 inpatient and otherwise healthy children admitted for respiratory problems developed dry fever and cough after a few days of hospitalization. Burkhuldaria cepacia was isolated from their blood culture. The Infection Control Department (ICD) in the King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) detected and investigated the outbreak to identify the source of the organism and mode of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the initial review of all the existing records in the KFMC, log book of the laboratory, and direct questioning of all physicians and revising the method of B cepacia identification in our laboratory, an observational study to identify any violation of infection control policy and a case-control study were designed to identify possible risk factors associated with the occurrence and transmission of the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 7 healthy patients were reported to have B cepacia-positive blood culture, with 5 patients infected in the KFMC and 2 patients in their referring hospitals. We could isolate the same organism from sulbutamol solution 0.5% manufactured locally (Vintec). Among the risk factors studied, concomitant use of nebulized budesonide with sulbutamol (OR, 26; 95% CI: 1.31-1,187) was found to be 26 times more likely to be associated with infection and to be statistically significant; concomitant use of systemic hydrocortisone increased the risk of infection 4 times but, statistically, was not significant. No significant association was found with concomitant syncitial respiratory virus (RSV) infections or having chronic diseases. None of the affected patients were found to be immunocompromised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B cepacia can affect healthy children. Contaminated nebulized sulbutamol with B cepacia was the source of infection, and inhalation was the mode of transmission. Concomitant use of nebulized budesonide solution is a significant risk factor. The KFMC was the first health institution to diagnose this national outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. sghazal@kfmc.med.sa
authors.forename: Sameeh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ghazal
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Mudaimeegh
authors.forename: Elham Mohammed
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Al Fakihi
authors.forename: Ali Talee
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Asery
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019121:Burkholderia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016956:Burkholderia cepacia; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000382:microbiology*; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D019819:Budesonide; D000420:Albuterol