title: Childhood trauma and emotional reactivity to daily life stress in adult frequent attenders of general practitioners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood trauma (CT) has consistently been associated with neuroticism--a personality trait reflecting vulnerability to stress. However, not much is known about the impact of a history of trauma on moment-to-moment emotions and experiences in the flow of daily life. The relationship between CT and emotional reactivity to daily life stress was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety frequent attenders of general practitioners, of which 29 fulfilled criteria for CT (sexual and/or physical trauma before the age of 19 years), were studied with the Experience Sampling Method (a structured diary technique assessing current context and mood in daily life) to assess: (a) appraised subjective stress related to daily events and activities, and (b) emotional reactivity conceptualized as changes in negative affect (NA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multilevel regression analysis revealed that subjects with a history of CT reported significantly increased emotional reactivity to daily life stress, as reflected in an increase in NA. This effect was significantly stronger for subjects who experienced trauma before the age of 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that CT may have long-lasting and enduring effects on adult psychological functioning, as exposed individuals continually react more strongly to small stressors occurring in the natural flow of everyday life. The finding that emotional stress reactivity is most pronounced for subjects who experienced trauma early in life confirms prior evidence suggesting that the effects of trauma are more detrimental when trauma occurs at a younger age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: Piet J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Portegijs
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D010821:Physicians, Family; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*