title: The WPI's review of Wisconsin's managed care climate for pain management: opportunities for improvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reimbursement obstacles, such as inadequate insurance coverage, have been identified as barriers to adequate pain management. The purpose of this study was to determine Wisconsin insurers' and managed care organizations' (MCOs) policies and practices regarding pain treatment and MCO medical directors' perceptions of barriers to providing effective pain management for their enrollees.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive qualitative design was used with semi-structured interviews of 6 administrative executives of commercial health management organizations' products from the major insurers in Wisconsin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the companies interviewed had systematically tracked data or had processes in place to allow them to track, analyze or trend data specific to pain management. Chronic noncancer pain is recognized more frequently as an insurance coverage issue because of high drug costs. Pharmacologic and interventional therapies are routinely covered compared with nonpharmacologic therapies with some prior authorizations, especially for newer medications. A uniformly identified barrier was lack of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, integrated approach to pain management and inadequate data on the cost effectiveness of various approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opportunities exist to educate and improve communication between health care professionals, purchasers of health care (employers), primary care providers and pain specialists. The economics of pain management needs to be made more "visible" through the development of coding and tracking mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinies, Madison 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Pellino
authors.forename: Debra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: June L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014922:Wisconsin