title: Inhibition of growth and metastasis of mouse mammary carcinoma by selective inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor kinase in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) suppresses tumor development by inhibiting cellular proliferation, inducing differentiation and apoptosis, and maintaining genomic integrity. However, once tumor cells escape from the tumor-suppressive effects of TGF-beta, they often constitutively overexpress and activate TGF-beta, which may promote tumor progression by enhancing invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis and by suppressing antitumor immunity. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis using TGF-beta pathway antagonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of selective TGF-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitors, SD-093 and SD-208, on two murine mammary carcinoma cell lines (R3T and 4T1) in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both agents blocked TGF-beta-induced phosphorylation of the receptor-associated Smads, Smad2 and Smad3, in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 between 20 and 80 nmol/L. TGF-beta failed to inhibit growth of these cell lines but stimulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation, migration, and invasiveness into Matrigel in vitro. These effects were inhibited by SD-093, indicating that these processes are partly driven by TGF-beta. Treatment of syngeneic R3T or 4T1 tumor-bearing mice with orally given SD-208 inhibited primary tumor growth as well as the number and size of metastases. In contrast, SD-208 failed to inhibit R3T tumor growth or metastasis in athymic nude mice. Moreover, in vitro anti-4T1 cell cytotoxic T-cell responses of splenocytes from drug-treated animals were enhanced compared with cells from control animals. In addition, SD-208 treatment resulted in a decrease in tumor angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitors hold promise as novel therapeutic agents for metastatic breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Rongrong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Vaishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajeev
authors.forename: Partha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lattime
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rittling
authors.forename: Satya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medicherla
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protter
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Jit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chakravarty
authors.forename: Sundeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dugar
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018450:Disease Progression; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011621:Pteridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011621:Pteridines; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C511004:SD-208; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I