title: Postoperative nomogram predicting risk of recurrence after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) remains the standard treatment for localized and regionally advanced invasive bladder cancers. We have constructed an international bladder cancer database from centers of excellence in the management of bladder cancer consisting of patients treated with radical cystectomy and PLND. The goal of this study was the development of a prognostic outcomes nomogram to predict the 5-year disease recurrence risk after radical cystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional radical cystectomy databases containing detailed information on bladder cancer patients were obtained from 12 centers of excellence worldwide. Data were collected on more than 9,000 postoperative patients and combined into a relational database formatted with patient characteristics, pathologic details of the pre- and postcystectomy specimens, and recurrence and survival status. Patients with available information for all selected study criteria were included in the formation of the final prognostic nomogram designed to predict 5-year progression-free probability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final nomogram included information on patient age, sex, time from diagnosis to surgery, pathologic tumor stage and grade, tumor histologic subtype, and regional lymph node status. The predictive accuracy of the constructed international nomogram (concordance index, 0.75) was significantly better than standard American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM (concordance index, 0.68; P < .001) or standard pathologic subgroupings (concordance index, 0.62; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed an international bladder cancer nomogram predicting recurrence risk after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. The nomogram outperformed prognostic models that use standard pathologic subgroupings and should improve our ability to provide accurate risk assessments to patients after the surgical management of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Tumors, 353 E 68th St, New York, NY 10021, USA. bochnerb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bochner
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Kinjal C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Vora
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049451:Nomograms; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery