title: Botulinum toxin: clinical use.
abstract: Since its development for the use of blepharospasm and strabismus more than 2.5 decades ago, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has become a versatile drug in various fields of medicine. It is the standard of care in different disorders such as cervical dystonia, hemifacial spasm, focal spasticity, hyperhidrosis, ophthalmological and otolaryngeal disorders. It has also found widespread use in cosmetic applications. Many other indications are currently under investigation, including gastroenterologic and urologic indications, analgesic management and migraine. This paper is an extensive review of the spectrum of BoNT clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute, 9940 Talbert Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA. dtruong@pmdi.org
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Jost
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins