title: Steroid hormone profiles of urban and tidal rivers using LC/MS/MS equipped with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization sources.
abstract: A highly sensitive and uncomplicated method of analyzing steroidal hormones in river and estuarine water samples was developed using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source. Steroidal hormones included not only estrogen but also androgen and conjugates of these two. APPI displayed greater sensitivity than ESI for most of the unconjugated steroids examined, with very high sensitivity for testosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione in particular. For conjugated hormones, in contrast, ESI was more effective. The method developed was applied to the determination of hormones in the rivers of Osaka City and their estuaries, where the hormones detected were affected by the effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and hormone concentration values were comparable to those reported in previous studies of such effluent. Because of the two-way flow and stagnancy of streams and watercourses, continuous input of steroidal hormones from WWTPs seems to bring about local accumulation. Levels of androgen were 1 order of magnitude lower than those of estrogen. Estrone, estrone 3-sulfate, and 4-androstene-3,17-dione were detected in almost all water samples, with maxima of 51, 5.1, and 6.4 ng L(-1), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan. japanese.yamamoto@iphes.city.osaka.jp
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kakutani
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamiura
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyakoda
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones