title: Pooled analysis of phase II window studies in children with contemporary high-risk metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group has conducted five upfront window trials in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma to identify promising new treatment agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This pooled analysis identified a total of 420 patients (115 from Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study III [IRS-III] and 305 from the five window trials). We assessed window therapy response rate, failure-free survival (FFS), and overall survival (OS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates (complete + partial response) assessed at week 6 of window therapy ranged from 41% to 55% and did not predict FFS (P = .073) or OS (P = .31). FFS was influenced by trial (P = .048); patients enrolled onto IRS-III and the ifosfamide/etoposide and ifosfamide/doxorubicin trials fared best. When grouped and compared with topoisomerase I poison trials, ifosfamide/topoisomerase II inhibitor trials had superior FFS (P = .013). However, there was no difference in survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upfront phase II window trials can efficiently provide robust estimates of activity for new agents and combinations in newly diagnosed patients with high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma. Our data indicate that, for some phase II window trials, the risk of treatment failure may be increased but that the trend towards lower survival for some of the window trials compared with IRS-III is not statistically significant. Window nonresponders did not suffer worse FFS or OS than patients who responded to window therapy. Finally, these results provide a rationale for incorporating ifosfamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, and topoisomerase I poisons in future trials of high-risk metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lager
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lyden
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Alberto S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pappo
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Philip P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Breitfeld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D019772:Topotecan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D005047:Etoposide; D000077146:Irinotecan; D019772:Topotecan; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007069:Ifosfamide; D002166:Camptothecin