title: Applying pharmacogenomics to enhance the use of biomarkers for drug effect and drug safety.
abstract: Pharmacogenomics is used to improve patient outcome by maximizing the likelihood of desired effects and minimizing the risk of adverse events using an individual's genetic profile. As such, pharmacogenomics can be used to improve current risk-management strategies (improving the risk-benefit balance). Two areas of great promise for pharmacogenomics in this regard are emerging: (i) the pharmacogenomics of modulating disease biomarkers (to provide insight into novel mechanisms of drug response and to identify the patients most likely to respond to a drug in a favorable way); and (ii) using pharmacogenomics to enhance drug safety. Given that novel biomarkers could enable the earlier detection of many diseases and more-widespread therapies for primary prevention, pharmacogenomics provides the opportunity to identify the patients most likely to respond to these therapies, thereby preserving valuable health-care resources. The use of pharmacogenomics in pharmacovigilance could also be useful for risk-stratifying patients and for helping to identify the mechanisms involved in adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division and Medical Oncology Division, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8069, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Amber L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Beitelshees
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D058927:5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D012449:Safety; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D058927:5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins; C548592:ALOX5AP protein, human; D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014859:Warfarin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein