title: Pharmacologic expulsive treatment of ureteral calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of nifedipine and the alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor antagonists tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin in the expulsive treatment of ureteral calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was searched via MEDLINE (1966-February 2006) with subsequent bibliographic review. MeSH headings included ureteral calculi, nifedipine, doxazosin, and adrenergic alpha-antagonists. Key terms were ureteral calculi, nifedipine, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials evaluating nifedipine, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin for expulsion of ureteral stones were reviewed. All were published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several trials have evaluated the effects of nifedipine and tamsulosin on ureteral stone passage rates and mean time to stone passage in stones no larger than 15 mm. In 28 day trials, the rates of ureteral stone passage were 35-70% in the control groups compared with 77.1-80% in patients treated with nifedipine and 79.3-100% in patients treated with tamsulosin. Average number of days to stone passage in the control groups was 4.6-20, and the time to stone passage was only 5-9.3 days in patients receiving nifedipine and 2.7-7.9 days in those receiving tamsulosin. The stone passage rates and time to stone passage appeared to be similar in one trial that compared tamsulosin with terazosin and doxazosin. Limited data suggest that these agents may have a role as adjuncts to shock wave lithotripsy. Adverse drug reactions were uncommon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nifedipine, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are safe and effective options in enhancing ureteral stone expulsion in selected patients with uncomplicated presentations.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, 43606, USA.
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Laurie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mauro
mesh_terms: D058668:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017292:Doxazosin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011224:Prazosin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077409:Tamsulosin; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D058668:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D013449:Sulfonamides; C041226:Terazosin; D000077409:Tamsulosin; D009543:Nifedipine; D017292:Doxazosin; D011224:Prazosin