title: Bleeding risk in interventional pain practice: assessment, management, and review of the literature.
abstract: The rarity of published bleeding complications with respect to the practice of interventional pain medicine suggests two possibilities: techniques are being performed in a manner to minimize bleeding or the process of hemostasis is very forgiving. Hence, bleeding complications may increase if techniques are not performed with due skill or if the process of hemostasis is impaired. Interventional pain physicians may be well acquainted with the technical aspects of procedures, but the degree of their expertise in the field of coagulation is unclear. This monograph will review coagulation physiology, coagulation pathophysiology, common anticoagulants, and minor and major bleeding complications associated with interventional pain and regional anesthetic procedures. This manuscript will present a tool to help stratify the risk of bleeding with specific techniques and specific hemostatic abnormalities. The Overall Risk of Significant Bleeding score may help interventional pain practitioners in their individualized assessment of bleeding risk. If used collectively, this tool may help improve patient safety and data collection, with respect to bleeding complications.
authors.affiliation: World Institute of Pain, Section of Pain Practice, 4748 Matterhorn Way, Antioch, CA 94521, USA. prithviraj7@comcast.net
authors.forename: P Prthvi
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Rinoo V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denaro
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoover