title: Detecting lineage-specific adaptive evolution of brain-expressed genes in human using rhesus macaque as outgroup.
abstract: Comparative genetic analysis between human and chimpanzee may detect genetic divergences responsible for human-specific characteristics. Previous studies have identified a series of genes that potentially underwent Darwinian positive selection during human evolution. However, without a closely related species as outgroup, it is difficult to identify human-lineage-specific changes, which is critical in delineating the biological uniqueness of humans. In this study, we conducted phylogeny-based analyses of 2633 human brain-expressed genes using rhesus macaque as the outgroup. We identified 47 candidate genes showing strong evidence of positive selection in the human lineage. Genes with maximal expression in the brain showed a higher evolutionary rate in human than in chimpanzee. We observed that many immune-defense-related genes were under strong positive selection, and this trend was more prominent in chimpanzee than in human. We also demonstrated that rhesus macaque performed much better than mouse as an outgroup in identifying lineage-specific selection in humans.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hong-Kun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. Electronic address: sub@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins