title: Human papilloma virus DNA exposure and embryo survival is stage-specific.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to disrupt late-stage implanting embryos. The objectives were (a) to assess the development of early embryos exposed to HPV DNA and (b) to analyze the blastocyst hatching process after HPV exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved exposing two-cell and 4-8-cell mouse embryos to DNA fragments from either HPV type 16, type 18 or DQA1 (control). The embryos were incubated for 120 h and assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV 16 and 18 inhibited two-cell embryo development. In contrast, delaying the exposure of HPV DNA until the 4-8-cell stage resulted in further embryonic development. There was 25.9% less blastocyst formed with HPV 16 exposure. Additionally, there were 25.9-31.8% more degenerated embryos with HPV 16 exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated embryo stage-specific effects of HPV on early development. The results suggested HPV exposure was linked to two-cell embryo demise and delaying the exposure of HPV until later embryo stages permitted embryo development. HPV 16 was shown to decrease blastocyst formation while HPV 18 inhibited the blastocyst hatching process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Henneberg
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral