title: Atorvastatin inhibits inflammatory hypernociception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atorvastatin is an inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase used to prevent coronary heart disease. We have studied the analgesic effect of atorvastatin in inflammatory models in which a sequential release of mediators (bradykinin, (BK), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and the chemokine, KC/CXCL) links the stimulus with release of directly acting hypernociceptive mediators such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of orally administered atorvastatin on inflammatory mechanical hypernociception in mouse paws were evaluated with an electronic pressure-meter. Cytokines and PGE(2) were measured by ELISA and RIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with atorvastatin for 3 days dose-dependently reduced hypernociception induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or that following antigen challenge in sensitized animals. Atorvastatin pre-treatment reduced hypernociception induced by bradykinin and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and KC), and the release of IL-1beta and PGE(2) in paw skin, induced by lipopolysaccharide. The antinociceptive effect of atorvastatin on LPS-induced hypernociception was prevented by mevalonate co-treatment without affecting serum cholesterol levels. Hypernociception induced by PGE(2) was inhibited by atorvastatin, suggesting intracellular antinociceptive mechanisms for atorvastatin. The antinociceptive effect of atorvastatin upon LPS- or PGE(2)-induced hypernociception was prevented by non-selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) but not by selective inhibition of inducible NOS or in mice lacking this enzyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antinociceptive effects of atorvastatin depend on inhibition of cytokines and prostanoid production and on stimulation of NO production by constitutive NOS. Our study suggests that statins may constitute a novel class of analgesic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santodomingo-Garzón
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Verri
authors.forename: D A R
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Valério
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Parada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: F Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Cunha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000502:physiology; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011758:Pyrroles; D002784:Cholesterol; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D015232:Dinoprostone; D001920:Bradykinin