title: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the management of pediatric urolithiasis.
abstract: The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of pediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Between November 1988 and July 2000, 165 renal stones, 53 ureteral stones, and 5 bladder stones were treated in 126 pediatric patients using Siemens Lithostar lithotriptor. The ESWL treatments ranging from 1 to 7 were needed per patient (mean: 2.1). One ESWL session was performed for 49.6% of stones, two for 24.6%, three for 13.0 %, four for 5.6% and > 4 for 8.2%. The success rate for renal stone units (asymptomatic fragments less than 4 mm) was 88.2%, stone-free rate was 49.0%. The stone-free rate for ureteral stone units was 87.5%, but was 75% for bladder stones. The overall results of ESWL treatment in 126 children was satisfactory: the success rate was 90.5%, stone-free rate was 51.6%, residual fragments > 4 mm were 9.5%. General anesthesia was required in 65 children (136 treatments) under the age of 10, and only in 18 children (40 treatments) in the age 11-14. Auxiliary procedures, such as double J stent and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) were used in 19 and 7 patients, respectively. Perirenal hematoma in one patient and hematomas in enteric wall in another one patient were the only major complications managed conservatively without consequences. Low energy lithotripsy with the Siemens Lithostar in our series of pediatric patients was safe and relatively effective.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center, Nis, Serbia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slavkovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radovanovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vlajkovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Novakovic
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000628:therapy*; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000628:therapy*