title: External beam radiation therapy followed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy for inoperable superficial esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and tolerance of external beam radiotherapy followed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy in inoperable patients with superficial esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1992 to May 1999, 66 patients with superficial esophageal cancer were treated with exclusive radiotherapy. The median age was 60 years (range, 41-85). Fifty-three percent of them were ineligible for surgery owing to synchronous or previously treated head-and-neck cancer. Most of the patients (n = 49) were evaluated with endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or computed tomography (CT). The mean doses of external beam radiotherapy and high-dose rate brachytherapy were 57.1 Gy (+/-4.83) and 8.82 Gy (+/-3.98), respectively. The most frequently used regimen was 60 Gy followed by 7 Gy at 5 mm depth in two applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients evaluated with EUS or CT, the complete response rate was 98%. The 3-, 5-, and 7-year survival rates were 57.9%, 35.6%, and 26.6%, respectively. Median overall survival was 3.8 years. The 5-year relapse-free survival and cause-specific survival were 54.6% and 76.9%. The 5-year overall, relapse-free, and cause-specific survival of the whole population of 66 patients was 33%, 53%, and 77%, respectively. Local failure occurred in 15 of 66 patients; 6 were treated with brachytherapy. Severe late toxicity (mostly esophageal stenosis) rated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer scale occurred in 6 of 66 patients (9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This well tolerated regimen may be a therapeutic alternative for inoperable patients with superficial esophageal cancer. Only a randomized study could be able to check the potential benefit of brachytherapy after external beam radiation in superficial esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Oscar Lambret, University Lille II, Lille, France. d-pasquier@o-lambret.fr
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mirabel
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adenis
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rezvoy
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hecquet
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coche-Dequeant
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castelain
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lartigau
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis