title: Favorable cardiovascular risk profile and 10-year coronary heart disease incidence in women and men: results from the Progetto CUORE.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular risk factor research has recently broadened its focus based on new data indicating the benefits of low risk, i.e. favorable levels of all major risk factors. The aims of this study were to assess further the relation of low risk to coronary heart disease risk, and implications for prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective population-based Italian study, of 7438 men and 13 009 women aged 35-69 years, with a mean follow-up of 10.4 years and validated first coronary events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline coronary heart disease risk was classified into three categories: low risk; unfavorable but not high risk; and high risk. To analyze the relation of these risk profiles to coronary heart disease incidence, age-adjusted, sex-averaged coronary heart disease incidence was calculated for persons free of coronary heart disease and stroke, stratified as baseline low risk, unfavorable but not high risk or high risk. To assess the independent relationship of individual risk factors to coronary heart disease incidence, multivariate proportional hazards models were computed for combinations of risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 2.7% of participants met low risk criteria; 81.4% were high risk. Age-adjusted coronary heart disease incidence for the whole cohort was 37.1 out of 10000 person-years (men 59.0; women 15.3). No coronary heart disease events occurred in low-risk men, only two in low-risk women. For women and men who were not high risk, the age-sex standardized coronary heart disease rate was 62% lower than for high-risk participants. Blood pressure, need for antihypertensive medication, smoking, hyperglycemia, diabetes, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were independently related to coronary heart disease risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Favorable levels of all modifiable readily measured risk factors - rare among Italian adults - assure minimal coronary heart disease risk. Population-wide prevention is needed, especially improved lifestyles, to increase the proportion of the population at low risk.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Institute of Health, Rome, USA. luigi.palmieri@iss.it
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donfrancesco
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giampaoli
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trojani
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanuzzo
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cesana
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sega
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors