title: Alteration in kinase activity but not in protein levels of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in ventral prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past studies in the neurobiology of suicide have reported alterations in serotonin and downstream effectors, such as Akt/protein kinase B. In this study, we aimed to examine possible abnormality in the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) axis of depressed suicide victims' brains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty suicide victims and 20 drug-free non-suicide subjects were included for a postmortem study. The ventral prefrontal cortex area (BA'11) was used, and antemortem diagnoses of major depression disorder (MDD) (DSM-IV) were made from Institution's records. The protein levels of GSK-3alpha/beta and Akt-1 were assayed with the Western blot method, and the kinase activity of Akt and GSK-3alpha/beta were determined by phosphorylation of specific substrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no change either in GSK-3alpha/beta and Akt-1 protein levels or in lithium-inhibitable total GSK-3alpha/beta enzyme activity of the ventral prefrontal cortex. The enzyme activity of Akt decreased significantly [analysis of variance (ANOVA): F(3,36)=5.372; p= .003], whereas GSK-3beta activity increased significantly [ANOVA: F(3,36)=8.567; p= .002] in depressed suicide victims and non-suicide subjects but not in non-depressed suicide victims.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that the activity rather than the protein levels of Akt and GSK-3beta was altered. The alteration was associated with MDD rather than with suicide per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland. felicien.karege@biolo.unige.ch
authors.forename: Félicien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karege
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perroud
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwald
authors.forename: Eladia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ballmann
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Harpe
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malafosse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C448021:glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha