title: New methods and strategies for monitoring susceptibility of fleas to current flea control products.
abstract: A flea larval bioassay was developed by an international team of scientists to monitor the susceptibility of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) to imidacloprid (Advantage, Bayer HealthCare). The assay was validated using laboratory and field isolates of C. felis. Flea eggs representing different field isolates of C. felis were collected by veterinarians in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany. Of the 972 flea isolates obtained during the 5-year study, 768 contained sufficient numbers of eggs to conduct the larval bioassay. Greater than 5% survival occurred for only six of the field isolates evaluated. Further evaluation and analysis of these isolates demonstrated that they did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to imidacloprid from the reference strains used to develop the assay. Collections of field flea isolates will continue in an attempt to detect and document any change in the susceptibility of field flea populations to imidacloprid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
authors.forename: Byron L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Blagburn
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dryden
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rust
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Denholm
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehlhorn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mencke
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hostetler
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endrizzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007306:Insecticides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid