title: Overview of oral modified-release opioid products for the management of chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate pharmaceutical and pharmacotherapeutic differences in oral opioid modified-release products used in the management of chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches of MEDLINE (1966-May 2006) and an extensive review of peer reviewed journals were conducted using the key search terms opioid, morphine, hydromorphone, and oxycodone. Supplemental information was gathered through the American Pain Society, and limited but relevant information was obtained from manufacturers' labeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. Information deemed relevant was included for this review if it introduced new or well supported concepts or clarified clinical practice issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recognition and treatment of pain has become a major focus of healthcare professionals. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandates compliance with recommended standards, outcome measures, and other initiatives. A general review of pain management and pharmacokinetic parameters are included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral modified-release products have enabled patients to better maintain pain control due to convenient dosing intervals and sustained blood concentrations. The differences between available oral modified-release products are half-life, cost, and formulation (excipients and drug-release properties).
authors.affiliation: Gaston Memorial Hospital, NC 28053, USA. amabilec@gmh.org
authors.forename: Celene M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Amabile
authors.forename: Bill J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bowman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations