title: Transtubular potassium concentration gradient: comparison between healthy old people and chronic renal failure patients.
abstract: Transtubular potassium concentration gradient (TTKG) is an index of potassium secretory activity in the distal tubule. Since water reabsorption takes place in the distal tubule as well, urine potassium concentration is a less accurate index evaluating distal K+ secretion because the effect of water is not taken into account on urine potassium concentrations. Potassium secretion and water reabsorption are strongly related to age and renal function. As a consequence, TTKG would be altered in both elderly individuals, as well as in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The aim of this study was to assess and compare TTKG in these two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 55 individuals were studied, 12 of them were patients with CRF and 43 healthy elderly subjects with normal renal function. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients with diabetes mellitus, cardiac failure, cirrhosis, obstructive uropathy, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, or taking any medication that could alter the potassium balance were excluded from the study. All subjects were on a diet containing 50 mmol of potassium intake daily (documented by a three-day dietary record). Plasma potassium, creatinine, urea, glucose and osmolality were measured in all as well. 24 h creatinine clearance (CrCl ) and TTKG were calculated. Statistical analysis was made using Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTKG was significantly lower in the elderly group (4.2+/-1.9 vs 6.2+/-1.8 , P 0.005)Both groups had a significantly lower TTKG when compared to healthy young people (8+/-2). Plasma and urine potassium levels, as well as plasma osmolality were similar in the two groups. Only urine osmolality was lower in the CRF group (382+/-141 vs. 514+/-180, P=0.01)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both old age and renal impairment lead to a reduced TTKG in comparison with young healthy people. Furthermore, TTKG is significantly lower in elderly healthy subjects compared to patients with CRF.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires-Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. carlos.musso@hospitalitaliano.org.or
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Liakopoulos
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Miguel
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imperiali
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Algranati
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D011188:Potassium