An evidence-based virtual reality training program for novice laparoscopic surgeons.
OBJECTIVE
To develop an evidence-based virtual reality laparoscopic training curriculum for novice laparoscopic surgeons to achieve a proficient level of skill prior to participating in live cases.


BACKGROUND
Technical skills for laparoscopic surgery must be acquired within a competency-based curriculum that begins in the surgical skills laboratory. Implementation of this program necessitates the definition of the validity, learning curves and proficiency criteria on the training tool.


METHODS
The study recruited 40 surgeons, classified into experienced (performed >100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies) or novice groups (<10 laparoscopic cholecystectomies). Ten novices and 10 experienced surgeons were tested on basic tasks, and 11 novices and 9 experienced surgeons on a procedural module for dissection of Calot triangle. Performance of the 2 groups was assessed using time, error, and economy of movement parameters.


RESULTS
All basic tasks demonstrated construct validity (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.05), and learning curves for novices plateaued at a median of 7 repetitions (Friedman's test, P < 0.05). Expert surgeons demonstrated a learning rate at a median of 2 repetitions (P < 0.05). Performance on the dissection module demonstrated significant differences between experts and novices (P < 0.002); learning curves for novice subjects plateaued at the fourth repetition (P < 0.05). Expert benchmark criteria were defined for validated parameters on each task.


CONCLUSIONS
A competency-based training curriculum for novice laparoscopic surgeons has been defined. This can serve to ensure that junior trainees have acquired prerequisite levels of skill prior to entering the operating room, and put them directly into practice.
Aggarwal
Rajesh
R
Department of Surgical Oncology & Technology, Imperial College, London, UK. rajesh.aggarwal@imperial.ac.uk
Grantcharov
Teodor P
TP
Eriksen
Jens R
JR
Blirup
Dorthe
D
Kristiansen
Viggo B
VB
Funch-Jensen
Peter
P
Darzi
Ara
A
D019985:Benchmarking; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum; D004210:Dissection; D006804:Ergonomics; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface