title: Evolution of interventional pain management.
abstract: Interventional pain management dates back to the origins of neural blockade and regional analgesia. Over the years, it evolved into a distinct specialty with the application of interventional techniques beyond those of simple neural blockade. The first therapeutic nerve block in pain management was described in 1899 by Tuffer. Subsequently, numerous techniques of interventional pain management with neural blockade were described. Diagnostic blockade in pain management was pioneered by von Gaza with the use of procaine for determining the pathways of obscure pain. Interventional pain management has entered into the modern era in the twenty-first century, driven by contributions from pioneers including Bonica, Winnie, Raj, Racz, Bogduk, and others. This historical review examines the origins of interventional pain management, its pathophysiologic basis, the role of precision diagnostic interventional techniques, therapeutic interventional techniques, and the future of interventional pain management.
authors.affiliation: Medical Director, Pain Management Center of Paducah, 2831 Lone Oak Road, Paducah, Kentucky 42003, USA. drm@apex.net
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: Prithvi P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Gabor B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Racz