title: Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis patients are at high risk for cognitive impairment due to their older age and high prevalence of stroke and cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, the authors measured cognitive function in 374 hemodialysis patients aged 55 years and older and an age-matched comparison group in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. Cognitive performance was measured in three domains: memory, executive function, and language. Subjects were classified as having no, mild, moderate, or severe cognitive impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 338 subjects who completed testing in at least two of the three cognitive domains, 13.9% (95% CI 10.4, 18.1) were classified with mild impairment, 36.1% (31.0, 41.5) with moderate impairment, 37.3% (32.1, 42.7) with severe impairment, and 12.7% (9.4, 16.8) with normal cognition. Only 2.9% had a documented history of cognitive impairment. Factors associated with severe cognitive impairment on adjusted logistic regression were stroke (adjusted OR [AOR] 1.95; 95% CI 1.08, 3.49; p < 0.03), equilibrated Kt/V > 1.2 (1.67; 1.01, 2.75; p < 0.05), and education >12 years (0.32; 0.14, 0.72; p < 0.01). The AOR for severe cognitive impairment in a random sample of 101 hemodialysis patients vs an age-matched comparison group was 3.54 (1.28, 9.78; p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate to severe cognitive impairment is common and undiagnosed in hemodialysis patients. Further studies are needed to determine whether dialysis exacerbates the cognitive impairment attributable to underlying disease. Cognitive testing in hemodialysis patients before dialysis initiation and periodically may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, USA. amurray@cdrg.org
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Tupper
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Knopman
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pederson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hochhalter
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution