title: Susceptibility of brain microvascular endothelial cells to advanced glycation end products-induced tissue factor upregulation is associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species.
abstract: There is accumulating evidence that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are relevant to the formation of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AGEs have a significant effect on tissue factor (TF) expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells compared with that in other arterial endothelial cells. Cultured bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells (BBMECs) and aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were incubated in medium containing glyceraldehyde-derived AGE (glycer-AGE). TF mRNA expression, protein expression, and activity were measured at multiple time points after glycer-AGE incubation. Participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the effect of glycer-AGE on TF expression was investigated by treatment with a free radical scavenger, edaravone, and intracellular ROS measurements with dihydroethidium (DHE). Basic TF mRNA expression was greater in BBMECs than in BAECs. Glycer-AGE significantly upregulated TF mRNA expression in both cells, and the upregulation was more prominent in BBMECs than in BAECs. TF protein expression and activity were also upregulated with a pattern of being greater in BBMECs than in BAECs. Edaravone significantly attenuated the AGE-induced upregulation of TF mRNA expression, protein expression, and activity. Intracellular ROS levels measured with DHE-stained fluorescent intensity were significantly upregulated by glycer-AGE with a pattern of being greater in BBMECs than in BAECs. AGE-induced ROS upregulation was attenuated by edaravone like AGE-induced TF upregulation. These results suggest that brain microvascular endothelial cells are more susceptible to AGE-induced TF upregulation than aortic endothelial cells, and that this susceptibility is associated with levels of intracellular ROS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niiya
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abumiya
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shichinohe
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ieko
authors.forename: Sho-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077553:Edaravone; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013925:Thromboplastin; D000077553:Edaravone; D000983:Antipyrine