title: Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children. By the age of seven 8.4% of girls and 1.7% of boys will have suffered at least one episode. Symptoms include fever, lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting. UTI is caused by Escherichia coli in over 80% of cases and treatment consists of a course of antibiotics. Due to acute illness caused by UTI and the risk of pyelonephritis-induced permanent kidney damage, many children are given long-term antibiotics aimed at preventing recurrence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and harms of long-term antibiotics to prevent recurrent UTI in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched without language restriction MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register, reference lists of review articles and contacted content experts. Date of most recent search: January 2006
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised comparisons of antibiotics with other antibiotics, placebo or no treatment to prevent recurrent UTI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed and extracted information. A random-effects model was used to estimate relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD) for recurrent UTI with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies (618 children) were identified, five (406) comparing antibiotics with placebo/no treatment. The duration of antibiotic prophylaxis treatment varied from 10 weeks to 12 months. Compared to placebo/no treatment, antibiotics reduced the risk of repeat positive urine culture (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.00; RD -30%, 95% CI -56% to -4%) No side effects were reported. One study reported that nitrofurantoin was more effective than trimethoprim in preventing recurrent UTI over a six month period (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.92; RD -18%, 95% CI -34% to -3%). However, patients receiving nitrofurantoin were more likely to discontinue the antibiotic due to side effects (mainly gastrointestinal) (RR 3.17, 95% CI 1.36 to 7.37; RD 22%, 95% CI 8% to 36%). The other study found cefixime was more effective in preventing recurrent UTI than nitrofurantoin (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.13 to 4.10; RD -3%, 95% CI -17% to -12%). However, 62% of patients receiving cefixime experienced an adverse reaction during the first six months of treatment (18/29) while only 26% (8/31) of patients receiving nitrofurantoin reported an adverse reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large, properly randomised, double blinded studies are needed to determine the efficacy of long-term antibiotics for the prevention of UTI in susceptible children.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Westmead, Centre for Kidney Research, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia 2145. gabrieW4@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009582:Nitrofurantoin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D009582:Nitrofurantoin