title: The impact of malnutrition and other causes of losses of adult sheep in 12 flocks during drought.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the range and cost of losses in Merino flocks in southern New South Wales during drought conditions by determining the cause of death, morbidity or wasting in adult sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathological studies were performed on 392 dead or moribund adult sheep from 12 Ovine Johne's disease (OJD)-infected flocks during 2002 and a further 58 sheep culled due to wasting from one of these flocks in 2003. Flocks ranged between 3,500 and 20,000 sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most likely cause of death, morbidity or wasting was determined following consideration of the environment in which the animal was found, clinical and gross pathological findings, plus histopathology of tissues collected during necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A most likely cause of death, morbidity or wasting was determined for 362 sheep in 2002 and 58 sheep in 2003. OJD contributed to the death of 250 sheep in 2002, and wasting of 48 sheep in 2003. Of the sheep that died or were euthanased due to other causes, malnutrition was a contributing factor in the death of 70 sheep (63%) in 2002 and 2 sheep (20%) in 2003. Losses were not evenly distributed across flocks, with 57% of mortalities caused by malnutrition in 2002 occurring in one flock. Malnutrition accounted for 18% of the annual cost of all deaths among adult sheep in 2002 with an average cost of $16,882 per farm. Losses not attributed to malnutrition included a range of infectious and non-infectious disorders. These included balanoposthitis, clostridial enterotoxaemia, cutaneous myiasis, endoparasitism, enteritis, intestinal adenocarcinoma, misadventure, peritonitis, periparturient death of ewes, photosensitisation, pneumonia, post-shearing stress and squamous cell carcinoma of the perineum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost one third of mortalities in OJD-infected flocks during drought were unrelated to OJD and could be reduced by improving nutritional and disease management practices. The importance of close supervision of the flock is highlighted so that early management intervention can be instituted, including the culling of cases of welfare concern.
authors.affiliation: Farm Animal Health Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, PMB 3, Camden, New South Wales 2570.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: J-A L M L
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Toribio
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Windsor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002423:Cause of Death; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires