title: Hepatic intraarterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinomas and liver metastases of pancreatic cancer: a clinical study on maximum tolerable dose and treatment efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of hepatic intraarterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine, administered with and without starch microspheres, in patients with inoperable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and liver metastases of pancreatic carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gemcitabine was administered on days 1 and 8 with intervals of 2 weeks between the cycles. In group A the initial gemcitabine dose of 1,000 mg/m(2) (without microspheres) was increased in 200-mg/m(2) steps up to a maximum dose of 2,000 mg/m(2). In group B the MTD with microspheres was assessed by giving an additional microsphere dose according to tumor extent and body weight, increasing gemcitabine starting from a dose-step below the MTD with microspheres. The MTD was evaluated via clinical and laboratory findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients were enrolled (12 males, 12 females, mean age 59.17 years; intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: n = 17, liver metastases of pancreatic carcinoma: n = 7). The MTD of gemcitabine without microspheres was reached at 1,400 mg/m(2), and of gemcitabine with microspheres at 1,800 mg/m(2). The comparative evaluation revealed statistically significant better data for the time to progression (p < 0.01) and survival for the group with microspheres (6.8 and 20.2 months) in comparison to the group without microspheres (4.2 and 13.5 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinical study indicates that the intraarterial application of gemcitabine with doses higher than the recommended 1,000 mg/m(2) is well tolerated if combined with microspheres, and yields respectable results in patients who do not respond to systemic chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Clinic, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. T.Vogl@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Vogl
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eichler
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hochmuth
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hammerstingl
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheller
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zangos
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine