title: Circulating cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E genotype and dementia severity influence the benefit of atorvastatin treatment in Alzheimer's disease: results of the Alzheimer's Disease Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment (ADCLT) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence suggests that treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) with atorvastatin provides significant benefit on the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-cog) after 6 months.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if benefit on ADAS-cog performance produced by atorvastatin is influenced by severity of cognitive impairment, circulating cholesterol levels, or apolipoprotein E genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized (1:1) trial with a 1-year exposure to atorvastatin calcium or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-site study at the clinical research center of the Sun Health Research Institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (MMSE score of 12-28) provided informed consent, and 67 were randomized. Stable dose use of cholinesterase inhibitors, estrogen and vitamin E was allowed, as was the use of many other medications in the treatment of co-morbidities. Participants using cholesterol-lowering medications or being treated for major depression or a psychiatric condition were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Once daily atorvastatin calcium (80 mg; two 40 mg tablets) or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A primary outcome measure was change ADAS-cog sub-scale score. Secondary outcome measures included scores on the MMSE, and circulating cholesterol levels. The Apolipoprotein E genotype was established for each participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant positive effect on ADAS-cog performance occurred after 6 months of atorvastatin therapy compared with placebo. This positive effect was more prominent among individuals entering the trial with, (i) higher MMSE scores, (ii) cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl or (iii) if they harbored an apolipoprotein-E-4 allele compared with participants not responding to atorvastatin treatment. Individuals in the placebo group tended to experience more pronounced deterioration if their cholesterol levels exceeded 200 mg/dl or they harbored an apolipoprotein-E-4 allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atorvastatin therapy may be of benefit in the treatment of mild-to-moderately affected AD patients, but the level of benefit produced may be predicated on earlier treatment, an individual's apolipoprotein E genotype or whether the patient exhibits elevated cholesterol levels.
authors.affiliation: Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA. larry.sparks@sunhealth.org
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sabbagh
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Browne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D002784:Cholesterol; D000069059:Atorvastatin