title: Presence and characterization of prostaglandin D2-related molecules in nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the major prostanoid produced in the acute phase of allergic reactions. However, its pathophysiological role in addition to the pathway of production in allergic rhinitis remains unclear. We sought to determine the expression of synthases and receptors for PGD2 in human nasal mucosa. These expressions were compared between allergic and nonallergic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression and localization of hematopoietic-type (h)-PGD2 synthase (PGDS) and lipocalin-type (l)-PGDS were detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of D prostanoid (DP) receptor and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The h-PGDS but not l-PGDS was clearly expressed in nasal mucosa. The expression of h-PGDS in allergic patients was significantly higher than in control patients without mucosal hypertrophy. A variety of infiltrating cells including mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes as well as constitutive cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts expressed h-PGDS. The expression of both DP and CRTH2 was confirmed also. Although either the amount of DP or the amount of CRTH2 was not correlated with serum levels of IgE, the amount of CRTH2 but not DP was highly and significantly correlated with the number of eosinophils infiltrating into nasal musosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that PGD2 is released via the action of h-PGDS from various cells, and the expression of h-PGDS may be associated with the hypertrophic inflammation in the nose. In addition, ligation of PGD2 to CRTH2 appears to be selectively involved in eosinophil recruitment into the nose regardless of atopic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan. mokano@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.forename: Tazuko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugata
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masaoka
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sogo
authors.forename: Wakana
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiniwa
authors.forename: Abdulcemal Umit
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urade
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishizaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D054834:Lipocalins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D054834:Lipocalins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022466:prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase; D015230:Prostaglandin D2; C036293:prostaglandin D2 receptor