title: Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid, an essential fatty acid present in cell membrane phospholipids and liberated by phospholipase, into prostaglandins (PGs) and prostanoids. COX has two distinct membrane-anchored isoenzymes; COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is a constitutively expressed and found in most normal body tissues; COX-2 is expressed in normal tissues at low levels and is highly induced by pro-inflammatory mediators in the setting of inflammation, injury, and pain. Inhibitors of COX activity include: (1) conventional non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ns-NSAIDs); (2) selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs); and (3) COX-1 inhibitors. Non-selective NSAIDs, at therapeutic doses, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. The anti-inflammatory benefits of these drugs are primarily derived from COX-2 inhibition, while inhibition of COX-1 often elicits gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Therefore, COXIBs were developed to provide a selective COX-2 agent, i.e., one, that at fully therapeutic doses demonstrated comparable therapeutic benefit to non-selective NSAIDs, without the attendant COX-1-mediated GI toxicities. In this review, we evaluate available literature describing the pathophysiologic role of cyclooxygenases and the effects of their inhibition in GI system in experimental and domestic animal species.
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Safety Sciences, Michigan Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Building 35-1A/5, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. zaher.radi@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Zaher A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Radi
authors.forename: Nasir K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D003002:Clonixin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000032:analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017308:Etodolac / Q000009:adverse effects; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects; D009288:Naproxen / Q000009:adverse effects; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D017308:Etodolac; C014557:flunixin; D009288:Naproxen; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D001241:Aspirin; D003002:Clonixin; D007213:Indomethacin