title: Characteristics of frail older adult drivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of driving in older adults with mild to moderate physical frailty and to compare characteristics of current frail older adult drivers with those of former drivers in the sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of frail older adults enrolled in randomized trials of exercise and hormone replacement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban, academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-three sedentary community-dwelling men and women aged 75 and older with mild to moderate physical frailty, as defined by two of the following three criteria: modified Physical Performance Test (PPT) score between 18 and 32, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) between 10 and 18 mL/kg per minute, and self-report of difficulty or assistance with one activity of daily living (ADL) or two instrumental ADLs. Participants were classified as current or former drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic characteristics, medical diagnoses, medication use, modified PPT score, and psychometric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (85%) of the participants were drivers. Former drivers were more likely to be older, be female, reside in congregate independent living for the elderly, have a higher incidence of arthritis and congestive heart failure, take sedating medications, have lower total ADL scores, have lower VO2 peak scores, and have more impairment on tests of cognition and physical strength, although only age, type of residence, and grip strength were independent predictors of driving cessation in the regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the presence of physical frailty, many older adults choose to continue to drive. Further studies are needed to better understand the driving behaviors of frail older adults and explore opportunities for optimizing driving abilities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, School of Medicine, Wahington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. dcarr@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Kelliel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steger-May
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Schechtman
authors.forename: Ellen F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Binder
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D018737:Hand Strength; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis