title: Mechanism for Src activation by the CCK2 receptor: Patho-physiological functions of this receptor in pancreas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate in vivo, whether CCK2 receptors (CCK2R) regulate proteins known to play a crucial role in cell proliferation and cancer development and analyse in vitro the molecular mechanisms that lead to Src activation; in particular, to identify the domains within the CCK2R sequence that are implicated in this activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression and activation of Src and ERK were studied in vivo using immuno-fluorescence and western-blot techniques. We used pancreatic tissues derived from wild type or Elas-CCK2 mice that expressed the CCK2R in pancreatic acini, displayed an increased pancreatic growth and developed preneoplastic lesions. The pancreatic tumor cell line AR4-2J expressing the endogenous CCK2R or COS-7 cells transiently transfected with wild type or mutant CCK2R were used as in vitro models to study the mechanism of Src activation. Src activation was measured by in vitro kinase assays, ERK activation by western blot using anti-phospho-ERK antibodies and the involvement of Src in gastrin-induced cell proliferation by MTT test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed in vivo that the targeted CCK2R expression in the pancreas of Elas-CCK2 mice, led to the activation of Src and the ERK pathway. Src was activated upstream of the ERK pathway by the CCK2R in pancreatic tumoral cells and contributed to the proliferative effects mediated by this receptor. In vitro results demonstrated that activation of the Src/ERK pathway by the CCK2R required the NPXXY motif, located within the CCK2R sequence at the end of the 7th transmembrane domain, and suggested the putative role of Gq in this mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deregulation of the Src/ERK pathway by the CCK2R might represent an early step that contributes to cell proliferation, formation of preneoplastic lesions and pancreatic tumor development.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U 531, IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrand
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatinel
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kowalski-Chauvel
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escrieut
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fourmy
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dufresne
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seva
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11