title: Cytological and other aspects of pathogenesis-related gene expression in tomato plants grown on a suppressive compost.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown that certain composts may trigger indirect defence mechanisms by sensitizing the plant to create an increased state of resistance, similar to systemic acquired resistance. In this study, the capacity of a disease-suppressive compost to alter the expression pattern of certain pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in the root system of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) provided the opportunity to study their cellular expression pattern and to investigate putative roles of these genes in the mechanisms of plant defence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ RNA:RNA hybridization techniques, the accumulation and distribution of the transcripts of the differentially expressed PR genes were examined in plants grown on compost and compared with those of control plants grown on peat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated levels of expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-1, PR-5 and P69/PR-7 were detected in the roots of tomato plants grown on the compost. A clearly distinguished spatial induction pattern was observed for these PR genes: PR-1 transcripts were almost exclusively detected in the pericycle cells surrounding the root stele of the main and lateral roots; PR-5 transcripts were present in the phloem of the root and stem tissues; and the accumulation and distribution of PR-7 transcripts was detected in discrete groups of cells that appeared sporadically in both the parenchyma and vascular system of the root, suggesting that the gene is not expressed in a tissue-specific manner. In addition, a novel cDNA clone was isolated (P69G), which probably encodes a new tomato P69 isoform.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that a suppressive compost is able to elicit consistent and increased expression of certain PR genes in the roots of tomato plants, even in the absence of any pathogen. The in situ localization studies reveal expression patterns which are in accordance with the presence of protein or with the putative roles of the respective encoded proteins. The expression of the PR genes may be triggered by the microflora of the compost or could be associated with abiotic factors of the compost.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Lakonikis 87, 24 100 Kalamata, Greece. nkavroulakis@in.gr
authors.forename: Nektarios
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kavroulakis
authors.forename: Kalliope K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ntougias
authors.forename: Georgios I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Zervakis
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehaliotis
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012987:Soil; C053376:pathogenesis-related proteins, plant