title: Percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation and radiation therapy: outcomes of combined treatment for 41 patients with inoperable stage I/II non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after combined treatment with thermal ablation and radiation therapy (RT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with inoperable stage I/II NSCLC tumors underwent thermal ablation and RT at our institution between 1998 and 2005. Thirty-seven radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures and four microwave ablation procedures were performed. Ablations were followed by standard-fraction external-beam RT within 90 days (n = 27) or postprocedural brachytherapy (n = 14). Survival and local recurrence were the primary endpoints evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 19.5 months. The overall survival rates were 97.6% at 6 months, 86.8% at 1 year, 70.4% at 2 years, and 57.1% at 3 years. Patients with tumors smaller than 3 cm (n = 17) had an average survival time of 44.4 +/- 5.4 months (SE). Patients with tumors 3 cm or larger (n = 24) had an average survival time of 34.6 +/- 7.0 months (P = .08). Local recurrence occurred in 11.8% of tumors smaller than 3 cm after an average of 45.6 +/- 4.1 months and in 33.3% of the larger tumors after an average of 34.0 +/- 7.8 months (P = .03). Outcomes in the brachytherapy and RT groups did not differ significantly. Nine of 15 pneumothoraces required chest tube drainage (22.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermal ablation followed by RT for inoperable stage I/II NSCLC has a relatively low rate of complications that are easily managed. Combined therapy may result in an improved survival compared with either modality alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Brown University Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: C Alexander
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grieco
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Mayo-Smith
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: DiPetrillo
authors.forename: Neal E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Ready
authors.forename: Damian E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Dupuy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol