title: Promoter-specific transcription of insulin-like growth factor-II in epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The IGF-II gene has four promoters (P1-P4); each initiates promoter-specific transcription. Studies have shown that IGF-II promoters normally active during fetal growth, but silent in postnatal life, are reactivated in cancer. In a previous study, we found IGF-II transcription evaluated at a common translated region was associated with ovarian cancer progression. This study was conducted to further determine which IGF-II promoters were responsible for the association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Promoter-specific transcription at each IGF-II promoter was analyzed in 201 ovarian tumor samples using quantitative RT-PCR. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the association of IGF-II promoter-specific expression with patient survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P3 and P4 transcripts were detected more frequently and at significantly higher levels than the transcripts of P1 and P2. P3 and P4 transcripts were strongly correlated with the common IGF-II translated region and were significantly higher in patients with late stage disease, large residual tumor, suboptimal debulking or serous histology compared to those with early stage, small residual tumor, optimal debulking or non-serous histology. Survival analysis showed that patients with high P3 or P4 expression had a 2-fold increase in risk for death compared to those with low P3 or P4. These associations remained significant after adjustment for patient age at surgery, disease stage, tumor grade and histology. P1 and P2 transcripts, however, were not associated with disease characteristics or survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that IGF-II transcription from P3 and P4 promoters is important in ovarian cancer and evaluation of IGF-II promoter-specific transcription may have clinical implications in ovarian cancer prognosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: Lingeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Dionyssios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Rigault de la Longrais
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puopolo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017931:DNA Primers; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II