title: AP-2gamma induces p21 expression, arrests cell cycle, and inhibits the tumor growth of human carcinoma cells.
abstract: Activating enhancer-binding protein 2gamma (AP-2gamma) is a member of the developmentally regulated AP-2 transcription factor family that regulates the expression of many downstream genes. Whereas the effects of AP-2alpha overexpression on cell growth are fairly well established, the cellular effects of AP-2gamma overexpression are less well studied. Our new findings show that AP-2gamma significantly upregulates p21 mRNA and proteins, inhibits cell growth, and decreases clonogenic survival. Cell cycle analysis revealed that forced AP-2gamma expression induced G1-phase arrest, decreased DNA synthesis, and decreased the fraction of cells in S phase. AP-2gamma expression also led to cyclin D1 repression, decreased Rb phosphorylation, and decreased E2F activity in breast carcinoma cells. AP-2gamma binding to the p21 promoter was observed in vivo, and the absence of growth inhibition in response to AP-2gamma expression in p21(-/-) cells demonstrated that p21 caused, at least in part, AP-2-induced cell cycle arrest. Finally, the tumor growth of human breast carcinoma cells in vivo was inhibited by the expression of AP-2gamma relative to empty vector-infected cells, suggesting that AP-2gamma acts as a tumor suppressor. In summary, expression of either AP-2gamma or AP-2alpha inhibited breast carcinoma cell growth; thus, these genes may be therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Hualei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Prabhat C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Frederick E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Domann
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)