title: Combined estrogen and testosterone use and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of androgens in breast cancer etiology has been unclear. Epidemiologic studies suggest that endogenous testosterone levels are positively associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Given the increasing trend in the use of hormone therapies containing androgens, we evaluated the relation between the use of estrogen and testosterone therapies and breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective cohort study in the Nurses' Health Study from 1978 to 2002 to assess the risk of breast cancer associated with different types of postmenopausal hormone (PMH) formulations containing testosterone. During 24 years of follow-up (1 359 323 person-years), 4610 incident cases of invasive breast cancer were identified among postmenopausal women. Information on menopausal status, PMH use, and breast cancer diagnosis was updated every 2 years through questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women with a natural menopause, the risk of breast cancer was nearly 2.5-fold greater among current users of estrogen plus testosterone therapies (multivariate relative risk, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-4.04) than among never users of PMHs. This analysis showed that risk of breast cancer associated with current use of estrogen and testosterone therapy was significantly greater compared with estrogen-only therapy (P for heterogeneity, .007) and marginally greater than estrogen and progesterone therapy (P for heterogeneity, .11). Women receiving PMHs with testosterone had a 17.2% (95% confidence interval, 6.7%-28.7%) increased risk of breast cancer per year of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with the elevation in risk for endogenous testosterone levels, women using estrogen and testosterone therapies have a significantly increased risk of invasive breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rulla.tamimi@channing.harvard
authors.forename: Rulla M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tamimi
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.forename: Wendy Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013739:Testosterone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D013739:Testosterone