title: Ways to improve the biosecurity of bovine semen.
abstract: Semen production and trade is a worldwide industry. A framework, based on international standards is awaiting international and national regulation. In the perspective of biosecurity of the final product, critical notes can be made according to the semen production regulation and product safety. Process description brings the obligatory health standards for the production bulls, collection and processing of semen, identification, registration, worldwide distribution and insemination into discussion. Test frequency, test quality and demands, way of sampling and test consistency can influence product safety. New scientific knowledge can influence the value of the regulation. Whether a country is free of notifiable disease should influence decisions regarding necessary tests for the production bulls. The biosecurity of the semen production process is influenced by several factors. The effectiveness of the antibiotics used is questionable. The extenders for cryopreservation added to the semen can affect product safety. The way materials and storage containers have to be disinfected must be clear. In modern industry, tracking and tracing is an important issue. Worldwide differences in ways of identification of straws do not benefit a proper identification and registration throughout the process. Regulation could help improve the transparency of production and trade. Before anything concerning biohazard is implemented in regulation, each rule should be thoroughly based on scientific research where possible and furthermore it must be possible to enforce the regulation. The effort it takes to enforce the regulation should be in balance with the benefit it provides. An approach to alter regulation quickly is advisable. To produce a safe product that is accepted for international trade is of vital interest for the survival of artificial insemination (AI) in cattle.
authors.affiliation: HG BV, Production Department, Arnhem, The Netherlands. ruigh.l@hg.nl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Ruigh
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brus
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Merton
mesh_terms: D000823:Animal Identification Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D011786:Quality Control; D012449:Safety; D012661:Semen; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*