title: Sublethal effects of three pesticides on larval survivorship, growth, and macromolecule production in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (diptera: chironomidae).
abstract: Effects of long-term exposure to each of three pesticides including atrazine, DDT, and chlorpyrifos on larval survivorship, growth, and macromolecule (total body protein and RNA) production were evaluated in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans, under laboratory conditions. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to atrazine at 30 and 150 microg/L, DDT at 0.01 and 0.05 microg/L, or chlorpyrifos at 0.02 and 0.10 microg/L throughout one life cycle. Larval survivorship was evaluated at 20 d and the end of the test, and larval growth at 20 d. Chlorpyrifos at 0.1 microg/L reduced the midge survivorship by 67% after 20-d exposure. However, neither atrazine nor DDT affected larval survivorship. The ash-free dry weight of midge larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos at 0.1 microg/L was 1.5-fold greater than that of the control whereas neither atrazine nor DDT showed a significant effect on the ash-free dry weight. In addition, exposures of midges to chlorpyrifos at 0.1 microg/L increased the adult emergence rate by 81% as compared to the control although the actual number of adults that emerged from chlorpyrifos-treated larvae was significantly decreased. Both the increased ash-free dry weight of larvae and increased adult emergence rate were likely caused by reduced competition for both food and space among the survivors due to increased larval mortality. Although neither total protein nor total RNA production was significantly affected in larvae exposed to each pesticide for 20 d, a significantly higher number of males over females (ratio = 4) emerged from midges exposed to DDT at 0.05 microg/L. Our study indicates that chronic exposure to low concentrations of chlorpyrifos and DDT results in significant mortality of midge larvae and alteration of the sex ratio of adult emergence, respectively. Because midges are important components of the food web, our results suggest that effects elicited directly or indirectly by long-term pesticide exposures may potentially disrupt both food chains and community structure in aquatic environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Mamy L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rakotondravelo
authors.forename: Troy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ralph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: Kun Yan
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D011506:Proteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012313:RNA