title: Women who gave birth as unmarried adolescents: trends in substance use from adolescence to adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adolescent childbearing mothers "mature out" of substance use as they transition into adulthood, how their substance use compares to that of typical young women of the same ages, and whether there are different patterns of substance use evident in this vulnerable population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data come from an ongoing longitudinal study of 240 young women who were unmarried, pregnant, and under age 18 at enrollment. They have been interviewed regularly from pregnancy through 11.5 years postpartum. The data are based on self-reported substance use verified by random urinalysis for drug metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substance use did not decline during the transition to adulthood nor into early adulthood. With the exception of alcohol, the prevalence of substance use was higher than that of a nationally representative sample of same-aged women. Three distinct patterns of substance use were identified: licit users (cigarettes and/or alcohol), marijuana users, and "hard" drug users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should routinely assess substance use among young mothers who bore children as teenagers, and make referrals for appropriate treatment. Cigarette smoking is especially a cause for concern, given its widespread use and harmful effects for both mothers and their children. Although only a small proportion (about 5%) of young mothers used hard drugs consistently over time, this group will likely require comprehensive interventions that address multiple issues such as mental health and contextual factors to be effective. Future research should address reasons for continued substance use in this population.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. mary.gillmore@asu.edu
authors.forename: Mary Rogers
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gillmore
authors.forename: Lewayne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.forename: Jungeun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oxford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007086:Illegitimacy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*