title: Design principles of molecular networks revealed by global comparisons and composite motifs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular networks are of current interest, particularly with the publication of many large-scale datasets. Previous analyses have focused on topologic structures of individual networks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we present a global comparison of four basic molecular networks: regulatory, co-expression, interaction, and metabolic. In terms of overall topologic correlation--whether nearby proteins in one network are close in another--we find that the four are quite similar. However, focusing on the occurrence of local features, we introduce the concept of composite hubs, namely hubs shared by more than one network. We find that the three 'action' networks (metabolic, co-expression, and interaction) share the same scaffolding of hubs, whereas the regulatory network uses distinctly different regulator hubs. Finally, we examine the inter-relationship between the regulatory network and the three action networks, focusing on three composite motifs--triangles, trusses, and bridges--involving different degrees of regulation of gene pairs. Our analysis shows that interaction and co-expression networks have short-range relationships, with directly interacting and co-expressed proteins sharing regulators. However, the metabolic network contains many long-distance relationships: far-away enzymes in a pathway often have time-delayed expression relationships, which are well coordinated by bridges connecting their regulators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate how basic molecular networks are distinct yet connected and well coordinated. Many of our conclusions can be mapped onto structured social networks, providing intuitive comparisons. In particular, the long-distance regulation in metabolic networks agrees with its counterpart in social networks (namely, assembly lines). Conversely, the segregation of regulator hubs from other hubs diverges from social intuitions (as managers often are centers of interactions).
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Whitney Avenue, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Haiyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trifonov
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerstein
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins