title: Cortisol response to critical illness: effect of intensive insulin therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both excessive and insufficient activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to critical illness is associated with increased mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to study the effect of intensive insulin therapy, recently shown to reduce mortality and morbidity of critically ill patients, on the cortisol response to critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a preplanned subanalysis of a large randomized, controlled study measuring serum total cortisol, cortisol-binding globulin, and albumin and calculating free cortisol levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a university hospital surgical intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred fifty-one critically ill patients dependent on intensive care for more than 5 d and 45 control subjects matched for gender, age, height, and weight participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention was strict blood glucose control to normoglycemia with insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total and calculated free cortisol levels were equally elevated upon admission in both patient groups and thereafter were lower in intensive insulin-treated patients. Lower cortisol levels statistically related to the outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy. Cortisol-binding globulin levels and structure were affected by critical illness but not insulin therapy, and neither were albumin levels. Administration of hydrocortisone in so-called replacement dose resulted in severalfold higher total and free cortisol levels, indicating that reevaluation of the doses used is warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower serum cortisol levels in critically ill patients receiving intensive insulin therapy statistically related to improved outcome with this intervention. The lower cortisol levels were not related to altered cortisol-binding capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vanhorebeek
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vander Perre
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skogstrand
authors.forename: Troels K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van den Berghe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D014156:Transcortin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D012709:Serum Albumin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D014156:Transcortin; D006854:Hydrocortisone