title: Can decisional algorithms replace global introspection in the individual causality assessment of spontaneously reported ADRs?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The usefulness of algorithms for assessing the causality of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) has yet to be established and, since the validation of causality algorithms depends upon their sensitivity and specificity, our study was carried out to evaluate these measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, an expert panel assessed causality of adverse reports by using the WHO global introspection (GI) method. The same reports were independently assessed using 15 published algorithms. The causality assessment level 'possible' was considered the lower limit for a report to be considered to be drug related. For a given algorithm, sensitivity was determined by the proportion of reports simultaneously classified as drug related by the algorithm and the GI method. Specificity was measured as the proportion of reports simultaneously considered non-drug related. The analysis was performed for the total sample and within serious or unexpected events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred adverse reports were studied. Algorithms presented high rates of sensitivity (average of 93%, positive predictive value of 89%) and low rates of specificity (average of 7%, negative predictive value of 31%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decisional algorithms are sensitive methods for the detection of ADRs, but they present poor specificity. A reference method was not identified. Algorithms do not replace GI and are not definite alternatives in the individual causality assessment of suspected ADRs.
authors.affiliation: Administração Regional de Saúde do Centro, Núcleo de Farmacovigilância do Centro, Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. filipa@fcsaude.ubi.pt
authors.forename: Ana F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Francisco B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000465:Algorithms; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D014944:World Health Organization