title: Eclampsia in Scandinavia: incidence, substandard care, and potentially preventable cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Description of incidence, clinical signs, symptoms, and consequences of eclampsia in Scandinavia, and assessment of substandard care and potential preventability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive cohort study including all women giving birth in a 2-year period (mid-1998-mid-2000) in Scandinavia. Notifications of eclampsia cases were obtained from all obstetric units at 3-monthly intervals. All patient files were reviewed, and systematic audit was performed to identify potentially preventable cases by using predefined criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Signs and symptoms preceding the eclamptic seizure, the standard of medical care, maternal and perinatal morbidity, and mortality were all recorded. Potentially preventable cases through improved care and cases eligible for primary prophylactic magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of eclampsia was 5.0/10,000 maternities (CI = 4.3-5.7/10,000). Eighty-six percent had a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia before the seizure. Nine of 10 had at least one physical complaint before the first seizure, severe headache being the most common symptom, occurring in two-thirds. Most seizures (90%) occurred after admission to hospital. By audit, 89 cases (42%) were classified as having received substandard care. Prophylactic use of magnesium sulfate might have reduced the number of eclampsia cases by 35 (17%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eclampsia occurred mainly in hospital and the majority of women had symptoms heralding the seizure. In retrospect, nearly half of the cases were found potentially preventable by timely intervention, improved medical care, and systematic use of prophylactic treatment with MgSO4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sykehuset Innlandet Health Authority, Norway. aba@sykehuset-innlandet.no
authors.forename: Alice Beathe
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Andersgaard
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ingemarsson
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langhoff-Roos
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Straume
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oian
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004461:Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008485:Medical Audit; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology