title: The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a has genotoxic effects in human lymphoblasts in vitro.
abstract: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a class of putative chemotherapeutic agents for which the mechanism of toxicity has not been fully identified. To explore the possibility that HDACi are genotoxic, human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells were exposed to trichostatin A (TSA) and genetic damage was measured. TSA caused a dose-dependent increase of G1-arrested cells at 24 h that correlated with increasing levels of p21 and apoptosis. Significantly elevated frequencies of structural chromosomal aberrations in cells exposed to TSA were observed using both the kinetochore-antibody micronucleus assay and nonbanding metaphase chromosome analysis. Increased tail intensities, indicative of elevated levels of DNA damage, were observed using the alkaline comet assay. Elevated levels of phosphorylated histone gammaH2AX protein were observed as early as 3 h following TSA exposure and peaked at 12 h for 200nM TSA. Significant levels of aneuploidy at the 200nM TSA dose were observed using metaphase analysis, but interestingly, kinetochore-positive micronuclei were not detected at any dose using the kinetochore micronucleus assay, suggesting that TSA induces aneuploidy via a nondisjunction event rather than chromosome lagging. Increases in chromosomal loss and breakage were observed using simultaneous FISH metaphase analysis of chromosomes 5, 7, 8, and 21, consistent with data obtained from the micronucleus and metaphase chromosome analyses. We conclude that TSA is both a clastogen and aneugen in the TK6 cell line and propose that the observed cytostatic and apoptotic properties of TSA may partially be due to this genotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Olaharski
authors.forename: Zhiying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Luoping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Martyn T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004249:DNA Damage; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C012589:trichostatin A