title: Primary photoprocess in vision: minimal motion to reach the photo- and bathorhodopsin intermediates.
abstract: According to time-resolved spectroscopic measurements, the initial step of the photoreaction of rhodopsin occurs with a time constant of approximately 200 fs. The whole or a part of the retinal molecule cannot move any significant distance in such a short time. In this paper, we propose instead a minimal motion that accomplishes the important task of guiding the molecule to a configuration where it can decay to the ground-state surface, with a minimal loss of strain energy. This motion is proposed to involve a -90 degrees twisting of the C11=C12 double bond and a simultaneous twisting around two other double bonds in retinal to minimize the geometrical changes along the reaction path. The ONIOM method (complete active space self-consistent field for retinal and AMBER for the peptides) is used in a chromophore-cavity model to elucidate and confirm important features of the mechanism. The potential energy surface (PES) obtained according to the proposed mechanism show all of the characteristics of a fast photoreaction, meaning a downhill reaction path from the Franck-Condon point to an avoided crossing between S(1) and S(0). In this motion, only a few carbon and hydrogen atoms move more than 0.3 A, and the retinal structure is conserved in the protein cavity. We propose that the photorhodopsin intermediate is a retinal molecule formed on the excited-state PES. Bathorhodopsin, however, is a ground-state intermediate, still located inside the protein cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blomgren
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D008027:Light; D008958:Models, Molecular; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: C045414:photorhodopsin; C015017:bathorhodopsin; D012243:Rhodopsin