title: Device closure rates of simple atrial septal defects optimized by the STARFlex device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to review the outcomes of 3 generations of closure devices for secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) at a single institution.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter closure of ASDs is now increasingly performed with devices that have been modified over time to improve performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of prospective clinical trials of Clamshell (C.R. Bard Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey), CardioSEAL (NMT Medical Inc., Boston, Massachusetts), and STARFlex (NMT Medical Inc.) closure devices for simple ASDs was performed. The entry criteria for these trials were age > or =2 years, isolated secundum ASD, evidence of right ventricular volume overload, and maximum stretched diameter varying from 20 to 25 mm. Successful outcomes were defined as no more than small residual leak (< or =2 mm) with absence of a severe complication or the need for an additional device or surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 72 Clamshell, 30 CardioSEAL, and 42 STARFlex devices were placed in uncomplicated ASDs. Each device modification resulted in improved closure rates, with the STARFlex device achieving a 93% complete closure rate with a device/stretched diameter ratio significantly smaller than with the other devices (p = 0.001). Severe complications occurred in 5 Clamshell, 1 CardioSEAL, and 0 STARFlex cases. Successful outcomes increased for each generation of device (79%, 93%, and 98% respectively, p = 0.009). There have been no long-term complications for either the CardioSEAL or the STARFlex devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifications in 3 generations of devices have resulted in improved results for percutaneous ASD closure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. awnugent@texaschildrenshospital.org
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Britt
authors.forename: Kimberlee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gauvreau
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Piercey
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome