title: Chronic rhinosinusitis and recurrent nasal polyps in two children with IgG subclass deficiency and review of the literature.
abstract: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses. Two major forms of CRS can be differentiated; CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). The pathophysiology and etiology of nasal polyps (NPs) are partly understood. IgG subclass deficiency was shown to be associated with an increased susceptibility to infections. However the association between NPs and IgG subclass deficiency has never been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report two cases of recalcitrant CRS and recurrent NPs with IgG subclass deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two children (6 and 8 year-old boys) were referred to the Pediatric Allergy/Immunology Clinic, Siriraj Hospital due to a prolonged history of CRS and recurrent NPs. Both of them were treated with aggressive medical (topical and systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, leukotriene antagonist, nasal irrigation) as well as surgical therapy, without significant improvement. Immunologic investigation in both patients showed that IgG, IgA, and IgM level were normal. IgG subclasses level in patient No. 1 were IgG1 1,235 (280-1120) mg/dl (79%), IgG2 235 (30-630) mg/dl (23.5%), IgG3 27.3 (40-250) mg/dl (1.74%), and IgG4 92.4 (11-620) mg/dl (5.9%). IgG subclasses level in patient No. 2 were IgG1 1,139 (280-1120) mg/dl (82.5%), IgG2 170 (30-630) mg/dl (12.3%), IgG3 5.6 (40-250) mg/dl (0.4%), IgG4 65.7 (11-620) mg/dl (4.8%). The diagnosis of CRS and recurrent NPs with IgG3 subclass deficiency in the first patient and IgG2/IgG3 subclass deficiency in the second patient were made. Patient No. 1 was given monthly IVIG therapy for the total of 7 courses and medications were gradually tapered. Currently, the patient is doing well after the cessation of IVIG therapy for 3 months. Patient No. 2 denied the IVIG treatment and was lost to follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reported two cases of recalcitrant CRS and recurrent NPs in children. Immunologic work up revealed IgG subclass deficiency. The treatment with monthly IVIG improved CRS and NPs in treated patient which brought up the possibility of association between NPs and IgG subclass deficiency. Further study on the direct role of IVIG in NPs will be needed in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sasawan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinratanapisit
authors.forename: Prayuth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tunsuriyawong
authors.forename: Pakit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vichyanond
authors.forename: Nualanong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Visitsunthorn
authors.forename: Voravich
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Luangwedchakarn
authors.forename: Orathai
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jirapongsananuruk
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D017099:IgG Deficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology