title: Insights into the age-related decline in the amplitude of accommodation of the human lens using a non-linear finite-element model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the effect of the geometric and material properties of the lens on the age-related decline in accommodative amplitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a non-linear finite-element model, a parametric assessment was carried out to determine the effect of stiffness of the cortex, nucleus, capsule and zonules, and that of thickness of the capsule and lens, on the change in central optical power (COP) associated with zonular traction. Convergence was required for all solutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing either capsular stiffness or capsular thickness was associated with an increase in the change in COP for any specific amount of zonular traction. Weakening the attachment between the capsule and its underlying cortex increased the magnitude of the change in COP. When the hardness of the total lens stroma, cortex or nucleus was increased, there was a reduction in the amount of change in COP associated with a fixed amount of zonular traction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing lens hardness reduces accommodative amplitude; however, as hardness of the lens does not occur until after the fourth decade of life, the age-related decline in accommodative amplitude must be due to another mechanism. One explanation is a progressive decline in the magnitude of the maximum force exerted by the zonules with ageing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA. ron@2ras.com
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schachar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abolmaali
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007904:Lens Cortex, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological