title: Trephination and silicone stent intubation for the treatment of canalicular obstruction: effect of the level of obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of canalicular trephination and silicone stent intubation procedure for relief of epiphora according to the level of obstruction within the canaliculus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 32 patients (41 eyes) who underwent canalicular trephination followed by silicone stent intubation of the nasolacrimal system for the treatment of canalicular obstruction were retrospectively reviewed. Canalicular obstruction was diagnosed on preoperative irrigation and probing. Level of obstruction was confirmed by intraoperative probing. Proximal obstruction was classified as those within 4 mm of the punctum, distal obstruction as those 5 mm or greater from the punctum, and common canalicular obstruction as those 10 mm or greater from the punctum. Silicone stents were kept in for a minimum of 5 months, and outcome was based on symptomatic relief of epiphora at the end of follow-up (minimum of 6 months). Partial relief of epiphora was defined as improved symptoms and at least a fair clearance on fluorescein dye disappearance testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 49% of eyes had complete relief of epiphora, 38% had partial relief, and 13% had no relief. Eighty percent of eyes with distal lower canalicular obstructions had complete relief of epiphora and 20% had partial relief of epiphora. Eyes with distal bicanalicular obstructions had 66% complete and 33% partial relief. Patients with common canalicular obstructions had 59% complete, 29% partial, and 12% no relief. Proximal bicanalicular obstructions were the least successful, with 55% partial relief and 45% no relief.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Success of canalicular trephination and silicone stent intubation for treatment of canalicular obstruction is based on the site of obstruction. Distal monocanalicular obstructions have the highest degree of symptomatic epiphora relief, followed by distal bicanalicular, common, and proximal obstructions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmic Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, UCSD Department of Ophthalmology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Jake F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Khoubian
authors.forename: Don O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gonnering
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D019793:Fluorescein; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012828:Silicones; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones; D019793:Fluorescein