title: Six Sigma arises from the ashes of TQM with a twist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper sets out to analyse the use of the Six Sigma methodology to improve quality in healthcare. It looks at how Six Sigma grew out of the concept of Total Quality Management (TQM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six Sigma is a quality improvement methodology that has been widely adopted by companies since the early 1990s and has grown exponentially in the healthcare industry during the past five years. Some of the main tenets of Six Sigma have emerged from the principles of TQM, including the notion that the entire organization must support the quality effort; that there should be a vigorous education effort; and that a quality improvement process should emphasize root cause analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In spite of its early success, TQM "crashed and burned" for several reasons including the fact that financial benefits were difficult to assign to TQM efforts, root cause was not always determined resulting in recurring errors, there was no common metric to measure the level of quality attained, and quality efforts were sometimes aimed at processes or operations that were not critical to the customer. Six Sigma filled the vacuums created by these TQM failures in several ways. Under the Six Sigma methodology, quality improvement projects are carefully defined so that they can be successfully completed within a relatively short time frame. Financials are applied to each completed project so that management knows how much the project saves the institution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On each project, intense study is used to determine root cause analysis; and in the end, a metric known as "sigma level" can be assigned to signify the level of quality. Six Sigma has a "critical to quality" dimension that keeps the quality effort focused on improving only those things that really matter to the customer.
authors.affiliation: School of Business and Public Administration, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA. black@uhcl.edu
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Revere
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States