title: Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulations of mucus within the trachea are often found during endoscopic examinations of the airways of poorly performing racehorses, but the clinical importance of this finding is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of tracheal mucus, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) and cytological indices of tracheal aspirate on racing performance in Thoroughbred horses assessed by race place and whether the horse was raced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx, larynx and trachea was performed, and a tracheal aspirate obtained monthly at Thistledown racetrack from April to December, 2002 and 2003. Horses received a score of 0-4 for the degree of PLH and 0-4 for the amount of mucus visible in the trachea. The tracheal aspirate was assessed for turbidity, and total and differential cell counts. Generalised estimating equations models were used as repeated measures models for each risk factor and the level of association assessed through the risk factor's P value in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe tracheal mucus (2-4) was a risk factor for poor racing performance. There was no association between degree of PLH, cell counts or turbidity of tracheal wash fluid and racing performance. However, horses that raced had higher total neutrophil counts in tracheal wash aspirates than horses that did not race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grades 2-4 tracheal mucus should be considered a potential cause of poor racing performance in Thoroughbred horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because moderate to severe tracheal mucus accumulation, and not increased tracheal neutrophils, was a risk factor for poor racing performance, functionally significant airway inflammation may best be confirmed by the presence of mucus rather than increased number of neutrophils in the trachea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holcombe
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bertold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Feiter Rupp
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boruta
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kaneene
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003371:Cough / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running; D013177:Sports; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology