title: Electromagnetic navigation diagnostic bronchoscopy: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy using superDimension/Bronchus System is a novel method to increase diagnostic yield of peripheral and mediastinal lung lesions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A prospective, open label, single-center, pilot study was conducted to determine the ability of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy to sample peripheral lung lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes with standard bronchoscopic instruments and demonstrate safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy was performed using the superDimension/Bronchus system consisting of electromagnetic board, position sensor encapsulated in the tip of a steerable probe, extended working channel, and real-time reconstruction of previously acquired multiplanar computed tomography images. The final distance of the steerable probe to lesion, expected error based on the actual and virtual markers, and procedure yield was gathered.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 subjects were enrolled between December 2004 and September 2005. Mean navigation times were 7 +/- 6 min and 2 +/- 2 min for peripheral lesions and lymph nodes, respectively. The steerable probe tip was navigated to the target lung area in all cases. The mean peripheral lesions and lymph nodes size was 22.8 +/- 12.6 mm and 28.1 +/- 12.8 mm. Yield was determined by results obtained during the bronchoscopy per patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The yield/procedure was 74% and 100% for peripheral lesions and lymph nodes, respectively. A diagnosis was obtained in 80.3% of bronchoscopic procedures. A definitive diagnosis of lung malignancy was made in 74.4% of subjects. Pneumothorax occurred in two subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is a safe method for sampling peripheral and mediastinal lesions with high diagnostic yield independent of lesion size and location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. gildeat@ccf.org
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gildea
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Demet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karnak
authors.forename: Moulay
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meziane
authors.forename: Atul C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology