title: Virological responses to atazanavir-ritonavir-based regimens: resistance-substitutions score and pharmacokinetic parameters (Reyaphar study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of baseline HIV-1 substitutions, individual pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters (Cmin, Cmax, area under the curve [AUC0-->24 h]) and genotype-inhibitory quotient (GIQ) on virological responses (VR) to atazanavir-ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 71 antiretroviral-experienced, atazanavir-naive patients in virological failure (VF) on HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  VR was defined as HIV RNA <1.7 log10 copies/ml at week 12 (W12). A clinically relevant genotype-substitutions score for atazanavir-ritonavir was developed and validated (Reyaphar substitutions score). Previously published substitutions scores were also tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had a median (Q1; O3) of 6 (3; 8) previous treatment lines during 9 (7; 11) years. Baseline (WO) values were as follows: 262 (187; 435) CD4+/microl, 3.9 (2.6; 4.9) log10 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml, 4 (2; 6) protease substitutions and 3 (1; 4) NRTI-related substitutions. Respective steady-state Cmin, Cmax and AUC0-->24 h were 300 (200; 700) ng/ml, 620 (430; 750) ng/ml and 78,000 (61,000; 94,000) ng.h/ml. At W12, 49% of the patients had VR with a median decrease of -1.2 (-0.5; -2.3) log10 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. The Reyaphar score included 12 baseline protease substitutions from the International AIDS Society USA list that were associated with poorer VR: L10I/F/R/V, K20I/M/R, L241, M461/L, 154L/M/T/V, L63P, A71I/L/V/T, G73A/C/F/T, V771, V82A/F/S/T, 184V, L90M and the polymorphism substitution Q58E. Comparing <5 versus > or =5 Reyaphar substitutions, the W12-W0 HIV-1 RNA decrease was - 1.4 (-0.7; -2.3) versus -0.5 (-1.2; +0.5) log10 copies/ml (P=0.009) with VR in 63% versus 110% (P<10(-4)), respectively. This score predicted VF at W12 with 46% sensitivity, compared to 33% and 28% for the ANRS 2004 and 2005 scores. PK parameters alone were not associated with VR, but GIQ was associated with virological outcome (P=0.04). 150L, known to be correlated with atazanavir-specific resistance, emerged in 2 (8%) of the 24 failing patients with paired genotypes at WO and VF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the need to cross-validate genotype-based algorithms to interpret substitution impact on virological outcome using different patient databases before their implementation in routine clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France. isabelle.pellegrin@chu-bordeaux.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pellegrin
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Breilh
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ragnaud
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neau
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fleury
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schrive
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Saux
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pellegrin
authors.forename: Estibaliz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazaro
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011725:Pyridines; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D016333:HIV Protease; D019438:Ritonavir