title: An evidence-based virtual reality training program for novice laparoscopic surgeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an evidence-based virtual reality laparoscopic training curriculum for novice laparoscopic surgeons to achieve a proficient level of skill prior to participating in live cases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Technical skills for laparoscopic surgery must be acquired within a competency-based curriculum that begins in the surgical skills laboratory. Implementation of this program necessitates the definition of the validity, learning curves and proficiency criteria on the training tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study recruited 40 surgeons, classified into experienced (performed >100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies) or novice groups (<10 laparoscopic cholecystectomies). Ten novices and 10 experienced surgeons were tested on basic tasks, and 11 novices and 9 experienced surgeons on a procedural module for dissection of Calot triangle. Performance of the 2 groups was assessed using time, error, and economy of movement parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All basic tasks demonstrated construct validity (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.05), and learning curves for novices plateaued at a median of 7 repetitions (Friedman's test, P < 0.05). Expert surgeons demonstrated a learning rate at a median of 2 repetitions (P < 0.05). Performance on the dissection module demonstrated significant differences between experts and novices (P < 0.002); learning curves for novice subjects plateaued at the fourth repetition (P < 0.05). Expert benchmark criteria were defined for validated parameters on each task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A competency-based training curriculum for novice laparoscopic surgeons has been defined. This can serve to ensure that junior trainees have acquired prerequisite levels of skill prior to entering the operating room, and put them directly into practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology & Technology, Imperial College, London, UK. rajesh.aggarwal@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Teodor P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Grantcharov
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Dorthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blirup
authors.forename: Viggo B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Funch-Jensen
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum; D004210:Dissection; D006804:Ergonomics; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface