title: A novel PITX2 mutation and a polymorphism in a 5-generation family with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly and coexisting Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical and genetic appearance of Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly or syndrome (ARAS) and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (FED) in a 5-generation pedigree coexpressing both pathologic features in a large number of family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational case-control and DNA linkage and screening study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 114 family members, 50 underwent clinical investigation and DNA analysis between July 2001 and March 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linkage at the PITX2 locus was demonstrated using a number of microsatellites mapping to the critical region 4q25 to 4q26. The PITX2 gene was subsequently screened for mutations in all investigated family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linkage of the ARAS and FED phenotype and mutation detection in the PITX2 gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients were identified as being affected by ARAS. Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy was found in 19 patients. Fifteen patients presented both kinds of anomaly. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing revealed 2 heteroallelic DNA variants that segregated together (on the same allele) and were present in all severely affected ARAS individuals. The first variant, g.20913G>T, assumed to be the causative mutation for ARAS, causes amino acid substitution at codon 137 (G137V). A statistically significant 2-point logarithm of the odds score of 4.06 was obtained with marker D4S406. The second variant is likely a polymorphism in the intron between exons 2 and 3 (IVS2+8delCinsGTT) and was detected in heterozygous form in 20% of control individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This gene analysis revealed a novel PITX2 mutation and a polymorphism in a family with ARAS. Whether FED, also manifested in the severely affected individuals, is due to a different but cosegregating gene is to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland. research@kniestedt.ch
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kniestedt
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taralczak
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stuermer
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumer
authors.forename: Balder P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gloor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D003315:Cornea / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005642:Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2