title: Cell signaling and neuronal death.
abstract: The past few decades have revealed that cell death can be precisely programmed with two principal forms, apoptosis and necrosis. Besides pathophysiological alterations, physiologic processes, such as the pruning of neurons during normal development and the involution of the thymus, involve apoptosis. This review focuses on the role of inter- and intracellular signaling systems in cell death, especially in the nervous system. Among neurotransmitters, glutamate and nitric oxide have been most extensively characterized and contribute to cell death in excitotoxic damage, especially in stroke and possibly in neurodegenerative diseases. Within cells, calcium, the most prominent of all intracellular messengers, mediates diverse forms of cell death with actions modulated by many proteins, including IP3 receptors, calcineurin, calpain, and cytochrome c.
authors.affiliation: The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. mhara@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Makoto R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Solomon H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002118:Calcium