Injury increases the risk for PTSD: an examination of potential neurobiological and psychological mediators.
A growing number of common traumatic events involve both physical and emotional injuries. In contrast to previously held beliefs, the rapidly growing body of literature shows quite convincingly that physical injury, over and above exposure to the traumatic event itself, increases rather than decreases the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A pertinent question becomes how bodily injury contributes to the risk of developing PTSD. In this article, we review contemporary findings regarding the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms by which bodily injury may augment or independently contribute to chronic posttraumatic stress. In addition, we propose three theoretical pathways through which physical injury can increase the risk for PTSD. These pathways are: additive, unique, and recovery impeding. Finally, we highlight unresolved issues pertaining to each one of these pathways and propose directions for future research to address them.
Koren
Danny
D
Rambam Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel. dkoren@psy.haifa.ac.il
Hemel
Deborah
D
Klein
Ehud
E
D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*