title: The influence of injection rate on the hypnotic effect of propofol during anesthesia: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies suggested that slow injection of propofol may increase the hypnotic effect during induction of anesthesia. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate whether injection rate of propofol has an influence on its maximum effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, single-blind trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study has been carried out in the operating rooms of a university hospital. An anesthesiologist and a resident performed the study with the aid of changing nursing staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 99 unpremedicated patients aged 18 to 60 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1-3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of propofol (2 mg/kg). Propofol was manually injected in group 1 over a period of 5 s; in group 2 (120-s injection interval), and in group 3 (240-s injection interval), propofol was administered by an injection pump. After loss of consciousness, mask ventilation was performed with 100% oxygen. Bispectral index (BIS) was used to measure the hypnotic effect of propofol. After the decrease of BIS to the minimum value (i.e., maximum hypnotic effect) and the following increase of BIS to 60, the study period was finished and anesthesia was performed according to clinical criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed whether injection speed has an influence on the maximum hypnotic effect of a given dose of propofol (2 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BIS(min) marks the maximum electroencephalogram (EEG) effect of the propofol bolus as measured by the BIS. The lowest mean BIS(min) was measured in group 1 (28.7 +/- 10.3). In group 2, BIS(min) was 33.0 (+/-13.9), and in group 3, BIS(min) was 36.4 (+/-11.0). There were no significant differences between group 2 and groups 1 or 3, but there were significant differences between groups 1 and 3. In group 1, BIS(min) was reached after 102.91 s (+/-44.20), in group 2 after 172.33 s (+/-29.76), and in group 3 after 274.21 s (+/-45.40). These differences were statistically significant for all comparisons. In summary, the lowest value for BIS(min) was achieved in the group with the fastest rate of propofol injection (group1, 5 s). The highest BIS(min) was obtained in the group with the slowest rate of injection (group 3, 240 s). The hemodynamic parameters were not significantly different among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypnotic peak effect of propofol is lower with extremely slow injection (240 s versus 5 s). For clinically usual injection rates (5 s and 120 s), there was no significant difference in propofol peak effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kochs
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schneider