title: Unwritten rules of talking to doctors about depression: integrating qualitative and quantitative methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wanted to understand concordance and discordance between physicians and patients about depression status by assessing older patient's views of interactions with their physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an integrated mixed methods design that is both hypothesis testing and hypothesis generating. Patients aged 65 years and older, who identified themselves as being depressed, were recruited from the offices of primary care physicians and interviewed in their homes using a semistructured interview format. We compared patients whose physicians rated them as depressed with those whose physicians who did not according to personal characteristics (hypothesis testing). Themes regarding patient perceptions of their encounters with physicians were then used to generate further hypotheses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients whose physician rated them as depressed were younger than those whose physician did not. Standard measures, such as depressive symptoms and functional status, did not differentiate between patients. Four themes emerged in interviews with patients regarding how they interacted with their physicians; namely, "My doctor just picked it up," "I'm a good patient," "They just check out your heart and things," and "They'll just send you to a psychiatrist." All patients who thought the physician would "just pick up" depression and those who thought bringing up emotional content would result in a referral to a psychiatrist were rated as depressed by the physician. Few of the patients who discussed being a "good patient" were rated as depressed by the physician.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians may signal to patients, wittingly or unwittingly, how emotional problems will be addressed, influencing how patients perceive their interactions with physicians regarding emotional problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. wittinkm@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Marsha N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Wittink
authors.forename: Frances K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Barg
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003142:Communication; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care