title: Two novel GnRHR gene mutations in two siblings with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene are the cause of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We describe the molecular investigations of the GnRHR gene in two siblings affected by HH and their clinical course.
  
  
  METHODS
  The female was referred at age 14 for pubertal delay with no secondary sexual signs, whereas the male had been followed since prepuberty. Hormonal evaluation showed very low levels of gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone test (LHRH test) and sexual steroids in both patients, suggesting a possible defect in the mechanism of action of the GnRH gene on its receptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GnRHR gene of the two siblings and their parents were analyzed by PCR followed by direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two new single nucleotide substitutions resulting in the T104I and the Y108C substitutions in the first extracellular loop (ECL1) were identified in both siblings. The molecular analysis confirmed the carrier status of the parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified two new missense mutations in the GnRHR gene in two siblings with HH. The nature of the substitutions lying in the ECL1 involved in the ligand-receptor interaction, as well as the high conservation of the two residues in all mammalian GnRHR, are suggestive of some implications in the phenotype observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Centro Inter Ateneo di Ricerca di Genomica in Endocrinologia Pediatrica (CIGEP), University of Bologna, 40138, and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antelli
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baldazzi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balsamo
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pirazzoli
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Monia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gennari
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cicognani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000235:genetics*; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D011247:Pregnancy; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D006062:Gonadotropins; D008024:Ligands; D011966:Receptors, LHRH