title: Deformation and fracture of RaCe and K3 endodontic instruments according to the number of uses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy, the deformation and fracture of NiTi RaCe and K3 size 25, 0.04 taper instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten sets of instruments from RaCe and K3 NiTi rotary systems were used to prepare 100 simulated canals in epoxy resin blocks with 20 or 40 degree curvatures beginning 8 or 12 mm from the orifice. Each instrument set was used to prepare five simulated canals using a crowndown technique. The size 25, 0.04 taper instruments were analysed by SEM when new and again after each use. Three observers scored images of the instruments after each use for distortion of the spirals (no distortion, distortion of one spiral or distortion of more than one spiral), wear (no wear, small, moderate or severe wear) and fracture (yes or no). Two-way anova was used to analyse differences between instruments for distortion and wear; Fisher's exact test looked for differences related to fracture of instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No fractures occurred with K3 instruments, whereas six RaCe instruments fractured (P = 0.005). A statistically significant difference occurred between RaCe and K3 instruments in terms of distortion of spirals and surface wear (P < 0.001). Distortion of spirals and wear increased with progressive use of RaCe instruments, whereas K3 instruments remained relatively undamaged after their fifth use. The simulated canals with smaller radii of curvature were positively associated with fracture of RaCe instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant difference was found between RaCe and K3 in terms of deformation and fracture of size 25, 0.04 taper instruments; K3 instruments had more favourable results.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil. carolinaendo@gmail.com
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Troian
authors.forename: M V R
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Só
authors.forename: J A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: E P M
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012399:Rotation; D013242:Sterilization; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium