title: Impact of smoking on patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pancreatitis is usually caused by heavy alcohol intake and, in many studies, also smoking. Because heavy drinkers usually smoke, making it difficult to separate the effects of these 2 factors, we thought to study the impact of smoking on the progression of nonalcoholic idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP) METHODS: We used data from 83 patients with ICP in Switzerland and from 83 patients in Italy. We studied the impact of smoking on progression of disease as measured by the appearance of calcification and diabetes using Cox regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both centers, the prevalence of smoking was significantly higher in patients with ICP than in the background population. In Italian patients, smoking increased the risk of pancreatic calcifications (hazard ratio = 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-4.10). Smoking also shortened the time to appearance of calcification. Heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes per day) was associated with the appearance of diabetes (hazard ratio = 3.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-13.6). For those patients who never reported consuming alcohol, smoking remains a significant risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In nonalcoholic ICP, smoking is associated with disease progression as measured by the appearance of pancreatic calcification and, to a lower extent, of diabetes. These findings were chiefly observed in patients who were older than 35 years at the time of onset of disease.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. Patrick.maisonneuve@ieo.it
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maisonneuve
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frulloni
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müllhaupt
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faitini
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavallini
authors.forename: Albert B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lowenfels
authors.forename: Rudolf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ammann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology