title: Ethical concerns in nurse migration.
abstract: International nurse migration is natural and to be expected. Recently, however, those who have fostered nurse migration believe that it will solve nursing shortages in developed countries and offer nurse migrants better working conditions and an improved quality of life. Whether natural or manipulated, migration flow patterns largely occur from developing to developed countries. In this article, nurse migration is examined using primary health care (PHC) as an ethical framework. The unmanaged flow of nurse migrants from developing to developed countries is inconsistent with "health for all" principles. Removing key health personnel from countries experiencing resource shortages is contrary to PHC equity. Often, nurse migrants are placed in vulnerable, inequitable work roles, and employing nurse migrants fails to address basic causes of nurse shortages in developed countries, such as dissatisfaction with work conditions and decreased funding for academic settings. Nurse migration policies and procedures can be developed to satisfy PHC ethics criteria if they (1) leave developing countries enhanced rather than depleted, (2) contribute to country health outcomes consistent with essential care for all people, (3) are based on community participation, (4) address common nursing labor issues, and (5) involve equitable and clear financial arrangements.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. mcelmurr@uic.edu
authors.forename: Beverly J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McElmurry
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: Marcia A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Coffia
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Woith
authors.forename: Poolsuk
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janepanish
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005551:Foreign Professional Personnel / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014943:Global Health; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D009026:Mortality; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010560:Personnel Selection / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration; D011203:Poverty; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000941:ethics; D028662:Principle-Based Ethics; D011640:Public Policy; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce