title: A viologen-based UV indicator and dosimeter.
abstract: A UV indicator/dosimeter based on benzyl viologen (BV2+) encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is described. Upon exposure to UV light, the BV2+/PVA film turns a striking purple colour due to the formation of the cation radical, BV*+. The usual oxygen sensitivity of BV*+ is significantly reduced due to the very low oxygen permeability of the encapsulating polymer, PVA. Exposure of a typical BV2+/PVA film, for a set amount of time, to UVB light with different UV indices produces different levels of BV*+, as measured by the absorbance of the film at 550 nm. A plot of the change in absorbance at this wavelength, DeltaAbs(550), as a function of UV index, UVI, produces a linear calibration curve which allows the film to be used as a UVB indicator, and a similar procedure could be employed to allow it to be used as a solar UVI indicator. A typical BV2+/PVA film generates a significant, semi-permanent (stable for >24 h) saturated purple colour (absorbance approximately 0.8-0.9) upon exposure to sunlight equivalent to a minimal erythemal dose associated with Caucasian skin, i.e. skin type II. The current drawbacks of the film and the possible future use of the BV2+/PVA film as a personal solar UV dosimeter for all skin types are briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK. a.mills@strath.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider