title: Effect of luteal-phase support on endometrial L-selectin ligand expression after recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and ganirelix acetate for in vitro fertilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of different types of luteal phase support on endometrial receptivity after ovarian stimulation has not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to evaluate the impact of different luteal-phase support protocols on sex steroid levels and on endometrial expression of L-selectin ligand after ovarian hyperstimulation with a GnRH antagonist protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen oocyte donors who underwent ovarian stimulation with a recombinant FSH/ganirelix acetate protocol were randomized into three groups: group I had no luteal-phase support; group II had luteal support with micronized progesterone; and group III had luteal support with progesterone plus 17beta-estradiol. All donors had endometrial biopsies on the day of retrieval, and then 3, 5, and 10 d after retrieval. In addition, they had serum estradiol and progesterone measurements on d 3, 5, and 10.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometrial L-selectin ligand expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining in the luminal and glandular epithelium. A histological score was used for the quantification of the immunostaining. Sex steroid levels were measured during the luteal phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By d 10 after retrieval, there was a significant decrease in mean progesterone levels in group I compared with the other two groups that may reflect the expected demise of the corpus luteum. There was also a significant increase in the presence of L-selectin ligands in the luminal epithelium in group III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During controlled ovarian stimulation with a GnRH antagonist protocol, luteal-phase support with micronized progesterone and 17beta-estradiol seem to increase endometrial L-selectin ligand expression in the luminal endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, JHOC 1211, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Nikos F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Vlahos
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lipari
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bankowski
authors.forename: Tsung-Hsuan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Ie-Ming
authors.initials: IeM
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Konstantine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fragakis
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; C069886:L-selectin counter-receptors; D008024:Ligands; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019041:L-Selectin; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; C061018:ganirelix