Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea.
BACKGROUND
Diarrhoeal diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, especially among young children in developing countries. While many of the infectious agents associated with diarrhoeal disease are potentially waterborne, the evidence for reducing diarrhoea in settings where it is endemic by improving the microbiological quality of drinking water has been equivocal.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effectiveness of interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea.


METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register (December 2005), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 4), MEDLINE (December 2005), EMBASE (December 2005), and LILACS (December 2005). We also handsearched relevant conference proceedings, contacted researchers and organizations working in the field, and checked references from identified studies.


METHODS
Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing interventions aimed at improving the microbiological quality of drinking water with no intervention in children and adults living in settings where diarrhoeal disease is endemic.


METHODS
Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We used meta-analyses to estimate pooled measures of effect, where appropriate, and investigated potential sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses.


RESULTS
Thirty trials (including 38 independent comparisons) covering over 53,000 participants met the inclusion criteria. Differences between the trials limited the comparability of results and pooling by meta-analysis. In general, the evidence suggests that interventions to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water are effective in preventing diarrhoea both for populations of all ages and children less than five years old. Subgroup analyses suggest that household interventions are more effective in preventing diarrhoea than interventions at the water source. Effectiveness was positively associated with compliance. Effectiveness was not conditioned on the presence of improved water supplies or sanitation in the study setting, and was not enhanced by combining the intervention to improve water quality with other common environmental interventions intended to prevent diarrhoea.


CONCLUSIONS
Interventions to improve water quality are generally effective in preventing diarrhoea, and interventions to improve water quality at the household level are more effective than those at the source. Significant heterogeneity among the trials suggests that the actual level of effectiveness may depend on a variety of conditions that research to date cannot fully explain. Rigorous, blinded, multi-arm randomized controlled trials conducted over a longer duration in a variety if settings may help clarify the potential effectiveness.
Clasen
T
T
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Keppel Street, London, UK WC1E 7HT. thomas.clasen@lshtm.ac.uk
Roberts
I
I
Rabie
T
T
Schmidt
W
W
Cairncross
S
S
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*