title: Tetrameres (Tetrameres) grusi (Shumakovich, 1946) (Nematoda: Tetrameridae) in Eurasian cranes (Grus grus) in central Iran.
abstract: The proventriculi of 11 Eurasian cranes (Grus grus) from central Iran were examined for the existence of parasitic helminths. Preliminary reports suggested that the death of these birds was related to untimely cold weather. Nine proventriculi (82%) were heavily infected by the nematode Tetrameres grusi. Glandular structure of the infected proventriculi was replaced by epithelial atrophy but significant inflammatory reactions were not observed in any of the infected organs. In serious infections, the nematode produced vast structural and functional changes, causing organ dysfunction and glandular necrosis. The coincidence of heavy helminth infection at times of environmental stress may lead to debilitation, wasting, and perhaps mortality in migratory cranes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155, Tehran 6446, Iran.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mowlavi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Massoud
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mobedi
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gharagozlou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solaymani-Mohammadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D001717:Birds; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005260:Female; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011531:Proventriculus / Q000469:parasitology; D017205:Spirurida Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013151:Spiruroidea / Q000302:isolation & purification*