title: Inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase are more effective than an NO donor in reducing carbon-tetrachloride induced acute liver injury.
abstract: The exact functional role of nitric oxide (NO) in liver injury is currently a source of controversy. NO is enzymatically synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we assessed the role of inducible NOS (iNOS) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury using inhibitors of iNOS, and an NO donor. Adult ICR mice were injected with CCl4 with or without the iNOS inhibitors (5-methylisothiourea hemisulfate [SMT] and l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine [L-NIL]) and an NO donor (Sodium Nitroprusside [SNP]). Blood and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum total 8-isoprostane analysis, RT-PCR, Western Blotting (WB) and EMSA were done. Our results showed increased levels of ALT, necrosis, total 8-isoprostane and nitrotyrosine after CCl4 administration. iNOS inhibitors and SNP abrogated these effects but the effect was more pronounced with SMT and L-NIL. RT-PCR, WB and IHC in CCl4-treated mice demonstrated upregulation of TNF-alpha, iNOS, and COX-2. The administration of iNOS inhibitors with CCl4 diminished the expression of these proinflammatory mediators. NF-kappaB was also upregulated in CCl4-treated mice and was reversed in mice pretreated with iNOS inhibitors. SNP pretreated mice also showed a lower expression of COX-2 when compared with CCl4 treated mice but TNF-alpha, iNOS and NF-kappaB activity were unaffected. We propose that a high level of nitric oxide is associated with CCl4-induced acute liver injury and the liver injury can be ameliorated by decreasing the NO level with iNOS inhibitors and an NO donor with the former more effective in reducing CCl4-induced liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR. tgeorge@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Tipoe
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liong
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: T Y H
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nanji
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009599:Nitroprusside; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D015237:Dinoprost; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000410:Alanine Transaminase