title: Rapid differentiation of experimental populations of wheat for heading time in response to local climatic conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dynamic management (DM) of genetic resources aims at maintaining genetic variability between different populations evolving under natural selection in contrasting environments. In 1984, this strategy was applied in a pilot experiment on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Spatio-temporal evolution of earliness and its components (partial vernalization sensitivity, daylength sensitivity and earliness per se that determines flowering time independently of environmental stimuli) was investigated in this multisite and long-term experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heading time of six populations from the tenth generation was evaluated under different vernalization and photoperiodic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although temporal evolution during ten generations was not significant, populations of generation 10 were genetically differentiated according to a north-south latitudinal trend for two components out of three: partial vernalization sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that local climatic conditions greatly influenced the evolution of population earliness, thus being a major factor of differentiation in the DM system. Accordingly, a substantial proportion (approximately 25 %) of genetic variance was distributed among populations, suggesting that diversity was on average conserved during evolution but was differently distributed by natural selection (and possibly drift). Earliness is a complex trait and each genetic factor is controlled by multiple homeoalleles; the next step will be to look for spatial divergence in allele frequencies.
authors.affiliation: UMR de Génétique Végétale, CNRS-INRA-UPS-INAPG, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France. goldringer@moulon.inra.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldringer
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prouin
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rousset
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galic
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonnin
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development*; D005602:France; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*