title: Advantage of premeal-injected insulin glulisine compared with regular human insulin in subjects with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin glulisine, a rapid-acting insulin analog, provides prandial insulin replacement. In this study, we compared postprandial blood glucose control after pre- and postmeal insulin glulisine with regular human insulin (RHI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-dose, randomized, four-way complete cross-over study, subjects received standardized, 15-min meals, covered by subcutaneous injections of either insulin glulisine (immediately premeal or 15 min postmeal; 0.15 unit/kg per injection) or RHI (30 min or immediately premeal; 0.15 unit/kg per injection). Twenty-one patients with type 1 diabetes (mean age 36.4 years; mean BMI 26.0 kg/m(2)) were enrolled; 20 patients completed the study. Postprandial baseline-subtracted blood glucose exposure, maximum excursion, maximum and minimum blood glucose concentrations, and time to the maximum excursion and minimum concentration were assessed, along with serum insulin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower maximum blood glucose excursion (65 vs. 89 mg/dl), total blood glucose exposure within 2 h (279 vs. 334 mg . h/dl, maximum blood glucose concentration (180 vs. 209 mg/dl), and less time to maximum blood glucose excursion (48 vs. 70 min) were seen with immediately premeal insulin glulisine versus immediately premeal RHI. The maximum serum concentration of insulin glulisine was almost double that of RHI (82 vs. 45 microU/ml), achieved in approximately half the time (55 vs. 97 min). Conversely, insulin glulisine (15 min postmeal) versus RHI (immediately premeal) and RHI (30 min premeal) versus insulin glulisine (immediately premeal) resulted in comparable blood glucose control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin glulisine renders postprandial glucose disposal closer to physiologic requirements compared with RHI and enables appropriate timing of prandial insulin administration.
authors.affiliation: Profil Institute for Metabolic Research, Neuss, Germany. klaus.rave@profil-research.de
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rave
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Annke D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.forename: Reinhard H A
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin