title: Relationship between viral factors, axillary lymph node status and survival in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous study based on the results of polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization for the detection of Human papilloma virus (HPV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, and Human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 DNA in non-familial breast cancer patients suggest that the viruses associated with breast cancer are HHV-8 > EBV (P < 0.01). Therefore, efforts were made to further investigate the association between breast cancer with nodal status and viral infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two breast cancer patients and their mammary specimens were enrolled in this retrospective study. The presence of these six potential oncogenic viruses was analyzed to establish the relationship between nodal status and treatment outcome. Statistical analyses were used for the assessment of variables, including viral positivity and clinical feature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viral positivity was not significantly different comparing node-positive and node-negative patients (P > 0.05). When the viral factors were not entered for statistical analyses, no variable was significantly related to overall survival. However, tumor stage, tumor size, nodal status , and estrogen receptor were significantly related to relapse-free survival (P < 0.05). For viral factors, the number of infecting viruses is related to the overall and relapse-free survivals. Only when V0 or V(0, 1) was grouped for comparison with other multiply virus-infected subgroups, were the overall and relapse-free survivals significantly different (P < 0.005 or P < 0.001). The results suggest that HSV-1, HHV-8, EBV, CMV, and HPV were related to overall survival, however, only HHV-8 and CMV were related to relapse-free survival (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virus factor is significantly related to human breast cancer, not only in terms of the oncogenetic process, but also in overall and relapse-free survivals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ju-Hsin
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Chun-Sen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chung-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Jang-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yin-Tso
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Min-Hsiung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: James Cheng-Chung
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Fong-Lin
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chi-Chiang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral