title: Biomarkers of passive smoking among Greek preschool children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Greece has the highest adult smoking prevalence in the European Union, affecting not only those who smoke but also threatening the health of those who are involuntarily exposed to passive smoke, especially young Greek children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to quantify passive smoking biomarkers (serum nicotine and cotinine levels) among preschool children in Crete in relation to parental smoking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children enrolled in kindergarten in western Crete (1,757 preschool children and 2,809 parents) were interviewed during the 2004-2005 Cretan health promotion programme out of which a sample of 81 children was randomly selected according to parental smoking status and blood samples for cotinine and nicotine assay were taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric means of serum nicotine values in children with both parents current smokers and in those with both parents non-smokers were 0.71 ng/ml (95%CI 0.62, 0.80) and 0.59 ng/ml (95%CI 0.49, 0.69), respectively, (p=0.073). Cotinine geometric mean values were found at 1.69 ng/ml (95%CI 0.93, 3.06) and 0.15 ng/ml (95%CI 0.09, 0.28), respectively, (p<0.001). Girls with smoker parents had also greater cotinine geometric mean values than boys (3.35 versus 0.85 ng/ml, respectively, p=0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings prove that Greek preschool children, especially young girls, are exposed to substantial levels of passive smoke which therefore stresses the need for immediate action so as to prevent the predisposition and early addiction of Greek preschool children to tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. vardavas@edu.med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Constantine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Vardavas
authors.forename: Manolis N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.forename: Aristeidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulos
authors.forename: Evaggelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balomenaki
authors.forename: Manolis K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Linardakis
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kafatos
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000097:blood*; D010290:Parents; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine