title: Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening programmes for major cancers, such as breast and cervical cancer have effectively decreased the mortality rate and helped to reduce the incidence of these cancers. Although oral cancer is a global health problem with increasing incidence and mortality rates, no national population-based screening programmes for oral cancer have been implemented. To date there is debate on whether to employ screening methods for oral cancer in the daily routine work of health providers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of current screening methods in decreasing oral cancer mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; 1966 to July 2005, The Cochrane Library - Issue 3, 2005), bibliographies, handsearching of specific journals and contact authors were used to identify published and unpublished data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of screening for oral cancer or precursor oral lesions using visual examination, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search found 112 citations and these have been reviewed. One randomised controlled trial of screening strategies for oral cancer was identified as meeting the review's inclusion criteria. Validity assessment, data extraction and statistics evaluation were undertaken by two independent review authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One 10-year randomised controlled trial has been included (n = 13 clusters: 191,873 participants). There was no difference in the age-standardised oral cancer mortality rates for the screened group (16.4/100,000 person-years) and the control group (20.7/100,000 person-years). Interestingly, a significant 34% reduction in mortality was recorded in high-risk subjects between the intervention cohort (29.9/100,000 person-years) and the control arm (45.4/100,000). However, this study has some methodological weaknesses. Additionally, the study did not provide any information related to costs, quality of life or even harms of screening from false-positive or false-negative findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the limitation of evidence (only one included randomised controlled trial) and the potential methodological weakness of the included study, it is valid to say that there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of a visual examination as a method of screening for oral cancer using a visual examination in the general population. Furthermore, no robust evidence exists to suggest that other methods of screening, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy, are either beneficial or harmful. Future high quality studies to assess the efficacy, effectiveness and costs of screening are required for the best use of public health resources. In addition, studies to elucidate the natural history of oral cancer, prevention methods and the effectiveness of opportunistic screening in high risk groups are needed. Future studies on improved treatment modalities for oral cancer and precancer are also required.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK M15 6FH. omar.kujan@gmail.com
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kujan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Glenny
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thakker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sloan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic