title: Dependence of calculus retropulsion on pulse duration during Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of optical pulse duration on stone retropulsion during Ho:YAG (lambda = 2.12 microm) laser lithotripsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical Ho:YAG laser with pulse durations was employed to fragment calculus phantoms and to evaluate stone phantom retropulsion. At a given pulse energy, optical pulse durations were divided into two discrete conditions: short pulse (tau(p): 120 to approximately 190 microseconds at FWHM) and long pulse (tau(p): 210 to approximately 350 microseconds at FWHM). Plaster of Paris calculus phantoms were ablated at different energy levels using optical fibers of varying diameters (273, 365, and 550 microm in core size). The dynamics of the recoil action of a calculus phantom was monitored using a high-speed camera; the laser-induced craters were evaluated with optical coherent tomography (OCT). Bubble formation and collapse were recorded with a fast flash photography setup, and acoustic transients were measured with a hydrophone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shorter pulse durations produced more stone retropulsion than longer pulses at any given pulse energy. Regardless of pulse duration, higher pulse energy and larger fibers resulted in larger ablation volume and retropulsion (P<0.05). For shorter pulse durations, more rapid bubble expansion was observed and higher amplitudes of the collapse pressure wave were measured (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less retropulsion and equivalent fragmentation occurred when Ho:YAG pulse duration increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. wookiedokie@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Hyun Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joel M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teichman
authors.forename: Junghwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jihoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002137:Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006695:Holmium / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006695:Holmium