title: Feasibility of real time dual-energy imaging based on a flat panel detector for coronary artery calcium quantification.
abstract: The feasibility of a real-time dual-energy imaging technique with dynamic filtration using a flat panel detector for quantifying coronary arterial calcium was evaluated. In this technique, the x-ray beam was switched at 15 Hz between 60 kVp and 120 kVp with the 120 kVp beam having an additional 0.8 mm silver filter. The performance of the dynamic filtration technique was compared with a static filtration technique (4 mm Al+0.2 mm Cu for both beams). The ability to quantify calcium mass was evaluated using calcified arterial vessel phantoms with 20-230 mg of hydroxylapatite. The vessel phantoms were imaged over a Lucite phantom and then an anthropomorphic chest phantom. The total thickness of Lucite phantom ranges from 13.5-26.5 cm to simulate patient thickness of 16-32 cm. The calcium mass was measured using a densitometric technique. The effective dose to patient was estimated from the measured entrance exposure. The effects of patient thickness on contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), effective dose, and the precision of calcium mass quantification (i.e., the frame to frame variability) were studied. The effects of misregistration artifacts were also measured by shifting the vessel phantoms manually between low- and high-energy images. The results show that, with the same detector signal level, the dynamic filtration technique produced 70% higher calcium contrast-to-noise ratio with only 4% increase in patient dose as compared to the static filtration technique. At the same time, x-ray tube loading increased by 30% with dynamic filtration. The minimum detectability of calcium with anatomical background was measured to be 34 mg of hydroxyapatite. The precision in calcium mass measurement, determined from 16 repeated dual-energy images, ranges from 13 mg to 41 mg when the patient thickness increased from 16 to 32 cm. The CNR was found to decrease with the patient thickness linearly at a rate of (-7%/cm). The anatomic background produced measurement root-mean-square (RMS) errors of 13 mg and 18 mg when the vessel phantoms were imaged over a uniform (over the rib) and nonuniform (across the edge of rib) bone background, respectively. Misregistration artifacts due to motions of up to 1.0 mm between the low- and high-energy images introduce RMS error of less than 4.3 mg, which is much smaller than the frame to frame variability and the measurement error due to anatomic background. The effective dose ranged from 1.1 to 6.6 microSv for each dual-energy image, depending on patient thickness. The study shows that real-time dual-energy imaging can potentially be used as a low dose technique for quantifying coronary arterial calcium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ducote
authors.forename: Jerry T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Sabee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molloi
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D003199:Computer Systems; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012272:Ribs / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium