title: Molecular mechanisms of cell death in periventricular leukomalacia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cytokine-related molecular cascade leading to neural cell death in periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors explored potential tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) signaling pathways in human brains with PVL and conducted in situ immunohistochemical investigations to search for possible expression of cytokine receptors in these brains. They also investigated likely links to molecules potentially involved in neurocytotoxicity, particularly pathways involving nitrosative-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNFalpha overexpression was associated with immune reactivity for p75TNFalphaR2 and p55TNFalphaR1 receptors in affected PVL areas. p75TNFalphaR2 labeling was intense on cerebrovascular endothelial cells in PVL areas, whereas no vascular p55TNFalphaR1 immunoreactivity was detected therein. Immune labeling for both receptors was detected on many white matter parenchymal cells. In contrast, there was no immune reactivity for either receptor in tissues taken from non-PVL areas. Additionally, in situ overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was found in PVL brain regions where apoptotic cell death was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both p75TNFalphaR2 and p55TNFalphaR1 receptors and nitric oxide may be implicated in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia.
authors.affiliation: Neuropathology Unit, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. Hazim.Kadhim@chu-brugmann.be
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kadhim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalifa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deltenre
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casimir
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sébire
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000276:immunology*; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide