title: Male contraception: a realistic option?
abstract: This review illustrates the principle of hormonal male contraception and gives an overview of current trials aiming at the development of a marketable hormonal contraceptive for men. The principle of male hormonal contraception is based on strong suppression of gonadotropins in order to arrest spermatogenesis at the spermatogonial stem cell level, thus leading to azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Until now, it has not been possible to interrupt spermatogenesis effectively without simultaneously inhibiting the production of androgens by Leydig cells, resulting in a deficiency of extra-testicular androgens. Therefore, testosterone needs to be replaced. By administering exogenous testosterone alone azoospermia can be reached in East Asians, whereas azoospermia is only achieved in two-thirds of Caucasian volunteers so that in these men an additional agent is required. Currently injectable testosterone combined with gestagens or administered as implants are being tested for possible licensing. Although scrotal and non-scrotal testosterone patches, orally administered testosterone undecanoate and testosterone gels are generally well tolerated and provide stable testosterone levels in the normal range, their use showed generally disappointing efficacy due to insufficient gonadotropin suppression. Further large multi-centre studies are required to establish the contraceptive efficacy of the most promising steroid combinations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wenk
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieschlag
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013092:Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D011372:Progestins; D013092:Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone