title: Improved efficiency of budesonide nebulization using surface-active agents.
abstract: Our aim was to improve the efficiency of nebulised budesonide using surface-active agents. Cationic, anionic, and nonionic detergents were added to commercial budesonide suspension, and the particle size distribution during nebulization was measured using both cascade impaction and laser diffraction. Our results showed that the emitted dose was increased after addition of cationic (p < 0.001) and nonionic detergents (p < 0.01) compared with the commercial formulation alone. The respirable fraction was increased for all detergent formulations (p < 0.001) compared with the commercial formulation. We concluded that cationic and nonionic detergent increased the total output of budesonide from the Sidestream. All detergent formulations increased the respirable fraction of nebulized budesonide.
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, West Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Heijstra
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Duiverman
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Lesouëf
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Devadason
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007834:Lasers; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000592:standards*; D010316:Particle Size; D012031:Refractometry / Q000379:methods; D012995:Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D003902:Detergents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D019819:Budesonide