title: Maternal testosterone levels during pregnancy are associated with offspring size at birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Animal studies have indicated that maternal androgen levels influence the intrauterine environment and development of the offspring. Human data are missing. We therefore investigated the possible association between maternal androgens and offspring size at birth in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of parous Caucasian women (n=147) was followed prospectively through pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured at gestational weeks 17 and 33. The main outcome measures were weight and length at birth. Associations between maternal androgen levels and offspring birth weight and length were investigated using multiple linear regression modeling adjusted for potential confounding by maternal height, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking, parity, offspring gender and gestational age at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated maternal testosterone levels at week 17 and 33 were both associated with lower birth weights and lengths. Accordingly, at week 17, an increase in maternal testosterone levels from the 25th to the 75th percentile was associated with a decrease in birth weight by 160 g (95% confidence interval (CI); 29-290 g), while at week 33 that estimate was 115 g (95% CI; 21-207 g). No similar associations were observed for DHEAS, androstenedione or SHBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated maternal testosterone levels during human pregnancy are associated with growth restriction in utero. Our results support animal studies, which have indicated that maternal androgen levels influence intrauterine offspring environment and development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and Department of Medicine, St Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway. sven.carlsen@ntnu.no
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romundstad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate