title: Full automation of solid-phase microextraction/on-fiber derivatization for simultaneous determination of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and steroid hormones by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: A fully automated method using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) and headspace on-fiber silylation for simultaneous determinations of exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and endogenous steroid hormones in environmental aqueous and biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and compared to a previously reported manual method. Three EDCs and five endocrine steroid hormones were selected to evaluate this method. The extraction and derivatization time, ion strength, pH, incubation temperature, sample volume, and extraction solvent were optimized. Satisfactory results in pure water were obtained in terms of linearity of calibration curve (R2=0.9932-1.0000), dynamic range (3 orders of magnitude), precision (4-9% RSD), as well as LOD (0.001-0.124 microg L(-1)) and LOQ (0.004-0.413 microg L(-1)), respectively. These results were similar to those obtained using a manual method, and moreover, the precision was improved. This new automated method has been applied to the determinations of target compounds in real samples used in our previous study on a manual SPME method. Exogenous octylphenol (OP), technical grade nonylphenol (t-NP), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were at 0.13, 5.03, and 0.02 microg L(-1) in river water and 3.76, 13.25, and 0.10 microg L(-1) in fish serum, respectively. Natural steroid hormones estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) were at 0.19, 0.11, and 6.22 microg L(-1) in river water; and in female fish serum E1, E2, and pregnenolone (PREG) were at 1.37, 1.95, and 6.25 microg L(-1), respectively. These results were confirmed by the manual method. The developed fully automated SPME and on-fiber silylation procedures showed satisfactory applications in environmental analysis and the performances show improved precision and a reduced analysis time compared to the manual method.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chongyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Tiangang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000032:analysis; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006728:Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000097:blood; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013256:Steroids / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006728:Hormones; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds; D010636:Phenols; D011458:Prostaglandins E; D013256:Steroids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C474055:octylphenol; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; C025256:nonylphenol