title: DRD2/DARPP-32 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis and tumor progression in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine receptors (DRs) are members of seven transmembrane domain trimeric guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein-coupled receptor family. Through dopamine receptor activation, dopamine plays a significant role in regulating gene expression, such as induced tumor cell migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated DRD1 and DRD2 expressions in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) for immunohistochemistry and analyzed differences between DRD1, DRD2, and DARPP-32 expressions of clinicopathological features in 122 patients with ESCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DRD1 immunostaining correlated with the pathologic grade (P = 0.0127), and DRD2 immunostaining correlated with the pathologic stage (P = 0.0432) and pN classification (P = 0.0112). A significant correlation was found between DRD1 and DRD2 expression (P = 0.0292). However, no correlation was observed between DRD1/DRD2 expression and DARPP-32 expression (P = 0.4555 and 0.4774, respectively). No correlation was observed between the DRD1/DRD2 expression and patient prognosis. To find the cooperative role between DRD1, DRD2, and DARPP-32 expressions, patients were classified into the different groups. In the DRD2/DARPP-32 combination, the (+/-) group was significantly correlated with pathologic stage (P = 0.0006), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0001), pT (P = 0.0287), and tumor size (P = 0.0202). Moreover, patients with this combination showed a lower survival rate compared with the other three groups (P = 0.0287).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that DRD2/DARPP-32 expression is associated with tumor progression and that DRD2/DARPP-32 expressions may help predict prognosis in patients with ESCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Yuma
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ebihara
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mega
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Ryunosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hase
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadoya
authors.forename: Tomoo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shichinohe
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D018450:Disease Progression; D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D051937:Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; C497928:PPP1R1B protein, human; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2