title: Radiography student perceptions of clinical stressors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Technological change and the increasingly rapid pace of life in the United States and globally have contributed to increased levels of stress and burnout experienced by workers and their families. Although studies are available on the levels of workplace stress and burnout affecting radiographers, little to no research has been conducted to assess the stressors encountered by radiography students in the clinical environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to pinpoint the primary sources of stress for radiography students and to determine the most effective measures to alleviate the stress that students experience in the clinical environment. It also sought to identify the clinical activities and practices that enhance learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of radiography students attending an Association of Collegiate Educators in Radiologic Technology meeting was surveyed. Students were asked to rank their greatest stressors in the clinical environment, the most desired qualities in a clinical instructor and clinical environment, and the clinical practices and activities that best enhance their learning. Descriptive statistics were used to report the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected for 82 first-year and second-year students. Students identified 7 primary clinical stressors: fear of making a mistake/repeat, feeling unprepared/inexperienced, intimidation by staff and by instructors, difficult/critical patients, hurtful criticism, too much supervision and negative responses to questions/requests for help. Students indicated that more frequent feedback, availability of the clinical instructor and other staff, assurance that mistakes happen and the opportunity to make mistakes were clinical practices that eased stress. The majority of students cited hands-on learning and repetition as the clinical activities that most reinforced their learning. Summary Radiography students in this survey experience some of the same clinical stressors as radiographers and other allied health workers, although the source of stress may be different. Factors that promote an optimum clinical learning environment for students include instructor availability, opportunities to practice skills and make mistakes, frequent performance feedback and assurance that mistakes happen.
authors.affiliation: Laramie County Community College, Cheyenne, WY, USA.
authors.forename: Starla L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011872:Radiology Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013336:Students, Health Occupations / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States