title: Hybrid zinc oxide conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells.
abstract: Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices based on blends of a conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) as electron donor and crystalline ZnO nanoparticles (nc-ZnO) as electron acceptor have been studied. Composite nc-ZnO:MDMO-PPV films were cast from a common solvent mixture. Time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy revealed that a photoinduced electron transfer from MDMO-PPV to nc-ZnO occurs in these blends on a sub-picosecond time scale and produces a long-lived (milliseconds) charge-separated state. The photovoltaic effect in devices, made by sandwiching the active nc-ZnO:MDMO-PPV layer between charge-selective electrodes, has been studied as a function of the ZnO concentration and the thickness of the layer. We also investigated changing the degree and type of mixing of the two components through the use of a surfactant for ZnO and by altering the size and shape of the nc-ZnO particles. Optimized devices have an estimated AM1.5 performance of 1.6% with incident photon to current conversion efficiencies up to 50%. Photoluminescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to gain insight in the morphology of these blends.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Waldo J E
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Beek
authors.forename: Martijn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wienk
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kemerink
authors.forename: Xiaoniu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: René A J
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Janssen