title: Incidence of hypertension by alcohol consumption: is it modified by race?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of race, binge drinking and alcohol addiction on the association between consumption of alcoholic beverages and incidence of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based cohort study, 1089 adults were interviewed and had blood pressure and anthropometric measurements carried out at home. Their alcohol consumption was ascertained by an amount-frequency questionnaire. Binge drinking was defined as consumption of five or more drinks on one occasion for men or four drinks for women, and abuse of alcohol as consumption of 30 g/day or more in men or 15 g/day or more in women. Incident cases of hypertension were characterized by blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg or use of hypertension medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 589 normotensive individuals in the baseline visit, 127 incident cases of hypertension were identified, after a follow-up of 5.6 +/- 1.1 years. Binge drinking and alcohol dependency were not associated with the incidence of hypertension. Adjusted (age, education) risk ratios for the incidence of hypertension (95% confidence interval) were significant only for non-white abusers of ethanol: 11.8 (1.6-86.9). Systolic blood pressure of black abusers increased by 16.1 +/- 3.5 mmHg, in comparison with 4.9 +/- 1.5 mmHg among white abusers (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with an African ancestry, who consumed larger amounts of ethanol, are at higher risk of developing hypertension. This risk is not explained by a binge drinking pattern or addiction to alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Avelino
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Steffens
authors.forename: Leila Beltrami
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Sandra Costa
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiehe
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gus
authors.forename: Flávio Danni
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000886:Anthropometry; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol