title: Tibialis anterior tendon and extensor retinaculum: imaging in cadavers and patients with tendon tear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Under the hypothesis that the anatomic relationship of the tibialis anterior tendon and extensor retinaculum of the foot and ankle is relevant to the clinical aspects of a tear in that tendon, we assessed the anatomic details of these structures using MRI in cadavers and evaluated MRI in patients with a tibialis anterior tendon tear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cadaveric feet underwent detailed MRI using standard and oblique coronal planes with respect to the course of the tibialis anterior tendon and extensor retinaculum. Cadaveric sections subsequently provided an anatomic correlation. MR images of seven patients with tibialis anterior tendon tear were analyzed by consensus of two musculoskeletal radiologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imaging-anatomic correlations allowed identification of the tibialis anterior tendon and extensor retinaculum. The tendon passed through three tunnels formed by the superior extensor retinaculum, oblique superomedial, and oblique inferomedial limbs of the inferior extensor retinaculum. Of seven patients with the tendon tear, three patients had complete tears and four patients had partial tears. In all partial tears, the level of the tear was at the ankle joint, corresponding to the approximate level of the oblique superomedial limb. In all complete tears, the proximal ends of torn tendons were retracted to a level below the oblique superomedial limb. In all tears, the oblique superomedial limb surrounding the torn tendon was seen with thickening in four patients and enhancement after IV gadolinium injection in two patients. Other findings included a bulbous appearance or swelling of the torn tendon in two complete and two partial tears and fluid collections within the tendon sheath and in an area confined by the extensor retinaculum in four patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship of the tibialis anterior tendon and extensor retinaculum is well depicted on MRI, even in patients with a tibialis anterior tendon tear, and is clinically relevant to the tear of this tendon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Min Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jae Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Aurea V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Mohana-Borges
authors.forename: Micheal L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pretterklieber
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Trudell
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013708:Tendon Injuries; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*