title: [Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the response and tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) combined with. transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourty-six HCC patients confirmed by cytology or histology were studied. All patients underwent TACE 1 to 3 courses. Then they received 3DCRT after an interval of about one month. 3DCRT was given with the field covering the tumor with a generous margin. 6 MV X-ray was used. The total dose was 30 - 54 Gy, in daily 2 Gy fractions. Immediate response was recorded according to the WHO criteria carried out by serial CT scan one month after 3DCRT. Irradiation toxicities were scored by the RTOG criteria. Acute liver toxicity was graded according to the common toxicity criteria (CTC) of National Cancer Institute. Late toxicity was focused on radiation-induced liver disease (RILD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial response was observed in 8 (17.4%) patients. Stable disease and progressive disease was observed in 35 (76.1%) patients and 3 (6.5%) patients, respectively. No complete response was observed at the time of the response evaluation. The overall survival rate at 1-, 2- and 3-year was 60.9%, 39.1% and 28.3%, respectively, with a median survival period of 16 months. The 1-, 2- and 3-year local progression-free rate was 73.9%, 56.5% and 39.1%, respectively. The 1-, 2- and 3-year distant metastasis rate was 15.2%, 21.7% and 34.8%. Univariate analysis showed that favorable prognostic predictors for survival were: T3 stage, CACA 2001 stage I, absence of portal thrombosis, Child-Pugh grade A and irradiation dose of >45 Gy. Irradiation dose and liver cirrhosis were identified by Cox-regression analysis as independent predictors for survival. Two patients experienced CTC grade 1 acute hepatic toxicity and three patients experienced grade 3 acute hepatic toxicity. Two patients developed RILD. Three patients experienced RTOG grade 1 acute gastrointestinal complication and one patient experienced acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Five patients experienced RTOG grade 1 leucopenia, and five patients experienced grade 2 leucopenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3DCRT combined with TACE is safe and effective for HCC. It is worthy of a further dose escalation study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lu-ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-wu
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Zhi-qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jun-hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiao-jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guo-liang
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001201:Ascites / Q000209:etiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015251:Epirubicin; D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil