title: Immunolocalization of vascular endothelial growth factor on intramuscular ectopic osteoinduction by bone morphogenetic protein-2.
abstract: When recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is implanted in soft tissues, bony tissue is induced during the course of endochondral ossification. The relationship between endochondral ossification and vascularization is important in bone formation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered to play an important role in this process. In this study, the immunohistological localization of VEGF was investigated in rhBMP-2-induced ectopic endochondral ossification in the calf muscle of rats. In addition, the characteristics of anti-VEGF antibody-reactive cells were histologically investigated using electron microscopy to examine the cause of endochondral ossification induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. The role of VEGF in rhBMP-2-induced osteoinduction and vascular induction was studied by observing the relationship between the localizations of anti-VEGF antibody-reactive cells and vascularization. During the process of rhBMP-2-induced ectopic endochondral ossification, fibroblast-like cells, which were located at the margin of the implant and reactive to BMP-2 at 5 days, were positive for VEGF immunostaining. Hypertrophic chondrocytes appeared 9 days and osteoblasts appeared 14 to 21 days after implantation, and all these cells were reactive with anti-VEGF antibody. Bony trabeculae subsequently appeared in the muscle, and new blood vessels were formed alongside the trabeculae. When VEGF was added to rhBMP, more new blood vessels and bone were formed in the induced bone. These findings suggested that rhBMP-2 induced the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and these differentiated cells expressed VEGF, creating an advantageous environment for vascularization in bony tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan. kakudon@takii.kmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kakudo
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.forename: Yi Biao
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002356:Cartilage / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2