title: The effect of continuous morphine administration on maternal plasma oxytocin concentration and uterine contractions after open fetal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major complication of open fetal surgery is prematurity. We propose that fetal and maternal stress/pain after surgery may affect the concentration of circulating oxytocin and the frequency of uterine contractions, thus increasing the risk of preterm delivery. The objective of this study was to test whether continuous morphine sulfate administration after open fetal surgery has an effect on maternal plasma oxytocin concentration and the frequency of uterine contractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An established time-pregnant primate model for open fetal surgery was used. From the time of surgery until the end of the three-day study period, three animals received prophylactic antibiotics, a bolus of indomethacin, and a bolus of morphine sulfate (group I). Three other animals received the same prophylactic antibiotics and an i.v. bolus of indomethacin, as well as a continuous i.v. infusion of morphine sulfate throughout the entire study period (group II). Maternal blood samples were collected to determine oxytocin plasma concentrations. Oxytocin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Uterine activity was continuously recorded through an amniotic fluid catheter and quantified as number of contractions (10 mmHg increase from base line in intrauterine pressure) per hour (UCs/h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean maternal plasma oxytocin concentration was higher (p < 0.01) and the number of uterine contractions more frequent (p < 0.05) in the group of animals with intermittent doses of morphine than in the group that received morphine continuously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that maternal plasma oxytocin concentration and uterine activity after open fetal surgery may be related to inadequate maternal/fetal analgesia/sedation.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health/DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. jsantol@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santolaya-Forgas
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Ramkrishna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehendale
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000601:surgery*; D020883:Hysterotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000517:prevention & control; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D010215:Papio; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010121:Oxytocin; D009020:Morphine