title: Alcohol-related problems in adolescents and adults with intellectual disabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol is widely available and one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances. This review examined the recent literature for empirical research addressing the cause, prevalence and treatment of alcohol-related problems in adolescents and adults with intellectual disabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate controlled research has not been conducted, and most of the studies were epidemiological and inconclusive. Despite the high variation in the reported prevalence in alcohol use and misuse rates, most published studies document that adolescents and adults with intellectual disabilities consume alcohol at substantially lower rates than the general population. Few treatment interventions have been reported, but limitations in the study design outline the emphasis for future research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol misuse affects the physical and mental health of people with intellectual disabilities, leading to behavioural and social difficulties. Assessment and treatment of alcohol-related problems pose ethical considerations. Uncertainty surrounds the ability of alcohol services, and services for individuals with intellectual disabilities respectfully, to meet the needs of this population. Modification of existing treatment approaches, further staff training and development of liaison approach between alcohol services and services for people with intellectual disabilities need further evaluation of their effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Bloomfield Centre, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paschos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration; D015995:Prevalence; D012919:Social Behavior