title: Could NF-kappaB and caspase-3 be markers for estimation of post-interval of human traumatic brain injury?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies in a rat model showed expressions of caspase-3 (p20) and NF-kappaB (p65) in different time after TBI. We test the activation changes of caspase-3 and NF-kappaB of human specimen after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in this study to see whether they could be markers to estimate post-intervals of TBI for forensic practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caspase-3 (p20) and NF-kappaB (p65) immunohistochemical staining were performed on 39 TBI specimens (dead from TBI) and eight controls (dead from none TBI reasons) grouped 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 168, 264 and 480 h. Positive cells were counted and image analysis techniques were used to determine the morphological changes in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis showed a marked induction of caspase-3 (p20) in every injured group compared with normal controls; each positive group has it's morphological character with variant positive cell count. NF-kappaB (p65) did not showed markedly change compared with normal controls until 168 h after TBI and almost all nerve cells were stained by NF-kappaB (p65) in 264 and 480 h groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NF-kappaB (p65) could contribute to estimate delayed death cases after TBI for forensic applications. Caspase-3 (p20) estimating post-TBI intervals are dubious but could suggest TBI exists.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Brain Laboratory, Medical School of Soochow University, PR China.
authors.forename: Luyang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhenghong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Shizhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053148:Caspase 3