title: Who is tested for diabetic kidney disease and who initiates treatment? The Translating Research Into Action For Diabetes (TRIAD) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined factors associated with screening for albuminuria and initiation of ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted surveys and medical record reviews for 5,378 patients participating in a study of diabetes care in managed care at baseline (2000-2001) and follow-up (2002-2003). Factors associated with testing for albuminuria were examined in cross-sectional analysis at baseline. Factors associated with initiating ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy were determined prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 52% of patients not receiving ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy and without known diabetic kidney disease (DKD) were screened for albuminuria. Patients > or =65 years of age, those with higher HbA(1c), those with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and those without hyperlipidemia were less likely to be screened. Of the patients with positive screening tests, 47% began ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy. Initiation of therapy was associated with positive screening test results, BMI > or =25 kg/m(2), treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic agents, peripheral neuropathy, systolic blood pressure > or =140 mmHg, and CVD. Of the patients receiving ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy or with known DKD, 63% were tested for albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for albuminuria was inadequate, especially in older patients or those with competing medical concerns. The value of screening could be increased if more patients with positive screening tests initiated ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy. The efficiency of screening could be improved by limiting screening to diabetic patients not receiving ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy and without known DKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Kingsley U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Onyemere
authors.forename: Chien-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Monica M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Safford
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Karter
authors.forename: Assiamira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: O Kenrick
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.forename: Arleen F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K M Venkat
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors