title: Participation of an abnormality in the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway in resistance of malignant glioma cells to growth inhibition induced by that factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malignant glioma cells secrete and activate transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and are resistant to growth inhibition by that factor. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this effect remains poorly understood. In this study, the mechanism of the resistance to growth inhibition induced by TGFbeta was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined the expression of downstream components of the TGFbeta receptor, including Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and Smad7, and the effect of TGFbeta1 treatment on the phosphorylation of Smad2 and the nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad3 by using 10 glioma cell lines and the A549 cell line, which is sensitive to TGFbeta-mediated growth inhibition. The expression of two transcriptional corepressor proteins, SnoN and Ski, and the effect of TGFbeta1 treatment on the expression of the SnoN protein and the cell cycle regulators p21, p15, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4), and cyclin D1 were also examined. Expression of the Smad2 and Smad3 proteins was lower in the glioma cell lines than in the A549 cell line and in normal astrocytes. In particular, Smad3 expression was low or very low in nine of the 10 malignant glioma cell lines. Expression of Smad4 was low in four glioma cell lines, and expression of the Smad7 protein was similar when compared with protein expression in the A549 cell line and in normal astrocytes. The levels of Smad2 phosphorylation after TGFbeta1 treatment were lower in glioma cell lines than in the A549 cell line, except for one glioma cell line. Seven of the 10 glioma cell lines exhibited lower levels of nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad3, and two cell lines that expressed very low levels of Smad3 protein showed no nuclear translocation. All glioma cell lines expressed the SnoN protein and its expression was unaltered by treatment with TGFbeta1. Three glioma cell lines expressed high levels of the Ski protein. The expression of the p21(cip1), p15(INK4B), CDK4, and cyclin D1 proteins was not altered by TGFbeta1, treatment, except in one cell line that displayed a slight increase in p21 protein. Overall, the expression of the Smad2 and Smad3 proteins was low in the glioma cell lines, the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad3 were impaired, and the TGFbeta receptor signal did not affect the expression of the SnoN, p21, p15, cyclin D1, and CDK4 proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the ability to resist TGFbeta-mediated growth inhibition in malignant glioma cells is due to abnormalities in the TGFbeta signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amagasaki
authors.forename: Atsuhito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naganuma
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C060615:SKIL protein, human; D051785:Smad Proteins; C060614:SKI protein, human