title: Tissue consistency perception in laparoscopy to define the level of fidelity in virtual reality simulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  What degree of fidelity must a laparoscopic simulator have to achieve a training objective? This difficult question is addressed by studying the sensory interaction of surgeons in terms of a surgical skill: tissue consistency perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  A method for characterizing surgeon sensory interaction has been defined and applied in an effort to determine the relative importance of three components of perceptual surgical skill: visual cues, haptic information, and previous surgical knowledge and experience. Expert, intermediate, and novel surgeons were enrolled in the study. Users were asked to rank tissue consistency in four different conditions: a description of the tissue alone (Q), visual information alone (VI), tactile information alone (TI), and both visual and tactile information (VTI). Agreement between these stages was assessed by a coefficient of determination (R2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue is a determinant factor (p < 0.001) in the perception of tissue consistency, whereas the expertise of the surgeon is not (p = 0.289). Tissue consistency perception is based mainly on tactile information (TI-VTI agreement is high, R2 = 0.873), although little sensory substitution is present (VI-VTI agreement is low, R2 = 0.509). Agreement of Q-VI increases with experience (R2 = 0.050, 0.290, and 0.573, corresponding with to novel, intermediate, and expert surgeons), which has been associated with the "visual haptics" concept.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtual reality simulators need haptic devices with force feedback capability if tissue consistency information is to be delivered. On the other hand, the visual haptics concept has been associated with a kind of tactile memory developed by surgical experience.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Bioingeniería y Telemedicina, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, c/Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lamata
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Margallo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamata
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: del Pozo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usón
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010820:Physicians; D012677:Sensation; D014110:Touch; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014785:Vision, Ocular