title: Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence in outpatient settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabis use disorder is the most common illicit substance use disorder in general population. Despite that, only a minority seek assistance from a health professional, but the demand for treatment is now increasing internationally. Trials of treatment have been published but to our knowledge, there is no published systematic review .
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for cannabis abuse or dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Trials (CENTRAL) The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2004; MEDLINE (January 1966 to August 2004), PsycInfo (1985 to October 2004), CINAHL (1982 to October 2004), Toxibase (until September 2004) and reference lists of articles. We also contacted researchers in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomized controlled studies examining a psychotherapeutic intervention for cannabis dependence or abuse in comparison with a delayed-treatment control group or combinations of psychotherapeutic interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six trials involving 1297 people were included. Five studies took place in the United States, one in Australia. Studies were not pooled in meta-analysis because of heterogeneity. The six included studies suggested that counseling approaches might have beneficial effects for the treatment of cannabis dependence. Group and individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) had both efficacy for the treatment of cannabis dependence and associated problems, CBT produced better outcomes than a brief intervention when CBT was delivered in individual sessions. Two studies suggested that adding voucher-based incentives may enhance treatment when used in combination with other effective psychotherapeutic interventions. Abstinence rates were relatively small overall but favored the individual CBT 9-session (or more) condition. All included trials reported a statistically significant reductions in frequency of cannabis use and dependence symptoms. But other measures of problems related to cannabis use were not consistently different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The included studies were too heterogenous and could not allow to draw up a clear conclusion. The studies comparing different therapeutic modalities raise important questions about the duration, intensity and type of treatment. The generalizability of findings is also unknown because the studies have been conducted in a limited number of localities with fairly homogenous samples of treatment seekers. However, the low abstinence rate indicated that cannabis dependence is not easily treated by psychotherapies in outpatient settings.
authors.affiliation: Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux - Centre Carreire du CHCP, Laboratoire de Psychiatrie, 121 rue de la Bechade, Bordeaux Cedex, European Union 33076. cecile.denis@labopsy.u-bordeaux2.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Denis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lavie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatséas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Auriacombe
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic