title: An update and review of antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered in 1982, but treatment strategies were not introduced until 5 years later. Early regimens consisted of one or two drugs and often led to treatment failure. Since the advent in 1995 of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which consists of at least three agents, a dramatic improvement has been seen in the number of patients attaining undetectable viral loads, improved CD4 counts, and improved survival. However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment-limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16-20 pills/day. These treatment barriers often led to patient nonadherence, with subsequent treatment failure and development of resistant strains. The CD4 count and viral load are the most important surrogate markers used to determine if treatment is indicated. Current guidelines suggest starting treatment in patients who are symptomatic with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness regardless of CD4 count or viral load, as well as in asymptomatic patients with a CD4 count of 350 cells/mm(3) or below. In patients with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm(3) and viral loads above 100,000 copies/ml, some clinicians prefer to defer treatment, whereas others will consider starting therapy; treatment is deferred in patients with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm(3) and viral load s below 100,000 copies/ml. If therapy is started, the selection of appropriate agents is based on comorbidities (liver disease, depression, cardiovascular disease), pregnancy status, adherence potential (dosage regimen, pill burden, dosing frequency), food restrictions (dosing with regard to meals), adverse drug effects, and potential drug-drug interactions. Within the last 8 years, newer antiretroviral agents have focused on ways to improve adherence, such as convenient dosing (fewer pills), pharmacokinetic and formulation changes to reduce dosing frequency or pill burden, and coformulated dosage forms that contain two or three drugs in one convenient pill. Other improvements include increased potency of newer agents, agents sensitive to a highly resistant virus, improved adverse-effect profile (e.g., less gastrointestinal effects, improved lipid profiles), as well as protease inhibitor boosting with ritonavir, which takes advantage of the potent cytochrome P450 inhibitory action of ritonavir. This review focuses on the concepts of antiretroviral therapy, barriers to successful antiretroviral treatment, developments to limit treatment barriers, and new drug entities for the treatment of HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10451, USA. frank1966@optonline.net
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Piacenti
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D002219:Carbamates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D000077560:Enfuvirtide; D005663:Furans; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011753:Pyrones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000099227:Abacavir
chemical_list: D000225:Adenine; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D002219:Carbamates; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D000077560:Enfuvirtide; D005663:Furans; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010755:Organophosphates; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011725:Pyridines; D011753:Pyrones; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068698:Tenofovir; C492871:abacavir, lamivudine drug combination; D000099227:Abacavir; C426859:fosamprenavir; C107201:tipranavir