title: Activation of estrogen receptor-alpha reduces aortic smooth muscle differentiation.
abstract: Women are at high risk of dying from unrecognized cardiovascular disease. Many differences in cardiovascular disease between men and women appear to be mediated by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Because estrogen reduces the proliferation of SMC, we hypothesized that activation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) by agonists or by growth factors altered SMC function. To determine the effect of growth factors, estrogen, and ERalpha expression on SMC differentiation, human aortic SMC were cultured in serum-free conditions for 10 days. SMC from men had lower spontaneous expression of ERalpha and higher levels of the differentiation markers calponin and smooth muscle alpha-actin than SMC from women. When SMC containing low expression of ERalpha were transduced with a lentivirus containing ERalpha, activation of the receptor by ligands or growth factors reduced differentiation markers. Conversely, inhibiting ERalpha expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cells expressing high levels of ERalpha enhanced the expression of differentiation markers. ERalpha expression and activation reduced the phosphorylation of Smad2, a signaling molecule important in differentiation of SMC and initiated cell death through cleavage of caspase-3. We conclude that ERalpha activation switched SMC to a dedifferentiated phenotype and may contribute to plaque instability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Christine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Montague
authors.forename: Melissa G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Mikhail A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gavrilin
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Pascal J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt-Clermont
authors.forename: Clay B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D008024:Ligands; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1