title: Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in aged contaminated Ethiopian soils.
abstract: The effectiveness of extracting p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE from aged contaminated soil samples by means of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was evaluated. Two soil samples, which were contaminated more than 10 years ago, were used in the investigation. The static extraction time was optimised and then validated against the total sum of target analytes obtained from multiple sequential extractions. The PLE results were also compared with Soxhlet extraction (SOX). PLE for 3x10 min at 100 degrees C was proven to be more exhaustive than SOX in the determination of p,p'-DDE from both soil samples. In the case of p,p'-DDT, PLE was found to be equally as exhaustive as SOX. Additionally, most of the previous PLE investigations used hazardous organic solvents such as n-hexane, toluene and dichloromethane mixed with acetone, whereas in this investigation the less toxic solvent combination n-heptane/acetone has been employed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussen
authors.forename: Rikard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westbom
authors.forename: Negussie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Megersa
authors.forename: Negussie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Retta
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mathiasson
authors.forename: Erland
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björklund
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D005002:Ethiopia; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT