title: Spondyloarthropathy: an independent risk factor for kidney stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better stratify risk and to verify previous prevalence reports, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the lifetime incidence of nephrolithiasis in patients with spondyloarthropathies (SpA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SpA or rheumatoid factor-positive RA were identified from the rheumatology clinics of two Veterans Affairs hospitals and the University of Minnesota. Among them, 168 were confirmed to meet the American College of Rheumatology criteria and gave informed consent to participation. They were sent a survey regarding their rheumatologic diagnosis, coexistent conditions, medications, and history of kidney stones. Of the total, 143 patients responded and met the criteria for analysis. Rheumatoid arthritis patients were age and sex matched with SpA patients as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Populations were similar in all categories except that RA patients were more likely to have used prednisone (P < 0.001), bisphosphonates (P < 0.001), and calcium supplementation (P = 0.03). Kidney stones were reported by 23 (29.11%) of the 79 SpA patients compared with 8 (12.5%) of the 64 RA patients (chi (2) = 5.75; P = 0.025). Subgroup analysis of self-reporting stone history in 85 patients was found to be reliable on imaging review (sensitivity 82%; specificity 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reporting of kidney stones by patients is a reliable measure. Despite adjusting for medication use and matching two similar arthritic populations, patients with SpA had a higher incidence of kidney stones than those with RA. This finding suggests that SpA is an independent risk factor for nephrolithiasis. Future studies will evaluate urinary risk factors and polymorphisms in the ANKH gene that may predispose to stone formation in this high-risk group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0392, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Jasvinder A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Orzano
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
authors.forename: Hollis E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Krug
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D025242:Spondylarthropathies / Q000150:complications*