title: Prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough pain in opioid-treated patients with chronic noncancer pain.
abstract: Breakthrough pain is well-characterized in cancer patients but not in patients with chronic noncancer pain. We recruited 228 patients with diverse types of chronic noncancer pain from 9 pain programs and administered a telephone questionnaire with a breakthrough pain assessment algorithm originally designed for cancer patients. All patients had controlled baseline pain, and 168 (74%) experienced severe to excruciating breakthrough pain. Among those with breakthrough pain, the most common syndrome was low back pain (52%), and the underlying pathophysiology was variably characterized as somatic (38%), neuropathic (18%), visceral (4%), or mixed (40%). A total of 189 different types of breakthrough pain were reported. The median number of episodes per day was 2 (range, <1 to 12). Median time to maximum intensity was 10 minutes (range, 0 to 180 minutes). Median duration of the breakthrough pain was 60 minutes (range, 1 to 720 minutes). Patients identified a precipitant for 69% of pains, and 92% of these were activity-related. Onset could never be predicted for 45% of pains and only sometimes predicted for 31% of pains. Breakthrough pain is highly prevalent and varied in this population. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether the clinical impact and therapeutic challenges posed by this phenomenon are comparable to the cancer population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article presents results from a survey that demonstrates that breakthrough pain is highly prevalent and varied in opioid-treated patients with chronic noncancer pain. These findings will assist clinicians in assessing and managing this type of pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA. RPortenoy@chpnet.org
authors.forename: Russell K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Portenoy
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauck
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018579:Patient Selection; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid