title: Muscle glucose transport and phosphorylation in type 2 diabetic, obese nondiabetic, and genetically predisposed individuals.
abstract: Our objectives were to quantitate insulin-stimulated inward glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in forearm muscle in lean and obese nondiabetic subjects, in lean and obese type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects, and in normal glucose-tolerant, insulin-resistant offspring of two T2DM parents. Subjects received a euglycemic insulin (40 mU.m(-2).min(-1)) clamp with brachial artery/deep forearm vein catheterization. After 120 min of hyperinsulinemia, a bolus of d-mannitol/3-O-methyl-d-[(14)C]glucose/d-[3-(3)H]glucose (triple-tracer technique) was given into brachial artery and deep vein samples obtained every 12-30 s for 15 min. Insulin-stimulated forearm glucose uptake (FGU) and whole body glucose metabolism (M) were reduced by 40-50% in obese nondiabetic, lean T2DM, and obese T2DM subjects (all P < 0.01); in offspring, the reduction in FGU and M was approximately 30% (P < 0.05). Inward glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation were decreased by approximately 40-50% (P < 0.01) in obese nondiabetic and T2DM groups and closely paralleled the decrease in FGU. The intracellular glucose concentration in the space accessible to glucose was significantly greater in obese nondiabetic, lean T2DM, obese T2DM, and offspring compared with lean controls. We conclude that 1) obese nondiabetic, lean T2DM, and offspring manifest moderate-to-severe muscle insulin resistance (FGU and M) and decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in forearm muscle; these defects in insulin action are not further reduced by the combination of obesity plus T2DM; and 2) the increase in intracelullar glucose concentration under hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions in obese and T2DM groups suggests that the defect in glucose phosphorylation exceeds the defect in glucose transport.
authors.affiliation: Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, Diabetes Division, 703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Merri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pendergrass
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertoldo
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonadonna
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nucci
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mandarino
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cobelli
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Defronzo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001692:Biological Transport; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005941:Glucokinase; D005947:Glucose