title: Preservation of urine samples for metabolic evaluation of stone-forming patients.
abstract: Metabolic evaluation of stone-forming (SF) patients is based on the determination of calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid and other parameters in 24-h urine samples under a random diet. A reliable measurement of urinary oxalate requires the collection of urine in a receptacle containing acid preservative. However, urinary uric acid cannot be determined in the same sample under this condition. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the addition of preservatives (acid or alkali) after urine collection would not modify the results of those lithogenic parameters. Thirty-four healthy subjects (HS) were submitted to two non-consecutive collections of 24-h urine. The first sample was collected in a receptacle containing hydrochloric acid (HCl 6 N) and the second in a dry plastic container, with HCl being added as soon as the urine sample was received at the laboratory. Additionally, 34 HS and 34 SF patients collected a spot urine sample that was divided into four aliquots, one containing HCl, another containing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3 )5 g/l), and two others in which these two preservative agents were added 24 h later. Urinary oxalate, calcium, magnesium, citrate, creatinine and uric acid were determined. Urinary parameters were also evaluated in the presence of calcium oxalate or uric acid crystals. Mean values of all urinary parameters obtained from previously acidified 24-h urine samples did not differ from those where acid was added after urine collection. The same was true for spot urine samples, with the exception of urinary citrate that presented a slight albeit significant change of 5.9% between samples in HS and 3.1% in SF. Uric acid was also not different between pre- and post-alkalinized spot urine samples. The presence of crystals did not alter these results. We concluded that post-delivery acidification or alkalinization of urine samples does not modify the measured levels of urinary oxalate, calcium, magnesium, creatinine and uric acid, and that the change on citrate was not relevant, hence allowing all parameters to be determined in a single urine sample, thus avoiding the inconvenience and cost of multiple 24-h urine sample collections.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua: Botucatu, 740 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Ribeiro Nogueira
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.forename: Alessandra Calábria
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Baxmann
authors.forename: Larissa Gorayb
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: José Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nishiura
authors.forename: Priscila Reina
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Siliano
authors.forename: Samirah Abreu
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Silvia Regina Silva
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Ita Pfeferman
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Heilberg
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D000328:Adult; D000468:Alkalies; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002624:Chemistry, Clinical / Q000379:methods*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003460:Crystallization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D010070:Oxalates / Q000652:urine; D011309:Preservation, Biological / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D000468:Alkalies; D010070:Oxalates; D019343:Citric Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium