Dialysis: prolonging life or prolonging dying? Ethical, legal and professional considerations for end of life decision making.
There are over 7,000 people on dialysis in Australia and this is predicted to increase due to the ageing population and the high incidence of diabetes mellitus. Discontinuation of dialysis is the second most frequent cause of death in dialysis patients in Australia. Risk factors for the discontinuation of dialysis include: co-morbidities (especially diabetes mellitus) and being older. Because the decision to discontinue dialysis is a major life choice, collaborative decision making should be encouraged, and the patient needs assurances of the continuation of care and kindness, a palliative care plan, and the alleviation of suffering. Patients decide to discontinue dialysis because of an unacceptable quality of life, depression and a chronic failure to thrive. Health professionals need to support end of life decision making using an ethical decision framework. A review of current literature was undertaken and revealed a paucity of information in regard to palliation in those with end stage renal disease who had discontinued dialysis. The fear of dying, pain, suffering, and abandonment that a patient and/or their family may perceive as being associated with death may create barriers to decisions to discontinue with dialysis treatments. Therefore health care personnel should provide information with honesty to allow patients to predict their quality of life and death. Support for the patient and family during the dying period should be multi-disciplinary, with clear and timely communication between all members of the team.
White
Y
Y
Department of Nursing, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. White@uow.edu.au
Fitzpatrick
G
G
D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000367:Age Factors; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D018447:Medical Futility / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D024382:Professional Role; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence