title: The effects of cardamonin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory protein production and MAP kinase and NFkappaB signalling pathways in monocytes/macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we examined the effect of the natural product cardamonin, upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory gene expression in order to attempt to pinpoint the mechanism of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardamonin was isolated from the Greek plant A. absinthium L. Its effects were assessed on LPS-induced nitrite release and iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in two macrophage cell lines. Western blotting was used to investigate its effects on phosphorylation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinase, and activation of the NFkappaB pathway, at the level of IkappaBalpha degradation and phosphorylation of NFkappaB. Also its effects on NFkappaB and GAS/GAF-DNA binding were assessed by EMSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardamonin concentration-dependently inhibited both NO release and iNOS expression but had no effect on COX-2 expression. It did not affect phosphorylation of the MAP kinases, degradation of IkappaBalpha or phosphorylation of NFkappaB. However, it inhibited NFkappaB DNA-binding in both LPS-stimulated cells and nuclear extracts of the cells (in vitro). It also inhibited IFNgamma-stimulated iNOS induction and GAS/GAF-DNA binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the inhibitory effect of cardamonin on LPS-induced iNOS induction is not mediated via effects on the initial activation of the NFkappaB or MAP kinase pathways but is due to a direct effect on transcription factor binding to DNA. However, although some selectivity in cardamonin's action is implicated by its inability to affect COX-2 expression, its exact mechanism(s) of action has yet to be identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatziieremia
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plevin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D047188:Chalcones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D047188:Chalcones; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C436747:cardamonin