title: Effects of beta-blocker therapy on ventricular repolarization documented by 24-h electrocardiography in patients with type 1 long-QT syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that in long-QT syndrome (LQT) type 1 (LQT1), beta-blocker therapy may decrease both the diurnal maximal T-wave peak to T-wave end interval (TPE) and the maximal ratio between late and early T-wave peak amplitude (T2/T1 ratio), which are electrocardiographic counterparts of transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and early afterdepolarizations (EA), respectively.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ventricular repolarization duration and increased TDR and EAs are the three electrophysiological components generating the high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in the inherited LQT. In the most prevalent LQT1 form of LQT, treatment with beta-blockers reduces serious arrhythmia events dramatically without a known influence on QT interval duration. In experimental LQT1 models, beta-blockers decrease TDR and prevent EAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 24-h electrocardiographic recordings obtained before and during the treatment with beta-blockers from 24 genotyped LQT1 patients to record maximal TPE intervals and T2/T1 ratios as well as maximal and rate-adapted QT intervals using a computer-assisted program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with beta-blockers decreased the maximal diurnal T2/T1 amplitude ratio from 3.0+/- 1.0 to 2.2 +/- 0.6 (p = 0.002). Beta-blockers also decreased both maximal TPE intervals and abrupt maximal QT intervals at heart rates higher than 85 beats/min, whereas QT intervals measured at steady-state conditions remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention of abrupt increases of electrocardiographic TDR, EA, and ventricular repolarization duration at elevated heart rates may explain the favorable clinical effects of beta-blockers in LQT1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. matti.viitasalo@hus.fi
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: Jere
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Järvenpää
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hietanen
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karjalainen
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toivonen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel