title: Hyponatremia in the neurosurgical patient: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyponatremia is an important and common electrolyte disorder in critically ill neurosurgical patients that has been reported in association with a number of different primary diagnoses. The correct diagnosis of the pathophysiological cause is vital because it dramatically alters the treatment approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the epidemiology and presentation of patients with hyponatremia, the pathophysiology of the disorder with respect to sodium and fluid balance, and the diagnostic procedures for determining the correct cause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We then present the various treatment options, including discussion of one of the newest groups of agents, the arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists, currently under study for the treatment of hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyponatremia is a serious comorbidity in neurosurgical patients that requires particular attention as its treatment varies by cause and its consequences can affect neurological outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Cornell University-Weill Medical College New York, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Justin F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Stieg
mesh_terms: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin; D014667:Vasopressins; D012964:Sodium