title: Inhibitors of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase identified with a target-based screen in yeast.
abstract: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan degradation enzyme that is emerging as an important drug target. IDO is expressed by many human tumors to help them escape immune detection, and it has been implicated in depression and in the formation of senile nuclear cataracts. There is a need for potent and selective IDO inhibitors for use in research and as lead compounds for drug development. We show that expression of human IDO in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tryptophan auxotroph restricts yeast growth in the presence of low tryptophan concentrations and that inhibition of IDO activity can restore growth. We use this assay to screen for IDO inhibitors in collections of pure chemicals and crude natural extracts. We identify NSC 401366 (imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N-methyl-N'-9-phenanthrenyl-, monohydrochloride) as a potent nonindolic IDO inhibitor (Ki=1.5 +/- 0.2 microM) that is competitive with respect to tryptophan. We also use this assay to identify the active compound caulerpin from a crude algal extract. The yeast growth restoration assay is simple and inexpensive. It combines desirable attributes of cell- and target-based screens and is an attractive tool for chemical biology and drug screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vottero
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balgi
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tugendreich
authors.forename: Teri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Melese
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: A Grant
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mauk
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberge
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D011994:Recombinant Proteins