title: Quantitation and localization of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human carotid endarterectomy tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) play a central role in arterial wall remodeling, affecting stability of fibrous caps covering atherosclerotic plaques. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of TIMP mass and MMP mass and activity of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) tissues and relate it to the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fresh CEA tissues were imaged by multicontrast MRI to generate 3D reconstructions. Tissue segments were cut transversely from the common, bifurcation, internal, and external regions. Segments were subjected to total protein extractions and analyzed by ELISA for MMP-2 and -9 and TIMP-1 and -2 mass and by zymography for gelatinase activity. Segments at or near the bifurcation with highly calcified lesions contained higher MMP levels and activity than segments distant from the bifurcation; highly fibrotic or necrotic plaque contained lower MMP levels and activity and higher TIMP levels. Fatty streak, fibroatheroma with hemorrhage and calcification, and fully occluded lesions were enriched in MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spatial distribution of MMPs and TIMPs in carotid atherosclerotic lesions is highly heterogeneous, reflecting lesion location, size, and composition. This study provides the first semi-quantitative maps of differential distribution of MMPs and TIMPs over atherosclerotic plaques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Iou Yih
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lawrie
authors.forename: G Wesley
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Vick
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karmonik
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Via
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morrisett
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9