title: Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This phase II study of sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor that targets Raf kinase and receptor tyrosine kinases, assessed efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and biomarkers in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with inoperable HCC, no prior systemic treatment, and Child-Pugh (CP) A or B, received continuous, oral sorafenib 400 mg bid in 4-week cycles. Tumor response was assessed every two cycles using modified WHO criteria. Sorafenib pharmacokinetics were measured in plasma samples. Biomarker analysis included phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK) in pretreatment biopsies (immunohistochemistry) and blood-cell RNA expression patterns in selected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 137 patients treated (male, 71%; median age, 69 years), 72% had CP A, and 28% had CP B. On the basis of independent assessment, three (2.2%) patients achieved a partial response, eight (5.8%) had a minor response, and 46 (33.6%) had stable disease for at least 16 weeks. Investigator-assessed median time to progression (TTP) was 4.2 months, and median overall survival was 9.2 months. Grade 3/4 drug-related toxicities included fatigue (9.5%), diarrhea (8.0%), and hand-foot skin reaction (5.1%). There were no significant pharmacokinetic differences between CP A and B patients. Pretreatment tumor pERK levels correlated with TTP. A panel of 18 expressed genes was identified that distinguished "nonprogressors" from "progressors" with an estimated 100% accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although single-agent sorafenib has modest efficacy in HCC, the manageable toxicity and mechanisms of action support a role for combination regimens with other anticancer agents.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, York, NY 10022, USA. abou-alg@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Ghassan K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Abou-Alfa
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amadori
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Figer
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Greve
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Douillard
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lathia
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moscovici
authors.forename: Leonard B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Saltz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D000077157:Sorafenib; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases