title: Hand volume estimates based on a geometric algorithm in comparison to water displacement.
abstract: Assessing changes in upper extremity limb volume during lymphedema therapy is important for determining treatment efficacy and documenting outcomes. Although arm volumes may be determined by tape measure, the suitability of circumference measurements to estimate hand volumes is questionable because of the deviation in circularity of hand shape. Our aim was to develop an alternative measurement procedure and algorithm for routine use to estimate hand volumes. A caliper was used to measure hand width and depth in 33 subjects (66 hands) and volumes (VE) were calculated using an elliptical frustum model. Using regression analysis and limits of agreement (LOA), VE was compared to volumes determined by water displacement (VW), to volumes calculated from tape-measure determined circumferences (VC), and to a trapezoidal model (VT). VW and VE (mean +/- SD) were similar (363 +/- 98 vs. 362 +/-100 ml) and highly correlated; VE = 1.01VW -3.1 ml, r=0.986, p<0.001, with LOA of +/- 33.5 ml and +/- 9.9 %. In contrast, VC (480 +/- 138 ml) and VT (432 +/- 122 ml) significantly overestimated volume (p<0.0001). These results indicate that the elliptical algorithm can be a useful alternative to water displacement when hand volumes are needed and the water displacement method is contra-indicated, impractical to implement, too time consuming or not available.
authors.affiliation: College of Medical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33328, USA. mayrovit@nova.edu
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Mayrovitz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenshner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diep
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014867:Water