title: A tactile cockpit instrument supports the control of self-motion during spatial disorientation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effectiveness of a tactile torso display as a countermeasure to spatial disorientation (SD) and compared inside-out and outside-in codings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  SD is a serious threat to military as well as civilian pilots and aircraft. Considerable effort has been put into SD countermeasures such as training programs and advanced cockpit displays. Tactile displays have been considered a promising technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four participants were assigned to the two coding groups (12 per group and matched for age and gender). We used a rotating chair to build up a state of SD by rotating participants around their yaw axis followed by a sudden stop. During the following recovery phase a random disturbance signal was added to the chair's orientation. Participants actively controlled their orientation and were instructed to maintain a stable orientation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analyses revealed that recovery from SD was improved with support of the tactile instrument, but tracking performance was reduced. The effects were the same whether the instrument was available full time or during the recovery phase only. There were no differences between outside-in and inside-out coding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates the potential of tactile cockpit instruments in controlling SD, even in the presence of strong but misleading self-motion information from the vestibular sense.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actual or potential applications of this research include spatial disorientation countermeasures for pilots, divers, and astronauts.
authors.affiliation: Human Interface Department, TNO Human Factors, P.O. Box 23, NL - 3769 ZG, Soesterberg, Netherlands. jan.vanerp@tno.nl
authors.forename: Jan B F
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Erp
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: Jelte E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Hendrik A H C
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Veen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation; D003221:Confusion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D014110:Touch; D014481:United States