title: US and Canadian physicians' attitudes and experiences regarding disclosing errors to patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients are often not told about harmful medical errors. The malpractice environment is considered a major determinant of physicians' willingness to disclose errors to patients. Yet, little is known about the malpractice environment's actual effect on physicians' error disclosure attitudes and experiences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mailed survey of 2637 physicians (62.9% response rate) in the United States (Missouri and Washington) and Canada, countries with different malpractice environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physicians' error disclosure attitudes and experiences were similar across country and specialty. Of the physicians, 64% agreed that errors are a serious problem. However, 50% disagreed that errors are usually caused by system failures. Ninety-eight percent endorsed disclosing serious errors to patients and 78% supported disclosing minor errors; 74% thought disclosing a serious error would be very difficult. Fifty-eight percent had disclosed a serious error to a patient, and 85% were satisfied with the disclosure, and 66% agreed that disclosing a serious error reduces malpractice risk. Respondents' estimates of the probability of lawsuits were not associated with their support for disclosure. The belief that disclosure makes patients less likely to sue (odds ratio, 1.58), not being in private practice (odds ratio, 1.47), being Canadian (odds ratio, 1.43), and being a surgeon (odds ratio, 1.26) were independently associated with higher support for disclosing serious errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US and Canadian physicians' error disclosure attitudes and experiences are similar despite different malpractice environments, and reveal mixed feelings about disclosing errors to patients. The medical profession should address the barriers to transparency within the culture of medical and surgical specialties.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 4311 11th Avenue NW, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. thomasg@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Amy D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garbutt
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kapp
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W Claiborne
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dunagan
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Levinson
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D030881:Disclosure / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D008923:Missouri; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards; D013043:Specialties, Surgical; D014861:Washington