title: Regimen simplification to atazanavir-ritonavir alone as maintenance antiretroviral therapy after sustained virologic suppression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term adverse effects, expense, and difficulty of adherence to antiretroviral regimens have led to studies of simpler maintenance therapies. Maintenance therapy with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir alone is a possible option because of low pill burden, once-daily dosing, safety, and unique resistance profile.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether simplified maintenance therapy with atazanavir-ritonavir alone after virologic suppression increases the risk of virologic failure (2 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] RNA measurements of > or =200 copies/mL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-group, open-label, multicenter, 24-week pilot study of 36 HIV-infected adults with virologic suppression for 48 weeks or longer receiving their first protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen. The study was conducted between September 1, 2004, and April 18, 2006, at 12 participating AIDS clinical trial units in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants switched PIs to atazanavir-ritonavir at entry and discontinued nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) after 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virologic failure within 24 weeks of discontinuing NRTIs. Other measures included HIV-1 drug resistance, plasma atazanavir concentrations, adverse events, CD4 cell counts, plasma lipid levels, and HIV-1 RNA levels in seminal plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six participants enrolled and 2 discontinued before simplification to atazanavir-ritonavir alone. Thirty-four patients were included in the analysis of the primary end point after 24 weeks: 1 withdrew voluntarily, and 33 continued the regimen. Virologic success (absence of failure) through 24 weeks of simplified therapy occurred in 91% (31 of 34 patients; lower 90% confidence interval limit = 85%). Three participants experienced virologic failure 12, 14, and 20 weeks after simplification, with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of 4730, 1285, and 28 397 copies/mL, respectively. Resistance testing at failure did not identify PI resistance mutations. Plasma atazanavir concentrations at failure were low or below detection in 2 of 3 participants experiencing failure. There were no treatment discontinuations for adverse events after simplification; no significant changes in CD4 cell counts or plasma lipid levels; and no detectable HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma from all 8 participants tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary data suggest that simplified maintenance therapy with atazanavir-ritonavir alone may be efficacious for maintaining virologic suppression in carefully selected patients with HIV infection. These findings require confirmation in larger, randomized trials of this strategy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00084019.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5400, USA. sswindells@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swindells
authors.forename: A Gregory
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: DiRienzo
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilkin
authors.forename: Courtney V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Thal
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bastow
authors.forename: M Graham
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mellors
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D019438:Ritonavir