title: Preliminary report of a multicentric study on environmental risk factors in Ta-T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. A study from Gruppo Studi Tumori Urologici Foundation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The distribution of potential environmental risk factors among patients affected by superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB) has been analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients affected by superficial TCCB underwent TUR and early intravesical chemotherapy. Detailed data about age, sex, residence, employment, active and passive cigarette smoking, water resource and hair dye use were centralized. Analysis has been conducted on 474 patients affected by Ta-T1 G1-2 TCCB at medium risk for recurrence. Patients with primary single Ta G1-2, Tis or T1G3 tumors were excluded from the present analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 80% of the patients lived in urban areas, 22% were employed in industries presumed at risk for bladder cancer, 8% used hair dye and 75% were smokers. Bottled water was the only water resource in 42% of the patients. Employment in industry at risk (p = 0.01) and cigarette smoking (p = 0.04) resulted in being statistically related to tumor multiplicity. Moreover, the period of cigarette smoking was significantly longer in patients with recurrent tumors (p = 0.026). The municipal water supply represented the main water source in never-smokers (p = 0.01) rather than in smokers and in patients harboring T1 rather than Ta tumors (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employment in industry at risk and cigarette smoking resulted in being related to tumor multiplicity. The length of exposure to cigarette smoking was related to the natural history of the tumor. A drinkable water source emerged as a risk factor in absence of cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology at University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Serretta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morgia
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Altieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavone-Macaluso
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scuto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allegro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Lallo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cindolo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melloni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology