title: Sphenopalatine endoscopic ganglion block: a revision of a traditional technique for cluster headache.
abstract: The diagnosis of chronic cluster headache (CH), the most painful form of headache, is based on typical clinical features characterized by strictly unilateral pain with no side shift and ipsilateral oculofacial autonomic phenomena. The attacks occur several times a day for periods of 1 to 2 months in the episodic form of the disease or less frequently on a daily basis in the chronic form. The pathogenesis of CH involves the activation of parasympathetic nerve structures located within the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which explains many of the associated symptoms, whereas the activation of the ipsilateral hypothalamic gray matter may explain its typical circadian and circannual periodicity. A number of surgical approaches have been tried in cases of chronic CH resistant to pharmacologic therapy, of which SPG blockade has been shown to have certain efficacy. We have adopted a new technique based on endoscopic ganglion blockade that approaches the pterigo-palatine fossa by way of the lateral nasal wall and consists of the injection of a mixture of local anesthetics and corticosteroids, which was performed in 20 selected patients with chronic CH, according to the International Headache Society criteria (18 male, 2 female; mean age 40 yr), who were selected for SPG blockade because they were totally drug resistant. The symptoms improved significantly, but always only temporarily, in 11 cases. These results should be considered rather good because, unlike other frequently used techniques, SPG blockade is not invasive and should therefore always be attempted before submitting patients to more invasive surgical approaches.
authors.affiliation: University of Milan, Via di Rudini 8, 20100 Milan, Italy. giofel@tiscali.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felisati
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arnone
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lozza
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curone
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bussone
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005145:Face / Q000294:innervation*; D005260:Female; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000779:Anesthetics, Local