title: Intrauterine death, fetal malformation, and delayed pregnancy in Ljungan virus-infected mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A picornavirus (Ljunganvirus [LV]) has recently been associated with disease during pregnancy in its natural rodent reservoir and in humans. A study of laboratory mice infected under controlled conditions was therefore undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD-1 female mice were infected gestational day two and subjected to varying regimes of stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LV infection in combination with stress resulted in uterine resorptions, malformations, and neonatal death. A short delay in time to first pregnancy and births was observed in pairs infected in utero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LV is found in different species of native animals in both Europe and the United States and human epidemiological evidence connects LV and human reproduction, while the observations here indicate that LV is responsible for reproductive problems in a laboratory mouse model. The current findings suggest that the hypothesis that LV also causes disease in pregnant women and their offspring deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Internal Medicine, Stockholm South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samsioe
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saade
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjöholm
authors.forename: Birger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hörnfeldt
authors.forename: Reinald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fundele
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klitz
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niklasson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious