title: Application of HLA-DRB1 genotyping by oligonucleotide micro-array technology in forensic medicine.
abstract: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is known to be the most complex polymorphic system in the human genome. Among all of the HLA loci, HLA-DRB1 has the second largest number of alleles. The purpose of this study is to develop an oligonucleotide micro-array based HLA-DRB1 typing system for use in forensic identification, anthropology, tissue transplantation, and other genetic research fields. The system was developed by analyzing the HLA-DRB1 (DRB1) genotypes in 1198 unrelated healthy Chinese Han individuals originating from various parts of China and residing in Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the oligonucleotide micro-array technology was used to detect and type HLA-DRB1 alleles of the sample individuals. The reliability, sensitivity, consistency and specificity were evaluated for use in forensic identification. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was carried out by comparing the allele frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 locus with those of other Chinese Han groups, Chinese minorities and other ethnic populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the DNA samples yielded a 273 bp amplification product, with no other amplification products in this length range. The minimum quantity of DNA detected by this method is 15 ng in a PCR reaction system of 25 microl. The population studied appeared to be not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), expected probability of exclusion (PE), polymorphic information content (PIC), and discrimination power (DP) of the HLA-DRB1 locus from the Shanghai Han ethnic group were evaluated to be 0.8022, 0.8870, 0.7741, 0.8771, 0.9750, respectively. A total of 25 HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. HLA-DRB1*09XX, *04XX, *12XX and *15XX were the most frequent DRB1 alleles, which were observed in 58.76% of the sample. One hundred and sixteen genotypes were found. The five most frequent genotypes were: *04XX/*04XX (0.0626), *09XX/*09XX (0.0593), *04XX/*09XX (0.0551), *09XX/*15XX (0.0384) and *08XX/*12XX (0.0351). The meta-analysis showed that there were uniquely distributed features of DRB1 alleles among various ethnic populations and among the studied population groups from various regions with the same ethnic origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An HLA-DRB1 genotyping system has been developed and established based on the oligonucleotide micro-array technology. The HLA-DRB1 typing of the Han population in Shanghai has revealed a relatively high heterogeneity. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology research. Large-scale micro-array detection is highly accurate and reliable for DNA-based HLA-DRB1 genotyping. These results suggest that HLA-DRB1 DNA polymorphisms and the database of the Shanghai Han group have useful applications in processing forensic casework (as personal identification, paternity test), tracing population migration and genetic diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xianmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Chengtao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yumin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains