title: Helicobacter pylori can induce heparin-binding epidermal growth factor expression via gastrin and its receptor.
abstract: Both gastrin and Helicobacter pylori have been shown capable of up-regulating gene expression and protein shedding of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF). Furthermore, the bacteria have previously been shown to induce serum hypergastrinemia in infected individuals. The aim of this work was to assess the extent to which the ability of H. pylori to up-regulate expression of HB-EGF can be attributed to its effect on gastrin. Gastric cells, transfected with either gastrin small interfering RNA or antisense plasmid or the gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK-2R), were cultured for 24 hours with H. pylori(+/-), a CCK-2R antagonist. Gene expression levels were measured using reverse transcription-PCR, whereas protein changes were measured using ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. H. pylori induced significantly higher levels of HB-EGF gene expression and ectodomain shedding in the CCK-2R-transfected cells than the vector control (P < 0.01). Addition of the CCK-2R inhibitor significantly decreased gene and shedding up-regulation. Gastrin down-regulation reduced the effect of the bacteria on HB-EGF gene and protein expression levels. Endogenous gastrin and CCK-2R expression were also found to be significantly up-regulated in all cell lines as a result of exposure to H. pylori (P < 0.02). Gastric mucosal tissue from H. pylori-infected individuals had significantly higher CCK-2R expression levels than noninfected (P < 0.003), and in hypergastrinemic mice, there was an increase in HB-EGF-expressing cells in the gastric mucosa and colocalization of HB-EGF with CCK-2R-positive enterochromaffin-like cells. In conclusion, gastrin and the CCK-2R play significant roles in the induction of HB-EGF gene and protein expression and ectodomain shedding by H. pylori.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Cancer Studies and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jacqueline H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grabowska
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Zaatari
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004759:Enterochromaffin Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005755:Gastrins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000502:physiology*; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016373:DNA, Antisense; D005755:Gastrins; C587883:HBEGF protein, human; C587884:Hbegf protein, mouse; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor