title: Prescription drug spending for Medicare+Choice beneficiaries in the last year of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2006, Medicare implemented its prescription benefit plan. Therefore, insights into medication costs at the end of life may help guide clinicians to navigate Medicare Part D coverage for chronically ill individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined drug spending by disease and demographics for Medicare+Choice (M+C) beneficiaries in the last year of life (LYOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of M+C decedents' drug claims and enrollment data collected between January 1998 and December 2000, supplemented by the Medicare denominator file and 1990 Census data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand six hundred two beneficiaries in a large national managed care organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the relationship between prescription drug expenditures and sociodemographic descriptors, insurance characteristics, and cause of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean annual number of prescriptions filled was 36.9; the managed care organization (MCO) paid $539 and beneficiaries paid $627. Higher expenditures were significantly correlated with female gender, higher number of comorbidities, and whether beneficiaries obtained the insurance as an employer-based retiree benefit. Minority beneficiaries had 26% fewer prescriptions. Increasing levels of annual median household income corresponded with a 20% increase in the number of prescriptions and a 25% increase in mean out-of-pocket expenses, between those with a median household income of less than $20,000 and those with $40,000 or greater. In the LYOL, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes had the highest average number of prescriptions and total expenditures. Individuals dying from strokes or other unclassifiable conditions had the lowest average number of prescriptions and average total expenditures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication expenditures in the LYOL were highly dependent upon selected sociodemographic, insurance characteristics, and disease states.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health System Change, Washington, D.C. 20024, USA. cfahlman@hschange.org
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahlman
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doberman
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gabel
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020398:Medicare Part C / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations