title: Erythropoietin protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis via up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erythropoietin (EPO), a cytokine best known for its ability to increase red blood cell mass, has recently been shown to protect cardiomyocytes from apoptotic cell death. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the anti-apoptotic effects of EPO in cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated and cultured from wild-type and eNOS(-/-) mice. Treatment with EPO significantly reduced apoptosis induced by norepinephrine (NE) in the wild-type cardiomyocytes. The reduction of apoptosis was associated with significant increases in eNOS expression, phosphorylation and NO production. However, the anti-apoptotic effects of EPO were significantly decreased in wild-type cardiomyocytes treated with L-NAME, which inhibits nitric oxide synthase activity. The results were further confirmed using eNOS(-/-) cardiomyocytes. To investigate the in vivo significance of eNOS in mediating the anti-apoptotic effects of EPO, wild-type and eNOS(-/-) mice were subjected to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. EPO decreased myocardial apoptosis and infarct size in wild-type mice. However, the protective effects of EPO were significantly diminished in eNOS(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPO increases eNOS expression and NO production in cardiomyocytes. The anti-apoptotic effects of EPO in cardiomyocytes are mediated by eNOS-derived NO production.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Laboratory, Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geoghegan-Morphet
authors.forename: Xiangru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Anargyros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xenocostas
authors.forename: Qingping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D053148:Caspase 3