title: TNFalpha mediates the skeletal effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
abstract: We have shown recently that by acting on the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR), TSH negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation. Both heterozygotic and homozygotic TSHR null mice are osteopenic with evidence of enhanced osteoclast differentiation. Here, we report that the accompanying elevation of TNFalpha, an osteoclastogenic cytokine, causes the increased osteoclast differentiation. This enhancement in TSHR-/- and TSHR+/- mice is abrogated in compound TSHR-/-/TNFalpha-/- and TSHR+/-/TNFalpha+/- mice, respectively. In parallel studies, we find that TSH directly inhibits TNFalpha production, reduces the number of TNFalpha-producing osteoclast precursors, and attenuates the induction of TNFalpha expression by IL-1, TNFalpha, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. TSH also suppresses osteoclast formation in murine macrophages and RAW-C3 cells. The suppression is more profound in cells that overexpress the TSHR than those transfected with empty vector. The overexpression of ligand-independent, constitutively active TSHR abrogates osteoclast formation even under basal conditions and in the absence of TSH. Finally, IL-1/TNFalpha and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand fail to stimulate AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding to DNA in cells transfected with TSHR or constitutively active TSHR. The results suggest that TNFalpha is the critical cytokine mediating the downstream antiresorptive effects of TSH on the skeleton.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hase
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eldeiry
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brebene
authors.forename: Yuanzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Lanying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Terry F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mone
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013972:Thyrotropin