title: Early expression of SCIN and CHIPS drives instant immune evasion by Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococci (CHIPS) and Staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN) are small, excreted molecules that play a crucial role in the staphylococcal defence against the human innate immune system. Here we show that they both counteract crucial acute responses of our immune system such as complement activation, neutrophil chemotaxis and neutrophil activation. By studying gene expression via promoter-green fluorescent protein fusions, Northern blots and protein expression analyses, we show that SCIN and CHIPS are produced during the early (exponential) growth stages. Although the SCIN and CHIPS genes are expressed simultaneously, they are differently regulated by various Staphylococcus aureus regulatory loci. However, the sae locus is crucial for upregulation of both SCIN and CHIPS. This is the first study that presents the expression of two extracellular S. aureus proteins early during growth. Because SCIN and CHIPS are both efficient modulators of neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing, their early expression is necessary for efficient modulation of the early immune response.
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Winkler Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S.H.M.Rooijakkers@azu.nl
authors.forename: Suzan H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Rooijakkers
authors.forename: Maartje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruyken
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Roon
authors.forename: Kok P M
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: van Kessel
authors.forename: Jos A G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Strijp
authors.forename: Willem J B
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Wamel
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051056:Complement Inactivating Agents / Q000276:immunology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D051056:Complement Inactivating Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C044100:Staphylococcal decomplementation antigen; C493134:chemotaxis inhibitory protein, Staphylococcus aureus