title: Three-dimensional cell colonization in a sulfate rich environment.
abstract: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been explored for regenerating various tissues due to their involvement in diverse bioregulatory activity. However, understanding their influence on cell colonization in three-dimension (3-D) has been difficult due to variation in their molecular weight, degree of sulfation, and lack of in vitro models. This research focused on developing an in vitro model and evaluating the influence of MW (5, 10, and 500 kDa) of negatively charged dextran sulfate (DS), a semisynthetic GAG analog, on cell colonization. DS was combined with chitosan, a positively charged polymer in solution and porous 3-D matrices were formed inside 24-well plates using controlled rate freezing and lyophilization technique by two schemes: (i) chitosan structures were formed and then allowed to react with DS; (ii) DS was reacted with chitosan in solution and then matrices were formed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that forming matrices after reacting DS with chitosan was more suitable for tissue regeneration. Analysis for the quantity and stability of DS by toluidine blue assay indicated significant presence of DS in the 3-D matrices even after seven days of incubation in phosphate buffered saline solution. Matrices formed by reacting 4% 5 kDa, 2% 10 kDa and 1% 500 kDa DS solution with chitosan had optimum porosity and mechanical stability. Next, 25,000 fibroblasts per matrix were seeded onto 3-D matrices and analyzed for proliferation by MTT-formazan assay, cytoskeletal organization by actin staining, and histological analysis by H/E staining. These results showed that cell growth was better on low MW containing 2-D membranes but high MW DS containing 3-D matrix supported cell growth similar to chitosan. Also, cells showed peripheral actin distribution in 3-D matrices. Analysis of fibronectin binding by ELISA showed negligible binding to all the DS-containing matrices, unlike chitosan. In summary, results show cell colonization on negatively charged matrices, similar to chitosan.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 423 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullm
authors.forename: Sundararajan V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Madihally
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D007477:Ions; D048271:Chitosan; D016264:Dextran Sulfate