title: Evaluation of manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and long-term maintenance of occlusion in silicone hydraulic occluders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and maintenance of occlusion over time in 3 sizes of silicone hydraulic occluders (HOs).
  
  
  METHODS
  2-, 5-, and 20-mm HOs (HO2, HO5, and HO20, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  Manufacturing variability was analyzed by comparing variation in internal luminal areas and filling volumes within each size group. Occluders were filled to 100% occlusion with air (n = 4), saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (4), or sodium hyaluronate (4) and submerged in simulated body fluid. Changes in luminal area and weight were recorded for 133 days to evaluate maintenance of occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considerable variability in uninflated luminal area and fill volumes was observed among the 3 sizes of HOs. Loss of occlusion developed in the first 12 hours in all air-filled HOs. Fluid-filled occluders were reliable in maintenance of occlusion after 133 days (99.99% for HO20, 99.59% for HO5, and 90.40% for HO2), although diffusion of saline solution and hyaluronate from all HOs was confirmed by detection of significant decreases in weight over time. There was no significant difference in weight loss between HOs filled with saline solution and HOs filled with sodium hyaluronate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate may be used as a filling solution in the HOs tested. Maintenance of occlusion was best in the larger sizes. Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate should be used in future clinical investigations of HOs. Retrograde filling to remove air should be used when filling HOs with fluid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Colin W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Sereda
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Adin
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Batich
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Candice G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Colby G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004058:Diffusion; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D012828:Silicones; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones; D012996:Solutions