title: Diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes has been postulated to be both a risk factor and a consequence of pancreatic cancer, but the degree of risk and associated clinical factors remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1995 and 1999. Rapid case ascertainment through the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry for cases and random selection from the general population for controls were employed to identify study participants with no proxy interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred thirty-two cases and 1,701 controls were interviewed. Participants with pancreatic cancer were more likely to report a history of diabetes (13%) than were controls [9%; odds ratio (OR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-2.1]. Compared with diabetics in the control group, diabetics in the case group had a shorter duration of diabetes (P = 0.0003) and a larger proportion of insulin users (P = 0.002). Risk for pancreatic cancer varied with duration of diabetes (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.0 for 1-4 years; OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4 for 5-9 years; and OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.52-1.4 for >or=10 years diabetes duration; P(trend) = 0.004). Among diabetics, use of oral diabetes medication or insulin for >or=5 years was not associated with pancreatic cancer, but insulin use of <5 years was associated with a 6.8-fold risk for pancreatic cancer (95% CI, 3.7-12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent-onset diabetes may be a complication or an early marker of pancreatic cancer. Diabetes of short duration with insulin use conferred a substantially elevated risk for pancreatic cancer and may reflect insulin resistance that is elicited by pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, Suite 280, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94118-1944, USA.
authors.forename: Furong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Holly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology