title: An outbreak of wound infection in cardiac surgery patients caused by Enterobacter cloacae arising from cardioplegia ice.
abstract: This paper describes an outbreak of postoperative sternal wound infections. A cardiac surgeon noted a cluster of serious infections leading to wound dehiscence, despite the fact that none of his colleagues had noticed a rise in infection rates. The infections were predominantly with Enterobacter cloacae, and molecular typing and serotyping showed these isolates to be indistinguishable. Observation of the surgeon's practice revealed nothing untoward, and there were no infections among his patients operated on in another hospital. There appeared to be no significant difference between the modes of operation of the different surgeons. The operating theatres were screened to exclude an environmental source, with samples cultured on CHROMagar Orientation, a selective/differential medium designed for urine samples. Further questioning revealed one difference between the practices of the different surgeons; this surgeon used semi-frozen Hartmann's solution to achieve cardioplegia. The freezer used for this was swabbed and yielded E. cloacae, indistinguishable from the clinical isolates. It is hypothesized that this organism contaminated the freezer, and that the contamination was passed on to the ice/slush solution, thus infecting the patients. There have been no more cases since the freezer was replaced, a rigorous cleaning schedule instituted, and steps taken to reduce the possibility of any further contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Infection Control and Health Protection Agency Collaborating Centre, St George's Hospital, London, UK. abreathn@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Breathnach
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shad
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jownally
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006757:Hospital Units; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013249:Sternum; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial