title: Use of three-dimensional tissue cultures to model extravascular transport and predict in vivo activity of hypoxia-targeted anticancer drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the inefficient vasculature of solid tumors, anticancer drugs must penetrate relatively long distances through the extravascular compartment. The requirement for such diffusion may limit their activity, especially that of hypoxia-targeted drugs. We tested whether a three-dimensional pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model based on a representative mapped tumor microvascular network could predict the therapeutic activity of anticancer drugs in mouse xenograft tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diffusion coefficients of the hypoxia-activated anticancer drug tirapazamine (TPZ) and of 15 TPZ analogs were estimated by measuring their transport through HT29 colon cancer multicellular layers (MCLs). Anoxic cytotoxic potency (by clonogenic assay) and metabolism of the TPZ analogs were measured in HT29 cell suspensions, and their plasma pharmacokinetics was measured in CD-1 nude mice. This information was used to create a spatially resolved PK/PD model for the tumor microvascular network. Model predictions were compared with actual hypoxic cell kill as measured by clonogenic assays on HT29 xenograft tumors 18 hours after treatment with each TPZ analog.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modeling TPZ transport in the tumor microvascular network showed substantial drug depletion in the most hypoxic regions, with predicted maximum cell kill of only 3 logs, compared with more than 10 logs if there were no transport impediment. A large range of tissue diffusion coefficients (0.027 x 10(-6)-1.87 x 10(-6) cm2/s) was observed for the TPZ analogs. There was a strong correlation between model-predicted and measured hypoxic cell kill (R2 = 0.89) but a poor correlation when the model did not include extravascular transport (R2 = 0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extravascular transport in tumors, and its consequences for tumor cell killing, can be predicted by measuring drug penetration through MCLs in vitro and modeling pharmacokinetics at each position in three-dimensional microvascular networks.
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. k.hicks@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Kevin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Frederik B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Pruijn
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Secomb
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014227:Triazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D014227:Triazines; D000077704:Tirapazamine