title: 1,2-propanediol and the type of cryopreservation procedure adversely affect mouse oocyte physiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this work was to examine the effect of 1,2-propanediol (PrOH) and type of cryopreservation procedure (slow freezing and vitrification) on oocyte physiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracellular calcium of mouse metaphase II (MII) oocytes was quantified by fluorescence microscopy. The effect of PrOH on cell physiology was further assessed through analysis of zona pellucida hardening and cellular integrity. Protein profiles of cryopreserved oocytes were generated by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PrOH caused a protracted increase in calcium, which was sufficient to induce zona pellucida hardening and cellular degeneration. Using 'nominally calcium free' media during PrOH exposure significantly reduced the detrimental effects. Proteomic analysis identified numerous up- and down-regulated proteins after slow freezing when compared with control and vitrified oocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using such approaches to assess effects on cellular physiology is fundamental to improving assisted reproduction techniques (ART). This study demonstrates that PrOH causes a significant rise in intracellular calcium. Using calcium-free media significantly reduced the increase in calcium and the associated detrimental physiological effects, suggesting that calcium-free media should be used with PrOH. In addition, analysis of the oocyte proteome following cryopreservation revealed that slow freezing has a significant effect on protein expression. In contrast, vitrification had a minimal impact, indicating that it has a fundamental advantage for the cryopreservation of oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Englewood, CO 80133, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larman
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Katz-Jaffe
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D002118:Calcium