title: Current strategies for the prevention of angina in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angina pectoris affects at least 6.6 million people in the US and approximately 400,000 new cases of stable angina occur each year. Angina may be one of the first signs of ischemic heart disease, although it is likely not causally related to the likelihood of plaque rupture leading to an acute coronary syndrome. Modalities for treatment of angina should be used maximally to improve quality of life and decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The current recommended pharmacologic and invasive approaches, as well as novel therapies, are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antiischemic agents, including beta-blockers, nitrates and calcium channel blockers, remain the mainstay in the prevention of angina. Revascularization via percutaneous interventions or coronary bypass surgery are appropriate in specific cases or when medical treatment fails. Noninvasive treatment options for refractory angina, metabolic agents, and vasodilator therapies are adding to the armamentarium to prevent and treat angina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multifaceted approach is optimal to address the prevention of angina. Once angina is recognized, there are many modalities that lessen the incidence of daily life-induced and exercise-induced angina and ischemia. Angina management is best addressed by pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ami B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015908:Counterpulsation; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008019:Life Style; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000379:methods; D009566:Nitrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D009566:Nitrates; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010100:Oxygen