title: Assessing the temporal reproducibility of human esophageal motor-evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the electrophysiological properties and reproducibility of somatic limb motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are well characterized, little is known about the reproducibility of MEPs for viscerosomatic structures such as the esophagus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the temporal reproducibility of esophageal MEPs to TMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEPs to TMS were recorded from the proximal esophagus, using a swallowed catheter housing a pair of electrodes, in eight healthy subjects at five stimulus intensities (SI) (motor threshold [MT] to 20% above MT). For each SI, 20 consecutive TMS stimuli at 5-second intervals were delivered over a single scalp site (dominant hemisphere at site exhibiting MT at lowest SI) and repeated 40 and 80 minutes thereafter. MEP amplitudes and latencies were measured, and means were sequentially calculated for each SI and then log-transformed. The repeatability coefficients (RC) for the three time points were calculated across each set of 20 stimuli and presented as an exponential ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Best RC (amplitude/latency) were achieved at 120% SI relative to MT, being 1.8/1.2 (optimal = 1.0). For lower intensities of 115%, 110%, 105%, and 100% SI, the RC were 2.1/1.2, 2.1/1.1, 2.4/1.2, and 2.6/1.4, respectively. For all SI, the greatest reductions in RC occurred over the first 10 stimuli, with little additional gain beyond this number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Latencies of esophageal MEP to TMS across intensities are highly reproducible, whereas amplitudes are more stimulus intensity-dependent, being most reliable and reproducible at the highest stimulus strengths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using careful parameters, TMS can be used reliably in future studies of viscerosomatic structures, although the size of the response variability needs to be taken into account when assessing changes in cortico-fugal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences and Statistics, Hope Hospital, Salford, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gardener
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamdy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*