title: Long-term absorption of poly-L-lactic Acid interference screws.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long term in vivo degradation of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) interference screws with computed tomography (CT) and radiography as used in patellar tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 patients who had undergone patellar tendon autograft ACL reconstruction fixed with PLLA screws at least 7 years earlier were evaluated by physical examination, radiography, and CT to determine whether PLLA screw reabsorption and bone ingrowth had occurred. This study was granted Institutional Review Board approval. Lysholm, Tegner, Cincinnati, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were obtained. CT data were measured in Hounsfield units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 15 men and 5 women were evaluated 104 months after surgery (range, 89 to 124 months). CT and radiography demonstrated that the bone plug had fused to the tunnel wall, and that no intact interference screw was left. A parallel, threaded, and corticated screw tract was visible adjacent to the bone plug. No bone ingrowth had occurred at the screw site, although, occasionally, minimal calcification was seen. This was never as dense as cancellous bone, and no trabeculae were ever present. No positive pivot-shift test results were obtained. Lysholm, Tegner, and Cincinnati scores were 83, 5.6, and 75, respectively, at follow-up. Average KT difference was 0.7 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLLA interference screws completely degraded, and the resulting area demonstrated a low Hounsfield count, consistent with soft tissue 7 years after insertion. No significant bone ingrowth occurred at the screw site. Femoral and tibial ACL tunnels were absent of anything but fibrous tissue and usually had a sclerotic cortical lining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLLA biodegradable ACL screws eventually disappear completely. PLLA material is not replaced by bone. ACL graft tunnels are filled with nonossified material. This study provides a baseline for comparison with other biodegradable interference screws that may encourage bone ingrowth as they degrade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV (no or historical control).
authors.affiliation: Plano Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Plano, Texas 75093, USA. knees2do@aol.com
authors.forename: F Alan
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: W Dee
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Dockery
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000042:Absorption; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000637:transplantation; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide)