title: Repression of smoothened by patched-dependent (pro-)vitamin D3 secretion.
abstract: The developmentally important hedgehog (Hh) pathway is activated by binding of Hh to patched (Ptch1), releasing smoothened (Smo) and the downstream transcription factor glioma associated (Gli) from inhibition. The mechanism behind Ptch1-dependent Smo inhibition remains unresolved. We now show that by mixing Ptch1-transfected and Ptch1 small interfering RNA-transfected cells with Gli reporter cells, Ptch1 is capable of non-cell autonomous repression of Smo. The magnitude of this non-cell autonomous repression of Smo activity was comparable to the fusion of Ptch1-transfected cell lines and Gli reporter cell lines, suggesting that it is the predominant mode of action. CHOD-PAP analysis of medium conditioned by Ptch1-transfected cells showed an elevated 3beta-hydroxysteroid content, which we hypothesized to mediate the Smo inhibition. Indeed, the inhibition of 3beta-hydroxysteroid synthesis impaired Ptch1 action on Smo, whereas adding the 3beta-hydroxysteroid (pro-)vitamin D3 to the medium effectively inhibited Gli activity. Vitamin D3 bound to Smo with high affinity in a cyclopamine-sensitive manner. Treating zebrafish embryos with vitamin D3 mimicked the smo(-/-) phenotype, confirming the inhibitory action in vivo. Hh activates its signalling cascade by inhibiting Ptch1-dependent secretion of the 3beta-hydroxysteroid (pro-)vitamin D3. This action not only explains the seemingly contradictory cause of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), but also establishes Hh as a unique morphogen, because binding of Hh on one cell is capable of activating Hh-dependent signalling cascades on other cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.f.bijlsma@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
authors.forename: C Arnold
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spek
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zivkovic
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Water
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rezaee
authors.forename: Maikel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Peppelenbosch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003684:Dehydrocholesterols / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D014162:Transfection; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
chemical_list: D003684:Dehydrocholesterols; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C000606236:PTCH1 protein, human; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; C000606240:Ptch1 protein, mouse; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C491023:SMO protein, human; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C491715:ptch1 protein, zebrafish; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002784:Cholesterol; C016705:7-dehydrocholesterol; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C019995:7-dehydrocholesterol reductase