title: Memory T(H)2 cells induce alternatively activated macrophages to mediate protection against nematode parasites.
abstract: Although primary and memory responses against bacteria and viruses have been studied extensively, T helper type 2 (T(H)2) effector mechanisms leading to host protection against helminthic parasites remain elusive. Examination of the intestinal epithelial submucosa of mice after primary and secondary infections by a natural gastrointestinal parasite revealed a distinct immune-cell infiltrate after challenge, featuring interleukin-4-expressing memory CD4(+) T cells that induced IL-4 receptor(hi) (IL-4R(hi)) CD206(+) alternatively activated macrophages. In turn, these alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) functioned as important effector cells of the protective memory response contributing to parasite elimination, demonstrating a previously unknown mechanism for host protection against intestinal helminths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Farhang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alem
authors.forename: Hossein A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hamed
authors.forename: Cristina T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Rozo
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Rooijen
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gause
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D007814:Larva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000469:parasitology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009348:Nematoda / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C425062:(2-boronoethyl)-cysteine; D001897:Boronic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; D015847:Interleukin-4; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D001119:Arginase