title: [Three-dimensional computer-assisted modeling of the orbital cavity and the eyelids].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a virtual model of the orbital cavity and the eyelids using a three-dimensional model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amapi Designer 7 and Carrara 3 Studio (Eovia, Mountain View, CA, USA) software were used to obtain 3D models of the orbital cavity and the eyelids. Three-dimensional creation is divided into two main processes. In the modeling process, a 3D model of the orbit, the arterial supply, and the eyelids are created using polygonal meshes and surgical tools with parametric surfaces. In the rendering process, colors are arbitrarily chosen to make elements in the model easier to read. A virtual camera is adjusted and light sources are created to produce virtual simulations of the orbit and the eyelids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical techniques were illustrated with 3D models. Ptosis surgery (resection of the levator muscle and Müller's muscle conjunctival resection) and the transconjunctival approach to lower eyelid blepharoplasty were described step by step.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional models have applications in many medical fields, providing representation of anatomical structures. They can be used to depict the anatomy of the orbital region in a realistic way. Three-dimensional computer-generated images are an aid in teaching residents in orbital anatomy and surgery.
authors.affiliation: Services d'Ophtalmologie, Fondation ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris. florianmann@free.fr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gatinel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morax
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoang-Xuan
mesh_terms: D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply