title: Visual field preservation after multisession cyberknife radiosurgery for perioptic lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The restricted radiation tolerance of the anterior visual pathways represents a unique challenge for ablating adjacent lesions with single-session radiosurgery. Although preliminary studies have recently demonstrated that multisession radiosurgery for selected perioptic tumors is both safe and effective, the number of patients in these clinical series was modest and the length of follow-up limited. The current retrospective study is intended to help address these shortcomings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine consecutive patients with meningioma (n = 27), pituitary adenoma (n = 19), craniopharyngioma (n = 2), or mixed germ cell tumor (n = 1) situated within 2 mm of a "short segment" of the optic apparatus underwent multisession image-guided radiosurgery at Stanford University Medical Center. Thirty-nine of these patients had previous subtotal surgical resection, and six had previously been treated with conventional fractionated radiotherapy (6). CyberKnife radiosurgery was delivered in two to five sessions to an average tumor volume of 7.7 cm3 and a cumulative average marginal dose of 20.3 Gy. Formal visual testing and clinical examinations were performed before treatment and at follow-up intervals beginning at 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean visual field follow-up of 49 months (range, 6-96 mo), vision was unchanged postradiosurgery in 38 patients, improved in eight (16%), and worse in three (6%). In each instance, visual deterioration was accompanied by tumor progression that ultimately resulted in patient death. However, one of these patients, who had a multiply recurrent adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma, initially experienced early visual loss without significant tumor progression after both a previous course of radiotherapy and three separate sessions of radiosurgery. After a mean magnetic resonance imaging follow-up period of 46 months, tumor volume was stable or smaller in all other cases. Two patients died of unrelated nonbrain causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multisession radiosurgery resulted in high rates of tumor control and preservation of visual function in this group of perioptic tumors. Ninety-four percent of patients retained or improved preradiosurgical vision. This intermediate-term experience reinforces the findings from earlier studies that suggested that multisession radiosurgery can be a safe and effective alternative to either surgery or fractionated radiotherapy for selected lesions immediately adjacent to short segments of the optic apparatus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA. jra@stanford.edu
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Iris C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Putipun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puataweepong
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003397:Craniopharyngioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008579:Meningioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects