title: Abnormal glucose metabolism among older men with or at risk of HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, and abnormal glucose tolerance in older men with or at risk of HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was assessed by self-report in 643 men >or=49 years old with or at risk of HIV infection. In a subset of 216 men without previously diagnosed diabetes [including 90 HIV-uninfected men, 28 HIV-infected, antiretroviral-naive men, 28 HIV-infected men taking non-protease inhibitor (PI)-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and 70 HIV-infected men taking PI-containing HAART], an oral glucose tolerance test with insulin levels was performed. HIV serology, CD4 cell count, weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Antiretroviral use, drug use, family history of diabetes, physical activity and sociodemographic data were obtained using standardized interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 643 participants, 116 (18%) had previously diagnosed diabetes. With the oral glucose tolerance test, 15 of 216 men (7%) were found to have undiagnosed diabetes and 40 (18%) impaired glucose tolerance. Factors independently associated with previously diagnosed diabetes included use of non-PI-containing HAART, methadone treatment, positive CAGE test for alcoholism, obesity and family history of diabetes. Factors independently associated with greater insulin resistance included waist circumference and heroin use. Factors independently associated with abnormal glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes) included age >or=55 years and Hispanic ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected men with diabetes risk factors should undergo screening for diabetes regardless of HAART use. Interventions targeting modifiable risk factors, including overweight and physical inactivity, are warranted. The potential impact of opiate and alcohol abuse on glucose metabolism should be recognized in clinical care, and addressed in future research studies of HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. ahoward@montfiore.org
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Floris-Moore
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Arnsten
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001823:Body Composition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors