title: Identification of the ancestral killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene in primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) are essential immuno-surveillance molecules. They are expressed on natural killer and T cells, and interact with human leukocyte antigens. KIR genes are highly polymorphic and contribute vital variability to our immune system. Numerous KIR genes, belonging to five distinct lineages, have been identified in all primates examined thus far and shown to be rapidly evolving. Since few KIR remain orthologous between species, with only one of them, KIR2DL4, shown to be common to human, apes and monkeys, the evolution of the KIR gene family in primates remains unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using comparative analyses, we have identified the ancestral KIR lineage (provisionally named KIR3DL0) in primates. We show KIR3DL0 to be highly conserved with the identification of orthologues in human (Homo sapiens), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We predict KIR3DL0 to encode a functional molecule in all primates by demonstrating expression in human, chimpanzee and rhesus monkey. Using the rhesus monkey as a model, we further show the expression profile to be typical of KIR by quantitative measurement of KIR3DL0 from an enriched population of natural killer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One reason why KIR3DL0 may have escaped discovery for so long is that, in human, it maps in between two related leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor clusters outside the known KIR gene cluster on Chromosome 19. Based on genomic, cDNA, expression and phylogenetic data, we report a novel lineage of immunoglobulin receptors belonging to the KIR family, which is highly conserved throughout 50 million years of primate evolution.
authors.affiliation: Immunogenomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 ISA, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sambrook
authors.forename: Arman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bashirova
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piatak
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Vernikos
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coggill
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lifson
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002888:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics*; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D054345:Receptors, KIR2DL4; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; C515079:KIR2DL4 protein, human; C515082:KIR3DX1 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D054345:Receptors, KIR2DL4