title: Emergence of antiretroviral therapy resistance-associated primary mutations among drug-naive HIV-1-infected individuals in rural western Cameroon.
abstract: The prevalence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resistance-associated mutations among HIV-1 strains in western Cameroon was evaluated by genotypically analyzing strains isolated from drug-naive individuals. Proviral DNA was extracted from 54 blood samples and amplified by polymerase chain reaction of protease, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and envelope genes. At least 4 clones per sample were analyzed. Of 54 HIV-1 strains, 45 (83.3%) had a concordant subtype or circulating recombinant form (CRF) designation: 40 CRF02_AG, 2 subtype A1, 2 G, and 1 F2. The remaining 9 (16.7%) had a discordant subtype: 6 subtype A1/CRF02_AG, 2 D/CRF02, and 1 G/CRF02. Protease inhibitor-associated primary resistance mutations were found in 4 (7.4%) cases: M46L with full clones in 1 case, and M46I, M46L, and V82A as minor populations in 1 case each. Reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated primary resistance mutations were found in 5 (9.8%) samples: Y188C in 2 cases, and L100I, M184V, and V75I in 1 case each, although all of these mutations were found as minor populations. This is one of the first reports of the emergence of primary ART resistance mutations among drug-naive, non-B subtype HIV-1-infected individuals in Cameroon. Follow-up studies should be conducted to assess whether these drug-resistant mutants found as minor populations might impact future ART.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Nicaise
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ndembi
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lwembe
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mbanya
authors.forename: Lazare
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaptue
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Numazaki
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002163:Cameroon; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017931:DNA Primers