title: Associations between age of onset and lifetime history of panic attacks and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in a representative sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation evaluated associations between lifetime panic attacks and lifetime alcohol use, abuse, and dependence. Specifically, the relations between lifetime panic attacks and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence were examined after controlling for theoretically relevant variables of comorbid psychopathology and polysubstance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this study were obtained from a large statewide survey, the Colorado Social Health Survey. Participants were contacted using randomly sampled household addresses (response rate was 72%) and interviews took place in participants' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of a representative sample of the Colorado general adult population (n = 4,745; 52% women).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3rd ed]. Washington [DC]: Author. 1980) was administered to obtain Axis I diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for theoretically relevant variables of comorbid psychopathology and polysubstance use, a lifetime history of panic attacks was significantly associated with alcohol dependence but not alcohol use or abuse. In addition, among participants reporting a lifetime history of both panic attacks and alcohol abuse or dependence, the number of participants for whom panic attacks developmentally preceded the onset of alcohol use problems was significantly greater (85.5%) than the number of participants for whom alcohol use problems preceded the onset of panic attacks (13.4%) or the number of participants for whom these problems developed at the same age (2.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest panic attacks, particularly of early onset, may serve as a risk marker for alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405-0134, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sachs-Ericsson
authors.forename: Norman B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Marcel O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Bonn-Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*