title: Interferon-gamma-deficient mice are resistant to the development of alopecia areata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alopecia areata (AA) is a T-cell mediated putative autoimmune disease of hair follicles, which can be transferred by CD4(+) T cells. However, whether T-helper (Th) 1 or Th2 cytokines are predominant has not yet been defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the importance of Th1 cells in the pathogenesis of AA we investigated the functional role of interferon (IFN)-gamma in the experimental induction of AA.
  
  
  METHODS
  AA was experimentally induced by grafting full-thickness skin from AA-affected C3H/HeJ mice on to C3H/HeJ mice with a targeted deletion of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma gene (IFNgamma(-/-)) and on to wild-type mice (IFNgamma(+/+)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  While 90% of wild-type mice developed AA, none of the IFNgamma(-/-) mice exhibited hair loss. Immunohistochemistry of skin sections revealed a dense perifollicular and intrafollicular infiltrate of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in controls, while in IFNgamma(-/-) mice skin-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells were absent and the number of CD4(+) cells was significantly reduced. Aberrant expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules in the putative immune-privileged infrainfundibular site of the hair follicle was found to be weaker in AA-resistant IFNgamma(-/-) mice than in control mice with AA. Flow cytometry revealed that leucocytes of IFNgamma(-/-) mice did not respond to the transfer of AA-affected skin. As distinct from IFNgamma(+/+) mice, neither T-cell activation markers nor Th1 cytokines were upregulated in draining lymph node cells or skin-infiltrating leucocytes of AA-resistant IFNgamma(-/-) mice. However, there was no evidence for a shift towards a Th2 cytokine profile, nor for upregulation of regulatory T cells in IFNgamma(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFNgamma(-/-) mice fail to activate Th1 cells in response to the transplanted (auto)antigens, which suggests an essential requirement for IFN-gamma-mediated Th1 activation in the induction of AA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Philipp University, Deutschhausstrasse 9, 35033 Marburg, Germany. freyschm@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freyschmidt-Paul
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McElwee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitacolonna
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kissling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zöller
mesh_terms: D000506:Alopecia Areata / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000276:immunology; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000378:metabolism; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007371:Interferon-gamma