title: Complications relating to intravenous buprenorphine abuse: a single institution case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present a retrospective descriptive study of cases admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital from March 2005 to October 2005 with complications of Subutex abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 8 patients were studied. Of the 8, 7 were male and one was female. Their complications consist of the following: arterial pseudoaneurysm (2), arterial pseudoaneurysm with infective venous thrombus (1), infective venous thrombus (1), venous thrombus (2), end arterial spasms (1) and sympathetic dystrophy (1).
  
  
  METHODS
  For the patient who presented with buprenorphine-associated neuropathy, non-operative treatment with analgesics was given. Conservative medical therapy involving deep venous thrombosis treatment was instituted for the patient with deep venous thrombosis. Repair, restorative bypass and embolectomy surgery were performed for patients who had severe embolic/thrombotic complications. One of the patients who received the above surgery required amputation of his lower limb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8 patients, 4 were treated medically, 3 required surgery and 1 required amputation. Their recoveries were uneventful. Of the 8, 1 absconded and was not followed up with.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parenteral injection of buprenorphine can cause a wide range of vascular complications from simple vascular irritation to severe infective thrombosis and pseudoaneurysms requiring limb amputations. Non-sterile preparation of an injected substance or non-sterile injection sites and the repeated punctures of major vessels are possible culprits in those who are seen to have acute infection of injection sites.
authors.affiliation: Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Andy Ks
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Chung-Yip
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Kok-Hoong
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chia
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000209:etiology; D002047:Buprenorphine; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D006119:Groin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine