title: The growing problem of non-AIDS-defining malignancies in HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence and spectrum of non-AIDS-defining cancers has continued to grow. As HIV-infected individuals live longer due to highly active antiretroviral therapy, their risk of dying from one of these cancers is increased. The recent literature pertaining to non-AIDS-defining cancers is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent epidemiological studies have identified higher rates of carcinoma of the anus, lung, breast, skin, conjunctiva, liver and prostate; hematopoietic malignancies such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, plasma-cell neoplasia and leukemia; and other neoplasms like melanoma and leiomyosarcoma in HIV-positive patients. The role of HIV-induced immunosuppression in the development of these non-AIDS-defining cancers appears less important than lifestyle habits like smoking and sun exposure, as well as coinfection with human papilloma, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and Epstein-Barr viruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unclear whether the growing number of reports on non-AIDS-defining cancers reflects a true increased incidence or merely the product of increased surveillance, detection and reporting. Highly active antiretroviral therapy not only promotes longevity in the HIV-positive population, but may increase their risk of developing cancer like Hodgkin's lymphoma. Assertive prevention strategies are needed to adequately deal with non-AIDS-defining cancers in an aging and growing HIV-positive population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantanowitz
authors.forename: Hans P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schlecht
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dezube
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents