title: Fate of ochratoxin A during vinification of Semillon and Shiraz grapes.
abstract: Semillon and Shiraz grapes containing ochratoxin A (OA) were obtained by inoculation of bunches on the vine with Aspergillus carbonarius. Citric acid content was greater in the inoculated grapes than in healthy grapes. Samples were collected throughout vinification of these grapes and the OA content was quantified using a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method. The mass of processed and waste streams during vinification was also noted. Reduction in the amount of OA in juice and wine occurred at every solid-liquid separation stage. The OA concentration (microg/kg) in white and red wine after racking was 4% and 9%, respectively, of that in crushed grapes. This corresponds to 1% and 6% of the total OA content that was initially present in the inoculated grapes. The OA content was divided between solid and liquid phases at each stage of vinification. OA did not appear to be transformed either chemically or biologically by yeast during fermentation, rather was discarded with the marc, juice lees, and gross lees.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Food Science Australia, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Su-lin L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Ailsa D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hocking
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Varelis
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannikopoulos
authors.forename: Eileen S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000378:metabolism; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D019343:Citric Acid