The etiology of poststroke depression: a review of the literature and a new hypothesis involving inflammatory cytokines.
Although poststroke depression is unlikely to represent a single disorder and numerous etiologies for different kinds of poststroke depression will likely emerge as the result of future research, we believe that a number of poststroke depressive disorders are likely to be the result of specific changes in brain pathology and neurophysiology. Nevertheless, there are relatively few hypotheses about the pathophysiology of poststroke depression. This paper, therefore, proposes a new hypothesis for poststroke depression involving increased production of proinflammatory cytokines resulting from brain ischemia in cerebral areas linked to the pathogenesis of mood disorders. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the occurrence of stroke as well as mood disorders linked to the brain damage. The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IL-18 resulting from stroke may lead to an amplification of the inflammatory process, particularly in limbic areas, and widespread activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and subsequently to depletion of serotonin in paralimbic regions such as the ventral lateral frontal cortex, polar temporal cortex and basal ganglia. The resultant physiological dysfunction may lead to poststroke depression. Future investigations may explore this hypothesis through more extensive studies on the role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or even IL-18, in patients with poststroke depression.
Spalletta
G
G
Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Bossù
P
P
Ciaramella
A
A
Bria
P
P
Caltagirone
C
C
Robinson
R G
RG
D000818:Animals; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology
D001679:Biogenic Amines; D016207:Cytokines; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase