title: Retrosternal goiter: the need for median sternotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to analyze the features of patients with goiter who underwent thyroidectomy via a cervical incision and a median sternotomy in Khartoum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 267 thyroidectomies were performed in Khartoum Teaching Hospital during the period from January 2002 to December 2003. There were 40 patients with evidence of retrosternal goiter (15%). Of those 40 patients, 13 had clinical and radiologic evidence of deep retrosternal extension of the goiter possibly necessitating sternotomy. Only 9 of the 13 patients actually required sternotomy, which accounted for 3.4% of all thyroidectomies performed (n = 267). The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of those 9 sternotomy patients were analyzed and compared to those of the 258 patients who underwent cervical thyroidecomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total thyroidectomy was undertaken in all nine patients. Six of them had retrosternal extension on the right side of the mediastinum, and three had bilateral extension. Seven patients had symptoms of respiratory distress, and two were asymptomatic. The duration of the goiter ranged between 7 and 30 years. The chest radiograph and computed tomography scan revealed that the retrosternal part was below the level of the aortic knuckle at the tracheal bifurcation in all cases. The histopathology revealed a simple multinodular goiter in eight of the nine patients (89%) and in one patient with papillary carcinoma. Five of the nine patients underwent intraoperative prophylactic tracheostomy due to tracheomalacia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A long-standing goiter with deep (below the aortic knuckle) mediastinal extension and tracheal space compromise can be postulated to increase the likelihood of sternotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan. rasheid@usa.net
authors.forename: Mohamed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Elnazeer O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Seif I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mahadi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006045:Goiter, Substernal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*