title: Clinical study of amiodarone-associated torsade de pointes in Chinese people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amiodarone-associated torsade de pointes (Tdp) has been reported increasingly in China in recent years. In this study, we made clinical analysis of amiodarone-associated Tdp in Chinese people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two major Chinese medical databases were searched to identify articles published during the last 26 years that presented data on amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic events. The articles were divided into two categories: case reports and observational studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two Chinese-language case reports with 98 patients and 2 patients registered in our hospital, total 100 patients about amiodarone-associated Tdp, were enrolled in the study. Amiodarone-associated Tdp occurred more frequently in females (68.0%, 68/100). The major primary disease of females was rheumatic heart disease (40.7%, 24/59), while that of males was coronary heart disease (45.8%, 11/24). In most patients, Tdp occurred repeatedly and terminated in 24-48 hours. Some Tdp worsen to ventricular fibrillation and caused 19 patients' death (mortality rate 21.8%, 19/87). Known predisposing factors to the development of Tdp, such as heart failure, hypokalemia, drugs combination, and bradyarrhythmia, existed in many cases. Tdp also occurred in six patients (4 females, 2 males) without any known predisposing factors except QTc interval prolongation. Fourteen observational studies each reported data from at least 100 patients who were treated with amiodarone for at least 1 month. Of 2,354 patients included in these studies, 455 patients exposed to amiodarone were reported to have proarrhythmic events (an overall incidence of 19.3%), while only 4 patients were reported to have Tdp or ventricular fibrillation (an incidence of 0.17%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, approximately one-fifth of the patients have amiodarone-induced proarrhythmic events, while the incidence of Tdp or ventricular fibrillation is remarkably low. Amiodarone-associated Tdp occurred more frequently in Chinese females. Known predisposing factors for occurrence of Tdp prevailed in Chinese patients. QTc interval prolongation may be an independent risk factor of amiodarone-associated Tdp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Deng-Feng
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Dong-Mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jing-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ying-Jia
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000638:Amiodarone