title: Prevalence of flat foot in preschool-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim with this study was to establish the prevalence of flat foot in a population of 3- to 6-year-old children to evaluate cofactors such as age, weight, and gender and to estimate the number of unnecessary treatments performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 835 children (411 girls and 424 boys) were included in this study. The clinical diagnosis of flat foot was based on a valgus position of the heel and a poor formation of the arch. Feet of the children were scanned (while they were in a standing position) by using a laser surface scanner, and rearfoot angle was measured. Rearfoot angle was defined as the angle of the upper Achilles tendon and the distal extension of the rearfoot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of flexible flat foot in the group of 3- to 6-year-old children was 44%. Prevalence of pathological flat foot was < 1%. Ten percent of the children were wearing arch supports. The prevalence of flat foot decreases significantly with age: in the group of 3-year-old children 54% showed a flat foot, whereas in the group of 6-year-old children only 24% had a flat foot. Average rearfoot angle was 5.5 degrees of valgus. Boys had a significant greater tendency for flat foot than girls: the prevalence of flat foot in boys was 52% and 36% in girls. Thirteen percent of the children were overweight or obese. Significant differences in prevalence of flat foot between overweight, obese, and normal-weight children were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to use a three-dimensional laser surface scanner to measure the rearfoot valgus in preschool-aged children. The data demonstrate that the prevalence of flat foot is influenced by 3 factors: age, gender, and weight. In overweight children and in boys, a highly significant prevalence of flat foot was observed; in addition, a retarded development of the medial arch in the boys was discovered. At the time of the study, > 90% of the treatments were unnecessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. martin.pfeiffer@gmx.at
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kotz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ledl
authors.forename: Gertrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sluga
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D050177:Overweight; D015995:Prevalence; D012775:Shoes