title: Cannabis use and mood disorders: patterns of clinical presentations among adolescents in a developing country.
abstract: Notwithstanding the increase use of cannabis among adolescents in both developing and developed countries, few studies have looked at cannabis use and mood disorders. In a series of case studies, this research project seeks to investigate patterns of clinical presentations seen among cannabis users in psychiatric outpatients in Trinidad. Five clinical patterns of presentations are identified among cannabis users and abusers based on variables of dosing, age of initial use, duration of use, tolerance and reverse tolerance and poly-drug abuse. All patients in these case studies were standardized for method of use and potency of cannabis used. Patients were screened by urine tests to determine co-morbid use of other substances. Other variables such as environmental factors and genetic vulnerability were reviewed as far as possible from historical accounts of family members. The five patterns described are low, controlled use with mild euphoria and heightened awareness, moderate use with mixed depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviour, heavy, short term use with manic symptoms, long term incremental use with psychotic symptoms due to the trumping of depressive symptoms and cannabis mixed with other substances resulting in florid psychosis. Mood disorders appear to be a common finding among adolescents using cannabis. Sensitization to symptomatic presentation and early detection of cannabis use in young adolescents are necessary. Further research is needed on the effect of cannabinoids on emotions, behaviour and thinking and its relationship to mental disorders. This study is useful as a guideline for the implementation of public health strategies and legislation concerning the use of cannabis in youths.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Hospital PMS Vijverdal, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.forename: Hari D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Maharajh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry; D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis / Q000633:toxicity*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago