title: Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism after heart transplant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of the present study was to investigate skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism in heart transplant recipients (HTR) by noninvasive tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male HTR (age 50.4 +/- 2.6 yr; mean +/- SE) and 17 healthy untrained age-matched controls (CTRL) performed an incremental exercise (IE) and a series of constant-load (CLE) moderate-intensity exercise tests on a cycloergometer. The following variables were determined: heart rate (HR); breath-by-breath pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2); and skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) oxygenation indices by continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy. Changes in concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) (Delta[deoxy(Hb + Mb)]), expressed as a fraction of values obtained during a transient limb ischemia, were taken as an index of skeletal muscle O2 extraction. "Peak" values were determined at exhaustion during IE. Kinetics of adjustment of variables were determined during CLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VO2peak, HRpeak, and Delta[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] peak were significantly lower in HTR than in CTRL (17.1 +/- 0.7 vs 34.0 +/- 1.9 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), 133.8 +/- 3.8 vs 173.0 +/- 4.8 bpm, and 0.42 +/- 0.03 vs 0.58 +/- 0.04, respectively). In HTR, Delta[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] increase at submaximal workloads was steeper than in CTRL, suggesting an impaired O2 delivery to skeletal muscles, whereas the lower Delta[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] peak values suggest an impaired capacity of O2 extraction at peak exercise. VO2 and HR kinetics during CLE were significantly slower in HTR than in CTRL, whereas, unexpectedly, no significant differences were found for Delta[deoxy(Hb+Mb)] kinetics (mean response time: 21.3 +/- 1.1 vs 20.2 +/- 1.2 s).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings confirm the presence of both "central" (cardiovascular) and "peripheral" (at the skeletal muscle level) impairments to oxidative metabolism in HTR. The noninvasiveness of the measurements will allow for serial evaluation of the patients, in the presence and/or absence of rehabilitation programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lanfranconi
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porcelli
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maccherini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiavarelli
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grassi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D009211:Myoglobin