title: Development of a novel optimized breathhold technique for myocardial T2 measurement in thalassemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a reproducible fast spin-echo (FSE) technique for accurate myocardial T2 measurement with application to iron overload assessment in thalassemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An FSE sequence was developed to permit acquisition of multiple TE images in one breathhold (BH-FSE). A dynamic black-blood scheme was introduced to better cancel blood signal. A nonselective refocusing train was also adopted to suppress stimulated echoes. The optimized technique was tested on phantoms and then applied to 10 normal volunteers and 10 thalassemia patients. Interstudy reproducibility was measured on all the 20 subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean difference in T2 values was 1.7% from phantom experiments between BH-FSE and the conventional spin-echo (SE) technique. High contrast BH-FSE images were acquired from human subjects, with minimal stimulated echoes and effective blood suppression (P = 0.0005). The coefficient of variation for interstudy reproducibility was 4.3%. T2 values from thalassemia patients were substantially lower than those from the normal subjects (45.2 +/- 26.1 msec vs. 56.9 +/- 8.4 ms, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamic black-blood T2 sequence is a fast reproducible acquisition that compares favorably with conventional techniques, is robust to motion artifacts, and yields high blood-myocardium contrast. This technique may provide a useful tool in thalassemia and other scenarios requiring myocardial T2 quantification.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College, London, UK. t.he@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Taigang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gatehouse
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.forename: Dudley J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Firmin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*