title: Assessment of the efficacy of parasiticides for the control of tick infection in dogs under field conditions: what's new?
abstract: For their biological and ecological characteristics, ticks are vectors of the widest variety of pathogens causing tick-borne diseases (TBDs). Little information is available about the ways in which time spent by ticks to feed on hosts, transmission times and TBD prevention are related and it is exclusively limited to laboratory reports on adult stages. In particular, the time required by immature stages to transmit pathogens has not been determined for most TBDs. Considering their importance for animal and human health, effective control of immature ticks is advisable to reduce the damage ticks cause. Recently, the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50% was compared with that of fipronil 10%/S-methoprene 9% against ticks when administered to naturally infected dogs. A semi-quantitative method was used to assess the methodological parameters to calculate drug efficacy on immature stages. On adult ticks, the efficacy of both products was high and overall very similar, whereas for the immature stages the combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% had a higher efficacy than fipronil 10% and methoprene 9% throughout the observation period (statistically significant difference on day + 28 only). The semi-quantitative method proposed for the evaluation of immature stages can be considered a useful tool for calculating the efficacy of a drug in the field. Due the important role of immatures in the spread of TBDs, the immature tick load should be calculated to assess the efficacy of acaricidal products both under laboratory and field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere degli Animali, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otranto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs / Q000469:parasitology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007306:Insecticides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008726:Methoprene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D026023:Permethrin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D013987:Ticks / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011720:Pyrazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D026023:Permethrin; D008726:Methoprene; C082360:fipronil