title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promote malignant growth of cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in vivo.
abstract: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are used to ameliorate cancer therapy-induced neutropenia and mucositis. Yet, first data in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) indicate an impaired long-term prognosis on G-CSF treatment, and previous studies showed a contribution of both factors to the progression of human epithelial tumors. Therefore, we investigate the role of G-CSF and GM-CSF in progression of tumor cells from human HNSCC. Both factors stimulated proliferation and migration of tumor cell lines established from patient tumors expressing G-CSF and GM-CSF and/or their receptors. Blockade of G-CSF and GM-CSF inhibited tumor cell invasion in a three-dimensional organotypic culture model. The contribution of both factors to tumor malignancy was further confirmed in nude mouse transplants in vivo. Invasive and malignant growth yielding a similar tumor phenotype as the original patient tumor was exclusively observed in G-CSF- and GM-CSF-expressing tumors and was associated with enhanced and persistent angiogenesis and enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment. Although factor-negative tumors grew somewhat faster, they were characterized by lack of invasion, reduced and transient angiogenesis, and large necrotic areas. These data provide evidence for a progression-promoting effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF in human HNSCC and suggest further detailed evaluation of their use in the therapy of these tumors.
authors.affiliation: Group of Tumour and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gutschalk
authors.forename: Christel C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Herold-Mende
authors.forename: Norbert E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fusenig
authors.forename: Margareta M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor