title: Role of the calcarine cortex (V1) in perception of visual cues for saccades.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the initial level at which the pathways for cue perception, saccades and antisaccades diverge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two procedures: single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) over posterior occiput and backward masking were used. A visual cue directed saccades to the left or right, either a pro-saccade (to the side of the cue but beyond it) or an antisaccade, i.e., contraversive saccade. No visual target was presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latencies of the two types of saccades did not differ. Focal sTMS applied unilaterally over V1 suppressed both perception of a cue flashed 80-90ms earlier contralaterally (but not ipsilaterally) and the appropriate saccade. Masking at a delay of 100ms abolished the appropriate saccade and cue perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  V1 is essential for the perception of a flashed cue and for executing appropriate pro- and contraversive saccades. Masking may occur beyond V1, where the pathways for perception and for saccades at least to the next visual processing level start separating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VI is needed for rapid, accurate perceptual and motor responses to the crudest (left versus right) cues. It is unlikely that the "where" system can have a major direct input bypassing V1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalli
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.forename: R Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Cracco
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodis-Wollner
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Amassian
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*