title: Spurious associations in oral epidemiological research: the case of dental flossing and obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with increased oral health awareness may also have increased general health awareness, and vice versa. Such associations between oral and general health awareness has the potential to induce spurious associations in oral epidemiological research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent to which oral self-care patterns and general health awareness are confounded, we investigated the association between flossing and obesity, two lifestyle factors that are unlikely to be causally related.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 1497 individuals presenting for an initial periodontal exam by the specialist. Self-reported flossing behaviors and body mass index (BMI) categories were related using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounding variables, lack of daily flossing was associated in a dose-dependent way with morbid obesity (odds ratio (OR), 20.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.7-154.0), obesity (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5-2.9), and being overweight (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2). When restricting to never smokers, a significant relationship between obesity and lack of flossing remained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong associations between two causally unrelated oral and general lifestyle characteristics indicate that simplistic epidemiologic methodology is unlikely to provide insights into causal mechanisms of oral diseases or oral-systemic relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. hujoel@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Hujoel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunha-Cruz
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kressin
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000453:epidemiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D050177:Overweight; D012107:Research Design; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology