Pain and health related functioning among employees.
OBJECTIVE
Although employees report high rates of pain, little is known about the effects of pain on health related functioning among them. This study examined the effects of pain on employees' health related functioning by bodily locations of pain, number of painful locations, and whether pain was acute or chronic.


METHODS
Cross sectional questionnaire survey. Data on pain and health related functioning as measured with the eight subscales of the short form 36 health survey (SF-36) were obtained in the years 2001 and 2002.


METHODS
Municipal employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland.


METHODS
All employees who reached the age of 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 years during each study year. Response rate was 66% (n = 5829).


RESULTS
Compared with those reporting no pain, those with pain had considerably poorer functioning on all SF-36 subscales. The lowest scores for health related functioning were seen in the physical domain of health, whereas the mental domain was less affected. The association of pain with functioning was practically independent of the bodily location of pain. Whether pain was acute or chronic had only a modest effect on functioning. Widest variation in functioning was found by the number of painful locations.


CONCLUSIONS
Among employees pain complaints, irrespective of the location, are associated with a decreased level of functioning. The number of painful locations is likely to be the most useful measure to identify employees with a high risk of poor functioning.
Saastamoinen
Peppiina
P
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. peppiina.saastamoinen@helsinki.fi
Leino-Arjas
Päivi
P
Laaksonen
Mikko
M
Martikainen
Pekka
P
Lahelma
Eero
E
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors