title: Hyponatremia, fluid-electrolyte disorders, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: diagnosis and treatment options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the types and causes of hyponatremia and examine the various strategies for treatment of this disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the current literature is provided, targeting endocrinology clinicians who consult with hospital medical and surgical staff when managing patients with hyponatremia. Treatment for euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia with arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists is presented, which provides a new treatment option for patients with disorders of water metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyponatremia is recognized as the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in the clinical setting and is associated with a variety of conditions including dilutional disorders, such as congestive heart failure and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and depletional disorders, such as diarrhea and vomiting or blood loss. Most cases of mild hyponatremia can be treated effectively. Acute, severe hyponatremia that is untreated or treated ineffectively, however, can lead to serious neurologic outcomes or death. With the poor prognosis for morbidity and mortality in patients with severe hyponatremia, hospital-based clinicians must identify those at risk for hyponatremia and suggest appropriate treatment intervention. A new class of drugs, the arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists, targets receptors on collecting duct cells of the nephron and causes aquaresis, the excretion of free water. This therapy leads to the restoration of sodium-water homeostasis in patients with euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With many hospitalized patients at risk for hyponatremia, especially elderly patients in critical care and postsurgical units, identification of involved patients, recommendation of appropriate treatment, and awareness of new therapeutic options are critical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hypertension Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Helmy M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Siragy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009481:Neurophysins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000502:physiology; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
chemical_list: C438657:AVP protein, human; D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D009481:Neurophysins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D014667:Vasopressins; D012964:Sodium