title: Predictors of postabsorptive ghrelin secretion after intake of different macronutrients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Release of ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone regulating feeding and energy balance, is blunted in obesity, a condition associated with insulin resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to identify anthropometric and metabolic predictors of postabsorptive ghrelin secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated ghrelin, insulin, glucose, and leptin secretion overnight and after intake of different macronutrients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten obese subjects (age, 31.8 +/- 2.5 yr; body mass index, 43.4 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2)) and six lean subjects (age, 33.5 +/- 2.4 yr; body mass index, 21.8 +/- 1.4 kg/m(2)) participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures were resting energy expenditure (REE); fat mass; nighttime approximate entropy (ApEn) and synchronicity (cross-ApEn) of ghrelin, insulin, and leptin; insulin sensitivity by homeostatic model approach insulin-sensitivity (HOMA-S%); postabsorptive area under the curve (AUC); and Delta of ghrelin, insulin, glucose, and leptin after carbohydrate-, lipid-, and protein-rich test meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nighttime ApEn scores were higher in obese than lean subjects (P < 0.01). Cross-ApEn revealed a synchronicity between ghrelin-insulin, ghrelin-leptin, and insulin-leptin in both groups. Compared with baseline, ghrelin decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in lean and obese subjects after carbohydrates (42.2 vs. 28.5%; P < 0.05), lipids (40.2 vs. 26.2%; P < 0.01), and proteins (42.2 vs. 26.3%; P < 0.01) devoid of between-meal ghrelin differences. Significant associations occurred between nocturnal ghrelin ApEn and insulin (r = 0.53; P < 0.05), postmeal ghrelin AUCs and REE (r = -0.57; P < 0.05), and HOMA-S% (r = 0.52; P < 0.05), postmeal ghrelin Delta and HOMA-S% (r = 0.60; P < 0.05). REE (beta = -0.57; P = 0.02) and ghrelin ApEn (beta = -0.62; P = 0.01) were predictors of postmeal ghrelin AUC and Delta, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity determined a decreased orderliness of ghrelin secretion and a relative loss of ghrelin-insulin synchrony. Postabsorptive ghrelin secretion decreased significantly both in obese and lean subjects, was related to insulin sensitivity, and was predicted by energy expenditure and hormone pulsatility.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Casella Postale 1, I-28921 Verbania, Italy. marzullop@yahoo.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marzullo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caumo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verti
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maestrini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagliaferri
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Di Blasio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liuzzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones