title: Low frequency rTMS of the SMA transiently ameliorates peak-dose LID in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may modulate l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in dyskinetic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. LID is a severe motor complication in advanced PD patients. The neural mechanisms involved in LID are not clear, and it is apparent that both an excessive decrease in internal pallidus firing and a modification and overactivation of cortical motor and premotor areas are involved in its pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using low frequency 1Hz repetitive rTMS we investigated whether decrease of excitability of the supplementary motor area (SMA) may result in modification of LID in PD patients. Furthermore we tested whether it was possible to enhance and/or prolong the beneficial effects of the treatment with repeated sessions of stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that 1Hz rTMS induced a transient reduction of dyskinesias. A single session of rTMS improved LID, while repeated sessions of stimulation failed to enhance and/or prolong the beneficial effects of the procedure, without causing motor deterioration or other adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that LID may depend on an increased excitability of the SMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMA rTMS is effective in reducing transiently LID, although cannot yet be considered clinically useful.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brusa
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Versace
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iani
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanzione
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Centonze
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa