title: Comparative genomics of the class 4 histone deacetylase family indicates a complex evolutionary history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone deacetylases are enzymes that modify core histones and play key roles in transcriptional regulation, chromatin assembly, DNA repair, and recombination in eukaryotes. Three types of related histone deacetylases (classes 1, 2, and 4) are widely found in eukaryotes, and structurally related proteins have also been found in some prokaryotes. Here we focus on the evolutionary history of the class 4 histone deacetylase family.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through sequence similarity searches against sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tag data, we identified members of the class 4 histone deacetylase family in 45 eukaryotic and 37 eubacterial species representative of very distant evolutionary lineages. Multiple phylogenetic analyses indicate that the phylogeny of these proteins is, in many respects, at odds with the phylogeny of the species in which they are found. In addition, the eukaryotic members of the class 4 histone deacetylase family clearly display an anomalous phyletic distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unexpected phylogenetic relationships within the class 4 histone deacetylase family and the anomalous phyletic distribution of these proteins within eukaryotes might be explained by two mechanisms: ancient gene duplication followed by differential gene losses and/or horizontal gene transfer. We discuss both possibilities in this report, and suggest that the evolutionary history of the class 4 histone deacetylase family may have been shaped by horizontal gene transfers.
authors.affiliation: Belgian EMBnet Node, Laboratoire de Bioinformatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium. vledent@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ledent
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vervoort
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000201:enzymology; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000201:enzymology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014780:Viruses / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D006655:Histone Deacetylases