title: Polymorphisms in the glucocerebrosidase gene and pseudogene urge caution in clinical analysis of Gaucher disease allele c.1448T>C (L444P).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gaucher disease is a potentially severe lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the human glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA). We have developed a multiplexed genetic assay for eight diseases prevalent in the Ashkenazi population: Tay-Sachs, Gaucher type I, Niemann-Pick types A and B, mucolipidosis type IV, familial dysautonomia, Canavan, Bloom syndrome, and Fanconi anemia type C. This assay includes an allelic determination for GBA allele c.1448T>C (L444P). The goal of this study was to clinically evaluate this assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biotinylated, multiplex PCR products were directly hybridized to capture probes immobilized on fluorescently addressed microspheres. After incubation with streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore, the reactions were analyzed by Luminex IS100. Clinical evaluations were conducted using de-identified patient DNA samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated a multiplexed suspension array assay that includes wild-type and mutant genetic determinations for Gaucher disease allele c.1448T>C. Two percent of samples reported to be wild-type by conventional methods were observed to be c.1448T>C heterozygous using our assay. Sequence analysis suggested that this phenomenon was due to co-amplification of the functional gene and a paralogous pseudogene (PsiGBA) due to a polymorphism in the primer-binding site of the latter. Primers for the amplification of this allele were then repositioned to span an upstream deletion in the pseudogene, yielding a much longer amplicon. Although it is widely reported that long amplicons negatively impact amplification or detection efficiency in recently adopted multiplex techniques, this assay design functioned properly and resolved the occurrence of false heterozygosity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although previously available sequence information suggested GBA gene/pseudogene discrimination capabilities with a short amplified product, we identified common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the pseudogene that required amplification of a larger region for effective discrimination.
authors.affiliation: Asuragen, Inc,, Austin, Texas, USA. jbrown@asuragen.com
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lahey
authors.forename: Walairat
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Laosinchai-Wolf
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hadd
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D005776:Gaucher Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005962:Glucosylceramidase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews / Q000235:genetics; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011544:Pseudogenes; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D005962:Glucosylceramidase