title: Selective anterior cingulate cortex deficit during conflict solution in schizophrenia: an event-related potential study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia research has gained a new focus on identification and further characterization of neurocognitive deficits in the search for behavioural endophenotypes of this disorder. The objective of this study was to explore differential cortical processing during executive control in schizophrenia as assessed with the attention network test (ANT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen schizophrenic patients and sixteen healthy controls matched for gender, age, education, and nicotine consumption were tested with the ANT while recording 29-channel-electroencephalogram (EEG). Visual event-related potentials (ERP) N200 and P300 were topographically analyzed and cortical mapping using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) was applied to localize neuroelectric generators of ERP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviourally, significant differences between schizophrenic patients and controls were found only for the conflict condition (p<0.05) and for conflict adjusted by mean reaction time (p<0.01). Examining ERP of control subjects, N200 failed to show robust flanker congruency effects. P300 amplitude was reduced at Pz (p<0.05) and P300 latency was increased at Cz (p<0.005) for the conflict condition. Schizophrenic patients differed significantly in P300 latency at Cz during late conflict processing (p<0.005). Source analysis revealed a deficit in anterior cingulate cortex (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are in line with previous reports about dysfunctional ACC activation in schizophrenia and argue in favour of a selective deficit of cortical conflict resolution. It is further proposed that dysfunctional ACC activation during executive processing may be a neurophysiologic endophenotype candidate of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany. andres.neuhaus@charite.de
authors.forename: Andres H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opgen-Rhein
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urbanek
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dettling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014054:Tomography