title: Boron deprivation alters rat behaviour and brain mineral composition differently when fish oil instead of safflower oil is the diet fat source.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether boron deprivation affects rat behaviour and whether behavioural responses to boron deprivation are modified by differing amounts of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were fed diets containing 0.1 mg (9 micromol)/kg boron in a factorial arrangement with dietary variables of supplemental boron at 0 and 3mg (278 micromol)/kg and fat sources of 75 g/kg safflower oil or 65 g/kg fish (menhaden) oil plus 10 g/kg linoleic acid. After 6 weeks, six females per treatment were bred. Dams and pups continued on their respective diets through gestation, lactation and after weaning. Between ages 6 and 20 weeks, behavioural tests were performed on 13-15 male offspring from three dams in each dietary treatment. The rats were euthanized at age 21 weeks for the collection of tissues and blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  At ages 6 and 19 weeks, auditory startle was evaluated with an acoustic startle system and avoidance behaviour was evaluated by using an elevated plus maze. At ages 7 and 20 weeks, spontaneous behaviour activity was evaluated with a photobeam activity system. A brightness discrimination test was performed on the rats between age 15 and 16 weeks. Brain mineral composition was determined by coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Plasma total glutathione was determined by HPLC and total cholesterol and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha) were determined by using commercially available kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boron-deficient rats were less active than boron-adequate rats when fed safflower oil based on reduced number, distance and time of horizontal movements, front entries, margin distance and vertical breaks and jumps in the spontaneous activity evaluation. Feeding fish oil instead of safflower oil attenuated the activity response to boron deprivation. In the plus maze evaluation, the behavioural reactivity of the boron-deficient rats fed fish oil was noticeably different than the other three treatments. They made more entries into both open and closed arms and the center area and thus visited more locations. The boron-deficient rats fed fish oil also exhibited the lowest copper and zinc and highest boron concentrations in brain and the highest plasma glutathione concentration. Both boron deprivation and safflower oil increased plasma 8-iso-PGF2alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both dietary boron and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids influence rat behaviour and brain composition and the influence of one these bioactive substances can be altered by changing the intake of the other. Brain mineral and plasma cholesterol, glutathione and 8-iso-PGF2alpha findings suggest that rat behaviour is affected by an interaction between boron and fish oil because both affect oxidative metabolism and act the cellular membrane level.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. fnielsen@gfhnrc.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Forrest H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Penland
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001895:Boron / Q000172:deficiency*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012450:Safflower Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D008903:Minerals; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D012450:Safflower Oil; D002784:Cholesterol; D015237:Dinoprost; D005978:Glutathione; D001895:Boron