title: [Influence of milking technique, milking hygiene and environmental hygiene parameters on the microbial contamination of milking machines].
abstract: It was the aim of this study to investigate the effect of various factors of the milking technique, milking hygiene and environment on microbial contamination of the milking machine. In 31 dairy herds, the degree of bacterial contamination was examined by taking swabs at four locations (teat cup liner, claw, short and long milk tube) before the milking procedure was started using a standardized protocol (DIN ISO 6887-1:1999). Furthermore, the total germ count was determined in the first milk entering the bulk tank as well as in the bulk tank milk following milking. For each farm, the quality of the milking process and the condition of the milking machine as well as of various environmental factors were recorded. A subjective evaluation of the status of the milking cluster or other parts of the milking machine ("good" or "moderate-poor") gave more information about bacterial contamination than the determination of age and type of material used. A temperature of the rinsing water of < 42 degrees C increased the contamination with Pseudomonas spp. and coliform bacteria. Milking clusters kept out of the cluster pick-up between milking had a higher risk of microbial contamination. Various methods of teat cleaning before milking or of postmilking teat disinfection did not affect the contamination of the milking machine and the bulk tank milk with environmental bacteria. Furthermore, type of bedding material affected bacterial contamination of milking clusters and bulk tank milk. In conclusion, our results suggest that the microbial contamination of the milking machine is not only influenced by the sanitation pro-
authors.affiliation: Arbeitsbereich Bestandstiermedizin der Klinik für Rinder der Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover. maren.feldmann@tiho-hannover.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoedemaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004777:Environment; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006920:Hygiene; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000382:microbiology; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D015003:Yeasts / Q000302:isolation & purification