title: Prevalence and risk factors of undetected proteinuria in an elderly South-East Asian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinalysis is not a standard component of health screening in the elderly population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of undetected renal disease as defined by proteinuria (PR) in an elderly South-East Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 19,848 participants of age >or=65 years in National Kidney Foundation's Nationwide Screening programme at Singapore. Mean age was 70.6 +/- 5.3 years. After excluding the 1.1% who had pre-existing renal disease, 8.5% were identified to have previously undetected PR defined as >or=1+ protein on urine dipstick analysis. Multivariate regression revealed that male gender (OR = 1.2, reference category (Ref): female), known diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 2.28; P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR = 1.62; P = 0.0001), presence of elevated blood pressure (BP) (>or=120/90 mmHg) on screening (OR = 1.38, 1.89, 3.45 for mild, moderate and severe BP, respectively, all P < 0.0001), elevated body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.3 for BMI >or=23 vs BMI < 23 kg/m(2)), and smoking (OR = 1.2, ref: non-smokers) were significantly associated with PR. Finally, a progressive increase in OR for PR was observed with stepwise increase in age (years) (OR for 67-68.9: 1.2, P = 0.025; 69-72.9, 1.49, P = 0.49; >or=73: 1.56, P < 0.0001, Ref: 65-66.9 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that there is high prevalence of previously undetected proteinuria in elderly South-East Asians. Because proteinuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, our findings support inclusion of urinalysis in routine health screening for this population.
authors.affiliation: Medical Directorate, National Kidney Foundation Singapore, Singapore. drveena.joshi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Veena D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Nandkumar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mooppil
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors