title: The burden of chronic kidney disease in Australian patients with type 2 diabetes (the NEFRON study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a clinic-based sample of patients with type 2 diabetes in the setting of Australian primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expressions of interest were invited from all registered general practitioners in Australia: 500 GP investigators were randomly selected from each stratum (state and urban versus rural location), proportional to the census population, and asked to recruit and provide data for 10-15 consecutively presenting adults with type 2 diabetes between April and September 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and evidence of kidney damage on urinalysis (eg, microalbuminuria).
  
  
  RESULTS
  348 GP investigators submitted data for 3893 individuals with type 2 diabetes (52% men; median age, 66 years). Almost one in every four patients consulting their GPs had an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (23.1%; 95% CI, 21.8%-24.5%). More than one in three had an elevated urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) (34.6%; 95% CI, 33.3%-35.9%). There was an overlap of 10.4% of patients with both an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and an elevated urinary ACR, meaning that almost one in two patients with type 2 diabetes consulting their GPs (47.1%; 95% CI, 45.8%-48.4%) had CKD. CKD was significantly more common in women, in older people, and in individuals with established macrovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD is a common complication of type 2 diabetes, found in about half of all patients with type 2 diabetes consulting their GPs. Efforts to increase the recognition of CKD will lead to improved care, and possibly survival, of patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria. mthomas@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: Merlin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Weekes
authors.forename: Olivia J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Broadley
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Tim H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Mathew
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*