title: Zeolite (clinoptilolite) as feed additive to reduce manure mineral content.
abstract: Clinoptilolite (a species of zeolite) as grower hog feed additive can potentially improve nutrient ingestion and lower manure nutrient levels. A first objective was to establish the optimal particle size of the zeolite powder, as a fine size increases the adsorption surface while a coarse size can facilitate handling. The second objective tested the effect of feeding zeolite on manure nutrient levels. For the first objective, three zeolite powders (250-500 microm; 50-250 microm, and 50-500 microm) were exposed to an NH(4)(+) solution under a pH of either 7.0 or 2.0. The resulting solutions were tested for cation exchange. A commercial zeolite was also tested for the pH of 2.0 to evaluate zeolite stability. At 0%, 5% and 10% humidity, the same three particle size powders were subjected to shear tests to determine the zeolite's angle of friction. For the second objective using metabolic cages, female hogs were subjected to one of four rations (a control and three with zeolite) while collecting and analyzing their manures. For the first objective, the coarse particle zeolite performed best, adsorbing 158 and 123 Cmol(+)/kg of NH(4)(+) under neutral and acid pH, respectively, and releasing an equivalent amount of minerals only under neutral pH. The commercial zeolite with less clinoptilolite released more Al, Fe, Cu and Pb, showing less stability. The high internal angle of friction of zeolite did not vary with particle size and moisture, indicating funnel flow under gravity. For the second objective, hogs fed a zeolite diet produced manure with 15% and 22% less N and P, respectively, and demonstrated a better feed conversion, although not statistically significant (P>0.05). These results show that there is some potential in using high quality clinoptilolite in the ration of grower hogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QUE, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barrington
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: El-Husseini
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry*; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism; D017641:Zeolites / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; C083175:clinoptilolite; D017641:Zeolites; D000641:Ammonia