title: The relationship between craniofacial structures and the nose in Anatolian Turkish adults: a cephalometric evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the facial skeletal and the nasal profile in Anatolian Turkish adults. This prospective study was conducted at Gazi University, Faculties of Dentistry and Medicine, in Ankara, Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 262 Turkish adults (167 women, 95 men), aged 18 to 30 years. Fifteen facial skeletal parameters and 12 nasal parameters (10 soft tissue and 2 nasal skeletal) were measured on lateral cephalograms. Analysis of variance, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anteroposterior and vertical classifications were found to be significant with analysis of variance in certain parameters such as nasolabial angle (P < .05), nasomental angle (P < .001), and soft-tissue facial convexity (P < .001). Sex was also found to be significant for nasal length (P < .001), nasal depths (P < .05, P < .001), and hump (P < .01), in addition to soft-tissue facial convexity (P < .01). The results also showed correlations between the skeletal and nasal parameters. Facial heights, lengths, and the anteroposterior/vertical position of the maxilla and mandible were found to be correlated to nasal length and form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal length, prominence, and form are associated with height and length of the maxilla and the mandible. Posterior-inferior development of the face results in a convex nasal profile, whereas anterior development produces a straight or concave nasal profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. gulsenayse@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulsen
authors.forename: Candan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okay
authors.forename: Belma Isik
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.forename: Oktay
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uner
authors.forename: Reha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yavuzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004954:Esthetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013008:Somatotypes; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014421:Turkey