title: The effect of bone tunnel dilation versus extraction drilling on the initial fixation strength of press-fit anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serial dilation of the bone tunnel has been reported to create a tighter graft-tunnel fit. It was hypothesized that a serial dilation of the femoral bone tunnel would increase the initial fixation strength in press-fit anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial fixation strength of the femoral press-fit fixation technique was investigated in 72 porcine specimens in an ex vivo study by varying the femoral tunnel preparation technique. Extraction-drilling, tunnel dilation by 1 mm and dilation by 2.5 mm were assessed. Initial fixation strength of press-fit fixated patellar tendon-bone grafts was tested within each preparation group conducting a single cycle (and cyclic) load to failure protocol. The resulting tunnel diameter and the porcine femoral bone mineral density were determined using microradiographs and peripheral quantitative CT scans, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dilating a previously extraction-drilled femoral bone tunnel by 1 mm significantly enhances initial press-fit fixation strength in both single cycle and cyclic load to failure testing when compared to extraction-drilling and tunnel dilation by 2.5 mm. Due to an initial spring-back effect the resulting diameter of the femoral tunnel was underestimated by 3.3% with drilling and 6.7 and 12.2% with dilation by 1 and 2.5 mm, respectively. Volumetric trabecular bone mineral density at the site corresponding to the area of tunnel placement averaged 318 mg/cm(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dilating a femoral tunnel that is underdrilled by 1 mm appears to be a reasonable technical procedure in order to enhance initial fixation strength of press-fit ACL graft fixation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. dargel@dshs-koeln.de
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dargel
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Wiethoff
authors.forename: Gert-Peter
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koebke
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D023421:Models, Animal; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed