title: Clinical heterogeneity was a common problem in Cochrane reviews of physiotherapy and occupational therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the strategies used to deal with the clinical heterogeneity of interventions and multiple outcome measures used in Cochrane reviews on physiotherapy and occupational therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search for systematic reviews on physiotherapy and occupational therapy in the Cochrane Library was performed. Data on the method of categorization of interventions, on measures, and on the method of data synthesis were systematically extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  52 reviews were identified. In 22 (42%) reviews only one index intervention was evaluated, in the other 30 reviews index interventions were categorized. A large diversity in the number and type of outcome measures was found (median 6.5, range 1-23). In 48% of the reviews one or more primary outcome measures were defined. In 52% of the reviews no quantitative data synthesis was performed, whereas five different methods for qualitative data synthesis were applied in 11 reviews.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitation to a few outcome measures and explicit procedures for the categorization of interventions might increase the transparency and reproducibility of systematic reviews on physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Qualitative data synthesis is not often applied, although it is a useful tool to summarize results if a quantitative synthesis is not appropriate. International consensus on a method for qualitative synthesis is clearly needed.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, 804, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ende.els@inter.nl.net
authors.forename: Cornelia H M
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van den Ende
authors.forename: Esther M J
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Steultjens
authors.forename: Lex M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome