title: A novel role for 3, 4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell migration, proliferation, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amide class compound, 3, 4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) is known to affect multiple signaling pathways in lymphocyte and macrophage including the inhibition of NF-kappaB ability. However, little is known about the effect of DCPA in cancer cells. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) regulates the expression of many genes including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), heme oxygenase 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, aldolase, enolase, and lactate dehydrogenase A. HIF-1 expression is associated with tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Transwell assay to study cell migration, and used immunoblotting to study specific protein expression in the cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, we demonstrate that DCPA inhibited the migration and proliferation of DU145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells induced by serum, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). We found that DCPA inhibited HIF-1 expression in a subunit-specific manner in these cancer cell lines induced by serum and growth factors, and decreased HIF-1alpha expression by affecting its protein stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCPA can inhibit prostate cancer cell migration, proliferation, and HIF-1alpha expression, suggesting that DCPA could be potentially used for therapeutic purpose for prostate cancer in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA. bhjiang@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Bing-Hua
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ling-Zhi
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C480141:3,4-dichloropropionanilide; D000813:Anilides; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit