title: Scaphoid fractures and nonunions: diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scaphoid fractures are commonly seen in orthopedic practice. An organized and thoughtful approach to diagnosis and treatment can facilitate good outcomes. However, despite optimal treatment, complications may ensue. In the setting of nonunion or an avascular proximal pole, vascularized bone grafting may be needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this article we review the literature regarding these injuries and describe an approach to diagnosis, treatment, and management of scaphoid fractures and nonunions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scaphoid fractures and nonunions may present as challenging problems in practice, but a systematic and deliberate approach can facilitate optimal results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Steinmann
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D001168:Arthritis / Q000209:etiology; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D001864:Bone Wires; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000473:pathology; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000293:injuries*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity