title: Differential associations of beta-blockers with hemorrhagic events for chronic heart failure patients on warfarin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beta-blockers have many different physiologic effects that could potentially influence the risk of hemorrhagic events in chronic heart failure patients (CHF) on warfarin. We examined how different beta-blockers vary in their associated risk of a hemorrhagic event.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used databases from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) that contain information on medications prescribed, diagnoses, and hospitalizations. We identified patients with CHF on warfarin and either metoprolol, carvedilol, atenolol, or no beta-blocker during 1999-2001. We modeled time to first hemorrhagic event using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, ethnicity, comorbidities, and other factors. INR levels were examined in a subsample of 3546 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 66,988 CHF patients on warfarin. Hemorrhagic events occurred in 15.3% of the sample and, in 3.8% of the sample, the hemorrhage was considered severe. Compared to patients on carvedilol, the hazards ratio for a new hemorrhagic event was 1.25 (1.17, 1.34) for no beta-blocker, 1.27 (1.18, 1.38) for atenolol, and 1.38 (1.28, 1.48) for metoprolol. No differences in INR levels were evident among the four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for a hemorrhagic event among CHF patients on warfarin may be affected by beta-blocker use and varies depending on which beta-blocker is prescribed.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Bedford VA Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, USA. dberlow@bu.edu
authors.forename: Dan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Berlowitz
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Oliveria
authors.forename: Fran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez-Caminero
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rothendler
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001262:Atenolol / Q000009:adverse effects; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077261:Carvedilol; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000925:Anticoagulants; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D001262:Atenolol; D014859:Warfarin; D008790:Metoprolol