title: Transcriptomic analysis of extensive changes in metabolic regulation in Kluyveromyces lactis strains.
abstract: Genome-wide analysis of transcriptional regulation is generally carried out on well-characterized reference laboratory strains; hence, the characteristics of industrial isolates are therefore overlooked. In a previous study on the major cheese yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, we have shown that the reference strain and an industrial strain used in cheese making display a differential gene expression when grown on a single carbon source. Here, we have used more controlled conditions, i.e., growth in a fermentor with pH and oxygen maintained constant, to study how these two isolates grown in glucose reacted to an addition of lactose. The observed differences between sugar consumption and the production of various metabolites, ethanol, acetate, and glycerol, correlated with the response were monitored by the analysis of the expression of 482 genes. Extensive differences in gene expression between the strains were revealed in sugar transport, glucose repression, ethanol metabolism, and amino acid import. These differences were partly due to repression by glucose and another, yet-unknown regulation mechanism. Our results bring to light a new type of K. lactis strain with respect to hexose transport gene content and repression by glucose. We found that a combination of point mutations and variation in gene regulation generates a biodiversity within the K. lactis species that was not anticipated. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, in which there is a massive increase in the number of sugar transporter and fermentation genes, in K. lactis, interstrain diversity in adaptation to a changing environment is based on small changes at the level of key genes and cell growth control.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, INRA UMR1238, CNRS/INA-PG UMR 2585, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suleau
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gourdon
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reitz-Ausseur
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casaregola
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007716:Kluyveromyces / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000431:Ethanol; C021499:lactose permease; D005947:Glucose; D007785:Lactose; D005990:Glycerol