title: Enterogenesis in a clinically feasible model of mechanical small-bowel lengthening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent work indicates that mechanical force induces small-bowel growth, although methods reported do not have direct clinical application. We report a clinically feasible technique of enterogenesis and describe intestinal function in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a pig model (n = 11), we stretched isolated small intestinal segments mechanically for 7 days in vivo with an intraluminal device. Control segments were not stretched. Morphology, histology, and epithelial proliferation were assessed. Absorption and epithelial barrier function were examined in an Ussing chamber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stretch segments were significantly longer than Control segments and had nearly 2-fold greater surface area (P < .001). Mucosal thickness was much greater in Stretch than Control segments (772 +/- 134 vs. 647 +/- 75 microm, P = .02). Although villus height was reduced in Stretch and Control segments (353 +/- 76 vs. 324 +/- 76 microm, P = .6) versus native jejunum (522 +/- 87, P < .0005), crypt depth was increased dramatically in Stretch (450 +/- 95 microm) versus Control segments (341 +/- 64, P = .005). This observation was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in cellular proliferation (26.3 +/- 3.8 vs 12.1 +/- 6.6 % bromodeoxyuridine+, P < .05). Barrier function was intact ([3H]-mannitol permeation, 0.16 +/- 0.08%, vs native jejunum, 0.17 +/- 0.08%, P = .81). Glucose-mediated sodium transport was similar in Stretch versus native jejunum segments (60.0 +/- 23.5 vs 82.3 +/- 47.3 microA/cm2, P = .31), as was carbachol-induced chloride transport (82.4 +/- 72.2 vs 57.2 +/- 33.4 microA/cm2, P = .54) and alanine absorption (16.46 +/- 12.94 vs 23.53 +/- 21.31 microA/cm2, P = .53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanical stretching induces small intestinal growth, while maintaining function. Epithelial architecture does change, such that a decrease in villus height is offset by a marked increase in crypt depth and a 2-fold increase in epithelial proliferation. Epithelial barrier and absorptive functions remain intact. The device described may have direct clinical applicability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA.
authors.forename: Ariel U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Xiaoyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Sawaf
authors.forename: Emir Q
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Haxhija
authors.forename: Diann
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brei
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luntz
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices