title: Long-term benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with Type 1 diabetes: a 4-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safety and effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in attaining long-term glycaemic control in paediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes and to compare the results with those previously recorded in the same patients taking multiple daily injections (MDI) (four injections a day).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients (mean age 12.2 +/- 3.4 years; range 4.5-17 years; 24 males; mean duration of Type 1 diabetes 5.1 +/- 3.0 years) were studied. The following parameters were assessed in the year before starting CSII treatment (during MDI treatment) and during the 4 years of insulin pump treatment: annual mean HbA1c, insulin requirements (U/kg per day), annual mean of body mass index (BMI) z scores, and adverse events (severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis/patient per year). Two patients discontinued pump therapy (after 1-year and 2-year follow-up, respectively) because of non-compliance with CSII therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the annual mean HbA1c observed prior to CSII therapy (8.9 +/- 1.0%), the mean HbA1c levels were lower during the first (8.2 +/- 0.9%; P = 0.00), second (8.6 +/- 1.0%; P = 0.05), third (8.4 +/- 0.9%; P = 0.01) and fourth (8.2 +/- 1%; P = 0.00) year of CSII therapy. The insulin requirements (U/kg per day) decreased during CSII treatment compared with MDI treatment. Compared with the annual mean of BMI z scores prior to CSII therapy, BMI z scores were significantly lower during the third and fourth years of CSII therapy. Through the first, second, third and fourth years of follow-up the number of episodes of severe hypoglycaemia (20.0, 20.0, 20.0 and 0 episodes/1000 patient-years, respectively) and diabetic ketoacidosis (0.05, 0.00, 0.03 and 0.00 episodes/patient per year, respectively), events were similar to that in the year preceding CSII therapy (20.0 and 0.03, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population of selected patients in our clinic, CSII appears to be a safe and effective therapeutic alternative to MDI treatment. This therapy may ensure a stable improvement in long-term glycaemic control in paediatric patients, with no increase in diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemic events and, on the other hand, with a trend of reduction in BMI z scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics-Diabetes Centre, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sulli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shashaj
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin