title: Anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory effects after peritoneal lavage with antithrombin in experimental polymicrobial peritonitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In sepsis, coagulation inhibition using high-dose systemic antithrombin (AT) tends to improve survival. However, systemic AT use is complicated by increased risk of bleeding (odds ratio 1,7) and clinically important survival increase is seen only in the non-heparinized subgroup. Local (intra-abdominal) inhibition of coagulation with AT may be more effective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate effects of intra-abdominal high-dose recombinant human AT (rhAT) lavage on coagulation and inflammation in experimental polymicrobial sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Murine cecal ligation and puncture model was used with peritoneal lavage after 24 h, containing rhAT (3 IU mL-1) or saline. Clotting time, thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), D-dimers, tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 assessed coagulation and fibrinolysis responses. Inflammation was assessed by keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leukocyte count, myeloperoxidase and bacterial load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  rhAT lavage prolonged abdominal clotting times and reduced D-dimers and TAT levels, indicating inhibited abdominal coagulation. Pulmonary clotting time and D-dimers decreased towards normal by rhAT lavage. Abdominal fibrinolysis was reduced after rhAT lavage, as were abdominal IL-1beta, KC, leukocytes and bacterial load. Pulmonary TNF-alpha, KC, myeloperoxidase and histopathological injury were decreased. Survival improved from 62% (saline lavage) to 83% (rhAT lavage, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose rhAT lavage inhibited coagulation activation, and reduced inflammatory responses in both abdominal and pulmonary compartments, ultimately improving survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: van Veen
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Meijers
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: van Gulik
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boermeester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D016207:Cytokines; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D009195:Peroxidase