title: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is a tumor suppressor of human breast cancer.
abstract: Prostaglandin E(2) plays a growth-stimulatory role in breast cancer, and the rate-limiting enzyme in its synthesis, cyclooxygenase-2, is often overexpressed in these cancers. Little is known about the role of the key prostaglandin catabolic enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in breast cancer pathogenesis. Using a pharmacologically based screen for epigenetically silenced genes, we found low levels of 15-PGDH in MDA-MB-231 cells [estrogen receptor (ER) negative] but high levels in MCF-7 cells (ER positive) and observed its up-regulation following demethylation treatment. Further analysis revealed methylation of the 15-PGDH promoter in one breast cancer cell line and 30% of primary tumors. Analysis of 15-PGDH expression revealed low levels in 40% of primary breast tumors and identified a correlation between 15-PGDH and ER expression. Transfection assays showed that transient up-regulation of 15-PGDH levels in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in a decreased clonal growth, and stable up-regulation significantly decreased the ability of these cells to form tumors in athymic mice. In contrast, transient silencing of 15-PGDH in MCF-7 cells resulted in their enhanced proliferation, and a stable silencing in these cells enhanced cell cycle entry in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Forced expression of 15-PGDH inhibited the ER pathway and silencing of 15-PGDH up-regulated expression of aromatase. In addition, 15-PGDH levels were down-regulated by estrogen but up-regulated by the tumor suppressor gene CAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha. Our results indicate for the first time that 15-PGDH may be a novel tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer, and suggest that this enzyme can modulate the ER pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. wolf-i@inter.net.il
authors.forename: Ido
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Kelly
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rubinek
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Anh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Bryan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hsin-Hsiung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Beth Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Karlan
authors.forename: H Phillip
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D048708:Cell Growth Processes; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; C035859:15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase