title: C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene modulates the effect of nicotine on working memory performance and cortical processing efficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In both animals and humans, nicotine produces behavioral effects that vary across individuals. Studies examining the role of genetic variability in modulating individual response to nicotine in humans have increased, with recent work showing that genetic variation at the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) predicts response to pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a polymorphism of the DRD2 gene, C957T, that alters DRD2 binding availability in humans modifies the effects of nicotine on verbal working memory performance and on processing efficiency of brain regions that support verbal working memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Working memory and brain function were assessed in 36 adult subjects (15,957T allele carriers and 21,957C homozygotes), each of whom was studied twice, once after placement of a placebo patch and once after placement of a nicotine patch. Brain function was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging while the subjects performed a verbal working memory task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During performance of a task with high verbal working memory load, nicotine administration worsened performance accuracy and reduced the processing efficiency of brain regions that support phonological rehearsal during verbal working memory in carriers of the 957T allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the notion that genetic variation in DRD2 contributes to individual variation in a range of behavioral and brain responses to nicotine in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. leslie.jacobsen@yale.edu
authors.forename: Leslie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: W Einar
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Mencl
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D009538:Nicotine