title: Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine and fentanyl during surgery in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine and fentanyl administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) during surgery in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized prospective study. Animals-24 female dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy because of mammary neoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  After premedication with acepromazine and morphine and anesthetic induction with ketamine and diazepam, anesthesia in dogs (n = 8/group) was maintained with isoflurane combined with either saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control), lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg [0.68 mg/lb], IV bolus, followed by 250 microg/kg/min [113 microg/lb/min], CRI), or fentanyl (5 microg/kg [2.27 microg/lb], IV bolus, followed by 0.5 microg/kg/min [0.23 microg/lb/min], CRI). Positive-pressure ventilation was used to maintain eucapnia. An anesthetist unaware of treatment, endtidal isoflurane (ETiso) concentration, and vaporizer concentrations adjusted a nonprecision vaporizer to maintain surgical depth of anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary variables and ETiso values were monitored before and after beginning surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was lower in the fentanyl group. Mean arterial pressure did not differ among groups after surgery commenced. In the control group, mean +/- SD ETiso values ranged from 1.16 +/- 0.35% to 1.94 +/- 0.96%. Fentanyl significantly reduced isoflurane requirements during surgical stimulation by 54% to 66%, whereas the reduction in ETiso concentration (34% to 44%) observed in the lidocaine group was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of fentanyl resulted in greater isoflurane sparing effect than did lidocaine. However, it appeared that the low heart rate induced by fentanyl may partially offset the improvement in mean arterial pressure that would be expected with reduced isoflurane requirements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo V M
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Steagall
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira Neto
authors.forename: Bruno W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Minto
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campagnol
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Corrêa
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000601:surgery; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D007530:Isoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl