title: Psychomotor testing predicts rate of skill acquisition for proficiency-based laparoscopic skills training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic simulator training translates into improved operative performance. Proficiency-based curricula maximize efficiency by tailoring training to meet the needs of each individual; however, because rates of skill acquisition vary widely, such curricula may be difficult to implement. We hypothesized that psychomotor testing would predict baseline performance and training duration in a proficiency-based laparoscopic simulator curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents (R1, n = 20) were enrolled in an IRB-approved prospective study at the beginning of the academic year. All completed the following: a background information survey, a battery of 12 innate ability measures (5 motor, and 7 visual-spatial), and baseline testing on 3 validated simulators (5 videotrainer [VT] tasks, 12 virtual reality [minimally invasive surgical trainer-virtual reality, MIST-VR] tasks, and 2 laparoscopic camera navigation [LCN] tasks). Participants trained to proficiency, and training duration and number of repetitions were recorded. Baseline test scores were correlated to skill acquisition rate. Cutoff scores for each predictive test were calculated based on a receiver operator curve, and their sensitivity and specificity were determined in identifying slow learners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the Cards Rotation test correlated with baseline simulator ability on VT and LCN. Curriculum implementation required 347 man-hours (6-person team) and 795,000 dollars of capital equipment. With an attendance rate of 75%, 19 of 20 residents (95%) completed the curriculum by the end of the academic year. To complete training, a median of 12 hours (range, 5.5-21), and 325 repetitions (range, 171-782) were required. Simulator score improvement was 50%. Training duration and repetitions correlated with prior video game and billiard exposure, grooved pegboard, finger tap, map planning, Rey Figure Immediate Recall score, and baseline performance on VT and LCN. The map planning cutoff score proved most specific in identifying slow learners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proficiency-based laparoscopic simulator training provides improvement in performance and can be effectively implemented as a routine part of resident education, but may require significant resources. Although psychomotor testing may be of limited value in the prediction of baseline laparoscopic performance, its importance may lie in the prediction of the rapidity of skill acquisition. These tests may be useful in optimizing curricular design by allowing the tailoring of training to individual needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stefanidis
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Korndorffer
authors.forename: F William
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Cheri L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Touchard
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Markert
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kastl
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001077:Aptitude Tests; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017145:Models, Educational; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014796:Visual Perception