title: MR spectroscopic changes in the rat hippocampus following proton radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify MR spectroscopic changes in the rat hippocampus following proton radiosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 12 rats were treated with Bragg peak proton beam irradiation involving the right hippocampus. Single doses of 30 CGE, 50 CGE, 70 CGE, 90 CGE were delivered to groups of 3 animals using single fraction technique. Animals were imaged using a standard 3 T GE Signa MRI at 4 months following treatment. An untreated animal was also studied. A 3'' surface coil was employed to obtain T1 weighted coronal pre- and post-gadolinium images (TR 600 and TE 30) and dual echo T2 weighted coronal images (TR 3000, TE 30/90). Volumetric analysis with custom software was done to evaluate areas of increased signal on T2 weighted images and the development of hydrocephalus was examined. Animals were sacrificed and specimens of the treated hippocampus were harvested for High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning MR Spectroscopy (HRMAS) followed by histopathology of the tissue samples. Peak values of choline, creatine, N-acetyl aspartate and lipids were evaluated and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak tissue injury occurred in the surviving 90 CGE animal by both T2 weighted and post-gadolinium imaging. Gadolinium enhancement was seen in decreasing volumes of tissue at dosage levels from 90 to 50 CGE. Hydrocephalus was seen on the untreated side in the 90 CGE animal likely because of mass effect, while it was seen in small degrees in the side of treatment in the 70 and 50 CGE animals. Histopathology showed changes at 90 and 70 CGE, but not at 50 or 30 CGE at this time point using H and E stains. HRMAS showed spectroscopic changes in the surviving 90 and 70 CGE animals but not in the 50 and 30 CGE animals. Statistical significance was not reached because of the small sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following single dose proton radiosurgery of rat hippocampus, HRMAS is able to identify metabolic changes induced by radiation. Studies built on these principles may help develop non-invasive MR spectroscopic methods to distinguish radiation changes from tumor recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jrabinov@partners.org
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rabinov
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brisman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bussiere
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005682:Gadolinium; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D005682:Gadolinium