title: Influence of agricultural antibiotics and 17beta-estradiol on the microbial community of soil.
abstract: Agricultural pharmaceuticals are a major environmental concern because of their hazardous effects on human and wildlife. This study analyzed phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFAs) and quinones to investigate the effects of a steroid (17beta-estradiol) and agricultural antibiotics (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on soil microbes in the laboratory. Two different types of soil were used: Sequatchie loam (0.8% organic matter) and LaDelle silt loam (9.2% organic matter). The soils were spiked with 17beta-estradiol and antibiotics, alone or in combination. In Sequatchie loam, 17beta-estradiol significantly increased the microbial biomass, especially the biomarkers for beta proteobacteria (16:1omega7c, 18:1omega7c, Cy17:0, and UQ-8). The coexistence of antibiotics decreased the stimulatory effect of 17beta-estradiol on the microbial community. In LaDelle silt loam, there were no significant differences in total microbial biomass and their microbial community structure among the treatments. Overall, 17beta-estradiol changed the microbial community of soil and the presence of antibiotics nullified the effect of 17beta-estradiol. However, the effects of 17beta-estradiol and antibiotics on soil microbes were sensitive to the soil properties, as seen in the LaDelle silt loam.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Science, Department of Biological Resource & Technology, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea. schun@dragon.yonsei.ac.kr
authors.forename: Soul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Jaehoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radosevich
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D002751:Chlortetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015645:Tylosin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004958:Estradiol; D002751:Chlortetracycline; D015645:Tylosin