title: Proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of gastric acid removes a defence against ingested bacteria and spores, increasing the risk of some forms of gastroenteritis. Previous studies investigating a possible link between acid suppression therapy and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea have reported conflicting results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether acid suppression therapy is associated with an increased risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea. Prospective case-control study of 155 consecutive in-patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhoea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotics had been received by 143 (92%) of the C. difficile-associated diarrhoea group and 76 (50%) of the controls during the preceding 3 months. Among those receiving antibiotics, 59 (41%) of the C. difficile-associated diarrhoea group had also received acid suppression, compared with 21 (28%) of controls (OR 1.84, CI 1.01, 3.36, chi(2) = 4.0, P = 0.046). Among the entire C. difficile-associated diarrhoea group 64 (41%) had received acid suppression compared with 40 (26%) of controls (OR 1.99, CI 1.19, 3.31, chi(2) = 7.9, P = 0.005). Logistic regression analyses found that C. difficile-associated diarrhoea was independently associated with: antibiotic use (OR 13.1, 95% CI: 6.6, 26.1); acid suppression therapy (OR 1.90, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.29); and female sex (OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics may be compounded by exposure to proton pump inhibitor therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Medicine, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, South Wales, UK.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yearsley
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gilby
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ramadas
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fone
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000863:Antacids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D017494:Proton Pumps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D017494:Proton Pumps