title: Fatigue analysis of plates used for fracture stabilization in small dogs and cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the fatigue life of stacked and single, veterinary cuttable plates (VCP) and small, limited contact, dynamic compression plates (LC-DCP).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fracture models (constructs; n = 8) were assembled for each of 6 groups all with 8-hole plates: 2.0 mm LC-DCP; 2.4 mm LC-DCP; single 1.5/2.0 mm VCP; stacked 1.5/2.0 mm VCP; single 2.0/2.7 mm VCP; and stacked 2.0/2.7 mm VCP. Plate(s) were secured to 2 polyvinylchloride pipe lengths, mounted in a testing system with a custom jig, and subjected to axial loading (10-100 N) for 1,000,000 cycles at 10 Hz or until failure. Differences in number of cycles to failure among groups were compared. Failure mode was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All LC-DCP and single VCP constructs failed before 1,000,000 cycles. Stacked 2.0/2.7 mm VCP constructs withstood 1,000,000 cycles without failure. ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference tests demonstrated significantly more cycles to failure for the stacked 1.5/2.0 mm VCP and stacked 2.0/2.7 mm VCP compared with the single 1.5/2.0 mm VCP, single 2.0/2.7 mm VCP, 2.0 mm LC-DCP, or 2.4 mm LC-DCP. Constructs that failed did so through a screw hole adjacent to the gap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stacked VCP constructs have greater fatigue lives than comparably sized LC-DCP or single VCP constructs. Plates with 2.4 mm screws were not significantly different from the comparable construct with 2.0 mm screws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these data reveal that stacked VCP create a superior construct with respect to cyclic fatigue, surgeons must decide whether this is a clinical advantage on a case-by-case basis.
authors.affiliation: University Of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, 55108, USA. hamme065@umn.edu
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hammel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elizabeth Pluhar
authors.forename: Roberto E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bourgeault
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D002415:Cats / Q000601:surgery*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004285:Dogs / Q000601:surgery*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013314:Stress, Mechanical