title: Trends in lipid management among patients with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in lipid management (cholesterol testing, treatment, and goal attainment) among patients with diabetes and to analyze the factors associated with initiation of lipid-lowering therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a longitudinal, retrospective study of patients with diabetes identified during a 24-month baseline period (January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1996) and for whom follow-up was continued for 5 years (1997 to 2001). Generalized estimating equations were used to test for time trend effects in lipid management. We modeled the days from baseline to the first lipid-lowering prescription fill date with a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of lipid testing, treatment, and goal attainment significantly improved (P<0.001) during the 5-year study period: from 37% to 67% for lipid testing; from 19% to 41% for treatment with a lipid-lowering agent; from 22% to 37% for achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels < 100 mg/dL; and from 54% to 75% for achievement of LDL-C levels < 130 mg/dL. The relative likelihood (hazard rate) of treatment with lipid-lowering agents was greater for patients with LDL-C levels > or = 100 mg/dL relative to patients with LDL-C concentrations < 100 mg/dL. Treatment with lipid-lowering agents of patients with a cardiovascular event during follow-up was approximately 3 times more likely relative to those without such an event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that rates of lipid testing, treatment, and goal attainment improved significantly between 1997 and 2001. Nevertheless, ample room for improvement of these rates continues to exist. Particular attention may be warranted to ensure that patients with diabetes receive lipid-lowering agents not only after a cardiovascular event but also before such an event occurs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Kaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tunceli
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pladevall
authors.forename: L Keoki
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Divine
authors.forename: Janine C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Simpkins
authors.forename: Soma S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: Shiva G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sajjan
authors.forename: Sachin J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kamal-Bahl
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Jennifer Elston
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lafata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides