title: Kynurenine in combination with probenecid mitigates the stimulation-induced increase of c-fos immunoreactivity of the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus in an experimental migraine model.
abstract: Nitroglycerin, often used as a migraine model, results in increased number of c-fos immunoreactive secondary sensory neurons in the caudal trigeminal nucleus. Since synapses between first- and second-order trigeminal neurons are mediated by excitatory amino acids, NMDA receptors are presumably inhibited by kynurenic acid, the only known endogeneous NMDA receptor antagonist. Although kynurenic acid does not cross the BBB, its precursor, kynurenine, if combined with probenecid, crosses it readily. Systemic kynurenine + probenecid treatment significantly diminishes nitroglycerin-induced increase of c-fos immunoreactivity in the brainstem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical and Pharmaceutical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. knyihar@nepsy.szote.u-szeged.hu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knyihár-Csillik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toldi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mihály
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krisztin-Péva
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chadaide
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Németh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fenyo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vécsei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011339:Probenecid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014275:Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D007737:Kynurenine; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D011339:Probenecid