title: Psychological effects of repeated general anesthesia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although methods for reducing preoperative anxiety have been a major interest of pediatric anesthesiologists, there are no reports of the effects of repeated anesthesia on psychological development of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the overall effect of multiple anesthetics on the psychology of children, we undertook to compare the children undergoing repeated anesthesia (Group S) for the treatment of corrosive esophagitis with a control group (Group C) with chronic renal disease and frequent hospital admissions. Psychological tests and diagnosis of children Group S (n = 23) were compared prospectively with Group C (n = 20). All children had been appropriately treated over the previous 5 years and 50% of patients in Group C had general anesthesia once and those in Group S underwent at least 5 GAs. Parents completed a child behavior checklist (CBCL) and Marital Conflict Questionnaire; the children were evaluated by a child psychiatrist using DSM-IV criteria and completed the Child Depression Inventory (CDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children in Group S underwent a total of 251 (11 +/- 7) GAs over 4-60 months. The incidence of psychopathology was nine and 10 children in groups S and C, respectively. The CBCL and CDI scores were parallel with a psychiatric diagnosis. Marital conflict scores were higher in Group S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both chronic disease states affect psychology of children. Repeated anesthesia in addition to chronic disease does not seem to disturb the child's psychological health further when tentative and precautious approach modalities are undertaken.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey. leventkayaalp@istanbul.edu.tr
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kayaalp
authors.forename: Pervin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Gurkan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Odabasi
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dogangun
authors.forename: Pervin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavusoglu
authors.forename: Nurullah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolat
authors.forename: Mefkur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000150:complications; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires