title: Tobacco smoke and bladder cancer--in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking and the development of bladder cancer. The study population consisted of 429,906 persons participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 633 of whom developed bladder cancer during the follow-up period. An increased risk of bladder cancer was found for both current- (incidence rate ratio 3.96, 95% confidence interval: 3.07-5.09) and ex- (2.25, 1.74-2.91) smokers, compared to never-smokers. A positive association with intensity (per 5 cigarettes) was found among current-smokers (1.18, 1.09-1.28). Associations (per 5 years) were observed for duration (1.14, 1.08-1.21), later age at start (0.75, 0.66-0.85) and longer time since quitting (0.92, 0.86-0.98). Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during childhood increased the risk of bladder cancer (1.38, 1.00-1.90), whereas for ETS exposure as adult no effect was detected. The present study confirms the strong association between smoking and bladder cancer. The indication of a higher risk of bladder cancer for those who start smoking at a young age and for those exposed to ETS during childhood adds to the body of evidence suggesting that children are more sensitive to carcinogens than adults.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bine Kjøller
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raaschou-Nielsen
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Francoise Clavel
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chapelon
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang-Claude
authors.forename: Manuela M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berrino
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Petra Hm
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Lambertus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: Inger Torhild
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Gram
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braaten
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roddam
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution