title: Caudal epidural steroid injections.
abstract: The caudal approach to the epidural space was first reported in 1901. Injection of steroids to treat low back pain was introduced in 1952. Caudal epidural steroid injection is a safe, effective technique when performed with appropriate care under fluoroscopic visualization. Caudal epidural injections are associated with inaccurate needle placement when performed blindly in a substantial number of patients, resulting in intravascular injections as well as other complications. This review will discuss anatomic and technical considerations of caudal epidural injections, along with advantages, disadvantages, complications, and indications.
authors.affiliation: Pioneer Valley Pain Management and Palliative Medicine Center Inc., 125 Liberty Street, Suite 100, Springfield, MA 01103, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ogoke