title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 10 promoter region polymorphisms and risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) can affect immune response, inflammation, tissue injury, and possibly the susceptibility to Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between promoter region polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha and IL-10 genes and risk of late-onset AD in older white subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound.
  
  
  METHODS
  White subjects (n = 265) meeting criteria for probable or definite AD (cases) and white control subjects (n = 347) (controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotyping results for TNF-alpha, IL-10, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TNF-alpha -863 A allele was associated with reduced odds of developing AD, and the test for trend suggested that having 2 copies of the A allele further reduces the risk (odds ratios [C/C, reference], 0.66 for C/A and 0.58 for A/A; P = .04). Because of linkage disequilibrium in the TNF-alpha region, we constructed promoter region haplotypes as defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -863 and -308. Based on knowledge of TNF-alpha protein production, we ordered the haplotypes based on apparent increasing transcriptional activity. After adjusting for age, education, and the presence of the APOE epsilon4 genotype, the test for trend showed increasing odds of AD with increasing transcriptional activity (P = .02). The IL-10 -1082 and IL-10 -592 allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different between cases and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region, or possibly polymorphisms in nearby genes, could affect cerebral inflammatory response and the risk of late-onset AD.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Public Health Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Ming-Tesh
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maezawa
authors.forename: Li-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Gerard D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Schellenberg
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kukull
authors.forename: Lee-Way
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10