title: Mechanisms of endothelial response to oxidative aggression: protective role of autologous VEGF and induction of VEGFR2 by H2O2.
abstract: The defense mechanisms of endothelial cells (EC) against reactive oxygen species (ROS) are insufficiently characterized. We have addressed the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are relevant elements in this response. Cell viability, VEGF and VEGF receptor (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) expression, and transcription factor activation were studied on transient exposure of monolayer EC to H2O2. Wild-type and mutant inhibitors of kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) constructions were used to further assess the role of NF-kappaB in the induction of VEGFR2 expression. A concentration of H2O2>or=60 microM elicited clear-cut damaging effects on EC, whereas lower concentrations (2-4 microM) were cytoprotective. The cytoprotective effect was shifted to an EC-damaging pattern by means of specific VEGF blockade, therefore revealing a major role of autologous VEGF. Exposure to H2O2 increased VEGF and VEGFR2 mRNA and protein in EC, without affecting VEGFR1 expression. Also, H2O2 challenge was accompanied by increased NF-kappaB, activator protein-1, and specific protein-1 nuclear binding. A role of NF-kappaB as the mediator of the H2O2 induction of VEGFR2 mRNA expression was supported by inhibition by the ROS scavenger pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and by the blocking effect of transfected IkappaBalpha. Exposure to exogenous VEGF also increased VEGFR2 and induced NF-kappaB in EC. In summary, autologous VEGF is instrumental for EC protection induced by low concentrations of ROS. ROS induce expression not only of VEGF but also of VEGFR2. VEGFR2 increase by ROS is mainly driven through a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Nefrología-Hipertensión, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Servicio de Immunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: González-Pacheco
authors.forename: Juan J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Deudero
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: María Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: María Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Arroyo
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagüe
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caramelo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2