title: Ion concentration of external solution as a characteristic of micro- and nanogel ionic reservoirs.
abstract: Ion-sensitive hydrogel is regarded as an ionic reservoir, i.e., a system capable of changing the external pH or ionic strength by accumulating or releasing ions. The concept of a hydrogel ionic reservoir was demonstrated for hydrogel particles of three different size ranges: macrogel (1000-6000 microm), microgel (approximately 20-200 microm), and nanogel (approximately 0.2 microm). Ion sensitivity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-1-vinylimidazole) (PNIPA-VI) microgels with imidazolyl (ionizable) groups was confirmed by the pH dependence of their volume, while nanogels were characterized by dynamic light scattering. On the contrary, the volume of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) microgels without ionizable groups was pH independent in the whole range of pH from 10 to 2. Four distinct regions of pH-behavior were observed for PNIPA-VI hydrogel micro- and nanoparticles using potentiometric titration of their suspensions. Time-resolved measurements of ion concentrations in the suspension of hydrogel particles revealed a substantial difference in kinetics of pH equilibration for (i) ion-sensitive hydrogels (PNIPA-VI) vs hydrogels without ionizable groups (PNIPA) and (ii) PNIPA-VI hydrogels of different sizes. On the basis of the experimental observations, a two-step mechanism affecting the kinetics of proton uptake into the hydrogel particles with ionizable groups was proposed: (1) fast binding of ions to the immediate surface of each particle and (2) a slower successive diffusion of bound sites into the next inner layer of polymer network. In accord with the mechanism proposed, a quasi-chemical kinetic model of pH relaxation to equilibrium was developed to fit the experimental data for the time course of proton uptake by macro-, micro-, and nanogels into two exponentials with the characteristic times of tau(1) and tau(2). We believe the same kinetic model will be pertinent to describe phenomenological and molecular mechanisms controlling proton transport in/out bacteria, cells, organelles, drug delivery vehicles, and other natural or artificial multifunctional ionic containers. The approach can be easily extended for the other ions (e.g., Na(+), K(+), and Ca(2+)).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, 861 Bedford Road, Pleasantville, New York 10570, USA. skazakov@pace.edu
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazakov
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaholek
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gazaryan
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krasnikov
authors.forename: Korki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levon
mesh_terms: D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010316:Particle Size; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D007093:Imidazoles; D007477:Ions; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012996:Solutions; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C522516:poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-1-vinylimidazole)