title: Determinants of carotid plaque occurrence. A long-term prospective population study: the San Daniele Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) is frequently associated with established modifiable and non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, and is thought to be an independent predictor of ischemic cerebrovascular and cardiac events. The presence of carotid plaque is considered an established feature of atherosclerosis. There exist few longitudinal data on the predictive role of CIMT in the occurrence of carotid plaque.
  
  
  METHODS
  We restudied the survivors of a cohort of the San Daniele Project, a large randomized general population study, investigated in 1990 regarding the prevalence and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis. Using ultrasonography, we determined in 1,193 subjects (548 men and 645 women), the common carotid IMT and the presence of non-stenotic and stenotic plaque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 795 subjects without plaques or previous ischemic events at baseline, we found in multivariate analysis that CIMT > or =1 mm, age, hypertension and history of smoking are significant predictive elements of the occurrence of a new carotid plaque. The incremental probability of plaque occurrence is greater in midlife. CIMT and age are the most predictive risk factors with ORs of 3.66 (95% CI 1.4-9.4) and 3.02 (95% CI 2.4-3.7), respectively. The ORs for hypertension and smoking account for 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-3.4) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.8), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, hypertension, history of smoking and B-mode detection of CIMT increases in subjects without carotid atherosclerosis and free of previous vascular events predict the occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Gervasutta Hospital, Udine, Italy. patrizio.prati@tin.it
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanuzzo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casaroli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mos
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canciani
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruscio
authors.forename: Pierre-Jean
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Touboul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography