title: The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products.
abstract: After consumption of poppy seeds various substances were detected in urine or blood samples using an immunoassay and a sophisticated liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric procedure. These compounds are widely considered to be putative markers of heroin (HER) abuse whereas acetylcodeine was regarded as a marker for illicit preparations ("street HER"). Besides positive urinary opiate immunoassay results during a 48 hours monitoring period, peak concentrations of morphine (MOR), codeine and their glucuronides appeared 4 to 8 hours after ingestion of poppy seeds, and concentrations of total MOR higher than 10 microg/mL were observed. Also, in serum samples taken up to 6 hours after consumption, MOR glucuronides were found. Free MOR was only detected in traces (1 to 3 ng/mL) within 2 hours of consumption. In addition, 3 of 6 onsite opiate sweat tests revealed positive results 6.5 hours after ingestion. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that neither noscapine (NOS) nor papaverine (PAP) was detectable in urine or blood samples after the consumption of poppy seeds containing up to 94 microg NOS and up to 3.3 mug PAP. NOS and PAP were rapidly metabolized, whereas desmethylpapaverine and, especially, its glucuronide were found in urine samples of poppy seed consumers even 48 hours after consumption. According to these results PAP metabolites should not be regarded as markers of illicit HER abuse. In conclusion, only acetylcodeine can be regarded as a specific marker but has the problem of a short half-life. Therefore, we suggest that NOS and PAP, but not their metabolites, might be used cautiously as additional markers of illicit HER abuse as they have not been detected after oral intake of poppy seeds in normal doses. But it must be kept in mind that in some cases poppy seeds with an unusually high content of these alkaloids could be available, and that these substances are also agents in some pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trafkowski
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madea
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Musshoff
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003061:Codeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000652:urine; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D009665:Noscapine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D028101:Papaveraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010208:Papaverine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020719:Glucuronides; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D028321:Plant Preparations; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; C060881:normorphine-3-glucuronide; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine; D009665:Noscapine; D010208:Papaverine; C061773:codeine-6-glucuronide; D003061:Codeine