title: Tilted angle CZT detector for photon counting/energy weighting x-ray and CT imaging.
abstract: X-ray imaging with a photon counting/energy weighting detector can provide the highest signal to noise ratio (SNR). Scanning slit/multi-slit x-ray image acquisition can provide a dose-efficient scatter rejection, which increases SNR. Use of a photon counting/energy weighting detector in a scanning slit/multi-slit acquisition geometry could provide highest possible dose efficiency in x-ray and CT imaging. Currently, the most advanced photon counting detector is the cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector, which, however, is suboptimal for energy resolved x-ray imaging. A tilted angle CZT detector is proposed in this work for applications in photon counting/energy weighting x-ray and CT imaging. In tilted angle configuration, the x-ray beam hits the surface of the linear array of CZT crystals at a small angle. This allows the use of CZT crystals of a small thickness while maintaining the high photon absorption. Small thickness CZT detectors allow for a significant decrease in the polarization effect in the CZT volume and an increase in count rate. The tilted angle CZT with a small thickness also provides higher spatial and energy resolution, and shorter charge collection time, which potentially enables fast energy resolving x-ray image acquisition. In this work, the major performance parameters of the tilted angle CZT detector, including its count rate, spatial resolution and energy resolution, were evaluated. It was shown that for a CZT detector with a 0.7 mm thickness and 13 degrees tilting angle, the maximum count rate can be increased by 10.7 times, while photon absorption remains >90% at photon energies up to 120 keV. Photon counting/energy weighting x-ray imaging using a tilted angle CZT detector was simulated. SNR improvement due to optimal photon energy weighting was 23% and 14% when adipose contrast element, inserted in soft tissue with 10 cm and 20 cm thickness, respectively, was imaged using 5 energy bins and weighting factors optimized for the adipose. SNR improvement was 42% and 31% when CaCO(3) contrast element, inserted in soft tissue with 10 cm and 20 cm thickness, respectively, was imaged using 5 energy bins and weighting factors optimized for CaCO(3). The SNRs of the photon counting single-kVp dual-energy subtracted images of CaCO(3) and adipose were higher by 2.04 and 2.74 times, respectively, as compared to currently used dual-kVp dual-energy subtracted images. Experiments with a CZT crystal with 2 mm thickness have shown significant decrease in the tailing effect of the CZT pulse spectrum at 59 keV and 122 keV photon energies, when the tilting angle configuration was used. Finally, feasibility of the tilted angle CZT detector for photon counting cone beam breast CT imaging was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. pshikhal@uci.edu
authors.forename: Polad M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Shikhaliev
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013691:Tellurium / Q000737:chemistry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D013691:Tellurium; C028337:cadmium telluride