Cellular reprogramming by gram-positive bacterial components: a review.
LPS tolerance has been the focus of extensive scientific and clinical research over the last several decades in an attempt to elucidate the sequence of changes that occur at a molecular level in tolerized cells. Tolerance to components of gram-positive bacterial cell walls such as bacterial lipoprotein and lipoteichoic acid is a much lesser studied, although equally important, phenomenon. This review will focus on cellular reprogramming by gram-positive bacterial components and examines the alterations in cell surface receptor expression, changes in intracellular signaling, gene expression and cytokine production, and the phenomenon of cross-tolerance.
Buckley
Julliette M
JM
Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital, National University of Ireland/University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
Wang
Jiang Huai
JH
Redmond
H Paul
HP
D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*
D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C009900:lipoteichoic acid