title: Long-term results and quality of life of patients undergoing sequential surgical treatment for severe acute pancreatitis complicated by infected pancreatic necrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is one of the most severe complications of acute pancreatitis (AP). Sequential surgical debridement represents one of the most effective treatments in terms of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper is to describe the quality of life and long-term results (e.g., nutritional, muscular, and pancreatic function) of patients treated by sequential necrosectomy at the Department of Surgery of the University of Insubria (Varese, Italy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on patients undergoing sequential surgical debridement as treatment for IPN. The severity of AP was evaluated using the Ranson criteria, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) Score, and the Sepsis Score, as well as the extent of necrosis. The surgical approach was through a midline or subcostal laparotomy, followed by exploration of the peritoneal cavity, wide debridement, and peritoneal lavage. The abdomen was either left open or closed partially with a surgical zipper, with multiple re-laparotomies scheduled until debridement of necrotic tissue was complete. The long-term evaluation focused on late morbidity, performance status, and abdominal wall function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of patients (68%), mixed flora were isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the microorganism identified most commonly (59%), often associated with Candida albicans or C. glabrata. The mean total hospital stay was 71+/-38 days (range 13-146 days), of which 24+/-19 days (range 0-66 days) were in the intensive care unit. Eight patients died, the deaths being caused by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in seven patients and hemorrhage from the splenic artery in one. Normal exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function was observed in 28 patients (88%). At discharge, four patients had steatorrhea, which was temporary. Eight patients (23%) developed pancreatic pseudocysts, and in six, cystogastostomy was performed. Most patients (29/32, 91%) developed a post-operative hernia, but only five required surgical repair. All patients had a Short Form (SF)-36 score>60%, and 20 of the 32 patients (68%) had scores>70-80% (good quality of life). The worst scores were related to alcoholic pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of pancreatic failure (exocrine and endocrine function) is not related to the amount of pancreatic necrosis. Even with a need for repeated laparotomy and multiple surgical procedures, the abdominal wall capacity as well as long-term quality of life remain excellent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cinquepalmi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.forename: Gianlorenzo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dionigi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rovera
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diurni
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benevento
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dionigi
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome