title: Font adaptive word indexing of modern printed documents.
abstract: We propose an approach for the word-level indexing of modern printed documents which are difficult to recognize using current OCR engines. By means of word-level indexing, it is possible to retrieve the position of words in a document, enabling queries involving proximity of terms. Web search engines implement this kind of indexing, allowing users to retrieve Web pages on the basis of their textual content. Nowadays, digital libraries hold collections of digitized documents that can be retrieved either by browsing the document images or relying on appropriate metadata assembled by domain experts. Word indexing tools would therefore increase the access to these collections. The proposed system is designed to index homogeneous document collections by automatically adapting to different languages and font styles without relying on OCR engines for character recognition. The approach is based on three main ideas: the use of Self Organizing Maps (SOM) to perform unsupervised character clustering, the definition of one suitable vector-based word representation whose size depends on the word aspect-ratio, and the run-time alignment of the query word with indexed words to deal with broken and touching characters. The most appropriate applications are for processing modern printed documents (17th to 19th centuries) where current OCR engines are less accurate. Our experimental analysis addresses six data sets containing documents ranging from books of the 17th century to contemporary journals.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Sistenmi e Informatica, Università di Firenze, via di S. Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy. marinai@dsi.unifi.it
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marinai
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soda
mesh_terms: D000043:Abstracting and Indexing / Q000379:methods*; D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003196:Computer Graphics; D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods*; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000379:methods*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D046609:Libraries, Digital; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011643:Publishing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012660:Semantics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled