title: The hedgehog signaling molecule Gli2 induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression and osteolysis in metastatic human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a major factor involved in tumor-induced osteolysis caused by breast cancers that have metastasized to bone. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate PTHrP production by breast cancer cells are not entirely clear. We hypothesized that Gli2, a downstream transcriptional effector of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, regulates PTHrP expression in metastatic breast cancer because the Hh pathway regulates physiologic PTHrP expression in the developing growth plate. Here, we show that Gli2 is expressed in several human cancer cell lines that cause osteolytic lesions in vivo and produce PTHrP (MDA-MB-231, RWGT2, and PC-3) but is not expressed in nonosteolytic cancer cell lines that do not secrete PTHrP (MCF-7, ZR-75, and T47D). Transient expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased PTHrP promoter-luciferase activity dose dependently. Stable expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in an increase in PTHrP protein in the conditioned medium. Alternatively, MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with Gli2-EnR, a repressor of Gli2 activity, exhibited a 72% to 93% decrease in PTHrP mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR when compared with control cells. To examine the effects of Gli2 on breast cancer-mediated osteolysis in vivo, athymic nude mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing Gli2 or the empty vector. Following tumor cell inoculation via the left cardiac ventricle, Gli2-expressing tumors caused significantly more osteolysis. Together, these data suggest that PTHrP expression and osteolysis in vivo in human breast cancer cells is driven at least in part by Gli2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sterling
authors.forename: Babatunde O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Oyajobi
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grubbs
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Padalecki
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Beryl
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Story
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mundy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011859:Radiography; D014162:Transfection; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; C082593:GLI2 protein, human; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2