title: Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons.
abstract: Recent aggressive attacks on innocent citizens have resulted in governments increasing security. However, there is a good case for prevention rather than reaction. Bioweapons, mycotoxins, fungal biocontrol agents (FBCA), and even pharmaceuticals contain, or are, toxins and need to be considered in the context of the new paradigm. Is it desirable to discuss such issues? None of the fungi are (a) as toxic as botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum, and (b) as dangerous as nuclear weapons. One toxin may be defined as a pharmaceutical and vice versa simply by a small change in concentration or a moiety. Mycotoxins are defined as naturally occurring toxic compounds obtained from fungi. They are the biggest chronic health risk when incorporated into the diet. The current list of fungal toxins as biochemical weapons is small, although awareness is growing of the threats they may pose. T-2 toxin is perhaps the biggest concern. A clear distinction is required between the biological (fungus) and chemical (toxin) aspects of the issue. There is an obvious requirement to be able to trace these fungi and compounds in the environment and to know when concentrations are abnormal. Many FBCA, produce toxins. This paper indicates how to treat mycotoxicosis and decontaminate mycotoxins. There is considerable confusion and inconsistency surrounding this topic which requires assessment in an impartial and scientific manner.
authors.affiliation: Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. russell.paterson@deb.uminho.pt <russell.paterson@deb.uminho.pt>
authors.forename: R Russell M
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Paterson
mesh_terms: D001694:Biological Warfare; D023482:Bioterrorism; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015651:Mycotoxicosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins