title: Lifestyle factors and forearm bone density in young Greek men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary factors (calcium, proteins, alcohol, coffee and tea intake), exercise, sunlight exposure and immobilization on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in young men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a group of 300 healthy men, aged 18-30. Mean weight was 80-81 kg (53-125 kg range) and height 179 cm (160-195 cm range). Distal BMC (dBMC), distal BMD (dBMD) and ultradistal BMD (udBMD) at the radius were measured by single X-ray absorptiometry (Osteometer DTX). The data concerning lifestyle factors were obtained through a questionnaire. The 300 men were divided in four groups according to calcium intake, four groups taking into account protein and three groups alcohol intake. There also were five groups of exercise level, six groups of sun exposure and two groups of duration of immobilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group with the lowest levels of calcium intake (< 400 mg/day), dBMD and udBMD were lower than in the other groups of calcium intake (P = 0.002). dBMC and udBMD were lower (P = 0.043 and 0.015, respectively) in subjects with low physical activity (< 2 h/week), whereas dBMC and udBMD were higher (P < 0.0005) in subjects with frequent sun exposure (group labelled 'very often'). Multiple regression analysis on bone mineral density of the forearm showed that, calcium intake, exercise and sunlight were also independent predictors of bone mass. No significant correlation between the other examined factors and BMD or BMC was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium intake, exercise level and sun exposure showed a statistically significant correlation with distal BMD and BMC in young adult men.
authors.affiliation: University of Athens, Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal, System, KAT Hospital, Kifisia, Greece. pivali@hol.gr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kyriazopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trovas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Charopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antonogiannakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galanos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyritis
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D011884:Radius / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium