title: Menopause, insulin resistance, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this retrospective analysis of the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance database, a clamp data pooling project, a cardiovascular risk score (CVS) was assessed to verify whether hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance were independent cardiovascular risk factors and to investigate how menopause affected CVS and insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained on whole-body glucose uptake (M), determined by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique, normalized by fat-free mass (FFM), and insulin concentration (I) at a steady state. Body composition was estimated using a labeled water technique or bioimpedance. Other parameters measured included blood pressure, lipid levels, and waist-to-hip ratio. CVS was computed using a structural equation model that included age, body mass index, blood lipids, and blood pressure. The study population included 523 normal and overweight patients. Women were grouped according to fertility status, and men, according to age (cutoff 50 y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  M/kg(FFM)/I significantly decreased after menopause (12.41 +/- 3.40 vs 10.96 +/- 3.68; P < 0.01) and in men 50 years and older (11.39 +/- 3.47 vs 10.32 +/- 3.77 micromol x min(-1) x kg(-1) x microUI/mL; P < 0.02). CVS was lowest in fertile women (-0.414 +/- 0.57 vs 0.107 +/- 0.43; P < 0.0001) and highest in men 50 years and older (0.045 +/- 0.455 vs 0.257 +/- 0.51; P < 0.001). CVS significantly correlated with M/kg(FFM)/I in men 49 years and younger (r(o) = -0.27, P < 0.0001) and 50 years and older (r(o) = -0.38, P < 0.0001) and with fasting insulin in fertile women (r(o) = -0.29, P < 0.01) and in the other groups (r(o) ranging from 0.37 to 0.45, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause does not seem to strictly relate to a decrease in insulin sensitivity as postmenopausal women had the same insulin sensitivity as age-matched men. In the population studied, the best predictor of CVS was fasting insulin rather than insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy. melaniamanco@tiscali.it
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manco
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nolfe
authors.forename: Menotti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvani
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Eleuterio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: Geltrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mingrone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio