title: Soft-tissue and cortical-bone thickness at orthodontic implant sites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To obtain sufficient stability of implants, the thickness of the soft tissue and the cortical bone in the placement site must be considered. However, the literature contains few anatomical studies of orthodontic implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure soft-tissue and cortical-bone thicknesses, maxillae from 23 Korean cadavers were decalcified, and buccopalatal cross-sectional specimens were obtained. These specimens were made at 3 maxillary midpalatal suture areas: the interdental area between the first and second premolars (group 1), the interdental area between the second premolar and the first molar (group 2), and the interdental area between the first and second molars (group 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all groups, buccal soft tissues were thickest closest to and farthest from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and thinnest in the middle. Palatal soft-tissue thickness increased gradually from the CEJ toward the apical region in all groups. Buccal cortical-bone was thickest closest to and farthest from the CEJ and thinnest in the middle in groups 1 and 2. Palatal cortical-bone thickness was greatest 6 mm apical to the CEJ in groups 1 and 3, and 2 mm apical to the CEJ in group 2. Along the midpalatal suture, palatal mucosa remained uniformly 1 mm thick posterior to the incisive papilla.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical placement of miniscrew implants for orthodontic anchorage in the maxillary molar region requires consideration of the placement site and angle based on anatomical characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee-Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Hyun-Do
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Doo-Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Chel
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values