title: Transmission of Moloney murine leukemia virus (ts-1) by breast milk.
abstract: A murine model has been developed to study maternal transmission of the temperature-sensitive Moloney murine leukemia virus (ts-1). The goal of this study was to confirm early and late mother-to-offspring transmission of the virus and demonstrate transmission via breast milk. A series of six experiments was performed using six groups of BALB/c mice. Group 1 consisted of pups born to ts-1-infected mothers removed at birth to suckle from surrogate uninfected mothers. Groups 2 and 5 consisted of pups born to ts-1-infected mothers that suckled from ts-1-infected mothers (surrogate and biological). Group 3 consisted of non-infected pups removed at birth to suckle from ts-1-infected mothers. Groups 4 and 6 consisted of non-infected pups suckled from non-infected mothers. The combined in utero, intrapartum and breast-milk infection rate was 100 % to the offspring (groups 2 and 5). The in utero to early post-partum group (group 1) had an infection rate of 78 %. Breast milk alone (group 3) resulted in a 97 % infection rate. Control groups (groups 4 and 6) had a 0 % infection rate. The relative frequency of maternal CD4(+) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was consistently lower in infected mothers, whilst offspring did not show a significant decrease in CD4(+) frequency. Pups infected via breast milk had a lower CD4(+) frequency (group 3) than those infected by the uterine and/or intrapartum route (group 1). Breast milk from ts-1-infected mothers appears to be highly infectious for neonatal BALB/c mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical University of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical University of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okonta
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007942:Leukemia, Experimental / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008892:Milk / Q000821:virology*; D008979:Moloney murine leukemia virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D013696:Temperature; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral