Dietary composition and contaminants in north Greenland, in the 1970s and 2004.
OBJECTIVE
The fatty acid composition and other nutrients in traditional Inuit food appear to provide some protection against diseases of affluent industrialized societies, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. A transition towards increased amounts of imported food might increase the occurrence of these diseases among Inuit. However, since the 1970s it has become evident that the marine-based Inuit diet also contains high levels of potentially toxic lipophilic organic pollutants and heavy metals. Since these two opposing effects on health appear to be inseparable, the phenomenon has become known as "The Arctic Dilemma". However, both the fatty acid composition and the contaminant levels vary in Greenlandic food items. Thus, in theory, it is possible to compose a diet where the benefits outweigh the risks. Our objective was to compare traditional and modern meals in Greenland regarding dietary composition, content of n-3 fatty acids and contaminants.


METHODS
The present study was part of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, AMAP, comparing the results of dietary composition and nutrients in 177 traditional meals collected in Uummannaq municipality, north Greenland in 1976 with 90 meals sampled in Uummannaq town in 2004 under similar conditions. Eleven pesticides, 14 PCB congeners, heavy metals, selenium, and fatty acids were analysed in meals and blood samples from the participants. Contaminant levels were compared between 1976 and 2004 after adjustment for n-3 fatty acids, indicating local food content.


RESULTS
Between the traditional meals collected 30 years ago and the meals from 2004, dramatic and significant changes have occurred in the dietary composition. The percentage of local food has decreased, and with it the intake of n-3 fatty acids. Calculated as daily intake, all but three contaminants had decreased significantly. However, this could be explained by the lower intake of local food. After adjustment for n-3 fatty acid content in the food, significant declines of concentration in the local food were evident only for PCBs and lead, whereas for mercury, DDTs, and chlordanes the levels were unchanged, and for hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphenes, the levels had increased significantly.


CONCLUSIONS
The consumption of locally produced food has decreased in Greenland during the last 30 years and this has led to a reduction in the daily intake of contaminants. However, the concentrations of contaminants in local food items have not decreased, except for PCB and Lead. Therefore, we recommend that the consumption of local products is not increased beyond the present level, until the level of contaminants is reduced to a safer level.
Deutch
Bente
B
Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark. bd@mil.au.dk
Dyerberg
Jørn
J
Pedersen
Henning Sloth
HS
Asmund
Gert
G
Møller
Per
P
Hansen
Jens C
JC
D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000266:history*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood / Q000266:history; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006116:Greenland; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood / Q000266:history*; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000097:blood / Q000266:history*
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D019216:Metals, Heavy