title: Low incidence of subdural grid-related complications in prolonged pediatric EEG monitoring.
abstract: Invasive EEG monitoring is one of the best tools available for localization of epileptogenic foci in the brain. However, published data in mixed series of adult and pediatric patients show high incidence of epidural bacterial contamination, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and skin infection after subdural electrode implantation. We sought to determine whether the complication rate from prolonged subdural electrode implantation would be lower in a purely pediatric series. Thirty-three subdural electrode implantation procedures were performed in 29 pediatric patients (age range 4-19) for an average of 7.2 days (range 3-14 days). Electrode number varied from 32 to >128 with a range of 4-11 electrode wires piercing the skin >1 cm from the primary incision. Of the 33 implantations and resections (66 craniotomies), 5 were for reimplantation. There were no permanent complications related to grid implantation. Transient complications included 1 case of prolonged prothrombin time and 1 patient with unexplained fever, both of which resolved upon removal of the grids. There were two culture-positive infections, one epidural and one superficial, both in patients undergoing reimplantation. There was no percutaneous cerebrospinal fluid leakage noted and no operation was aborted due to bleeding caused by grid placement. Our data suggest that subdural grid implantation in children is remarkably safe even for prolonged implantation, though infectious risk is significantly higher in reoperation (p = 0.019). This observation may contribute to lowering the threshold for two-stage invasive monitoring approaches in children with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Musleh
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yassari
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hecox
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohrman
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chico
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D013355:Subdural Space
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents