title: Atomic force microscopy in biology: technology and techniques.
abstract: In this review, I describe the biological applications of the atomic force microscope (AFM). The historical background and the development of the microscope are described. The AFM can operate in many different modes relevant to biological systems including topography, chemical analysis, and forces relevant at the biological length scale (single cell to DNA dimensions and pico to nano Newton forces). A limited number of examples from the literature are described to illustrate some of the many capabilities of this microscope. The aim is to give an introduction of the technique to the inexperienced in this rapidly growing field.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom. N.Gadegaard@elec.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gadegaard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*