title: Elevated procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker in meningococcal disease.
abstract: Patients with meningococcal disease who seek medical attention can create a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians due to the nonspecific nature of the disease's presentation. This study assesses the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin levels in the setting of meningococcal disease. Two emergency department cohorts (A and B) were studied between 2002 and 2005, during the current epidemic of serogroup B meningococcal disease in New Zealand. Cohort A consisted of 171 patients, all with confirmed meningococcal disease (84 children, 87 adults). Cohort B consisted of a large (n=1,524) consecutively recruited population of febrile patients who presented to the emergency department, 28 of whom had confirmed meningococcal disease. Within the meningococcal disease cohort (cohort A), the geometric mean procalcitonin level was 9.9 ng/ml, with levels being higher in children than in adults (21.6 vs. 4.6 ng/ml, p=0.01). The overall sensitivity of elevated procalcitonin, using a cutoff of 2.0 ng/ml in children and 0.5 ng/ml in adults, was 0.93 (95%CI: 0.88-0.96). Despite the higher cutoff level for paediatric patients, a trend towards greater sensitivity existed in children (0.96 vs. 0.90; p=0.08). Elevated procalcitonin was correlated with whole blood meningococcal load (r=0.50) and Glasgow Meningococcal Sepsis Prognostic Score (r=0.40). Within the cohort of patients who were febrile on presentation (cohort B), the specificity of elevated procalcitonin in meningococcal disease was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.83-0.87), the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 6.1 and 0.08, respectively, and the sensitivity of elevated procalcitonin (0.93; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99) was corroborated. Measurement of procalcitonin is a useful tool in patients with nonspecific febrile illnesses when the possibility of meningococcal disease is present. The diagnostic accuracy surpasses that of current early laboratory markers, allowing results to be used to guide decisions about patient management.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, Waikato Hospital, Private Bag 3200, Hamilton, New Zealand. millsg@waikatodhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lala
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Oehley
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barratt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Thornley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nesdale
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Manikkam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reeve
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide