title: Electrical stimulation induced lumbar medial branch referral patterns.
abstract: METHODS
  Fluoroscopically guided, minimum threshold electrical stimulation of the right first, second, third, and fourth lumbar medial branches and the fifth lumbar dorsal ramus in each of eight healthy test subjects was performed. The stimulation thresholds and referral patterns were recorded. A composite drawing of the referral patterns was created. The composite drawings were compared to documented referral patterns already published by other authors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the referral patterns of the lumbar medial branches and the fifth lumbar dorsal ramus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The lumbar medial branch referral patterns created by minimum threshold electrical stimulation may differ from those obtained after zygapophysial joint (Z-joint) injections.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lumbar Z-joint referral patterns have been identified following provocative Z-joint injections. There are no reports of lumbar medial branch referral patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The right L1 through L4 medial branch of the posterior primary ramus and the right L5 dorsal ramus in each of eight healthy volunteer males (n=40), without a history of back pain, were electrically stimulated under fluoroscopic imaging. All subjects were blinded to the level of stimulation, and each individual mapped out the referral area on a human line drawing at the time of each stimulus. The referral patterns after electrical stimulation and the stimulation thresholds were recorded. These referral patterns were compared to referral patterns recorded during provocative Z-joint injections by other authors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All of the subjects' mapped referral sites coincided with each other, creating a well defined composite drawing. These referral zones are different than those reported after injection of the lumbar Z-joint, which may have clinical and therapeutic implications. These referral maps may provide the clinician with additional insight when evaluating a patient with lumbar, flank, or gluteal pain of undetermined etiology.
authors.affiliation: Emory/Georgia Pain Physicians, Pain Medicine Fellowship, Emory Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2250 Windy Hill Road, Suite, 215, Marietta, GA 30067, USA. rwindsor@aol.com
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Narayan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tata
authors.forename: L Anita
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cone-Sullivan
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thampi
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acebey
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gilhool
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sugar