title: Association between passive smoking and salivary markers related to periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism of passive smoking in terms of development of periodontitis has not been investigated. This study examined the effect of passive smoking on salivary markers related to periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal status was evaluated on the basis of probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level in 273 workers. Salivary marker levels were determined by enzyme assay including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Six periodontal pathogens in saliva were assessed using real-time PCR methodology. Non-, passive and active smokers were defined as subjects exhibiting salivary cotinine levels of 0 (53 subjects), 1-7 (118) and > or = 8 ng/ml (102).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of salivary markers, including IL-1beta, lactoferrin, albumin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were elevated significantly in passive smokers relative to non-smokers. Additionally, these marker levels, with the exception of IL-1beta, decreased significantly in active smokers in comparison with passive smokers. However, no meaningful differences in percentages of periodontal pathogens were observed between non- and passive smokers. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for each marker utilizing age, gender, cotinine level and periodontal status as independent variables. IL-1beta, albumin and AST were independently associated with cotinine level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoke exposure leads to elevation of IL-1beta, albumin and AST levels in saliva.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Muneo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Kanehisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shizukuishi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D045242:Prevotella nigrescens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D007781:Lactoferrin; D003367:Cotinine