Uptake and transformation of pesticide metabolites by duckweed (Lemna gibba).
Uptake and transformation of 14C-labeled metabolites from several pesticides, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (1), 3,5-dichloroaniline (2), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3), (R,S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid (4), and (1RS)-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (5), were examined by using duckweed (Lemna gibba) in Hoagland's medium. More uptake into duckweed from the exposure water at pH 7.0 was observed for non-ionized 1 and 2 than for 3-5 in an ionized form, and their hydrophobicity accounted for these differences. While carboxylic acids 4 and 5 were scarcely transformed in duckweed, 1-3 mainly underwent phase II conjugation with glucose for 1 and 2, malic acid for 3, glutamic acid for 2, and malonylglucose for 3, the chemical identities of which were confirmed by various spectrometric analyses (LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and NMR) and/or HPLC cochromatography with reference synthetic standards.
Fujisawa
Takuo
T
Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 2-1, Takatsukasa 4-Chome, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan. fujisawat1@sc.sumitomo-chem.co.jp
Kurosawa
Motohiro
M
Katagi
Toshiyuki
T
D029064:Araceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D008293:Malates; D010575:Pesticides; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C030298:malic acid; D005947:Glucose