title: Biomechanical studies of double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Double-bundle reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament has been advocated to better replicate the anatomy of the native ligament and restore normal knee biomechanics. The goal of this study was to measure knee laxities and graft forces following single and double-bundle reconstructions and to compare these values with those for the intact knee in a cadaver model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forces in the posterior cruciate ligament were measured as the knee was passively extended from 120 degrees to 0 degrees with applied tibial loading. Anterior-posterior laxities were measured as well. An anterolateral tunnel was located at the anterolateral margin of the native ligament footprint, and a posteromedial tunnel was placed at one of two locations within the footprint; one location resulted in a wide bridge separating the tunnels and the other, a narrow bridge. Testing was repeated with a single anterolateral graft tensioned to match, within +/-1 mm, the laxity in the intact knee at 90 degrees of flexion. Double-bundle reconstructions were tested with the addition of a posteromedial graft tensioned at 30 degrees of flexion. Two levels of posteromedial graft tension (10 and 30 N) were studied in both the narrow and the wide-bridge posteromedial tunnels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean laxities with a single anterolateral graft were 1.1 to 2.0 mm greater than normal between 0 degrees and 30 degrees of flexion. With the posteromedial graft tensioned to 10 N in the wide-bridge tunnel, the mean laxity of the double grafts was not significantly different from that in the intact knee at any flexion angle. With the posteromedial graft tensioned to 10 N in the narrow-bridge tunnel, the mean laxity at 0 degrees was 0.9 mm greater than that in the intact knee. With the posteromedial graft tensioned to 30 N, the mean laxity at 10 degrees was 1.7 mm less than the intact-knee value in the wide-bridge tunnel and 1.3 mm less than the intact-knee value in the narrow bridge-tunnel. Increasing posteromedial graft tension from 10 to 30 N decreased the mean laxities by 0.5 to 1.1 mm between 0 degrees and 30 degrees . Mean graft forces following a single anterolateral reconstruction were not significantly different from the native posterior cruciate ligament forces under any mode of loading except valgus moment. With the wide-bridge tunnel, the mean forces with the posteromedial graft tensioned to 10 N were somewhat higher than the native posterior cruciate ligament forces at full extension; when the graft was tensioned to 30 N, the mean forces were substantially higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single anterolateral graft best reproduced the normal posterior cruciate ligament force profiles, but laxities were greater than normal between 0 degrees and 30 degrees of knee flexion. The addition of a second, posteromedial graft reduced laxity in this flexion range but did so at the expense of higher-than-normal forces in the posteromedial graft.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Section, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Room 21-67, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1759, USA. kmarkolf@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Markolf
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Feeley
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McAllister
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation*