title: Increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and charges for hospitalized children with public or no health insurance as compared with children with private insurance in Colorado and the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been a gradual decrease in the proportion of children covered by private health insurance in Colorado and the United States with a commensurate increase in those with public insurance or having no insurance which may impact access to care and outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to determine whether children with public or no health insurance have differences in hospital admission rates, morbidity, mortality, and/or charges that might be improved if standards of primary care comparable to those of children with private insurance could be achieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective comparison of hospitalization-related outcomes for children < 18 years of age in Colorado from 1995-2003 and in the United States in 2000. Population-based rates for hospital admission were determined stratified by age, race/ethnicity, disease grouping, and health insurance status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those with private insurance, children in Colorado and the United States with public or no insurance have significantly higher rates of total hospital admission, as well as admission for chronic illness, asthma, diabetes, vaccine-preventable disease, psychiatric disease, and ruptured appendix. These children have higher mortality rates, higher severity of illness, are more likely to be admitted through the emergency department and have significantly higher hospital charges per insured child. Higher hospitalization rates occur in children who are nonwhite and/or Hispanic and those who are younger. If children with public or no health insurance in the United States in 2000 had the same hospitalization outcomes as children with private insurance, $5.3 billion in hospital charges could have been saved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an opportunity to achieve improved health outcomes and decreased hospitalization costs for children with public or no health insurance if private insurance standards of health care could be achieved for all US children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA. todd.james@tchden.org
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Armon
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology