title: Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent, FoxO1-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) super-family member, has been well characterized as a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Myostatin has been implicated in several forms of muscle wasting including the severe cachexia observed as a result of conditions such as AIDS and liver cirrhosis. Here we show that Myostatin induces cachexia by a mechanism independent of NF-kappaB. Myostatin treatment resulted in a reduction in both myotube number and size in vitro, as well as a loss in body mass in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of the myogenic genes myoD and pax3 was reduced, while NF-kappaB (the p65 subunit) localization and expression remained unchanged. In addition, promoter analysis has confirmed Myostatin inhibition of myoD and pax3. An increase in the expression of genes involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is observed during many forms of muscle wasting. Hence we analyzed the effect of Myostatin treatment on proteolytic gene expression. The ubiquitin associated genes atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and E214k were upregulated following Myostatin treatment. We analyzed how Myostatin may be signaling to induce cachexia. Myostatin signaling reversed the IGF-1/PI3K/AKT hypertrophy pathway by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation thereby increasing the levels of active FoxO1, allowing for increased expression of atrophy-related genes. Therefore, our results suggest that Myostatin induces cachexia through an NF-kappaB-independent mechanism. Furthermore, increased Myostatin levels appear to antagonize hypertrophy signaling through regulation of the AKT-FoxO1 pathway.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Functional Muscle Genomics, East Street, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennebry
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mridula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kambadur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy; D016466:CHO Cells; D002100:Cachexia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000235:genetics; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D055435:Myostatin; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C467200:Foxo1 protein, mouse; C525912:Mstn protein, mouse; C525913:Mstn protein, rat; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D055435:Myostatin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D025801:Ubiquitin; C486692:Fbxo32 protein, rat; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases