title: Pain and health related functioning among employees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although employees report high rates of pain, little is known about the effects of pain on health related functioning among them. This study examined the effects of pain on employees' health related functioning by bodily locations of pain, number of painful locations, and whether pain was acute or chronic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional questionnaire survey. Data on pain and health related functioning as measured with the eight subscales of the short form 36 health survey (SF-36) were obtained in the years 2001 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Municipal employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  All employees who reached the age of 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 years during each study year. Response rate was 66% (n = 5829).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those reporting no pain, those with pain had considerably poorer functioning on all SF-36 subscales. The lowest scores for health related functioning were seen in the physical domain of health, whereas the mental domain was less affected. The association of pain with functioning was practically independent of the bodily location of pain. Whether pain was acute or chronic had only a modest effect on functioning. Widest variation in functioning was found by the number of painful locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among employees pain complaints, irrespective of the location, are associated with a decreased level of functioning. The number of painful locations is likely to be the most useful measure to identify employees with a high risk of poor functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. peppiina.saastamoinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Peppiina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saastamoinen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leino-Arjas
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martikainen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahelma
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors