title: [Comparison of clinical efficacy and cost-quality of antihistamines in early treatment for Japanese cedar pollinosis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP) affects more than 16% of the Japanese population. The estimated direct and indirect costs for this disease totaled 286 billion yen in 1998. In JCP therapy, antihistamines are first line agents. It is well known that starting treatment for JCP with antihistamines before initial day of the pollen scattering can relieve nasal symptom severity during pollen season. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical efficacy and cost-quality of 7 major second-generation antihistamines in early treatment for Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly selected from 16 ENT clinical sites in Osaka and Wakayama between February 24 and March 8, 2003 (peak pollen season). Effectiveness was assessed using patient'ratings of nasal and ocular symptoms and overall assessment in their condition compared to previous season ones. Costs include direct costs of the drugs used for treatment to JCP from January to March.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-five patients who were treated with antihistamine monotherapy (azelastine: n=15, cetirizine: n=15, ebastine: n=36, epinastine: n=16, fexofenadine: n=16, loratadine: n=60, oxatomide: n=17) and 510 non-treatment patients were evaluated. Among 8 groups, there were significant differences in sneezing, rhinorrhea, ocular itching and overall health condition. However, among 7 monotherapy groups, there were no differences in each symptom or the overall assessment. In cost-quality analysis, there were significant differences in a cost for each effective patient (defined as those with improvement in their overall condition) among 7 drugs. The top three cost-efficacious drugs resulted in azelastine, loratadine and fexofenadine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that there were no significant differences in clinical efficacy in early treatment for JCP among 7 antihistamines. But Japanese National Health Insurance drug price scheme led to significant differences in cost-quality.
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University.
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kakutani
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Enomoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D032485:Cryptomeria; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists