title: Antisense to cyclin D1 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated growth of vascular endothelial cells: implication of tumor vascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine the effects of cyclin D1 inhibition on tumor-associated neovascularization and endothelial cell growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have generated adenovirus system for antisense to cyclin D1 (AS CyD1) and evaluated in vitro and in vivo effects. Small interfering RNA against cyclin D1 was also used to analyze cyclin D1 inhibition-associated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The xenografts treated with adenoviral AS CyD1 showed less vessel density and displayed smaller tumor size in colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and DLD1. In vitro studies indicated that AS CyD1 decreased VEGF protein expression in DLD1 but not in HCT116. Cyclin D1 small interfering RNA caused a decrease in VEGF expression at protein and RNA levels in DLD1. A modest decrease was noted in the VEGF promoter activity, with inactivation of the STAT3 transcription factor through dephosphorylation. On the hand, the cyclin D1 inhibition plus STAT3 inhibitor markedly decreased VEGF expression in HCT116, although VEGF did not change by the STAT3 inhibitor alone. In cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), VEGF augmented cyclin D1 expression and cell growth. AS CyD1 significantly inhibited HUVEC growth even in the presence of VEGF. AS CyD1 also significantly suppressed in vitro tube formation in VEGF-treated HUVEC and in vivo macroaneurysm formation in VEGF-treated Matrigel plug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that cyclin D1 may play a role in the maintenance of VEGF expression and that AS CyD1 could be potentially useful for targeting both cancer cells and their microenvironment of tumor vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Chew Yee
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ngan
authors.forename: Bazarragchaa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damdinsuren
authors.forename: Yurika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.forename: Jinyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takemasa
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujio
authors.forename: Mitsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekimoto
authors.forename: Nariaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: I Bernard
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Morito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019938:Cyclin D1