title: VKORC1 gene variations are the major contributors of variation in warfarin dose in Japanese patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the genetic and clinical factors that cause large interpatient variability and ethnic differences in warfarin efficacy, we investigated variations of the VKORC1, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 genes in Japanese subjects. Furthermore, we evaluated the genetic variations and clinical data as contributors of variation in warfarin maintenance dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene variations of VKORC1, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 in 125 patients treated with warfarin and 114 healthy subjects were analyzed. The daily dose of warfarin, concentrations of S- and R-warfarin in plasma, and prothrombin time expressed as the international normalized ratio were used as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices. Data were evaluated by a multivariate analysis method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three missense mutations (47 G>C, 113 A>C, and 1338 A>G) in VKORC1 were newly identified in the Japanese population. The 113 A>C (Asp38Ser) variant decreased the warfarin dose requirement from 3.33 +/- 1.54 mg/d (n = 122) to 1.5 mg/d (n = 1). The variants -1639 G>A in the 5'-upstream region, 1173 C>T in intron 1, and 1542 G>C in intron 2 were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and the frequency of the -1639 G>A variation was only 0.8%, which contrasts with the frequency (39.8%-45.8%) reported previously for white persons. The dose of warfarin was larger in the VKORC1 -1639 GA genotype group (4.55 +/- 1.75 mg/d, P < .001) than in the -1639 AA group (2.94 +/- 1.15 mg/d). The mean daily dose of warfarin was lower in subjects with CYP2C9*1/*3 (1.86 +/- 0.80 mg/d, P = .007) than in subjects with CYP2C9*1/*1 (3.36 +/- 1.43 mg/d). When the relative contributions of the VKORC1 variants, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2, and CYP2C19*3, as well as the clinical characteristics of the patients, diagnoses, and concurrent medications, were compared, the VKORC1 -1639 GA genotype group accounted for 16.5% and CYP2C9 variants accounted for 13.4% of variation in warfarin dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethnic difference in warfarin maintenance dose was mainly dependent on the linked VKORC1 variants. Genotyping of -1639 G>A of the VKORC1 gene could be clinically important for predicting individual variability in anticoagulant responses to warfarin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obayashi
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawana
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurabayashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Koujirou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Ryuya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D004247:DNA; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases