title: Functional and cytoarchitectural spinal cord protection by ATL-146e after ischemia/reperfusion is mediated by adenosine receptor agonism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ATL-146e protects the spinal cord from ischemia/reperfusion injury, presumably via adenosine A(2A) receptor activation, but this relationship remains unproven. We hypothesized that spinal cord functional and cytoarchitectural preservation from ATL-146e would be lost with simultaneous administration of the specific adenosine A(2A) antagonist ZM241385 (ZM), thus proving that adenosine A(2A) receptor activation is responsible for the protective effects of this compound.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand White rabbits underwent 45 minutes of infrarenal aortic cross-clamping. Groups (n = 10) included sham, ischemia, ischemia plus ATL-146e (ATL-146E), ischemia plus ZM, or ischemia with both compounds (agonist-antagonist). Tarlov scores were recorded every 12 hours. After 48 hours, the spinal cord was fixed for histology and microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tarlov scores at 48 hours were significantly better in the sham and ATL-146E groups (5.0 and 3.9, respectively) compared with the other three groups (all < or =1.3; P < .001). On hematoxylin and eosin, neuronal viability was higher in the sham, ATL-146E, and agonist-antagonist groups compared with the control and ZM groups (P < .05). Microtubule-associated protein 2 expression was preserved in the sham and ATL-146E groups but was lost in the ATL + ZM, ZM241385, and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATL-146e preserves the spinal cord in terms of both cytoarchitecture and function after reperfusion of the ischemic spinal cord, but this preservation is not completely blocked by competitive adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonism. Although ATL-146e does seem to partially function through activation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor, the neuroprotective mechanism may not be limited to this particular receptor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. tbr5q@virginia.edu
authors.forename: T Brett
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: Irving L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tache-Leon
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Maxey
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Ellman
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Curtis G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Tribble
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D058908:Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011817:Rabbits; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C431129:ATL 146e; D058908:Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011687:Purines; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D014227:Triazines; D014230:Triazoles; C097270:ZM 241385