title: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, excluding gastrinoma.
abstract: In summary, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas comprise a unique and relatively rare group of tumors, of which gastrinoma and insulinoma are the most common types. Insulinomas tend to be small, solitary and benign, with surgical resection curable in most cases. The remainder of the neuroendocrine tumors are usually large, and unlikely to be cured with surgery; their slow-growing nature, however, mandates aggressive surgical therapy; even in cases where metastatic disease is present. Somatostatin analogs such as octreotide, are used to control the symptoms of hormone secretion; they are generally less effective in patients with insulinoma than in those with the other neuroendocrine tumors. Streptozocin, 5-fluorouracil, and doxorubicin are the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents in metastatic neuroendocrine tumors; their efficacy is limited, and significant side effects limit their use. Finally, liver transplantation in very select patients may prolong survival and alleviate debilitating symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. astephen@partners.org
authors.forename: Antonia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hodin
mesh_terms: D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000556:secondary; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism; D013005:Somatostatinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D003969:Vipoma / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D013004:Somatostatin; D005934:Glucagon