title: Resting and exercise energy use in Antarctica: effect of 50% restriction in temperate climate energy requirements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of energy restriction (ER) upon the previously reported increased resting and exercise-related oxygen utilization, reduced body temperature, increased serum TSH, and reduced serum free T3 concentrations found during Antarctic residence (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, intervention with both paired controls and a similar reference control group (RG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven subjects were assessed before and after a 50% ER period of 60 h. This ER was carried out within 30 days of arriving in Antarctica in October (OCT) and again after 10 months AR in August (AUG). During the periods of ER, mean energy consumption was 5662 +/- 1344 kJ/day in OCT and 5529 +/- 967 kJ/day in AUG. Resting metabolic rate (RMR), a calculated resting metabolic rate (RMR(reg)) using a submaximal work regression, serum TSH, FT3 and tympanic temperature (Tty) were measured. These values were compared with a similar RG of 12 subjects reported previously who were studied in California, USA before and then again during AR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight declined by 1.1 +/- 0.1 kg/day (OCT) and 0.92 +/- 0.2 kg/day (AUG) with ER, resulting in a reduction of body weight by 3.1 +/- 0.4% in OCT (P = 0.0001) and 2.5 +/- 0.4% in AUG (P = 0.0015) during AR. The RMR before ER did not change with AR and it was not significantly different from the RG studied in California. With ER the RMR tended to decline in both OCT (132 +/- 5 to 122 +/- 4 mlO2/min/m2) and AUG (134 +/- 5 to 126 +/- 5 mlO2/min/m2), but these were not significant. By contrast, RMR(reg) obtained before ER was increased with AR by 22.5 +/- 7.8% (P = 0.01) in OCT and by 28.1 +/- 7.0% (P = 0.0008) in AUG over the RG values obtained in California. RMR(reg) did not decrease with ER in either OCT or AUG. The total energy expenditure derived from these measures of weight loss suggests that 24-h energy requirements are 74.4%[95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6-146.3; P < 0.05] more than those expected in temperate climates. Tty declined by 0.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C (P < 0.01) with AR compared with the RG measured in California, but was not affected by either period of ER. ER had no effect on FT3 but tended to decrease serum TSH in AUG (P = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise-related energy requirements are increased with AR. Moderate ER may reduce resting but not exercise-related energy expenditure and it is associated with a weight loss exceeding expectations for 50% restriction of temperate climate energy predictions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, McDaniel College, Westminster, MD, USA. scase@mcdaniel.edu
authors.forename: H Samuel
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: H Lester
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reedy
authors.forename: Nhan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Do
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Finney
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seip
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012146:Rest; D012621:Seasons; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine