title: Anesthetic technique (sufentanil versus ketamine plus midazolam) and quantitative electroencephalographic changes after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with neurologic deterioration. Several interventions, including anesthetic techniques, have been designed to limit ischemic brain damage and have been evaluated in animals. Markers of neurologic injury may facilitate the assessment of these interventions in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded randomized prospective study comparing 2 anesthetic techniques (one sufentanil-based, the other ketamine and midazolam-based) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Quantitative electroencephalography was used to detect postoperative neurologic injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients aged 18 to 70 years undergoing cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were anesthetized with either a sufentanil-based or a ketamine and midazolam-based technique for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Quantitative electroencephalography was performed preoperatively as well as 5 to 6 days postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative electroencephalography outcome did not differ (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. It showed significant deterioration between preoperative and postoperative assessments with a decrease in faster and an increase in slower frequencies. In addition, the alpha attenuation index decreased. This may reflect a decrease in alertness. Both the intergroup comparisons and the assessment of individual changes failed to reveal significant differences between the anesthetic techniques. The adjuvant use of isoflurane correlated with less deterioration of quantitative electroencephalographic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of either sufentanil-based or ketamine and midazolam-based anesthetic techniques for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass had no effects on a marker of postoperative neurologic injury (ie, quantitative electroencephalography).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Pretoria Academic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. fjsmith@medic.up.ac.za
authors.forename: Francois J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bartel
authors.forename: Johan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D017409:Sufentanil
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D017409:Sufentanil; D008874:Midazolam