title: Urinary NO3 excretion and renal failure in indinavir-treated patients.
abstract: Treatment with indinavir (IDV), a protease inhibitor, is frequently associated with renal abnormalities. We determined the incidence of renal failure (creatinine clearance <80 mL min-1 1.73 (m(2))-1) in HIV patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, including IDV, and investigated the possible mechanisms and risk factors of IDV nephrotoxicity. Thirty-six patients receiving IDV were followed for 3 years. All were assessed for age, body weight, duration of infection, duration of IDV treatment, sulfur-derivative use, total cholesterol, triglycerides, magnesium, sodium, potassium, creatinine, and urinalysis. We also determined renal function in terms of creatinine clearance, urine osmolality and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and water. Urinary nitrate (NO3) excretion was measured in 18 IDV-treated patients and compared with that of 8 patients treated with efavirenz, a drug without renal side effects. Sterile leukocyturia occurred in 80.5% of the IDV-treated patients. Creatinine clearance <80 mL min-1 1.73 (m(2))-1 was observed in 22 patients (61%) and was associated with low body weight and the use of sulfur-derivatives. These patients also had lower osmolality, lower urine volume and a higher fractional excretion of water compared to the normal renal function group. Urinary NO3 excretion was significantly lower in IDV-treated patients (809 +/- 181 microM NO3-/mg creatinine) than in efavirenz-treated patients (2247 +/- 648 microM NO3-/mg creatinine, P < 0.01). The lower NO3 excretion suggests that IDV decreases nitric oxide production.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. margaeira@ig.com.br
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seguro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000652:urine*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000652:urine*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D015415:Biomarkers; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D010078:Oxazines; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir; D003404:Creatinine; C098320:efavirenz