title: CYP3A5 genotype has significant effect on quinine 3-hydroxylation in Tanzanians, who have lower total CYP3A activity than a Swedish population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the correlation between CYP3A5 genotype and quinine 3-hydroxylation in black Tanzanian and Swedish Caucasians as well as to investigate the interethnic differences in CYP3A activity between the two populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tanzanian (n=144) and Swedish (n=136) healthy study participants were given a single oral 250 mg dose of quinine hydrochloride and a 16-h post-dose blood sample was collected. The metabolic ratio of quinine/3-hydroxyquinine was determined in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. All the participants were genotyped for the known mutations of CYP3A5, which are relevant for the respective population. Correlation between quinine metabolic ratio and CYP3A5 genotype as well as the interethnic difference in CYP3A activity between the two populations was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tanzanians had significantly higher (P<0.0001) mean quinine metabolic ratio (9.5+/-3.5) than Swedes (7.6+/-3.1). As expected, the frequency of high CYP3A5 expression alleles was higher in Tanzanians (51%) than in Swedes (7%). The mean+/-SD quinine metabolic ratio (10.7+/-3.9) in Tanzanians homozygous for low CYP3A5 expression gene was significantly higher than the corresponding mean metabolic ratio in participants heterozygous (9.5+/-3.3; P=0.02) or homozygous (8.1+/-3.1; P=0.002) for high expression CYP3A5 alleles, respectively. A tendency to higher quinine metabolic ratio in Swedes with low expression alleles compared with those with one or two high expression alleles was observed. Tanzanians homozygous for low CYP3A5 expression gene (i.e. only CYP3A4 is expressed) had significantly (P<0.0001) higher quinine metabolic ratio (10.7+/-3.9) than corresponding Swedes (7.7+/-3.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clear interethnic differences were observed in the activity of CYP3A between Tanzanians and Swedes. A significant association is noted between CYP3A5 genotype and quinine 3-hydroxylation in Tanzanians, indicating a significant contribution of CYP3A5 to total 3A activity. The CYP3A4 catalyzed hydroxylation of quinine (two low CYP3A5 expression alleles) was lower in Tanzanians than in Swedes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Toxicology, Central Laboratories & Blood Bank, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rajaa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mirghani
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayi
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aklillu
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allqvist
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jande
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerholm
authors.forename: Jaran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Virginie M M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Herben
authors.forename: Barry C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Lars L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011803:Quinine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013548:Sweden; D013636:Tanzania; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D011803:Quinine; C510164:CYP3A5 protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human