title: Factors associated with the development of opportunistic infections in HIV-1-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts: a EuroSIDA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data exist on factors predicting the development of opportunistic infections (OIs) at higher-than-expected CD4(+) cell counts in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to determine factors related to the development of groups of OIs above their respective traditional upper CD4(+) cell count thresholds: group 1 (>or=100 cells/ microL), OIs caused by cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Toxoplasma gondii; group 2 (>or=200 cells/ microL), Pneumocystis pneumonia and esophageal candidiasis; and group 3 (>or=300 cells/ microL), pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In groups 1, 2, and 3, 71 of 9,219, 125 of 7,934, and 36 of 7,838 patients, respectively, developed >or=1 intragroup OI. The strongest predictor of an OI in groups 1 and 2 was current CD4(+) cell count (for group 1, incidence rate ratio [IRR] per 50% lower CD4(+) cell count, 5.37 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.71-7.77]; for group 2, 4.28 [95% CI, 2.98-6.14]). Injection drug use but not current CD4(+) cell count predicted risk in group 3. Use of antiretroviral treatment was associated with a lower incidence of OIs in all groups, likely by reducing HIV-1 RNA levels (IRR per 1-log(10) copies/mL higher HIV-1 RNA levels for group 1, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.15-1.95]; for group 2, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.40-2.02]; and for group 3, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.40-2.54]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the absolute incidence is low, the current CD4(+) cell count and HIV-1 RNA level are strong predictors of most OIs in patients with high CD4(+) cell counts.
authors.affiliation: Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaard alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark. dpo@cphiv.dk.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Podlekareva
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mocroft
authors.forename: Ulrik B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Dragsted
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ledergerber
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beniowski
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clumeck
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jens D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012725:Sexual Behavior
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents