title: Six year experience of external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy boost with a 1Ci (192)Ir source, and neoadjuvant hormonal manipulation for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present preliminary outcomes of pulsed dose rate brachytherapy (PDR-BT), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and hormonal manipulation, for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 1999 and January 2005, 165 consecutive patients with Stage T1-T3, N0, M0 prostate cancer were treated. Hormones were used in every patient. Median follow-up was 36 months. Risk groups were low (either Stage < or =T2a, +/- Gleason score < or =6, +/- Prostate-Specific Antigen [PSA] level < or =10 ng/mL); intermediate (either Stage T2b,c, +/- Gleason score 7, +/- PSA 10-20 ng/mL); and high (either Stage T3, +/- Gleason score 8-10, +/- PSA >20 ng/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 years, Radiotherapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Grade 3 and 4 genito-urinary toxicity was 4% and 1.4%; RTOG Grade 3 and 4 gastro-intestinal toxicity was 2.6% and 0%, respectively. Erectile preservation was 61%. Overall survival was 93% (154 of 165) and cause-specific survival was 98% (162 of 165). At 3 years, disease free survival (DFS) was 93% (153 of 165). DFS for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups was 100%, 97%, and 81%, respectively (chi(2) (2) = 16.02, p = 0.0003). The nadir plus 2 ng/mL definition (chi(2) (2) = 14.49, p = 0.0007) best predicted clinical failure, having the lowest false-positive rate (3 of 165). The nadir plus 2 ng/mL PSA-progression-free survival (PSA-PFS) rate was 100%, 95%, and 87% for the low-, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively. Overall ASTRO PSA-PFS rate was 88%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsed dose rate brachytherapy plus EBRT is effective in treating localized prostate cancer, with acceptable toxicity. However, a median 5-year PSA-PFS follow-up is required before providing a solid recommendation. This preliminary information supports continued use.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Associates, Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, Australia. michael.izard@i-med.com.au
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Izard
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinks
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dobbins
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katelaris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011349:Proctitis / Q000209:etiology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen