title: Intracerebral hemorrhage in pregnancy: frequency, risk factors, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency, risk factors, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in pregnancy and the postpartum period using a large database of US inpatient hospitalizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors obtained data from an administrative dataset, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which includes approximately 20% of all discharges from non-Federal hospitals, for the years 1993 through 2002. Women aged 15 to 44 years with a diagnosis of ICH were selected from the database for analysis, and within this group patients coded as pregnant or postpartum were identified. Using US Census data, estimates were made of the rates of ICH in pregnant/postpartum and non-pregnant women. Rates of various comorbidities in patients with pregnancy-related ICH were compared to the rates found in the general population of delivering patients using multivariate logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for pregnancy-related ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified 423 patients with pregnancy-related ICH, which corresponded to 6.1 pregnancy-related ICH per 100,000 deliveries and 7.1 pregnancy-related ICH per 100,000 at-risk person-years (compared to 5.0 per 100,000 person-years for non-pregnant women in the age range considered). The increased risk of ICH associated with pregnancy was largely attributable to ICH occurring in the postpartum period. The in-hospital mortality rate for pregnancy-related ICH was 20.3%. ICH accounted for 7.1% of all pregnancy-related mortality recorded in this database. Significant independent risk factors for pregnancy-related ICH included advanced maternal age (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.64), African American race (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.41), preexisting hypertension (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.34 to 5.07), gestational hypertension (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.62 to 3.59), preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR 10.39, 95% CI 8.32 to 12.98), preexisting hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR 9.23, 95% CI 5.26 to 16.19), coagulopathy (OR 20.66, 95% CI 13.67 to 31.23), and tobacco abuse (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for a substantial portion of pregnancy-related mortality. The risk of ICH associated with pregnancy is greatest in the postpartum period. Advanced maternal age, African American race, hypertensive diseases, coagulopathy, and tobacco abuse were all independent risk factors for pregnancy-related ICH.
authors.affiliation: College for Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pile-Spellman
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors