title: Variability of protein content in calcium oxalate monohydrate stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary stones are heterogeneous in their fragility to lithotripter shockwaves. As a first step in gaining a better understanding of the role of matrix in stone fragility, we measured extractible protein in calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones that were extensively characterized by micro-computed tomography (micro CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Stones were scanned using micro CT (Scanco mCT20, 34 microm). They were ground, and the protein extracted using four methods: 0.25M EDTA, 2% SDS reducing buffer, 9M urea buffer, and 10% acetic acid. Protein was measured using NanoOrange. The SDS extracts were also examined using polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracted protein was highest with the SDS or urea methods (0.28% +/- 0.13% and 0.24% +/- 0.11%, respectively) and lower using the EDTA method (0.17% +/- 0.05%; P < 0.02). Acetic acid extracted little protein (0.006 +/- 0.002%; P < 0.001). Individual stones were significantly different in extractability of protein by the different methods, and SDS-PAGE revealed different protein patterns for individual stones. Extracted protein did not correlate with X-ray-lucent void percentage, which ranged from 0.06% to 2.8% of stone volume, or with apatite content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extractible stone-matrix protein differs for individual COM stones, and yield is dependent on the extraction method. The presence of X-ray-lucent voids or minor amounts of apatite in stones did not correlate with protein content. The amounts of protein recovered were much lower than reported by Boyce, showing that these methods extracted only a fraction of the protein bound up in the stones. The results suggest that none of the methods tested will be useful for helping to answer the question of whether matrix content differs among stones of differing fragility to lithotripter shockwaves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA. williams@anatomy.iupui.du
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zarse
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Witzmann
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McAteer
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D002129:Calcium Oxalate