title: Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of aggressive behavior in general adult psychiatry: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence for pharmacologic management of outwardly directed aggressive behavior in general adult psychiatry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane libraries from 1966 through March 2005 were used to identify relevant studies. The keywords aggression, violence, anger, and hostility combined with drug therapy, psychotropic drugs, adrenergic beta-antagonists, anticonvulsants, anti-depressants, antipsychotic agents, benzodiazepines, and lithium were searched. Furthermore, the retrieved publications were searched for additional references.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomized controlled trials addressing pharmacotherapy for aggression or aggression-related symptoms were included, except studies addressing the "emergency situation" and studies conducted in specialized psychiatric or non-psychiatric settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence synthesis was performed using the "best-evidence principle." Two authors independently adjudicated methodological quality and generalizability to daily clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. On the basis of a best-evidence synthesis model, weak evidence for antiaggressive effects of antipsychotics, anti-depressants, anticonvulsants, and beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs was found. Atypical antipsychotics appeared superior to typical antipsychotics. The use of various outcome measures and insufficient data reporting in the individual studies hampered the quantitative assessment of efficacy across studies. Further limitations of the available randomized controlled trials included small sample sizes, short study duration, and poor generalizability to daily clinical practice setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas pharmacotherapy is frequently applied in aggressive patients, only weak evidence of efficacy of various drug classes was found. Consensus about the use of aggression measurement scales in clinical trials is necessary for future research. Furthermore, large-scale trials with more naturalistic designs, as opposed to classical randomized controlled trials with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, may be advisable in order to obtain results that are more generalizable to daily clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Den Dolder, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laurette E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Goedhard
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stolker
authors.forename: Eibert R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Heerdink
authors.forename: Henk L I
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nijman
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Toine C G
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Egberts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs