title: Improving potency, selectivity, and water solubility of adenosine A1 receptor antagonists: xanthines modified at position 3 and related pyrimido[1,2,3-cd]purinediones.
abstract: The structure-activity relationships of xanthine derivatives related to the adenosine A(1) receptor antagonists 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and 1,3-dipropyl-8-(3-noradamantyl)xanthine (KW3902) were investigated by focusing on variations of the 3-substituent. Aromatic residues were well tolerated by the A(1) receptor in that position. A moderate effect of stereochemistry was found for the 3-(1-phenylethyl)-substituted analogue of DPCPX (S>R) at A(1) and A(3) receptors, whereas the opposite stereoselectivity was observed at the A(2) receptor subtypes. A 3-hydroxypropyl substituent was found to be optimal for high A(1) affinity and selectivity. The most potent compound of the present series was 1-butyl-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-8-(3-noradamantyl)xanthine (10 c), which exhibits a K(i) value of 0.124 nM at rat, and 0.7 nM at human adenosine A(1) receptors, combined with high selectivity (>>200-fold) versus the other receptor subtypes. The similarly potent 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-propylxanthine was converted into a water-soluble phosphate prodrug, which may become a useful pharmacological tool for in vivo studies. 8-Alkyl-2-(3-noradamantyl)pyrimido[1,2,3-cd]purine-8,10-diones, which can be envisaged as xanthine analogues with a fixed 3-propyl substituent, were identified as a new class of potent, selective adenosine A(1) receptor antagonists. For example, compound 14 (8-butyl-substituted) exhibits a K(i) value of 13.8 nM at human A(1) receptors. A selection of the most potent compounds was investigated in [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assays and showed inverse agonistic activity. Their efficacy was generally lower than that of the full inverse agonist DPCPX, and depended on subtle structural changes. Some of the new compounds belong to the most potent and selective A(1) antagonists described to date.
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Poppelsdorf, Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weyler
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fülle
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diekmann
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Karl-Norbert
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: Christa E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012995:Solubility; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D019820:Xanthine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C514101:1-butyl-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-8-(3-noradamantyl)xanthine; C514102:9-butyl-2-(3-noradamantyl)-4,5-dihydro-6H,8H-pyrimido(1,2,3-cd)purine-8,10-dione; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D010710:Phosphates; D011355:Prodrugs; D014970:Xanthines; D014867:Water; D019820:Xanthine; C073525:rolofylline; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D000218:Adamantane