title: Genotype-by-sex interaction in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus: support for sex-specific quantitative trait loci in Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network participants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While there are sex-related differences in both the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and disease risk factors, there is only limited research on sex-specific influences on type 2 diabetes aetiology within the same study population. Thus, we assessed genotype-by-sex interaction using a liability threshold model in an attempt to localise sex-specific type 2 diabetes quantitative trait loci (QTLs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypertensive siblings and their offspring and/or parents in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network of the Family Blood Pressure Program were recruited from five field centres. The diabetic phenotype was adjusted for race, study centre, age and non-linear age effects. In total, 567 diabetic individuals were identified in 385 families. Variance component linkage analyses in the combined sample and stratified by sex and race were performed (SOLAR program) using race-specific marker allele frequencies derived from a random sample of participants at each centre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a QTL-specific genotype-by-sex interaction (p=0.009) on chromosome 17 at 31 cM, with females displaying a robust adjusted logarithm of odds (LOD) of 3.0 compared with 0.2 in males and 1.3 in the combined sample. Three additional regions demonstrating suggestive evidence for linkage were detected: chromosomes 2 and 5 in the female sample and chromosome 22 (adjusted LOD=1.9) in the combined sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that multiple genes may regulate susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, demonstrating the importance of considering the interaction of genes and environment in the aetiology of common complex traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, CB #8050, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kraja
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Borecki
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pankow
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnett
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: North
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology