title: Is laparoscopic approach safe for ectopic pelvic kidneys?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and safety of a laparoscopic approach to pelvic kidneys for ablative and reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2002 and February 2005, 6 patients with a left pelvic kidney; 2 with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 2 with nonfunctioning kidney and 2 with pelvic stones were selected. These patients underwent dismembered pyeloplasty, simple nephrectomy and pyelolithotomy by laparoscopic approach. For pyeloplasty, omitting the prior retrograde stent facilitated dissection around the pelvis, which was identified first and then the ureter was traced downwards. Dismembered pyeloplasty was done by continuous sutures using 4-0 vicryl over a double-J stent placed antegradely. During nephrectomy, the ureter was identified over the iliac vessels and divided first. Subsequent dissection was carried out after lifting the kidney to identify ectopic renal vessels. Pyelolithotomy was performed for a large single pelvic stone after placing the ureteric catheter and confirming the stone's position by fluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient with pyelolithotomy was converted to open surgery while the others were completed laparoscopically. Mean hospital stay was 4.16 (range 3-5) days, blood loss 115 (range 30-300) ml and mean operative time was 170 (range 140-220) min. There were no post-operative complications. After pyeloplasty there was significant improvement in renal function and drainage pattern on diuretic scan at 11 and 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laparoscopic approach provides all the benefits of a minimally invasive procedure to the patients. Due to the different locations of renal vessels, it is safe to approach the ureter first when performing nephrectomy. When performing pyeloplasty, omitting the prior stent placement helps in the identification and dissection of the renal pelvis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandhani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D012449:Safety