title: The influence of acoustic transmit parameters on the destruction of contrast microbubbles in vitro.
abstract: In this study, the destruction of the contrast agent Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) was measured in vitro as a function of centre frequency (2-3 MHz), acoustic amplitude (0.66-1.6 MPa), pulse length (2-16 cycles) and PRF (0.5-8.0 kHz). Up to 82% of microbubbles were destroyed after exposure to a single 1.6 MPa acoustic pulse (16 cycles, 2.5 MHz and PRF of 1.0 kHz), while at a low amplitude of 0.66 MPa, fractional destruction increased gradually from 0 to 40% after exposure to 9 (identical) pulses. Fractional destruction increased from approximately 8 to 66% as pulse length was changed from 2 to 16 cycles following exposure to a single 2.5 MHz, 1.3 MPa pulse. As the PRF was increased from 0.5 to 8.0 kHz, shorter exposure time intervals (from 4.8 to 1.2 ms) were needed to achieve the same fractional destruction of 80%. Conversely, as the transmit frequency was increased from 2 to 3 MHz the fractional destruction decreased (by more than half within the first 3 pulses). The influence of changes in acoustic pressure and duty cycle on the destruction of Sonazoid microbubbles was highly statistically significant (p < or = 0.01) with a threshold around 0.67 MPa for a duty cycle of 0.0064. In conclusion, the fractional destruction increases with the duty cycle and the acoustic pressure amplitude and decreases with ultrasonic transmit frequency. Better understanding of the influence of the ultrasound transmit parameters on the destruction of contrast microbubbles should help improve existing contrast-assisted imaging modalities and may help develop new techniques for better use of contrast agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: Audun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tornes
authors.forename: Jonny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Østensen
authors.forename: Barry B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008422:Materials Testing; D045423:Microbubbles; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013010:Sonication; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C069727:Sonazoid; D007501:Iron