title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema: how to deal with it.
abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema is a well documented condition, which seems to occur in up to 1% of treated patients. It represents a problem for both the clinician and the patient: for the clinician, the diagnosis may be difficult due to its peculiar clinical characteristics, whereas for the misdiagnosed patient the delay prolongs a potentially dangerous situation. If the drug is not discontinued, the attacks tend to become worse and even life-threatening. There are now evidences that increased levels of bradykinin have an important role in the pathophysiology of attacks and, moreover, there are genetic factors that render certain individuals susceptible to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema. In this review, the authors analyse the pathogenetic mechanism, the clinical presentation, the management and future perspectives of research on this condition.
authors.affiliation: San Giuseppe Hospital-AFaR, University of Milan, Department of Internal Medicine, Via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beltrami
authors.forename: Lorenza C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Zingale
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carugo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cicardi
mesh_terms: D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C065679:icatibant; D001920:Bradykinin