title: Alcohol attenuates load-related activation during a working memory task: relation to level of response to alcohol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A low level of response to alcohol is a major risk factor for the development of alcohol dependence, but neural correlates of this marker are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were classified by median split on level of response to alcohol and underwent 2 sessions of functional magnetic resonance imaging following ingestion of a moderate dose of alcohol and a placebo. The blood oxygen level-dependent activation to an event-related visual working memory test was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects exhibited longer response latencies and more errors as a function of increasing working memory load and showed a load-dependent increase in activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and visual cortex. Alcohol did not affect performance (errors or response latency), but attenuated the working memory load-dependent activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. During the placebo condition, individuals with a low level of response to alcohol showed greater activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex than those with a high level of response to alcohol. During the alcohol condition, groups showed similar attenuation of load-dependent brain activation in these regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-level responders relative to high-level responders exhibited an increased working memory load-dependent activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex when not exposed to alcohol. This increase in brain response was attenuated in low-level responders after ingesting a moderate dose of alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biological Dynamics and Theoretical Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0603, USA.
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pulido
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol