title: The time course of subsequent hospitalizations and associated costs in survivors of an ischemic stroke in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Documentation of the hospitalizations rates following a stroke provides the inputs required for planning health services and to evaluate the economic efficiency of any new therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalization rates by cause were examined using administrative data on 18,695 patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke (first or subsequent, excluding transient ischemic attack) in Saskatchewan, Canada between 1990 and 1995. Medical history was available retrospectively to January 1980 and follow-up was complete to March 2000. Analyses evaluated the rate and timing of all-cause and cardiovascular hospitalizations within discrete periods in the five years following the index stroke. Cardiovascular hospitalizations included patients with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, stable or unstable angina, heart failure or peripheral arterial disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third (36%) of patients were identified by a hospitalized stroke. Mean age was 70.5 years, 48.0% were male, half had a history of stroke or a transient ischemic attack at the time of their index stroke. Three-quarters of the patients (72.7%) were hospitalized at least once during a mean follow-up of 4.6 years, accruing CAD $24 million in the first year alone. Of all hospitalizations, 20.4% were related to cardiovascular disease and 1.6% to bleeds. In the month following index stroke, 12.5% were admitted, an average of 1.04 times per patient hospitalized. Strokes accounted for 33% of all hospitalizations in the first month. The rate diminished steadily throughout the year and stabilized in the second year when approximately one-third of patients required hospitalization, at a rate of about one hospitalization for every two patient-years. Mean lengths of stay ranged from nine days to nearly 40 days. Close-fitting Weibull functions allow highly specific probability estimates. Other cardiovascular risk factors significantly increased hospitalization rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After stroke, there are frequent hospitalizations accounting for substantial additional costs. Though these rates drop after one year, they remain high over time. The number of other cardiovascular causes of hospitalization confirms that stroke is a manifestation of disseminated atherothrombotic disease.
authors.affiliation: Caro Research Institute, Concord, MA, USA. jcaro@caroresearch.com
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Migliaccio-Walle
authors.forename: Khajak J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ishak
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Proskorovsky
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006285:Health Planning; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012525:Saskatchewan / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors