title: Distribution of A-delta and C-fiber receptors in the cervical facet joint capsule and their response to stretch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that cervical facet joint capsules are a major source of whiplash pain. However, there is a paucity of neurophysiologic data to support this hypothesis. The purposes of this study were to determine the distribution of A-delta and C-fiber sensory receptors in the facet joint capsule and to test their patterns of response to stretch and related sensory function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laminectomy from C4 to C7 was performed in seventeen goats, while they were under general anesthesia, to expose the C6 nerve roots. Customized dual bipolar electrodes were used to record neural activity from one of the C6 branches. An 8 or 15-V electrical stimulus was used to provoke receptor activity in nine designated areas on the dorsal part of the C5-C6 facet joint capsule. Receptors were classified on the basis of conduction velocities. The waveform of an identified receptor was set up as a template to determine its neural activity in response to capsular stretch. The characteristics of each single receptor's response to capsular stretch were analyzed to determine its sensory function as a mechanoreceptor or nociceptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and forty-eight receptors on the dorsal part of the C5-C6 facet joint capsule were evoked by electrical stimulation in the seventeen goats. More C-fiber receptors were found on the dorsolateral aspect of the facet joint capsule, where tendons and muscles were attached. The response to stretch of 120 receptors, from twelve goats, were analyzed to classify them into one of four categories (high-threshold mechanoreceptors, non-saturated low-threshold mechanoreceptors, saturated low-threshold mechanoreceptors, and silent receptors) or as unclassified receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The existence of receptors in the facet joint capsule indicates that the capsule has pain and proprioceptive sensory functions.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. cchen@rrb.eng.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Chaoyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Srinivasu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kallakuri
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patwardhan
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006041:Goats; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*