title: Percutaneous computerized tomography guided renal cryoablation using local anesthesia: pain assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The administration of intravenous sedation during prone computerized tomography guided, percutaneous procedures has the potential for complications. We assessed the pain associated with computerized tomography guided, percutaneous renal cryoablation using straight local anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with cryoablation probes inserted into the renal tumor under computerized tomography guidance with local anesthesia. Patients were asked to rate the pain experienced during needle placement and cryoablation using a visual 10-degree pain score scale. Sedation was given when pain was greater than 7 or when requested by the patient. Parameters assessed were cardiopulmonary complications, the need for intravenous supplementation, the pain score during the procedure and the postoperative score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 patients (30 tumors) underwent a total of 26 cryoablation sessions with only local anesthesia. Mean patient age +/- SD was 67 +/- 13 years (range 33 to 88). Average tumor and ice ball size was 2.1 +/- 0.7 (range 1.1 to 4.3) and 4.1 +/- 1.0 cm (range 2.6 to 5.9), respectively. The mean dose of 1% lidocaine was 43.89 +/- 24.97 ml (range 10 to 110). All procedures were completed in an average of 68.78 +/- 20.7 minutes (range 40 to 120). Vital signs were not significantly changed during the procedure. Successful completion of percutaneous computerized tomography guided cryoablation using local anesthesia was accomplished in 22 of the 26 sessions (84.62%) without sedation. Four patients required intravenous supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous computerized tomography guided cryoablation for renal tumors can be performed using local anesthesia with minimal discomfort in most patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sompol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Permpongkosol
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulman
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Gary X
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed