title: Copulatory organ musculature in Childia (Acoela) as revealed by phalloidin fluorescence and confocal microscopy.
abstract: Copulatory organs of eight species of the monophyletic taxon Childia were investigated in detail, using phalloidin fluorescence method and confocal microscopy. Childia species were shown to have one, two or several tubular stylets, conical to cylindrical in shape, composed of few to numerous needles. The musculature varied greatly, from the absence of seminal vesicle to extensively developed seminal vesicles with several additional types of specialized muscles. Ten copulatory organ characters were coded and mapped on the total evidence tree. The data obtained permitted to follow the evolution of the Childia stylet and to demonstrate that the structure of the stylet apparatus is largely consistent with the phylogeny of the group (CI=0.75). Possible function of different muscle specializations was discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Raikova
authors.forename: Y I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Tekle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: M K S
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jondelius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000033:anatomy & histology