title: High-dose cyclophosphamide for moderate to severe refractory multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-dose cyclophosphamide is active in immune-mediated illnesses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effects of high-dose cyclophosphamide on severe refractory multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with multiple sclerosis with an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3.5 or higher after 2 or more Food and Drug Administration-approved disease-modifying therapy regimens were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received 200 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide over 4 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients had brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluations every 6 months and quarterly EDSS and quality-of-life evaluations for 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients were evaluated for clinical response (median follow-up, 15.0 months; follow-up range, 6-24 months). During follow-up, no patients increased their baseline EDSS scores by more than 1.0. Five patients decreased their EDSS scores by 1.0 or more (EDSS score decrease range, 1.0-5.0). Two of 11 patients had a single enhancing lesion at baseline; these lesions resolved after high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment. At 12 months, 1 patient showed 1 new enhancing lesion without a corresponding high-intensity T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal. Patients reported improvement in all of the quality-of-life parameters measured. Neurologic improvement involved changes in gait, bladder control, and visual function. Treatment response was seen regardless of the baseline presence or absence of contrast lesion activity. Patient quality-of-life improvement occurred independently of EDSS score changes. In this small group of patients with treatment-refractory multiple sclerosis, high-dose cyclophosphamide was associated with minimal morbidity and improved clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose cyclophosphamide treatment in patients with severe refractory multiple sclerosis can result in disease stabilization, improved functionality, and improved quality of life. Further studies are necessary to determine the most appropriate patients for this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA. dgladstone@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Gladstone
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Zamkoff
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peyster
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sibony
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Locher
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Coyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide