title: Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir and atazanavir when combined once daily in HIV Type 1-infected individuals administered different atazanavir doses.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics and short-term safety of atazanavir 150 and 200 mg, when coadministered with saquinavir/ritonavir 1600/100 mg once daily, were evaluated. On day 1, atazanavir 150 mg once daily, was added to saquinavir/ritonavir regimens and sampling was performed to evaluate saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir pharmacokinetics (day 11). Atazanavir was increased to 200 mg and pharmacokinetic assessment repeated (day 30). Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to compare saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir pharmacokinetic parameters in the present study and for 14 of the subjects treated with saquinavir/ritonavir 1600/100 mg once daily without and with atazanavir 300 mg who participated in a previous trial. Geometric mean (GM) saquinavir AUC0-24, Ctrough, and Cmax were 30,589 and 32,312 ng . h/ml, 166 and 182 ng/ml, and 4267 and 4261 ng/ml when coadministered with atazanavir 150 and 200 mg (n = 18). On days 11 and 30, saquinavir and atazanavir Ctrough remained >100 ng/ml in 13/18, 14/18, 18/18, and 17/18 patients. Among the above mentioned 14 subjects, significant increases in saquinavir Ctrough (87%, 92%, 99%), Cmax (40%, 55%, 44%), and AUC0-24 (51%, 60%, 63%) were observed with atazanavir 300, 150, and 200 mg. Ritonavir AUC0-24 and Cmax were significantly increased with the addition of atazanavir 300 mg only. Atazanavir enhances saquinavir and ritonavir by a mechanism that requires elucidation. While saquinavir enhancement was apparently independent of atazanavir dose, atazanavir 300 mg produced an increase in ritonavir Cmax, which is not observed with lower atazanavir doses. Atazanavir-related hyperbilirubinemia was dose dependent. However, higher saquinavir and atazanavir exposure may be required to suppress HIV-resistant strain replication.
authors.affiliation: Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom. marto.boffito@chelwest.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boffito
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maitland
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moyle
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozniak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011725:Pyridines; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D019258:Saquinavir; D019438:Ritonavir; D001663:Bilirubin