Tobacco smoke and bladder cancer--in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking and the development of bladder cancer. The study population consisted of 429,906 persons participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 633 of whom developed bladder cancer during the follow-up period. An increased risk of bladder cancer was found for both current- (incidence rate ratio 3.96, 95% confidence interval: 3.07-5.09) and ex- (2.25, 1.74-2.91) smokers, compared to never-smokers. A positive association with intensity (per 5 cigarettes) was found among current-smokers (1.18, 1.09-1.28). Associations (per 5 years) were observed for duration (1.14, 1.08-1.21), later age at start (0.75, 0.66-0.85) and longer time since quitting (0.92, 0.86-0.98). Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during childhood increased the risk of bladder cancer (1.38, 1.00-1.90), whereas for ETS exposure as adult no effect was detected. The present study confirms the strong association between smoking and bladder cancer. The indication of a higher risk of bladder cancer for those who start smoking at a young age and for those exposed to ETS during childhood adds to the body of evidence suggesting that children are more sensitive to carcinogens than adults.
Bjerregaard
Bine Kjøller
BK
Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Raaschou-Nielsen
Ole
O
Sørensen
Mette
M
Frederiksen
Kirsten
K
Christensen
Jane
J
Tjønneland
Anne
A
Overvad
Kim
K
Chapelon
Francoise Clavel
FC
Nagel
Gabriele
G
Chang-Claude
Jenny
J
Bergmann
Manuela M
MM
Boeing
Heiner
H
Trichopoulos
Dimitrios
D
Trichopoulou
Antonia
A
Oikonomou
Eleni
E
Berrino
Franco
F
Palli
Domenico
D
Tumino
Rosario
R
Vineis
Paolo
P
Panico
Salvatore
S
Peeters
Petra Hm
PH
Bueno-de-Mesquita
H Bas
HB
Kiemeney
Lambertus
L
Gram
Inger Torhild
IT
Braaten
Tonje
T
Lund
Eiliv
E
Gonzalez
Carlos A
CA
Berglund
Göran
G
Allen
Naomi
N
Roddam
Andrew
A
Bingham
Sheila
S
Riboli
Elio
E
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution