title: The long term importance of English primary care groups for integration in primary health care and deinstitutionalisation of hospital care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the impact of successive experiments in the development of primary care organisations in England and assesses the long-term importance of English primary care groups for the integration of health and community and health and social care and the deinstitutionalisation of hospital care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Governments in a number of Western countries are attempting to improve the efficiency, appropriateness and equity of their health systems. One of the main ways of doing this is to devolve provision and commissioning responsibility from national and regional organisations to more local agencies based in primary care. Such primary care organisations are allocated budgets that span both primary and secondary (hospital) services and also, potentially, social care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article is based on a systematic review of the literature forthcoming from the UK Government's Department of Health-funded evaluations of successive primary care organisational developments. These include total purchasing pilots, GP commissioning group pilots, personal medical services pilots and primary care groups and trusts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary care organisations in England have proved to be a catalyst in facilitating the development of integrated care working between primary and community health services. Conversely, primary care organisations have proved less effective in promoting integration between health and social care agencies where most progress has been made at the strategic commissioning level. The development of primary care trusts in England is heralding an end to traditional community hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of primary care groups in England are but an intermediate step of a policy progression towards future primary care-based organisations that will functionally integrate primary and community health services with local authority services under a single management umbrella.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Management Centre, 40 Edgbaston Park Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2RT, UK. N.Goodwin@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goodwin