title: Integrating respiratory gating into a megavoltage cone-beam CT system.
abstract: We have previously described a low-dose megavoltage cone beam computed tomography (MV CBCT) system capable of producing projection image using one beam pulse. In this study, we report on its integration with respiratory gating for gated radiotherapy. The respiratory gating system tracks a reflective marker on the patient's abdomen midway between the xiphoid and umbilicus, and disables radiation delivery when the marker position is outside predefined thresholds. We investigate two strategies for acquiring gated scans. In the continuous rotation-gated acquisition, the linear accelerator (LINAC) is set to the fixed x-ray mode and the gantry makes a 5 min, 360 degree continuous rotation, during which the gating system turns the radiation beam on and off, resulting in projection images with an uneven distribution of projection angles (e.g., in 70 arcs each covering 2 degrees). In the gated rotation-continuous acquisition, the LINAC is set to the dynamic arc mode, which suspends the gantry rotation when the gating system inhibits the beam, leading to a slightly longer (6-7 min) scan time, but yielding projection images with more evenly distributed projection angles (e.g., approximately 0.8 degrees between two consecutive projection angles). We have tested both data acquisition schemes on stationary (a contrast detail and a thoracic) phantoms and protocol lung patients. For stationary phantoms, a separate motion phantom not visible in the images is used to trigger the RPM system. Frame rate is adjusted so that approximately 450 images (13 MU) are acquired for each scan and three-dimensional tomographic images reconstructed using a Feldkamp filtered backprojection algorithm. The gated rotation-continuous acquisition yield reconstructions free of breathing artifacts. The tumor in parenchymal lung and normal tissues are easily discernible and the boundary between the diaphragm and the lung sharply defined. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is not degraded relative to nongated scans of stationary phantoms. The continuous rotation-gated acquisition scan also yields tomographic images with discernible anatomic features; however, streak artifacts are observed and CNR is reduced by approximately a factor of 4. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a gated MV CBCT system to verify the patient positioning for gated radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. changj@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Jenghwa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sillanpaa
authors.forename: Clifton C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seppi
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.forename: Gikas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mageras
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amols
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D012119:Respiration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*