title: Ocular hazards of the colors used during the festival-of-colors (Holi) in India--malachite green toxicity.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the nature of the colors used and their toxicity to the eye upon exposure to them during celebration of Holi (our festival-of-colors). Color powders and formulations were procured at random in and around Delhi during the festival. The green/bluish-green colors reported with the higher incidence of ocular toxicity were subjected for further evaluation. Eyewash fluid collected from the patients exposed to the colors was also subjected for analysis. This study was further extended to evaluate the corneal penetration of malachite green using goat cornea in perfusion chamber. In 16/18 color samples collected, malachite green or 4-[(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-N,N-dimethyl-aniline was detected at different concentrations. In the eyewash fluid of four patients, HPLC estimation confirmed the presence of malachite green at concentrations of 1.3, 0.18, 3.5 and 5.4 microg in 250 ml which was responsible for its reported toxicity. The in vitrotrans-corneal penetration studies did not show any detectable amount of malachite green in effluent fluid-in vitro tissue retention studies revealed that increasing the contact time increases tissue concentration. After 2 min of exposure, the tissue concentration was significantly higher. To conclude, malachite green was extensively used in our festival of Holi and has caused severe ocular irritation with epithelial defect upon exposure, though it did not penetrate through the cornea-further in vitro and in vivo studies are required on colors used in Holi.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Pharmacology Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India. tvelpandian@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Velpandian
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006041:Goats; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C005095:malachite green