title: Cytokines regulate matrix metalloproteinases in human uterine endometrial fibroblast cells through a mechanism that does not involve increases in extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic uterine endometrial tissue in the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal fluid samples of women with endometriosis show elevated interleukin-1 (IL-1)beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) levels, indicating that an altered immune system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The invasion of ectopic endometrium into peritoneal mesothelium requires matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) for tissue remodeling. Several MMPs are differentially expressed in human uterine endometrium with menstrual endometrium showing the highest level of expression. MMPs are stimulated by cytokines and also by the protein Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN).
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the role of cytokines in ectopic endometrial invasion, we investigated whether cytokines could regulate MMP production by endometrial fibroblast cells and whether this stimulation occurred through an effect on EMMPRIN expression. Human uterine fibroblasts (HUF) were treated with IL-1beta, TGF-beta(1) and TNF-alpha in a dose dependent and time dependent manner (C, 0.1, 1, 10 ng/mL IL-1beta or TGF-beta(1); C, 2, 10, 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha) for 0, 6, 12, and 24 hr. Cell conditioned medium samples were collected and concentrated at each timepoint for immunoblot analysis. Cellular RNA was collected for real time PCR analysis of MMPs-1, -2, -3 and EMMPRIN mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that IL-1beta stimulated MMP-1 protein secretion and mRNA levels in a time dependent manner (P < 0.05), MMP-2 mRNA in a time dependent manner and MMP-3 in a time and dose dependent manner. TNF-alpha stimulated MMP-1 and -3 protein secretion in a time dependent manner and stimulated MMP-1, -2 and -3 mRNA levels in a time dependent manner (P < 0.05). Neither IL-1beta nor TNF-alpha treatment affected MMP-2 protein secretion. TGF-beta(1) inhibited MMP-1 and MMP-2 mRNAs at the highest treatment dose after 24 hr but there was no effect on protein secretion. TGF-beta(1) exerted no effect on MMP-3 mRNA or protein secretion (P < 0.05). Neither of the cytokines affected EMMPRIN protein or mRNA levels but the 10 ng/mL TGF-beta(1) treatment did cause a reduction in EMMPRIN mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that elevated cytokines may play a role in the establishment of ectopic endometrium in the peritoneal cavity by stimulating MMPs to remodel the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum thus allowing for tissue invasion. The stimulation of MMPs by cytokines occurred without any change in EMMPRIN expression whereas the inhibitory effect of TGF-beta(1) involved a reduction in EMMPRIN mRNA levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Braundmeier
authors.forename: Romana A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nowak
mesh_terms: D051926:Basigin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051926:Basigin; D012313:RNA; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases