title: Ixodes frontalis and avian tick-related syndrome in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to characterise tick species responsible for avian tick infestations in the UK, to analyse various risk factors for tick-related syndrome in tick-infested birds and to test samples for the presence of certain tick-transmitted pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ticks, blood, splenic tissue and tick attachment site tissue from birds with attached ticks were requested from veterinarians and wildlife sanctuaries around the UK. Ticks were identified according to standard keys, and samples were analysed via DNA PCR test for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia species, Bartonella species and Ehrlichia species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ixodes frontalis was the most commonly identified tick, and an association of adult female I frontalis with tick-related syndrome in birds was demonstrated. Tick infestation was markedly seasonal. I frontalis was found on 32 species of birds. DNA PCR testing was uniformly negative. Of the birds known to have been treated, 75 per cent (nine of 12) survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tick-related syndrome is a poorly understood syndrome, with sporadic distribution, both geographically and seasonally. This study confirms I frontalis as the most common cause of this syndrome in the UK and identifies some features of the tick life cycle in this country. The benefit of treatment in affected birds is highlighted. Risk factors for tick-related syndrome are examined and preventive strategies discussed.
authors.affiliation: Great Western Referrals, Unit 10 Berkshire House, County Park Business Park, Shrivenham Road, Swindon, Wilts SN1 2NR.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Forbes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001403:Babesia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001473:Bartonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001717:Birds; D015748:Borrelia burgdorferi Group / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018884:Ixodes / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D016054:DNA, Protozoan