title: A severe vicious cycle in uncontrolled subarachnoid hemorrhage: the effects on cerebral blood flow and hemodynamic responses upon intracranial hypertension.
abstract: In subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), Cushing postulated that the increase in systemic arterial pressure (SAP) in response to elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) was beneficial to cerebral perfusion. However, in uncontrolled SAH, the increased SAP may cause more bleeding into the subarachnoid space and further increase the ICP. We created an animal model to simulate SAH by connecting a femoral arterial catheter to the subarachnoid space. The global cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a venous outflow method. The purposes were to observe the CBF change under the simulated SAH, and to evaluate the effects of an adrenergic blocker and a vasodilator. In addition, spectral analysis of the aortic pressure and flow was employed for the analysis of hemodynamic changes at various ICP levels. When the femoral arterial blood was allowed to flow into the subarachnoid space, the ICP was elevated. The Cushing response to increased ICP caused an increase in SAP. A vicious cycle was generated between ICP and SAP. The CBF under the vicious cycle was greatly depressed. The dog developed pulmonary edema (PE) within 5 mins. An alpha-adrenergic blocker (phentolamine) and a vasodilator (nitroprusside) were beneficial to the reduction of SAP and ICP, improvement of CBF, and prevention of PE. Hemodynamic analysis revealed that graded increases in ICP caused increases in SAP, total peripheral resistance, arterial impedance, and pulse reflection with decreases in stroke volume, cardiac output and arterial compliance. The hemodynamic changes may contribute to acute left ventricular failure that leads to pressure and volume loading in the lung circulation, and finally acute PE.
authors.affiliation: The Division of Neurosurgery, Tzu Chi Hospital and University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chain-Fa
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yi-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ming-Che
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hsing I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D010646:Phentolamine