title: Optimal control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in youth receiving intensive treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of factors that might interfere with optimal glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the current era of intensive management, including the interplay of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) on HbA1c levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised a database review of all patients under age 18 years with T1DM for at least 6 months duration. Sex, age, race/ethnicity, duration of diabetes, mode of insulin administration (pump vs injection), body mass index, SES, and HbA1c level were recorded at each patient's most recent visit between January and September 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean HbA1c level for the 455 patients was 7.6% +/- 1.4%; only 31% of patients failed to meet the therapeutic goal of < 8.0%. Multiple linear regression analysis identified female sex (P = .02), older age (P = .001), longer duration of diabetes (P < .001), injection therapy (P < .001), and lower SES (P = .001) as significantly associated with higher HbA1c level. After adjustment for SES, race/ethnicity was not a determinant of HbA1c level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low SES had a greater association with poor metabolic control than did race/ethnicity, which was not associated with differences in HbA1c level after controlling for SES. Most children were able to attain glycemic targets at least as good as the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial recommendations in a large clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and the General Clinical Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Dena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziura
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
authors.forename: Amy T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: JoAnn H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Weinzimer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin