title: Structure-activity profiles of Ab-derived TNF fusion proteins.
abstract: TNF application in humans is limited by severe side effects, including life-threatening symptoms of shock. Therefore, TNF can be successfully applied as a tumor therapeutic reagent only under conditions that prevent its systemic action. To overcome this limitation, genetic fusion of TNF to tumor-selective Abs is a favored strategy to increase site-specific cytokine targeting. Because wild-type TNF displays its bioactivity as noncovalently linked homotrimer, the challenge is to define structural requirements for a TNF-based immunokine format with optimized structure-activity profile. We compared toxicity and efficacy of a dimerized CH2/CH3 truncated IgG1-TNF fusion protein and a single-chain variable fragment-coupled TNF monomer recognizing fibroblast-activating protein. The former construct preserves its dimeric structure stabilized by the natural disulfide bond IgG1 hinge region, while the latter trimerizes under native conditions. Analysis of complex formation of wild-type TNF and of both fusion proteins with TNFR type 1 (TNF-R1) using surface plasmon resonance correlated well with in vitro and in vivo toxicity data. There is strong evidence that TNF subunits in a trimeric state display similar toxicity profiles despite genetic fusion to single-chain variable fragment domains. However, LD(50) of either immunodeficient BALB/c nu/nu or immunocompetent BALB/c mice was significantly decreased following administration of TNF in the formation of IgG1-derived dimeric fusion protein. Reduction of unspecific peripheral complexation of TNF-R1 resulted in higher anticancer potency by immunotargeting of fibroblast-activating protein-expressing xenografts. The broader therapeutic window of the IgG1-derived TNF fusion protein favors the dimeric TNF-immunokine format for systemic TNF-based tumor immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Department, Department of Internal Medicine, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland. stefan.bauer@usz.ch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adrian
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleber
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stenner
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wadle
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fadle
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zoellner
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knuth
authors.forename: Lloyd J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Old
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha