title: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) detection and typing by PCR: a contribution to diagnostic screening of EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated to the etio-pathogenesis of an increasing number of tumors. Detection of EBV in pathology samples is relevant since its high prevalence in some cancers makes the virus a promising target of specific therapies. RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) is the standard diagnostic procedure, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are used for strain (EBV type-1 or 2) distinction. We performed a systematic comparison between RISH and PCR for EBV detection, in a group of childhood B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), aiming to validate PCR as a first, rapid method for the diagnosis of EBV-associated B-cell NHL.
  
  
  METHODS
  EBV infection was investigated in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 41 children with B-cell NHL, including 35 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by in situ hybridization of EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER-RISH) and PCR assays based on EBNA2 amplification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBV genomes were detected in 68% of all NHL. Type 1 and 2 accounted for 80% and 20% of EBV infection, respectively. PCR and RISH were highly concordant (95%), as well as single- and nested-PCR results, allowing the use of a single PCR round for diagnostic purposes. PCR assays showed a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 100%, respectively, with a detection level of 1 EBV genome in 5,000-10,000 EBV-negative cells, excluding the possibility of detecting low-number EBV-bearing memory cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe adequate PCR conditions with similar sensitivity and reliability to RISH, to be used for EBV diagnostic screening in high grade B-NHL, in "at risk" geographic regions.
authors.affiliation: Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça Cruz Vermelha 23, 20230-130, 6th floor, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. biomol@inca.gov.br
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Lídia Roxana
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Claudio Gustavo
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stefanoff
authors.forename: Deilson Elgui
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Fabricio E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Felisbino
authors.forename: Claudete Esteves
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Klumb
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bacchi
authors.forename: Héctor N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Seuánez
authors.forename: Ilana R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Zalcberg