title: Developing regulations for occupational exposures to health hazards in Malaysia.
abstract: In Malaysia exposures in the workplace are regulated under the Factories and Machinery Act (FMA), 1967 and also under the more comprehensive Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) enacted in 1994. With OSHA 1994 the philosophy of legislating safety and health in the workplace changed from one that was very prescriptive and containing detailed technical provisions under FMA, 1967 to one that is more flexible and encourages self-regulation under OSHA 1994. OSHA 1994 is supported by regulations, codes of practices and guidelines to further clarify the provisions in the Act. Under the FMA 1967 emphasis was on safety while with OSHA 1994 there has been equal emphasis on addressing health hazards in the workplace. Regulations for occupational exposures are developed by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health with tripartite and stakeholder consultation. When developing these regulations International Labor Organization Conventions, laws of other countries and occupational exposure standards adopted internationally are reviewed. The government also conducts surveys to collect information on both exposures and health effects in workplaces to have better understanding on specific occupational health problems. Effective law enforcement is crucial in ensuring compliance to safety and health law. The challenge at the moment is to ensure all employers and employees, particularly those in the small and medium enterprises, understand and comply with the provisions stipulated in the legislation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia. kgrampal@mail.hukm.ukm.my <kgrampal@mail.hukm.ukm.my>
authors.forename: Krishna Gopal
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rampal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohd Nizam
mesh_terms: D033161:Government Regulation; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D020711:Threshold Limit Values; D017132:Workplace / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances