title: Accumulation and fate of green fluorescent labeled Escherichia coli in laboratory-scale drinking water biofilters.
abstract: Biological filters combining microbial activity and rapid sand filtration are used in drinking water treatment plants for enhanced biodegradable organic matters (BOM) removal. Biofilms formed on filter media comprised of bacteria enclosed in a polymeric matrix are responsible for the adsorption of BOM and attachment of planktonic microorganisms. This study investigated the removal of Escherichia coli cells injected into laboratory-scale biofilters and the role of biofilm in retaining the injected E. coli. Green fluorescent protein was used as a specific marker to detect and quantify E. coli in the biofilms. About 35% of the total injected E. coli cells were observed in the filter effluents, when initial cell concentrations were measured at 7.4 x 10(6) CFU/mL and 1.6 x 10(7) CFU/mL in two separate experiments. The results from real-time PCR and plate count analysis indicated that 95% of the E. coli retained inside the filters were either non-viable or could not be recovered by colony counting techniques. Injected cells were unevenly distributed inside the filter with more than 70% located at the top 1/5 of the filter. Images obtained from an epifluorescent microscope showed that E. coli cells were embedded inside the biofilm matrix and presented mainly as microcolonies intertwined with other microorganisms, which was consistent with findings from standard plate count methods and qPCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, EMS 784, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. Electronic address: li@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, EMS 784, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA; Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins