title: Data required for testicular dose calculation during radiotherapy of seminoma.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide the required data for the direct calculation of testicular dose resulting from radiotherapy in patients with seminoma. Paraortic (PA) treatment fields and dog-leg (DL) portals including paraortic and ipsilateral pelvic nodes were simulated on a male anthropomorphic phantom equipped with an artificial testicle. Anterior and posterior irradiations were performed for five different PA and DL field dimensions. Dose measurements were carried out using a calibrated ionization chamber. The dependence of testicular dose upon the distance separating the testicle from the treatment volume and upon the tissue thickness at the entrance point of the beam was investigated. A clamshell lead shield was used to reduce testicular dose. The scattered dose to testicle was measured in nine patients using thermoluminescent dosimeters. Phantom and patient exposures were generated with a 6 MV x-ray beam. Linear and nonlinear regression analysis was employed to obtain formulas describing the relation between the radiation dose to an unshielded and/or shielded testicle with the field size and the distance from the inferior field edge. Correction factors showing the variation of testicular dose with the patient thickness along beam axis were found. Bland-Altman statistical analysis showed that testicular dose obtained by the proposed calculation method may differ from the measured dose value by less than 25%. The current study presents a method providing reasonable estimations of testicular dose for individual patients undergoing PA or DL radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital of Iraklion, Iraklion, Greece. mazonak@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazonakis
authors.forename: Georgiana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kokona
authors.forename: Haralambos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varveris
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018239:Seminoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions