title: Anti-inflammatory effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with persistent immune activation. Medical therapy has been shown to exert only limited anti-inflammatory effects. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality in a subset of patients with heart failure, but it is not known whether this treatment affects the immune system as well. To test this hypothesis, eight patients with heart failure scheduled for CRT were investigated for immune activation before and 6 months after CRT treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 months, all patients had improved in NYHA-class and LVEF, and there was a statistically significant reduction in serum N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant reduction in plasma levels of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) and the cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). We observed no changes in the levels of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 10 (IL-10), or complement activation products. There was a significant correlation between changes in BNP and IL-6 (r = 0.74, P = 0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although based upon a limited number of patients, this report indicates that CRT reduces peripheral markers of immune activation in patients with CHF. Further large scale studies are warranted to verify these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway. knut.lappegard@nlsh.no
authors.forename: Knut T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lappegård
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bjørnstad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: C497857:CD46 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain