title: Growth factor-like activity of gliadin, an alimentary protein: implications for coeliac disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gliadins, a family of wheat proteins, are central to the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). In addition to 'immunogenic' effects, gliadin directly affects cultured cells and intestine preparations, and produces damage in vivo, via a separate 'toxic' peptide, such as A-gliadin p31-43 (P31-43).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying direct non T-cell mediated effects of gliadin peptides, and assessing their potential role in promoting CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gliadin effects were tested on a number of cell lines and on cultured mucosa samples by evaluating cytoskeleton rearrangements, endocytosis, proliferation and apoptosis. Standard biochemical methods were used to assess prolonged epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crude gliadin peptic-tryptic peptides (PTG], or P31-43 alone, fully reproduce the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF] on actin cytosketon, cell cycle and cell proliferation of various cell lines. Inhibitor studies demonstrate the role of EGFR in the early response to gliadin exposure, pointing to activation of the EGFR pathway. Peptide P31-43 is not similar to any EGFR ligand, but can delay inactivation of the EGFR interfering with its endocytosis. Gliadin-induced delay of EGFR endocytosis in cultured intestinal biopsies, together with S-phase entry of epithelial intestinal cells, confirm a role for EGFR activation in CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of gliadin peptides to delay EGFR inactivation through interference with the endocytic pathway suggests a model where gliadin fragments amplify the effects of trace amounts of EGF, and possibly of other growth factors, by prolonging receptor activation. The results, using cultures of coeliac intestinal biopsies, highlight the role of the EGF pathway in establishing and maintaining the typical atrophic and proliferative alterations of the small intestine in CD.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Pediatria European Laboratory For the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, CAP 80131, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Vittoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gimigliano
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castoria
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paolella
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maurano
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paparo
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maglio
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mineo
authors.forename: Erasmo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miele
authors.forename: Merlin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nanayakkara
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troncone
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auricchio
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005903:Gliadin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D008024:Ligands; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D005903:Gliadin; D066246:ErbB Receptors