title: Unexpected novel binding mode of pyrrolidine-based aspartyl protease inhibitors: design, synthesis and crystal structure in complex with HIV protease.
abstract: At present nine FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitors have been launched to market, however rapid drug resistance arising under antiviral therapy calls upon novel concepts. Possible strategies are the development of ligands with less peptide-like character or the stabilization of a new and unexpected binding-competent conformation of the protein through a novel ligand-binding mode. Our rational design of pyrrolidinedimethylene diamines was inspired by the idea to incorporate key structural elements from classical peptidomimetics with a non-peptidic heterocyclic core comprising an endocyclic amino function to address the catalytic aspartic acid side chains of Asp 25 and 25'. The basic scaffolds were decorated by side chains already optimized for the recognition pockets of HIV protease or cathepsin D. A multistep synthesis has been established to produce the central heterocycle and to give flexible access to side chain decorations. Depending on the substitution pattern of the pyrrolidine moiety, single-digit micromolar inhibition of HIV-1 protease and cathepsin D has been achieved. Successful design is suggested in agreement with our modelling concepts. The subsequently determined crystal structure with HIV protease shows that the pyrrolidine moiety binds as expected to the pivotal position between both aspartic acid side chains. However, even though the inhibitors have been equipped symmetrically by polar acceptor groups to address the flap water molecule, it is repelled from the complex, and only one direct hydrogen bond is formed to the flap. A strong distortion of the flap region is detected, leading to a novel hydrogen bond which cross-links the flap loops. Furthermore, the inhibitor addresses only three of the four available recognition pockets. It achieves only an incomplete desolvation compared with the similarly decorated amprenavir. Taking these considerations into account it is surprising that the produced pyrrolidine derivatives achieve micromolar inhibition and it suggests extraordinary potency of the new compound class. Most likely, the protonated pyrrolidine moiety experiences strong enthalpic interactions with the enzyme through the formation of two salt bridges to the aspartic acid side chains. This might provide challenging opportunities to combat resistance of the rapidly mutating virus.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Specker
authors.forename: Jark
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Böttcher
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brass
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilie
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schoop
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Griebenow
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klebe
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011485:Protein Binding; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011759:Pyrrolidines; D016333:HIV Protease