title: Profiling gingival crevicular fluid from smoking and non-smoking chronic periodontitis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is a major risk factor for the development and progression of chronic periodontitis (CP). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) derived from these patients contains many proteins that could serve as important diagnostic indicators. A protein chip technology called Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) has recently been developed to facilitate protein profiling of complex biological mixtures. The hypothesis to be tested was SELDI-TOF-MS could distinguish between GCF of CP patients by smoking status and pocket depth.
  
  
  METHODS
  GCF samples collected before treatment from sixteen CP patients (eight smokers and eight non-smokers) at both shallow and deep sites were evaluated by SELDI-TOF-MS. Spectral fingerprints were constructed for both cohorts and analyzed by a two-way ANOVA according to smoking status and pocket depth. Significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Mean molecular weight (MW) peaks and intensities were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spectral fingerprints were significantly different between the two cohorts when analyzed by ANOVA according to smoking status (p < 0.0001) but not pocket depth (p = 0.9876). Also, the mean intensity of many individual MW peaks were determined to be significantly different between the two cohorts. Several peaks ranging in MW from 11-14 kDa were only detected in the GCF obtained from smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated that profiling of GCF by SELDI-TOF-MS can distinguish between CP smokers and non-smokers. Moreover, over-expressed proteins in GCF from smokers may serve as biomarkers for this high risk patient population.
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, Periodontology Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Sidney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wendell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarbecz
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D017823:Furcation Defects / Q000145:classification; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins