title: Ice cream illusions bowls, spoons, and self-served portion sizes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because people eat most of what they serve themselves, any contextual cues that lead them to over-serve should lead them to over-eat. In building on the size-contrast illusion, this research examines whether the size of a bowl or serving spoon unknowingly biases how much a person serves and eats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2 x 2 between-subjects design involved 85 nutrition experts who were attending an ice cream social to celebrate the success of a colleague in 2002. They were randomly given either a smaller (17 oz) or a larger (34 oz) bowl and either a smaller (2 oz) or larger (3 oz) ice cream scoop. After serving themselves, they completed a brief survey as their ice cream was weighed. The analysis was conducted in 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even when nutrition experts were given a larger bowl, they served themselves 31.0% more (6.25 vs 4.77 oz, F(1, 80) = 8.05, p < 0.01) without being aware of it. Their servings increased by 14.5% when they were given a larger serving spoon (5.77 vs 5.04 oz, F(1, 80)=2.70, p = 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People could try using the size of their bowls and possibly serving spoons to help them better control how much they consume. Those interested in losing weight should use smaller bowls and spoons, while those needing to gain weight--such as the undernourished or aged--could be encouraged to use larger ones. Epidemiologic implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7801, USA. Wansink@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wansink
authors.forename: Koert
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Ittersum
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Painter
mesh_terms: D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007054:Ice Cream; D007088:Illusions; D008297:Male; D014796:Visual Perception