title: Carbogen breathing combined with radical radiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients with severe co-morbidities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of carbogen breathing combined with radical radiotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer who are unfit to receive concomitant chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients (median age 66 years) with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with either concomitant boost radiotherapy (75%) or mono-fractionated radiotherapy (25%) combined with carbogen breathing. The median tumour dose was 69.5 Gy. The main sites of disease were the oropharynx in 50%, the oral cavity in 15% and the hypopharynx in 30%. All but one patient had stage III (25%) or IV (70%) disease. The median follow-up for the surviving patients was 26 months (range 6-50 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbogen breathing was well tolerated, permitting its delivery throughout the radiotherapy course. Three patients had treatment interruption because of acute toxicities (median 15 days; range 3-30 days). Grade 3 Radiation Therapy Oncology Group acute toxicity was observed in 80% of the patients (mainly mucositis), and nutritional support was required in eight patients (40%). Grade 2 late toxicity occurred in 30%; one patient presented with grade 4 late toxicity (bone necrosis). The 2-year actuarial locoregional control for all patients and for those treated with accelerated radiotherapy was 56% and 67%, respectively. The corresponding rates for disease-free survival were 45% and 53%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the poor results of radiotherapy alone in advanced head and neck cancer, these results suggest that carbogen breathing may be a valid alternative for patients with severe co-morbidities who are unfit to receive concomitant chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. abdelkarim.allal@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vees
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Allal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen