title: [Psychopathology in epilepsy and pseudoepilepsy: preliminary results in our experience].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pseudoseizures or nonepileptic seizures (NES) are termed "nonepileptic psychogenic seizures" and account for approximately 20% of all intractable seizure disorders. These seizures are often misdiagnosed as true epilepsy, resulting in inappropriate, ineffective and costly treatment of many patients. Nowadays video-EEG monitoring have greatly improved the ability of specialists to correctly distinguish NES from epilepsy. Nevertheless, patients with NES do not always demonstrate obvious psychopathology. The aim of this study is to examine the complexity and severity of psychopathological features of patients with NES, in order to optimize strategies of intervention and appropriate long-term psychological and psychopharmacological treatment for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated three samples: patients with NES, patients with epilepsy and a control sample. Subjects with pseudoseizures and epileptic seizures have been randomly recruited from the Epilepsy Centre at the Neurology Institute of Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome. Seizures have been documented by the recording of spontaneous events with video-EEG, EEG, clinical observation and ictal examination. Each sample of patients has been tested using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  17 (4 M; 13 F) patients with NES, 13 (3 M; 10 F) patients with epilepsy and 16 (4 M; 12 F) control subjects were recruited. Our preliminary results confirm previous researches showing that NES typically manifest between 20 and 30 years of age and that approximately a three-quarters of all patients are women. Besides, they confirm that psychosocial, environmental and intrapsychic mechanisms interact in the aetiology of NES: in particular, our preliminary results are consistent with the hypothesis that traumatic experiences are important precursors to the development and expression of NES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has yielded promising results and confirm the necessity to improve our knowledge about psychopathology of patients with NES. Psychiatrists and neurologists should work in equipe to guarantee an adequate treatment for a pathology too long set aside and almost ignored from clinical research.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia. mariannamazza@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scoppetta
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vaccario
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Marca
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orsucci
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bria
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index