title: Calcium and avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptor response to CO2.
abstract: Intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) are highly responsive respiratory chemoreceptors that innervate the lungs of birds and diapsid reptiles. IPC are stimulated by low levels of lung Pco(2), inhibited by high levels of lung Pco(2), and their vagal afferents serve as a sensory limb for reflex adjustments of breathing depth and rate. Most IPC exhibit both phasic and tonic sensitivity to CO(2), and spike frequency adaptation (SFA) contributes to their phasic CO(2) responsiveness. To test whether CO(2) responsiveness and SFA in IPC is modulated by a Ca(2+)-linked mechanism, we quantified the role of transmembrane Ca(2+) fluxes and Ca(2+)-related channels on single-unit IPC function in response to phasic changes in inspired Pco(2). We found that 1) broad-spectrum blockade of Ca(2+) channels using cadmium or cobalt and blockade of L-type Ca(2+) channels using nifedipine increased IPC discharge; 2) activation of L-type Ca(2+) channels using BAY K 8644 reduced IPC discharge; 3) blockade of Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels using charybdotoxin (antagonist of large-conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel) increased IPC discharge, but neither charybdotoxin nor apamin affected SFA; and 4) blockade of chloride channels, including Ca(2+)-activated chloride channels, with niflumic acid decreased IPC discharge at low Pco(2) and increased IPC discharge at high Pco(2), resulting in a net attenuation of the IPC CO(2) response. We conclude that Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channels has an inhibitory effect on IPC afferent discharge and CO(2) sensitivity, that spike frequency adaptation is not due to apamin- or charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels in IPC, and that chloride channels blocked by niflumic acid help modulate IPC CO(2) responses.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640, USA. steven.hempleman@nau.edu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hempleman
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Pilarski
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002118:Calcium