title: Oestrogen status in relation to the early training responses in human thumb adductor muscles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to identify the mechanisms for the early response to training in women of different oestrogen status and to determine whether any oestrogen and exercise effects on these would be additive.
  
  
  METHODS
  We monitored training (ten 5-s contractions per day for 12 weeks)-induced changes in the size, strength, voluntary activation capacity and index of crossbridge force state (i.e. rapid stretch to isometric torque ratio), in the thumb adductor muscles of postmenopausal [eight who had never used, and 14 who were using, hormone replacement therapy (HRT)] and seven premenopausal eumenorrhoeic women. The contralateral untrained muscle was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant effect of oestrogen status on the magnitude of training-induced strength increment, with the non-HRT postmenopausal group exhibiting the greatest benefits (28 +/- 6%, P = 0.024) from training. There were no significant or commensurate changes in either cross-sectional area or voluntary activation capacity. The index of crossbridge force state improved most in the no-HRT group (19 +/- 7%, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence, rather than absence of oestrogen, is associated with relatively higher muscle function which limits the potential for any further training-induced increments in muscle performance, as would be expected if the muscle strengthening actions of training and oestrogen share a common, partially saturable physiological pathway. The mechanism that is involved in the early training-induced strength increment in the three differing oestrogen groups cannot be due to increased size or recruitment. It would appear instead that increased motor unit firing frequency is involved.
authors.affiliation: University College London, Institute of Human Performance, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: G N L
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Onambele
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Woledge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D013933:Thumb
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens