title: A comparison of five simplified scales to the out-of-hospital Glasgow Coma Scale for the prediction of traumatic brain injury outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 15-point Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) frequently is used in the initial evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in out-of-hospital settings. We hypothesized that the GCS might be unnecessarily complex for out-of-hospital use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether a simpler scoring system might demonstrate similar accuracy in the prediction of TBI outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of a trauma registry consisting of patients evaluated at our Level 1 trauma center from 1990 to 2002. The ability of out-of-hospital GCS scores to predict four clinically relevant TBI outcomes (emergency intubation, neurosurgical intervention, brain injury, and mortality) by using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) was calculated. The same analyses for five simplified scales were performed, and compared with the predictive accuracies of the total GCS score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this evaluation of 7,233 trauma patients over a 12-year period of time, the AUROCs for the total GCS score were 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81 to 0.84) for emergency intubation, 0.86 (95% CI = 0.85 to 0.88) for neurosurgical intervention, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.82 to 0.84) for brain injury, and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.88 to 0.90) for mortality. The five simplified scales approached the performance of the total GCS score for all clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the evaluation of injured patients, five simplified neurological scales approached the performance of the total GCS score for the prediction of four clinically relevant TBI outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. mgill@ahs.llumc.edu
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Windemuth
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014705:Verbal Behavior