title: Tramadol, but not its major metabolite (mono-O-demethyl tramadol) depresses compound action potentials in frog sciatic nerves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although tramadol is known to exhibit a local anaesthetic effect, how tramadol exerts this effect is not understood fully.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of tramadol and its metabolite mono-O-demethyl-tramadol (M1) on compound action potentials (CAPs) were examined by applying the air-gap method to frog sciatic nerves, and the results were compared with those of other local anaesthetics, lidocaine and ropivacaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tramadol reduced the peak amplitude of the CAP in a dose-dependent manner (IC50=2.3 mM). On the other hand, M1 (1-2 mM), which exhibits a higher affinity for mu-opioid receptors than tramadol, did not affect CAPs. These effects of tramadol were resistant to the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and the mu-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO, did not affect CAPs. This tramadol action was not affected by a combination of the noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, desipramine, and the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine. Lidocaine and ropivacaine also concentration-dependently reduced CAP peak amplitudes with IC50 values of 0.74 and 0.34 mM, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that tramadol reduces the peak amplitude of CAP in peripheral nerve fibres with a potency which is less than those of lidocaine and ropivacaine, whereas M1 has much less effect on CAPs. This action of tramadol was not produced by activation of mu-opioid receptors nor by inhibition of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake. It is suggested that the methyl group present in tramadol but not in M1 may play an important role in producing nerve conduction block.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumamoto
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D011898:Ranidae; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014147:Tramadol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D015221:Potassium Channels; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D015222:Sodium Channels; D014147:Tramadol; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine