Three-dimensional in vivo measurement of lumbar spine segmental motion.
METHODS
Fifteen asymptomatic volunteers were externally rotated and CT scanned to determine lumbar segmental motion.


OBJECTIVE
To measure three-dimensional segmental motion in vivo using a noninvasive measurement technique.


BACKGROUND
Spinal instability has been implicated as a potential cause of low back pain, especially, axial rotational instability. Typically, flexion-extension lateral radiographs were used to quantify instability, but inaccurately measured translations and inability to capture out-of-plane rotations are limitations.


METHODS
Using a custom-calibrated rotation jig, L1-S1 CT reconstructions were created of volunteers in each of 3 positions: supine and left and right rotations of the torso with respect to the hips. Segmental motions were calculated using Euler angles and volume merge methods in three major planes.


RESULTS
Segmental motions were small (< 4 degrees or 6 mm) with the greatest motions seen in axial rotation (range, 0.6 degrees to 2.2 degrees ), lateral bending (range, -3.6 degrees to 3.0 degrees ), and frontal translation (-1.2 mm to 5.4 mm). Largest motions were in the levels: L1-L2 to L3-L4.


CONCLUSIONS
Complex coupled motions were measured due to external torsion and could be indicative of instability chronic patients with low back pain. The presented data provide baseline segmental motions for future comparisons to symptomatic subjects.
Ochia
Ruth S
RS
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Inoue
Nozomu
N
Renner
Susan M
SM
Lorenz
Eric P
EP
Lim
Tae-Hong
TH
Andersson
Gunnar B J
GB
An
Howard S
HS
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014102:Torsion Abnormality