title: Self-reported skin exposure--validation of questions by observation.
abstract: The aim of this study was to validate questions regarding skin exposure using observation. The study group consisted of 40 individuals in 5 different occupations: nurse in an intensive care unit, car mechanic, hairdresser, kitchen worker, and office worker. The participants completed a questionnaire before the start of a working day. The questionnaire covered total skin exposure times to water, foodstuffs, chemicals, and occlusive gloves and also covered the frequency of hand-washing during a working day. Observers subsequently used a hand-held computer to register the time and the frequency of each exposure. A strong correlation between self-reports and observations was found for questions regarding exposure times to water, foodstuffs, and occlusive gloves and also a moderate correlation for questions regarding frequency of hand-washing. The present observation method was insufficient for estimating total exposure times to chemicals as the true exposure time is influenced by, e.g. the use of contaminated protective gloves and the efficacy with which the chemicals were removed. The inter-observer reliability showed a very strong correlation. We consider the questions regarding skin exposure to water, foodstuffs, protective gloves, and hand-washing to be useful for future studies. The observation method seems to be reliable, useful, and easy to apply.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Public Health, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden. ingegard.anveden@sll.se
authors.forename: Ingegärd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anveden
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alderling
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants