title: Effect of orally administered phenylalanine with and without glucose on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of our studies of the metabolic effects of ingested proteins, we are currently investigating the effects of ingestion of individual amino acids. The objective of the present study was to determine whether ingested phenylalanine stimulates insulin and/or glucagon secretion, and if phenylalanine ingested with glucose modifies the insulin, glucagon or glucose response to the ingested glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy subjects were tested on 4 separate occasions. Plasma phenylalanine, glucose, insulin, glucagon, and total alpha amino nitrogen (AAN) (i.e., total amino acids) concentrations were measured at various times during a 2.5 h period after ingestion of 1 mmol phenylalanine/kg lean body mass, 25 g glucose, 1 mmol phenylalanine/kg lean body mass+25 g glucose, or water only, given in random order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following phenylalanine ingestion, the circulating phenylalanine concentration increased approximately 14 fold and remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. Glucagon and AAN increased, insulin increased modestly, and glucose was unchanged when compared to water ingestion. When glucose was ingested with phenylalanine, the circulating phenylalanine, glucagon, AAN, and insulin area responses were approximately the sum of the responses to phenylalanine alone and glucose alone. However, the plasma glucose area response was decreased 66% when phenylalanine was co-ingested with glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, phenylalanine in an amount moderately greater than that in a large protein meal stimulates an increase in insulin and glucagon concentration. It markedly attenuates the glucose-induced rise in plasma glucose when ingested with glucose.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA. Nutta001@umn.edu
authors.forename: F Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Nuttall
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Schweim
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gannon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007328:Insulin; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D010649:Phenylalanine; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose