title: Carvedilol reduces aldosterone release in systolic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of advanced systolic heart failure (HF) with the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone on the background of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) is well established. However, the only large prospective trial to investigate this therapy (RALES) predated the routine use of beta-blockade in HF. The widespread practice of combining ACEI, beta-blockers and spironolactone in HF management has led to serious concerns regarding hyperkalemia. Beta-blockade has been shown to reduce circulating angiotensin (Ang) II levels in HF patients established on ACEI therapy, possibly by renin suppression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effects of addition of the beta-blocker carvedilol to optimal ACEI therapy on aldosterone release in HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients with NYHA Class II-III HF, left ventricular ejection fraction <35%, were stabilised on diuretic and ACEI therapy. Plasma was collected for measurement of Ang II, Ang I, aldosterone and amino-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). A 24h urine collection was obtained for measurement of aldosterone/creatinine ratio. Carvedilol was then commenced and up titrated over the next 6-8 weeks and all samples were again obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma Ang II levels decreased from 8.6 (0.8-94.6)fmol/mL, geometric mean (95% confidence interval) to 2.0 (0.1-61.9)fmol/mL, P=0.001, Ang I levels decreased from 96 (13-702)fmol/mL to 23 (0-1050)fmol/mL, P=0.002, and urine aldosterone/creatinine ratio decreased from 3.7 (0.9-14.8)nmol/mmol to 1.8 (0.4-8.9)nmol/mmol, P=0.01, with addition of carvedilol therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that carvedilol suppresses aldosterone production in HF patients receiving ACEI therapy. However, the clinical importance of this finding needs to be further tested from the point of view both of the likelihood of clinical benefit from aldosterone antagonists as well as the risk of hyperkalemia and whether aldosterone levels are of predictive value.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. anuradha.aggarwal@mh.org.au <anuradha.aggarwal@mh.org.au>
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Duncan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D015415:Biomarkers; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D000450:Aldosterone