title: Long aculeus and behavior of Anastrepha ludens render gibberellic acid ineffective as an agent to reduce 'ruby red' grapefruit susceptibility to the attack of this pestiferous fruit fly in commercial groves.
abstract: Treating Mexican grapefruit with gibberellic acid (GA3) before color break, significantly delayed peel color change and increased peel puncture resistance, but it did not reduce grapefruit susceptibility to Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) attack under natural conditions. Despite GA3 treatments, larval infestation levels increased with higher fruit fly populations, which also increased as the season progressed. Late in the season, infestation levels were even higher in GA3-treated fruit compared with untreated fruit, possibly because treated fruit were in better condition at that stage. Egg clutch size was significantly greater in very unripe, hard, GA3-treated fruit at the beginning of the harvest season and in December, compared with control fruit. Under laboratory conditions, egg injection into different regions of the fruit suggested that A. ludens eggs are intoxicated by peel oil content in the flavedo region. However, A. ludens' long aculeus allows females to oviposit eggs deeper into the peel (i.e., albedo), avoiding toxic essential oils in the flavedo. This makes A. ludens a particularly difficult species to control compared with other citrus-infesting species such as Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (fly species with significantly shorter aculei), which can be effectively managed with GA3 sprays. We discuss our findings in light of their practical implications and with respect to the oviposition behavior of various fruit flies attacking citrus.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología A.C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Birke
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aluja
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greany
authors.forename: Everardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bigurra
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-Staples
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032083:Citrus paradisi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology*; D052284:Clutch Size; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology*; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects*; D010858:Pigmentation; D011156:Population Density; D015996:Survival Rate; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; C007842:gibberellic acid