title: Formamidopyrimidine adducts are detected using the comet assay in human cells treated with reactive metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK).
abstract: 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is the most lung-specific of the carcinogens present in tobacco smoke. Its bioactivation in cells leads to a small amount of methylation or pyridyloxobutylation DNA damage. Considering its great sensitivity, the comet assay seems a technique of choice to investigate NNK-related damage. Several strategies were used to impart some specificity to the assay: (1) using analogs that produce a limited variety of DNA lesions, as they mimic either the methylation or the pyridyloxobutylation pathway; (2) using cells with different bioactivation abilities; (3) using alkali conversion and/or enzymes specific for cleaving particular classes of damage; (4) using different lysis conditions to convert a specific class of DNA lesions into enzyme-sensitive lesions. We determined that several NNK-associated lesions can be detected with some specificity with the comet assay. For the methylation pathway, they are AP sites and the more frequent formamidopyrimidine (fapy) adducts. These fapy adducts correspond to N7-methylguanines generated in the cells that were ring-opened during the assay by the lysis solution at pH 10. For the pyridyloxobutylation pathway, alkylphosphotriesters and a roughly equal frequency of fapy sites were detected. By analogy to the methylation damage, these fapy adducts are thought to be the ring-opened form of N7-pyridyloxobutylguanines (N7-pobG). N7-pobG are unstable and this constitutes the first indirect demonstration of their formation in cells. But contrary to N7-m-fapy, the lysis time or pH did not influence the frequency of N7-pob-fapy adducts detected, suggesting that they already exist in the cells and are not related to the experimental conditions. These N7-pob-fapy have a strong mutagenic potential and we think that the comet assay, in spite of its limitations, is a good way to study them considering their low frequency and the inherent instability of the adduct from which they originate.
authors.affiliation: Service of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada J1H 5N4.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacoste
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castonguay
authors.forename: Régen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Drouin
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011743:Pyrimidines; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; D004247:DNA