title: Pulsatile blood flow, shear force, energy dissipation and Murray's Law.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Murray's Law states that, when a parent blood vessel branches into daughter vessels, the cube of the radius of the parent vessel is equal to the sum of the cubes of the radii of daughter blood vessels. Murray derived this law by defining a cost function that is the sum of the energy cost of the blood in a vessel and the energy cost of pumping blood through the vessel. The cost is minimized when vessel radii are consistent with Murray's Law. This law has also been derived from the hypothesis that the shear force of moving blood on the inner walls of vessels is constant throughout the vascular system. However, this derivation, like Murray's earlier derivation, is based on the assumption of constant blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the implications of the constant shear force hypothesis and to extend Murray's energy cost minimization to the pulsatile arterial system, a model of pulsatile flow in an elastic tube is analyzed. A new and exact solution for flow velocity, blood flow rate and shear force is derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For medium and small arteries with pulsatile flow, Murray's energy minimization leads to Murray's Law. Furthermore, the hypothesis that the maximum shear force during the cycle of pulsatile flow is constant throughout the arterial system implies that Murray's Law is approximately true. The approximation is good for all but the largest vessels (aorta and its major branches) of the arterial system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cellular mechanism that senses shear force at the inner wall of a blood vessel and triggers remodeling that increases the circumference of the wall when a shear force threshold is exceeded would result in the observed scaling of vessel radii described by Murray's Law.
authors.affiliation: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California 95812, USA. painter@oehha.ca.gov
authors.forename: Page R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Edén
authors.forename: Hans-Uno
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D033081:Shear Strength