title: A comparison between pre-operative carprofen and a long-acting sufentanil formulation for analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of a novel, long-acting sufentanil preparation in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded, positively controlled, randomized field trial with four parallel treatment groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty client owned dogs undergoing elective OHE randomly allocated into four treatment groups (each n = 20).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups received intramuscular (IM) sufentanil (at 10, 15 and 25 microg kg(-1), respectively) and the control group received subcutaneous (SC) carprofen 4 mg kg(-1) SC plus acepromazine 0.05 mg kg(-1) IM as pre-anaesthetic medication. OHE was performed under thiopental/halothane anaesthesia. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for pain and sedation were awarded and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured at the wound and hock before surgery and up to 24 hours after tracheal extubation. Serum cortisol was measured before surgery, during surgery and up to 24 hours after tracheal extubation. Animals with inadequate post-operative analgesia were given rescue medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the carprofen group, VAS pain scores were significantly higher, wound tenderness was greater and requirement for rescue analgesia was more than in the sufentanil-treated groups. Sufentanil produced dose dependent analgesia and sedation. All treatment groups showed similar patterns of change for cortisol concentrations. Use of the sufentanil preparation was associated with a relatively high incidence of adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-acting preparation of sufentanil provided excellent post-operative analgesia that was significantly better than that provided by carprofen. However, use of this formulation, in the anaesthetic technique used in the study, resulted in a relatively high incidence of adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Full mu (MOP) opioid agonists provide significantly better post-operative analgesia than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after moderately painful surgery. However, the widely recognized adverse effects of opioids may preclude the use of these agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Companion Animals, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. louisa.slingsby@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Louisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Slingsby
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Murison
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.forename: Avril E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waterman-Pearson
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D002227:Carbazoles; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D017409:Sufentanil; C007005:carprofen