title: Allergic contact dermatitis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The following paper reviews the recent literature pertaining to allergic contact dermatitis in the pediatric population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allergic contact dermatitis may affect as many as 20% of the pediatric population. Recent studies implicate the following chemicals as the most common causes: nickel, topical antibiotics, preservative chemicals, fragrances and rubber accelerators. Several less common, but emerging, allergens have also been reported recently, including para-phenylenediamine in henna tattoos, cocamidopropyl betaine in 'no tears' shampoos and cleansers, and disperse dyes in clothing materials. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs less frequently in the first few months of life and increases in prevalence with increasing age. In the adolescent age group, females have significantly higher rates of allergic contact dermatitis on the face. This is likely explained by increased exposures to nickel in piercings and to preservative and fragrance chemicals in cosmetic products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The documented rates of allergic contact dermatitis in children are on the rise. This increased prevalence may be due to increased chemical exposures in this age group, better recognition by pediatricians and perhaps more widespread use of epicutaneous patch testing. This review outlines the basic pathophysiology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of allergic contact dermatitis in children.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Dermatology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. Glen.crawford@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Militello
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Glen H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens