title: Effects of a self-esteem intervention program on school-age children.
abstract: Self-esteem is essential for school-aged children's optimum health. High self-esteem is linked to increased school performance, improved health, and productive behavior. This study reports on the effects of a four-lesson self-esteem enhancement program for six groups of 5th and 6th grade children (N=98). The interactive lessons dealt with an overview of self-esteem, media influences, hiding emotions, and changes in self-esteem. Using a pre-test/ post-test design, Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) was used to measure self-esteem. The self-esteem subscales dealing with general and social areas were found to significantly increase over time (p<.05). Girls had more significant changes than boys in the general subscale score and the total self-esteem score. Mean scores showed that children who had friends had more significant changes than those who did not have friends. Children with lower socioeconomic status had lower scores at both the pre and post testing with significance in the general and social subscales. No significance was found related to racial group, family make-up, or the number of household chores or activities. This study supports the effectiveness of a self-esteem enhancement program for girls, those children with friends, and those in lower socioeconomic status. Future research is needed to understand what contributes to the self-esteem of children who report that they do not have friends.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing, Omaha, USA.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dalgas-Pelish
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D011998:Recreation; D012572:School Health Services; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors