title: Daytime naps improve procedural motor memory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of a short daytime nap on procedural and declarative memory consolidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a normal night's sleep, 34 young healthy subjects were randomly assigned to a nap or wake condition of about 45min in the early afternoon after learning procedural and declarative memory tasks. Subjects were controlled for alertness and cortisol secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The afternoon naps were dominated by sleep stage 2 but contained some slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as well. Naps significantly improved procedural, but not declarative, memory. Females showed more improvement than males in the declarative memory tasks irrespective of nap or wake. There was no difference between groups with respect to cortisol secretion or alertness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A short nap is favorable for consolidation of procedural memory. The possibly confounding effect of gender should always be considered in research on sleep and memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany. jutta.backhaus@psychiatrie.uk-sh.de
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Backhaus
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junghanns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone