title: NF-kappa B activation contributes to indoleamine dioxygenase transcriptional synergy induced by IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
abstract: Interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that inhibits some pathogens by limiting tryptophan availability, is transcriptionally enhanced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The expression of interferon responsive factor (IRF)-1, an IFN-gamma-induced transcriptional activator critical to IDO regulation, is also enhanced synergistically in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The IRF-1 regulatory region contains an IFN-gamma-activated sequence (GAS) and a kappaB site, which bind STAT-1 and NF-kappaB, respectively. The TNF-alpha-mediated increase in STAT-1 activation in IFN-gamma-treated cells enhances IRF-1 transcription; however, the contribution of TNF-alpha-mediated increases in nuclear NF-kappaB is uncertain. To identify whether binding of NF-kappaB upstream of the IRF-1 gene is rate-limiting in IRF-1 expression in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, a proteasome inhibitor was utilized to maintain nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB at constitutive levels; its effect on IRF-1 expression and IDO-specific transcription was evaluated. By limiting NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, IRF-1 expression in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha treated cells was maintained at a level comparable to that achieved in response to IFN-gamma alone, and the synergistic increase IDO transcription was blocked, suggesting that increases in NF-kappaB translocation are required for synergistic IDO expression in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4310 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. crobinson@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Cory M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Phillip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carlin
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 / Q000502:physiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma