title: Predictors of single-gland vs multigland parathyroid disease in primary hyperparathyroidism: a simple and accurate scoring model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preoperative clinical, biochemical, and imaging studies could be used to reliably select patients with single-gland primary hyperparathyroidism who could undergo minimally invasive parathyroidectomy and to determine whether additional perioperative testing is necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 238 patients who underwent neck surgical exploration and parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism from January 7, 2002, to December 23, 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and imaging factors that predict single-gland vs multigland parathyroid disease, and biochemical cure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 238 patients, 75.2% had a single adenoma, 21.4% had asymmetric 4-gland hyperplasia, and 3.4% had double adenomas. A biochemical cure was achieved in 99.2% of the patients. Preoperative calcium and intact parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher (P = .03 and .04, respectively) and ultrasound and sestamibi scan results were more likely to be positive (both P<.001) in single-gland primary hyperparathyroidism. A dichotomous scoring model based on preoperative total calcium level (>/=3 mmol/L [>/=12 mg/dL]), intact parathyroid hormone level (>/=2 times the upper limit of normal levels), positive ultrasound and sestamibi scan results for 1 enlarged gland, and concordant ultrasound and sestamibi scan findings reliably distinguished single-gland vs multigland cases (P<.001). The positive predictive value of this scoring model to correctly predict single-gland disease was 100% for a total score of 3 or higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative biochemical and imaging study results reliably distinguished single-gland vs multigland parathyroid disease in primary hyperparathyroidism. Our findings suggest that patients with a score of 3 or higher can undergo a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy without the routine use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone or additional imaging studies, and those with a score of less than 3 should have additional testing to ensure that multigland disease is not overlooked.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA. kebebwe@surgery.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Electron
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kebebew
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reiff
authors.forename: Quan-Yang
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Duh
authors.forename: Orlo H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016105:Parathyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002118:Calcium