title: An amplitude quotient based method to analyze changes in the shape of the glottal pulse in the regulation of vocal intensity.
abstract: This study presents an approach to visualizing intensity regulation in speech. The method expresses a voice sample in a two-dimensional space using amplitude-domain values extracted from the glottal flow estimated by inverse filtering. The two-dimensional presentation is obtained by expressing a time-domain measure of the glottal pulse, the amplitude quotient (AQ), as a function of the negative peak amplitude of the flow derivative (d(peak)). The regulation of vocal intensity was analyzed with the proposed method from voices varying from extremely soft to very loud with a SPL range of approximately 55 dB. When vocal intensity was increased, the speech samples first showed a rapidly decreasing trend as expressed on the proposed AQ-d(peak) graph. When intensity was further raised, the location of the samples converged toward a horizontal line, the asymptote of a hypothetical hyperbola. This behavior of the AQ-d(peak) graph indicates that the intensity regulation strategy changes from laryngeal to respiratory mechanisms and the method chosen makes it possible to quantify how control mechanisms underlying the regulation of vocal intensity change gradually between the two means. The proposed presentation constitutes an easy-to-implement method to visualize the function of voice production in intensity regulation because the only information needed is the glottal flow wave form estimated by inverse filtering the acoustic speech pressure signal.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3000, Fin-02015 TKK, Finland. paavo.alku@tkk.fi
authors.forename: Paavo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alku
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Airas
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björkner
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000399:Air Pressure; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013637:Tape Recording