title: ART2, a T cell surface mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, generates extracellular poly(ADP-ribose).
abstract: NAD functions in multiple aspects of cellular metabolism and signaling through enzymes that covalently transfer ADP-ribose from NAD to acceptor proteins, thereby altering their function. NAD is a substrate for two enzyme families, mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mARTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), that covalently transfer an ADP-ribose monomer or polymer, respectively, to acceptor proteins. ART2, a mART, is a phenotypic marker of immunoregulatory cells found on the surface of T lymphocytes, including intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). We have shown that the auto-ADP-ribosylation of the ART2.2 allelic protein is multimeric. Our backbone structural alignment of ART2 (two alleles of the rat art2 gene have been reported, for simplicity, the ART2.2 protein investigated in this study will be referred to as ART2) and PARP suggested that multimeric auto-ADP-ribosylation of ART2 may represent an ADP-ribose polymer, rather than multiple sites of mono-ADP-ribosylation. To investigate this, we used highly purified recombinant ART2 and demonstrated that ART2 catalyzes the formation of an ADP-ribose polymer by sequencing gel and by HPLC and MS/MS mass spectrometry identification of PR-AMP, a breakdown product specific to poly(ADP-ribose). Furthermore, we identified the site of ADP-ribose polymer attachment on ART2 as Arg-185, an arginine in a crucial loop of its catalytic core. We found that endogenous ART2 on IELs undergoes multimeric auto-ADP-ribosylation more efficiently than ART2 on peripheral T cells, suggesting that these distinct lymphocyte populations differ in their ART2 surface topology. Furthermore, ART2.2 IELs are more resistant to NAD-induced cell death than ART2.1 IELs that do not have multimeric auto-ADP-ribosylation activity. The data suggest that capability of polymerizing ADP-ribose may not be unique to PARPs and that poly(ADP-ribosylation), an established nuclear activity, may occur extracellularly and modulate cell function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merithew
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lambright
authors.forename: Dale L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mordes
authors.forename: Aldo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bortell
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002384:Catalysis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D040681:Structural Homology, Protein; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases