title: Change in expiratory flow detects partial endotracheal tube obstruction in pressure-controlled ventilation.
abstract: Only extreme degrees of endotracheal tube (ETT) narrowing can be detected with monitoring of tidal volume (V(T)) during pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV). To assess the degree of ETT obstruction in PCV and to compare it to V(T) monitoring, we produced 3 levels of partial ETT obstruction in 11 healthy anesthetized piglets using ETTs of 4 different inner diameters (IDs 9.0, 8.0, 7.0, and 6.0 mm). An expiratory flow over volume ((e)-V) curve was plotted and the time constant (tau(e)) at 15% of expiration time (T(e)) was calculated. We also calculated the fractional volume expired during the first 15% of T(e) (V(ex fract,15)) and compared those variables to full expiratory V(T) for each of the 3 obstructions. V(T) monitoring failed to detect ETT narrowing. By contrast, V(ex fract,15) decreased and tau(e) increased significantly with increasing ETT narrowing (for IDs 9.0, 8.0, 7.0, and 6.0, mean V(ex fract,15) was 195, 180, 146, and 134 mL respectively and mean tau(e) was 380, 491, 635, 794 ms for IDs 9.0, 8.0, 7.0, and 6.0 respectively). We conclude that when the elastic recoil that drives (e) is appropriately considered, analysis of (e) and V(ex fract,15) detects partial ETT obstruction during PCV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences/Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. r.kawati@comhem.se
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawati
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vimlati
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guttmann
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedenstierna
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sjöstrand
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lichtwarck-Aschoff
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000473:pathology*; D000403:Airway Resistance; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*