title: Effects of cell surface charge and hydrophobicity on attachment of 16 Salmonella serovars to cantaloupe rind and decontamination with sanitizers.
abstract: Adherence of bacteria to cantaloupe rind is favored by surface irregularities such as roughness, crevices, and pits, thus reducing the ability of washing or sanitizer treatments to remove or inactivate attached cells. In this study, we compared the surface charge and hydrophobicity of two cantaloupe-related outbreak strains of Salmonella Poona (RM2350 and G-91-1595) to those of 14 additional Salmonella strains using electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The relative abilities of the 16 strains to attach to cantaloupe surfaces and resist removal by washing with water, chlorine (200 ppm), or hydrogen peroxide (2.5%) for 5 min after a storage period of up to 7 days at 5 to 20 degrees C also were determined. Whole cantaloupes were inoculated with each pathogen at 8.36 log CFU/ml, dried for 1 h inside a biosafety cabinet, stored, and then subjected to the washing treatments. Only the positive surface charge of the two cantaloupe-related strains of Salmonella Poona was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the other strains. Initial bacterial attachment to cantaloupe surfaces ranged from 3.68 to 4.56 log CFU/cm2 (highest values for Salmonella Michigan, Newport, Oranienburg, and Mbandaka). The average percentage of the total bacterial population strongly attached to the cantaloupe surface for the Salmonella serovars studied ranged from 0.893 to 0.946 at 5 degrees C and from 0.987 to 0.999 at 25 degrees C. Washing inoculated melons with water did not produce a significant reduction in the concentration of the pathogens (P > 0.05). Chlorine and hydrogen peroxide treatments caused an average 3-log reduction when applied 20 to 40 min postinoculation. However, sanitizer treatments applied 60 min or more postinoculation were less effective (approximately 2.5-log reduction). No significant differences were noted in sanitizer efficacy against the individual strains (P > 0.05). The two cantaloupe-related outbreak Salmonella Poona strains did not significantly differ from the other Salmonella strains tested in negative cell surface charge or hydrophobicity, were not more effective in attaching to whole melon surfaces, and were not more resistant to the various washing treatments when present on rinds.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA. dukuku@errc.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Dike O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Ukuku
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Fett
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D028463:Cucumis melo / Q000382:microbiology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004560:Electricity; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000502:physiology*; D012499:Sanitation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide