title: Interobserver variation in breast cancer grading: a statistical modeling approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study random and the systematic error in breast cancer grading, to find the source of disagreements and measure the reliability of graders so that appropriate corrective action can be taken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five independent observers graded 50 breast carcinoma slides from 50 consecutive breast cancer specimens according to the Nottingham criteria. The polychoric correlation was used to measure association. Stuart-Maxwell and McNemar tests were used to measure equality of thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The polychoric correlation among observers was high (mean = 0.803, 0.712, 0.797 and 0.602 for the final grade, tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic figures, respectively). However, there were significant differences in thresholds (6, 7, 7 and 9 pairs of 10 showing significant differences in classification of grades/scores for final grade, tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic counts, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high polychoric correlations suggest that random error in grading breast cancers in this study was low, confirming the underlying reliability of grading and graders. However, significant differences in the thresholds lowers raw agreement. Such a scenario may be rectified by increased intradepartmental discussion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India. nilotpal_c@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nilotpal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Muktha R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Flora D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Hema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kini
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varghese
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015588:Observer Variation; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software