title: Ultrasound in the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the efficacy of ultrasound (US) of the abdomen as a diagnostic test in Typhoid. To determine the ultrasound diagnostic criteria in cases of Typhoid.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Widal test is the most commonly used method of detecting Typhoid fever, but does not provide results until a week after onset of fever due to the need for enough antibodies to develop to render a positive result. Abdominal Ultrasound was performed within three days of the onset of fever in 80 cases suspected to be having Typhoid fever. Subsequent follow-up scans were performed at five days, ten days and fifteen days. Subsequently, all 80 cases were found to be Widal positive and Salmonella culture was positive in 32 cases. We present our findings in 26 patients in the age group between 4 to 20 years in whom both Widal test and Salmonella culture was subsequently positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The US findings were as follows: splenomegaly (n-26, 100%); Bowel wall thickening (n-22, 85%); mesenteric lymphadenopathy(n-20,77%); hepatomegaly with normal parenchymal echotexture (n-8, 31%); thickened gall bladder (n-16, 62%); biliary sludge (n-6, 23%); positive US Murphy's sign (n-7, 27%); pericholecystic edema with increased vascularity (n-6, 23%); mucosal ulceration in the wall of the gall bladder (n-1, 3.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In endemic areas like India, ultrasound findings of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ileal and cecal thickening, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and thick-walled gallbladder are diagnostic features of typhoid. Ultrasound can be a non-invasive, economical and a reasonably sensitive tool for diagnosing typhoid when serology is equivocal and cultures are negative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mateen
authors.forename: Sheena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: P Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: P Sudhershan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: D Nageshwar
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography