title: A study of the xenoantigenicity of neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters (NPCC) and the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated DAF (CD55) expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pig pancreas is considered to be the most suitable source of islets for xenotransplantation in patients with type I diabetes. The objective of this study was to assess the antigenicity of neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters (NPCC), including the Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alpha-Gal) and Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) antigens, and the pathway involved in human complement activation. The efficiency of expression of human decay-accelerating factor (DAF: CD55) on NPCC by adenoviral transduction was also examined, and the functional capacity of DAF was also estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The deposition of human natural antibodies, immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM, and the expression of alpha-Gal and H-D antigens on NPCC were investigated by FACS analysis. The downregulation in the antigenicity to human natural antibodies, including the alpha-Gal and H-D antigens on NPCC by treatment with tunicamycin, PDMP and neuraminidase were also examined. In addition, complement-mediated islet lysis was examined using factor D-deficient and C1-deficient sera. An adenovirus encoding DAF under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter, Ad.pCMV-DAF, was then constructed, and used for transducing NPCC. The amelioration of complement-dependent cytotoxicity of the NPCC by the transduced DAF was assessed as an in vitro hyperacute rejection model of a pig to human xenograft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NPCC clearly expressed the alpha-Gal epitope, and the human natural antibodies, IgG and IgM, and the anti-H-D antibody also reacted with the NPCC. Treatment of NPCC with tunicamycin led to a drastic reduction in the extent of deposition of IgG, indicating the importance of N-linked sugars on the islets, presumably related to alpha-Gal expression on N-linked sugars. Neuraminidase treatment indicated the presence of, not only the H-D antigen, but also other sialic acid antigens which reacted with the human natural antibody, especially IgG. The complement deposition of factor B on NPCC was clear, and the alternative pathway-mediated NPCC killing accounted for approximately 30% of that by the total complement pathway. On the other hand, approximately 90% of the NPCC could be transduced to express DAF by the adenovector, Ad.pCMV-DAF. The expressed DAF showed an approximately 50-62% suppression in complement-dependent NPCC lysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The origin of the antigenicity of NPCC is mainly N-linked sugars including alpha-Gal and sialic acid antigens, and NPCC expressed the transduced molecule in high efficiency by the adenovector.
authors.affiliation: Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omori
authors.forename: Toshirou
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komoda
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fumimoto
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: Congxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakatsu
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shirakura
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000276:immunology; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology*; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D018958:CD55 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003167:Complement Activation; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000276:immunology; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000276:immunology; D011415:Complement Factor B / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*; D014415:Tunicamycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D018958:CD55 Antigens; D003176:Complement C3; D003181:Complement C4; D009025:Morpholines; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D014415:Tunicamycin; C033110:RV 538; D009439:Neuraminidase; D011415:Complement Factor B