title: Memory T cells in human tumor and chronic inflammatory microenvironments: sleeping beauties re-awakened by a cytokine kiss.
abstract: Human tumors often progress and spread in spite of the presence of large numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activated or memory cell phenotypes. The T cells in the microenvironment of human lung tumors fail to be activated in response to stimulation via the T cell receptor and CD28 under conditions that fully activate T cells derived from the peripheral blood of the cancer patients. A combination of regulatory mechanisms which are also observed in a variety of different chronic inflammatory conditions may contribute to the T cell unresponsiveness, and to their inability to respond to and kill tumor cells. The non-responsiveness of memory T cells isolated from human lung tumors and non-malignant chronic inflammatory tissues can be reversed in vitro by a brief pulse with IL-12, and the local and sustained release of exogenous IL-12 into the microenvironment of human tumor xenografts in SCID mice re-activates the tumor-associated T cells in situ. In the later case, the T cells proliferate, secrete interferon-gamma and initiate a cascade of events that culminate in the eradication of tumor cells from the xenograft. In transplantable and spontaneously developing tumors of mice the injection of a single tumor nodule with IL-12 loaded biodegradable microspheres activates tumor-associated T cells to kill tumor cells in situ, and provokes a systemic anti-tumor response that results in the eradication of distant metastatic tumor nodules that are not treated with the cytokine. These mice exhibit a systemic tumor specific immunity as they resist a second challenge with the same (but not a different) tumor. These findings suggest that it will be possible to provoke a systemic anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients by the direct injection of IL-12 loaded biodegradable microspheres or liposomes to locally deliver very low but sustained doses of IL-12 into a single tumor site. This strategy which is based upon the ability of IL-12 to re-activate tumor-associated T cells is termed in situ tumor vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bankert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000276:immunology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018664:Interleukin-12