title: False tendons: an endoscopic cadaveric approach.
abstract: False tendons (FTs) have been extensively described and recognized by gross anatomic studies. However, in the clinical setting the recognition of FTs is limited to the use of echocardiography. We examined 200 formalin fixed adult hearts, with gross dissections. In addition, 90 of these specimens were also examined with ultrasonographic and endoscopic techniques. Gross examination was able to identify FTs in 128 (62%) specimens. The total number of FTs observed, was 248 and was classified into five types according to their location. In Type I (92, 37.1%) the FT was located between the posteromedial papillary muscle and the ventricular septum. In Type II (55, 22.1%) the FT was located between the two papillary muscles. Type III (41, 16.5%) was classified as an FT between the anterolateral papillary muscle and the ventricular septum. The FT in Type IV (31, 12.5%) was observed to connect between the ventricular septum and the free wall and lastly in Type V (29, 11.6%) the FTs were found to be weblike with three or more points of insertion. When using all three techniques (n = 90), gross dissection and endoscopy were able to identify FTs in 62.2% of specimens while echocardiographic imaging was only able to identify FTs in 27.7% of specimens. Of the 114 FTs detected grossly and endoscopically, echocardiography was only able to identify 46 (40.3%). Therefore, the overall sensitivity of echocardiography for detecting left ventricular FTs was only 40.3%, compared to 100% for endoscopy. Based upon the ability or lack thereof of echocardiography to detect certain topographical patterns, we have created a small series of subtypes for the FTs. Histologically, in 30% of the FTs, conduction tissue fiber was observed to be present, which may implicate them in the appearance of arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies. mloukas@sgu.edu edsg2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Brandie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fudalej
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharkees
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods; D004210:Dissection; D004452:Echocardiography; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*