title: Prevalence of celiac disease among school children in Punjab, North India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celiac disease, as of today, is said to exist in almost all parts of the world, although it is rare among people of purely African-Caribbean, Japanese and Chinese background. The disease has also been considered uncommon in India until recently. Hospital records have revealed an increasing trend of the disease in predominantly wheat-eating areas of North India. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of celiac disease among school children in Punjab, North India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in the Ludhiana district of Punjab, Northern India. A total of 4347 children aged 3-17 years attending different schools were enrolled. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and symptoms and signs related to celiac disease and various sociodemographic factors. The screening for celiac disease for the suspected celiacs was done by testing for antitissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) by indirect solid-phase immunometric assay (ELISA). All children with high anti-tTG whose parents consented underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for small bowel biopsy from the second part of the duodenum. Histopathology was expressed according to the Marsh classification of 1992. Follow up was carried out among children who were put on a gluten-restricted diet, at monthly intervals for 3 months and every 3 months thereafter. The diagnosis of celiac disease was established on the basis of the revised European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterologists and Nutritionists (ESPGAN) criteria (confirmed cases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4347 school children (1967 girls, 2380 boys, age range 3-17 years) were screened for celiac disease. Out of these, 198 suspected children were identified for further evaluation. Twenty-one children tested positive for anti-tTG assay (10.6%, 95% confidence interval: 16.91-34.79). Seventeen of these 21 children agreed to undergo biopsy; of these, 14 had histological changes consistent with celiac disease and all these 14 children had clinical response to gluten restriction. Three children with high anti-tTG had normal mucosa on duodenal biopsy and were not labelled as being in the celiac disease group. In the final analysis the disease prevalence was one in 310 children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study on celiac disease prevalence among school children from India. Although this disease frequency of one in 310 is thought to be an under-assessment, it clearly shows that celiac disease is not rare in wheat-eating areas of North India.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. ajitsood10@sify.com
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Midha
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Gurcharan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avasthi
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D011503:Transglutaminases