title: Religion, spirituality and the well-being of informal caregivers: a review, critique, and research prospectus.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to review and critique the published literature examining the relationships between religion/spirituality and caregiver well-being and to provide directions for future research. A systematic search was conducted using bibliographic databases, reference sections of articles, and by contacting experts in the field. Articles were reviewed for measurement, theoretical, and design limitations. Eighty-three studies were retrieved. Research on religion/spirituality and caregiver well-being is a burgeoning area of investigation; 37% of the articles were published in the last five years. Evidence for the effects of religion/spirituality were unclear; the preponderance (n = 71, 86%) of studies found no or a mixed association (i.e., a combination of positive, negative, or non-significant results) between religion/spirituality and well-being. These ambiguous results are a reflection of the multidimensionality of religion/spirituality and the diversity of well-being outcomes examined. They also partially reflect the frequent use of unrefined measures of religion/spirituality and of atheoretical approaches to studying this topic. Investigators have a fairly large number of studies on religion/spirituality and caregiver well-being on which to build. Future studies should be theory driven and utilize psychometrically sound measures of religion/spirituality. Suggestions are provided to help guide future work.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. hebertrs@upmc.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martire
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012067:Religion; D029181:Spirituality