title: Changes in neuromuscular function due to intermittently increased workload during repetitive work in cold conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempted to determine whether repetitive work in the cold affects the number of electromyographic (EMG) gaps and whether cold-induced deterioration in neuromuscular function can be restored by altering work intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2 hours of simulated sausage packing, the occurrence of EMG gaps was studied in eight upper-extremity muscles at 19 degrees C and 4 degrees C. The additional effect of continuous, light repetitive work [wrist flexion-extension 10% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), Cwork] and intermittently increased workload (10% or 30% MVC) (Iwork) on forearm muscle EMG gaps, the median frequency of the EMG spectrum, EMG activity, and muscle fatigue (as indicated by changes in the MVC of wrist flexion) at 4 degrees C was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During work simulation, the mean skin temperature decreased from 33.3 (SD 0.1) degrees C to 30.6 (SD 0.2) degrees C (P<0.05), and the number of EMG gaps diminished in seven muscles by 1.4-68.2% (P<0.05). During Iwork there were 44% and 37% more EMG gaps in the forearm flexors and extensors, respectively, and the median frequency shifted to higher frequencies (P<0.05) as compared with the situation in Cwork. The average EMG activity of the forearm flexors was 13% lower (P<0.05) during Iwork than during Cwork. Wrist flexion MVC decreased 18% and 15% in Cwork and Iwork, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cold-induced decrease in the number of EMG gaps and increased muscle strain and fatigue can be, at least partially, restored by intermittently increasing the workload (ie, breaking the monotonous work cycle).
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Laboratory of Physiology, Finland. juha.oksa@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oksa
authors.forename: Erja
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sormunen
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Koivukangas
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rintamäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D016526:Workload