title: Patient characteristics influencing ciclosporin pharmacokinetics and accurate Bayesian estimation of ciclosporin exposure in heart, lung and kidney transplant patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Population pharmacokinetic studies of ciclosporin microemulsion are needed to identify the individual factors influencing ciclosporin pharmacokinetic variability in transplant patients and to design efficient tools for the accurate estimation of ciclosporin overall exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 hours [AUC12]). In the present retrospective study, a large database of heart, lung (with or without cystic fibrosis) and kidney (both adult and paediatric) transplant patients receiving ciclosporin microemulsion was analysed with the aims of (i) building a population pharmacokinetic model and finding the main covariates linked with ciclosporin microemulsion pharmacokinetic parameters; and (ii) developing a maximum a posteriori probability Bayesian estimator (MAP-BE) to estimate ciclosporin microemulsion pharmacokinetic parameters using a limited-sampling strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  3,072 concentration data from 147 patients (i.e. 309 full pharmacokinetic profiles) were analysed using the nonlinear mixed-effects model program NONMEM. The influence of numerous covariates was tested, and the final model was validated by data splitting. For Bayesian estimation, the best limited-sampling strategy was determined based on the D-optimality criterion, and validation performed in an independent group of 60 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pharmacokinetics of ciclosporin microemulsion were accurately described by a two-compartment model with Erlang distribution for the absorption process. The type of graft and post-transplantation period were identified as significant sources of variability of the absorption parameter. Both apparent volume of the central compartment after oral administration (V1/F) and apparent oral clearance (CL/F) increased with bodyweight. The best limited-sampling strategy for Bayesian estimation was 0 hour, 1 hour and 3 hour post-dose, providing accurate estimation of ciclosporin microemulsion AUC12 in all patients of the test group, with a mean bias of 2.0 +/- 10.5% (range: -19.1% to -21.4% and 95% CI -0.6, +4.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ciclosporin microemulsion in allograft transplants resulted in the design of a new pharmacokinetic model for ciclosporin microemulsion, identification of significant covariates and the design of an accurate MAP-BE based on three blood concentrations and these covariates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saint-Marcoux
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marquet
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacqz-Aigrain
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thiry
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Meur
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rousseau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine