title: Prostate tissue stiffness as measured with a resonance sensor system: a study on silicone and human prostate tissue in vitro.
abstract: Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men in Europe and in the USA. Some prostate tumours are stiffer than the surrounding normal tissue, and it could therefore be of interest to measure prostate tissue stiffness. Resonance sensor technology based on piezoelectric resonance detects variations in tissue stiffness due to a change in the resonance frequency. An impression-controlled resonance sensor system was used to detect stiffness in silicone rubber and in human prostate tissue in vitro using two parameters, both combinations of frequency change and force. Variations in silicone rubber stiffness due to the mixing ratio of the two components could be detected (p<0.05) using both parameters. Measurements on prostate tissue showed that there existed a statistically significant (MANOVA test, p<0.001) reproducible difference between tumour tissue (n=13) and normal healthy tissue (n=98) when studying a multivariate parameter set. Both the tumour tissue and normal tissue groups had variations within them, which were assumed to be related to differences in tissue composition. Other sources of error could be uneven surfaces and different levels of dehydration for the prostates. Our results indicated that the resonance sensor could be used to detect stiffness variations in silicone and in human prostate tissue in vitro. This is promising for the development of a future diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. ville.jalkanen@tfe.umu.se
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jalkanen
authors.forename: Britt M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: Olof A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Lindahl
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011467:Prostate / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers