title: Development and differentiation of the ureteric bud into the ureter in the absence of a kidney collecting system.
abstract: Six1-/- mice were found to have apparently normal ureters in the absence of a kidney, suggesting that the growth and development of the unbranched ureter is largely independent of the more proximal portions of the UB which differentiates into the highly branched renal collecting system. Culture of isolated urinary tracts (from normal and mutant mice) on Transwell filters was employed to study the morphogenesis of this portion of the urogenital system. Examination of the ureters revealed the presence of a multi-cell layered tubule with a lumen lined by cells expressing uroplakin (a protein exclusively expressed in the epithelium of the lower urinary tract). Cultured ureters of both the wild-type and Six1 mutant become contractile and undergo peristalsis, an activity preceded by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA). Treatment with a number of inhibitors of signaling molecules revealed that inhibition of PI3 kinase dissociates the developmental expression of alphaSMA from ureter growth and elongation. Epidermal growth factor also perturbed smooth muscle differentiation in culture. Moreover, the peristalsis of the ureter in the absence of the kidney in the Six1-/- mouse indicates that the development of this clinically important function of ureter (peristaltic movement of urine) is not dependent on fluid flow through the ureter. In keeping with this, isolated ureters cultured in the absence of surrounding tissues elongate, differentiate and undergo peristalsis when cultured on a filter and undergo branching morphogenesis when cultured in 3-dimensional extracellular matrix gels in the presence of a conditioned medium derived from a metanephric mesenchyme (MM) cell line. In addition, ureters of Six1-/- urinary tracts (i.e., lacking a kidney) displayed budding structures from their proximal ends when cultured in the presence of GDNF and FGFs reminiscent of UB budding from the wolffian duct. Taken together with the above data, this indicates that, although the distal ureter (at least early in its development) retains some of the characteristics of the more proximal UB, the growth and differentiation (i.e., development of smooth muscle actin, peristalsis and uroplakin expression) of the distal non-branching ureter are inherent properties of this portion of the UB, occurring independently of detectable influences of either the undifferentiated MM (unlike the upper portion of the ureteric bud) or more differentiated metanephric kidney. Thus, the developing distal ureter appears to be a unique anatomical structure which should no longer be considered as simply the non-branching portion of the ureteric bud. In future studies, the ability to independently analyze and study the portion of the UB that becomes the renal collecting system and that which becomes the ureter should facilitate distinguishing the developmental nephrome (renal ontogenome) from the ureterome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, and Urological Diseases Research Center, Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Duke A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Stanley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nigam
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007685:Kidney Tubules, Collecting / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D014513:Ureter / Q000502:physiology*; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C490947:Six1 protein, mouse