title: Strabismus in craniosynostosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present peer-reviewed articles related to strabismus in craniosynostosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improved neurosurgical treatment has resulted in amblyopia replacing optic atrophy as the main cause of visual impairment in Apert's and Crouzon syndromes. Patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis have an increased incidence of significant refractive error and horizontal strabismus similar to syndromic craniosynostosis. Imaging of the orbit and extraocular muscles continues to be recommended as helpful for presurgical planning. Surgical techniques continue to be explored in order to improve outcomes for craniosynostosis patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attention to diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia and strabismus is necessary to preserve vision in craniosynostosis patients. Orbital imaging may aid in planning for these patients whose strabismus surgery remains a challenge.
authors.affiliation: Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Ophthalmology, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA. slehman@nemours.org
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehman
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery