title: Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
abstract: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant clinical problem worldwide and colistin is being used increasingly as "salvage" therapy. MICs of colistin against A. baumannii indicate its significant activity. However, resistance to colistin in A. baumannii has been reported recently. Clonotypes of 16 clinical A. baumannii isolates and ATCC 19606 were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and colistin MICs were measured. The time-kill kinetics of colistin against A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and clinical isolate 6 were investigated, and population analysis profiles (PAPs) were conducted. Resistance development was investigated by serial passaging with or without exposure to colistin. Five different PFGE banding patterns were found in the clinical isolates. MICs of colistin against all isolates were within 0.25 to 2 microg/ml. Colistin showed early concentration-dependent killing, but bacterial regrowth was observed at 24 h. PAPs revealed that heteroresistance to colistin occurred in 15 of the 16 clinical isolates. Subpopulations (<0.1% from inocula of 10(8) to 10(9) CFU/ml) of ATCC 19606, and most clinical isolates grew in the presence of colistin 3 to 10 microg/ml. Four successive passages of ATCC 19606 in broth containing colistin (up to 200 microg/ml) substantially increased the proportion of the resistant subpopulations able to grow in the presence of colistin at 10 microg/ml from 0.000023 to 100%; even after 16 passages in colistin-free broth, the proportion only decreased to 2.1%. This represents the first demonstration of heterogeneous colistin-resistant A. baumannii in "colistin-susceptible" clinical isolates. Our findings give a strong warning that colistin-resistant A. baumannii may be observed more frequently due to potential suboptimal dosage regimens recommended in the product information of some products of colistin methanesulfonate.
authors.affiliation: Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Jian.Li@vcp.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nation
authors.forename: Roxanne J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spelman
authors.forename: Kar Eng
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liolios
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003091:Colistin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003091:Colistin