title: Vitamin C inhibits benzo[a]pyrene-induced cell cycle changes partly via cyclin D1/E2F pathway in human embryo lung fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the molecular mechanism of the inhibitory effects of vitamin C on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced changes of cell cycle in human embryo lung fibroblast (HELF) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stable transfectants, HELF transfected with antisense cyclin D1 and antisense CDK4, were established. Cells were cultured and pretreated with vitamin C before stimulation with B[a]P for 24 h. The expression levels of cyclin D1, CDK4, E2F1, and E2F4 were determined by Western blot. Flow cytometric analysis was employed to detect the distributions of cell cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B[a]P significantly elevated the expression levels of cyclin D1, E2F1, and E2F4 in HELF cells. Vitamin C decreased the expression levels of cyclin D1, E2F1, and E2F4 in B[a]P-stimulated HELF cells. Dose-dependent relationships were not found between the different concentrations of vitamin C (10, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 micromol/L) and the expression levels of cyclin D1, E2F1, and E2F4 in HELF cells. The expression levels of cyclin D1, E2F1, and E2F4 in B[a]P-treated transfectants were lower than those in B[a]P-treated HELF cells. The expression levels of cyclin D1 and E2F4 treated with vitamin C and antisense cyclin D1 were decreased compared with those treated with antisense cyclin D1 alone. The effects of vitamin C combined with antisense CDK4 on the expression levels of cyclin D1 and E2F1/E2F4 were similar to those of antisense CDK4 alone. B[a]P progressed HELF cells from G1 to S phase. Both vitamin C and antisense cyclin D1 suppressed the changes of cell cycle progressed by B[a]P. However, antisense CDK4 did not attenuate the above changes. Vitamin C combined with antisense CDK4 markedly suppressed B[a]P-induced changes of cell cycle as compared with antisense CDK4. But the inhibitory effects of vitamin C combined with antisense cyclin D1 on B[a]P-induced changes of cell cycle were similar to those of vitamin C alone or antisense cyclin D1 alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B[a]P progressed HELF cells from G1 to S phase via intracellular signaling pathway of cyclin D1/E2F. Vitamin C may modulate this signaling pathway to protect cells from injury caused by B[a]P.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupation Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Bing-Ci
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiang-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Shit
authors.forename: Chuan-Shu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiao-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Bao-Rong
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Fu-Hai
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hong-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D019938:Cyclin D1; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D001205:Ascorbic Acid