title: Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a large group of chemicals produced for several decades and widely used for many industrial and consumer applications. Because of their global occurrence in different environmental media, their persistence, and their potential to bioaccumulate in organisms they are of toxicological and public concern.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, the internal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 356 human plasma samples collected from an adult population in Germany in 2005 is quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were able to detect the target analytes in all plasma samples and observed a significant correlation between the PFOS and PFOA concentrations. In female participants, the levels of PFOS and PFOA ranged between 2.5-30.7 (median: 10.9 microg/l) and 1.5-16.2 microg/l (median: 4.8 microg/l), respectively. In males we observed concentrations from 2.1 to 55.0 microg/l (median: 13.7 microg/l) for PFOS and from 0.5 to 19.1 microg/l (median: 5.7 microg/l) for PFOA. A significant correlation between both PFOS and PFOA concentrations and gender was observed. We also found increased levels of the PFCs with increasing age of the participants, but this association reached statistical significance among females only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data agree well with results of other recent studies in Europe and suggest that the current exposure of the adult German population is lower than the exposure of the US and Canadian population. The sources of human exposure are currently not well understood. Toxicological implications are restricted to animal studies and occupational investigations not adequate for quantitative risk assessment in humans. Overall, more scientific research is necessary to characterize the body burden of PFCs (especially for relevant subsets of the population) and the main sources and routes, which are responsible for human exposure and possible health implications of these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Environmental Health, Veterinaerstrasse 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany. hermann.fromme@lgl.bayern.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fromme
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Midasch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Twardella
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boehmer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liebl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid