title: Elucidating early mechanisms of developmental psychopathology: the case of prenatal smoking and disruptive behavior.
abstract: There is a robust association between prenatal smoking and disruptive behavior disorders, but little is known about the emergence of such behaviors in early development. The association of prenatal smoking and hypothesized behavioral precursors to disruptive behavior in toddlers (N=93) was tested. Exposed toddlers demonstrated atypical behavioral patterns, including (1) escalating externalizing problems from 18 to 24 months and (2) observed difficulty modulating behavior in response to social cues. Specification of exposure-related behaviors is a first step toward generating testable hypotheses about putative mechanisms of effect. While it remains unclear whether prenatal exposure plays an etiologic role in the emergence of disruptive behavior, atypical exposure-related behavioral patterns are evident in the first years of life and demonstrate developmental coherence.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60608, USA. lwakschlag@psych.uic.edu
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
authors.forename: Bennett L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012951:Socialization