title: Features associated with the development of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify features related to the development of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy PD patients with hallucinations (group 1) and 60 PD patients without hallucinations (group 2) were evaluated for disease severity, presence of motor complications, rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder (RBD), and antiparkinsonian drug profile. The ages at the emergence of hallucinations and duration of disease in group 1 were matched with the ages at the last visit of those in group 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease severity and presence of motor complications were similar in both groups. RBD was more frequently encountered among hallucinators than among non-hallucinators (P = 0.007). The mean duration and daily doses of levodopa and other dopaminergic drugs did not differ in both groups; however, the usage of anticholinergics and amantadine were significantly more frequent in group 2, unexpectedly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of RBD was significantly more common in hallucinators; however, severity of PD, duration and daily doses of dopaminergic drugs were not associated with the emergence of hallucinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. drgulcinbenbir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benbir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozekmekçi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cinar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beskardes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Apaydin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erginöz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000547:Amantadine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D000547:Amantadine