title: The role of infection and comorbidity: Factors that influence disparities in sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Large healthcare disparities exist in the incidence of sepsis based on both race and gender. We sought to determine factors that may influence the occurrence of these healthcare disparities, with respect to the source of infection, causal organisms, and chronic comorbid medical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. acute care hospitals from 1979 to 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of sepsis were identified from the National Hospital Discharge Survey per codes of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9CM). Chronic comorbid medical conditions and the source and type of infection were characterized by corresponding ICD-9CM diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sepsis incidence rates are mean cases per 100,000 after age adjustment to the 2000 U.S. Census. Males and nonwhite races were confirmed at increased risk for sepsis. Both proportional source distribution and incidence rates favored respiratory sources of sepsis in males (36% vs. 29%, p < .01) and genitourinary sources in females (35% vs. 27%, p < .01). Incidence rates for all common sources of sepsis were greater in nonwhite races, but proportional source distribution was approximately equal. After stratification by the source of infection, males (proportionate ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.29) and black persons (proportionate ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.32) remained more likely to have Gram-positive infections. Chronic comorbid conditions that alter immune function (chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, HIV, alcohol abuse) were more common in nonwhite sepsis patients, and cumulative comorbidities were associated with greater acute organ dysfunction. Compared with white sepsis patients, nonwhite sepsis patients had longer hospital length of stay (2.0 days, 95% confidence interval 1.9-2.1) and were less likely to be discharged to another medical facility (30% whites, 25% blacks, 18% other races). Case-fatality rates were not significantly different across racial and gender groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare disparities exist in the incidence of sepsis within all major sources of infection, and males and blacks have greater frequency of Gram-positive infections independent of the infection source. The differential distribution of specific chronic comorbid medical conditions may contribute to these disparities. Large cohort and administrative studies are required to confirm discrete root causes of sepsis disparities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Esper
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Charmaine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nisbet
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: Greg S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data