title: Vascular remodeling is airway generation-specific in a primate model of chronic asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in the density of bronchial vessels have been proposed as a part of airway remodeling that occurs in chronic asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using an established nonhuman primate model of chronic allergic asthma, we evaluated changes in vascular density as well as the contribution of bronchial epithelium to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight juvenile rhesus macaques were divided into two groups of four. One group was exposed to 11 cycles of aerosolized house dust mite allergen (HDMA), whereas the other was exposed to filtered air. Bronchial wall vasculature was identified using an immunohistochemical approach, and vascular density was quantified stereologically. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction approach was used to estimate VEGF splice variant gene expression at discrete airway generations. Cell culture of primary tracheal epithelial cells with varying concentrations of HDMA was used to quantify the direct contribution of the epithelium to VEGF production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchial vascular density was increased at mid- to lower airway generations, which was independent of changes in the interstitial compartment. The VEGF121 splice variant was significantly increased at lower airway generations. VEGF protein increased in a dose-dependant fashion in vitro primarily by an increase in VEGF121 gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights that increased vascular density in an animal model of chronic allergic asthma is airway generation specific and associated with a unique increase of VEGF splice variant gene expression. Airway epithelium is the likely source for increased VEGF.
authors.affiliation: UC Davis Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, 4150 V Street, PSSB #3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. mark.avdalovic@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Avdalovic
authors.forename: Lei F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Putney
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schelegle
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jodie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Usachenko
authors.forename: Nancy K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Plopper
authors.forename: Laurel J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gershwin
authors.forename: Dallas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hyde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000098:blood supply*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A