title: Therapeutic advantage of combining calcium channel blockers and TRAIL in prostate cancer.
abstract: Disruption of intracellular calcium initiates multiple cell-damaging processes, such as apoptosis. In normal cells, the levels of Ca(2+) are low in the mitochondria, whereas in apoptotic cells, Ca(2+) increases. Mitochondria uptake Ca(2+) via an inner membrane channel called the uniporter and extrude it into the cytoplasm through a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Overload of Ca(2+) in the mitochondria in CGP-treated cells leads to its damage, thus affecting cellular function and survival. The goal of these experiments was to determine the importance of mitochondrial calcium ([Ca(2+)](m)) in apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we have examined the advantages of increasing the [Ca(2+)](m) and treating the cells with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a potent apoptotic agent. Our results show that, under these treatment conditions, inhibiting the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger using benzothiazepin CGP-37157 (CGP) did not induce apoptosis. However, combination of CGP and TRAIL increased the apoptotic response approximately 25-fold compared with control. Increase in apoptosis followed enhanced levels of [Ca(2+)](m) and was accompanied by pronounced mitochondrial changes characteristic of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Experiments with calcium ionophores showed that mere increase in cytosolic and/or mitochondrial Ca(2+) was not sufficient to induce apoptosis. These results have therapeutic implications as inhibitors of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger are being used for treating some neurologic and cardiologic ailments, and TRAIL induces apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells. Furthermore, this system provides an excellent model to investigate the role of [Ca(2+)](m) in apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaddour-Djebbar
authors.forename: Vijayabaskar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lakshmikanthan
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: M Vijay
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013841:Thiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013841:Thiazepines; D002998:Clonazepam; C079032:CGP 37157; D002118:Calcium