title: Dietary intake of phytoestrogens, estrogen receptor-beta polymorphisms and the risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The causes of prostate cancer are poorly understood, but genetic factors may be more important than for many other malignancies, and dietary phytoestrogens may be protective. Because phytoestrogens bind tightly to the estrogen receptor-beta, we conducted an epidemiologic investigation of synergistic effects between phytoestrogen intake and estrogen receptor-beta gene polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a population-based case-control study in Sweden. All participants reported their phytoestrogen intake and donated a blood sample. We identified four haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) and genotyped these htSNPs in 1314 prostate cancer patients and 782 controls. Odds ratios were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Interactions between phytoestrogen intake and estrogen receptor-beta SNPs on prostate cancer risk were evaluated considering both multiplicative and additive effect scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant multiplicative interaction (P = 0.04) between dietary intake of phytoestrogens and a promoter SNP in the estrogen receptor-beta gene (rs 2987983-13950), but not with any of the three other htSNPs (P = 0.11, 0.69, 0.85). Among carriers of the variant promoter alleles, we found strong inverse associations with increasing intake of total phytoestrogens (odds ratio for highest vs. lowest quartile = 0.43; P for trend <0.001), isoflavonoids (odds ratio = 0.63; P for trend = 0.05), and coumestrol (odds ratio = 0.57; P for trend = 0.003). We found no association between phytoestrogens and prostate cancer among carriers homozygous for the wild-type allele (TT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides strong evidence that high intake of phytoestrogens substantially reduce prostate cancer risk among men with specific polymorphic variation in the promoter region of the estrogen receptor-beta gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. maria.hedelin@ki.se
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedelin
authors.forename: Katarina Augustsson
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bälter
authors.forename: Ellen T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Rino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellocco
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klint
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiklund
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thellenberg-Karlsson
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grönberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D017705:Lignans / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D017705:Lignans; D048789:Phytoestrogens