title: A selective chromogenic agar that distinguishes Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis.
abstract: A selective and differential plating medium, R & F anthracis chromogenic agar (ACA), has been developed for isolating and identifying presumptive colonies of Bacillus anthracis. ACA contains the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-choline phosphate that upon hydrolysis yields teal (blue green) colonies indicating the presence of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity. Among seven Bacillus species tested on ACA, only members of the Bacillus cereus group (B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis) produced teal colonies (PC-PLC positive) having cream rings. Examination of colony morphology in 18 pure culture strains of B. anthracis (15 ATCC strains plus AMES-1-RIID, ANR-1, and AMED-RIID), with one exception, required 48 h at 35 to 37 degrees C for significant color production, whereas only 24 h was required for B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. This differential rate of PC-PLC synthesis in B. anthracis (due to the truncated plcR gene and PlcR regulator in B. anthracis) allowed for the rapid differentiation on ACA of presumptive colonies of B. anthracis from B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in both pure and mixed cultures. Effective recovery of B. anthracis from a variety of matrices having both high (soil and sewage) and low microbial backgrounds (cloth, paper, and blood) spiked with B. anthracis ANR-1 spores suggests the probable utility of ACA plating for B. anthracis recovery in a diversity of applications.
authors.affiliation: IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Juergensmeyer
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gingras
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Restaino
authors.forename: Elon W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Frampton
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006461:Hemolysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000362:Agar; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; C105598:phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C