title: Re-utilization outcomes and costs of minor acute illness treated at family physician offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine factors associated with re-utilization of health services and to estimate and compare costs of treatment for minor acute illnesses in family physicians' offices (FPOs), walk-in clinics (WICs), and emergency departments (EDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study using questionnaires, telephone follow up, medical chart data, and costs according to Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) schedules.
  
  
  METHODS
  16 FPOs, 12 WICs, and 13 EDs in three Ontario cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with one of eight predefined minor acute illnesses found in all three settings (upper respiratory infection, pharyngitis, acute bronchitis, acute otitis media, serous otitis media, low back pain, gastroenteritis, and urinary tract infection).
  
  
  METHODS
  "Early" (< 3 days) versus "later" (3 days to 2 weeks) re-utilization of health services after initial encounter and direct cost to OHIP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate of re-utilization of health services for the same episode of illness was 11.3% for early and 20.6% for later re-utilization. Factors associated with early re-utilization were initial evaluation in ED setting (odds ratio [OR] = 6.5, confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-19.2) and, regardless of setting, less satisfaction with patient-centred care (OR = 1.7 for each one-point decrease on a four-point scale; CI = 1.1-2.7). Factors associated with later re-utilization were ED setting (OR = 4.9; CI = 2.4-9.9) and diagnosis of urinary tract infection (OR = 2.4; CI = 1.1-5.2). Factors tested and found not signifcantly associated with rate of re-utilization were patients' age, sex, responses to a variety of questions assessing psychosocial factors (stress, social support, independence), and opinions on health care. Cost of care was similar for FPOs and WICs and higher for EDs for all diagnoses. The initial visit was the largest component of cost in all settings, and this component (as well as total cost) was consistently higher in EDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both re-utilization rates and costs are higher for those seeking care in EDs for minor acute illness. Patient-centred care, an important feature of health care encounters regardless of setting, can reduce re-utilization rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON. Karen.Campbell@fmd.uwo.ca
authors.forename: M Karen
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Rachel Wulf
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hoch
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Østbye
authors.forename: Moira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnsley
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000191:economics; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009819:Office Visits / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009864:Ontario; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010821:Physicians, Family; D011446:Prospective Studies