Discontinuation of highly active antiretroviral therapy leads to cryptococcal meningitis/choroiditis in an AIDS patient.
BACKGROUND
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogen that can manifest in immunocompromised patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Prevention of cryptococcosis and other opportunistic diseases is an objective in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The goal of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is to reduce the viral loads and enhance CD4 counts in HIV-infected patients. These 2 mechanisms keep HIV-infected patients healthier and enhance their immune systems, thus reducing and often preventing opportunistic infections such as ocular cryptococcal infections. Discontinuation of HAART can lead to ocular opportunistic infections such as cryptococcal choroiditis.


METHODS
Presented here is a case of a patient who was treated successfully with HAART of stavudine (D4T), abacavir (Ziagen), ritonavir (Norvir), and saquinavir (Invirase). His last CD4 count before HAART was discontinued was 131 cells/mm(3), and viral load was less than 50 copies/mL. He discontinued his HAART regimen for 2 years and presented to the emergency room with complaints of a severe headache with neck pain, lightheadedness, nausea, disorientation, and unsteady gait. Lumbar puncture results showed cryptococcal infection, and the patient was admitted for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine. Cryptococcal choroiditis was diagnosed after treatment of the meningitis. After resolution, his resultant visual acuities were 10/350 in the right eye and 10/600 in the left eye. He is on a maintenance dose of antifungal therapy and has been reinitiated on HAART of abacavir/zidovudine/lamivudine (Trizivir) and lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra).


CONCLUSIONS
This case exemplifies the importance of HAART in the prevention of opportunistic infections, cryptococcal meningitis/choroiditis in particular. Eye care professionals can play a role in encouraging patients to comply with their HAART regimens.
Chronister
Connie L
CL
The Eye Institute of the Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. cchronister@pco.edu <cchronister@pco.edu>
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002833:Choroiditis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018119:Stavudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000099227:Abacavir
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D019438:Ritonavir; D019258:Saquinavir; D018119:Stavudine; D000099227:Abacavir