title: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family members sensitize nociceptors in vitro and produce thermal hyperalgesia in vivo.
abstract: Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been implicated as an effector of inflammatory pain because it sensitizes primary afferents to noxious thermal, mechanical, and chemical [e.g., capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) agonist] stimuli and because NGF levels increase during inflammation. Here, we report the ability of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family members artemin, neurturin and GDNF to potentiate TRPV1 signaling and to induce behavioral hyperalgesia. Analysis of capsaicin-evoked Ca2+ transients in dissociated mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons revealed that a 7 min exposure to GDNF, neurturin, or artemin potentiated TRPV1 function at doses 10-100 times lower than NGF. Moreover, GDNF family members induced capsaicin responses in a subset of neurons that were previously insensitive to capsaicin. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR, we found that artemin mRNA was profoundly upregulated in response to inflammation induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA): artemin expression increased 10-fold 1 d after CFA injection, whereas NGF expression doubled by day 7. No increase was seen in neurturin or GDNF. A corresponding increase in mRNA for the artemin coreceptor GFRalpha3 (for GDNF family receptor alpha) was seen in DRG, and GFRalpha3 immunoreactivity was widely colocalized with TRPV1 in epidermal afferents. Finally, hindpaw injection of artemin, neurturin, GDNF, or NGF produced acute thermal hyperalgesia that lasted up to 4 h; combined injection of artemin and NGF produced hyperalgesia that lasted for 6 d. These results indicate that GDNF family members regulate the sensitivity of thermal nociceptors and implicate artemin in particular as an important effector in inflammatory hyperalgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Sacha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Molliver
authors.forename: H Richard
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Koerber
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cornuet
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000502:physiology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000378:metabolism; D051101:Neurturin / Q000378:metabolism; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C116599:Artn protein, mouse; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D006133:Growth Substances; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051101:Neurturin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D002211:Capsaicin