title: Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and oral parafunctions in urban Saudi Arabian adolescents: a research report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and oral parafunction habits among Saudi adolescents in the permanent dentition stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 385 (230 females and 155 males) school children age 12-16, completed a questionnaire and were examined clinically. A stratified selection technique was used for schools allocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that 21.3% of the subjects exhibited at least one sign of TMD and females were generally more affected than males. Joint sounds were the most prevalent sign (13.5%) followed by restricted opening (4.7%) and opening deviation (3.9%). The amplitude of mouth opening, overbite taken into consideration, was 46.5 mm and 50.2 mm in females and males respectively. TMJ pain and muscle tenderness were rare (0.5%). Reported symptoms were 33%, headache being the most frequent symptom 22%, followed by pain during chewing 14% and hearing TMJ noises 8.7%. Difficulty during jaw opening and jaw locking were rare. Lip/cheek biting was the most common parafunction habit (41%) with females significantly more than males, followed by nail biting (29%). Bruxism and thumb sucking were only 7.4% and 7.8% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of TMD signs were 21.3% with joint sounds being the most prevalent sign. While TMD symptoms were found to be 33% as, with headache being the most prevalent. Among the oral parafunctions, lip/cheek biting was the most prevalent 41% followed by nail biting 29%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Orthodontic Division, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. rfeteih@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rabab M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Feteih
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001734:Bites, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D002012:Bruxism / Q000453:epidemiology; D002610:Cheek / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D009259:Nail Biting; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*