title: Current strategies in overcoming resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis melanoma as a model.
abstract: Most anticancer agents mediate their effects through common pathways which induce apoptosis or in some cases necrosis of cancer cells. The apoptotic pathways are regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, which include both pro- and anti-apoptotic members. Much is known about the interactions of these proteins involved in apoptosis and this information is being utilized in the development of new reagents that may be used to treat patients with cancers. The inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins constitute a second group of proteins which inhibit the effector caspases. Reagents that inhibit their activity are also under development. Resistance of cancer cells to treatment can in many instances be attributed to activation of intracellular signal pathways involved in survival, such as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1/2 or the P13K-Akt pathway. Again, much has been learned about the control of these pathways and their activation of resistance mechanisms. Inhibitors of such pathways are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies and are showing promise as a new class of anticancer agents. Much of the progress in future studies will likely depend on the ability to target these new treatments to particular subgroups of patients with tumor characteristics that make them responsive to the agents in question.
authors.affiliation: Oncology and Immunology Unit, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hersey
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases