title: Dissecting the role of 5'-AMP for allosteric stimulation, activation, and deactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
abstract: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric protein kinase that is crucial for cellular energy homeostasis of eukaryotic cells and organisms. Here we report on the activation of AMPK alpha1beta1gamma1 and alpha2beta2gamma1 by their upstream kinases (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta and LKB1-MO25alpha-STRADalpha), the deactivation by protein phosphatase 2Calpha, and on the extent of stimulation of AMPK by its allosteric activator AMP, using purified recombinant enzyme preparations. An accurate high pressure liquid chromatography-based method for AMPK activity measurements was established, which allowed for direct quantitation of the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated artificial peptide substrate, as well as the adenine nucleotides. Our results show a 1000-fold activation of AMPK by the combined effects of upstream kinase and saturating concentrations of AMP. The two AMPK isoforms exhibit similar specific activities (6 mumol/min/mg) and do not differ significantly by their responsiveness to AMP. Due to the inherent instability of ATP and ADP, it proved impossible to assay AMPK activity in the absolute absence of AMP. However, the half-maximal stimulatory effect of AMP is reached below 2 microm. AMP does not appear to augment phosphorylation by upstream kinases in the purified in vitro system, but deactivation by dephosphorylation of AMPK alpha-subunits at Thr-172 by protein phosphatase 2Calpha is attenuated by AMP. Furthermore, it is shown that neither purified NAD(+) nor NADH alters the activity of AMPK in a concentration range of 0-300 microm, respectively. Finally, evidence is provided that ZMP, a compound formed in 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside-treated cells to activate AMPK in vivo, allosterically activates purified AMPK in vitro, but compared with AMP, maximal activity is not reached. These data shed new light on physiologically important aspects of AMPK regulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell Biology, Schafmattstrasse 18, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Riek
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tuerk
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schlattner
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wallimann
authors.forename: Dietbert
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000494:Allosteric Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D009243:NAD / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D009243:NAD; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide