title: In vitro inhibitory effects of Polygonum cuspidatum on bacterial viability and virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polygonum cuspidatum has been used in Korean folk medicine to improve oral hygiene. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of methanol extract from root of P. cuspidatum (MEP) on bacterial viability and the virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the effects of MEP on bacterial viability, we determined the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against 20 bacterial strains, including S. mutans and S. sobrinus, using a micro-dilution assay. In case of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, the assays for time-kill and bacterial growth rate at sub-MIC concentrations were also performed. To determine effects of the extract on the virulence factors of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, the assays for sucrose-dependent adherence, water-insoluble glucan formation, glycolytic acid production, and acid tolerance were performed at sub-MIC levels. Phytochemical analysis for constituents of MEP was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEP showed a broad antibacterial range (MIC 0.5-4 mg/ml). The MBC was two to four times higher than the MIC. The time-kill curves showed S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly killed after 1h of incubation. At sub-MIC levels, doubling times of S. mutans and S. sobrinus dose-dependently increased up to 211% and 123%, respectively. At sub-MIC levels, MEP also showed inhibitory effects on the virulence factors of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in a dose-dependent fashion. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, sterol/terpenes, tannins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that MEP has inhibitory effects on bacterial viability at higher concentrations (> or =MIC) and the virulence factors of S. mutans and S. sobrinus at sub-MIC concentrations, suggesting that it might be useful for the control of dental plaque formation and subsequent dental caries formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Shin-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kee-Wan
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Seong-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ho-Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Jae-Gyu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D045468:Fallopia japonica / Q000737:chemistry*; D005936:Glucans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014774:Virulence / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005936:Glucans; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D000432:Methanol