title: Constitutive phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein via mTOR and ERK signaling in the peripheral blasts of acute leukemia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The phosphorylation state of the S6 ribosomal protein was measured in the peripheral blasts of 19 newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a flow cytometry protocol that enabled correlated measurement of pS6, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), and cluster differentiation surface markers. Baseline levels of pS6 in leukemic blasts were compared with those found when the samples were activated using stem cell factor, or exposed to rapamycin, LY294002, or the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor U0126.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed a considerable degree of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity in the constitutive levels of pS6. Rapamycin and LY294002 suppressed pS6 in 10 of 11 cases that showed increased basal levels, consistent with phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling being the predominant upstream signaling pathway. However, in 6 of 11 cases pS6 was also suppressed by U0126, indicating that the ERK pathway can significantly input to pS6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The constitutive activation of pS6 in acute leukemia patients likely reflects alterations in growth factor signaling that can be mediated by the ERK as well as the mTOR pathway, and could potentially have prognostic significance. As well as identifying aberrant signal transduction in leukemia patients, the flow cytometry methodology has potential for the pharmacodynamic monitoring of novel agents that inhibit ERK or PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Minden
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hedley
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001752:Blast Crisis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011379:Prognosis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020123:Sirolimus; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D002070:Butadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D009570:Nitriles; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; C113580:U 0126; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus