title: Assessment of inflammatory burden contralateral to the symptomatic carotid stenosis using high-resolution ultrasmall, superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well known that the vulnerable atheromatous plaque has a thin, fibrous cap and large lipid core with associated inflammation. This inflammation can be detected on MRI with use of a contrast medium, Sinerem, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). Although the incidence of macrophage activity in asymptomatic disease appears low, we aimed to explore the incidence of MRI-defined inflammation in asymptomatic plaques in patients with known contralateral symptomatic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty symptomatic patients underwent multisequence MRI before and 36 hours after USPIO infusion. Images were manually segmented into quadrants, and the signal change in each quadrant was calculated after USPIO administration. A mixed mathematical model was developed to compare the mean signal change across all quadrants in the 2 groups. Patients had a mean symptomatic stenosis of 77% compared with 46% on their asymptomatic side, as measured by conventional angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 11 (55%) men, and the median age was 72 years (range, 53 to 84 years). All patients had risk factors consistent with severe atherosclerotic disease. All symptomatic carotid stenoses had inflammation, as evaluated by USPIO-enhanced imaging. On the contralateral sides, inflammatory activity was found in 19 (95%) patients. Contralaterally, there were 163 quadrants (57%) with a signal loss after USPIO when compared with 217 quadrants (71%) on the symptomatic side (P=0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds weight to the argument that atherosclerosis is a truly systemic disease. It suggests that investigation of the contralateral side in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis can demonstrate inflammation in 95% of plaques, despite a mean stenosis of only 46%. Thus, inflammatory activity may be a significant risk factor in asymptomatic disease in patients who have known contralateral symptomatic disease. Patients with symptomatic carotid disease should have their contralateral carotid artery followed up.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Tjun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Simon P S
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Howarth
authors.forename: Sam R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rikin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Jean U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: King-Im
authors.forename: Zhi Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gaunt
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gillard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D005260:Female; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007501:Iron; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010087:Oxides; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide