title: [Refractory status epilepticus: diagnosis, therapy, course, and prognosis].
abstract: Status epilepticus (SE) is a frequent neurological emergency with an annual incidence of 10-20/100,000 individuals. The overall mortality is about 10-20%. Patients present with long-lasting fits or series of epileptic seizures or extended stupor and coma. Furthermore, patients with SE can suffer from a number of systemic complications possibly also due to side effects of the medical treatment. In the beginning, standardized treatment algorithms can successfully stop most SE. A minority of SE cases prove however to be refractory against the initial treatment and require intensified pharmacologic intervention with nonsedating anticonvulsive drugs or anesthetics. In some partial SE, nonpharmacological approaches (e.g., epilepsy surgery) have been used successfully. This paper reviews scientific evidence of the diagnostic approach, therapeutic options, and course of refractory SE, including nonpharmacological treatment.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129, Münster. frank_boesebeck@web.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bösebeck
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Möddel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anneken
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischera
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ringelstein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kellinghaus
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000601:surgery; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D011612:Psychosurgery; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000927:Anticonvulsants