title: Chronic hypertension as a risk factor for offspring to be born small for gestational age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hypertension during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for birth of small for gestational age offspring. The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk remains after consideration of maternal characteristics and superimposed pre-eclampsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort study based on the Swedish Medical Birth Register 1992-98 and comprising 560 188 women aged 15-44 years with singleton pregnancies including 2,754 women with chronic hypertension. The register contains data of maternal characteristics besides maternal and fetal complications. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used. Small for gestational age was defined as birth weight less than -2SD adjusted for gestational age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic hypertensive women have an independent risk for small for gestational age (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.7-3.7) when controlling for confounding of maternal characteristics such as age, parity, BMI, smoking, and ethnic origin. After introducing superimposed pre-eclampsia in the model the risk remains but decreases (OR 2.4; 95% CI 2.1-2.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic hypertension is an independent risk factor for birth of small for gestational age offspring. Pre-eclampsia is a strong mediating factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Orebro, 70185 Orebro, Sweden. karin.zetterstrom@orebroll.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zetterström
authors.forename: Solveig Nordén
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lindeberg
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology