title: The effect of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability in very-low-birth-weight infants: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants are susceptible to glutamine depletion. Glutamine depletion has negative effects on intestinal integrity. The lower infection rate in VLBW infants receiving glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition may originate from improved intestinal integrity, as reflected by decreased intestinal permeability. The aim of our study was to investigate whether glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in VLBW infants enhances the normal decrease in intestinal permeability, as measured by the sugar absorption test (SAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, VLBW infants (gestational age <32 weeks or birth weight <1,500 g) received enteral glutamine supplementation (0.3 g/kg/d) or an isonitrogenous placebo supplementation (alanine) between days 3 and 30 of life. Intestinal permeability, determined from the urinary lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio after an oral dose of lactulose and mannitol, was assessed at 4 time points: before the start of the study, and at days 7, 14, and 30 of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least 2 SATs were performed in 45/52 (86%) and 45/50 (90%) infants in the glutamine-supplemented and control groups, respectively. Baseline patient and nutrition characteristics were not different between the groups. There was no effect of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on the decrease of the L/M ratio between the start and end of the study (p = .78). In both treatment groups, median urinary lactulose concentrations decreased (p < .001), whereas median urinary mannitol concentrations increased (p = .003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition does not enhance the postnatal decrease in intestinal permeability in VLBW infants. Any beneficial effect of glutamine may involve other aspects of intestinal integrity; for example, modulation of the intestinal inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.vandenberg@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Anemone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Willem P F
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fetter
authors.forename: Elisabeth A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Westerbeek
authors.forename: Ina M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: van der Vegt
authors.forename: Hilda R A
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: van der Molen
authors.forename: Ruurd M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Elburg
mesh_terms: D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007792:Lactulose / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000652:urine; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D008353:Mannitol; D007792:Lactulose