title: RAte Control Efficacy in permanent atrial fibrillation: a comparison between lenient versus strict rate control in patients with and without heart failure. Background, aims, and design of RACE II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies demonstrated that rate control is an acceptable alternative for rhythm control in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). However, optimal heart rate during AF is still unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To show that in patients with permanent AF, lenient rate control is not inferior to strict rate control in terms of cardiovascular mortality, morbidity, neurohormonal activation, New York Heart Association class for heart failure, left ventricular function, left atrial size, quality of life, and costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RACE II study is a prospective multicenter trial in The Netherlands that will randomize 500 patients with permanent AF (< or = 12 months) to strict or lenient rate control. Strict rate control is defined as a mean resting heart rate < 80 beats per minute (bpm) and heart rate during minor exercise < 110 bpm. After reaching the target, a 24-hour Holter monitoring will be performed. If necessary, drug dose reduction and/or pacemaker implantation will be performed. Lenient rate control is defined as a resting heart rate < 110 bpm. Patients will be seen after 1, 2, and 3 months (for titration of rate control drugs) and yearly thereafter. We anticipate a 25% 2.5-year cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enrollment started in January 2005 in 29 centers in The Netherlands and is expected to be concluded in June 2006. Follow-up will be at least 2 years with a maximum of 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study should provide data how to treat patients with permanent AF.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. i.c.van.gelder@thorax.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Isabelle C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Van Gelder
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Van Veldhuisen
authors.forename: Harry J G M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
authors.forename: Ype S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tuininga
authors.forename: Jan G P
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.forename: A Marco
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alings
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bosker
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cornel
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: Nic J G M
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Veeger
authors.forename: Meint
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volbeda
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rienstra
authors.forename: Adelita V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ranchor
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: TenVergert
authors.forename: Maarten P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Van den Berg
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents