title: Ethnic variation in disease patterns and health outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a single-center multiethnic lupus cohort, to investigate the influence of ethnicity on the prevalence of cumulative renal and central nervous system (CNS) lupus disease and damage, overall end-organ damage, and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical features, end-organ damage, and mortality were compared by ethnic origin among patients at a lupus clinic followed prospectively in a longitudinal design over a 32-year period. Statistical analysis to compare demographic features, cumulative disease manifestations, and damage included chi-square test as well as linear, logistic, and Poisson regressions adjusting for disease duration, age at diagnosis, and presence of dialysis and hypertension. Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazard analyses were performed to compare survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 1017 patients: 853 Caucasian, 88 African-Canadian, and 76 Chinese-Canadian. Age at diagnosis was younger and disease duration was shorter for Chinese-Canadians compared to Caucasians, but similar between African-Canadians and Caucasians. There was no significant difference in CNS disease, comparing Caucasians to Chinese-Canadians. However, CNS disease was greater in African-Canadians than Chinese-Canadians. There was no significant difference between ethnic groups in CNS damage. Renal disease was more common in African-Canadians than Caucasians, with no significant difference between Caucasian and Chinese-Canadian patients. Renal damage was more common in African-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians than Caucasians. There was no significant difference in mortality among the 3 ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this single referral center cohort study, there was no significant difference in CNS damage or mortality among the 3 ethnic groups. African-Canadians had a higher prevalence of renal disease and damage. Further investigation into other determinants such as genetic predisposition, treatment, and cultural perceptions is needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Centre for Prognostic Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sindhu R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Urowitz
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.forename: Dafna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gladman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology