title: Zr(IV)-monosubstituted Keggin-type dimeric polyoxometalates: synthesis, characterization, catalysis of H2O2-based oxidations, and theoretical study.
abstract: The previously unknown Zr(IV)-monosubstituted Keggin-type polyoxometalates (Zr-POMs), (n-Bu4N)7H[{PW11O39Zr(mu-OH)}2] (1), (n-Bu4N)8[{PW11O39Zr(mu-OH)}2] (2), and (n-Bu4N)9[{PW11O39Zr}2(mu-OH)(mu-O)] (3) differing in their protonation state, have been prepared starting from heteropolyacid H5PW11ZrO40.14H2O. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, X-ray single-crystal structure, and IR, Raman, and 31P and 183W NMR spectroscopy. The single-crystal X-ray analysis of 2 reveals that two Keggin structural units [PW11O39Zr]3- are linked through two hydroxo bridges Zr-(OH)-Zr with Zr(IV) in 7-fold coordination. The IR spectra of 1 and 2 show a characteristic band at 772 cm(-1), which moves to 767 cm(-1) for 3, reflecting deprotonation of the Zr-(OH)-Zr bond. Potentiometric titration with methanolic Bu4NOH indicates that 1-3 contain 2, 1, and 0 acid protons, respectively. (83W NMR reveals Cs symmetry of 2 and 3 in dry MeCN, while for 1, it discovers nonequivalence of its two subunits and their distortion resulting from localization of the acidic proton on one of the Zr-O-W bridging O atoms. The (31)P NMR spectra of 2 and 3 differ insignificantly in dry MeCN, showing only signals at delta -12.46 and -12.44 ppm, respectively, while the spectrum of 1 displays two resonances at delta -12.3 (narrow) and -13.2 (broad) ppm, indicating slow proton exchange on the (31)P NMR time scale. The theoretical calculations carried out at the density functional theory level on the dimeric species 1-3 propose that protonation at the Zr-O-Zr bridging site is more favorable than protonation at Zr-O-W sites. Calculations also revealed that the doubly bridged hydroxo structure is thermodynamically more stable than the singly bridged oxo structure, in marked contrast with analogous Ti- and Nb-monosubstituted polyoxometalates. The interaction of 1-3 with H(2)O and H(2)O(2) in MeCN has been studied by both (31)P and (183)W NMR. The stability of the [PW(11)O(39)ZrOH](4-) structural unit toward at least 100-fold excess of H2O2 in MeCN was confirmed by both NMR and Raman spectroscopy. The interaction of 1 and 2 with H2O in MeCN produces most likely monomeric species (n-Bu4N)3+n[PW11O39Zr(OH)(n(H2O)(3-n)] (n = 0 and 1) showing a broad 31P NMR signal at delta -13.2 ppm, while interaction with H2O2 leads to the formation of an unstable peroxo species (delta -12.3 ppm), which reacts rapidly with cyclohexene, producing 2-cyclohexen-1-one and trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol. Both 1 and 2 show a pronounced catalytic activity in H2O2 decomposition and H2O2-based oxidation of organic substrates, including cyclohexene, alpha-pinene, and 2,3,6-trimethylphenol. The oxidation products are consistent with those of a homolytic oxidation mechanism. On the contrary, 3 containing no acid protons reacts with neither H2O nor H2O2 and shows negligible catalytic activity. The Zr-monosubstituted polyoxometalates can be used as tractable homogeneous probes of Zr single-site heterogeneous catalysts in studying mechanisms of H2O2-based oxidations.
authors.affiliation: Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev avenue 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Oxana A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Kholdeeva
authors.forename: Gennadii M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Maksimov
authors.forename: Raisa I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Maksimovskaya
authors.forename: Marina P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vanina
authors.forename: Tatiana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Trubitsina
authors.forename: Dmitry Yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Naumov
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kolesov
authors.forename: Nadya S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Antonova
authors.forename: Jorge J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carbó
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Poblet
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015040:Zirconium