title: Musicogenic seizures can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci: intracranial EEG analyses of three patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ictal-onset zone of musicogenic seizures by using intracranial EEG monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Musicogenic seizures in three patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy were first localized by using noninvasive methods including, in one patient, ictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The ictal-onset zones in these patients were then further localized using by intracranial EEG monitoring, and the outcomes of the two patients who underwent epilepsy surgery were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient 1's musicogenic seizures localized to the right lateral temporal lobe, patient 2's originated in the right mesial temporal lobe, and patient 3's arose independently from both mesial temporal lobes. Patients 1 and 2 underwent resective epilepsy surgery and are seizure free (Engel class I).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Musicogenic epilepsy is a heterogeneous syndrome with seizures that can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci. Patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy and with unilateral ictal onset zones may be considered candidates for resective epilepsy surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8552, USA.
authors.forename: Tania F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tayah
authors.forename: Bassel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abou-Khalil
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Gilliam
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Knowlton
authors.forename: Curtis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wushensky
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy; D001931:Brain Mapping; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome