title: Expression profile of AZF genes in testicular biopsies of azoospermic men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Y-chromosome AZF regions include genes whose functions and specific roles in spermatogenesis have not been fully clarified. This study investigated the expression of several AZF (USP9Y, DDX3Y/DDX3Yt1, EIF1AY and PRY) and USP9X transcripts in testicular biopsies of 89 azoospermic men who had been classified by histology and cytology assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression was analysed by RT-PCR, and some biopsies were evaluated by multiplex RT-PCR. Quantitative PCR was performed in some biopsies to determine the ratio of the testis-specific transcript DDX3Yt1 to the total DDX3Y transcription.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of USP9Y, USP9X and DDX3Y was found in all the specimens tested, whereas DDX3Yt1 expression was diminished or undetectable in several biopsies with impaired spermatogenesis. EIF1AY was detected in all except two of the specimens. Noteworthy, PRY expression was detected mainly in biopsies with germ cells, and this association was significant (P < 0.001). An identical expression profile was obtained by either single or multiplex RT-PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that PRY is usually expressed in germ cells, whereas the other transcripts are also expressed in testicular somatic cells. The absence of EIF1AY expression might sporadically contribute to azoospermia. The decreased ratio of DDX3Yt1/DDX3Y transcript in impaired spermatogenesis suggests that the DDX3Yt1 transcript is under-expressed in impaired spermatogenesis. The findings contribute to the search and selection of the most valuable gene markers potentially useful as additional tools for predicting complete spermatogenesis by multiplex expression analysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Israel. ser@tasmc.health.gov.il
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kleiman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yogev
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Botchan
authors.forename: B B-S
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Maymon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yavetz
mesh_terms: D053713:Azoospermia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D015977:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1 / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
chemical_list: D015977:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins; C481724:USP9Y protein, human; C026022:eukaryotic peptide initiation factor-1A; D010450:Endopeptidases; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; C492034:DDX3Y protein, human; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases