title: A virtual reality surgery simulation of cutting and retraction in neurosurgery with force-feedback.
abstract: A virtual-reality surgical simulator aimed at neurosurgery is presented. The simulator utilises boundary element (BE) technology to develop real-time realistic deformable models of the brain. The simulator incorporates the simulation of surgical prodding, pulling and cutting. Advanced features include the separation the cut surfaces by retractors and post-cutting deformations. The experience of virtual surgery is enhanced by implementing 3D stereo-vision and the use of two hand-held force-feedback devices.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Benford
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vloeberghs
mesh_terms: D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface