title: Susceptibility of Penicillium expansum spores to sodium hypochlorite, electrolyzed oxidizing water, and chlorine dioxide solutions modified with nonionic surfactants.
abstract: The use of water flotation tanks during apple packing increases the risk of contamination of apples by spores of Penicillium expansum, which may accumulate in the recirculating water. Routine addition of sanitizers to the water may prevent such contamination. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water have varied activity against spores of P. expansum, and their effectiveness could be enhanced using surfactants. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of three nonionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), and sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20), to enhance the efficacy of NaOCl, ClO2, and EO water against spores of P. expansum in aqueous suspension at various temperatures and pH conditions. The efficacy of NaOCl solutions was enhanced by the addition of surfactants at both pH 6.3 and pH 8 (up to 5 log CFU reduction). EO water and ClO2 were effective against P. expansum spores (up to 5 log CFU and 4 log CFU reduction, respectively), but addition of surfactants was not beneficial. All solutions were less effective at 4 degrees C compared to 24 degrees C irrespective of the presence of surfactants. Nonionic surfactants could potentially be used with NaOCl to improve control of P. expansum in flotation tanks, but the efficacy of such formulations should be validated under apple packing conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Derrick O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Okull
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenberger
authors.forename: Luke F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: LaBorde
mesh_terms: D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004572:Electrolysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D011136:Polysorbates; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; C025109:chlorine dioxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite