title: Enhancing adherence among older African American men enrolled in a longitudinal cancer screening trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to enhance adherence among older (aged 55 years and older) African American men enrolled in a cancer screening trial for prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer. For this study, we defined adherence as completing the trial screenings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a randomized trial design. Case managers contacted intervention group participants (n=352) at least monthly by telephone and provided information and referral services. The control group included 351 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among participants with low income, those in the intervention group had higher screening adherence rates than did participants in the control group for (a) prostate-specific antigen test for prostate cancer (74.3% vs 53.0%, p=.001), (b) digital rectal exam for prostate cancer (66.2% vs 46.1%, p=.011), and (c) chest x-ray for lung cancer (70.9% vs 51.3%, p=.012). We found no statistically significant differences in adherence rates for flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer. In contrast, among participants with moderate-to-high income, we found no statistically significant differences in adherence rates between intervention and control group participants for any of the screening tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case management intervention was effective in enhancing adherence among participants with the lowest income, who in many studies are the most difficult to retain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, P.O. Box 250835, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. fordmar@musc.edu
authors.forename: Marvella E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Havstad
authors.forename: Sally W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Shawna D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamerato
authors.forename: G Marie
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019090:Case Management; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000523:psychology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011203:Poverty; D012944:Social Support; D012947:Social Work; D013689:Telephone