title: Transfusion vs. alternative treatment modalities in acute bleeding: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  The practice of transfusion varies a great deal between countries and hospitals. Therefore, a systematic literature review was performed to evaluate the evidence underlying practice of transfusion and alternative treatment modalities in acute bleeding. After a stepwise evaluation, 79 out of 2438 abstracts were approved as the evidence base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Albumin for volume therapy is not better than artificial colloids or crystalloids and may be detrimental in trauma patients. No outcome difference has been proved between artificial colloids and crystalloids. Use of hypertonic solutions remains controversial, as do the concepts of delayed and hypotensive resuscitation. Healthy individuals tolerate acute, normovolaemic anaemia at 5 g haemoglobin/dl, but pre-operative haemoglobin < 6 g/dl gives increased mortality from surgical interventions. Keeping haemoglobin higher than 8-9 g/dl has not been associated with any positive effect on mortality or morbidity, even in patients with cardiovascular disease. The changes induced in erythrocytes by storage may be clinically insignificant. No alternative to erythrocyte transfusion was established. Evidence underlying the practice of thrombocyte and plasma transfusion is scarce. Available evidence on recombinant coagulation factor VIIa is insufficient to define its future role in acute bleedings. Antifibrinolytic drugs in general seem to reduce the need for transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous volume replacement and transfusion policies seem largely based on local tradition and expert opinions. As a result of the difficulties in performing controlled studies in patients with acute bleeding and the large number of patients needed to prove effects, other scientific evidence should be sought to better define best practice in this important field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Ullevaal University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. h.e.heier@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bugge
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hjelmeland
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Søreide
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sørlie
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Håheim
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010952:Plasma Substitutes