title: Adherence to preventive medications: predictors and outcomes in the Diabetes Prevention Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate barriers to and strategies for medication adherence and predictors of adherence and the primary outcome in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a randomized, controlled primary prevention study for type 2 diabetes, we collected data on study medication adherence, its predictors, and health outcomes in 27 clinical centers across mainland U.S. and Hawaii. Medication arm participants included 2,155 adults with impaired glucose tolerance randomly assigned to either metformin or matched placebo treatment arms. Structured interviews were used to promote medication adherence and to collect data regarding adherence. Adherence was measured by pill count. The primary DPP outcome of type 2 diabetes was assessed by fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older age-groups were more adherent than the youngest group (P = 0.01) in the metformin group. The most frequently reported barrier to adherence was "forgetting" (22%). Women reported more adverse effects of metformin (15 vs. 10%, P = 0.002) in the metformin group. Odds of nonadherence increased as participants reported more than one barrier (odds ratio 19.1, P < 0.001). Odds of adherence increased as participants reported multiple strategies to take medication (2.69, P < 0.0001). There was a 38.2% risk reduction for developing diabetes for those adherent to metformin compared with those adherent to placebo (P < 0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPP medication adherence results are unique in primary prevention for a chronic disease in a large multiethnic sample. Our finding that adherence was associated with risk reduction for diabetes supports the development of brief interventions in clinical settings where medication adherence is a challenge.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Program, Coordinating Center, George Washington University Biostatistics Center, 6110 Executive Blvd. #750, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. dppmail@biostat.bsc.gwu.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molitch
authors.forename: M Kaye
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: Kellie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mariana Kiefer
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitabchi
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crandall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin