title: Gigantol isolated from the whole plants of Cymbidium goeringii inhibits the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-kappaB inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages cells.
abstract: During our efforts to find bioactive natural products with anti-inflammatory activity, we isolated gigantol from the whole plants of Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) by activity-guided chromatographic fractionation. Gigantol was found to have potent inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (2) (PGE (2)) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Consistent with these findings, gigantol suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein and mRNA levels in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data also indicate that gigantol is a potent inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release and influenced the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a reporter gene assay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and an electromobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that gigantol effectively inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB, which is necessary for the expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6. Thus, our studies suggest that gigantol inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression by blocking NF- kappaB activation.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Ji-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Jin-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nam-In
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: Hae-Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sun A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Tae-Sook
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Myung-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001632:Bibenzyls; D002460:Cell Line; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006139:Guaiacol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001632:Bibenzyls; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C478099:gigantol; D006139:Guaiacol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone