title: Primary head and neck cancers in Jos, Nigeria: a re-visit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To document the pattern of primary head and neck cancers in Jos, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A record-based study of head and neck cancers histologically diagnosed at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, between January 1987 and December 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 710 cases (over 44 cases per year) were diagnosed, with a rising trend. The most common sites for cancer were the eyes (15.4%), lymph nodes (12.4 %), thyroid gland (11.8%) and the oral cavity (7.6%). Carcinomas 432(60.8%), lymphomas 119(16.8%) and sarcomas 105(14.8%) were the commonly reported cancers. Carcinomas were most commonly reported in the thyroid gland (19.2%), oral cavity (10.2%) and the eyes (9.5%). AIDS-related cancers constituted 12.3% of all head and neck cancers and were commonly reported in the 3rd decade of life. This is higher than the 10.9% and 7.6% previously reported for Jos (p=0.89) and Maiduguri (p=0.034) respectively. Carcinomas were associated with alcohol use and tobacco smoking (p<0.001), while kaposi sarcoma was more associated with HIV-positive patients than squamous cell carcinoma (p=0.016). The duration of symptoms for cancers varied with sites and cancer type but ranged from 6.5-89.7 months (mean= 37.7 +/- 51.1 months). 59 (93.7%) of the staged cancers reported in the late stages (III & IV). 48 (43.2%) of the treated cancers had primary surgery, while most lymphomas were treated with primary chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a rising trend in the occurrence of head and neck cancers in Jos, with a considerable proportion of the patients being below 30 years. The late presentation of patients, late stage at presentation, the rising profile of HIV/AIDS in the area and the non-availability of relevant specialists in the hospital could adversely affect the prognosis of these cancers.
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Oral Health Research & Training Initiatives, Jos, Nigeria. ecotoh@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Otoh
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mandong
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Danfillo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric