title: Microvascular engineering in perfusion culture: immunohistochemistry and CLSM findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the most challenging problems in tissue engineering is the establishment of vascular supply. A possible approach might be the engineering of microvasculature in vitro and the supply by engineered feeder vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro model for a small-diameter vessel was developed and made from adipose tissue stromal cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a tube-like gelatine scaffold. The number of "branches" emerging from the central lumen and the morphology of the central lumen of the vessel equivalent were assessed after 16 days of either pulsatile perfusion culture or culture in rotating containers by evaluation of immunohistochemically stained sections (n = 6 pairs of cultures). Intramural capillary network formation was demonstrated in five experiments with confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perfused specimens showed a round or oval lumen lined by a single layer of endothelial cells, whereas following rotation culture the lumen tended to collapse. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed more extended network formation in perfused specimens as compared to specimens after rotation culture. Partially highly interconnected capillary-like networks were imaged which showed orientation around the central lumen. Perfused specimens exhibited significantly more branches emerging from the central lumen. There were, however, hardly any capillary branches crossing the whole vessel wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsatile perfusion supports the development of vascular networks with physiological appearance. Advances in reactor development, acquisition of functional data and imaging procedures are however necessary in order to attain the ultimate goal of a fully functional engineered supplying vessel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Facial Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. frerich@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frerich
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zückmantel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemprich
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D055806:Microvessels / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010477:Perfusion; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology*