title: Parental awareness of adolescent risk involvement: implications of overestimates and underestimates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore: 1) parent-adolescent discrepancies on adolescent risk involvement; 2) factors related to parental overestimates and/or underestimates of specific adolescent risk behaviors; and 3) the association of parental overestimates and/or underestimates at baseline with subsequent adolescent risk involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  754 African American parent-adolescent dyads were recruited from 35 low-income urban communities in Baltimore, Maryland. Parent-adolescent discordance (overestimates and underestimates) regarding adolescent involvement in risk behaviors in three areas (sex, substance use, and violence) were assessed. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to examine the association of parental overestimates or underestimates with subsequent adolescent risk involvement, and to explore potential factors related to parental overestimates and underestimates of each behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of parental overestimation and underestimation ranged from 3% to 24% and 53% to 86%, respectively, for targeted behaviors. Parents reporting higher levels of parental monitoring and open communication were less likely to overestimate, and more likely to underestimate adolescent risk involvement. Parents of adolescents who perceived themselves as better than average in school performance and who participated in religious services were more likely to underestimate adolescents' substance use and sex. Parents of older adolescents overestimated adolescents' sexual experience. Parental overestimation at baseline generally predicted subsequent increased risk of adolescents engaging in these behaviors. Conversely, parental underestimation was associated with subsequent decreased adolescent risk involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental underestimation and overestimation of adolescent risk involvement have implications for subsequent adolescent risk involvement. The protective association of parental underestimation and the adverse association of parental overestimation on subsequent adolescent risk involvement indicate that parenting interventions should advance beyond simply improving parent-adolescent concordance on risk behavior.
authors.affiliation: Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. hoyan@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cottrel
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaljee
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001364:Awareness; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000208:ethnology; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data