title: Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli: simulation of human plasma concentrations after intravenous dosage in an in vitro kinetic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare in an in vitro kinetic model the pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin with a concentration-time profile simulating the human free non-protein bound concentrations of 400 mg moxifloxacin intravenous (iv) once daily, 500 mg levofloxacin iv once daily and 750 mg levofloxacin iv once daily against strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with variable susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  METHODS
  The strains used in the study included S. pneumoniae ATCC 6306 (native strain), S. pneumoniae 19397 (double mutation; gyrA and parC), S. pneumoniae 4241 (single mutation; parC), S. aureus ATCC 13709 (native strain), S. aureus MB5 (single mutation; gyrA), E. coli M12 (single mutation; gyrA), E. coli ATCC 25922 (native strain) and K. pneumoniae ATCC 29655 (native strain). The strains were exposed to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin in an in vitro kinetic model simulating the free human serum concentration-time profile of moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily, levofloxacin 500 mg once daily and 750 mg once daily. Repeated samples were taken regularly during 24 h and viable counts were carried out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A correlation was seen between both the area under the serum concentration curve and MIC (AUC/MIC) and the peak concentration/MIC (Cmax/MIC) versus area under the bactericidal killing curve (AUBKC) or Deltalog0-24 cfu/mL. Compiling all data, an AUC/MIC of approximately 100 and a Cmax/MIC of 10 gave a maximal bactericidal effect for both levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. In accordance with the results from others, our study indicated that a lower AUC/MIC was needed for S. pneumoniae in comparison with the Gram-negative bacteria studied. Moxifloxacin yielded higher AUC/MIC and Cmax/MIC against the investigated Gram-positive bacteria in comparison with levofloxacin 500 mg once daily and 750 mg once daily.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lunds University S-20502 Malmö, Sweden. inga.odenholt@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odenholt
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cars
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D000077266:Moxifloxacin