title: Association between Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies and wheezing in young children and the influence of sex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proposed association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection and wheezing needs further clarification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples obtained from 1581 children aged 4 years in a population based cohort were tested for antibodies to Cpn and IgE antibodies to common allergens. Data on environmental factors and disease were collected prospectively from birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The occurrence of IgG antibodies to Cpn at 4 years of age was associated with reported wheezing at different ages; however, these findings were most often not significant. In girls, the occurrence of anti-Cpn IgG was associated with wheezing at the ages of 1, 2, and 4 years (odds ratios (ORs) 3.41 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46 to 7.96), 2.13 (95% CI 1.02 to 4.44), and 2.01 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.54), respectively), and even higher ORs were observed for each age category when only high level antibody responses to Cpn were analysed. At the time of blood sampling the association between anti-Cpn IgG and wheezing was restricted to girls without atopic sensitisation (OR 2.39 (95% CI 1.25 to 4.57). No associations with wheezing were detected in boys, in whom IgE sensitisation was inversely associated with the presence of anti-Cpn IgG (OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.90)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests an association between evidence of earlier Cpn infection and a history of wheezing in young girls. Infection with Cpn may be an important risk factor for wheezing and possibly for non-atopic asthma, predominantly in girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden. erik.normann@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Normann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gnarpe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wettergren
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wickman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nordvall
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000276:immunology*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007073:Immunoglobulin E