title: Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are barriers to acute stroke care in minority groups as well as a higher incidence of ischemic stroke when compared with non-Hispanic whites.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the future economic burden of stroke in non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and African Americans in the United States from 2005 to 2050.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used U.S. Census estimates of the race-ethnic group populations age 45 years and older. We obtained stroke epidemiology and service utilization data from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study and the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project and other published data. We estimated costs directly from Medicare reimbursement or from studies that used Medicare reimbursement. Direct and indirect costs considered included ambulance services, initial hospitalization, rehabilitation, nursing home costs, outpatient clinic visits, drugs, informal caregiving, and potential lost earnings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total cost of stroke from 2005 to 2050, in 2005 dollars, is projected to be 1.52 trillion dollars for non-Hispanic whites, 313 billion dollars for Hispanics, and 379 billion dollars for African Americans. The per capita cost of stroke estimates are highest in African Americans (25,782 dollars), followed by Hispanics (17,201 dollars), and non-Hispanic whites (15,597 dollars). Loss of earnings is expected to be the highest cost contributor in each race-ethnic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The economic burden of stroke in African Americans and Hispanics will be enormous over the next several decades. Further efforts to improve stroke prevention and treatment in these high stroke risk groups are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. devinb@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Langa
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lisabeth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People