title: Myocardial triglyceride content and epicardial fat mass in human obesity: relationship to left ventricular function and serum free fatty acid levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ectopic fat accumulation within and around the myocardial wall has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart disease in obesity. We evaluated myocardial and epicardial fat, left ventricular (LV) function, and metabolic risk factors in nine (five lean, four moderately obese) men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocardial fat percent was quantified in the septum by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Reproducibility was assessed by triplicate systolic and diastolic measurements. LV parameters and epicardial fat were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Waist-to-hip ratio and liver enzymes (alanine transaminase) were used as surrogate markers of visceral and liver fat contents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial fat (2.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.1, P = 0.03) and epicardial fat (120 +/- 33 vs. 55 +/- 12 g, P = 0.08) were higher in obese than lean subjects. Individuals with above-median alanine transaminase values had a 4-fold elevation in myocardial fat. The coefficient of variation of repeated myocardial fat percent determinations was 17 +/- 3 and 23 +/- 3% in systole and diastole, respectively. Myocardial fat was correlated with free fatty acid (FFA) levels (r = 0.76; P = 0.017), epicardial fat (r = 0.69; P = 0.042), and waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.70; P = 0.035), and it showed a tendency to associate positively with LV work. Epicardial fat was associated with peripheral vascular resistance (positively) and the cardiac index (negatively). FFA levels were significantly correlated with LV mass (r = 0.72; P = 0.030) and forward work (r = 0.74; P = 0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accumulation of triglyceride in and around the myocardium of moderately obese individuals is significant, and it is related to FFA exposure, generalized ectopic fat excess, and peripheral vascular resistance. These changes precede LV overload and hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kankaanpää
authors.forename: Hanna-Riikka
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Jussi P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pärkkä
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komu
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viljanen
authors.forename: Ele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knuuti
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nuutila
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parkkola
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iozzo
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002828:Choristoma / Q000209:etiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010496:Pericardium / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011859:Radiography; D013851:Thinness / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D014280:Triglycerides; D000410:Alanine Transaminase