title: [Molecular basics of angiogenesis].
abstract: In the article we present the latest knowledge about angiogenesis. We have divided the paper into three main parts, in which the involvement of the extracellular matrix, cells, and cytokines/growth factors in the growth of new blood vessels is described. In brief, the extracellular compartment plays a crucial role in the formation of new vasculature. Degradation of matrix is a very important and precisely controlled process performed mostly by a family of proteins called matrix metallproteinases (MMPs). The extracellular compartment, through the special transmembrane proteins integrins, transmit a wide variety of signals into the cells and thus influence such cell behavior as proliferation, invasion, shape, migration, and maturation. Many products of matrix degradation are potent (mostly negative) regulators of angiogenesis; this self-limiting system prevents excessive proteolysis of the matrix components. The cells involved in the process are endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are derived from bone marrow. The major surface antigens of the cells are CD34+, CD133+, and VEGFR2+. It has been demonstrated that EPCs are responsible for maintaining the functional integrity of endothelium. The number of EPCs in peripheral blood samples inversely correlates with cardiovascular risk factors. In the last section of the article the role of cytokines/growth factors is described. VEGF, as a key regulator of the initial steps of angiogenesis, controls the mobilization and incorporation of EPCs into the site of ischemia. The most important cytokine that facilitates the mobilization of EPCs from bone marrow is SDF-1, which is the strongest chemoattractant for EPCs. Ang-1, on the other hand, controls new blood vessel maturation and stabilization.
authors.affiliation: Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Naczyniowej, Ogólnej i Transplantacyjnej Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu. janskora@mp.pl
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skóra
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biegus
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pupka
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barć
authors.forename: Julita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szyber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A