title: Host chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) is differentially regulated in HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals.
abstract: Several cytokines and chemokines including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) are induced in HIV-1 infection. However, the impact of HIV-1 viremia on CCL2 regulation is largely unknown. We utilized a DNA oligonucleotide microarray covering 110 inflammatory genes. Five genes were induced by at least 2-fold in PBMCs of HIV-1 viremic (>100,000 RNA copies ml(-1)) as compared with aviremic (<50 RNA copies ml(-1)) individuals. These genes were CCL2, CXC chemokine ligand-10, IFN-gamma, GTP-cyclohydrolase-1 and C-C chemokine receptor-1. In addition to microarray data verification by real-time PCR, analysis of independent patient samples revealed a similar expression pattern. CCL2 was the most strongly regulated gene at mRNA level and its serum concentration was significantly elevated in viremic compared with aviremic and HIV-1 seronegative controls, indicating a positive correlation between viremia and CCL2. Flow cytometric studies demonstrated a higher percentage of CCL2-expressing CD14(+) monocytes in viremic compared with aviremic individuals. These results suggest a highly restricted modulation of host inflammatory gene response by HIV. Genes up-regulated in the viremic state, in particular CCL2, presumably serve as potential enhancing factors in HIV-1 replication, represented by high viral load in HIV-1 viremic patients. Inhibition of increased CCL2 production could provide a new therapeutic intervention in HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. ansari.wahid@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Abdul Wahid
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Nupur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dittrich-Breiholz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kracht
authors.forename: Reinhold E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heiken
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods; D014766:Viremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2