title: Relation between induction of the mar operon and cyclohexane tolerance and reduction in fluoroquinolone susceptibility in Salmonella spp.
abstract: The relationship between cyclohexane tolerance and induction of the mar operon and a decrease in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in isolates of Salmonella spp. from food and clinical isolates of Salmonella spp. was studied. We studied the influence of the mar operon using an inductor (acetylsalicylic acid) and we also studied the cyclohexane resistance. Induction was seen to produce an increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these quinolones, which suggested that there was overexpression of the AcrAB type active efflux systems due to induction of the mar operon. Cyclohexane susceptibility was not shown to be a very sensitive method for studying this process, as only 3% (5/176) of the clinical isolates studied were cyclohexane-resistant; most of these belonged to the Hadar serotype. This study confirmed the participation of active efflux systems in the decrease in fluoroquinolone susceptibility in Salmonella spp. Furthermore, the study has indicated that these mechanisms (i.e., active efflux systems) are present in strains that are susceptible to the fluoroquinolone compounds, so their stimulation may be one of the mechanisms involved in the reduction in fluoroquinolone susceptibility. This suggests that the exposure of Salmonella spp. to antibiotics should be limited in order to prevent these active efflux systems from being activated. Consequently, the use of fluoroquinolones, both in the treatment of humans and in veterinary practice, should be controlled and rationalized in an attempt to curb the increase in the number of strains that are resistant to these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'almazara s/n, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Escribano
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pertegás
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cebrian
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Royo
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D009154:Mutation; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009876:Operon; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D001241:Aspirin; D000077266:Moxifloxacin