title: Incidence and risk factors of Nd:YAG capsulotomy after phacoemulsification in non-diabetic and diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cumulative incidence and identify the risk factors of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) that required Nd:YAG capsulotomy in non-diabetic and diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-note review of 806 consecutive patients that underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, 327 (40.6%) of whom were diabetic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidence of Nd:YAG capsulotomy were 10.6%, 14.8%, 21.2% and 28.6% in non-diabetic patients; and 9%, 9.4%, 15.3% and 5.3% in diabetic patients after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that, over the follow-up period, diabetes mellitus was associated with a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy (hazard ratio [HR]=0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.99; P=0.047), whereas age of 65 years or younger (HR=1.58; 95% CI 1.09-2.27; P=0.02), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (HR=3.98; 95% CI 1.60-9.95; P=0.003) or plate-haptic silicone IOLs (HR=3.75; 95% CI 1.60-8.80; P=0.002) in comparison with three-piece silicone IOLs, postoperative inflammation (HR=2.62; 95% CI 1.56-4.42; P<0.001) and pars plana vitrectomy (HR=1.85; 95% CI 1.20-2.83; P=0.005) were associated with an increased risk. Subgroup analysis showed that in non-diabetic patients, male gender (HR=1.63; 95% CI 1.04-2.57; P=0.03) was an additional risk factor and in diabetic patients there was no significant association between diabetes type, duration or retinopathy grade and the risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although diabetes mellitus appears to be associated with a lower long-term incidence and a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy, younger age, pars plana vitrectomy, postoperative inflammation, plate-haptic silicone and PMMA IOLs in addition to male gender in non-diabetic patients appear to be associated with a greater risk. Estimation of the incidence and risk factors of PCO should help in patient counselling and to design methods to reduce or prevent its development.
authors.affiliation: Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK, and Tanta Ophthalmology University Hospital, Egypt. m.elgohary@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Mostafa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elgohary
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dowler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors