title: Cardiac axis in fetuses with abdominal wall defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether fetal cardiac axis is affected by the presence of an abdominal wall defect (AWD) independent of congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Video ultrasound records from fetuses with AWDs identified from 1991-2004 were reviewed. Still images of the fetal cardiac four-chamber view were digitized and two independent examiners measured the cardiac axis. A cardiac axis of >65 degrees or <25 degrees was considered abnormal. Maternal charts were reviewed for fetal echocardiogram results and neonatal charts were reviewed for confirmation of CHD and type of AWD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 17 fetuses with omphalocele and 42 fetuses with gastroschisis, 16 (27%) fetuses had an abnormal cardiac axis, while only seven (12%) had CHD. Fifty-nine percent of fetuses with omphalocele had an abnormal cardiac axis and 35% had CHD. Fourteen percent of fetuses with gastroschisis had an abnormal cardiac axis and 2% had CHD. Of 43 fetuses with a normal cardiac axis, only one had CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal cardiac axis is often affected by the presence of an AWD independent of CHD. A normal cardiac axis in fetuses with AWDs is an accurate predictor of the absence of CHD, the negative predictive value being 97.7%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA. stacyboulton@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Boulton
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cly
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bantz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonek
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*