title: Smokeless tobacco use accelerates age-related loss of bone mineral density among older women in a multi-ethnic rural community.
abstract: Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. Despite the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (ST) use by women in some areas of the United States, minority groups in the United Kingdom, and populations in South Asia and Africa, no data exist to evaluate its effect on bone health. The objective of the study is to identify risk factors for low BMD among older women in a multi-ethnic population, with particular attention to smoking and ST use. Data were collected in Robeson County, North Carolina. ST use from childhood is common among women in this community. Two hundred-forty women aged 60 years and older (approximately equal numbers of African Americans, Native Americans and whites) were recruited at a variety of community events to obtain a cross-section of the demographic composition of the county. The main outcome was BMD measured in the heel using a portable dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Twenty-nine percent of women were current or former smokers, and 26% current or former ST users. Increased BMD was predicted by greater body mass index, estrogen use in the past year, and African American and Native American ethnicity. There was a significant interaction between ST use and age, and between smoking and nutritional supplement use. BMD declined with age; the decline with age was greater for women who were current or former ST users than for those who never used ST. Women who formerly smoked and did not use supplements had a decreased BMD. ST should be considered as an additional risk factor for osteoporosis in populations where its use is prevalent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1063, USA. squandt@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quandt
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Spangler
authors.forename: L Douglas
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: Ronny A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Belflower
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*