title: Candidaemia in a large teaching hospital: a clinical audit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candidaemias are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The British Society of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases Society of America recently published audit standards, to address the changing epidemiology of candidaemia and to improve outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the local epidemiology of candidaemia and the standard of care in a large teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective audit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained for all candidaemia episodes over the 4-year period ending July 2004, from the medical and nursing notes, laboratory computer and patient administration system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 92 episodes in 90 patients. The main predisposing factors were being on an intensive care unit, having a central venous catheter, and (for neonates) prematurity. Central venous catheters were removed at a mean 1.8 days following candidaemia; 79% (37/47) were removed within 48 h (the audit standard). Identification and susceptibility tests were performed for 94.7% of isolates. All were susceptible to amphotericin B; 87% were susceptible to fluconazole. Antifungal treatment was started within 24 h of a positive blood culture in 84% of episodes. Initial antifungal therapy was appropriate in 95% (61/64) of treated cases. Most patients (81%) who survived or completed their intended course of treatment before death received at least 2 weeks treatment. However, only 45% of those transferred to other hospitals had accompanying guidance on the intended further duration of therapy. Thirty-day mortality was 41%. After adjustment for age, the presence of Candida-related complications was associated with an odds ratio for mortality of 6.5 (95% CI 1.2-36.5, p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall the audit standards set by the BSMM and IDSA were met, and discrepancies did not lead to a change in outcome. Improved intravenous catheter care, a more pro-active approach to searching for complications, and improvement in the inter-hospital transfer process, will assist in reducing morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ. sani.aliyu@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Aliyu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enoch
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrington
authors.forename: A M L
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lever
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents