title: Effect of an intravenous single dose of ketamine on postoperative pain in tonsillectomy patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tonsillectomy has a high incidence of postoperative pain. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the use of low-dose IV ketamine, before the start of surgery or after the end of the operation, would lead to significantly improved pain control after tonsillectomy in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety children, 5-7 years old, scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups of 30 patients each; groups I, II and III. Patients in group I received no ketamine. Patients in group II received 0.5 mg x kg(-1) of ketamine before the surgical start and for group III the same dose was given after the operation ended. Postoperative pain was scored by the Oucher scale. Systolic and diastolic pressures and heart rate were recorded perioperatively. Unwanted side effects were recorded by the ward staff personnel on a 24-h study-specific questionnaire. Statistical tests consisted of Student's t-test, chi-square and anova as appropriated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients complaining of pain was greater in group I compared with patients in groups II and III with a significative statistical difference (P < 0.05). The degree of postoperative pain was significantly higher in patients of group I compared with groups II and III (P < 0.05). Eight patients in group I needed rescue doses of morphine, three for group II and none for group III. In group I, three of eight patients required two doses of morphine during the first 249 h postoperatively. No unwanted side effects were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a single small dose of ketamine in a pediatric population undergoing tonsillectomy could reduce the frequency or even avoid the use of rescue analgesia in the postoperative period independent of whether used before or after the surgical procedure.
authors.affiliation: Blumenau University Foundation, Joana de Gusmao Children Hospital, Anesthesia Teaching and Training Center of Celso Ramos, Hospital, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. marioconceicao@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Mario Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: DA Conceição
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruggemann DA Conceição
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carneiro Leão
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014068:Tonsillectomy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D007649:Ketamine