title: A calorimetric method to estimate molecular mobility of amorphous solids at relatively low temperatures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a calorimetry-based approach for estimating the initial (at the onset of annealing) relaxation time (tau (0)) of organic amorphous solids at relatively low temperatures, and to assess the temperature where molecular mobility of the amorphous drug is reduced to a level comparable with the desired shelf-life of the product.
  
  
  METHODS
  Values of tau (0) for six amorphous pharmaceutical compounds were estimated based on the nonlinear Adam-Gibbs equation. Fragility was determined from the scanning rate-dependence of the glass transition temperature (T (g)). The initial enthalpic and entropic fictive temperatures were obtained from the T (g) and the heat capacities (C (p)) of the amorphous and crystalline forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a relatively low temperature ( approximately 40 degrees C or more below T (g)), tau (0) for the different compounds varies by over an order of magnitude. For some materials, the practical storage temperature at T (g) - 50 K was found to be still too high to ensure long-term stability. The estimated tau (0) is highly sensitive to the fragility of the material and the C (p) of the crystalline and amorphous forms. Materials with high fragility or greater C (p) differences between crystalline and amorphous forms tend to have longer tau (0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method can be used to estimate molecular mobility at relatively low temperatures without having to conduct enthalpy recovery experiments. An accurate tau (0) determination from this method relies on faithful fragility measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prasanth Chamarthy
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Byrn
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinal
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D019277:Entropy; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D013696:Temperature