title: Coffee consumption is inversely associated with cognitive decline in elderly European men: the FINE Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether coffee consumption is associated with 10-year cognitive decline in elderly men, as results of previous studies obtained hitherto have been controversial and prospective information on this association has been lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and seventy six healthy men born between 1900 and 1920 from Finland, Italy and the Netherlands participated in a 10-year prospective cohort study. Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (0-30 points, with a higher score indicating better cognitive performance). Coffee consumption was estimated in cups per day. A mixed longitudinal model was used to investigate the association between baseline coffee consumption and 10-year cognitive decline. Multiple adjustments were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men who consumed coffee had a 10-year cognitive decline of 1.2 points (4%). Non-consumers had an additional decline of 1.4 points (P<0.001). An inverse and J-shaped association was observed between the number of cups of coffee consumed and cognitive decline, with the least cognitive decline for three cups of coffee per day (0.6 points). This decline was 4.3 times smaller than the decline of non-consumers (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that consuming coffee reduces cognitive decline in elderly men. An inverse and J-shaped association may exist between the number of cups of coffee consumed and cognitive decline, with the least cognitive decline for men consuming three cups of coffee per day.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Boukje.van.Gelder@rivm.nl
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: van Gelder
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buijsse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tijhuis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalmijn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giampaoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001628:Beverages; D003069:Coffee; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee