title: Comprehensive outcomes of surgically treated idiopathic toe walkers.
abstract: The treatment of idiopathic toe walking in children can include surgical lengthening of the gastrocnemius/soleus complex after conservative options have been ineffective. Previous outcome reports of surgery for idiopathic toe walkers have largely been limited to assessing the sagittal plane motion of dorsiflexion/plantar flexion with minimal quantitative preoperative and postoperative analysis. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively assess the outcome of idiopathic toe walkers that had been treated surgically. Fourteen children seen in our motion analysis laboratory that underwent gastrocnemius or tendo-Achilles lengthening for idiopathic toe walking were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperatively, this group had significantly greater anterior pelvic tilt than normal, decreased peak knee flexion in swing, greater external foot progression, and the expected increased plantar flexion (P < 0.01). Postoperatively, anterior pelvic tilt decreased by a mean of about 4 degrees (P < 0.01), only for the group that had tendo-Achilles lengthening because the gastrocnemius group was close to normal preoperatively, and peak knee flexion normalized. The foot progression angle of this group did not change from preoperative values and remained significantly more external than normal, although dorsiflexion in stance significantly improved after surgery (indicating the goal of the surgery was achieved). Increased external foot progression in idiopathic toe walkers is apparently due to increased external tibial torsion and/or external hip rotation but was unaffected by gastrocnemius/soleus surgical lengthening. Significant improvement occurred on an overall index of gait variables, indicating surgery can be an effective treatment of idiopathic toe walkers.
authors.affiliation: Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Spokane, WA 99204, USA. mmcmulkin@shrinenet.org
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McMulkin
authors.forename: Glen O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Caskey
authors.forename: Ron L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D010808:Physical Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology