title: Gender differences in the effects of physical and emotional symptoms on health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical and emotional symptoms are common in heart failure. These symptoms are theorized to affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but their impact is likely mediated by variables not yet explored. Moreover, gender may affect these relationships.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine gender differences in the effects of physical and emotional symptom status on HRQOL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 51 men and 47 women with heart failure were analyzed using regression analyses. There were no gender differences in physical or emotional symptom status, or HRQOL, but there were differences in the dynamic relationships among the variables. In bivariate analyses, physical and emotional symptom status was related to HRQOL in both men and women. However, in women, physical symptom status was related to HRQOL, while in men depression affected HRQOL in multivariate analyses (p<.001, r(2)=.27; p<.001, r(2)=.40, respectively). Functional status measured by the New York Heart Association functional class mediated the effects of anxiety and depression on HRQOL only in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were gender differences in the dynamic relationships among variables related to HRQOL. These results demonstrate the need for individualized, comprehensive evaluation of patient's HRQOL and symptom status in order to appropriately target interventions.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, 527 CON Building, 760 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA.
authors.forename: Seongkum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Widener
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*