title: Evidence for blood chimerism in dizygotic spontaneous twin pregnancy discordant for Down syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A monochorionic-diamniotic placenta (MCDAP) is rare in dizygotic (DZ) twinning. All reported cases have been documented in pregnancies achieved by the induction of ovulation alone or during the IVF cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a spontaneous pregnancy in a 39-year-old patient with evidence of MCDAP in DZ twins, discordant for trisomy 21. The first and second-trimester sonographic scans indicated male twins with MCDAP. Amniocentesis, performed because of advanced maternal age, revealed a normal karyotype in one fetus, and trisomy 21 in the other. Molecular studies, performed in order to confirm the zygosity and chorionicity, demonstrated that the fetuses were DZ. In order to identity the affected twin, a detailed sonographic examination was repeated, but no abnormal findings associated with Down syndrome were demonstrated in any of the fetuses. Therefore, umbilical cord blood samples were obtained from both fetuses. Chromosomal analysis revealed in both fetuses two cell lines: a normal cell line of 46,XY and a 47,XY,+ 21 cell line, in 65 and 80% of the cells, respectively. This result was independently confirmed by both FISH and G-banding. DNA extracted from both cord blood samples demonstrated an admixture of two distinct genotypes in each sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that this case represents a monochorionic-dizygotic twin pregnancy with blood chimerism. The most plausible mechanism underlying this phenomenon is placental fusion early in pregnancy, resulting in an architecturally single placenta originating from two distinct zygotes. The newly formed blood vessels created anastomoses between the DZ twins and allowed reciprocal blood chimerism between the normal and the trisomic twin.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. stavit_sh@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pras
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shneor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gazit
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yaron
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loewenthal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000650:Amnion; D002678:Chimera; D002823:Chorion; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010920:Placenta; D011247:Pregnancy; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics*