Smoking cessation and the risk of oesophageal cancer: An overview of published studies.
The epidemiologic studies on oesophageal cancer and smoking cessation published before December 2005 were reviewed here. The results from at least 10 cohort and 10 case-control studies indicated that former smokers had a lower risk of squamous-cell or unspecified oesophageal cancer than current smokers. Most investigations showed that the risk of oesophageal cancer remains elevated many years (at least 10) after cessation of smoking, to decline by about 40% only thereafter. Moreover, after 10 years since cessation of smoking, ex-smokers still have a twofold increased risk as compared to never smokers. A few studies investigated the effect of smoking cessation on adenocarcinoma, and did not report a clear reduction of risk. Data on oesophageal adenocarcinoma are however too limited to provide adequate inference on the relation with time since smoking cessation. In conclusion, cessation of smoking could have an appreciable impact in reducing (squamous-cell) oesophageal cancer, and represents an obvious priority for prevention and public-health purposes.
Bosetti
Cristina
C
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy. bosetti@marionegri.it
Gallus
Silvano
S
Garavello
Werner
W
La Vecchia
Carlo
C
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation