title: Association of Eubacterium nodatum and Treponema denticola with human periodontitis lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the levels, proportions and percentage of sites colonized by 40 bacterial species in subgingival plaque samples from periodontally healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis to seek possible pathogens other than the consensus pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth in 635 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 189 periodontally healthy subjects. The samples were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization (total samples = 21,832). Mean counts, % DNA probe counts and percentage of sites colonized at >10(5) were determined for each species in each subject and then averaged in each clinical group. Significance of difference between groups was determined using the Mann-Whitney test. Association between combinations of species and periodontal status was examined by stepwise logistic regression analysis. Analyses were repeated using a subset of subjects from both clinical groups who had proportions of P. gingivalis plus T. forsythia less than the median (4.42%) found in periodontally healthy subjects. All analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 824 subjects the consensus pathogens P. gingivalis and T. forsythia as well as Eubacterium nodatum and Treponema denticola had significantly higher mean counts, proportions and percentage of sites colonized in samples from subjects with periodontitis than from periodontally healthy subjects. There were significantly more Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii and Veillonella parvula in periodontally healthy subjects. E. nodatum, T. denticola, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. vincentii all had higher counts and proportions in diseased than healthy subjects who had low proportions of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the same species groups were associated with disease status after adjusting for the proportions of the other species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation confirmed the strong association of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia with chronic periodontitis and emphasized a strong association of E. nodatum and T. denticola with periodontitis whether in the presence or absence of high levels of the consensus pathogens. Other species, including S. oralis, Eikenella corrodens, S. intermedius and F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii, were associated with disease when P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were present in low proportions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ahaffajee@forsyth.org
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000472:pathogenicity*