title: Impact of chronic nicotine on the development and maintenance of neuropathic hypersensitivity in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical data support a correlation between smoking and the incidence and severity of some chronic pain conditions. However, the impact of nicotine on neuropathic pain has been largely ignored in the laboratory setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of these studies was to determine if chronic nicotine would alter mechanical hypersensitivity after spinal nerve ligation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were implanted with osmotic mini pumps to administer either saline or nicotine (4, 10, or 24 mg/kg/day) for 7 or 21 days. On day 7 of saline/nicotine administration, rats receiving 24 mg/kg/day nicotine underwent spinal nerve ligation. Mechanical thresholds to pressure were measured across nicotine exposure and spinal cords were collected on days 7 or 21. Spinal cord slices were immunostained for phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), to determine general neuronal activity, and for cleaved caspase-3, as a marker for apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic nicotine produced a dose-dependent and stable mechanical hypersensitivity, which could be blocked with the alpha4beta2-selective antagonist, dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE). Spinal nerve ligation also produced a stable mechanical hypersensitivity, which was exacerbated in the presence of chronic nicotine. Differences in mechanical sensitivity were reflected in spinal pCREB, which was highly correlated with the degree of mechanical hypersensitivity. Chronic nicotine also altered the number of pro-apoptotic cells in the spinal cord as measured by cleaved caspase-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that chronic nicotine produces a stable, long-lasting, mechanical hypersensitivity that exacerbates mechanical sensitivity resulting from peripheral nerve injury. The mechanism of this may involve an increase in spinal neuronal activity and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Pharmacological Plasticity in the Presence of Pain, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Darnell T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Josiah
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vincler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001416:Back Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein; C494365:Crebbp protein, rat