title: Exploring changes in middle-school student lunch consumption after local school food service policy modifications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the impact of changes in school food policy on student lunch consumption in middle schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two years of lunch food records were collected from students at three middle schools in the Houston, Texas area. During the first year, no changes occurred in the school food environment. After that school year was completed, chips and dessert foods were removed from the snack bars of all schools by the Food Service Director. Students recorded the amount and source of food and beverage items consumed. Point-of-service purchase machines provided a day-by-day electronic data file with food and beverage purchases from the snack bars during the 2-year period. Independent t-tests and time series analyses were used to document the impact of the policy change on consumption and sales data between the two years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, student consumption of sweetened beverages declined and milk, calcium, vitamin A, saturated fat and sodium increased after the policy change. Snack chips consumption from the snack bar declined in year 2; however, consumption of snack chips and candy from vending increased and the number of vending machines in study schools doubled during the study period. Ice cream sales increased significantly in year 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policy changes on foods sold in schools can result in changes in student consumption from the targeted environments. However, if all environments do not make similar changes, compensation may occur.
authors.affiliation: Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA. kcullen@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Karen Weber
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zakeri
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ralston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005509:Food Dispensers, Automatic / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005518:Food Preferences; D005522:Food Services / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013781:Texas
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats