title: Motherhood during residency training: challenges and strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine what factors enable or impede women in a Canadian family medicine residency program from combining motherhood with residency training. To determine how policies can support these women, given that in recent decades the number of female family medicine residents has increased.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative study using in-person interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  McMaster University Family Medicine Residency Program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one of 27 family medicine residents taking maternity leave between 1994 and 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semistructured interviews. The research team reviewed transcripts of audiotaped interviews for emerging themes; consensus was reached on content and meaning. NVIVO software was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long hours, unpredictable work demands, guilt because absences from work increase workload for colleagues, and residents' high expectations of themselves cause pregnant residents severe stress. This stress continues upon return to work; finding adequate child care is an added stress. Residents report receiving less support from colleagues and supervisors upon return to work; they associate this with no longer being visibly pregnant. Physically demanding training rotations put additional strain on pregnant residents and those newly returned to work. Flexibility in scheduling rotations can help accommodate needs at home. Providing breaks, privacy, and refrigerators at work can help maintain breastfeeding. Allowing residents to remain involved in academic and clinical work during maternity leave helps maintain clinical skills, build new knowledge, and promote peer support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy during residency training is common and becoming more common. Training programs can successfully enhance the experience of motherhood during residency by providing flexibility at work to facilitate a healthy balance among the competing demands of family, work, and student life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. walsha@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Allyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jedrzkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D016524:Parental Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload