title: Altered neuromuscular control and ankle joint kinematics during walking in subjects with functional instability of the ankle joint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ankle joint requires very precise neuromuscular control during the transition from terminal swing to the early stance phase of the gait cycle. Altered ankle joint arthrokinematics and muscular activity have been cited as potential factors that may lead to an inversion sprain during the aforementioned time periods. However, to date, no study has investigated patterns of muscle activity and 3D joint kinematics simultaneously in a group of subjects with functional instability compared with a noninjured control group during these phases of the gait cycle.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the patterns of lower limb 3D joint kinematics and electromyographic activity during treadmill walking in a group of subjects with functional instability with those observed in a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional angular velocities and displacements of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, as well as surface electromyography of the rectus femoris, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscles, were recorded simultaneously while subjects walked on a treadmill at a velocity of 4 km/h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before heel strike, subjects with functional instability exhibited a decrease in vertical foot-floor clearance (12.62 vs 22.84 mm; P < .05), as well as exhibiting a more inverted position of the ankle joint before, at, and immediately after heel strike (1.69 degrees , 2.10 degrees , and -0.09 degrees vs -1.43 degrees , -1.43 degrees , and -2.78 degrees , respectively [minus value = eversion]; P < .05) compared with controls. Subjects with functional instability were also observed to have an increase in peroneus longus integral electromyography during the post-heel strike time period (107.91%.millisecond vs 64.53%.millisecond; P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The altered kinematics observed in this study could explain the reason subjects with functional instability experience repeated episodes of ankle inversion injury in situations with only slight or no external provocation. It is hypothesized that the observed increase in peroneus longus activity may be the result of a change in preprogrammed feed-forward motor control.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Performance Science, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland. eamonn.delahunt@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Eamonn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delahunt
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monaghan
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caulfield
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*