title: Dorsoventral patterning in hemichordates: insights into early chordate evolution.
abstract: We have compared the dorsoventral development of hemichordates and chordates to deduce the organization of their common ancestor, and hence to identify the evolutionary modifications of the chordate body axis after the lineages split. In the hemichordate embryo, genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp) 2/4 and 5/8, as well as several genes for modulators of Bmp activity, are expressed in a thin stripe of ectoderm on one midline, historically called "dorsal." On the opposite midline, the genes encoding Chordin and Anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein (Admp) are expressed. Thus, we find a Bmp-Chordin developmental axis preceding and underlying the anatomical dorsoventral axis of hemichordates, adding to the evidence from Drosophila and chordates that this axis may be at least as ancient as the first bilateral animals. Numerous genes encoding transcription factors and signaling ligands are expressed in the three germ layers of hemichordate embryos in distinct dorsoventral domains, such as pox neuro, pituitary homeobox, distalless, and tbx2/3 on the Bmp side and netrin, mnx, mox, and single-minded on the Chordin-Admp side. When we expose the embryo to excess Bmp protein, or when we deplete endogenous Bmp by small interfering RNA injections, these expression domains expand or contract, reflecting their activation or repression by Bmp, and the embryos develop as dorsalized or ventralized limit forms. Dorsoventral patterning is independent of anterior/posterior patterning, as in Drosophila but not chordates. Unlike both chordates and Drosophila, neural gene expression in hemichordates is not repressed by high Bmp levels, consistent with their development of a diffuse rather than centralized nervous system. We suggest that the common ancestor of hemichordates and chordates did not use its Bmp-Chordin axis to segregate epidermal and neural ectoderm but to pattern many other dorsoventral aspects of the germ layers, including neural cell fates within a diffuse nervous system. Accordingly, centralization was added in the chordate line by neural-epidermal segregation, mediated by the pre-existing Bmp-Chordin axis. Finally, since hemichordates develop the mouth on the non-Bmp side, like arthropods but opposite to chordates, the mouth and Bmp-Chordin axis may have rearranged in the chordate line, one relative to the other.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terasaki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Runft
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haigo
authors.forename: Jochanan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aronowicz
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002816:Chordata, Nonvertebrate / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C054234:chordin