title: Rhinosinusitis derived Staphylococcal enterotoxin B plays a possible role in pathogenesis of food allergy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a potent immunomodulator and implicated with pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases mediated by Th1 or Th2 dominant immune responses. The objective of this study is to determine a possible association between rhinosinusitis derived SEB and pathogenesis of food allergy (FA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with FA (N = 46) or without FA (N = 33). Controls included FA patients without CRS (N = 26) and healthy volunteers (N = 25). In CRS patients, we assessed the parameters associated with FA including prick skin test (PST) reactivity to food allergens, serum levels of allergen-specific IgE and cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IFN-I3), and the number/reactivity of food-allergen specific Th1/Th2 cells in the peripheral blood before and 2 months after sinus surgery. Changes of these parameters were evaluated in comparison with changes in SEB concentration in the sinus lavage and stool samples and also in vitro reactivity to SEB. In CRS patients with FA, we also assessed changes in reactivity to oral challenge of offending food before and after sinus surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two months following sinus surgery, we observed statistically significant reduction in PST and oral challenge reactivity in CRS patients with FA in parallel to decrease in serum levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and allergen specific IgE. Improvement of reactivity to food allergens was positively associated with decline in SEB concentrations in the sinus lavage and stool samples. In vitro study results also indicated a role of SEB in aggravation of Th2 skewed responses to food allergens. Such changes were not observed in CRS-non FA patients or control FA patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rhinosinusitis derived SEB plays a certain role in the pathogenesis of FA by augmenting and/or maintaining polarized Th2 responses. Removal of SEB-producing pathogens from the rhinosinuses may be beneficial for attenuating the FA symptoms in patients with CRS-FA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Allergy and Department of Otolaryngology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. taoliu3@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bin-Quan
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Peng-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Shao-Heng
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ping-Chang
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery; D012882:Skin Tests; D018089:Superantigens; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D018793:Interleukin-13; D018089:Superantigens; D015847:Interleukin-4; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal