title: Simultaneous determination of urinary hydroxylated metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene as multiple biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
abstract: A method is presented for determining monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OHPAHs) having 2-, 3- and 4-rings in human urine by using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. A urine sample containing conjugates of OHPAHs was hydrolysed in the presence of beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulfatase and the solution was cleaned up with a solid-phase extraction (C(18) and silica). Eight OHPAHs, namely 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalenes, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrenes, 3-hydroxyfluoranthene and 1-hydroxypyrene, were separated and 1- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrenes co-eluted on an alkylamide-type reversed-phase column with fluorimetric detection. The urinary concentrations of OHPAHs were quantified by using deuterated 1-hydoxypyrene as an internal standard. The method showed good repeatability for inter- and intra-day precisions as well as good linearity of calibration curves (r (2) ranged from 0.996 to 0.999). The limits of detection (S/N=3) were in the range from 2.3 fmol to 2.2 pmol per injection. This method was successfully applied to urine samples from non-smoking taxi drivers, traffic policemen and rural villagers of Chiang Mai, Thailand. The results showed higher urinary concentrations of OHPAHs in rural villagers, consistent with higher respiratory exposure to PAHs.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thaneeya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chetiyanukornkul
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toriba
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameda
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Kazuichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000652:urine; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000652:urine; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000652:urine; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005449:Fluorenes; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C031721:naphthalene; C007738:fluoranthene; C041509:fluorene; C031181:phenanthrene