title: The metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review current evidence for the hypothesis that treatment with antipsychotic medications may be associated with increased risks for weight gain, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to examine the relation of adiposity to medical risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified relevant publications through a search of MEDLINE from the years 1975 to 2006, using the following primary search parameters: "diabetes or hyperglycemia or glucose or insulin or lipids" and "antipsychotic." Meeting abstracts and earlier nonindexed articles were also reviewed. We summarized key studies in this emerging literature, including case reports, observational studies, retrospective database analyses, and controlled experimental studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with different antipsychotic medications is associated with variable effects on body weight, ranging from modest increases (for example, less than 2 kg) experienced with amisulpride, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole to larger increases during treatment with agents such as olanzapine and clozapine (for example, 4 to 10 kg). Substantial evidence indicates that increases in adiposity are associated with decreases in insulin sensitivity in individuals both with and without psychiatric disease. The effects of increasing adiposity, as well as other effects, may contribute to increases in plasma glucose and lipids observed during treatment with certain antipsychotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with certain antipsychotic medications is associated with metabolic adverse events that can increase the risk for metabolic syndrome and related conditions such as prediabetes, T2DM, and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. newcomerj@psychiatry.wustl.edu
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Newcomer
authors.forename: Dan W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Haupt
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents