title: Simulation and optimization of a supercritical extraction process for recovering provitamin A.
abstract: In this work, a simulation procedure of a supercritical extraction process was developed through the use of the commercial simulator HYSYS (Hyprotech Ltd.), adapting the existing units to the operating conditions typical of the supercritical extraction process. The objective is to recover provitamin A (beta-carotene) from palm oil (esterified) using carbon dioxide/ethanol as the supercritical mixed solvent. This example characterizes the problem for recovering high added value product from natural sources, as the palm oil, which is desired by the market. Owing to the fact that esterified palm oil is a complex mixture, made by several components, in order to characterize this system in the simulator, it was necessary to create hypothetical components using the UNIFAC (universal function-group activity coefficients model) group contribution, because they are not present in a conventional database and, then, their physical properties must be estimated and/or predicted before the simulation. The optimization was carried out in each simulation for each equipment, in terms of operating conditions (temperature and pressure), in order to obtain the maximum recovery of carotenes. According to the results, it was possible to concentrate carotenes through two cycles of supercritical extraction with high yield. Furthermore, ethyl esters (biodiesel) were also obtained, as a byproduct of the proposed process, which can also be used as an alternative fuel, with the important characteristic that it is renewable.
authors.affiliation: Separation Process Development Laboratory (LDPS), Chemical Engineering School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6066, 13081-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil. elenise@feq.unicamp.br
authors.forename: Elenise Bannwart
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Mario Eusebio Torres
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Maria Regina Wolf
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maciel Filho
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D013227:Steam; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D013227:Steam; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000431:Ethanol; D000073878:Palm Oil