title: In vitro evaluation of macrophage viability after incubation in orange oil, eucalyptol, and chloroform.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of orange oil, eucalyptol, and chloroform in a cell culture assay by using peritoneal macrophages from Swiss mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM] plus 1.25% ethyl alcohol) and experimental (orange oil, eucalyptol, and chloroform) groups were studied. Solvents used were tested at 0.025% and 0.050% concentrations in DMEM plus 1.25% ethyl alcohol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orange oil, eucalyptol, and chloroform were all cytotoxic in comparison to the control group (P < .001). Orange oil showed the least cytotoxicity (P < .001). No significant differences were observed regarding cell viability when comparing the eucalyptol and chloroform groups (P < .05). There were significant differences in the cytotoxicity of eucalyptol and chloroform with an increase in concentration (P < .0001). Nevertheless, this difference was not significant in the orange oil group (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orange oil was less cytotoxic than eucalyptol and chloroform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. scelza@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Miriam F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Zaccaro Scelza
authors.forename: Lilian Rachel
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Lima Oliveira
authors.forename: Fernanda Blaudt
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Côrte-Real Faria
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002725:Chloroform / Q000633:toxicity; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000633:toxicity; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000633:toxicity; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010938:Plant Oils; D012997:Solvents; D002725:Chloroform; C087245:orange oil; D000077591:Eucalyptol