title: Antisense-induced ribosomal frameshifting.
abstract: Programmed ribosomal frameshifting provides a mechanism to decode information located in two overlapping reading frames by diverting a proportion of translating ribosomes into a second open reading frame (ORF). The result is the production of two proteins: the product of standard translation from ORF1 and an ORF1-ORF2 fusion protein. Such programmed frameshifting is commonly utilized as a gene expression mechanism in viruses that infect eukaryotic cells and in a subset of cellular genes. RNA secondary structures, consisting of pseudoknots or stem-loops, located downstream of the shift site often act as cis-stimulators of frameshifting. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that antisense oligonucleotides can functionally mimic these RNA structures to induce +1 ribosomal frameshifting when annealed downstream of the frameshift site, UCC UGA. Antisense-induced shifting of the ribosome into the +1 reading frame is highly efficient in both rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation reactions and in cultured mammalian cells. The efficiency of antisense-induced frameshifting at this site is responsive to the sequence context 5' of the shift site and to polyamine levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 N 2030 E, Room 7410, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA.
authors.forename: Clark M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016368:Frameshift Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018965:Frameshifting, Ribosomal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012156:Reticulocytes
chemical_list: D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011073:Polyamines