title: A novel formulation approach for preparation of nanoparticulate red mold rice.
abstract: Monascus has been used for thousands of years. In China, Monascus has been widely used as a natural food-coloring agent for many kinds of foods. The metabolites of Monascus species, specifically, monacolin K, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dimerumic acid, have been proven to have cholesterol-lowering, blood pressure-lowering, and antioxidant effects. Nowadays, the public has recognized the importance of Monascus products for its many health benefits. The focus of this study is to explore the effects of nanoparticulate dispersion of red mold rice (RMR) after wet-milling technology treatment. An RMR nanoparticulate formulation was reproducibly obtained after milling in the presence of dispersing agent and water. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of these RMR particles were studied using electron microscopy, laser light scattering, pH meter, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and photometry. The results demonstrate that RMR (mean size = 20.15 microm), processed with wet-milling technology, forms an aqueous-based nanoparticle dispersion (mean particle size of less than 0.41 microm). In addition, HPLC analyses, performed on the secondary metabolites, demonstrated that monacolin K was reduced to 50-92% of its base level and citrinin was reduced to 48-74% of its base level. When testing for the levels of pH, the processed RMR had increased from a pH level of 4.47-4.82 to 5.56-6.4; also, pigment analysis showed that yellow and red pigments were reduced to 36 and 39% of its base level after the wet-milling process. Partial agglomeration has been observed in RMR dispersion when stored in refrigeration after 2 months. RMR can be formulated as a nanoparticulate dispersion without compromising its stability, but its secondary metabolite extraction rate was changed. Further experimentation will be needed to verify safety and functionality evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chiun-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Chun-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tzu-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D032741:Monascus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents