title: Central line-associated venous late effects in children without prior history of thrombosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequency of asymptomatic central line-associated thromboses is high and well recognized among children with cancer, while the long-term consequences are mainly unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated clinical and radiological venous outcome in children with previous long-standing intravascular catheters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled 71 children previously treated for malignant or haematological diseases, 4-180 (median 37) mo after removal of their central lines. Inclusion criteria were a prior central line in a jugular vein for a minimum of 6 mo and no previous history of thrombosis. The children had clinical examination for post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and Doppler ultrasonography of the central neck veins. Twelve children had additional venous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). But no kind of venography was performed in the remaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed mild PTS with increased superficial collaterals in four children (6%), but no cases of more severe PTS. None complained of symptoms related to venous late effects. By ultrasonography, post-thrombotic venous alterations were detected in 17 children (24%), and five of these had complete occlusion of the veins. The sensitivity for pathologically increased collaterals to identify occlusive thrombosis was 0.6, while the specificity was 0.98. Occlusive venous thromboembolism was associated with the total number of central venous lines (CVLs; p=0.002), previous severe CVL-associated infections (p=0.001) and duration of central line in place (p=0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of no prior history of thrombosis, children with previous long-term jugular lines frequently had local thrombotic sequelae, while clinical symptoms of PTS were rare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway. ellen.ruud@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruud
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holmstrøm
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hopp
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wesenberg
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography