title: Fork head and Sage maintain a uniform and patent salivary gland lumen through regulation of two downstream target genes, PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2.
abstract: (Fkh) is required to block salivary gland apoptosis, internalize salivary gland precursors, prevent expression of duct genes in secretory cells and maintain expression of CrebA, which is required for elevated secretory function. Here, we characterize two new Fkh-dependent genes: PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2. We show through in vitro DNA-binding studies and in vivo expression assays that Fkh cooperates with the salivary gland-specific bHLH protein Sage to directly regulate expression of PH4alphaSG2, as well as sage itself, and to indirectly regulate expression of PH4alphaSG1. PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2 encode alpha-subunits of resident ER enzymes that hydroxylate prolines in collagen and other secreted proteins. We demonstrate that salivary gland secretions are altered in embryos missing function of PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2; secretory content is reduced and shows increased electron density by TEM. Interestingly, the altered secretory content results in regions of tube dilation and constriction, with intermittent tube closure. The regulation studies and phenotypic characterization of PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2 link Fkh, which initiates tube formation, to the maintenance of an open and uniformly sized secretory tube.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.
authors.forename: Elliott W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Whitney K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Mihoulides
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Andrew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051699:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D051699:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein A; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014157:Transcription Factors; C479570:Sage protein, Drosophila; C512745:fkh protein, Drosophila