title: Constructions of gender in Vietnam: in pursuit of the 'Three Criteria'.
abstract: Vietnam has advanced far beyond most other developing countries and, indeed, surpasses many developed countries in adopting a legal framework based on gender equality, and in creating institutions and programmes to support women's advancement. Inegalitarian gender norms have also persisted, however. The Vietnam Women's Union promotes women's educational, political and economic advancement but simultaneously exhorts women to pay attention to their Confucian role of maintaining family hierarchy and harmony. This paper presents findings from qualitative research examining gender relations at the grassroots level in central Vietnam. It argues that the Vietnam Women's Union could support women more effectively by promoting greater diversity in gender norms and by initiating a public discussion to address the pressures women face in trying to achieve ideals that are often experienced as contradictory and unattainable.
authors.affiliation: Empowerment of Women Research Program, Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC 20009-5721, USA. sschuler@aed.org
authors.forename: Sidney Ruth
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Tu Anh
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Song Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Hung Minh
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Thi Thanh Mai
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Vu Thien
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Pham
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D019513:Feminism; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012922:Social Change; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014744:Vietnam; D016387:Women's Health; D014933:Women's Rights / Q000458:organization & administration*