title: Functional integration of hepatocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells into mouse livers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At present, clinical success of hepatocyte transplantation as an alternative to whole liver transplantation is hampered by the limited availability of suitable donor organs for the isolation of transplantable hepatocytes. Hence, novel cell sources are required to deliver hepatocytes of adequate quality for clinical use. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human bone marrow may have the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated MSCs were selected by density gradient centrifugation and plastic adherence, differentiated in the presence of human hepatocyte growth medium and transplanted in immunodeficient Pfp/Rag2 mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we demonstrate that human MSCs gain in vitro the characteristic morphology and function of hepatocytes in response to specified growth factors. Specifically, preconditioned MSCs store glycogen, synthesise urea and feature the active hepatocyte-specific gene promoter of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1). After transplantation into livers of immunodeficient mice, preconditioned MSCs engraft predominantly in the periportal portion of the liver lobule. In situ, the cells continue to store glycogen and express PCK1, connexin32, albumin and the human hepatocyte-specific antigen HepPar1, indicating that the transplanted cells retain prominent qualities of hepatocytes after their regional integration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSCs derived from human bone marrow may serve as a novel source for the propagation of hepatocyte-like cells suitable for cell therapy in liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Medicine, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 1, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany. ines.aurich@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aurich
authors.forename: Lutz P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Hendryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aurich
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luetzkendorf
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tisljar
authors.forename: Matthias M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dollinger
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schormann
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walldorf
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hengstler
authors.forename: Wolfgang E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fleig
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christ
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006085:Graft Survival; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned