title: Evaluation of measures of urinary albumin excretion.
abstract: Albuminuria has recently drawn much attention as a valuable risk marker for cardiovascular and renal disease progression. Albuminuria can be measured and expressed in several ways: 1) in a spot morning urine sample as urinary albumin concentration (mg/liter) or albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) and 2) in a 24-hour urine collection as urinary albumin excretion (mg/24 hours). It has not yet been clarified which measure for albuminuria is preferable in clinical practice. One of the points on which a choice should be made is which measure shows the least within-person coefficient of variation. From the perspective of their work in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease Intervention Trial, 1997-2001, the authors discuss several methodological issues that are important when interpreting studies on this topic. It is argued that fresh urine should be used, since freezing at -20 degrees C results in considerable extra variability in the albumin concentration. Furthermore, it is important to use specifically collected urine samples and not portions of a 24-hour urine sample as a surrogate for a spot morning urine sample. Albuminuria follows a circadian rhythm. Consequently, values for the within-person coefficient of variation will therefore be different when they are measured in a portion of a 24-hour urine collection in comparison with a spot morning urine sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands. R.T.Gansevoort@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gansevoort
authors.forename: Jacoline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine