title: Tactical combat casualty care in the assault on Punta Paitilla Airfield.
abstract: Casualties incurred during the assault on Punta Paitilla Airfield during Operation Just Cause were evaluated through reviews of records and interviews with the participants. There were eight initial casualties. One-half of all subsequent casualties were wounded trying to move to these men while still under effective hostile fire. Consistent with other studies, the most common cause of death was internal hemorrhage; the second most common was catastrophic brain injury. Rapid control of external exsanguination was the technique most likely to prevent death. Tourniquets were applied to three lower extremities for two casualties, without sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mucciarone
authors.forename: Craig H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wightman
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000193:education; D010176:Panama; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014111:Tourniquets; D014187:Transportation of Patients; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*