title: A comparison of the effects of imposed extension and flexion movements on Parkinsonian rigidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a hypothesis that Parkinsonian rigidity is more pronounced in imposed extension than flexion movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve Parkinsonian subjects (both "Off" and "On" medication states) and seven control subjects participated in the protocol, in which a servomotor imposed wrist flexion and extension. Rigidity was quantitatively evaluated by the rectified torque integral with time, i.e., temporal score, and by the torque integral with joint angle, i.e., work score, for extension and flexion, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the "Off" state, the imposed extension induced a significantly higher resistance than did flexion. Dopaminergic medication significantly reduced the temporal score associated with imposed extension, and significantly decreased the work score of both movements. Compared with controls, the scores were higher for patients in the "On" state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigidity is more readily elicited in extension movement. The distinction is not evident in clinical practice, whereas it can be clearly revealed with the application of biomechanical analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This distinction may prove to be a standard feature of rigidity. The procedures may be helpful in diagnosis and useful in evaluating new treatments and developing rehabilitation programs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA. rxia@unmc.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Markopoulou
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Puumala
authors.forename: W Z
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Rymer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004298:Dopamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D004298:Dopamine