title: Smoking impacts on prefrontal attentional network function in young adult brains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is abundant evidence from clinical and preclinical studies that acute administration of nicotine has beneficial effects on attentional network function in the brain. In contrast, little is known about potentially neurotoxic effects on the attentional network during neurodevelopmentally critical periods, such as during adolescence and early adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using event-related functional MRI (fMRI), we investigated prefrontal attentional network function in young adults (n=15 regular smokers and n=12 never-smokers; age: 22.6+/-1.5 years). Duration of smoking was 6.9+/-2.3 years (range of 2-10). Smokers were allowed to smoke ad libitum before the fMRI scanning was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected from literature, prefrontal attentional network activity was significantly reduced in smokers compared to nonsmokers (Z=2.1; P=0.036). In smokers, we found that the history of smoking duration (years) is directly related to the extent of diminished attentional network activity (R=-0.67; P=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our best knowledge, the relationship between the duration of smoking history and prefrontal attentional network function has not yet been reported. This finding might suggest that several years of chronic nicotine abuse may be sufficient to exert long-lasting effects on the brain function of adolescents and young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Heinrich-Heine University, Bergische Landstr. 2, 40629 Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bettermann
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vucurevic
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stoeter
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winterer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine