title: Human galectin-1, -2, and -4 induce surface exposure of phosphatidylserine in activated human neutrophils but not in activated T cells.
abstract: Cellular turnover is associated with exposure of surface phosphatidylserine (PS) in apoptotic cells, leading to their phagocytic recognition and removal. But recent studies indicate that surface PS exposure is not always associated with apoptosis. Here we show that several members of the human galectin family of glycan binding proteins (galectins-1, -2, and -4) induce PS exposure in a carbohydrate-dependent fashion in activated, but not resting, human neutrophils and in several leukocyte cell lines. PS exposure is not associated with apoptosis in activated neutrophils. The exposure of PS in cell lines treated with these galectins is sustained and does not affect cell viability. Unexpectedly, these galectins bind well to activated T lymphocytes, but do not induce either PS exposure or apoptosis, indicating that galectin's effects are cell specific. These results suggest novel immunoregulatory contribution of galectins in regulating leukocyte turnover independently of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Sean R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.forename: Sougata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karmakar
authors.forename: Caleb J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dias-Baruffi
authors.forename: Rodger P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McEver
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D037501:Galectin 2 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D037541:Galectin 4 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D013499:Surface Properties; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D037483:Galectin 1; D037501:Galectin 2; D037541:Galectin 4; C445499:LGALS1 protein, human; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D004229:Dithiothreitol