title: Bafilomycin induces the p21-mediated growth inhibition of cancer cells under hypoxic conditions by expressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.
abstract: Bafilomycin A1, a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species, has been used as an inhibitor of vacuolar H(+) ATPase (V-ATPase). Bafilomycin has been also evaluated as a potential anticancer agent because it inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth. Although these anticancer effects of bafilomycin are considered to be attributable to the intracellular acidosis by V-ATPase inhibition, the exact mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we tested the possibility that bafilomycin targets a tumor-promoting factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Bafilomycin A1 and its analog, concanamycin A, were found to up-regulate HIF-1alpha in eight human cancer cell-lines, and this effect is attributed to inhibited degradation of HIF-1alpha protein. Furthermore, the HIF-1alpha induction by bafilomycin was augmented by hypoxia, which caused a robust induction of p21 and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. The cell cycle inhibition was shown only in cancer cells expressing both HIF-1alpha and p21. In HIF-1alpha(+/+) or HIF-1alpha(-/-) fibrosarcomas grafted in nude mice, bafilomycin showed the HIF-1alpha-dependent anticancer effect. Based on these results, the exorbitant expression of HIF-1alpha is likely to contribute to the anticancer action of bafilomycin.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jong-Wan
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Myung-Suk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Randall S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Yang-Sook
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018942:Macrolides; C036978:concanamycin A; C040929:bafilomycin A1