title: Economic evaluation of sewage treatment processes in India.
abstract: This paper evaluates the total annual cost including capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems operated in India. It also compares UASB and WSP systems with the activated sludge process (ASP) and biological aerated filter (BAF) systems in terms of total annual cost and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal cost by assuming various annual interest rates and land prices. It was found that the relationship between capital and O&M costs per unit size of a UASB or WSP system and its treatment capacity can be established by a first-order equation. The relation between the cost of organic removal and capital or O&M cost for various sewage treatment systems at various annual interest rates revealed that, for the Indian context, UASB could be the most suitable option in terms of expenses and treatment efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan. satonob@s8.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.forename: Lalit K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D007194:India; D012722:Sewage; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage