title: Short QT syndrome: clinical findings and diagnostic-therapeutic implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical presentation, occurrence of sudden infant death, and results of the available therapies in the largest group of patients with short QT syndrome (SQTS), studied so far, are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), exercise stress testing, electrophysiological study, morphological evaluation, genetic analysis and therapy results in 29 patients with SQTS and personal and/or familial history of cardiac arrest are reported. The median age at diagnosis was 30 years (range 4-80). In all subjects, structural heart disease was excluded. Eighteen patients were symptomatic (62%): 10 had cardiac arrest (34%) and in 8 (28%) this was the first clinical presentation. Cardiac arrest had occurred in the first months of life in two patients. Seven patients had syncope (24%); 9 (31%) had palpitations with atrial fibrillation documented even in young subjects. At ECG, patients exhibited a QT interval < or = 320 ms and QTc < or = 340 ms. Fourteen patients received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and 10 hydroquinidine prophylaxis. At a median follow-up of 23 months (range 9-49), one patient received an appropriate shock from the ICD; no patient on hydroquinidine had sudden death or syncope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SQTS carries a high risk of sudden death and may be a cause of death in early infancy. ICD is the first choice therapy; hydroquinidine may be proposed in children and in the patients who refuse the implant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy. cgiustetto@mac.com
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giustetto
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Monte
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolpert
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schimpf
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sbragia
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maury
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Anttonen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haissaguerre
authors.forename: Fiorenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D004562:Electrocardiography; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D007473:Ion Channels