title: Disease, destination, dose and delivery aspects of ciclosporin: the state of the art.
abstract: Since its discovery in 1971, ciclosporin has revolutionized organ transplantation and the treatment of autoimmune disorders. The wide array of applications resulting from its clinical efficacy warrant unique administration strategies and varying doses, times of exposure and extents of distribution, depending on target tissue. The poor biopharmaceutical characteristics of low solubility and permeability makes this uphill task even more challenging for the drug delivery scientist. Efforts underway have explored various body routes employing approaches like emulsions, microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, iontophoresis and penetration enhancers. This review attempts a brief holistic view of the "four Ds" (disease, destination, dose and delivery) surrounding this immunomodulator drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Jagdish L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Italia
authors.forename: Vivekanand
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: M N V Ravi
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016377:Organ Transplantation
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine