title: Analysis of the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate in the normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, in situ and infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas: preliminary observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammary carcinogenesis is a multistep process entailing the transition from normal breast to benign proliferative breast disease (ductal hyperplasia) to ductal carcinoma in situ to infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  These transitions are associated with changes in the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 53 mastectomy specimens of normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinoma were evaluated for mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate by using immunohistological methods and monoclonal antibodies including CD20, CD68, CD3 and granzyme B, histiocytes, T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transitions from normal breast to the subsequent tissue with lesions (normal skin v benign proliferative breast disease v ductal carcinoma in situ v infiltrating ductal carcinoma) were associated with significantly (p<0.01) increased mean (SD) density of mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate at the parenchyma (3.2 (1.0) v 26.4 (7.8) v 33.6 (7.9) v 39.1 (4.7) for CD20+ B cells; 2.8 (1.0) v 81.5 (14.0) v 84.0 (14.9) v103.7 (3.9) for CD3; 1.3 (2.0) v 3.8 (4.0) v 12.7 (23) v 22.1 (25.0) for CD68+ macrophages; 2.0 (1.0) v 58.3 (5.0) v 60.0 (10.0) v 74.1 (28.0) for granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells) and at the stroma (0.7 (1.0) v 3.0 (5.0) v 13.3 (20) v 16.7 (30.0) for CD20+ B cells; 1.0 (2.06) v 4.0 (2.5) v 16.7 (5.0) v 21.7 (15) for CD68+ macrophages; 1.4 (0.6) v 4.2 (1.2) v 46.6 (16.7) v 77.0 (5.0) for CD3+ cells and 0 (0) v 0.5 (1.0) v 0.7 (1.0) v 0.7 (1.0) for granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate during mammary carcinogenesis may reflect non-specific or specific immunological processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Assir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mrh17@swissinfo.org
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D001940:Breast / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000276:immunology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000276:immunology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008408:Mastectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology