title: Integrative interventions for MSDs: nature, evidence, challenges & directions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When applied to workplace interventions, integrative may be seen in various ways, requiring elucidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification of primary studies through systematic reviews, limited bibliographic literature searches, the Cochrane Occupational Health Field database on intervention studies, and authors' files. Focus was 2000 on. Categorization according to the Cochrane classes and lenses on integrative. Synthesis as narrative review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examples of each lens on integrative were uncovered: biomechanical and psychosocial, multiple component, primary and secondary prevention, organizational, and system. Each contributed different understanding to the potential impacts on different knowledge, exposure, behavior, health and administrative outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable opportunities exist to expand the range of integrative interventions, particularly at the organizational and system levels, and incorporate a combination of knowledge transfer and exchange with intervention evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, 481 University Avenue, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2E9, Canada.
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Dwayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Eerd
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rivilis
mesh_terms: D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006804:Ergonomics; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D017132:Workplace