title: Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data for trends in prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema over time are scarce. We repeated the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) at least 5 years after Phase One, to examine changes in the prevalence of symptoms of these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the ISAAC Phase Three study, between 2002 and 2003, we did a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 193,404 children aged 6-7 years from 66 centres in 37 countries, and 304,679 children aged 13-14 years from 106 centres in 56 countries, chosen from a random sample of schools in a defined geographical area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phase Three was completed a mean of 7 years after Phase One. Most centres showed a change in prevalence of 1 or more SE for at least one disorder, with increases being twice as common as decreases, and increases being more common in the 6-7 year age-group than in the 13-14 year age-group, and at most levels of mean prevalence. An exception was asthma symptoms in the older age-group, in which decreases were more common at high prevalence. For both age-groups, more centres showed increases in all three disorders more often than showing decreases, but most centres had mixed changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rise in prevalence of symptoms in many centres is concerning, but the absence of increases in prevalence of asthma symptoms for centres with existing high prevalence in the older age-group is reassuring. The divergent trends in prevalence of symptoms of allergic diseases form the basis for further research into the causes of such disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. mi.asher@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: M Innes
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montefort
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Björkstén
authors.forename: Christopher K W
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: Stephan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: Hywel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004485:Eczema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires