title: Renal and cardiovascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in children with proteinuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist offers better control of proteinuria and cardiovascular parameters without causing adverse side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 10 children (mean age: 12.3 +/- 4.06 years) with proteinuria resulting from chronic renal diseases of various causes. The study consisted of 2 phases, 3 months each, for an overall 6-month observation time. During phase 1 (3 months), each child was assigned randomly to treatment with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist alone. During phase 2, each child was advanced to combination therapy with the addition of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, respectively. Renal function tests, echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed at the beginning of the study (time 0), at 3 months (time 1), and at 6 months (time 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At time 2, proteinuria (change: -80.21 +/- 10.75%), interventricular septum index (change: -13.63 +/- 18.64%), posterior wall of the left ventricle index (change: -30.71 +/- 20.32%), and left ventricular mass index (change: -28.33 +/- 24.44%) were reduced significantly, compared with time 0 and time 1. No untoward side effects were detected during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the short term, the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists for children with proteinuria of renal origin reduced proteinuria significantly, compared with baseline or either drug alone. Furthermore, echocardiographic studies gave evidence of reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. Additional studies are needed to evaluate long-term results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. riccardo.lubrano@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lubrano
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soscia
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ventriglia
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Travasso
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scateni
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Maio
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Versacci
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masciangelo
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors