title: MDCT of the elbow in pediatric patients with posttraumatic elbow effusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the performance characteristics of MDCT in the detection of fractures in children with posttraumatic elbow effusions and to assess the effect of MDCT findings on clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unenhanced MDCT of the elbow was prospectively performed without sedation on 31 children 20 months to 16 years old who had posttraumatic elbow effusions. Two blinded reviewers independently and in consensus characterized all MDCT scans as positive or negative for the presence of fracture. Level of interobserver agreement was determined with the kappa statistic. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MDCT for fracture detection were determined for the consensus MDCT interpretations with follow-up radiographs as the reference standard. Patients were treated with casts and instructed to return in 2-3 weeks for clinical and radiographic follow-up unless a change in management was indicated on the basis of MDCT findings. The frequency of alteration of management was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both reviewers detected fractures in 15 (48%) of the patients individually and in 16 (52%) of the patients by consensus. Interobserver agreement for fracture detection with MDCT was excellent (kappa = 0.85). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MDCT in the detection of fractures were 92%, 79%, 79%, and 92%, respectively. Four (13%) of the children had changes in management based on the MDCT findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDCT is a sensitive means of evaluating for radiographically occult fractures in children with posttraumatic elbow effusions. It has a high negative predictive value and a high level of interobserver agreement. MDCT findings may lead to alteration of treatment of children with nondisplaced lateral condylar and radial head fractures.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Denver, 7136 S Hudson Ct., Centennial, CO 80122, USA. vernon.chapman@riaco.com
authors.forename: Vernon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grottkau
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elaini
authors.forename: Elkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D000092464:Elbow Injuries