title: Inflammation, anti-inflammatory agents and Alzheimer disease: the last 12 years.
abstract: Two basic discoveries have spurred research into inflammation as a driving force in the pathology of Alzheimer disease (AD). The first was the identification of activated microglia in association with the lesions. The second was the finding that rheumatoid arthritics were relatively spared from the disease. These findings spurred the first pilot trial of a classical NSAID in the treatment of AD. This trial showed promise for indomethacin as a useful therapeutic agent but appropriate follow up trials have not been done. However, more than 20 epidemiological studies have since been conducted showing a sparing effect for antiinflammatories in AD, including four which specifically addressed the use of classical NSAIDs. Other key findings linking inflammation to AD pathology are the identification of activated complement fragments, including the membrane attack complex, as well as inflammatory cytokines in association with the lesions. In vitro, activated microglia release factors which are toxic to neurons, and these can be partially blocked by NSAIDs. Future directions should include a search for other inflammatory mediators in AD and exploitation of current knowledge to improve available treatments.
authors.affiliation: Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research , University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada. mcgeerpl@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: McGeer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Edith G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: McGeer
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000378:metabolism; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007213:Indomethacin