title: Improvement in survival after mechanical circulatory support with pneumatic pulsatile ventricular assist devices in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric size pneumatically driven extracorporeal ventricular assist devices (VAD) for infants and small children were introduced into clinical routine in 1992. In the initial period, the results in infants were poor. Since then, several improvements have been introduced with regard to the cannulas, connectors, heparin coating of the blood pump inner surface, anticoagulant treatment and coagulation monitoring, and earlier decision-making in favor of pump implantation before irreversible shock has set in.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1990 and as of January 1, 2005, 62 Berlin Heart Excor systems have been implanted in patients below 18 years of age at our institution. The patients were divided into two groups according to the period of treatment: period 1, devices implanted between 1990 and 1998 (n = 34), and period 2, devices implanted between 1999 and 2004 (n = 28). We compared our experience during the earlier and later periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the preoperative patient data between the two periods except for time of support (17.9 +/- 27.7 days versus 53.2 +/- 83.9 days, p = 0.001). In period 1, more patients needed a biventricular VAD whereas in period 2, more patients were effectively treated with a left VAD (p = 0.05). In the later period, the chest could be primarily closed in a significantly higher percentage of infants (0% versus 89%, p = 0.012), and more infants could be extubated on the VAD (0% versus 55%, p = 0.16). Discharge from the hospital after either weaning from the system or heart transplantation was achieved for 35% in period 1 and for 68% in period 2 (p = 0.029). Whereas in period 1 there were no survivors in the group of children younger than 1 year old, during period 2, survival in this age group was similar to that of the two groups of older children (p = 0.024). There was a significant improvement in the discharge rate in period 2 in patients with cardiomyopathy (43% versus 76%, p = 0.045) and postcardiotomy heart failure (0% versus 57%, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier implantation of VADs, heparin coating of the blood pumps, and substantial modifications in cannula design, anticoagulation, and the coagulation monitoring regimen have led to a significant increase in the survival and discharge rate, especially among children under 1 year of age. The pediatric size Berlin Heart Excor VAD is a valuable option as a bridge to heart transplantation or recovery for children suffering from cardiogenic shock.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany. hetzer@dhzb.de
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hetzer
authors.forename: Evgenij V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Potapov
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.forename: Yuguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hübler
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemmer
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alexi-Meskishvili
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redlin
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Ewald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hennig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin