title: Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation reduces maternal plasma lipid levels and provides DHA to the infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) is considered an essential fatty acid for the fetus and newborn infant, but the optimal level of supply is not known. We studied the effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating women with marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as compared to n-6 PUFAs related to maternal and infant lipid levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and ninety pregnant women in weeks 17-19 of pregnancy were recruited. They were given either 10 mL cod liver oil (n-3 PUFAs) or corn oil (n-6 PUFAs) daily until three months after delivery, and 341 women took part in the study until giving birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal supplementation with cod liver oil increased the concentration of DHA in maternal as well as infant plasma and umbilical tissue phospholipids, as compared to corn oil. The maternal plasma triacylglycerol increase during pregnancy was less pronounced in women supplemented with cod liver oil as compared to corn oil. The concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was unchanged during pregnancy in the cod liver oil group, whereas it decreased in the corn oil group, promoting a greater increase in the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol in the corn oil group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal supplementation with n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation provides more DHA to the infant and reduces maternal plasma lipid levels compared to supplementation with n-6 fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Research, University of Oslo, Norway. ingrid.helland@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Helland
authors.forename: Ola D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Saugstad
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saarem
authors.forename: Adriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Van Houwelingen
authors.forename: Gro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nylander
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003314:Corn Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D003314:Corn Oil; D003060:Cod Liver Oil