title: Podocalyxin-like protein 1 expression in primary hepatic tumours and tumour-like lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The differential diagnosis of benign hepatic lesions and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas can be a challenge, especially in small biopsy specimens. Recently, novel proteins expressed by the neovasculature in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been identified. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of podocalyxin-like protein 1 (PODXL1), a CD34-related sialomucin, in HCC and benign liver tumours or tumour-like lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular marker expression was examined using tissue microarrays as well as standard paraffin sections from formalin fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissue samples. Expression of PODXL1 was compared with anti-CD34, CD31 and von Willebrand factor VIII staining by immunohistochemistry. PODXL1 is expressed in tumour-associated microvasculature endothelial cells in HCC, as well as in capillarized sinusoidal endothelium of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatic adenoma. Expression in cirrhotic nodules correlates with CD34 and highlights endothelium in the inflow area. In dysplastic nodules CD34 and PODXL1 are not or only focally expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression patterns of CD34 and PODXL1 are almost identical in primary hepatic tumours and tumour-like lesions. The presence of CD34+ and PODXL1+ sinusoidal endothelial cells aids in the diagnosis of HCC. Sinusoidal expression of PODXL1 is also seen in a less diffuse pattern in FNH and adenoma.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Heukamp
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breuhahn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicolay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Büttner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gütgemann
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; C001643:podocalyxin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor