title: Botulinum toxin injections for neurogenic and idiopathic detrusor overactivity: A critical analysis of results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years there has been an increasing use of the botulinum neurotoxins for the management of conditions characterised by detrusor overactivity. Early studies showed promising results in an area where few options previously existed between pharmacotherapy and surgery. This has led to an urgent need to assess the wide range of techniques and therapies available, as well as the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment. We performed a critical analysis of the numerous clinical studies for this novel treatment option in the management of neurogenic and idiopathic detrusor overactivity, with a view to directing further research and assisting urologists in the management of these conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature, as well as a search for abstracts presented to relevant peer-reviewed meetings, was performed. All articles from 1988 onwards were included, prior to which no articles describing urologic use of botulinum neurotoxins had been published, although the majority of the articles have been published since 2000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many of the studies were small, overwhelming evidence supports the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the botulinum toxins, specifically serotype A, for the management of these conditions. Before this is accepted as a widespread treatment modality, good-quality evidence from large-scale randomised controlled trials is needed. These studies should identify not only the most appropriate patients to treat but also the best dose, administration technique, and frequency for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Urology Research Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anand K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chapple
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A