title: Determination of the biliary excretion of piperacillin in humans using a novel method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the applicability of a novel method to determine the biliary excretion of piperacillin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers were administered piperacillin i.v. Duodenal aspirates were collected via a custom-made oroenteric catheter; blood and urine also were collected. Gallbladder ejection fraction (EF) was determined by gamma scintigraphy and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fraction of the piperacillin dose excreted unchanged into bile was 1.1 +/- 0.3% (biliary clearance corrected for EF was 0.032 +/- 0.008 ml min(-1) kg(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This methodology can be used to determine reliably the biliary clearance of drugs that are excreted only marginally into bile. Normalization of biliary clearance for EF significantly reduces intersubject variability of this parameter.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghibellini
authors.forename: Lakshmi S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Vasist
authors.forename: Terence E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Heizer
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kowalsky
authors.forename: Kim L R
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005998:Glycine; D006801:Humans; D007098:Imino Acids; D008297:Male; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012844:Sincalide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D007098:Imino Acids; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C034837:technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin; D012844:Sincalide; D005998:Glycine; D010878:Piperacillin