title: Smoking and degenerative changes of the cervical spine: a roentgenographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking has been implicated in low back pain and intervertebral disc degeneration; however, there is no conclusive evidence that cigarette smoking is an important contributing factor to intervertebral disc degeneration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to determine whether heavy cigarette smoking is a contributing factor to the development and severity of degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a comparative roentgenographic study of degenerative changes of the cervical spine in age- and sex-matched smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred asymptomatic subjects, 100 women and 100 men, were equally divided into 50 nonsmokers and 50 heavy smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A numerical grading system previously developed was used to grade the presence and severity of degenerative changes at each cervical level, and cervical lordosis was measured. This was performed on a lateral cervical spine roentgenogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single lateral roentgenogram of the cervical spine was taken in each individual, and in the smokers a short questionnaire was administered to determine the amount and duration of smoking. The roentgenograms were read by the three authors. Average values of all three observers were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the evidence of the plain roentgenograms used in this study, we found no evidence to suggest that cigarette smoking is a causative factor in asymptomatic people in the development of degenerative disc disease in the cervical spine. Whether cigarette smoking has a significant effect in people with neck symptoms cannot be determined by this study.
authors.affiliation: dgore@physhealthnet.com
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Guillermo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Carrera
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Glaeser
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008141:Lordosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology