title: Effects of increasing increments of fat- and sugar-rich snacks in the diet on energy and macronutrient intake in lean and overweight men.
abstract: Two studies have examined the effect on energy intake and macronutrient selection of increasing increments of mandatory high-fat or high-sugar snacks into the diet in men. The present study used a within-subject, repeated-measures design. In each experiment, six lean and six overweight, unrestrained men were each studied over three 7 d treatment periods, during which they were given mandatory snacks of the same energy density (550 kJ/100 g) comprising the following (in terms of percentage energy as fat-carbohydrate-protein): high-fat, 80:10:10; high-sugar, 10:80:10, of which 65 % was sugar, and 15 % starch. Subjects were given 0, 1.5 or 3.0 MJ/d snacks, in a randomised counterbalanced design, to be consumed mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Throughout each day, subjects had access ad libitum to fifteen high-protein, fifteen high-fat and fifteen high-carbohydrate foods, rotated on a 3 d menu. Mandatory high-fat snacks significantly elevated energy intake and fat intake, whereas high-sugar snacks elevated energy intake and carbohydrate intake (all P<0.02). Mandatory increases in sugar intake did not displace fat from the diet or vice versa. It was concluded that the ingestion of up to 3 MJ/d high-fat and high-sugar foods promoted weak compensation (18 % and 30 %, respectively) and therefore elevated daily energy intake by approximately 2.0-2.5 MJ.
authors.affiliation: Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.
authors.forename: Nik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mazlan
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whybrow
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins