title: Energy restriction but not protein source affects antioxidant capacity in athletes.
abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of energy restriction on antioxidant capacity in trained athletes. Secondly, our study determined whether dietary protein source influenced the antioxidant response, performance, and immunity. Twenty male cyclists consumed either whey or casein supplement (40 g/day) in addition to their diet for 17 days. All subjects subsequently underwent 4 days of energy restriction using a formula diet (20 kcal/kg) while continuing protein supplementation. Energy restriction caused 2.7 +/- 0.3 kg weight loss, increased lymphocyte total glutathione (tGSH) 37%, red blood cell glutathione peroxidase 48%, plasma cysteine 12%, and decreased whole blood reduced to oxidized GSH (rGSH/GSSG) ratio by 52%. The only immunity factor altered by energy restriction was an increase in stimulated phagocytosis (65%). Acute submaximal exercise reduced blood tGSH but increased glutathione peroxidase. Performance of a high intensity cycle test following 45 min of moderate exercise tended to be reduced by energy restriction (P = 0.06) but was unaffected by protein source. Energy restriction caused a negative nitrogen balance with no difference from dietary protein source. In conclusion, acute energy restriction increased plasma cysteine and several markers of the glutathione antioxidant system in trained athletes. A high cysteine dietary protein source did not influence these responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0430, USA. jrankin@vt.edu
authors.forename: Janet W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shute
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Heffron
authors.forename: Korinn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Saker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D013177:Sports; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide