title: Relations between dietary restraint, depressive symptoms, and binge eating: A longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temporal relations between dietary restraint, depressive symptoms, and binge eating were tested by means of three competing models positing that (1) dietary restraint and depressive symptoms predict future increases in binge eating, (2) binge eating predicts future increases in dietary restraint and depressive symptoms, and (3) binge eating is reciprocally related to these two factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data from a community sample of Dutch females (N = 143; M age = 19.6) was used to test these relations while controlling for initial levels of these factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary restraint did not predict future increases in binge eating, nor did binge eating predict future increases in dietary restraint. Depressive symptoms predicted future increases in binge eating, but binge eating did not predict future increases in depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this study had limited statistical power, the pattern of relations and effect sizes suggest that depressive symptoms, but not dietary restraint, increase risk of binge eating for late adolescent females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Health, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands. s.t.p.spoor@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Sonja T P
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Spoor
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stice
authors.forename: Marrie H J
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Strien
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croon
authors.forename: Guus L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Van Heck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires