title: Subjective and objective measures of insomnia in the context of traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare subjective and objective measures of sleep in traumatic brain injury patients (TBI) suffering from insomnia and in controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with mild to severe TBI were compared to 14 healthy good sleepers. Subjective measures of insomnia were obtained from a sleep diary (morning questionnaire), and objective measures from two nights of polysomnography (PSG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjective measures of sleep revealed significant sleep disturbance in the TBI group. TBI patients with insomnia have a tendency to overestimate their sleep disturbance compared to PSG measures of sleep. With PSG, 10 out of 14 participants with TBI could be defined as having objective insomnia. Nonetheless, when groups were compared, no significant differences were found on sleep continuity variables, although large effect sizes were seen for several measures suggesting sleep fragmentation. In terms of sleep architecture, no significant differences were found in the percentage of stage 2, slow-wave (stages 3 and 4), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but a higher proportion of stage 1 sleep was found in the TBI participants. When patients using psychotropic medication were excluded, TBI patients were found to have more awakenings lasting longer than 5min and a shorter REM sleep latency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are similar to those found in patients with either primary insomnia or insomnia related to depression.
authors.affiliation: Ecole de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Que., Canada G1K 7P4. marie-christine.ouellet.1@ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ouellet
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires