title: Complications of nonoperative management of pediatric blunt hepatic injury: Diagnosis, management, and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonoperative management (NOM) of blunt hepatic injury is the standard of care in the hemodynamically stable pediatric patient, but it is not without pitfalls. The purpose of this study is to assess the incidence and types of complications associated with NOM in terms of diagnosis, management, and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of pediatric patients with blunt hepatic injuries admitted from 1991 through 1997 to a Level I pediatric trauma center was conducted. All stable patients were initially managed nonoperatively according to the Isolated Liver Laceration Critical Pathway. Surveillance was performed by physical examination and tracking of hematocrit and liver function test (LFT) results. Follow-up ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT) were performed as clinically indicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 185 patients with nonoperatively managed blunt hepatic injuries were identified during a 7-year period. Over 90% (168/185) were successfully managed nonoperatively without adverse sequelae. Ten patients (5.4%) died: seven as a result of head injury; three as a result of multisystem organ failure; none directly attributable to their hepatic injuries. Complications occurred in seven patients (3.8%) with Grades III or IV right lobe liver lacerations and included biloma (5), hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia (1), and necrotic gallbladder (1). All seven patients (100%) had fever, persistent or worsening right upper quadrant pain, feeding intolerance, and persistently elevated LFTs. Complications were diagnosed by CT or US. Nonoperative treatment of complications was successful in four of the seven patients (57.1%) and consisted of percutaneous drain placement only (1), percutaneous drain placement and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-guided stent placement (2) and angioembolization (1). Three patients (42.9%) required laparotomy, one for management of a concomitant pancreatic pseudocyst.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications of NOM of pediatric blunt hepatic injury are rare, but may include biloma, hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, and necrotic gallbladder. Complications occur only with Grade III or greater injuries and are accompanied by fever, right upper quadrant pain, feeding intolerance, and persistently elevated LFTs. The clinician must maintain a high index of suspicion for the development of complications and have a low threshold for obtaining a CT or US for diagnosis. Interventional radiology techniques, angiography, and ERCP are useful adjuncts to nonoperative management, but some patients may still require laparotomy for management of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Giss
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dobrilovic
authors.forename: Rebeccah L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Victor F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*