title: Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in school children in Bikaner: an echocardiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) using clinical and echocardiographic criteria and to study influence of socioeconomic status (SES) we studied school children in a north-western Indian town.
  
  
  METHODS
  3292 school children, age range 5-14 years, in two private schools, ten middle SES government schools and six low SES government schools were invited to participate in the study. 3002 (1837 boys, 1165 girls) were clinically examined (response 91%) of which 1042 were in private schools, 1002 in middle SES schools and 958 in low SES schools. Prevalence of cardiac murmurs and RHD based on clinical diagnosis was determined in school by a trained team of physicians. Those with a murmur were further evaluated by Doppler-echocardiography in the hospital. Group-specific and age-specific rates (prevalence/thousand) of murmurs and cardiac lesions were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant cardiac murmur was observed in 55 subjects (18.3/1000) with similar prevalence in boys (20.7) and girls (14.6). The prevalence of murmur was significantly greater in children belonging to low SES schools (29.2/1000) as compared to middle SES (18.9) and higher SES schools (7.6). RHD prevalence based on clinical diagnosis was observed in 50 children (16.7/1000) and was similar in boys (19.1) and girls (12.9). Clinical RHD was more in the low SES school children (28.2/1000) as compared to middle (17.0) and high SES schools (5.8). RHD was demonstrated on echocardiography in 2 children (0.67/1000). Other prevalent cardiac lesions were congenital heart disease in 5 (1.66/1000) and mitral valve prolapse in 37 (12.3/1000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a low prevalence of RHD in school children in this region compared to previous Indian studies. Cardiac murmurs are more prevalent among low SES children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, SP Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals, Bikaner, India.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Periwal
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Panwar
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006337:Heart Murmurs / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012574:Schools; D012923:Social Class; D013334:Students