title: Refractive surgery for high bilateral myopia in children with neurobehavioral disorders: 1. Clear lens extraction and refractive lens exchange.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A subpopulation of children with high myopia and neurobehavioral disorders is noncompliant with spectacle wear and ill-suited to correction using contact lenses. We report the results of refractive surgery in a series of these children treated using lensectomy alone (clear lens extraction), or lensectomy with simultaneous implantation of an intraocular lens (refractive lens exchange).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical course and outcome data were collated prospectively in a group of 13 children (mean age 10.4 years, range 1 to 18 years) with neurobehavioral disorders exacerbated by chronic noncompliance with spectacle wear, causing profoundly low functional vision. Myopia in the 26 eyes ranged from -14.25 to -26.00 D (mean -19.1 D). Goal refraction was approximately +1 D. Correction was achieved by lensectomy alone in 10 eyes, and lensectomy with intraocular lens implantation in 16 eyes. Primary posterior capsulectomy/subtotal vitrectomy was performed during the primary procedure in 11 eyes (42%). Mean follow-up was 4.5 years (range 1.3 to 7.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myopia correction averaged 19.9 D. Eighty-one percent (21 eyes) were corrected to within +/-2 D of goal refraction and the remaining 19% (5 eyes) to within +/-4 D. Uncorrected acuity improved substantially (ie, an average 2 log units) in all 26 eyes, with commensurate gains in behavior and environmental visual interaction in 85% [corrected] of children (11/13) [corrected] Myopic regression averaged -0.16 D/year. Capsular regrowth and/or opacification necessitated vitrector or YAG-laser membranectomy in 13 [corrected] eyes (50%) [corrected] Focal retinal detachment (successfully repaired) occurred after eye contusion in one eye (4%) with cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bilateral refractive lensectomy is effective for improving functional vision in neurobehaviorally impaired children who have high myopia (beyond the range of excimer laser correction: see companion publication) and difficulties wearing glasses. Posterior capsule regrowth/opacification is common, necessitating secondary membranectomy. Further study is indicated to determine the long-term safety of this procedure in similar pediatric populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, St. Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University School of Medicine, University Medical Center, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. tychsen@vision.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tychsen
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Packwood
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoekel
authors.forename: Gregg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lueder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012086:Reoperation; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy