title: Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species production in COPD airways: comparison of inhaled corticosteroid and oral theophylline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are thought to be one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study was undertaken to examine the effects of theophylline and fluticasone propionate (FP) on RNS production in subjects with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen COPD subjects participated in the study. Theophylline (400 mg/day orally) or FP (400 mug/day inhalation) were administered for 4 weeks in a randomised crossover manner with a washout period of 4 weeks. Induced sputum was collected at the beginning and end of each treatment period. 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), which is a footprint of RNS, was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detection method as well as by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theophylline significantly reduced the level of 3-NT in the sputum supernatant as well as the number of 3-NT positive cells (both p<0.01). FP also reduced 3-NT formation, but the effect was smaller than that of theophylline. Theophylline also significantly reduced the neutrophil cell counts in the sputum (p<0.01), while FP treatment had no effect on the number of inflammatory cells in the sputum, except eosinophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Theophylline reduces nitrative stress and neutrophil infiltration in COPD airways to a larger extent than inhaled corticosteroid.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gohda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minakata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichinose
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000368:Aged; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D000068298:Fluticasone; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000730:Androstadienes; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D013806:Theophylline; D000068298:Fluticasone