title: Characterization of biofilm-forming abilities of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 on hydrophobic abiotic surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salmonella typhimurium DT104 strain has emerged as a global human and veterinary public health concern because of its antibiotic resistance and extensive host range. Although it is thought to be more virulent, to date, factors relevant to its virulence have not been fully elucidated. Thus, understanding how this strain forms biofilms on hydrophobic surfaces will add to current knowledge on its possible virulence mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilm-forming abilities of clinical isolates of S. typhimurium DT104 from human and animal sources on hydrophobic inanimate surfaces were assessed by absorbance at 600 nm of crystal violet-bound cells recovered from 96-well tissue culture plates after growth in a nutrient-rich growth medium and various adjusted media; and scanning electron microscopy based on standard procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the nutrient-rich growth medium, Luria-Bertani (LB), biofilms were formed in small quantities, preferentially on polystyrene (p<0.05), and followed different time courses. Significantly lower amounts of biofilms were formed on polystyrene when a nutrient-deficient growth medium (adherence test medium) was used. Inclusion of D-(+)-mannose in LB at a concentration of 100 mM significantly (p<0.05) inhibited biofilm formation on polystyrene. D-(+)-glucose relatively enhanced biofilm formation but D-(-)-mannitol only insignificantly influenced the process. The action of mannose on polyvinly chloride (PVC) was insignificant, suggesting that its action may be surface-dependent. Additionally, glucose significantly reduced biofilm growths of 2 of the isolates and only that of the PVC-loving strain T980021 on polystyrene and PVC, respectively. At the concentration tested, unlike xylose, both D-mannose and D-glucose significantly (p<0.05) inhibited bacterial growth, providing a possible mechanism for their inhibitory action on biofilm formation by S. typhimurium. While stress of starvation resulted in significant reduction in biofilm formation on polystyrene in all but the PVC-loving strain T980021, high osmolarity had little effect on the quantity of biofilm formed on polystyrene. The extent of primary attachment to polystyrene as well as their capacity to form biofilm did not correlate with their cell surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D-(+)-mannose inhibits biofilm formation by S. typhimurium DT104 on polystyrene but not on PVC. There was also a general lack of correlation between the ability of S. typhimurium DT104 to form biofilm and its physicochemical surface characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria. ybngwai@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yakubu B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ngwai
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002417:Cattle; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008358:Mannose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D005947:Glucose; D008358:Mannose