title: Does the impact of smoking on coronary heart disease differ by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level?: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of smoking with coronary heart disease (CHD) occurrence has been reported to be weaker for populations with lower plasma cholesterol levels. Recent studies suggest that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and smoking contribute to different stages of atherosclerosis, so the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that smoking is a stronger risk factor for CHD when LDL-C is high.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group of 13,410 middle-aged adults who were initially free of stroke and CHD were followed and over 13.3 years there were 932 incident CHD events. Tests for multiplicative interaction were performed using proportional hazards models. Both smoking and increased LDL-C were risk factors for CHD incidence. The relative hazard (RH) of CHD in relation to smoking tended to be larger among higher LDL-C categories compared with lower LDL-C categories. For example, when the participants were dichotomized into 4 categories, using smoking >or=15 cigarettes per day and LDL-C >or=130 mg/dl as cutoffs, those with high LDL-C and heavier cigarette smoking showed a very high RH of CHD (RH =2.81) compared with that expected from the product of the RHs of high LDL-C (RH =1.15) only x heavy smoking only (RH =1.71) (p for interaction =0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest positive multiplicative interactions between smoking and LDL-C for CHD incidence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MN, USA. ahozawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: A Richey
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sharrett
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Lloyd E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chambless
mesh_terms: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL