title: Sepsis-induced cholestasis, steatosis, hepatocellular injury, and impaired hepatocellular regeneration are enhanced in interleukin-6 -/- mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic dysfunction is an important but poorly understood component of sepsis. In severe sepsis, liver dysfunction is characterized by cholestasis, steatosis, hepatocellular injury, impaired regeneration, a decreased response to the cytokine interleukin-6, and high mortality. To determine whether loss of interleukin-6 activity caused hepatic dysfunction and mortality, we induced sepsis in wild-type (interleukin-6 +/+) and interleukin-6 knockout (interleukin-6 -/-) mice. We hypothesized that sepsis in interleukin-6 -/- mice would increase cholestasis, steatosis, hepatocellular injury, and mortality and impair hepatocyte regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized prospective experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adolescent C57Bl6 interleukin-6 +/+ and interleukin-6 -/- mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mild sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and single puncture (CLP). Severe, lethal sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and double puncture (2CLP). Some mice received recombinant human interleukin-6 at the time of CLP/2CLP. All animals were fluid resuscitated at the time of surgery and every 24 hrs thereafter. In survival cohorts, mortality at 16, 24, 48, and 72 hrs was recorded. In separate cohorts, surviving animals were killed at 24 and 48 hrs, and liver tissue was harvested. A separate cohort of mice received bromodeoxyuridine for detection of regeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2CLP was 100% fatal within the first 12 hrs in interleukin-6 -/- mice. Mortality from 2CLP in interleukin-6 +/+ mice before 24 hrs was nil but was 90% by 72 hrs. At 72 hrs, CLP was 40% fatal in interleukin-6 +/+ mice but 90% in interleukin-6 -/- mice. CLP induced cholestasis, steatosis, and hepatocellular injury in interleukin-6 -/-, but not interleukin-6 +/+, mice. Regeneration was absent following CLP in interleukin-6 -/- animals but occurred in interleukin-6 +/+ mice. Early administration of recombinant human interleukin-6 did not reverse abnormalities in interleukin-6 -/- mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of interleukin-6 is an important determinant of hepatic dysfunction and mortality in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Deutschman
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cereda
authors.forename: E Andrew
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ochroch
authors.forename: Nichelle R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Raj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002780:Cholestasis, Intrahepatic / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011897:Random Allocation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6