title: BRCA1 negatively regulates the cancer-associated aromatase promoters I.3 and II in breast adipose fibroblasts and malignant epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterozygous mutations of the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) gene that lead to haploinsufficiency increase the risk of breast cancer. The underlying mechanism is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because excessive estrogen production increases the risk of breast cancer, we determined whether BRCA1 suppresses aromatase expression and thus local estrogen production in breast adipose fibroblasts (BAFs) and breast malignant epithelial cells by interacting with the cancer-associated promoter I.3/II region of the aromatase gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of BAFs with prostaglandin E2 or a surrogate hormonal cocktail of dibutyryl (Bt2) cAMP plus phorbol 12, 13-diacetate (PDA) significantly reduced BRCA1 levels and induced aromatase mRNA levels. Reduction of BRCA1 in BAFs and in MCF7 and SKBR3 malignant breast epithelial cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA significantly increased aromatase mRNA levels and enzyme activity. This effect of BRCA1 was mediated via selective inhibition of aromatase promoters I.3 and II that are up-regulated by prostaglandin E2 or Bt2cAMP + PDA treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that BRCA1 binds directly to the aromatase promoter I.3/II region and that BRCA1 binding is abolished by treatment with Bt2cAMP + PDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective inhibition of aromatase expression by BRCA1 binding to the I.3/II tumorigenic promoter region may be an important protective mechanism against breast cancer development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reierstad
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Trauernicht
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Serdar E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bulun
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D034622:RNA Interference; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D014157:Transcription Factors; C008874:phorbol-12,13-diacetate; D003994:Bucladesine; D001141:Aromatase; D015232:Dinoprostone