title: [Changes in smoking habits in the last thirty years in middle-aged Icelanders and their causes - Results from population surveys of the Icelandic Heart Association.].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the last thirty years the Research Clinic of the Icelandic Heart Association has been engaged in several extensive cardiovascular population surveys. Smoking habits have been assessed by a questionnaire and the purpose of the present study is to describe the changes in smoking habits during the period 1967-2001, their causes and the reliability of the information gathered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were participants in four population surveys: The Reykjavik Study 1967-1996, Survey of "Young People" 1973-1974 and 1983-1985, MONICA Risk Factor Surveys 1983, 1988-1989 and 1993-1994 and the "Reykjavik Offspring Study" 1997-2001. The age of participants was 30-88 years and 26,311 examinations of males and 26,222 of females were performed, a number of individuals attending more often than once. A standardized smoking questionnaire was used and the reliability was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking prevalence decreased substantially in both sexes during the study period. In the youngest male group the prevalence decreased from 65% to 42%, but in the oldest from 45% to 19%, while in the youngest female group the decrease was from 50% to 35% but in the oldest age group from 30% to 20%. The decrease in smoking was almost exclusively in the category of "light smokers" (i.e. 1-14 cigarettes a day or pipe/cigar smoker). The main reasons for quitting smoking were concerns about health and symptoms associated with smoking and the cost. The cost had greater weight at the beginning of the period than during the latter part but health concerns seem to be increasingly important. Compared to other countries smoking prevalence in Icelandic males is low but high in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the last three decades smoking prevalence in Icelanders 30 years and older has decreased substantially. The main reasons for quitting smoking are health concerns and cost. Continued information about the deleterious effects of smoking as well as increase in the price of tobacco is likely to reduce further the smoking prevalence.
authors.affiliation: The Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmára 1, 201 Kópavogi, Iceland. n.sigfusson@hjarta.is.
authors.forename: Nikulás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sigfússon
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sigurðsson
authors.forename: Helgi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sigvaldason
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guðnason