title: Effects of group size and pine defence chemicals on Diprionid sawfly survival against ant predation.
abstract: The defence chemicals and behavioural adaptations (gregariousness and active defensive behaviour) of pine sawfly larvae may be effective against ant predation. However, previous studies have tested their defences against very few species of ants, and few experiments have explored ant predation in nature. We studied how larval group size (groups of 5 and 20 in Neodiprion sertifer and 10, 20 and 40 in Diprion pini) and variation in levels of defence chemicals in the host tree (Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris) affect the survival of sawfly larvae. Food preference experiments showed that ants do eat sawfly larvae, although they are not their most preferred food item. According to our results, ant predation significantly increases the mortality rate of sawfly larvae. Larval mortality was minor on pine tree branches where ant traffic was excluded. We also found that a high resin acid concentration in the host tree significantly decreased the mortality of D. pini larvae when ants were present. However, there was no such relationship between the chemical concentrations of the host tree and larval mortality for N. sertifer. Surprisingly, grouping did not help sawfly larvae against ant predation. Mortality risk was the same for all group sizes. The results of the study seemingly contradict previous understanding of the effectiveness of defence mechanisms of pine sawfly against ant predation, and suggest that ants (Formica exsecta in particular) are effective predators of sawfly larvae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40351, Jyväskylä, Finland. carlind@cc.jyu.fi
authors.forename: Carita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindstedt
authors.forename: Lindstedt
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carita
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mappes
authors.forename: Mappes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johanna
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Päivinen
authors.forename: Päivinen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jussi
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varama
authors.forename: Varama
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martti
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005387:Finland; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000737:chemistry*; D011156:Population Density; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000032:analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D012116:Resins, Plant