title: Improved triglycerides and insulin sensitivity with 3 months of acipimox in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia remain a challenge for optimizing long-term health in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Elevation of free fatty acids (FFAs) may contribute to hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in HIV. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of chronic inhibition of lipolysis in HIV-infected men and women with hypertrigyceridemia. We hypothesized that acipimox would lead to significant reductions in triglycerides and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of acipimox (250 mg thrice daily) vs. placebo was conducted in 23 HIV-infected men and women with hypertriglyceridemia (>150 mg/dl), abnormal fat distribution, and no current lipid-lowering therapy. The primary outcome variable was triglyceride concentration, and insulin sensitivity measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was a secondary outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at an academic medical center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acipimox resulted in significant reductions in FFAs [mean change -0.38 (0.06) vs. 0.08 (0.06) mEq/liter with placebo, -68 vs. +17% change from mean baseline, P < 0.0001], decreased rates of lipolysis (P < 0.0001), and a median triglyceride decrease from 238 mg/dl at baseline to 190 mg/dl, compared with an increase from 290 to 348 mg/dl in the placebo group (P = 0.01). Acipimox improved insulin sensitivity [acipimox +2.31 (0.74) vs. placebo -0.21 (0.90) mg glucose per kilogram lean body mass per minute, or +31 vs. -2% change from mean baseline values, P = 0.04]. Improvements in insulin sensitivity were significantly correlated with reductions in FFAs (r = -0.62, P = 0.003) and lipolysis (r = -0.59, P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acipimox resulted in significant sustained reductions in lipolysis, improved glucose homeostasis, and significant but modest reductions in triglycerides in HIV-infected individuals with abnormal fat distribution and hypertriglyceridemia. Improvement in overall metabolic profile with acipimox suggests a potential clinical utility for this agent that requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. hadiganc@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hadigan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebau
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torriani
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grinspoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010919:Placebos; D011719:Pyrazines; D014280:Triglycerides; C027696:acipimox