title: Practitioner review: Psychopharmacology in children and adolescents with mental retardation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of psychotropic medication to treat children and adults with mental retardation (MR) has a long and extensive history. There are no identified medications to address specific cognitive deficits among persons with MR. Instead, psychotropic medications are used to treat specific behavioral symptoms and/or psychiatric syndromes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the recent literature regarding the use of psychotropic medications in this population, focusing primarily on children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper is divided into five general drug categories: psychostimulants, antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and other drugs. Each section offers an overview of the research supporting the use of that class of medications in children and adolescents with MR as well as cautions regarding potential side effects. Finally, specific clinical recommendations are offered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of studies in MR tend to be open trials, case reports, or controlled studies with small samples. The available data suggests that persons with MR respond to various psychotropic medications in ways similar to the typically developing population. However, rates of response tend to be poorer and the occurrence of side effects tends to be more frequent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents with MR requires even greater monitoring and the use of lower doses and slower dosage increases than in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. handenbl@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Handen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs