title: Safety issues with statin therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the most important potential adverse effects related to statin therapy, discuss mechanisms of toxicity and drug interactions, and suggest approaches for enhancing safety with statin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large-scale clinical trials, government databases and papers, and recent studies of statin safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  By the author.
  
  
  METHODS
  By the author.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients requiring intensive therapy with statins to achieve lipid goals is climbing, and as the number grows, so does the potential for adverse effects with these agents. The most detrimental adverse effects of statins are hepatotoxicity and myopathy. Liver dysfunction induced by statins is rare and usually mild, with asymptomatic transaminase elevation or acute cholecystitis. Progression to liver failure is exceedingly rare, and transaminase elevations is usually reversible with dose reduction. Statin-associated myopathy is generally a concern when patients have more than one risk factor for muscle syndromes, such as an elderly patient with poor renal function. Drug interactions represent an additional concern, especially for atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, all of which are metabolized by the important 3A4 isoenzyme of the cytochrome P450 system of the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of all available statins for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular disease outweigh any potential risks of therapy. For patient groups most susceptible to adverse effects, such as the elderly and those on multiple medications, clinicians should consider the use of statins that are least likely to interact with other medications.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, USA. Talbert@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Talbert
mesh_terms: D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000139:chemically induced; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human