title: Remedial parathyroid surgery: changing trends in 130 consecutive cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the outcomes in 130 consecutive remedial explorations for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Remedial surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism is challenging and requires meticulous preoperative evaluation and imaging to expedite a focused surgical exploration that has traditionally been performed under general anesthesia. This prospective series of 130 consecutive remedial operations for primary hyperparathyroidism selectively used minimally invasive techniques and tested the hypothesis that these techniques could improve outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 2005, 1,090 patients were evaluated and explored for primary hyperparathyroidism. Of these, 130 remedial explorations were performed in 128 patients who underwent either conventional exploration under general anesthesia (n = 107) or minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (n = 23) employing cervical block anesthesia, directed exploration, and curative confirmation with the rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of preoperative imaging were: Sestamibi (79%), ultrasound (74%), MRI (47%), CT (50%), venous localization (93%), and ultrasound guided parathyroid fine needle aspiration (78%). The cure rate in the conventional remedial group (n = 107) was 94% and was associated with a mean length of stay of 1.6 +/- 0.2 days. Remedial exploration employing minimally invasive techniques (n = 23) resulted in a cure rate of 96% and a mean length of stay of 0.4 +/- 0.1 days. Complications were rare in both remedial groups. These results were almost identical to those achieved in 960 unexplored patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remedial parathyroid surgery can be accomplished with acceptable cure and complication rates. Minimally invasive techniques can achieve outcomes that are similar to those obtained in unexplored patients.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, usa. Robert.udelsman@yale.edu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Udelsman
authors.forename: Patricia Irvin
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000601:surgery*; D015994:Incidence; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D016105:Parathyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome