title: Late rapid deterioration after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: additional cases and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late rapid deterioration after endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a rare complication. The authors previously reported three deaths from three centers. Three other deaths and a patient who experienced rapid deterioration have also been reported. Following the death at the University of Toronto of an additional patient who underwent surgery elsewhere, they canvassed pediatric neurosurgeons in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia for additional cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  An email was sent to the members of the Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences who are pediatric neurosurgeons, to the pediatric neurosurgery email list of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, to the email list of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, and to designated neurosurgeons in the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Australia, who in turn contacted pediatric neurosurgeons in their countries. A data form was provided, and data from previously reported cases were extracted. Nine additional cases were identified, and the results were collated with those of the seven cases previously reported. Patient age at surgery ranged from 2 days to 13 years (mean 7.6 years). The most common causes of hydrocephalus were aqueductal stenosis in 50% of patients and tectal glioma in 25% of patients. The time to treatment failure ranged from 5 weeks to 7.8 years (mean 2.5 years). Thirteen patients died, one patient was in a vegetative state, one patient was mildly disabled, and one patient whose condition deteriorated outside the operating room was alive and well. In the 13 patients in whom the ventriculostomy site was visualized at autopsy or repeated endoscopy, the ventriculostomy was shown to be occluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late rapid deterioration is a rare but lethal complication of ETV. The mechanism is unclear, but deterioration can occur long after the ETV becomes occluded. Patients and caregivers should be counseled regarding this potential complication. An indwelling ventricular access device is an option for patients undergoing ETV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Canada. james.drake@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chumas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kestle
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierre-Kahn
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinchon
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology*; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014696:Ventriculostomy