title: Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin in cytomegalic neurons of human cortical dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cortex of patients with cortical dysplasia contains several abnormal cell types. Among the dysplastic cells, cytomegalic neurons are known to be electrically hyperactive and may contribute to epileptic activity. In this study, we sought to identify molecular markers of cytomegalic neurons in focal or hemispheric cortical dysplasia and to determine whether the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is abnormally high in these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microarray analysis of gene expression in large dysplastic cells microdissected from cortical dysplasia surgical specimens was used to identify markers of cytomegalic neurons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of cortical sections was used to validate the microarray results and to probe the activity of mTOR in cytomegalic neurons using phospho-specific antibodies directed against known mTOR targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that the neurofilament heavy chain is a reliable marker of cytomegalic neurons and that targets of the mTOR kinase, such as the ribosomal protein S6, eIF4G, and Akt, are hyperphosphorylated in these dysplastic neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that mTOR kinase hyperactivation is a molecular mechanism underlying the development of cytomegalic neurons. This finding may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for childhood epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia.
authors.affiliation: Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M Cecilia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: Meenakshi B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Yaojuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Dawna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoshor
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Swann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Arcangelo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D001711:Biotransformation; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D004210:Dissection; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases