title: Geographical variation in neonatal phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown associations between size and body proportions at birth and health outcomes throughout the life cycle, but there are few data on how neonatal phenotype varies in different populations around the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the UK, Finland, India, Sri Lanka, China, DR Congo, Nigeria, and Jamaica (n=22,067) were used to characterize geographical differences in phenotype in singleton, live-born newborns. Measurements included birth weight, placental weight, length, head, chest, abdominal and arm circumferences, and skinfolds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonates in Europe were the largest, followed by Jamaica, East Asia (China), then Africa and South Asia. Birth weight varied widely (mean values 2,730-3,570 g), but in contrast, head circumference was similar in all except China (markedly smaller). The main difference in body proportions between populations was the head to length ratio, with small heads relative to length in China and large heads relative to length in South Asia and Africa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These marked geographical differences in neonatal phenotype need to be considered when investigating determinants of fetal growth, and optimal phenotype for short-term and long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India. s.d.leary@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leary
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: Hermione
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lovel
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Terrence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jie
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Chittaranjan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yajnik
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002508:Cephalometry; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003223:Congo / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000208:ethnology; D005843:Geography; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D007563:Jamaica / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009549:Nigeria / Q000208:ethnology; D010298:Parity; D010641:Phenotype; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000208:ethnology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000208:ethnology