title: Electric fields in tumors exposed to external voltage sources: implication for electric field-mediated drug and gene delivery.
abstract: The intratumoral field, which determines the efficiency of electric field-mediated drug and gene delivery, can differ significantly from the applied field. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of the electric field in mouse tumors and tissue phantoms exposed to a large range of electric stimuli, and quantified the resistances of tumor, skin, and electrode-tissue interface. The samples used in the study included 4T1 and B16.F10 tumors, mouse skin, and tissue phantoms constructed with 1% agarose gel with or without 4T1 cells. When pulsed electric fields were applied to samples using a pair of parallel-plate electrodes, we determined the electric field and resistances in each sample as well as the resistance at the electrode-tissue interface. The electric fields in the center region of tissue phantoms and tumor slices ex vivo were macroscopically uniform and unidirectional between two parallel-plate electrodes. The field strengths in tumor tissues were significantly lower than the applied field under both ex vivo and in vivo conditions. During in vivo stimulation, the ratio of intratumoral versus applied fields was approximately either 20% or 55%, depending on the applied field. Meanwhile, the total resistance of skin and electrode-tissue interface was decreased by approximately 70% and the electric resistance at the center of both tumor models was minimally changed when the applied field was increased from 50 to 400 V/cm. These results may be useful for improving electric field-mediated drug and gene delivery in solid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mossop
authors.forename: Roger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Henshaw
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zaharoff
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D053672:Electrochemotherapy; D018274:Electroporation; D005260:Female; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging