title: Consistent patterns of expression of HLA class I free heavy chains in healthy individuals and raised expression in spondyloarthropathy patients point to physiological and pathological roles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins exist at the cell surface in antigen presenting forms and as beta2m-independent free heavy chains (FHCs). FHCs have been implicated in spondyloarthritis, but little is known about their expression in healthy individuals. We studied FHC expression on various human cell types, comparing spondyloarthropathy patients with healthy and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  MHC-I expression was analysed by flow cytometry. FHC levels were normalized for overall MHC-I to generate a relative expression level. Relative FHC levels were analysed for peripheral blood and trophoblast samples from healthy volunteers, RA and spondyloarthropathy patients. Macrophages and dendritic cells were cultured in vitro to analyse changes following activation. Peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and RA were treated with inflammatory stimuli and subsequent alterations in their relative FHC levels were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found consistent patterns of differential relative FHC expression across lymphocyte subpopulations and particularly high expression on extravillous trophoblast. FHCs were present at higher levels in a reactive arthritis (ReA) population than in healthy controls and RA patients; differences not merely due to the presence of Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) B27. Treatment of leucocytes from arthritic patients with bacterial lipopolysaccharide resulted in significant up-regulation of FHC compared with an HLA B27+ control population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings define normal levels and tissue expression of FHCs, and support the hypothesis that disregulation of heavy chain expression may play a pathogenic role in spondyloarthropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bowness
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hill Gaston
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moffett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trowsdale
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016918:Arthritis, Reactive / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000091402:Prohibitins; D025242:Spondylarthropathies / Q000276:immunology*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; C000717331:PHB2 protein, human; D000091402:Prohibitins