title: Decreased glucagon responsiveness by bile acids: a role for protein kinase Calpha and glucagon receptor phosphorylation.
abstract: Dihydroxy bile acids like chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) induce heterologous glucagon receptor desensitization. We previously demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC) was activated by certain bile acids and mediated the CDCA-induced decrease in glucagon responsiveness. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of PKC in the phosphorylation and desensitization of the glucagon receptor by CDCA. Desensitization was evaluated by measuring adenylyl cyclase activity. Receptor phosphorylation was assayed by metabolic labeling with [gamma-(32)P] ATP. Protein kinase C (PKC) translocation and activation was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. CDCA decreased cAMP production induced by glucagon in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cAMP synthesis through stimulation of either stimulatory GTP-binding protein (Gs) by NaF or adenylyl cyclase by forskolin. The CDCA-induced inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity was potentiated by the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. The desensitizing effect of CDCA was bile acid-specific and was significantly reduced in the presence of PKC inhibitors and after PKC down-regulation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. CDCA increased glucagon receptor phosphorylation more than 3-fold at concentrations as low as 25 mum. Furthermore, CDCA significantly stimulated human recombinant PKCalpha autophosphorylation in vitro, as well as PKCalpha translocation to the plasma membrane and phosphorylation in vivo at concentrations as low as 25 mum. CDCA also stimulated PKCdelta translocation to the perinuclear region. Activated PKCalpha, PKCzeta, and to a lesser extent, PKCdelta, phosphorylated the glucagon receptor in vitro. This study demonstrates that certain bile acids, such as CDCA, stimulate phosphorylation and heterologous desensitization of the glucagon receptor, involving at least PKCalpha activation.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street, Northwest, 523 Ross Hall, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: Lada
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krilov
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Bhumika
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapin-Kennedy
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouscarel
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005934:Glucagon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid; D005934:Glucagon; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C497260:Prkcd protein, rat; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate