title: Role of cyclic nucleotides in fetal hemoglobin induction in cultured CD34+ cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vivo, several drugs have been shown to increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF), including 5-azacytidine (AZA), sodium butyrate (SB), and hydroxyurea (HU). Studies in K562 cells suggest that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is required for HbF induction; however, the role of cyclic nucleotides in HbF induction in primary erythroid cultures has not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD34-selected peripheral blood monocytes cultured in a semi-solid serum-free system that mimics in vivo F-cell production are utilized to explore the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cGMP in HbF induction in response to HU, AZA, and SB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In serum-free CD34 cultures, HU, SB, and AZA all markedly stimulate FNRBC production up to 30-fold, associated with induction of gamma-globin mRNA and total HbF protein. Guanylate cyclase inhibition results in only minimal blunting of HbF induction by each agent. In contrast, adenylate cyclase inhibition markedly reduces HU, SB, and AZA-mediated FNRBC induction and gamma-globin mRNA induction. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin modestly induces FNRBC production and augments the action of standard induction agents. HU, AZA, and SB, however, fail to significantly stimulate adenylate cyclase themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In human CD34(+) cultures, cAMP production is required for full induction of HbF by HU, SB, and AZA, while perturbation of cGMP production has only minimal effects. These findings are in marked contrast to data in K562 cells where cGMP production is critical for HbF induction while cAMP stimulation blunts HbF response, and suggest that these agents may share a common induction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jrkeefer@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Keefer
authors.forename: Tonya A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schneidereith
authors.forename: Abbie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mays
authors.forename: Shirley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Purvis
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dover
authors.forename: Kirby D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D000986:Antisickling Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077209:Decitabine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D041905:Erythroid Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020014:K562 Cells; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D000986:Antisickling Agents; D002087:Butyrates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005576:Colforsin; D000077209:Decitabine; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D001374:Azacitidine; D006918:Hydroxyurea