title: Th1 polarization and apoptosis-inducing activity of CD4+ T -cells in cytokine-induced killers might favor the antitumor cytotoxicity of cytokine-induced killers in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cytokines induced killers (CIKs) treatment is an emerging adoptive immunotherapy with greater antitumor activity than lymphocyte-activated killers (LAKs). Our previous study suggested that CD4+ T-cells in CIKs (CD4+ CIKs) might contribute to the CIK-mediated therapy in vivo. In this experiment, we studied the mechanisms that might be involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh CD4+ CIKs were purified and proportions of Th1- and Th2-type cells were determined by intracellular cytokine staining. Cytokine secretion and mRNA synthesis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Direct cytolysis and apoptosis-inducing activity were examined by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) method and Annexin-V staining, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Th1 polarization in CD4+ CIKs was identified, characterized with the enhanced frequency of Th1 subset, and a dramatic increase of the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in the culture supernatant. The elevation in synthesis of Th1-type cytokines could be maintained without any exogenous cytokine supplement, as implied by the results from quantitative RT-PCR. Although no tumor lysis occurred, an early stage of apoptosis was detected in Raji cocultured with CD4+ CIKs after 4 hours of incubation. This apoptosis-inducing activity of CD4+ CIKs elevated along with the incubation time and depended on the cell contact through the Fas/FasL pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD4+ CIK is a subset that might favor the antitumor cytotoxicity of CIKs in vivo by producing an advantageous Th1-dominance microenvironment and inducing tumor apoptosis though the Fas/FasL pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jinpu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiubao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Shui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xishan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D012313:RNA; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase