title: Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) has been associated with colorectal adenomatous polyps and cancer, prompting researchers to propose its inhibition as a chemopreventive intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Prevention of Colorectal Sporadic Adenomatous Polyps trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib given daily in a single 400-mg dose. At 107 centers in 32 countries, we randomly assigned 1561 subjects who had had adenomas removed before enrollment to receive celecoxib (933 subjects) or placebo (628 subjects) daily, after stratification according to the use or nonuse of low-dose aspirin. The primary outcome was detection of adenomas at either year 1 or year 3 by colonoscopy and was compared among the groups with the use of the Mantel-Cox test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colonoscopies were performed at year 1 on 88.7 percent of the subjects who had undergone randomization and at year 3 on 79.2 percent. Of the 557 subjects in the placebo group and the 840 subjects in the celecoxib group who were included in the efficacy analysis, 264 and 270, respectively, were found to have at least one adenoma at year 1, at year 3, or both. The cumulative rate of adenomas detected through year 3 was 33.6 percent in the celecoxib group and 49.3 percent in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.64; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.75; P<0.001). The cumulative rate of advanced adenomas detected through year 3 was 5.3 percent in the celecoxib group and 10.4 percent in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.49; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.33 to 0.73; P<0.001). Adjudicated serious cardiovascular events occurred in 2.5 percent of subjects in the celecoxib group and 1.9 percent of those in the placebo group (relative risk, 1.30; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.65 to 2.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 400 mg of celecoxib once daily significantly reduced the occurrence of colorectal adenomas within three years after polypectomy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00141193 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
authors.affiliation: Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Nadir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arber
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spicak
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rácz
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dite
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hajer
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zavoral
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lechuga
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerletti
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rosenstein
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Pritha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhadra
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wittes
authors.forename: Ann G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zauber
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018256:Adenomatous Polyps / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib; D001241:Aspirin