title: Detection of variability in apo(a) gene transcription regulatory sequences using the DGGE method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased lipoprotein(a), Lp(a), concentration is an independent risk factor for premature atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein(a), apo(a), determines properties of the lipoprotein and its production rate is the limiting step in Lp(a) particle formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects covering the whole range of Lp(a) concentration were separated into quintiles. A randomly chosen sample from each quintile was derived, there being a total number of 713 individuals. The DGGE method was used to scan the known transcription regulatory regions of apo(a) gene (promoter; DHII and DHIII enhancers) for variability and its distribution across quintiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides 5 previously reported nucleotide substitutions (+121 G>A; +93 C>T; -1712 G>T; -1617 C>A; -1230 A>G) 16 unreported rare sequence variants were detected. All polymorphic variants were distributed throughout the quintiles with several significant differences. The novel +62 C variant was found only among individuals with Lp(a) levels over 16 mg/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The apo(a) gene transcription regulatory regions were not revealed to be extremely polymorphic. However, we should consider a combined effect of all polymorphic sites from the whole apo(a) gene locus, including the apo(a) gene length polymorphism, when dealing with high population variability of Lp(a) levels.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague 12808, Czech Republic. kzidk@lf1.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zídková
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kebrdlová
authors.forename: Lukás
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zlatohlávek
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ceska
mesh_terms: D053241:Apoprotein(a) / Q000235:genetics*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D053241:Apoprotein(a)