title: Ultrasonic effects on titanium tanning of leather.
abstract: The effects of ultrasound on titanium tanning of leather were investigated. Either 20 or 40 kHz ultrasound was applied to the titanium tanning of pigskins. Five different treatment conditions were carried out and the effects were examined, such as leather shrinkage temperature (T(s)), titanium content and titanium distribution in the leather. Overall heat loading was carefully controlled. Results showed that 20 kHz ultrasound effectively improves titanium agent penetration into the hide and increases the leather's shrinkage temperature. Doubling the frequency to 40 kHz produced negligible enhancements. An impressive 105.6 degrees C T(s) was achieved using 20 kHz ultrasound pretreatment of the tanning liquor followed by 20 kHz ultrasound in the tanning mixture (liquor plus pigskins) in a special salt-free medium. Finally, using a unique ultrasonic tanning drum with 26.5 kHz ultrasound, the T(s) reached a record level of 106.5 degrees C, a value not achieved in conventional (no ultrasound) titanium tanning. The ultrasonic effects on titanium tanning of leather are judged to make a superior mineral tanned leather.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Biyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Danhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yaowen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dennis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shelly