title: Metabolism and metabolic inhibition of gambogic acid in rat liver microsomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the metabolism of gambogic acid (GA) and the effects of selective cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) inhibitors on the metabolism of GA in rat liver microsomes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat liver microsomes were used to perform metabolism studies. Various selective CYP450 inhibitors were used to investigate their effects on the metabolism of GA and the principal CYP450 isoform involved in the formation of major metabolite M(1) in rat liver microsomes. Types of inhibition in an enzyme kinetics model were used to model the interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GA was rapidly metabolized to two phase I metabolites, M(1) and M(2), in rat liver microsomes. M(1) and M(2) were tentatively presumed to be the hydration metabolite and epoxide metabolite of GA, respectively. alpha-Naphthoflavone uncompetitively inhibited the formation of M(1) while ketoconazole, sulfaphenazole, diethyl dithiocarbamate and quinidine had little or no inhibitory effects on the formation of M(1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GA is rapidly metabolized in rat liver microsomes and M(1) is crucial for the elimination of GA. Cytochrome P-450 1A2 is the major rat CYP involved in the metabolism of GA.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Yi-tong
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Xiao-quan
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guang-ji
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001571:Benzoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065609:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013426:Sulfaphenazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D044004:Xanthones / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001571:Benzoflavones; D065609:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D044004:Xanthones; C400322:cytochrome P-450 CYP2C subfamily; D013426:Sulfaphenazole; C011512:alpha-naphthoflavone; C052659:gambogic acid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D007654:Ketoconazole