title: A pilot study of the SPRINT protocol for tight glycemic control in critically Ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress-induced hyperglycemia is prevalent in critical care, even in patients with no history of diabetes. Increased counter-regulatory hormone response increases gluconeogenesis and effective insulin resistance, which can be exacerbated by drug therapy. Control of blood glucose levels to the 4.0-6.1 mmol/L range has been shown to reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes. The Specialized Relative Insulin and Nutrition Tables (SPRINT) protocol is a simple alternative intensive care unit protocol for modulating insulin and nutritional input to gain tight blood glucose control in the 4.0-6.1 mmol/L target band. The look-up tables, implemented in a wheel-based format, are used by nurses to determine glycemic control actions based on hourly or 2-hourly blood glucose measurements and nutrition and insulin administration rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11 patient pilot study was conducted comprising 2,152 hours of blood glucose level control using the SPRINT protocol. The patient cohort average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 22, which was higher than previous intensive insulin clinical studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 64% of measurements were in the 4.0-6.1 mmol/L band, 89% in the 4.0-7.0 mmol/L band, and 96% of all measurements in the 4.0-7.75 mmol/L band. The average value was 5.8 +/- 0.9 mmol/L. Only 1.4% of all measurements were below 4 mmol/L, with a minimum of 3.2 mmol/L. The maximum value recorded was 11.8 mmol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Control of blood glucose level was achieved using a protocol implemented by the nursing staff without the need for physician intervention or interpretation, where control is defined as maximizing time within a desired band. The results led to a high level of support for the SPRINT protocol among clinical staff and acceptance of the frequent measurement requirement for effective control. The ease-of-use of the protocol resulted in minimal noncompliance by clinical staff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury; Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lonergan
authors.forename: Aaron Le
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Compte
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willacy
authors.forename: J Geoffrey
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xing-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin