title: The effects of long-term endurance training on the immune and endocrine systems of elderly men: the role of cytokines and anabolic hormones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A decline in immune and endocrine function occurs with aging. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of long-term endurance training on the immune and endocrine system of elderly men. The possible interaction between these systems was also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elderly runners showed a significantly higher T cell proliferative response and IL-2 production than sedentary elderly controls. IL-2 production was similar to that in young adults. Their serum IL-6 levels were significantly lower than their sedentary peers. They also showed significantly lower IL-3 production in comparison to sedentary elderly subjects but similar to the youngs. Anabolic hormone levels did not differ between elderly groups and no clear correlation was found between hormones and cytokine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly conditioned elderly men seem to have relatively better preserved immune system than the sedentary elderly men. Long-term endurance training has the potential to decelerate the age-related decline in immune function but not the deterioration in endocrine function.
authors.affiliation: Disciplina de Clínica Geral, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. milton_arai@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Milton Hideaki
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Alberto J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Valéria Maria
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Natale