title: Normal torque of the buccal surface of mandibular teeth and its relationship with bracket positioning: a study in normal occlusion.
abstract: This study evaluated the degree of buccolingual inclination of mandibular tooth crowns relative to torque. For such purpose, mandibular and maxillary stone casts from 31 Caucasian Brazilian adults with normal occlusion, pleasant facial aspect and no history of previous orthodontic treatment were examined. A custom device was developed for measuring the degree of inclination (torque) of bracket slots of orthodontic appliances relative to the occlusion plane, at three bonding height: standard (center of clinical crown), occlusal (0.5 mm occlusally from standard) and cervical (0.5 mm cervically from standard). Except for the mandibular incisors, which presented a small difference in torque from one another (lingual root torque for central incisors and buccal root torque for lateral incisors), the remaining average values are close to those found in the literature. Due to the convexity of the buccal surface, the 1-mm vertical shift of the brackets from occlusal to cervical affected the values corresponding to the normal torque, in approximately 2 degrees in central and lateral incisors, 3 degrees in canines and 8 degrees in premolars and molars.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. mestriner@previorto.com.br
authors.forename: Marcelo Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mestriner
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Enoki
authors.forename: José Nelson
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mucha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003768:Dental Occlusion, Centric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019415:Torque