title: PET tracers for imaging of the dopaminergic system.
abstract: The dopaminergic system plays a major role in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinea and schizophrenia. Knowledge on altered dopamine synthesis, receptor densities and status are important for understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and therapy of diseases. PET provides a non-invasive tool to investigate these features in vivo, provided the availability of suitable radiopharmaceuticals. To investigate presynaptic function, PET-tracers have been developed to measure dopamine synthesis and transport. For the former the most commonly used tracers are 6-[(18)F]FDOPA and 6-[(18)F]FMT, whereas for the latter several (11)C/(18)F-labeled tropane analogues are being clinically used. Postsynaptically, dopamine exerts actions through several subtypes of the dopamine receptor. The dopamine receptor family consists of 5 subtypes D(1)-D(5). In order to investigate the role of each receptor subtype, selective and high-affinity PET-radioligands are required. For the dopamine D(1)-subtype the most commonly used ligand is [(11)C]SCH 23390 or [(11)C]NNC 112, whereas for the D(2)/D(3)-subtype [(11)C]raclopride is a common tracer. [(18)F]Fallypride is a suitable PET-tracer for the investigation of extrapyramidal D(2)-receptors. For the other subtypes no suitable radioligands have been developed yet. This paper gives an overview of the current status on dopamine PET-tracers and the development of new lead compounds as potential PET-tracers by medicinal chemistry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. p.h.elsinga@pet.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Elsinga
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D014443:Tyrosine; D007980:Levodopa; C015566:3-tyrosine; D004298:Dopamine