title: In vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of icofungipen (PLD-118), a novel oral antifungal agent, against the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.
abstract: Icofungipen (PLD-118) is the representative of a novel class of antifungals, beta amino acids, active against Candida species. It has been taken through phase II clinical trials. The compound actively accumulates in yeast, competitively inhibiting isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and consequently disrupting protein biosynthesis. As a result, in vitro activity can be studied only in chemically defined growth media without free amino acids that would compete with the uptake of the compound. The MIC of icofungipen was reproducibly measured in a microdilution assay using yeast nitrogen base medium at pH 6 to 7 after 24 h of incubation at 30 to 37 degrees C using an inoculum of 50 to 100 CFU/well. The MICs for 69 Candida albicans strains ranged from 4 to 32 microg/ml. This modest in vitro activity contrasts with the strong in vivo efficacy in C. albicans infection. This was demonstrated in a lethal model of C. albicans infection in mice and rats in which icofungipen showed dose-dependent protection at oral doses of 10 to 20 mg/kg of body weight per day in mice and 2 to 10 mg/kg/day in rats. The in vivo efficacy was also demonstrated against C. albicans isolates with low susceptibility to fluconazole, indicating activity against azole-resistant strains. The efficacy of icofungipen in mice and rats was not influenced by concomitant administration of equimolar amounts of L-isoleucine, which was shown to antagonize its antifungal activity in vitro. Icofungipen shows nearly complete oral bioavailability in a variety of species, and its in vivo efficacy indicates its potential for the oral treatment of yeast infections.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Croatia.
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasenoehrl
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Galic
authors.forename: Gabrijela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ergovic
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marsic
authors.forename: Mihael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skerlev
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mittendorf
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Geschke
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003515:Cycloleucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007532:Isoleucine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007532:Isoleucine; D003515:Cycloleucine; C114614:2-amino-4-methylenecyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid