title: Does treatment of the pelvic nodes with IMRT increase late rectal toxicity over conformal prostate-only radiotherapy to 76 Gy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare late rectal toxicity rates after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy to the prostate alone (P-3D-CRT) and whole-pelvis intensity-modulated radiotherapy along with a prostate boost (WP-IMRT/PB) to the same nominal total dose to the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  68 patients treated with conformal radiotherapy to the prostate only to 76 Gy at the National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy, represented the first group (P-3D-CRT). The second group consisted of 45 patients treated at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA, with IMRT covering the pelvic nodes and seminal vesicles to 54 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction and the prostate to 60 Gy in the same 30 fractions. A separate phase boosted the prostate to 76 Gy (WP-IMRT/PB). Major aspects of planning were remarkably similar at both institutions leaving the inclusion or not of pelvic nodes as the main treatment-related difference between the two groups. Late rectal toxicity was prospectively scored according to the RTOG scale. All patients have a 12-month minimum follow-up, and mean follow-up, similar in both groups, is 25.9 months (SD [standard deviation]: 8.4 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 years, the estimated cumulative incidence of grade 2 late rectal toxicity is 6%+/-4% for WP-IMRT/PB and 21.2%+/-6% for P-3D-CRT (p=0.06). The difference became significant (HR [hazard ratio]=0.1, 95% CI [confidence interval]: 0.0-0.6; p=0.01) at multivariate analysis. None of the patients developed grade 3+ toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the larger treated volume, WP-IMRT/PB allows more rectal sparing than P-3D-CRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0711, USA. gisangui@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanguineti
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cavey
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franzone
authors.forename: Salvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barra
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcenaro
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agostinelli
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foppiano
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitale
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000368:Aged; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors