title: Risk factors for TB infection and disease in young childhood contacts in Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening of children in household contact with smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) is universally recommended but seldom practiced in resource-poor settings. It has huge potential to reduce the burden of TB disease in children, particularly if streamlined to focus on those at greatest risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of infection and disease amongst children aged < or = 5 yrs in household contact with smear-positive TB. To identify which source case characteristics are risk factors for infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, hospital-based audit was conducted over a 17-mth period in Southern Malawi. Smear-positive adults were identified and encouraged to bring their children to the outpatient clinic, in accordance with the national TB programme guidelines. Full assessment was performed, including tuberculin skin test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  195 children aged < or = 5 yrs who were contacts of 161 source cases were assessed. Prevalences of TB infection and disease were high (45% and 23%, respectively). The likelihood of a child being infected was significantly greater with increasing smear-positivity of the source case, and also if the source case were female (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.19-4.27, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of TB infection and disease in child contacts attending this hospital-based clinic supports the current policy of contact-screening in Malawi. However, community-based studies are needed to provide a more accurate assessment of prevalence and risks for child contacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine University of Malawi, Malawi. rebecca.sinfield@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyirenda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haves
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*