title: The expression of metastasis suppressor MIM/MTSS1 is regulated by DNA methylation.
abstract: MIM/MTSS1 was initially described as a gene missing in invasive bladder cancer cell lines. Functional analysis revealed that MIM is an actin binding protein involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. MIM was shown to be sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling dependent and synergizes with the effects of Gli transcription factors. Overexpression of MIM in cell lines leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation. In this study, we showed that the inhibition of cell growth by MIM is anchorage independent. We identified and cloned the promoter region of MIM and located the main promoter activity to 276 bp of 5' flanking sequence sited within a CpG island. Analysis of DNA methylation using bisulphite sequencing revealed that MIM promoter is methylated in its 5' region in cells and tissue samples with reduced endogenous MIM expression. Using luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that nonmethylated MIM promoter has a similar activity in cell lines with different endogenous MIM expression. Inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine led to upregulation of MIM expression in a low expressing cell line. In conclusion, we clearly demonstrate here that the expression of metastasis suppressor MIM is regulated by DNA methylation of a CpG island within its promoter region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utikal
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gratchev
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muller-Molinet
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oerther
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kzhyshkowska
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grobholz
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kannookadan
authors.forename: Sergij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goerdt
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003360:Cosmids; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000187:drug effects; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000077209:Decitabine; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C486778:MTSS1 protein, human; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C509239:SHH protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine