title: Brain-computer interfaces for control of neuroprostheses: from synchronous to asynchronous mode of operation.
abstract: Transferring a brain-computer interface (BCI) from the laboratory environment into real world applications is directly related to the problem of identifying user intentions from brain signals without any additional information in real time. From the perspective of signal processing, the BCI has to have an uncued or asynchronous design. Based on the results of two clinical applications, where 'thought' control of neuroprostheses based on movement imagery in tetraplegic patients with a high spinal cord injury has been established, the general steps from a synchronous or cue-guided BCI to an internally driven asynchronous brain-switch are discussed. The future potential of BCI methods for various control purposes, especially for functional rehabilitation of tetraplegics using neuroprosthetics, is outlined.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria. gernot.mueller@tugraz.at
authors.forename: Gernot R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Müller-Putz
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pfurtscheller
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rupp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003142:Communication; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface