title: Is the Ross operation still an acceptable option in children and adolescents?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Ross operation is increasingly accepted as an alternative to conventional valve prostheses for children, adolescents, and young adults. We review patients younger than 20 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 404 Ross operations done before November 2004, 60 were young patients with a median age of 12 years (range, 1 to 20 years). The pulmonary autograft technique universally was as a free root. A cryopreserved pulmonary homograft reconstructed the right ventricular outflow tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early postoperative complications were reentry for bleeding in 2 patients and one pacemaker insertion. No thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events occurred during the follow-up of 42 +/- 27 months. Two late deaths occurred, one from myocardial infarction after 3 months and another sudden death after 5 years, probably from critical pulmonary homograft stenosis. Echocardiographic follow-up revealed a median peak gradient of 6.3 +/- 3 mm Hg across the autograft. The median pulmonary homograft peak gradient of 19.1 +/- 13.7 mm Hg was increased to more than 30 mm Hg in 6 patients. Another 6 patients had moderate but clinically insignificant pulmonary homograft regurgitation. Altogether, 6 patients required reoperation for replacement of stenotic homografts. No autograft related reoperation occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young patients with the Ross operation had good mid-term autograft function and no perioperative mortality. Factors that justify the choice of the Ross operation for young patients are the normal physiologic hemodynamics and growth of the autograft as well as freedom from anticoagulation. A 10% reoperation rate, elevated pulmonary homograft gradients, and the surgical complexity remain limiting factors.
authors.affiliation: Center of Congenital Cardiac Disease-Sana Cardiac Surgical Clinic Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. joboehm@z.zgs.de
authors.forename: Jürgen O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Cornelius A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Botha
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horke
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hemmer
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roser
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blumenstock
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uhlemann
authors.forename: Joachim-Gerd
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000637:transplantation*; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*