title: Electrocardiography of the failing heart.
abstract: Structural heart disease, electrical instability, and increased sympathetic activity can generate a number of specific and nonspecific ECG changes and arrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). This review describes direct alterations of the P-QRS-T complex and ECG-derived parameters in CHF, together with the significance of cardiac arrhythmias, markers of atrial and ventricular electrical instability, and the parameters of sympathetic nervous system activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Ulm, Robet-Koch Strasse 8, Ulm D-89081, Germany. vinzenz.hombach@uniklinik-ulm.de
authors.forename: Vinzenz
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hombach
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy