title: The effect of carrier surface treatment on drug particle detachment from crystalline carriers in adhesive mixtures for inhalation.
abstract: In this study, the effect of lactose carrier surface treatment on drug particle detachment during inhalation has been investigated. Crystals of marketed brands of alpha lactose monohydrate brands normally exhibit a certain surface rugosity and contain natural fines and impurities on their surface, which influence the drug-to-carrier interaction in adhesive mixtures for inhalation. Submersion treatment may change these surface characteristics. Two different sieve fractions (63-90 and 250-355microm) were submerged in mixtures of ethanol and water (96 and 80% v/v, respectively). Microscopic observation and laser diffraction analysis revealed that neither the shape nor the size of the carrier particles was changed by the submersion treatment. However, the specific surface area and the amount of impurities appeared to decrease substantially after submersion, and the magnitude of the decrease was different for the different ethanol-water mixtures. The reduction in specific surface area was attributed particularly to the removal of the adhering lactose fines from the carrier surface. Mixtures with budesonide (in a wide range of carrier payloads) were prepared before and after treatment. Drug particle detachment from the various mixtures was studied with a sieve test and with a cascade impactor analysis at 30 and 60l/min. Two different types of inhalers were used, one generating lift- and drag-forces (ISF inhaler) and one generating inertial forces (test inhaler), respectively. The cascade impactor and sieve test experiments showed that an increase in carrier surface smoothness results in a reduced drug particle detachment during inhalation, which was independent of the type of inhaler used. This reduction could be attributed to the removal of the adhering lactose fines which may provide shelter for the drug particles from press-on forces during mixing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B H J
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Dickhoff
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambregts
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D019819:Budesonide / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D000431:Ethanol; D019819:Budesonide; D007785:Lactose