title: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome in the critical care setting: case analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serotonin syndrome (SS) and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) are medical emergencies associated with psychotropic administration. Differentiation and treatment can be complex, especially when features of both syndromes are present and the patient has taken both serotonergic and neuroleptic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case analysis of a poly-drug overdose (venlafaxine, topiramate, divalproex sodium, risperidone, and carbamazepine) presenting with mixed SS/NMS features and whose clinical management suggests a practical algorithm for treatment of undifferentiated SS/NMS in critical care settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The suggested algorithm includes: 1) Supportive care and withdrawal of all potentially offending agents; 2) Laboratory evaluation with prompt initiation of treatment for both disorders--cyproheptadine for SS and dantrolene for NMS; 3) Do not use bromocriptine (contraindicated in SS) or chlorpromazine (contraindicated in NMS) initially; 4) Add bromocriptine when clinical presentation becomes consistent with NMS (SS can be prolonged if serotonergic agent has long half-life).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prompt and appropriate identification and intervention are essential for successful management of SS and NMS. The suggested treatment algorithm allows for specific treatment of both disorders and avoids potentially exacerbating either one. The algorithm derived from this case could serve as both a practical guideline and impetus for further investigation in light of increasing psychotropic co-administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. kaufmakr@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schiltz
authors.forename: Jagadeeshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunderram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D015897:Comorbidity; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D003422:Critical Care; D003533:Cyproheptadine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004347:Drug Interactions; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000077236:Topiramate; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001971:Bromocriptine; D002220:Carbamazepine; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D003533:Cyproheptadine; D003620:Dantrolene; D005632:Fructose; D018967:Risperidone; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D000077236:Topiramate; D014635:Valproic Acid