title: Impact of time on improvement of outcome after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Longitudinal conducted studies show that neurologic and functional recovery show faster recovery in the first weeks poststroke. The aim of the present study was to study the effects of progress of time on observed improvements in motor strength, synergisms, and activities during the first 16 weeks poststroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on data from a previous study, 101 patients with first-ever ischemic middle cerebral artery strokes were prospectively investigated during the first 16 weeks after stroke. Progress of time was categorized into 8 biweekly time intervals and was used as the independent covariate in a first-order longitudinal regression model. The biweekly time change (progress of time) was related to improvement in upper and lower limb motor recovery assessed with Fugl-Meyer score and Motricity Index, reduction in visuospatial inattention based on the letter cancellation task, and improvement in walking ability, dexterity, and activities of daily living measured with the Functional Ambulation Categories, Action Research Arm test, and Barthel Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time explained a significant change of 8.4 (42%) measurement units on the Barthel Index for the first 10 weeks poststroke, 1.1 (22%) measurement units on Functional Ambulation Categories, and 19% on the Action Research Arm test for the first 6 and 8 weeks poststroke. Approximately 25% (for Fugl-Meyer-arm) to 26% (for Motricity Index-arm) of the significant change in measurements units was explained by time alone for the upper limb compared with 33% for Fugl-Meyer-leg and 39% for Motricity Index-leg of the lower limb. Time accounted for a reduction of 16% in the letter cancellation task. Observed associations did not change after controlling for covariates such as age, gender, hemisphere of stroke, type of stroke, or intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progress of time is an independent covariate that reflects spontaneous recovery of body functions and activities explaining &16% to 42% of the observed improvements in the first 6 to 10 weeks after stroke onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, VU University Medical Centre and Rehabilitation Centre De Hoogstraat, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.kwakkel@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kwakkel
authors.forename: Boudewijn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kollen
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Twisk
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking