title: Gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with a family history of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) further increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in parous women with first-degree relatives with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with (n = 332) and without (n = 663) a history of GDM were compared regarding 1) the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome criteria, 2) the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and 3) self-reported CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with prior GDM were younger (48.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 52.4 +/- 0.6 years [means +/- SE];P < 0.001) and less likely to be postmenopausal (48.3 vs. 57.9%; P < 0.005). Although both groups were obese (BMI 34.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 33.7 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)), women with prior GDM were more likely to have metabolic syndrome (86.6 vs. 73.5%; P < 0.001) and type 2 diabetes (93.4 vs. 63.3%; P < 0.001). Moreover, they had a higher prevalence of CVD (15.5 vs. 12.4%; adjusted odds ratio 1.85 [95% CI 1.21-2.82];P = 0.005) that occurred at a younger age (45.5 +/- 2.2 vs. 52.5 +/- 1.9 years;P = 0.02) and was independent of metabolic syndrome (1.74 [1.10-2.76]; P = 0.02) and type 2 diabetes (1.56 [1.002-2.43];P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among women with a family history of type 2 diabetes, those with prior GDM were even more likely to not only have CVD risk factors, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, but also to have experienced CVD events, which occurred at a younger age. Thus, women with both a family history of type 2 diabetes and personal history of GDM may be especially suitable for early interventions aimed at preventing or reducing their risk of CVD and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA. darcarr@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Darcy B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Utzschneider
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Tara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Shofer
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heckbert
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Wilfred Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose