title: Pharmacokinetic interactions between chloroquine, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine and their bioequivalence in a generic fixed-dose combination in healthy volunteers in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A pre-packaged fixed-dose formulation of chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) combination (Homapak) is widely used for the treatment of falciparum malaria in Ugandan children. It is however a product whose pharmacokinetics and interactions have not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore possible pharmacokinetic interactions between CQ and S/P during co-administration, and to determine their bioavailability in the locally made Homapak compared to the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) made formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two adult healthy volunteers were randomized into four groups and given single oral doses of fixed-dose CQ+S/P combination (Homapak), or GMP formulations of S/P (Fansidar), CQ (Pharco), or their combination. Plasma samples were followed for 21 days, analysed by HPLC-UV methods, with pharmacokinetic modeling using the WinNonlin software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sulfadoxine in Homapak was more rapidly absorbed (ka = 0.55 h(-1)) than in Fansidar + CQ (ka = 0.27 h(-1), p=0.004), but not more than S in Fansidar alone group (ka = 0.32 h(-1), p=0.03). No significant differences were observed in the other pharmacokinetic parameters of S, P and CQ when given together or separately. The relative bioavailability of CQ and S in Homapak showed bioequivalence to reference formulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no pharmacokinetic interactions between CQ, S and P when the compounds were given together, however, more investigations would be needed to explore this further. Compared with GMP made drugs, both S and CQ are bioequivalent in Homapak, the Ugandan made fixed-dose formulation. Furthermore, the absorption of S was more rapid which could be advantageous in malaria treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. cobua@med.mak.ac.ug
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obua
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ntale
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lundblad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahindi
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ogwal-Okeng
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Anokbonggo
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hellgren
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016568:Drugs, Generic; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine