title: Review article: the role of bile and pepsin in the pathophysiology and treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a multifaceted and multifactorial disorder which results from the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. Animal studies suggest that synergism between acid and pepsin and conjugated bile acids have the greatest damaging potential for oesophageal mucosa, although unconjugated bile acids may be caustic at more neutral pH. Human studies are compatible with a synergistic action between acid and duodenogastric reflux in inducing lesions. During prolonged monitoring studies, typical gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms are more related to acid reflux events than to non-acid reflux events. However, symptoms that persist during acid suppressive therapy are often related to non-acid reflux events. The therapeutic options for the non-acid component of the refluxate, including acid suppression, prokinetics, baclofen, surgery and mucosal protective agents like alginates, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium. Jan.Tack@med.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D018755:GABA Agonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D010434:Pepsin A; D001418:Baclofen