title: An easy, non-destructive, probabilistic method to evaluate the imposex response of gastropod populations.
abstract: Endocrine disruption in marine populations is a growing concern. One of the best documented examples is imposex, the development of male characteristics in female gastropods, including the development of a penis and/or vas deferens, by exposure to organotins, mainly tributyltin. This syndrome has been an effective and widely used biomarker of organic tin contamination for almost 20 years. However, established imposex evaluation protocols sacrifice all the animals and repeated assessments can result in depletion of populations. To preserve animal lives as much as possible and to have a fast screening of areas subjected to organotin impacts, a non-destructive approach was tested. This approach uses reversible narcotization and a statistical criterion to evaluate the extent of imposex in the populations, instead of imposex indexes, which are based on evaluation of sacrificed, fixed animals. The data consist of two categories: males plus masculinized females in one category and normal females in another. The probability is then calculated that this sample could have been drawn from a normal population. This new method was tested in two contrasting areas of Brazil and with two different species, and the results compared to the conventional evaluation. Narcotization was completely reversed with a survival rate of 98%. Impacted sites could be identified with this technique in the same way as with the conventional one. The only limitation was that female sterility could not be verified. This disadvantage could well be compensated by the minimal mortality in the studied populations.
authors.affiliation: Oceanography Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 sala 4018E, Maracanã, CEP 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. hallfz@uerj.br
authors.forename: Marcos Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Fernanda Mattos
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Juliana Pereira
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de Quadros
authors.forename: Edmundo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Camillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005843:Geography; D008297:Male; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011336:Probability; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical