title: Inhibition of estrogen-independent mammary carcinogenesis by disruption of growth hormone signaling.
abstract: Clinical trials and laboratory-based studies indicate that the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis may affect the development of breast cancer. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a genetic model of mammary cancer to test the hypothesis that downregulation of GH signaling can substantially retard mammary cancer progression. We crossed the Laron mouse, in which the gene for the GH receptor/binding protein has been disrupted, with the C3(1)/TAg mouse, which develops estrogen receptor alpha negative mammary cancers. All mice used in our experiments were heterozygous for the large T antigen (TAg) and either homozygous wild-type for GHR (Ghr+/+) or null for GHR (Ghr-/-). Compared with the TAg/Ghr+/+ mice, the TAg/Ghr-/- mice showed delayed mammary cancer latency with significantly decreased multiplicity (9.8 +/- 1.4 versus 3.2 +/- 1.2) and volume (776.1 +/- 284.4 versus 50.5 +/- 8.9 mm3). Furthermore, the frequency of mammary hyperplasias was significantly reduced in the TAg/Ghr-/- mice (15.0 +/- 1.7 versus 6.8 +/- 1.7). To establish that these mammary cancers were estrogen-independent, 12-week-old TAg/Ghr+/+ mice, which lack visible hyperplasia, were either ovariectomized (ovx) or sham operated (sham). Compared with the sham group, ovariectomy resulted in no difference in the frequency of mammary hyperplasia, mammary tumor latency, incidence, multiplicity or tumor size. Together, these data demonstrate that the disruption of GH signaling significantly retards TAg-driven mammary carcinogenesis, and suggest that disrupting GH signaling may be an effective strategy to inhibit the progression of estrogen-independent breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rajendra G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lantvit
authors.forename: Karen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Coschigano
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kopchick
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hedayat
authors.forename: Konstantin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Christov
authors.forename: Vera H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Terry G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Unterman
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010052:Ovariectomy; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D013006:Growth Hormone; C051815:somatotropin-binding protein