title: Domestic violence and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of life-time domestic violence by the current partner before HIV-1 testing, its impact on the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions and frequency after testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatally, women and their partners were interviewed regarding physical, financial, and psychological abuse by the male partner before HIV-1 testing and 2 weeks after receiving results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before testing, 804 of 2836 women (28%) reported previous domestic violence, which tended to be associated with increased odds of HIV-1 infection [univariate odds ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.2; P < 0.0001, adjusted OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.6; P = 0.1], decreased odds of coming with partners for counseling (adjusted OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0; P = 0.04), and decreased odds of partner notification (adjusted OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.1; P = 0.09). Previous domestic violence was not associated with a reduced uptake of HIV-1 counseling, HIV-1 testing, or nevirapine. After receiving results, 15 out of 1638 women (0.9%) reported domestic violence. After notifying partners of results, the odds of HIV-1-seropositive women reporting domestic violence were 4.8 times those of HIV-1-seronegative women (95% CI 1.4-16; P = 0.01). Compared with women, men reported similar or more male-perpetrated domestic violence, suggesting a cultural acceptability of violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Domestic violence before testing may limit partner involvement in PMTCT. Although infrequent, immediate post-test domestic violence is more common among HIV-1-infected than uninfected women. Domestic violence prevention programmes need to be integrated into PMTCT, particularly for HIV-1-seropositive women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 3085-00506, Nairobi, Kenya. jkiarie@swiftkenya.com
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kiarie
authors.forename: Carey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farquhar
authors.forename: Barbra A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Marjory N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kabura
authors.forename: Francis N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Ruth W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nduati
authors.forename: Grace C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: John-Stewart
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data