title: Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) regulates trophoblast invasion and motility through effects on nitric oxide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasion of trophoblast into the uterine environment is crucial for establishing a successful pregnancy. Physiological production of nitric oxide (NO) by extravillous trophoblasts results in significant pro-invasive effects. NO synthesis is competitively inhibited by methylated arginine analogues such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) but not the enantiomer symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Within cells, the concentration of ADMA is regulated by the activity of the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). The aim of this study was to examine DDAH expression and function in trophoblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DDAH-1 and DDAH-2 messenger RNA and protein were demonstrated in first trimester placental tissue, primary extravillous trophoblasts and extravillous trophoblast-derived cell lines. DDAH activity was demonstrated in both cells and tissue. Overexpression of DDAH-1 in trophoblasts led to a number of significant changes, including an 8-fold increase in enzymatic activity, a 59% decrease in production of ADMA (but not SDMA), a 1.9-fold increase in NO and a 1.6-fold increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. Functional assays showed that increased DDAH activity led to significantly increased cell motility and invasion in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DDAH may play an important role in the regulation of extravillous trophoblast function via its effects on ADMA and NO production.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, and St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ayling
authors.forename: G St J
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Aplin
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cartwright
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053552:Keratin-7; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010920:Placenta / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C507497:KRT7 protein, human; D053552:Keratin-7; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007633:Keratins; D000581:Amidohydrolases; C059999:dimethylargininase