title: Optimizing phase contrast in transmission electron microscopy with an electrostatic (Boersch) phase plate.
abstract: Imaging of weak amplitude and phase objects, such as unstained vitrified biological samples, by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suffers from poor object contrast since the amplitude and phase of the scattered electron wave change only very little. In phase contrast light microscopy the imaging of weak phase objects is greatly enhanced by the use of a quarter-wave phase plate, which produces high signal contrast by shifting the phase of the scattered light. An analogous quarter-wave plate for the electron microscope, designed as an electrostatic einzel lens, was proposed by Boersch in 1947 but the small dimensions of the device have impeded its realization up to now. We here present the first fabrication and application of a miniaturized electrostatic einzel lens driven as TEM quarter-wave phase plate. Phase modulation is generated by the electrostatic field confined to the inside of a microstructured ring electrode. This field affects the phase velocity of the unscattered part of the electron wave. By varying its strength the phase shift of the primary beam can be adjusted to pi/2, producing strong phase contrast independent of spatial frequency. The phase plate proves to be mechanically stable and does not impair image quality, in particular it does not reduce the high-resolution signal. The expected residual lens effect of the einzel lens is minimal. Our microlens is supported by conducting rods arranged in a threefold symmetry. This particular geometry provides optimized single-sideband signal transfer for spatial frequencies otherwise obstructed by the supporting rods.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Majorovits
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez-Willard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerthsen
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Schröder