title: Six-year progression of retinopathy and associated risk factors in African American patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the New Jersey 725.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the 6-year progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and associated risk factors among African American patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the New Jersey 725 included 483 African American patients with type 1 diabetes who underwent reexamination as part of a 6-year follow-up. Evaluations included a structured clinical interview, ocular examination, 7 stereoscopic fundus photographs, and blood pressure measurements. Severity of DR was determined via masked grading of fundus photographs. Biological evaluation included blood and urine assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 6-year period, 56.1% of patients at risk showed progression of DR; 15.0% showed progression to proliferative DR; and 15.9% developed macular edema. A baseline high glycosylated hemoglobin level and systemic hypertension were significant risk factors for progression of DR, progression to proliferative DR, and incidence of macular edema. Progression to proliferative DR was significantly associated with baseline older age, renal disease, and severity of DR. The incidence of macular edema was significantly associated with baseline older age, low socioeconomic status, severity of DR, and total serum cholesterol level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six-year progression of DR is high in African American patients with type 1 diabetes. Improving glycemic and blood pressure control may reduce the ocular morbidity of diabetes in African Americans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA. Roymo@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Monique S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affouf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D010781:Photography; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin