title: Association of a triallelic serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with stressful life events and severity of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lower expressing allele of the serotonin transporter gene 5' promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism is reported to be associated with susceptibility to depression and suicidality in response to stressful life events. The authors examined the relationship of a triallelic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism to stressful life events, severity of major depression, and suicidality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mood disorder subjects (N=191) and healthy volunteers (N=125), all Caucasian subjects of European origin, were genotyped for the triallelic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (higher expressing allele: L(A); lower expressing alleles: L(G), S). All subjects underwent structured clinical interviews to determine DSM-IV diagnoses, ratings of psychopathology, stressful life events, developmental history, and suicidal behavior. CSF 5-HIAA was assayed in a subgroup of subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower expressing alleles independently predicted greater depression severity and predicted greater severity of major depression with moderate to severe life events compared with the higher expressing L(A) allele. No associations with suicidal behavior and CSF 5-HIAA were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower expressing transporter alleles, directly and by increasing the impact of stressful life events on severity, explain 31% of the variance in major depression severity. The biological phenotype responsible for these effects remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., Box 42, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zalsman
authors.forename: Yung-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oquendo
authors.forename: Ainsley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Xian-Zhang
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brent
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: J John
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid