title: Renal toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography: the RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to compare the nephrotoxicity of iodixanol and ioxaglate in patients with renal impairment undergoing coronary angiography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Iodixanol, a nonionic, dimeric, iso-osmolar contrast medium (IOCM), may be less nephrotoxic than low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) in high-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized trial in 300 adults with creatinine clearance (CrCl) < or =60 ml/min, patients received either iodixanol or ioxaglate and underwent coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary end point was the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) (an increase in serum creatinine [SCr] > or =25% or > or =0.5 mg/dl [> or =44.2 mumol/l]). The incidence of CIN in patients with severe renal impairment at baseline (CrCl <30 ml/min) or diabetes and in those receiving large doses (> or =140 ml) of contrast medium was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of CIN was significantly lower with iodixanol (7.9%) than with ioxaglate (17.0%; p = 0.021), corresponding to an odds ratio (OR) of CIN of 0.415 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.194 to 0.889) for iodixanol. The incidence of CIN was also significantly lower with iodixanol in patients with severe renal impairment (p = 0.023) or concomitant diabetes (p = 0.041), or in patients given > or =140 ml of contrast media (p = 0.038). Multivariate analysis identified use of ioxaglate (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.33, p = 0.028), baseline SCr, mg/dl (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.85, p = 0.038), and left ventricular ejection fraction, % (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99, p = 0.019) as independent risk factors for CIN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IOCM iodixanol was significantly less nephrotoxic than ioxaglate, an ionic, dimeric LOCM. (The RECOVER Trial; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00247325).
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine/Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Bon-Kwon
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Jin-Shik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyun-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Young-Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Woo-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Gwon-Wook
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: In-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Dong-Ju
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Byung-Hee
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Myoung-Mook
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyo-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D012307:Risk Factors; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D003404:Creatinine; C044834:iodixanol; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid