title: [Risks associated with parenteral treatment of acute agitation].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute agitation is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. However, treatment is a risky undertaking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To specify on the basis of a review of the literature: (1) the risks of (parenteral) interventions in psychiatric crisis situations; (2) to which antipsychotics these risks are linked; and (3) what precautionary measures and interventions are required.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using PubMed, using as key words: parenteral, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, acute agitation, crisis intervention, and fatalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several parenteral antipsychotics are known to cause cardiotoxicity and/or hypotension. They can also induce acute movement disorders such as a laryngeal spasm. Benzodiazepines (parenteral) can lead to respiratory depression as a result of excessive sedation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risks are associated with parenteral delivery of antipsychotics. These risks can be life-threatening. If an agitated patient needs to be given antipsychotics parenterally, the intervention should take place in surroundings where the patient can be adequately monitored and where the necessary facilities are available for dealing with life-threatening side effects.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Nederland BV, Houten. boomsma_maarten@lilly.com
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mengels
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: van Olden
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents