title: Cytokine profiles during carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat muscle and hind paw.
abstract: It is not known if a cytokine cascade develops during muscle inflammation and whether cytokines contribute to muscle inflammatory pain. We measured plasma and tissue cytokine concentrations, and behavioral responses to noxious mechanical stimuli, after inducing inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle and the hind paw of rats. Tissue and plasma samples were taken 3, 6, or 24 h after carrageenan or saline injection into one of the 2 sites. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1) concentrations were measured. Hyperalgesia was present 3 h after carrageenan injection into the hind paw and muscle. The TNF-alpha was elevated significantly in the inflamed hind paw tissue (P < .001) but not in inflamed muscle tissue. IL-1beta was elevated 6 h after carrageenan injection in the hind paw tissue but only 24 h in the muscle tissue (P < .001). The IL-6 was elevated 3 h after injection in the hind paw tissue but only after 6 h in the muscle tissue (P < .01). The CINC-1 in plasma, muscle, and hind paw was elevated from 3 h to 24 h after carrageenan injection (P < .01). The release of IL-1beta and IL-6, known to mediate hyperalgesia elsewhere, is delayed in muscle inflammation compared with cutaneous inflammation, whereas TNF-alpha is not elevated during muscle inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality and mechanisms of muscle pain are different from that of cutaneous pain. So too is the pattern of cytokine release during inflammation. Inhibiting TNF-alpha is unlikely to be effective in managing inflammatory muscle pain, but other cytokines, notably IL-1beta and CINC-1, may prove useful therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: Brain Function Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Lisa.Loram@wits.ac.za
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Loram
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cartmell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002351:Carrageenan; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000378:metabolism; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009220:Myositis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002351:Carrageenan