title: Accumulation of cadmium in livers and kidneys in Greenlanders.
abstract: In the Arctic, the traditional diet exposes its people to a very high intake of cadmium because it is highly concentrated in the liver and kidneys of commonly eaten marine mammals. In one study in Greenland, the cadmium intake was estimated to 182 microg/day/person in the fall and 346 in the spring. To determine whether the cadmium is accumulated in humans, we analyzed autopsy samples of liver and kidneys from 95 ethnic Greenlanders (aged 19-89) who died from a wide range of causes. The cadmium concentration in liver (overall mean 1.97 microg/g wet wt) appeared to be unrelated to any particular age group, whereas the concentrations in the kidneys peaked in Greenlanders between 40 and 50 years of age (peak concentration 22.3 microg/g wet wt). Despite the high cadmium levels in the typical Greenlander diet, we found that the cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys were comparable to those reported from Denmark, Sweden, Australia and Great Britain. Furthermore, even though the mean cadmium intake from the diet was estimated to be 13-25 times higher in Greenlanders than in Danes, we found similar cadmium levels in the kidneys of both. Seal livers and kidneys are the main source of cadmium in the diet of Greenlanders, but these tissues are not eaten in Denmark. Thus, our results suggest that the accumulation of cadmium from Greenlander's marine diet is very low.
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. poj@dmu.dk
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulvad
authors.forename: Henning Sloth
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riget
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001682:Biological Availability; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006116:Greenland; D006801:Humans; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium