title: Secreted phospholipase A2 activity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increased interest in the contribution of the innate immune system to multiple sclerosis (MS), including the activity of acute inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this study was to test the involvement of systemic secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS model, and to determine if enzyme activity is elevated in MS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-invasive urinary assay was developed in order to monitor enzymatically active sPLA2 levels in Dark Agouti rats after induction of EAE. Some Rats were treated with nonapeptide CHEC-9, an uncompetitive sPLA2 enzyme inhibitor, during the initial rise in urinary enzyme levels. Body weight and clinical EAE score were measured for 18 days post immunization (PI), after which the rats were sacrificed for H&E and myelin staining, and for ED-1 immunocytochemistry, the latter to quantify macrophages and activated microglia. The urinary sPLA2 assay was also applied to un-timed samples collected from a cross section of 44 MS patients and 14 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean levels of enzymatically active sPLA2 in the urine increased following immunization and peaked between days 8-10 PI which was just prior to the onset of EAE symptoms. At this time, a transient attenuation of activity was detected in the urine of CHEC-9 treated rats consistent with the activity-dependent properties of the inhibitor. The peptide also reduced or abolished EAE symptoms compared to vehicle-injected controls. Histopathological changes in the spinal cords of the EAE rats correlated generally with clinical score including a significant reduction in ED-1+ cells after peptide treatment. Multiple Sclerosis patients also showed elevations in sPLA2 enzyme activity. Mean levels of sPLA2 were increased 6-fold in the urine of patients with active disease and 4-fold for patients in remission, regardless of immunomodulating therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that sPLA2 enzymes, traditionally thought to be part the acute phase inflammatory response, are therapeutic targets for MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA. tcunning@drexelmed.edu
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oetinger
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cort
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Blankenhorn
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Greenstein