title: The radiology of IRIS (immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome) in patients with mycobacterial tuberculosis and HIV co-infection: Appearances in 11 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the radiological manifestations of IRIS (immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome) in patients with HIV and mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection, in the context of their demographic and clinical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radiological imaging, demographic and clinical data of 11 patients diagnosed with IRIS associated with HIV and mycobacterial tuberculosis co-infection were studied retrospectively. Where available, follow-up imaging studies were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common radiological feature of IRIS was lymph node enlargement (73%), with central low attenuation centres, in keeping with necrosis, present in most of these cases (88%). Most commonly affected were intra-abdominal nodes (70%), followed by axillary (40%) and mediastinal lymph nodes (36%). Within the lung parenchyma, diffuse, bilateral pulmonary nodules were seen in 55% of cases. Unilateral small volume pleural effusions were seen in two cases with associated parenchymal changes seen in only one. Small volume ascites was seen in two cases. Thirty-six percent of cases presented with new or worsening abscesses despite treatment. In this context, image-guided radiological drainage proved a useful adjunct to the conventional medical therapy for IRIS. The most common clinical signs of IRIS included fever (64%), abdominal pain (36%) and cough (27%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described the radiological features that are characteristic in IRIS and the importance of putting these into context with the clinical and pathological findings as part of a multidisciplinary approach in making the diagnosis. The role of the radiologist is central in diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression and management of complications in patients with IRIS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK. grajeswaran@hotmail.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajeswaran
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michailidis
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pozniak
authors.forename: S P G
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Padley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology