title: Using local microbiologic data to develop institution-specific guidelines for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While current guidelines recommend consideration of local microbiologic data when selecting empiric treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), few specifics of how to do this have been offered.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of HAP pathogens in 111 consecutive patients who acquired HAP during July to December 2004 and had a corresponding positive culture finding for a bacterial pathogen. These data were used to develop institution-specific guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common bacteria identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were associated with 38%, 25%, and 19% of pneumonias, respectively. Susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime was 80% and 81%, respectively. The isolation of organisms resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime was significantly more frequent in patients who had been hospitalized > or = 10 days. Of Gram-negative isolates resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime, ciprofloxacin was active against < 10%, while amikacin was active against > 80%. New treatment guidelines were developed that divided the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America "late onset/risk of multidrug-resistant pathogens" group of patients into two subcategories: "early-late" pneumonias (< 10 days of hospitalization) and "late-late" pneumonias (> or = 10 days of hospitalization). Guideline-directed treatment regimens would be predicted to provide adequate initial therapy for > 90% of late-onset pneumonias at our institution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current guidelines suggest adding either an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolone to beta-lactam therapy for empiric Gram-negative coverage. However, in our institution, adding ciprofloxacin would not appreciably enhance the likelihood of providing initial appropriate antibiotic coverage. This underscores the importance of employing a systematic analysis of local data when developing treatment guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. jbeardsl@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Beardsley
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ohl
authors.forename: Tobi B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Karchmer
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bowton
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007325:Institutional Practice / Q000592:standards*; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D011050:Policy Making; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents