title: Population-based study of determinants of initial secondary care costs of acute stroke in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cost-effectiveness of specific interventions to prevent or treat acute stroke, it is necessary to know the costs of stroke according to patient characteristics and stroke subtype and etiology. However, very few such data are available and none from population-based studies. We determined the predictors of resource use and acute care costs of stroke using data from a population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Oxford Vascular study, a population-based cohort of all individuals in nine general practices in Oxfordshire, UK, which identified 346 patients with a first or recurrent stroke during April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2004. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the main predictors of resource use and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute care costs ranged from 326 pounds sterling (lower decile) to 19,901 pounds sterling (upper decile). There were multiple important univariate interrelations of patient characteristics, stroke subtype, and stroke etiology with hospital admission, length of stay, and 30-day case-fatality. For example, patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage were more likely to be admitted than patients with partial anterior circulation ischemic stroke and less likely to survive without disability, but length of stay was reduced as a result of high early case-fatality such that cost was substantially less. However, the majority of univariate predictors of resource use, cost, and outcome were confounded by initial stroke severity as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, which accounted for approximately half of the predicted variance in cost. Cost increased approximately linearly up to an National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 18 and then fell steeply at higher scores as a result of rising early case-fatality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several patient and event-related characteristics explained the wide range of initial secondary care costs of acute stroke, but stroke severity was by far the most important independent predictor.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luengo-Fernandez
authors.forename: Alastair M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy