title: Sequential gene expression profiling in lung transplant recipients with chronic rejection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic allograft rejection is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for long-term survivors of lung transplantation. Previous studies have implicated only isolated genes in the development of chronic rejection and have not examined multiple pathways in an individual concurrently. Using microarray technology, we identified and compared gene expression profiling in lung transplant recipients with and without chronic rejection, and follow sequential expression of genes differentially expressed between the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single lung transplant center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven transplant recipients with chronic rejection were matched with 9 control transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All recipients underwent surveillance bronchoscopies at predetermined times to rule out infection and/or acute rejection. Gene expression profiling was obtained from hybridizing BAL fluid cell RNA to a 96-gene microarray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed between the two patient groups, and they are involved in inflammatory, fibrotic, and apoptotic pathways. Temporal expression of the significant genes demonstrated a change in their levels at the onset of chronic rejection, with normalization to prerejection levels as rejection continued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that microarray technology is valuable in studying the mechanism of chronic lung rejection, and the expression of genes in multiple pathways is elevated in patients with chronic lung rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (Dr. Lu), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Garrity
authors.forename: Wickii T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.forename: Sangeeta M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bhorade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D014180:Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D012313:RNA