title: Thrombin-triggered platelet apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombin is primarily known as a coagulation factor and as an inducer of platelet activation and aggregation. It has been reported that thrombin modulates apoptosis of nucleated cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study investigated whether thrombin can affect apoptosis in anucleated human platelets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using flow cytometry, we studied platelet apoptosis at the single-cell level, analyzing markers of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic apoptosis. Western blotting was also employed, in addition to flow cytometry, for determining the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that human alpha-thrombin induced four key manifestations of apoptosis in human platelets: (i) mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi m) depolarization; (ii) strong expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak proteins but only weak expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein; (iii) caspase-3 activation; and (iv) phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that, aside from its 'classical' function as an inducer of platelet activation, thrombin can trigger platelet apoptosis, where it acts as a death ligand. These data indicate that thrombin triggers platelet apoptosis by impacting on several intracellular apoptotic targets, including shifting the balance between Bcl-2 regulatory proteins in a pro-apoptotic direction, depolarizing the inner mitochondrial membrane, activating the executioner caspase-3, and stimulating aberrant exposure of PS on the platelet surface.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. leytinv@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leytin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mykhaylov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyubimov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003029:Coagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494826:BAX protein, human; D003029:Coagulants; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C094990:adhesion receptor; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D013917:Thrombin; D053148:Caspase 3