title: Dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic melanoma cells can induce objective clinical responses and MART-1 specific CD8+ T-cell immunity.
abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with killed allogeneic tumors can cross-prime tumor-specific naive CD8 T cells in vitro, thereby providing an option to overcome human leukocyte antigen restriction inherent to loading DC vaccines with peptides. We have vaccinated 20 patients with stage IV melanoma with autologous monocyte-derived DCs loaded with killed allogeneic Colo829 melanoma cell line. DCs were generated by culturing monocytes with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor) and interleukin (IL-4) and activated by additional culture with tumor necrosis factor and CD40 ligand. A total of 8 vaccines were administered at monthly intervals. The first patient was accrued December 2002 and the last November 2003. Fourteen patients were alive at 12 months, 9 patients were alive at 24 months, and 8 patients are alive as of January 2006. The estimated median overall survival is 22.5 months with a range of 2 to 35.5 months. Vaccinations were safe and tolerable. They induced, in 2 patients who failed previous therapy, durable objective clinical responses, 1 complete regression (CR) and 1 partial regression (PR) lasting 18 and 23 months, respectively. Three out of 13 analyzed patients showed T-cell immunity to melanoma antigen recognized by autologous T cells (MART-1) tissue differentiation antigen. Two of 3 patients showed improved immune function after vaccinations demonstrated by improved secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma or T-cell proliferation in response to MART-1 derived peptides. In one of these patients, vaccination led to elicitation of CD8 T-cell immunity specific to a novel peptide-derived from MART-1 antigen, suggesting that cross-priming/presentation of melanoma antigens by DC vaccine had occurred. Thus, the present results justify the design of larger follow-up studies to assess the clinical response to DC vaccines loaded with killed allogeneic tumor cells in patients with metastatic melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Sammons Cancer Center, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA. karolinp@baylorhealth.edu
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Palucka
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kerneis-Norvell
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Blanck
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fay
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banchereau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045142:Cross-Priming; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D015789:HLA-A2 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D058965:MART-1 Antigen; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D015789:HLA-A2 Antigen; D058965:MART-1 Antigen; C548667:MLANA protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D007371:Interferon-gamma