title: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 induces skin fibrosis: A novel murine model for dermal fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) in the development of skin fibrosis in vivo, by examining the effect of overexpression of IGFBP-5 in mouse skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were injected subcutaneously with replication-deficient serotype 5 adenovirus expressing human IGFBP-3 (Ad3), IGFBP-5 (Ad5), or no complementary DNA (cAd). Mice were killed 3, 8, or 22 days postinjection. The dermal thickness and dermal collagen bundle thickness in skin sections were measured. The deposition of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) was quantified using the Sircol assay. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and fibronectin, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis, was used to evaluate fibroblast activation, and vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) were used to evaluate the fibroblast phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenovirally expressed IGFBP was detected in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and muscle bundles in Ad3- and Ad5-injected mice. Increased collagen deposition, denser dermal connective tissue, and increased collagen bundle thickness were observed in IGFBP-5-overexpressing mice. Dermal thickness and collagen bundle thickness were significantly increased in Ad5-injected mice compared with cAd- and Ad3-injected mice. Treatment with Ad5 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in dermal and collagen bundle thickness. Increased deposition of collagen and fibronectin, increased numbers of PCNA-positive fibroblasts, as well as increased numbers of vimentin- and alpha-SMA-double-positive fibroblasts were detected in the dermis of IGFBP-5-overexpressing mouse skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IGFBP-5 is a key mediator of fibrosis. IGFBP-5 mediates its profibrotic effects through fibroblast activation, increased ECM deposition, and myofibroblastic transformation of dermal fibroblasts. Overexpression of IGFBP-5 provides a novel model for studying the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Hidekata
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.forename: Drazen M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jukic
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Augustine M K
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Feghali-Bostwick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D018975:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000032:analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018975:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; D003094:Collagen; D012260:Ribonucleases