title: Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their preschool-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if the prevalence of depression and anxiety in mothers and the prevalence of behavior problems in preschool-aged children are more common when mothers report being food insecure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of 2870 mothers of 3-year-old children was conducted in 2001-2003 in 18 large US cities. On the basis of the adult food-security scale calculated from the US Household Food Security Survey Module, mothers were categorized into 3 levels: fully food secure, marginally food secure, and food insecure. The 12-month prevalence in mothers of a major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. A child behavior problem in > or = 1 of 3 domains (aggressive, anxious/depressed, or inattention/hyperactivity) was based on the Child Behavior Checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one percent of the respondents were fully food secure, 17% were marginally food secure, and 12% were food insecure. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors plus maternal physical health, alcohol use, drug use, prenatal smoking, and prenatal physical domestic violence, the percentage of mothers with either major depressive episode or generalized anxiety disorder increased with increasing food insecurity: 16.9%, 21.0%, and 30.3% across the 3 levels. Among children, after further adjustment for maternal major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder, the percentage with a behavior problem also increased with increasing food insecurity: 22.7%, 31.1%, and 36.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental health problems in mothers and children are more common when mothers are food insecure, a stressor that can potentially be addressed by social policy.
authors.affiliation: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc, Princeton, NJ 08543-2393, USA. rwhitaker@mathematica-mpr.com
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Orzol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D012946:Social Welfare; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014505:Urban Population