title: Degradable hydrogel scaffolds for in vivo delivery of single and dual growth factors in cartilage repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As our population ages, treatment for joint pain associated with articular cartilage damage is becoming a prevalent challenge. Accordingly, this work investigates local delivery of two regulatory proteins - transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) - to cartilage defects from degradable scaffolds as a potential strategy for improving cartilage repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of TGF-beta1 and/or IGF-1 delivery on osteochondral repair in adult rabbits were examined through histomorphometric analysis of 11 markers of osteochondral repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete scaffold degradation occurred allowing for assessment of the healing response at 12 weeks post-surgery. When compared to untreated defects, higher scores were observed with IGF-1-treated defects for the six markers of neo-surface repair: neo-surface morphology, cartilage thickness, surface regularity, chondrocyte clustering, and the chondrocyte/glycosaminoglycan content of the neo-surface and the cartilage surrounding the defect. Surprisingly, the benefits of IGF-1 delivery were not maintained when this growth factor (GF) was co-delivered with TGF-beta1, despite numerous in vitro reports of the combinatory actions of these GFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While localized delivery of IGF-1 may be a promising repair strategy, further in vivo assessment is necessary, since fibrous tissue was commonly observed in the neo-surface of all treatment groups. More importantly, this study highlights the need to rigorously examine GF interactions in the wound healing environment and demonstrates that in vitro observations do not directly translate to the in vivo setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P O Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: E W H
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Bodde
authors.forename: V M J I
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Baggett
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mikos
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011817:Rabbits; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I