title: Tibialis anterior volumes and areas in ACL-injured limbs compared with unimpaired.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Past research has shown that subjects with ACL injuries show activation differences and atrophy in the muscles that cross the knee, including the gastrocnemii, which predominately act at the ankle. However, it is not known how the other ankle muscles that do not cross the knee are affected. We focused on the two muscles that control the ankle, the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles, to see how they were affected by an ACL injury. We hypothesized that the ankle muscles of subjects with ACL injuries that did not require surgery (copers) would be more like normals and that the muscles of subjects with ACL injuries who required surgery to return to normal activity (noncopers) would atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven subjects were divided into three even categories: unimpaired subjects, copers, and noncopers. Axial spin-echo T1-weighted MRI images were used to digitally reconstruct the tibialis anterior and the soleus. We used the digitally reconstructed muscles to determine the peak cross-sectional area and volume of each muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The copers' tibialis anterior muscles were similar to the unimpaired subjects, but, surprisingly, the noncoper's tibialis anterior muscles of the injured leg were larger than those of their uninjured legs (P < 0.05). In the soleus, the results showed a trend of not being affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in size of the tibialis anterior in noncopers may have been caused by altered gait patterns in noncopers. We believe this is due to either an ankle-stiffening strategy during heel strike or from the inversion of the foot causing external rotation of the tibia as a stabilizing technique for the knee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3140, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Binder-Macleod
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology