title: Ultra-high resolution crystal structure of HIV-1 protease mutant reveals two binding sites for clinical inhibitor TMC114.
abstract: TMC114 (darunavir) is a promising clinical inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (PR) for treatment of drug resistant HIV/AIDS. We report the ultra-high 0.84 A resolution crystal structure of the TMC114 complex with PR containing the drug-resistant mutation V32I (PR(V32I)), and the 1.22 A resolution structure of a complex with PR(M46L). These structures show TMC114 bound at two distinct sites, one in the active-site cavity and the second on the surface of one of the flexible flaps in the PR dimer. Remarkably, TMC114 binds at these two sites simultaneously in two diastereomers related by inversion of the sulfonamide nitrogen. Moreover, the flap site is shaped to accommodate the diastereomer with the S-enantiomeric nitrogen rather than the one with the R-enantiomeric nitrogen. The existence of the second binding site and two diastereomers suggest a mechanism for the high effectiveness of TMC114 on drug-resistant HIV and the potential design of new inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, GA State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
authors.forename: Andrey Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kovalevsky
authors.forename: Fengling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sofiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leshchenko
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Irene T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics*; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D000069454:Darunavir; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D016333:HIV Protease; D000069454:Darunavir