title: Differential detection of phospholipid fluidity, order, and spacing by fluorescence spectroscopy of bis-pyrene, prodan, nystatin, and merocyanine 540.
abstract: The properties of liquid-ordered, solid-ordered, and liquid-disordered phases were investigated by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy in liposomes composed of mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (0-40 mol %) as a function of temperature (24-51 degrees C). The fluorescent probes used (bis-pyrene, nystatin, prodan, and merocyanine) were chosen because they differ in the location they occupy in the membrane and in the types of properties they sense. Comparison of phase diagrams with contour plots of the fluorescence data suggested that bis-pyrene is sensitive primarily to lipid order. In contrast, nystatin fluorescence intensity responded to changes in lipid fluidity. The shape of the prodan emission spectrum detected both liquid-solid and order-disorder transitions in the phase diagram. Merocyanine's behavior was more complex. First, it was more sensitive than any of the other probes to the membrane pretransition that occurs in the absence of cholesterol. Second, regardless of whether emission intensity, anisotropy, or spectral shape was observed, the probe appeared to distinguish two types of liquid-ordered phases, one with tightly packed lipids and one in which the apparent spacing among lipids was increased. The prodan data supported these results by displaying modest versions of these two observations. Together, the results identify eight regions within the phase diagram of distinguishable combinations of these physical properties. As an example of how this combined analysis can be applied to biological membranes, human erythrocytes were treated similarly. Temperature variation at constant cholesterol content revealed three of the eight combinations identified in our analysis of liposomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah Valley State College, Orem, UT 84058, USA.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Wilson-Ashworth
authors.forename: Quinn
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Bahm
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shinkle
authors.forename: Mai P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Dixon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woodbury
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D015081:2-Naphthylamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D016880:Anisotropy; D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009761:Nystatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008055:Lipids; D010743:Phospholipids; D011721:Pyrenes; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D009761:Nystatin; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; C003954:merocyanine dye; C038517:prodan; D002784:Cholesterol; C030984:pyrene; D015081:2-Naphthylamine