Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs and u-PA expression.
Tumor metastasis is the most important cause of cancer death and various treatment strategies have targeted on preventing the occurrence of metastasis. Anthocyanins are natural colorants belonging to the flavonoid family, and are wildly used for their antioxidant properties. Here, we provided molecular evidence associated with the anti-metastatic effects of peonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside, major anthocyanins extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica), by showing a marked inhibition on the invasion and motility of SKHep-1 cells. This effect was associated with a reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). Peonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside also exerted an inhibitory effect on the DNA binding activity and the nuclear translocation of AP-1. Furthermore, these compounds also exerted an inhibitory effect of cell invasion on various cancer cells (SCC-4, Huh-7, and HeLa). Finally, anthocyanins from O. sativa L. indica (OAs) were evidenced by its inhibition on the growth of SKHep-1 cells in vivo.
Chen
Pei-Ni
PN
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
Kuo
Wu-Hsien
WH
Chiang
Chui-Liang
CL
Chiou
Hui-Ling
HL
Hsieh
Yih-Shou
YS
Chu
Shu-Chen
SC
D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C480521:peonidin 3-glucoside; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9