title: Etiology and outcomes of pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute lung injury/ARDS in a respiratory ICU in North India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Outcomes in patients with ARDS/acute lung injury (ALI) may be dependent on the underlying cause. We describe the case mix, clinical behavior, and outcomes of patients with ALI/ARDS resulting from pulmonary causes (ALI/ARDSp) and extrapulmonary causes (ALI/ARDSexp).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study conducted between January 2001 and June 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory ICU (RICU) of a tertiary care hospital in northern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients fulfilling the criteria for ALI/ARDS and requiring mechanical ventilation for > 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 180 patients (ARDS, 140 patients; ALI, 40 patients), 123 patients had ALI/ARDSp, whereas 57 patients had ALI/ARDSexp. The most common cause of ALI/ARDSp was infective pneumonia, whereas the most common cause of ALI/ARDSexp was sepsis. At ICU admission, although patients with ALI/ARDSexp were sicker than those with ALI/ARDSp, there was no difference between the two groups of patients in the development of new organ dysfunction/failure (Delta sequential organ failure assessment [SOFA] scores) or the time to develop the first organ dysfunction/failure (assessed by SOFA scores). The median length of RICU stay was similar in the two groups (5 days [interquartile range (IQR), 6 days] vs 5 days [IQR, 9.5 days], respectively, in patients with ALI/ARDSp and ALI/ARDSexp; p = 0.4). The hospital mortality rate was 47.8% and was not significantly different between the two groups (ALI/ARDSp group, 43.1%; ALI/ARDSexp group, 57.9%; p = 0.06). Multivariate analysis showed the following risk factors for death in the ICU: female gender (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25 to 0.94); SOFA scores (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.3); and DeltaSOFA scores (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.41). There was no significant effect of the category of ARDS on outcome (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.8 to 3.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although patients with ALI/ARDSexp are sicker on ICU admission, the underlying cause of ARDS does not affect the length of ICU stay or hospital survival time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Ritesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Ashutosh N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Dheeraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Digamber
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behera
authors.forename: Surinder K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jindal
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012124:Respiratory Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome