title: Alterations in neuronal transport but not blood-brain barrier transport are observed during gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) sedative/hypnotic tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) tolerance is mediated by alterations in GHB systemic pharmacokinetics, transport (blood brain barrier (BBB) and neuronal) or membrane fluidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  GHB tolerance in rats was attained by repeated GHB administration (5.31 mmol/kg, s.c., QD for 5 days). GHB sedative/hypnotic effects were measured daily. GHB pharmacokinetics were determined on day 5. In separate groups, on day 6, in situ brain perfusion was performed to assess BBB transport alterations; or in vitro studies were performed (fluorescence polarization measurements of neuronal membrane fluidity or [3H]GABA neuronal accumulation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GHB sedative/hypnotic tolerance was observed by day 5. No significant GHB pharmacokinetic or BBB transport differences were observed between treated and control rats. Neuronal membrane preparations from GHB tolerant rats showed a significant decrease in fluorescence polarization (treated-0.320 +/- 0.009, n = 5; control-0.299 +/- 0.009, n = 5; p < 0.05). [3H]GABA neuronal transport Vmax was significantly increased in tolerant rats (2,110.66 +/- 91.06 pmol/mg protein/min vs control (1,612.68 +/- 176.03 pmol/mg protein/min; n = 7 p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short term GHB administration at moderate doses results in the development of tolerance which is not due to altered systemic pharmacokinetics or altered BBB transport, but might be due to enhanced membrane rigidity and increased GABA reuptake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, H517 Cooke-Hochstetter, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Indranil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Raybon
authors.forename: Kathleen M K
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Boje
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects; D001692:Biological Transport; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D012978:Sodium Oxybate