title: Levels of homocysteine are increased in metabolic syndrome patients but are not associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, in contrast to patients without the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Elevated plasma homocysteine may cause or result from insulin resistance, and may indicate vascular risk or be actively involved in atherogenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between homocysteine, the metabolic syndrome and the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with manifest vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 2169 patients with manifest vascular disease was followed for a mean period of 2.8 years. Plasma homocysteine was measured at baseline. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homocysteine levels were higher in metabolic syndrome patients compared to patients without the metabolic syndrome (14.9+/-0.2 v 14.1+/-0.2 micromol/l; p = 0.002) and increased with the presence of its components (from 0 to 5) (12.7 to 15.9 micromol/l; p<0.001). During follow-up, 52 strokes, 67 myocardial infarctions, 5 fatal ruptures of aortic aneurysms and 53 vascular deaths occurred. Patients without the metabolic syndrome and homocysteine levels in the highest tertile had increased risk for events (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.5) compared to patients without the metabolic syndrome and homocysteine levels in the lowest tertile. The presence of the metabolic syndrome increased the risk (HR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.2), but elevated homocysteine levels further increased the risk only marginally (2.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 4.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome patients have elevated homocysteine levels, but these higher levels are not associated with an increased risk for new cardiovascular events. In contrast, elevated homocysteine levels confer increased risk in patients without the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gideon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hajer
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: Jobien K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Olijhoek
authors.forename: Marianne C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.forename: Frank L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood; D002614:Chelating Agents; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008715:Methionine; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002614:Chelating Agents; D006710:Homocysteine; D008715:Methionine