title: Porcine skin visible lesion thresholds for near-infrared lasers including modeling at two pulse durations and spot sizes.
abstract: With the advent of such systems as the airborne laser and advanced tactical laser, high-energy lasers that use 1315-nm wavelengths in the near-infrared band will soon present a new laser safety challenge to armed forces and civilian populations. Experiments in nonhuman primates using this wavelength have demonstrated a range of ocular injuries, including corneal, lenticular, and retinal lesions as a function of pulse duration. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) laser safety standards have traditionally been based on experimental data, and there is scant data for this wavelength. We are reporting minimum visible lesion (MVL) threshold measurements using a porcine skin model for two different pulse durations and spot sizes for this wavelength. We also compare our measurements to results from our model based on the heat transfer equation and rate process equation, together with actual temperature measurements on the skin surface using a high-speed infrared camera. Our MVL-ED50 thresholds for long pulses (350 micros) at 24-h postexposure are measured to be 99 and 83 J cm(-2) for spot sizes of 0.7 and 1.3 mm diam, respectively. Q-switched laser pulses of 50 ns have a lower threshold of 11 J cm(-2) for a 5-mm-diam top-hat laser pulse.
authors.affiliation: Northrop Grumman, 4241 Woodcock Drive, Suite B-100, San Antonio, Texas 78228-1330, USA. clarence.cain@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Polhamus
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stolarski
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stockton
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rockwell
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007259:Infrared Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013552:Swine