title: Transducer of regulated CREB-binding proteins (TORCs) induce PGC-1alpha transcription and mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells.
abstract: PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and plays an important role in several other aspects of energy metabolism. To identify upstream regulators of PGC-1alpha gene transcription, 10,000 human full-length cDNAs were screened for induction of the PGC-1alpha promoter. A number of activators of PGC-1alpha transcription were found; the most potent activator was the transducer of regulated CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) binding protein (TORC) 1, a coactivator of CREB. The other two members of the TORC family, TORC2 and TORC3, also strongly activated PGC-1alpha transcription. TORCs dramatically induced PGC-1alpha gene transcription through CREB. Forced expression of TORCs in primary muscle cells induced the endogenous mRNA of PGC-1alpha and its downstream target genes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and TCA cycle. Importantly, these changes in gene expression resulted in increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity measured by cellular respiration and fatty acid oxidation. Finally, we demonstrated that the action of TORCs in promoting mitochondrial gene expression and function requires PGC-1alpha. Previous studies had indicated that TORCs function as a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector and mediate individual and synergistic effects of these two pathways. Our results, together with previous findings, strongly suggest that TORCs play a key role in linking these external signals to the transcriptional program of adaptive mitochondrial biogenesis by activating PGC-1alpha gene transcription.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zhidan.wu@novartis.com
authors.forename: Zhidan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xueming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Handschin
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: P Scott
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gullicksen
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bare
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labow
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C500984:CRTC1 protein, human; C493245:CRTC2 protein, human; C495791:CRTC3 protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D045304:Cytochromes c