title: A completely automated CAD system for mass detection in a large mammographic database.
abstract: Mass localization plays a crucial role in computer-aided detection (CAD) systems for the classification of suspicious regions in mammograms. In this article we present a completely automated classification system for the detection of masses in digitized mammographic images. The tool system we discuss consists in three processing levels: (a) Image segmentation for the localization of regions of interest (ROIs). This step relies on an iterative dynamical threshold algorithm able to select iso-intensity closed contours around gray level maxima of the mammogram. (b) ROI characterization by means of textural features computed from the gray tone spatial dependence matrix (GTSDM), containing second-order spatial statistics information on the pixel gray level intensity. As the images under study were recorded in different centers and with different machine settings, eight GTSDM features were selected so as to be invariant under monotonic transformation. In this way, the images do not need to be normalized, as the adopted features depend on the texture only, rather than on the gray tone levels, too. (c) ROI classification by means of a neural network, with supervision provided by the radiologist's diagnosis. The CAD system was evaluated on a large database of 3369 mammographic images [2307 negative, 1062 pathological (or positive), containing at least one confirmed mass, as diagnosed by an expert radiologist]. To assess the performance of the system, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and free-response ROC analysis were employed. The area under the ROC curve was found to be Az = 0.783 +/- 0.008 for the ROI-based classification. When evaluating the accuracy of the CAD against the radiologist-drawn boundaries, 4.23 false positives per image are found at 80% of mass sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bari, Sezione INFN di Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellotti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Carlo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tangaro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gargano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maggipinto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Massafra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cascio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fauci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauria
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagnasco
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cerello
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zanon
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cheran
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez Torres
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bottigli
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Retico
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fantacci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cataldo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Mitri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Nunzio
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003628:Database Management Systems; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity