title: Expression of aquaporin 2 in human endometrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in human endometrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based unit for gynecology and obstetrics and research laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy women with proven fertility who were divided into four groups according to LH peak.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 34 women on cycle days LH+4 to LH+14.
  
  
  METHODS
  Localization of AQP2 in human endometrium during normal cycle using immunohistochemistry, verification of AQP2 expression through detection of AQP2 mRNA in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), detection of pinopodes using scanning electron microscopy, and confirmation of AQP2 on pinopodes in confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunostaining of AQP2 is present in the luminal and glandular epithelium but not in the stroma. Some vessels stained positive for AQP2. When present, pinopodes stained positive, which was confirmed using confocal microscopy. A significant increase in staining intensity was seen in the glandular and luminal epithelium during the mid and late luteal phases of the cycle. The presence of AQP2 in human endometrium was also confirmed by RT-PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AQP2 is present in the human endometrium. The expression of AQP2 appears to be cycle dependent and suggests a role for AQP2 in implantation, edema, and/or menstruation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anna.hildenbrand@ki.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hildenbrand
authors.forename: Luther
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lalitkumar
authors.forename: Soren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gemzell-Danielsson
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stavreus-Evers
mesh_terms: D051399:Aquaporin 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D051399:Aquaporin 2