title: The effects of friction and flexural rigidity of the archwire on canine movement in sliding mechanics: a numerical simulation with a 3-dimensional finite element method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this article were to clarify the combined effect of friction and an archwire's flexural rigidity on canine movement in sliding mechanics, and to explain how to select a suitable archwire and force level for efficient bodily movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A numerical simulation was carried out by using a 3-dimensional finite element method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the frictional force decreased, both the net force acting on and the moving speed of the canine increased. The elastic deformation of the archwire increased, and the moving pattern of the canine changed from bodily movement to tipping, although there was no clearance between the archwire and the bracket slot. When a light wire was used, wire deformation increased, and the canine experienced greater tipping. These effects of friction and wire properties on canine movement (tipping and rotational angles) are combined by using a single parameter, EI/P, where EI is the flexural rigidity of the archwire, and P is the net force acting on the canine. A suitable combination of EI and P will cause canine bodily movement. The EI is determined from the archwire's size and material.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose a method for estimating a suitable combination in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan. kojima.yukio@nitech.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyajima
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003481:Cuspid / Q000502:physiology*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000502:physiology; D018583:Pliability; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*