title: The role of cytokines in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent malignancy worldwide with a high rate of metastasis. The hepatitis B and C viruses are considered major etiological factors associated with the development of HCC, particularly as a result of their induction of chronic inflammation. There is increasing evidence that the inflammatory process is inherently associated with many different cancer types, including HCC. Specifically, this review aims to cover evidence for the potential roles of cytokines, an important component of the immune system, in promoting HCC carcinogenesis and progression. A global summary of cytokine levels, functions, polymorphisms, and therapies with regard to HCC is presented. In particular, the role of proinflammatory Th1 and anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine imbalances in the microenvironment of HCC patients with metastasis and the possible clinical significance of these findings are addressed. Overall, multiple studies, spanning many decades, have begun to elucidate the important role of cytokines in HCC.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr., Bldg. 37, Rm. 3044A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budhu
authors.forename: Xin Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines