title: Regulation of adipocyte differentiation by PEGylated all-trans retinoic acid: reduced cytotoxicity and attenuated lipid accumulation.
abstract: Obesity is major risk factor for many disorders, including diabetes, hypertension and heart disease. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of therapeutic agents available to clinicians for the treatment of obesity. The principal aim of this study was to investigate whether PEGylated all-trans retinoic acid (PRA) can have favorable stability and biological activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as an antiobesity drug. Here, we found that PRA inhibits the process of adipogenesis, including survival of adipocytes and differentiation to mature adipocytes. The results showed that RA nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by PEGylation; below 200 nm, PRA-NPs were obtained. Moreover, PRA decreased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by acting with major adipocyte marker proteins such as PPARgamma2, C/EBPalpha and aP2 modulators. Apoptosis, in addition, increased as the level of RA increased from 10 to 20 microM, whereas PRA reduced apoptosis with increasing concentrations. Our data suggest that PRA-NP has potential as an antiobesity drug carrier due to its small particle size and PEGylated core-shell structure. In addition, our results suggest that PRA inhibits the process of adipogenesis and may be developed to treat obesity. Based on these results, PRA is suitable for adipocyte studies, and an enhanced effect of PRA with adipocyte differentiation offers a challenging approach for pharmaceutical applications.
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: I Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D014212:Tretinoin