title: Literacy achievement of children with intellectual disabilities and differing linguistic backgrounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to examine the literacy achievement of 10- to 12-year-old native and non-native children with intellectual disabilities (ID) living in the Netherlands. An intriguing question within this context was whether the second language learning non-native children with ID would show a double disadvantage when compared with their monolingual Dutch peers with no ID.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dutch literacy scores in the domains of word decoding, vocabulary, syntax and text were therefore compared for: (1) intellectually disabled native Dutch children; (2) intellectually disabled non-native children; (3) normally developing native Dutch children; and (4) normally developing non-native children. The interrelations between literacy subskills were also compared for native vs. non-native children with ID.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The native and non-native students diagnosed as intellectually disabled produced substantially lower literacy scores than their non-disabled peers. The differences between the native (L1) and non-native (L2) children in regular vs. special education were found to depend on the aspect of literacy considered. Word decoding and language skills turned out to significantly predict the children's reading comprehension, although some differences in the strength of relationships could also be evidenced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literacy achievement of intellectually disabled children with differing linguistic backgrounds generally falls behind that of their non-disabled peers. For word decoding, the non-native children in regular and special education were generally able to keep up with their native peers. For higher-order literacy abilities closely related to the mental lexicon, sentence processing and text processing, however, significant differences in the performances of the native (L1) and non-native (L2) children in regular vs. special education were found, suggesting a double disadvantage for the non-native children in special education.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands. l.verhoeven@ped.kun.nl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermeer
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D004519:Education, Special; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014706:Verbal Learning