title: Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to explore the role of new biomarkers in heart failure (HF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We investigated the utility of novel serum markers alone or together with natriuretic peptide testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis estimation in subjects with acute HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), apelin, and galectin-3 were measured in 599 patients presenting with dyspnea at the emergency department, of which 209 (35%) had acute HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NT-proBNP was superior to either apelin or galectin-3 for diagnosis of acute HF, although galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in subjects with HF compared with those without. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for mortality prediction showed that, for 60-day prognosis, galectin-3 had the greatest area under the curve (AUC) at 0.74 (p = 0.0001), whereas NT-proBNP and apelin had an AUC of 0.67 (p = 0.009) and 0.54 (p = 0.33). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, an elevated level of galectin-3 was the best independent predictor of 60-day mortality (odds ratio 10.3, p < 0.01) or the combination of death/recurrent HF within 60 days (odds ratio 14.3, p < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that the combination of an elevated galectin-3 with NT-proBNP was a better predictor of mortality than either of the 2 markers alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show potential utility of galectin-3 as a useful marker for evaluation of patients with suspected or proven acute HF, whereas apelin measurement was not useful for these indications. Moreover, the combination of galectin-3 with NT-proBNP was the best predictor for prognosis in subjects with acute HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: van Kimmenade
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Januzzi
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Ellinor
authors.forename: Umesh C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Jaap A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
authors.forename: Calum A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: MacRae
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Menheere
authors.forename: Yigal M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000073861:Apelin; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000097:blood*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C115436:APLN protein, human; D000073861:Apelin; D015415:Biomarkers; D037502:Galectin 3; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain