title: Risk factors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia in hospitalized patients: an analysis of two case-control studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is an important pathogen in the hospital environment, and a progressive increase in its incidence is a cause of nosocomial infections. Bacteremia is one of the major infections caused by this pathogen. Risk factors for VRE bacteremia were assessed at a university-affiliated hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case-control studies with different control groups were used. In study 1, patients with VRE bacteremia were compared with control patients matched by sex, admission unit, age (+/-10 years), and time of admission (+/-1 year). In study 2, the case group (VRE patients) was compared with vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 34 patients with VRE bacteremia and 102 control patients were included in study 1, and 34 patients with VRE bacteremia and 55 patients with VSE bacteremia were included in study 2. In study 1, vancomycin use (OR, 10.19; CI 95%, 3.63-28.57) was associated with VRE bacteremia. In study 2, vancomycin use (OR, 17.58; CI 95%, 5.24-58.96) was also associated with VRE bacteremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because vancomycin use was the only variable associated with VRE bacteremia in the two studies, we confirmed that vancomycin exposure is the major risk factor for VRE bacteremia.
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Committee, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. ghfurtado@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Guilherme Henrique Campos
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.forename: Rodrigo Elisandro
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos Campos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pignatari
authors.forename: Sérgio Barsanti
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wey
authors.forename: Eduardo Alexandrino Servolo
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D001938:Brazil; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000382:microbiology