title: Distribution and determinants of house dust mite allergens in Europe: the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies in European homes have described allergen levels from the house dust mite species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to a lesser extent Dermatophagoides farinae, but geographic comparisons of exposure levels and risk factors have been hampered by a lack of standardized methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the distribution and determinants of the major house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1 in 10 European countries using a common protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  During home visits with 3580 participants of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II from 22 study centers, mattress dust was sampled and analyzed for Der p 1, Der f 1, and Der 2 allergen. Information on housing characteristics was obtained by both observations and interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Der 1 and Der 2 allergens were detectable (>/=0.1 mug/g) in 68% and 53% of the samples, respectively. Large differences in allergen levels between study centers were observed, and geographic patterns for Der p 1 and Der f 1 were different. Low winter temperatures reduced Der p 1 rather than Der f 1. Important risk factors for high allergen levels included an older mattress, a lower floor level of the bedroom, limited ventilation of the bedroom, and dampness for Der p 1 but not for Der f 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are large qualitative and quantitative differences of house dust mite allergen levels in Europe, which can partly be explained by geographic and housing characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mite allergen exposure may be reduced by replacing the mattress regularly and increasing ventilation of the bedroom, particularly in winter.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Barcelona, Spain. jpzock@imim.es
authors.forename: Jan-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verlato
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norbäck
authors.forename: Estel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plana
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinn
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.forename: Argo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soon
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ponzio
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahlman-Hoglund
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svanes
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luczynska
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000276:immunology*; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D040001:Dermatophagoides farinae / Q000276:immunology*; D040002:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus / Q000276:immunology*; D004391:Dust / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D005060:Europe; D008137:Longitudinal Studies
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D004391:Dust; D000939:Epitopes; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C451159:Dermatophagoides farinae antigen f 1; C451162:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen p 1