title: Loss of Apc allows phenotypic manifestation of the transforming properties of an endogenous K-ras oncogene in vivo.
abstract: Oncogenic mutations in the K-ras gene occur in approximately 50% of human colorectal cancers. However, the precise role that K-ras oncogenes play in tumor formation is still unclear. To address this issue, we have conditionally expressed an oncogenic K-ras(V12) allele in the small intestine of adult mice either alone or in the context of Apc deficiency. We found that expression of K-ras(V12) does not affect normal intestinal homeostasis or the immediate phenotypes associated with Apc deficiency. Mechanistically we failed to find activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which may be a consequence of the up-regulation of a number of negative feedback loops. However, K-ras(V12) expression accelerates intestinal tumorigenesis and confers invasive properties after Apc loss over the long term. In renal epithelium, expression of the oncogenic K-ras(V12) allele in the absence of Apc induces the rapid development of renal carcinoma. These tumors, unlike those of intestinal origin, display activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that normal intestinal and kidney epithelium are resistant to malignant transformation by an endogenous K-ras oncogene. However, activation of K-ras(V12) after Apc loss results in increased tumorigenesis with distinct kinetics. Whereas the effect of K-ras oncogenes in the intestine can been observed only after long latencies, they result in rapid carcinogenesis in the kidney epithelium. These data imply a window of opportunity for anti-K-ras therapies after tumor initiation in preventing tumor growth and invasion.
authors.affiliation: Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom. o.sansom@beatson.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Owen J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Sansom
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Meniel
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Karin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Oien
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Gabrielle H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbacid
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D011905:Genes, ras; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D048490:raf Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D048490:raf Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases