Hepatitis C and pregnancy.
Hepatitis C is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States. The diagnosis of vertical transmission is reliably established by a positive serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA on 2 occasions 3 to 4 months apart after the infant is at least 2 months old and/or by the detection of anti-HCV antibodies after the infant is 18 months old. Vertical transmission in HCV RNA-negative pregnant women is approximately 1% to 3% versus approximately 4% to 6% in HCV RNA-positive women. From the standpoint of vertical transmission, no critical HCV RNA titer has been established. Coinfection with HIV has been shown to increase the risk of vertical transmission of HCV, but highly active antiretroviral therapy may decrease the risk significantly. In HIV-negative women, route of delivery does not influence vertical transmission. In HCV/HIV-coinfected women, decisions regarding mode of delivery should be based on HIV status. There is no association between vertical transmission of HCV and gestational age at delivery or the presence of chorioamnionitis. The use of a scalp electrode has been associated with vertical transmission and this practice is discouraged. Data are conflicting regarding duration of ruptured membranes and the risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis C. When the duration of membrane rupture exceeds 6 hours, the risk may be increased. There is no evidence demonstrating an increased risk of HCV transmission in HIV-negative women who breast feed. In HCV/HIV-coinfected women, breast feeding is discouraged in women who have consistent access to safe infant formula.


BACKGROUND
Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians.


OBJECTIVE
After completion of this article, the reader should be able to recall that vertical transmission of hepatitis C (HCV) does occur, state that coinfection with HIV increases the transmission rate, and summarize that there is no association between gestational age or presence of chorioamnionitis and no evidence that a cesarean delivery prevents transmission.
Airoldi
James
J
Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. james.airoldi@mail.tju.edu
Berghella
Vincenzo
V
D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects; D002821:Chorioamnionitis; D015897:Comorbidity; D003376:Counseling; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
D012367:RNA, Viral