title: Effect of differentiation of self on adolescent risk behavior: test of the theoretical model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Innovative theoretical models are needed to explain the occurrence of high-risk sexual behaviors, alcohol and other-drug (AOD) use, and academic engagement among ethnically diverse, inner-city adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test the credibility of a theoretical model based on the Bowen family systems theory to explain adolescent risk behavior. Specifically tested was the relationship between the predictor variables of differentiation of self, chronic anxiety, and social problem solving and the dependent variables of high-risk sexual behaviors, AOD use, and academic engagement.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ex post facto cross-sectional design was used to test the usefulness of the theoretical model. Data were collected from 161 racially/ethnically diverse, inner-city high school students, 14 to 19 years of age. Participants completed self-report written questionnaires, including the Differentiation of Self Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Social Problem Solving for Adolescents, Drug Involvement Scale for Adolescents, and the Sexual Behavior Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with the model, higher levels of differentiation of self related to lower levels of chronic anxiety (p < .001) and higher levels of social problem solving (p < .01). Higher chronic anxiety was related to lower social problem solving (p < .001). A test of mediation showed that chronic anxiety mediates the relationship between differentiation of self and social problem solving (p < .001), indicating that differentiation influences social problem solving through chronic anxiety. Higher levels of social problem solving were related to less drug use (p < .05), less high-risk sexual behaviors (p < .01), and an increase in academic engagement (p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the theoretical model's credibility and provide evidence that differentiation of self is an important cognitive factor that enables adolescents to manage chronic anxiety and motivates them to use effective problem solving, resulting in less involvement in health-comprising behaviors and increased academic engagement.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. knauth@cua.edu
authors.forename: Donna G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Knauth
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Skowron
authors.forename: Melicia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004532:Ego; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008873:Mid-Atlantic Region; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011340:Problem Solving; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019455:Self Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment