title: How do children's nurses make clinical decisions? Two preliminary studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gain an understanding of how children's nurses make clinical decisions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Several studies have explored how nurses make clinical decisions and the factors that may affect the decision-making strategies used. However, the results of these studies are contradictory. Further, little is known about children's nurses' decision-making strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The think aloud technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses (n = 12) from three surgical wards and nurses (n = 15) from three medical wards in a Scottish children's hospital were presented with clinical scenarios and asked to think aloud. The verbal protocols were analysed to provide an indication of how children's nurses made decisions. Whether there were any differences in decision-making between experienced and less experienced nurses and between graduates and non-graduates was also explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of verbal protocols obtained using the think aloud technique suggested that all the nurses in the sample used a hypothetico-deductive (analytical) model of decision-making. Further, all participants appeared to use backward reasoning strategies regardless of their level of expertise. This is a characteristic of non-expert decision-making. Experienced and less experienced nurses collected similar additional information before planning nursing interventions, supporting the conjecture that they were functioning at a non-expert level in relation to decision-making. No differences were seen in the information collected by graduate and non-graduate nurses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decision-making strategies of children's nurses need exploring further and further research is needed to identify factors that may affect decision-making strategies. Several strategies to support nurses' clinical decision-making have been proposed but need testing to ascertain their effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In clinical practice nurses make numerous decisions throughout the course of a shift. Sub-optimal decision-making strategies may adversely affect the quality of nursing care provided. It is imperative, therefore, to ascertain how nurses make clinical decisions and the factors that may influence the decision-making strategies used.
authors.affiliation: Children's Nursing, Faculty of Health Care and Social Sciences, Kingston University--St George's University of London, London, UK. atwycros@hscs.sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Twycross
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Powls
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D003625:Data Collection; D003657:Decision Making; D004522:Educational Status; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008128:Logic; D008875:Middle Aged; D016294:Models, Nursing; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009736:Nursing Process / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009737:Nursing Records; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000458:organization & administration; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012606:Scotland; D013850:Thinking