title: Levels of matrix metalloproteinases-8 and -9 with simultaneous presence of periodontal pathogens in gingival crevicular fluid as well as matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cholesterol in blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -8 and -9 with the simultaneous presence of periodontal pathogens in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as well as MMP-9 and cholesterol in blood. Although bacterial pathogens are required to initiate the periodontal disease process, in some individuals the reaction to bacteria may lead to an excessive host response, resulting in a general inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  MMP-9 and lipids were analyzed from the blood samples of 33 subjects with a 16-year history and oral health records of periodontal disease as well as from 31 periodontally healthy controls. Information was obtained on education, body mass index, and family history of atherosclerosis. GCF was taken to determine MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels, and bacterial samples were simultaneously collected for polymerase chain reaction assessment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. Analysis of variance, chi-squared test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic data showed significant differences between patients and controls in smoking (P < 0.01), body mass index (P < 0.05), family history of atherosclerotic disease (P < 0.01), and education (P < 0.01). Significant differences were also observed in oral health data, in the detection of P. gingivalis (P < 0.001), P. intermedia (P < 0.01), P. nigrescens (P < 0.001), and T. forsythia (P < 0.001) and in the levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in GCF between patients and controls. T. forsythia[odds ratio(OR) 10.1; P = 0.001] and age (OR 5.54; P = 0.008) appeared to be the main independent predictors for high MMP-8 in GCF. Patients had significantly higher total cholesterol (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.05), and triglycerides (P < = 0.01) than controls. Plasma levels of MMP-9 were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific periodontal microorganisms appeared to induce host response, with increased release of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in gingival pockets as well as of MMP-9 in plasma, possibly triggering its up-regulation in blood.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. Birgitta.soder@ofa.ki.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Söder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Airila Månsson
authors.forename: P-O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Söder
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meurman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9