title: Molecular evidence for infection by HTLV-2 among individuals with negative serological screening tests for HTLV antibodies.
abstract: Previous serological studies on the Arara do Laranjal Indian group revealed extensive HTLV-2 infections. A collection of 97 new samples from the Arara were found repeatedly negative using three different commercial enzyme immunoassays. Eight samples that exhibited optical density readings close to the cut-off value were re-evaluated using Western blot (GeneLab 2.4, Singapore) assay. One sample was found to be non-reactive, five exhibited indeterminate patterns, one was classified as HTLV, and one was confirmed as HTLV-2. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA of the eight samples were subjected to nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the pX and env regions, and nucleotide sequencing of the 5'-LTR region. All produced amplification products of pX, but env could be amplified in only one sample with the commonly used primers. RFLP analysis of the pX region using TaqI confirmed HTLV-2 infection. Nucleotide sequencing of the 5'-LTR region was performed in three samples (HTLV-2, HTLV and indeterminate based on Western blot pattern). Phylogenetic analysis of a 449-nt fragment using the Neighbour-Joining method clearly demonstrated that the three samples clustered within the HTLV-2c molecular subtype. The present study confirms the wide dissemination of the HTLV-2c subtype among linguistically and culturally distinct Amazonian Indian groups, and emphasizes the unique occurrence of infection by this subtype in Brazil. Moreover, it emphasizes the limitation of employing the present serological screening assays in blood banks, epidemiological studies, and the importance of molecular assays in the confirmatory procedures for the primary detection of HTLV-2 infections.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil. rishak@ufpa.br
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishak
authors.forename: A C R
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vallinoto
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: A C P
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: M O G
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ishak
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015482:HTLV-II Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015367:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015482:HTLV-II Antibodies