title: Endoscopic treatment for high grade vesicoureteral reflux in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Minimally invasive endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux has become an established alternative to long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical intervention in children. We determined the long-term efficacy and safety of this treatment for high grade reflux in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 411 consecutive infants who underwent endoscopic treatment of grade III to V vesicoureteral reflux between June 1985 and October 2004. A total of 29 patients (7%) were excluded from study because they were lost to followup or the medical records were incomplete. Of the remaining 382 infants, including 203 males, 274 had bilateral and 108 had unilateral vesicoureteral reflux. This represented 642 high grade refluxing units with grade III to V disease in 232, 339 and 71, respectively. A dimercapto-succinic acid scan performed in 312 infants revealed renal scarring in 88 (28%). The tissue augmenting substance used for endoscopic injection was polytetrafluoroethylene and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer in 432 and 210 ureters, respectively. Endoscopic treatment was done at a median age of 7 months (range 2 months to 1 year). Median followup in these patients was 7 years (range 6 months to 20 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete resolution of vesicoureteral reflux after a single injection occurred in 443 ureters (69%), including 73% with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer and 65% with polytetrafluoroethylene. Of the 642 ureters 127 (20%) required more than 1 injection to correct vesicoureteral reflux. In 60 ureters vesicoureteral reflux was downgraded to grade I or II and no further treatment was given, while 12 ureters that failed to respond to endoscopic treatment required open surgical intervention. Only 1 ureter required reimplantation to treat vesicoureteral obstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic correction is a safe, effective, minimally invasive outpatient procedure for high grade vesicoureteral reflux in infants. Early correction of vesicoureteral reflux may provide protection from reflux associated renal damage and prolonged antibiotic use.
authors.affiliation: National Children's Hospital, and Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dawrant
authors.forename: Nochiparambil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohanan
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011866:Radioisotope Renography; D014513:Ureter; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C487487:dextranomer-hyaluronic acid copolymer; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid