title: Destruction of primordial ovarian follicles in adult cynomolgus macaques after exposure to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide: a nonhuman primate model of the menopausal transition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-treated mouse menopause model, which involves accelerated atresia of primordial follicles and induces gradual ovarian failure (while sparing the ovarian stroma), can be adapted to nonhuman primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled periclinical trial (nonhuman primates).
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four adult female cynomolgus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Once-daily i.m. injections for 15 days as follows: vehicle or VCD doses of 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg. Ovaries were removed 27 days after treatment, and pathological determinations were made at necropsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and interim hematologic and biochemical measures, physical exams, and body weights. Follicle counts and organ evaluation at necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nearly complete elimination of primordial, intermediate, primary and secondary follicles was achieved with 250 mg/kg VCD. A 50% reduction in primordial and primary follicles was observed with 160 mg/kg VCD. No effect of 80 mg/kg VCD per day was observed. Clinical health measures remained within normal range except for transient, mild increases in liver enzymes and an inflammatory response at the injection site with 250 mg/kg. Postmortem evaluations (9 months) revealed no gross or histological lesions in the organs studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the monkey ovary is susceptible to VCD and that as in rodents, primordial and primary follicles are targeted selectively.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040, USA. sappt@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Appt
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Patricia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hoyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003510:Cyclohexanes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C012606:4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide