title: A pulse-rate dependence of dose per monitor unit and its significant effect on wedged-shaped fields delivered with variable dose rate and a moving jaw.
abstract: Wedge-shaped dose distributions are delivered on some modern linear accelerators with a virtual wedge, combining variable dose rate and a moving jaw. Drift in the wedge factor and wedge angle of a 20 X 20 cm field for the 60 degree virtual wedge was found commonplace in several models of linear accelerator from one manufacturer. It was found that errors in dose delivery both on and off axis could exceed 5% if quality assurance checks are limited to 10 X 10 cm or smaller fields or wedge angles of 45 degrees or less. A procedure to easily identify and remedy the problem is presented. In each case the change was due to variation in dose per monitor unit (D/MU) with the electron beam pulse rate. The variation was traced to a pair of circuit boards in the dosimetry system, one for each output measurement channel. Wedge factors and dose profiles measured before and after board replacement on 4 accelerators, and for a set of defective boards placed on one of the accelerators, were compared. The effect was largest for the wedge with the steepest profile (60 degree wedge angle) and the largest field measured: 20 X 20 cm. In this case, a 1% variation in D/MU with a factor of 5 reduction in pulse rate corresponded to an average 0.8% change in wedge factor and 0.8% change in the off axis ratio at 8.5 cm off axis on the high dose side of the wedge field, 0.3% on the low dose side. After board replacement, wedge factors and profiles measured on the 4 machines generally agreed to 2% for the full range of wedge angles and field sizes. Quality assurance of virtual wedges is discussed in light of the new findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, UC San Francisco, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, Suite H 1031, San Francisco, California 94143-1708, USA. faddegon@radonc17.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Faddegon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garde
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*