title: Temporary renal ischemia during nephron sparing surgery is associated with short-term but not long-term impairment in renal function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The emergence of laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery has rekindled interest in the impact of warm renal ischemia on renal function. To provide data with which warm renal ischemia can be compared we analyzed short-term and long-term changes in the glomerular filtration rate after temporary cold renal ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients undergoing open nephron sparing surgery the estimated glomerular filtration rate was assessed preoperatively, early in the postoperative hospital stay, and 1 and 12 months after surgery using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. We separately analyzed 70 patients with a solitary kidney and 592 with 2 functioning kidneys. The end point was the percent change from the baseline glomerular filtration rate. A linear regression model was used to test the association between the glomerular filtration rate change, and ischemia time, patient age, tumor size, estimated blood loss and intraoperative fluid administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median cold ischemia time was 31 minutes in patients with a solitary kidney and 35 minutes in those with 2 kidneys. Compared to patients with 2 kidneys those with a solitary kidney had a significantly lower preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (p < 0.001), which decreased a median of 30% during the early postoperative period, and 15% and 32% 1 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. In patients with 2 kidneys the corresponding glomerular filtration rate decreases were 16%, 13% and 14%, respectively. On multivariate analyses in each group cold ischemia duration and intraoperative blood loss were significantly associated with early glomerular filtration rate changes. However, 12 months after surgery age was the only independent predictor of a glomerular filtration rate decrease in patients with 2 kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold renal ischemia during nephron sparing surgery is a significant determinant of the short-term postoperative glomerular filtration rate. Longer clamping time is particularly detrimental in patients with a solitary kidney but it does not appear to influence long-term renal function. Patients of advanced age may be less likely to recover from acute ischemic renal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yossepowitch
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Eggener
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serio
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050377:Cold Ischemia; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine