title: Tomando Control: a culturally appropriate diabetes education program for Spanish-speaking individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus--evaluation of a pilot project.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to pilot test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a culturally appropriate and culturally relevant Spanish-language cognitive-behavioral diabetes self-care educational intervention for Hispanic Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  
  The study site was an urban community health center in the Northeast, at which 16 Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited. This was a 1-group pretest-posttest pilot study, during which qualitative and quantitative data were collected on demographic, physiologic (HbA1c, body mass index, lipids), psychosocial (diabetes-related distress and health beliefs), knowledge, and language-based acculturation variables at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory data, and chart review. The intervention was culturally appropriate in terms of language, social emphasis, nutritional guidance, and acknowledgment of cultural health beliefs. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was used to evaluate response variables of glycemic control, lipid levels, and psychosocial and knowledge outcomes. The intervention acceptability process was evaluated by attendance and attrition.
  
  
  
  This pilot study demonstrated excellent acceptance for and feasibility of this intervention. Most study participants (9 women, 7 men) were middle-aged married individuals who had had diabetes mellitus for an average of 8 years; English was a second language for all of them. Most were overweight and had suboptimal glycemic control and lipid profiles and moderate levels of knowledge at the outset of the study. Most had received a one-on-one diabetes educational session prior to the intervention. Over the 6 months of the study, most of both men and women showed an increase in knowledge scores, improvement in lipid profiles, and reduction in HbA1c levels. Men demonstrated a temporary increase in emotional distress much greater than that reported by women during the first 3 months of the study.
  
  
  
  The findings suggest that a culturally relevant type 2 diabetes mellitus educational program, particularly one that addresses different learning needs and styles of men and women, can have a positive impact on Hispanic Americans with diabetes. Implications for practice include awareness of gender-based differences in response to self-management education, the importance of providing realistic samples of meals prepared in a manner consistent with American Diabetes Association principles, and the rationale for offering a brief and focused refresher course 6 to 9 months following this type of intervention.
authors.affiliation: The Fair Haven Community Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut (Ms Mauldon, Ms Cagganello)
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauldon
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Melkus)
authors.forename: Gail D'Eramo
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Melkus
authors.affiliation: The Fair Haven Community Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut (Ms Mauldon, Ms Cagganello)
authors.forename: Mayra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cagganello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005190:Family; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012944:Social Support