title: Longterm efficacy of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in knee osteoarthritis: metaanalysis of randomized placebo controlled clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the longterm efficacy of topical therapies for pain control in primary knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature search was carried out from January 1, 1966, to December 31, 2004, in Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane database. Manual searches of related journals in the National Medical Library (New Delhi, India), the library of our institute, and conference abstracts were also carried out. We included randomized controlled clinical trials of 4 weeks or more comparing any topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) with placebo or vehicle. Effect size for pain control was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 172 citations, 4 studies fulfilled all the specified criteria. Four of them compared topical NSAID with placebo or vehicle. Pooled effect of topical NSAID measured at 4 weeks or beyond was superior to placebo/vehicle in pain relief (mean effect size -0.28, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical NSAID are effective for pain relief in knee OA for a longer duration; however, this may not hold true for all the preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Shibadas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswal
authors.forename: Bikash
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Medhi
authors.forename: Promila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandhi
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal