title: Detection of acetaminophen protein adducts in children with acute liver failure of indeterminate cause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acetaminophen cysteine protein adducts are a widely recognized correlate of acetaminophen-mediated hepatic injury in laboratory animals. The objective of this study was to use a new assay for the detection of acetaminophen cysteine protein adducts in children with acute liver failure to determine the role of acetaminophen toxicity in acute liver failure of unknown cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples from children with acute liver failure were measured for acetaminophen cysteine protein adducts using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. For comparison, samples from children with well-characterized acetaminophen toxicity and children with known other causes of acute liver failure also were measured for acetaminophen cysteine protein adducts. The analytical laboratory was blinded to patient diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetaminophen cysteine protein adduct was detected in 90% of samples from children with acute liver failure that was attributed to acetaminophen toxicity, 12.5% of samples from children with acute liver failure of indeterminate cause, and 9.6% of samples from children with acute liver failure that was attributed to other causes. Adduct-positive patients from the indeterminate cause subgroup had higher levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and lower levels of bilirubin. Adduct-positive patients also had lower rates of transplantation and higher rates of spontaneous remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small but significant percentage of children with acute liver failure of indeterminate cause tested positive for acetaminophen cysteine protein adducts, strongly suggesting acetaminophen toxicity as the cause of acute liver failure. An assay for the detection of acetaminophen cysteine protein adducts can aid the diagnosis of acetaminophen-related liver injury in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. jameslaurap@uams.edu
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Estella M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hynan
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hinson
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Davern
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Squires
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D011485:Protein Binding; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D000082:Acetaminophen; C069744:acetaminophen cysteine; D003545:Cysteine