title: Prevalence of environmental Aeromonas in South East Queensland, Australia: a study of their interactions with human monolayer Caco-2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas in a major waterway in South East Queensland, Australia, and their interactions with a gut epithelial model using Caco-2 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 81 Aeromonas isolates, collected from a major waterway in South East Queensland, Australia, were typed using a metabolic fingerprinting method, and tested for their adhesion to HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells and for cytotoxin production on Vero cells and Caco-2 cells. Aeromonas hydrophila had the highest (43%) and Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria had the lowest (25%) prevalence. Four patterns of adhesion were observed on both HEp-2 and Caco-2 cell lines. Representative isolates having different phenopathotypes (nine strains) together with two clinical isolates were tested for their translocation ability and for the presence of virulence genes associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli. The rate and degree of translocation across Caco-2 monolayers varied among strains and was more pronounced with LogA pattern. Translocation was associated with the adherence of strains to Caco-2 cells microvilli, followed by internalization into Caco-2 cells. Two Aer. veronii biovar sobria strains were positive for the presence of heat-labile toxin genes, with one strain also positive for Shiga-like toxin gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathogenic strains of Aeromonas carrying one or more virulence characteristics are highly prevalent in the waterways studied and are capable of translocating across a human enterocyte cell model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that Aeromonas strains carrying one or more virulence properties are prevalent in local waterways and are capable of translocating in a human enterocyte cell culture model. However, their importance in human gastrointestinal disease has yet to be verified under competitive conditions of the gut.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia. lsnowde1@usc.edu.au
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wernbacher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stenzel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katouli
mesh_terms: D000333:Aeromonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000382:microbiology*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D015995:Prevalence; D011793:Queensland; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014709:Vero Cells; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins