title: The impact of early childhood lead exposure on brain organization: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of language function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to assess the long-term impact of childhood lead exposure on the neurosubstrate of language function and brain organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adults from the Cincinnati Lead Study were recruited to undergo functional magnetic resonance image scanning while performing a verb generation task. These subjects have been followed from birth through early childhood with extensive documentation of lead exposure, neuropsychology, and behavior. Forty-two subjects provided useful imaging data. The locale, strength, and the correlation between brain language activation and childhood blood lead concentration were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for potential confounders, the activation in left frontal cortex, adjacent to Broca's area, and left middle temporal gyrus, including Wernicke's area, were found to be significantly associated with diminished activation in subjects with higher mean childhood blood lead levels, whereas the compensatory activation in the right hemisphere homolog of Wernicke's area was enhanced in subjects with higher blood lead levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that childhood lead exposure has a significant and persistent impact on brain reorganization associated with language function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Kim M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cecil
authors.forename: Kim N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: Mekibib
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altaye
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: M Douglas
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Egelhoff
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead