title: Effect of heat sterilization on surface characteristics and microstructure of Mani NRT rotary nickel-titanium instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of repeated dry heat sterilization on surface characteristics and microstructure of Mani nickel-titanium rotary instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three new Mani NRT instruments, size 30, taper 0.04 and 25 mm in length were examined. Twenty-seven instruments were divided into three groups for surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the first group (n = 3), instruments were examined in the 'as-received' condition and after they had been subjected to 11 sterilization cycles. In the second and third subgroups (n = 12), 12 instruments were prepared for cross-section and a further 12 for longitudinal sectional analysis and evaluated in subgroups of three, after 0, 1, 6 and 11 sterilization cycles. The remaining six instruments were analysed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), three in the 'as-received' condition and three after being subjected to 11 cycles of sterilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated the presence of debris, pitting and deep milling marks in both new and sterilized files. After 11 sterilization cycles, debris remained and surface roughness was increased significantly (P = 0.05). DSC analyses showed that the specimens in the 'as-received' condition and after 11 sterilization cycles were in the austenite phase or a mixture of austenite and R-phase at 37 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The machining defects and structural imperfections of new Mani instruments are indicative of the difficulty in manufacturing nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. DSC measurements suggest that Mani instruments are capable of superelastic behaviour under clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alexandrou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chrissafis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vasiliadis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pavlidou
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Polychroniadis
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; C093826:Austenite; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium