title: Kid in the middle: a discussion of effectiveness of center rear-seat restraint systems.
abstract: This paper examines effectiveness of rear seat restraint systems in reducing injury in frontal and side impacts. Results indicate effectiveness varies by crash configuration and occupant age, with age being the most important factor influencing odds of fatality/serious injury to belted, rear seated occupants in frontal and side crashes. There is no significant difference between center lap and outboard lap/shoulder belts effectiveness; however, field data shows a high percentage of misuse (wearing belts improperly or using age-inappropriate belts) associated with fatalities and serious injuries. Review of NASS/CDS cases on seriously injured belted children shows belt misuse and injury patterns that might be mitigated by booster seats or proper use of adult belts.
authors.affiliation: JP Research Inc., Mountain View, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jeya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Padmanaban
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mortazavi
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008875:Middle Aged; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*