title: Inhibition of secreted phospholipase A2 by neuron survival and anti-inflammatory peptide CHEC-9.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nonapeptide CHEC-9 (CHEASAAQC), a putative inhibitor of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), has been shown previously to inhibit neuron death and aspects of the inflammatory response following systemic treatment of rats with cerebral cortex lesions. In this study, the properties of CHEC-9 inhibition of sPLA2 enzymes were investigated, using a venom-derived sPLA2 group I and the plasma of rats and humans as the sources of enzyme activity. The results highlight the advantages of inhibitors with uncompetitive properties for inflammatory disorders including those resulting in degeneration of neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of enzyme and plasma were reacted with 1-Palmitoyl-2-Pyrenedecanoyl Phosphatidylcholine, a sPLA2 substrate that forms phospholipid vesicles in aqueous solutions. Some of the plasma samples were collected from restrained peptide-treated rats in order to confirm the validity of the in vitro assays for extrapolation to in vivo effects of the peptide. The enzyme reactions were analyzed in terms of well-studied relationships between the degree of inhibition and the concentrations of different reactants. We also examined interactions between different components of the reaction mixture on native polyacrylamide gels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, the peptide showed the properties of an uncompetitive (or anti-competitive) enzyme inhibitor with Ki values less than 100 nanomolar. The electrophoresis experiments suggested CHEC-9 modifies the binding properties of the enzyme only in the presence of substrate, consistent with its classification as an uncompetitive inhibitor. Both the in vitro observations and the analysis of plasma samples from restrained rats injected with peptide suggest the efficacy of the peptide increases under conditions of high enzyme activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modeling studies by others have shown that uncompetitive inhibitors may be optimal for enzyme inhibition therapy because, unlike competitive inhibitors, they are not rendered ineffective by the accumulation of unmodified substrate. Such conditions likely apply to several instances of neuroinflammation where there are cascading increases in sPLA2s and their substrates, both systemically and in the CNS. Thus, the present results may explain the efficacy of CHEC-9 in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA. tcunning@drexelmed.edu
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Jaquie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maciejewski
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao