title: CKI and CKII mediate the FREQUENCY-dependent phosphorylation of the WHITE COLLAR complex to close the Neurospora circadian negative feedback loop.
abstract: The eukaryotic circadian oscillators consist of circadian negative feedback loops. In Neurospora, it was proposed that the FREQUENCY (FRQ) protein promotes the phosphorylation of the WHITE COLLAR (WC) complex, thus inhibiting its activity. The kinase(s) involved in this process is not known. In this study, we show that the disruption of the interaction between FRQ and CK-1a (a casein kinase I homolog) results in the hypophosphorylation of FRQ, WC-1, and WC-2. In the ck-1a(L) strain, a knock-in mutant that carries a mutation equivalent to that of the Drosophila dbt(L) mutation, FRQ, WC-1, and WC-2 are hypophosphorylated. The mutant also exhibits ~32 h circadian rhythms due to the increase of FRQ stability and the significant delay of FRQ progressive phosphorylation. In addition, the levels of WC-1 and WC-2 are low in the ck-1a(L) strain, indicating that CK-1a is also important for the circadian positive feedback loops. In spite of its low accumulation in the ck-1a(L) strain, the hypophosphorylated WCC efficiently binds to the C-box within the frq promoter, presumably because it cannot be inactivated through FRQ-mediated phosphorylation. Furthermore, WC-1 and WC-2 are also hypophosphorylated in the cka(RIP) strain, which carries the disruption of the catalytic subunit of casein kinase II. In the cka(RIP) strain, WCC binding to the C-box is constantly high and cannot be inhibited by FRQ despite high FRQ levels, resulting in high levels of frq RNA. Together, these results suggest that CKI and CKII, in addition to being the FRQ kinases, mediate the FRQ-dependent phosphorylation of WCs, which inhibit their activity and close the circadian negative feedback loop.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Joonseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Qiyang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Heng-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D047389:Casein Kinase I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005246:Feedback; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009491:Neurospora / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C087405:FRQ protein, Neurospora crassa; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C105589:wc-1 protein, Neurospora crassa; C103772:white collar 2 protein, Neurospora; D047389:Casein Kinase I; D047390:Casein Kinase II