title: Spinel formation for stabilizing simulated nickel-laden sludge with aluminum-rich ceramic precursors.
abstract: The feasibility of stabilizing nickel-laden sludge from commonly available Al-rich ceramic precursors was investigated and accomplished with high nickel incorporation efficiency. To simulate the process, nickel oxide was mixed alternatively with gamma-alumina, corundum, kaolinite, and mullite and was sintered from 800 to 1480 degrees C. The nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) was confirmed as the stabilization phase for nickel and crystallized with efficiencies greater than 90% for all precursors above 1250 degrees C and 3-h sintering. The nickel-incorporation reaction pathways with these precursors were identified, and the microstructure and spinel yield were investigated as a function of sintering temperature with fixed sintering time. This study has demonstrated a promising process for forming nickel spinel to stabilize nickel-laden sludge from a wide range of inexpensive ceramic precursors, which may provide an avenue for economically blending waste metal sludges via the building industry processes to reduce the environmental hazards of toxic metals. The correlation of product textures and nickel incorporation efficiencies through selection of different precursors also provides the option of tailoring property-specific products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305-4020, USA.
authors.forename: Kaimin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Leckie
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008669:Metallurgy; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage; D014867:Water; D009532:Nickel; C028007:nickel monoxide; D000535:Aluminum