title: Vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression by soft tissue sarcoma cells: implications for tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance.
abstract: To better elucidate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(165) in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance, we generated stably transfected human STS cell lines with VEGF(165) to study the effect of VEGF(165) on STS cells in vitro and the effect of culture medium from these cells on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing xenografts of transfected cell lines were used to assess the effect of VEGF overexpression and the effect of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 inhibition on STS growth, metastasis, and response to doxorubicin. VEGF(165)-transfected xenografts formed highly vascular tumors with shorter latency, accelerated growth, enhanced chemoresistance, and increased incidence of pulmonary metastases. Blockade of VEGFR2 signaling using DC101 anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody enhanced doxorubicin chemoresponse; this combined biochemotherapy inhibited tumor growth and decreased pulmonary metastases without overt toxicity. Combined therapy reduced microvessel counts while increasing vessel maturation index. VEGF overexpression did not affect on the sarcoma cells per se; however, conditioned medium from VEGF transfectants caused increased endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance. Addition of DC101 induced endothelial cell sensitivity to doxorubicin and suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinases secreted by endothelial cells. We therefore conclude that VEGF is a critical determinant of STS growth and metastasis and that STS chemoresistance, in our model, is a process induced by the interplay between STS cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. STS growth and metastasis can be interrupted by combined low-dose doxorubicin and anti-VEGFR2, a strategy that attacks STS-associated endothelial cells. In the future, such therapeutic approaches may be useful in treating STS before the development of clinically apparent metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Lianglin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jonathan A F
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hannay
authors.forename: Juehui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Parimal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Maocheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hicklin
authors.forename: Dihua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014471:Umbilical Veins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2