title: Clinical model of lifetime cost of treating bladder cancer and associated complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the lifetime cost of bladder cancer and the contribution of complications to the total costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of a retrospective cohort of 208 patients with bladder cancer who registered at our comprehensive cancer center from 1991 to 1999. We multiplied the number of resources used during management of bladder cancer by their unit charges. We converted charges into costs using the Medicare cost-to-charge ratio and inflated these to 2005 U.S. dollars. We estimated future costs by creating two extreme hypothetical scenarios. In the best-case scenario, we assumed patients with superficial disease developed recurrences at the cohort's mean rate and that patients with muscle-invasive disease were disease free after definitive therapy. Survival was based on the U.S. life expectancy in both cases. In the worst-case scenario, we assumed patients with superficial disease developed muscle-invasive disease and that all patients subsequently died of bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average cost of bladder cancer was 65,158 dollars among the cohort patients. Sixty percent of this cost (39,393 dollars) was associated with surveillance and treatment of recurrences, and 30% (19,811 dollars) was attributable to complications. The lifetime cost of bladder cancer was lower for the worst-case scenario (99,270 dollars) than for the best-case scenario (120,684 dollars). However, a greater proportion of the costs were attributable to complications with the worst-case scenario (43%, 42,290 dollars) compared with the best (28%, 34,169 dollars).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of bladder cancer and its associated complications results in a major economic burden. More cost-effective surveillance strategies and approaches for preventing complications are crucial to minimizing the disease's clinical and economic consequences.
authors.affiliation: Section of Health Services Research, Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ecaramel@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Elenir B C
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Avritscher
authors.forename: Catherine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cooksley
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Anita L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sabichi
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hamblin
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Elting
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics*