title: Cis-regulatory variations: a study of SNPs around genes showing cis-linkage in segregating mouse populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in gene expression are known to be responsible for phenotypic variation and susceptibility to diseases. Identification and annotation of the genomic sequence variants that cause gene expression changes is therefore likely to lead to a better understanding of the cause of disease at the molecular level. In this study we investigate the pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes for which the mRNA levels show cis-genetic linkage (gene expression quantitative trait loci mapping in cis, or cis-eQTLs) in segregating mouse populations. Such genes are expected to have polymorphisms near their physical location (cis-variations) that affect their mRNA levels by altering one or more of the cis-regulatory elements. This led us to characterize the SNPs in promoter (5 Kb upstream) and non-coding gene regions (introns and 5 Kb downstream) (cis-SNPs) and the effects they may have on putative transcription factor binding sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that the cis-eQTL genes (CEGs) have a significantly higher frequency of cis-SNPs compared to non-CEGs (when both sets are taken from the non-IBD regions, i.e. regions not identical by descent). Most CEGs having cis-SNPs do not contain these SNPs in the phylogenetically conserved regions. In those CEGs that contain cis-SNPs in the phylogenetically conserved regions, enrichment of cis-SNPs occurs both within and outside of the conserved sequences. A higher fraction of CEGs are also seen to harbor cis-SNP that affect predicted transcription factor binding sites, a likely consequence of the higher cis-SNPs density in these genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This present study provides the first genome-wide investigation of the putative cis-regulatory variations in a large set of genes whose levels of expression give rise to cis-linkage in segregating mammalian populations. Our results provide insights into the challenges that exist in identifying polymorphisms regulating gene expression using bioinformatic sequence analysis approaches. The data provided herein should benefit future investigations in this area.
authors.affiliation: Genetics, Rosetta Inpharmatics LLC, Merck & Co., Inc. 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. debraj_guhathakurta@merck.com
authors.forename: Debraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: GuhaThakurta
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Guoya
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Susanna S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Schadt
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors