title: Does depression in older medical inpatients predict mortality?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of the effect of depression on mortality among older medical inpatients have yielded inconsistent results. We examined the effects on mortality of both a diagnosis of depression at hospital admission and a history of previous depression, taking into account potential sources of bias (sample selection and confounding).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical inpatients aged 65+ with at most mild cognitive impairment were recruited at two Montreal hospitals and were screened for depression. All those with a diagnosis of major or minor depression (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV] criteria) and a random sample of nondepressed patients were invited to participate. Baseline data included: history of previous depression, severity of physical illness, comorbidity, and health services utilization. Cox proportional hazards methods were used to analyze survival during the 16- to 52-month follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred patients were enrolled; 116 (23.2%) had a history of previous depression. After adjustment for demographic factors, physical illness, cognitive impairment, and prior service utilization, the only depression group with significantly different mortality was patients with both current major depression and a history of depression, who had lower mortality than all other patient groups (hazard ratio 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 0.25, 0.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with no history of depression, a diagnosis of depression was not associated with mortality after adjustment for confounding by physical illness and other factors. Coincident major depression and history of depression was associated with decreased mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, St. Mary's Hospital, 3830 Lacombe, Montreal (Quebec), Canada. jane.mccusker@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCusker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciampi
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Windholz
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belzile
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents