title: Prognostic impact of microsatellite instability and DNA ploidy in human colon carcinoma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genomic instability in colon cancers is a consequence of chromosomal instability characterized by aneuploidy or defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) indicated by microsatellite instability (MSI). Given that high-frequency MSI (MSI-H) and diploidy are correlated, we determined whether they are independent prognostic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Astler-Coller stage B2 and C colon cancers (N = 528) from patients treated in 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy trials were analyzed for MSI using 11 microsatellite markers. Immunostaining for hMLH1, hMSH2, and p53 proteins was performed. DNA ploidy was analyzed by flow cytometry. Associations with disease-free and overall survival were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSI-H was detected in 95 tumors (18%), and 70 (74%) of these were diploid. Tumors showing MSI-H (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.96; P = .023) or loss of MMR proteins (P = .024) were associated with better overall survival. Improved disease-free and overall survival were found for diploid versus aneuploid/tetraploid tumors (overall survival: hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.79; P = .0003). In the subgroups of MSI-H and microsatellite stable (MSS)/low-frequency MSI (MSI-L) tumors, diploidy was associated with better survival. The prognostic impact of ploidy was similar in stage B2 and C tumors. Ploidy did not predict the benefit of 5-fluorouracil-based treatment. When ploidy, MSI, and MMR proteins were analyzed in the same multivariate model, only ploidy remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA ploidy and MSI-H status were independent prognostic variables, yet ploidy was the strongest marker. Diploidy was associated with better survival in MSI-H and in MSS/MSI-L patient subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. sinicrope.frank@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sinicrope
authors.forename: Rafaela L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Halling
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: La Plant
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Laurie
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Thibodeau
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Witzig
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011003:Ploidies; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein