title: A prospective observational trial of pelvic floor muscle training for female stress urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on bladder neck mobility in a prospective observational study, and to correlate any observed changes with objective, standardized outcome measures of the severity of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with the symptom of SUI were recruited prospectively over a 3-year period from a tertiary referral urogynaecology clinic in a teaching hospital. A group of 97 treatment-naive women complaining of SUI and confirmed as having urodynamic SUI on video-urodynamic assessment agreed to participate. Bladder neck mobility on perineal ultrasonography was assessed immediately before and on completing a 14-week programme of 'PFM rehabilitation'. Treatment outcome was assessed using a standardized pad-test and a condition-specific, validated quality-of-life questionnaire (King's Health Questionnaire). Changes in functional anatomy were quantified using transperineal ultrasonography to measure the bladder neck position at rest, maximum PFM contraction and maximum Valsalva manoeuvre. Bladder neck rotational mobility from rest to maximum incursion and maximum excursion was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with an intensive package of PFMT and behavioural modification resulted in significant elevation of the bladder neck position at all three measured positions. Displacement of the bladder neck on Valsalva (rotational excursion) was reduced after treatment, suggesting increased levator 'stiffness'. These changes in functional anatomy were associated with a statistically and clinically significant reduction in urine loss and improvement in condition-specific quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results show that PFMT is an effective treatment for SUI and provide an important new insight into how dynamic pelvic floor anatomy can be modified by this widely used intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urogynaecology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK. jrbalmforth@hotmail.com
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Balmforth
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mantle
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bidmead
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics