title: Pax6 controls cerebral cortical cell number by regulating exit from the cell cycle and specifies cortical cell identity by a cell autonomous mechanism.
abstract: Many cerebral cortical neurons and glia are produced by apical progenitors dividing at the ventricular surface of the embryonic dorsal telencephalon. Other neurons are produced by basal progenitor cells, which are derived from apical progenitors, dividing away from the ventricular surface. The transcription factor Pax6 is expressed in apical progenitors and is downregulated in basal progenitors, which upregulate the transcription factor Tbr2. Here we show that Pax6(-/-) cells are under-represented in the cortex of Pax6(+/+)<-->Pax6(-/-) chimeras early in corticogenesis, indicating that Pax6 is required for the production of normal numbers of cortical cells. We provide evidence that this underproduction is attributable to an early depletion of the progenitor pool caused by greater than normal proportions of newly divided cells exiting the cell cycle. We show that most progenitor cells dividing away from the ventricular surface in Pax6(-/-) embryos fail to express the transcription factor Tbr2 and that Pax6 is required cell autonomously for Tbr2 expression in the developing cortex of Pax6(+/+)<-->Pax6(-/-) chimeras. Transcription factors normally expressed ventrally in the telencephalic ganglionic eminences (Mash1, Dlx2 and Gsh2) are upregulated cell autonomously in mutant cells in the developing cortex of Pax6(+/+)<-->Pax6(-/-) chimeras; Nkx2.1, which is expressed only in the medial ganglionic eminence, is not. These data indicate that early functions of Pax6 in developing cortical cells are to repress expression of transcription factors normally found in the lateral ganglionic eminence, to prevent precocious differentiation and depletion of the progenitor pool, and to induce normal development of cortical basal progenitor cells.
authors.affiliation: Genes and Development Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centres for Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molinek
authors.forename: Ben S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Martynoga
authors.forename: Paulette A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faedo
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bulfone
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hevner
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle; D016923:Cell Death; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008938:Mitosis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D038081:Organogenesis; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C499317:Ascl1 protein, mouse; C491198:Eomes protein, mouse; C000605732:Pax6 protein, mouse