title: Meal size, not body size, explains errors in estimating the calorie content of meals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although most people underestimate the calories they consume during a meal or during the day, calorie underestimation is especially extreme among overweight persons. The reason for this systematic bias is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the association between calorie underestimation and body mass reflects a tendency for all persons to underestimate calories as the size of a meal increases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overweight and normal-weight adults estimated the number of calories of a fast-food meal they had ordered and eaten (study 1) or of 15 fast-food meals that were chosen by the experimenter (study 2) in a randomized, controlled trial. Their estimations were compared with the actual number of calories of the meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 was a field study conducted in fast-food restaurants in 3 medium-sized midwestern U.S. cities. Study 2 was conducted in a laboratory at a major U.S. research university.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 involved 105 lunchtime diners (average body mass index [BMI], 24.2 kg/m2 [range, 17.2 to 33.5 kg/m2]). Study 2 involved 40 undergraduate students (average BMI, 23.2 kg/m2 [range, 16.1 to 32.3 kg/m2]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were asked to estimate the number of calories in a fast-food meal they had ordered and eaten (study 1) or in 15 sizes of the same fast-food meal (study 2). The actual number of calories in the meals in the field study was obtained by unobtrusively recording the food that was ordered (identified from the wrappings and containers). Weight and height were self-reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although participants strongly underestimated the number of calories in larger meals (by -38.0% in study 1 and by -22.6% in study 2), they almost perfectly estimated the number of calories in smaller meals (by -2.9% in study 1 and by 3.0% in study 2). After the authors controlled for body weight-related differences in meal size, the calorie estimations of normal-weight and overweight participants were identical in both studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies examined fast-food meals. Weight and height were self-reported. There were too few observations to distinguish between obese (BMI > or =30 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2 but <30 kg/m2) participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater underestimation of calories by overweight persons is a consequence of their tendency to consume larger meals. Calorie underestimation is related to meal size, not body size.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7801, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wansink
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chandon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight; D012147:Restaurants