title: Causes of death in obesity: relevant increase in cardiovascular but not in all-cancer mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of death from various causes in a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 6,192 obese patients (BMI > or =25 kg/m(2)) with mean BMI 36.6 kg/m(2) (SD 6.1) and mean age 40.4 years (SD 12.9) who had been referred to the obesity clinic of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany, between 1961 and 1994, there were 1,058 deaths from all causes during a median follow-up time of 14.8 years. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for death from predefined groups of diseases by using Germany as reference population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both sexes, risk of death from cardiovascular diseases (men: SMR = 2.2, CI 1.9-2.5; women: SMR = 1.6, CI 1.5-1.8), from diabetes (men: SMR = 5.4, CI 3.2-8.7; women: SMR = 3.5, CI 2.6-4.8), and in men from digestive diseases (SMR = 1.6, CI 1.01-2.3) was significantly increased. In contrast to other studies, an association between obesity and all-cancer mortality could not be found. Only in morbidly obese women (BMI > or =40 kg/m(2)), all-cancer mortality was significantly increased (SMR = 1.5, CI 1.1-1.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity is associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in both sexes, and from diseases of the digestive system in men.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, Dillenburger Str. 27, Cologne D-51105, Germany. Ralf.Bender@iqwig.de
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Hajo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeeb
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies