title: Genetic and epigenetic changes in primary metastatic and nonmetastatic colorectal cancer.
abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops as multistep process, which involves genetic and epigenetic alterations. K-Ras, p53 and B-Raf mutations and RASSF1A, E-Cadherin and p16INK4A promoter methylation were investigated in 202 CRCs with and without lymph node and/or liver metastasis, to assess whether gene abnormalities are related to a metastogenic phenotype. K-Ras, B-Raf and p53 mutations were detected in 27, 3 and 32% of the cases, with K-Ras mutations significantly associated with metastatic tumour (P=0.019). RASSF1A, E-Cadherin and p16INK4A methylation was documented in 20, 44 and 33% of the cases with p16INK4A significantly associated with metastatic tumours (P=0.001). Overall, out of 202 tumours, 34 (17%) did not show any molecular change, 125 (62%) had one or two and 43 (21%) three or more. Primary but yet metastatic CRCs were prevalent in the latter group (P=0.023) where the most frequent combination was one genetic (K-Ras in particular) and two epigenetic alterations. In conclusion, this analysis provided to detect some molecular differences between primary metastatic and nonmetastatic CRCs, with K-Ras and p16INK4A statistically altered in metastatic tumours; particular gene combinations, such as coincidental K-Ras mutation with two methylated genes are associated to a metastogenic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Destro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malesci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balladore
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baryshnikova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morenghi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laghi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gennari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roncalli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D018631:ras Proteins