title: Development of novel techniques to classify physical activity mode using accelerometers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of accelerometers to assess physical activity (PA) is widespread in public health research, but their utility is often limited by the accuracy of data-processing techniques. We hypothesized that more sophisticated approaches to data processing could distinguish between activity types based on accelerometer data, providing a more accurate picture of PA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from MTI Actigraphs worn by six subjects during four activities (walking, walking uphill, vacuuming, working at a computer), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) was performed, and a hidden Markov model (HMM) was trained to recognize the activities. The ability of the new analytic techniques to accurately classify PA was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SE) percentage of time points for which the QDA correctly identified activity mode was 70.9% (1.2%). Computer work was correctly recognized most frequently (mean (SE) percent correct = 100% (0.01%)), followed by vacuuming (67.5% (1.5%)), uphill walking (58.2% (3.5%)), and walking (53.6% (3.3%)). The mean (SE) percentage of time points for which the HMM correctly identified activity mode was 80.8% (0.9%). Vacuuming was correctly recognized most frequently (mean (SE) percent correct = 98.8% (0.05%)), followed by computer work (97.3% (0.7%)), walking (62.6% (2.3%)), and uphill walking (62.5% (2.3%)). In contrast to a traditional method of data processing that misidentified the intensity level of 100% of the time spent vacuuming and walking uphill, the QDA and HMM approaches correctly estimated the intensity of activity 99% of the time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel approach of estimating activity mode, rather than activity level, may allow for more accurate field-based estimates of physical activity using accelerometer data, and this approach warrants more study in a larger and more diverse population of subjects and activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pober
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staudenmayer
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: Patty S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Freedson
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D016138:Walking