title: Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pentoxifylline exhibits rheological properties that improve microvascular flow and it is widely used in vascular perfusion disorders. It also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting tumour necrosis factor alpha production. Thiopental is one of the most widely used drugs for rapid induction of anaesthesia. During experimental studies on the treatment of acute pancreatitis, we observed that when pentoxifylline was administered after anaesthesia with thiopental, most of the rats exhibited dyspnea, signs of pulmonary oedema and died. The aim of the work described here was to investigate the cause of the unexpected toxic effect of the combined treatment with thiopental and pentoxifylline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary vascular permeability and arterial blood gases were measured, and a histological analysis was performed. The possible role of haemodynamic changes in the formation of pulmonary oedema was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental increased pulmonary vascular permeability and markedly decreased arterial pO2, with one third of rats suffering from hypoxemia. This combined treatment caused death by acute pulmonary oedema in 27% of normal rats and aggravated the respiratory insufficiency associated with acute pancreatitis in which the mortality rate increased to 60%. This pulmonary oedema was not mediated by cardiac failure or by pulmonary hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-administration of pharmacological doses of pentoxifylline and thiopental caused pulmonary oedema and death in rats. Consequently, pentoxifylline should not be administered when anaesthesia is induced with thiopental to avoid any possible risk of acute pulmonary oedema and death in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pereda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Cambronero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabregat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerdá
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabater
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-de-la-Asunción
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-de-la-Asuneión
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viña
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sastre
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D010195:Pancreatitis; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013874:Thiopental; D010431:Pentoxifylline