title: What is the need for additional bladder surgery after bladder augmentation in childhood?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder augmentation has revolutionized the care of children with a neuropathic bladder but it remains a major surgical procedure. However, the need for subsequent bladder surgery has not been well defined in a large series with long-term followup.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of the first 500 bladder augmentations performed from 1978 to 2003 at our institution. Charts were reviewed for complications requiring additional surgery, including malignancy, bladder perforation, repeat augmentation, bowel obstruction and bladder calculi. Mean and median followup was 13.3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications occurred in 169 patients (34%) resulting in a total of 254 surgeries. The cumulative risk of further surgery at the bladder level was 0.04 operations per patient per year of augmentation. Three patients (0.6%) had transitional cell carcinoma, of whom all presented with metastatic disease and died. Bladder perforation occurred in 43 patients (8.6%) with a total of 53 events. Of the patients 16 (3.2%) required laparotomy for bowel obstruction and 47 (9.4%) required repeat augmentation. Bladder stones were treated in 75 patients (15%), who required a total of 125 surgeries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder augmentation provides immeasurable improvements in quality of life but it requires lifelong dedication from the patient, family and health care providers. While the requirements for additional surgery are not trivial, 66% of our patients have not required any further surgery in the augmented bladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 North Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaefer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gilley
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Misseri
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rink
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects