title: Presence of a thermoregulatory hot spot in the prothorax of the large carpenter bee and the bumble bee.
abstract: In both the large carpenter bee (Xylocopa pubescens) and the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), a hot spot was detected in the center of the prothorax on its dorsal-external aspect. In both cases, the temperature in this hot spot was found to be greater than the ambient temperature and that at the tip of the gaster. In B. terrestris, it was higher by 9-10 degrees C from that at the gaster tip and by 15-16 degrees C from the ambient temperature, while in X. pubescens the corresponding differences were 11-20 degrees C and 18-19 degrees C, respectively. The recorded thermal differences were not fixed but were rather variable, temporally as well as individually, but invariably all individuals measured showed these temperature differences. Furthermore, in none of the studied specimens was a hot spot detected in any part of the body other than the prothorax. From this hot spot in the prothorax, there is a cascade of temperatures in both directions, that is, anteriorly towards the head and posteriorly towards the gaster, with a graded drop in temperature in either direction. This article discusses possible reasons for the existence of such a hot spot in this particular location (the prothorax), its role or function, and its mode of operation. The authors speculate that it is a thermoregulatory center (for heating or cooling) that might be present in possibly all Hymenoptera that spend a considerable part of their life flying, regardless of whether they are social, parasocial, or solitary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel.
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Volynchik
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plotkin
authors.forename: Natalya Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Ermakov
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Jacob S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ishay
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013817:Thermography