title: Multiparameter metabolic analysis reveals a close link between attenuated mitochondrial bioenergetic function and enhanced glycolysis dependency in human tumor cells.
abstract: Increased conversion of glucose to lactic acid associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration is a unique feature of tumors first described by Otto Warburg in the 1920s. Recent evidence suggests that the Warburg effect is caused by oncogenes and is an underlying mechanism of malignant transformation. Using a novel approach to measure cellular metabolic rates in vitro, the bioenergetic basis of this increased glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial respiration was investigated in two human cancer cell lines, H460 and A549. The bioenergetic phenotype was analyzed by measuring cellular respiration, glycolysis rate, and ATP turnover of the cells in response to various pharmacological modulators. H460 and A549 cells displayed a dependency on glycolysis and an ability to significantly upregulate this pathway when their respiration was inhibited. The converse, however, was not true. The cell lines were attenuated in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity and were unable to sufficiently upregulate mitochondrial OXPHOS when glycolysis was disabled. This observed mitochondrial impairment was intimately linked to the increased dependency on glycolysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that H460 cells were more glycolytic, having a greater impairment of mitochondrial respiration, compared with A549 cells. Finally, the upregulation of glycolysis in response to mitochondrial ATP synthesis inhibition was dependent on AMP-activated protein kinase activity. In summary, our results demonstrate a bioenergetic phenotype of these two cancer cell lines characterized by increased rate of glycolysis and a linked attenuation in their OXPHOS capacity. These metabolic alterations provide a mechanistic explanation for the growth advantage and apoptotic resistance of tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Seahorse Bioscience, 16 Esquire Road, North Billerica, MA 01862, USA. mwu@seahorsebio.com
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neilson
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamagnine
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parslow
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armistead
authors.forename: Kristie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lemire
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orrell
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teich
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chomicz
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ferrick
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003199:Computer Systems; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011522:Protons; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011522:Protons; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases