The prototoxin lynx1 acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to balance neuronal activity and survival in vivo.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) affect a wide array of biological processes, including learning and memory, attention, and addiction. lynx1, the founding member of a family of mammalian prototoxins, modulates nAChR function in vitro by altering agonist sensitivity and desensitization kinetics. Here we demonstrate, through the generation of lynx1 null mutant mice, that lynx1 modulates nAChR signaling in vivo. Its loss decreases the EC(50) for nicotine by approximately 10-fold, decreases receptor desensitization, elevates intracellular calcium levels in response to nicotine, and enhances synaptic efficacy. lynx1 null mutant mice exhibit enhanced performance in specific tests of learning and memory. Consistent with reports that mutations resulting in hyperactivation of nAChRs can lead to neurodegeneration, aging lynx1 null mutant mice exhibit a vacuolating degeneration that is exacerbated by nicotine and ameliorated by null mutations in nAChRs. We conclude that lynx1 functions as an allosteric modulator of nAChR function in vivo, balancing neuronal activity and survival in the CNS.
Miwa
Julie M
JM
The Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Stevens
Tanya R
TR
King
Sarah L
SL
Caldarone
Barbara J
BJ
Ibanez-Tallon
Ines
I
Xiao
Cheng
C
Fitzsimonds
Reiko Maki
RM
Pavlides
Constantine
C
Lester
Henry A
HA
Picciotto
Marina R
MR
Heintz
Nathaniel
N
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009154:Mutation; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; C120222:Lynx1 protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D009538:Nicotine