title: Participation of disabled children: how should it be characterised and measured?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the paper is to explore the issues involved in measuring children's participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concept of participation as encapsulated in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is discussed as it applies to children. The essential components of any measure of children's participation are outlined, including participation essential for normal development and survival, leisure activities, and educational participation. Some existing instruments are briefly reviewed in terms of their coverage of the essential components and the adequacy of their approach to measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key issues regarding the content of an adequate measure of participation include the need to consider the child's dependency on the family, and their changing abilities and autonomy as they grow older. Instruments may be most appropriate where they ask the child directly, implying use of visual as well as verbal presentation. Their focus should be on 'performance' such as whether and how often an activity is taken part in, and not incorporate degree of assistance within the measurement scaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently available measures of children's participation all have some limitations in terms of their applicability across impairment groupings, whether the child can directly respond, and in the ICF components covered. The feasibility of developing measurement instruments of children's participation at different ages is discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, NE1 4LP, UK. h.r.mcconachie@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McConachie
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Colver
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Parkinson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000145:classification* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires