title: Impaired neural networks for approximate calculation in dyscalculic children: a functional MRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a specific learning disability affecting the acquisition of mathematical skills in children with otherwise normal general intelligence. The goal of the present study was to examine cerebral mechanisms underlying DD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen children with DD aged 11.2 +/- 1.3 years and twenty age-matched typically achieving schoolchildren were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during trials testing approximate and exact mathematical calculation, as well as magnitude comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with DD showed greater inter-individual variability and had weaker activation in almost the entire neuronal network for approximate calculation including the intraparietal sulcus, and the middle and inferior frontal gyrus of both hemispheres. In particular, the left intraparietal sulcus, the left inferior frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus seem to play crucial roles in correct approximate calculation, since brain activation correlated with accuracy rate in these regions. In contrast, no differences between groups could be found for exact calculation and magnitude comparison. In general, fMRI revealed similar parietal and prefrontal activation patterns in DD children compared to controls for all conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, there is evidence for a deficient recruitment of neural resources in children with DD when processing analog magnitudes of numbers.
authors.affiliation: MR-Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. karin.kucian@kispi.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kucian
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loenneker
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Mengia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dosch
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Aster