title: Lactobacillus casei metabolic potential to utilize citrate as an energy source in ripening cheese: a bioinformatics approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify potential pathways for citrate catabolism by Lactobacillus casei under conditions similar to ripening cheese.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A putative citric acid cycle (PCAC) for Lact. casei was generated utilizing the genome sequence, and metabolic flux analyses. Although it was possible to construct a unique PCAC for Lact. casei, its full functionality was unknown. Therefore, the Lact. casei PCAC was evaluated utilizing end-product analyses of citric acid catabolism during growth in modified chemically defined media (mCDM), and Cheddar cheese extract (CCE). Results suggest that under energy source excess and limitation in mCDM this micro-organism produces mainly L-lactic acid and acetic acid, respectively. Both organic acids were produced in CCE. Additional end products include D-lactic acid, acetoin, formic acid, ethanol, and diacetyl. Production of succinic acid, malic acid, and butanendiol was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under conditions similar to those present in ripening cheese, citric acid is converted to acetic acid, L/D-lactic acid, acetoin, diacetyl, ethanol, and formic acid. The PCAC suggests that conversion of the citric acid-derived pyruvic acid into acetic acid, instead of lactic acid, may yield two ATPs per molecule of citric acid. Functionality of the PCAC reductive route was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research describes a unique PCAC for Lact. casei. Additionally, it describes the citric acid catabolism end product by this nonstarter lactic acid bacteria during growth, and under conditions similar to those present in ripening cheese. It provides insights on pathways preferably utilized to derive energy in the presence of limiting carbohydrates by this micro-organism.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Díaz-Muñiz
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Banavara
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Budinich
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002611:Cheese; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D002951:Citrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D019295:Computational Biology; D005285:Fermentation; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D005690:Galactose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019936:Probiotics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019342:Acetic Acid; D005690:Galactose