title: Association of growth in utero with cognitive function at age 6-8 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Size at birth is associated with later cognitive development. The timing of growth faltering in utero may affect developmental consequences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether growth in utero is related to cognitive outcomes in childhood. A secondary aim was to determine any associations between maternal nutritional status and cognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were participants in a prospective cohort study of developmental origins of adult disease. Eligible subjects were aged 6-8 years at their next scheduled visit to the study clinic and their mothers had abdominal ultrasound measurements at 14, 25 and 35 weeks gestation. 186 of 264 eligible children attended the clinic and were tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raven's Progressive Matrices (reasoning ability), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (receptive vocabulary) and Digit Span Forwards (auditory working memory).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multiple regression analyses controlling for children's age and socioeconomic status, head circumference at 14 weeks gestation was significantly associated with reasoning ability. The difference between the lowest and highest quartiles was equivalent to 0.4 S.D. No other significant associations with fetal growth were found. Maternal weight gain was not associated with cognitive scores; however, change in triceps skinfold between 25 and 35 weeks gestation was positively associated with reasoning ability and remained a significant predictor when included in the regression model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were few associations between growth in utero and cognition. Growth in head circumference in early gestation and maternal nutrition in late gestation may affect later cognitive ability. Further research in this area is needed to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica. susan.walker@uwimona.edu.jm
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Minerva M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thame
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Franklyn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Terrence E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Forrester
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007563:Jamaica; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis