title: Local anesthetics in lipid-depot formulations--neurotoxicity in relation to duration of effect in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the possible local neurotoxicity of a number of lipid-depot formulations of local anesthetics in relation to their duration of action in sciatic-nerve block.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formulations that contain 2%, 4%, 8%, 16%, 32%, or 64% of a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine base 4:1 in medium-chain triglyceride were prepared and evaluated, together with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% bupivacaine HCl solutions, bupivacaine 4.2% or 7.0% in medium-chain triglyceride, and 20% lidocaine base in a polar lipid vehicle. The duration of sensory and motor sciatic-nerve block was determined in rats. A week later, the sciatic nerves were dissected and removed for histopathologic examination by light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of sensory and motor-nerve block was prolonged almost 4 times with the 32% and 13 times with the 64% bupivacaine:lidocaine formulation, in comparison to the 0.5% aqueous solution. The 64% formulation was applied by injection and also placed directly on the nerve with similar results. Slight to moderate signs of neurotoxicity were only found after administration of the 64% formulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that depot formulations of local anesthetics with advantageous pharmaceutical and pharmacologic properties can be prepared by use of bupivacaine as the active component and natural lipids as carriers. A favorable balance between effects and toxicity may conceivably be obtained. After supplemental testing in more sensitive models for toxicity, such formulations could be candidates for clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (Lund University), Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. henrik.dyhre@skane.se
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dyhre
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Björkman
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlsson
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D014280:Triglycerides; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine