title: Risk factors for nausea and vomiting following vitrectomy in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after ophthalmic surgery under general anaesthesia remains a complex and perturbing complication associated with several factors. Little information is available regarding the risk factors for nausea and vomiting after vitrectomy in adults. In this study, we evaluated the potential risk factors for PONV after vitrectomy in adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical factors associated with PONV were undertaken in a retrospective case-control series of 247 adult patients undergoing vitrectomy under general anaesthesia. We examined PONV for the first 48 h. Factors examined were age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, H2-blocker as premedication, type of general anaesthesia (sevoflurane and fentanyl or total intravenous (i.v.) anaesthesia with propofol and fentanyl), duration of surgery, and intraoperative fentanyl dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine patients (24%) reported one or more episodes of PONV during the study period. Female gender (P < 0.01), lower BMI (P < 0.01) and general anaesthesia with inhalational anaesthetics (P < 0.01) were significantly related to nausea during the first 2 h postoperatively. Female gender (P < 0.01) was significantly related to nausea and vomiting throughout the study period. Other factors, including smoking status, did not alter the risk for nausea and/or vomiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that female gender, lower BMI and inhalation anaesthesia are the main risk factors for PONV after vitrectomy in adults. Smoking status did not reduce the incidence of PONV in our patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. nitahara@fukuoka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nitahara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol