title: Bipolar II and anxious reactive "comorbidity": toward better phenotypic characterization suitable for genotyping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In DSM-IV, bipolar II (BP-II) disorder is defined by depression and hypomania. There is little appreciation of affective instability, often associated with anxiety-particularly panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDA)-comorbidity. This association has genetic-familial implications, which we believe must be incorporated in refining the BP-II phenotype suitable for genotyping purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined in a semi-structured format 107 consecutive patients who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive episode with atypical features and separated them into two subgroups according to the co-occurring criteria for PDA. They were further evaluated on the basis of the Atypical Depression Diagnostic Scale (ADDS), the Hopkins Symptoms Check-list (HSCL 90), and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), coupled with its modified form for reverse vegetative features, as well as Axis I and II comorbidity and temperamental dispositions, particularly cyclothymic instability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty (46.7%) of our patients met the DSM-IV criteria for PDA. In terms of significant results, PDA+ was more frequently female, had higher number of hypomanic episodes, and stressors; they were also more often BP-II, and cyclothymic. Ratings of reactivity, somatization, OCD and phobic anxiety too were significantly higher among the PDA+. In related analyses, most AD (75.7%) met criteria for BP-II; the BP-II subgroup was characterized by PDA, as well as borderline personality features and cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correlational clinical study in which clinicians could not be kept entirely blind to the variables under investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In line with the description by the French psychiatrist Pierre Kahn a century earlier, cyclothymic reactivity and neurotic features (i.e., atypicality and panic attacks) appear relevant to the definition of what today we consider BP-II disorder. These data, which are in line with current familial-genetic models of this disorder, suggest that the DSM-IV characterization of BP-II must be enriched by greater emphasis on temperamentally based mood and anxious reactivity. Such phenotypic characterization is likely to assist in better genotyping. Previous work by us further suggests the relevance of bulimic and addictive tendencies, as well as "borderline personality" diagnosis in the proband and/or the family. We submit that these conditions, rather than being "comorbid," constitute, along with BP-II, a spectrum of overlapping underlying genetic diatheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry at the University of California at San Diego, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA,USA. hakiskal@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Kareen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toni
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruffolo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tusini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament