title: Levetiracetam is neuroprotective in murine models of closed head injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prophylactic treatment with antiepileptic drugs is common practice following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and traumatic brain injury. However, commonly used antiepileptic drugs have multiple drug interactions, require frequent monitoring of serum levels, and are associated with adverse effects that may prompt discontinuation. In the current study, we test the hypothesis that levetiracetam, an anticonvulsant with favorable interaction and adverse event profiles, is neuroprotective in clinically relevant models of SAH and closed head injury (CHI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A single intravenous dose of vehicle, low-dose (18 mg/kg), or high-dose (54 mg/kg) levetiracetam was administered intravenously followed CHI. Functional assessments were performed on a daily basis, and histological assessments performed at 24 hours. In a separate series of experiments, mice were randomized to receive intravenous administration of vehicle, low-dose, or high-dose levetiracetam every 12 hours for 3 days following SAH. Functional endpoints were assessed daily, followed by measurement of MCA luminal diameter on day 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single dose of levetiracetam improved functional and histological outcomes after CHI. This effect appeared specific for levetiracetam and was not associated with fosphenytoin treatment. Treatment with levetiracetam also improved functional outcomes and reduced vasospasm following SAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levetiracetam is neuroprotective in clinically relevant animal models of SAH and CHI. Levetiracetam may be a therapeutic alternative to phenytoin following acute brain injury in the clinical setting when seizure prophylaxis is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Haichen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Junling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lassiter
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McDonagh
authors.forename: Huaxin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Laskowitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011897:Random Allocation; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam