title: The C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein inhibits hyperalgesia induced by the agonist peptide of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  S100A9 protein induces anti-nociception in rodents, in different experimental models of inflammatory pain. Herein, we investigated the effects of a fragment of the C-terminus of S100A9 (mS100A9p), on the hyperalgesia induced by serine proteases, through the activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by PAR2 agonists (SLIGRL-NH2 and trypsin) was measured in rats submitted to the paw pressure or plantar tests, and Egr-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Calcium flux in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), which naturally express PAR2, in Kirsten virus-transformed kidney cells, transfected (KNRK-PAR2) or not (KNRK) with PAR2, and in mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRG) was measured by fluorimetric methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mS100A9p inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia induced by trypsin, without modifying its enzymatic activity. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by SLIGRL-NH2 were inhibited by mS100A9p. SLIGRL-NH2 enhanced Egr-1 expression, a marker of nociceptor activation, and this effect was inhibited by concomitant treatment with mS100A9p. mS100A9p inhibited calcium mobilization in DRG neurons in response to the PAR2 agonists trypsin and SLIGRL-NH2, but also in response to capsaicin and bradykinin, suggesting a direct effect of mS100A9 on sensory neurons. No effect on the calcium flux induced by trypsin or SLIGRL in HEK cells or KNRK-PAR2 cells was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that mS100A9p interferes with mechanisms involved in nociception and hyperalgesia and modulates, possibly directly on sensory neurons, the PAR2-induced nociceptive signal.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cenac
authors.forename: L R G
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Britto
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Juliano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juliano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vergnolle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgi
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D040502:Calgranulin B / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014357:Trypsin
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D040502:Calgranulin B; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486110:Egr1 protein, rat; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; C112356:seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide; D013373:Substance P; D014357:Trypsin; D002118:Calcium