title: Silent urothelial cancer detected by sonography after renal transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Organ transplantation increases the incidence of cancer through unclear mechanisms. In our observation, urothelial cancer happens much more frequently in Chinese people. We reviewed the detection of urothelial cancer in our series after renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 1981 to June 2005, we performed 620 renal transplantations. We do graft and native kidney sonography survey annually even if the patient is asymptomatic. During this period, 10 urothelial tumors were detected. Herein we have reviewed the findings in these cases, along with their management and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe hydronephrosis of native kidneys was observed in 14 patients, including 9 (64.3%) who had cancer including eight asymptomatic and only one with flank pain and lymph nodes metastasis succumbing in 10 months with a functioning graft. Three patients showed similar degrees of graft hydronephrosis and graft ureteral cancer was diagnosed in one. Mean time from transplantation was 5.09 years. There was a female predominance (7:3). The bladder-to-renal pelvis-to-ureter ratio was 2:5:7, which was distinct from the usual 51:3:1 distribution. In native ureter cancer, we found the left ureter more prone to develop cancer than the right (8:1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of cancer in renal transplant patients is thoroughly different from the general population, namely female predominance, with a higher incidence of ureteral and renal pelvis versus bladder cancer. In our observation, routine periodic sonography survey even in asymptomatic patients is important for urothelial tumor detection, as the incidence of cancer is surprisingly high.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-shing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan. zorro@cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Y-J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: K-L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology