title: Assessment of alternative management techniques of tank bottom petroleum sludge in Oman.
abstract: This paper investigated several options for environmentally acceptable management techniques of tank bottom oily sludge. In particular, we tested the applicability of managing the sludge by three options: (1) as a fuel supplement; (2) in solidification; (3) as a road material. Environmental testing included determination of heavy metals concentration; toxic organics concentration and radiological properties. The assessment of tank bottom sludge as a fuel supplement included various properties such as proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and energy content. Solidified sludge mixtures and road application sludge mixtures were subjected to leaching using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Tank bottom sludge was characterized as having higher concentrations of lead, zinc, and mercury, but lower concentrations of nickel, copper and chromium in comparison with values reported in the literature. Natural occurring radioactive minerals (NORM) activity values obtained on different sludge samples were very low or negligible compared to a NORM standard value of 100Bq/g. The fuel assessment results indicate that the heating values, the carbon content and the ash content of the sludge samples are comparable with bituminous coal, sewage sludge, meat and bone meal and petroleum coke/coal mixture, but lower than those in car tyres and petroleum coke. The nitrogen content is lower than those fuels mentioned above, while the sulfur content seems comparable with bituminous coal, petroleum coke and a petroleum coke/coal mixture. The apparent lack of leachability of metals from solidification and road material sludge applications suggests that toxic metals and organics introduced to these applications are not readily attacked by weak acid solutions and would not be expected to migrate or dissolved into the water. Thus, in-terms of trace metals and organics, the suggested sludge applications would not be considered hazardous as defined by the TCLP leaching procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud 123, Oman. futaisi@squ.edu.om
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Futaisi
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamrah
authors.forename: Basma
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yaghi
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taha
mesh_terms: D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D003252:Construction Materials; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009850:Oman; D010578:Petroleum; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010578:Petroleum; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical