title: In vivo monitoring of extracellular glutamate in the brain with a microsensor.
abstract: Recent discoveries have revealed that glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system is mediated by a dynamic interplay between neurons and astrocytes. To enhance our understanding of this process, the study of extracellular glutamate is crucial. At present, microdialysis is the most frequently used analytical technique to monitor extracellular glutamate levels directly in the brain. However, the neuronal and physiological origin of the detected glutamate levels is questioned as they do not fulfil the classical release criteria for exocytotic release, such as calcium dependency or response to the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxine (TTX). It is hypothesized that an analytical technique with a higher spatial and temporal resolution is required. Glutamate microsensors provide a promising analytical solution to meet this requirement. In the present study, we applied a 10 micro m diameter hydrogel-coated glutamate microsensor to monitor extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum of anesthetized rats. To explore the potential of the microsensor, different pharmacological agents were injected in the vicinity of the sensor at an approximate distance of 100 micro m. It was observed that KCl, exogenous glutamate, kainate and the reuptake inhibitor DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) increased the extracellular glutamate levels significantly. TTX decreased the basal extracellular glutamate levels approximately 90%, which indicates that the microsensor is capable of detecting neuronally derived glutamate. This is one of the first studies in which a microsensor is applied in vivo on a routine base, and it is concluded that microsensor research can contribute significantly to improve our understanding of the physiology of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, University Center for Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. w.h.oldenziel@rug.nl
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oldenziel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: T I F H
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Cremers
authors.forename: B H C
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Westerink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes / Q000592:standards; D015336:Molecular Probe Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D009448:Neurochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; C120673:benzyloxyaspartate; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011189:Potassium Chloride