title: Perception of, and anxiety levels induced by, laser treatment in patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. A multicentre study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate how laser treatment is perceived, in terms of anxiety and awareness, by diabetic patients attending four centres in Northern Italy with specific interest and expertise in diabetic retinopathy, where work settings and flow are organized differently.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Family Apgar-List of Threatening Experiences (FA-LTE), State-Trait Anxiety Inventories 1 and 2 (STAI-1 and STAI-2) questionnaires were completed by 259 patients, 131 waiting for laser treatment and 128 control subejcts awaiting non-intervention visits. Open questions were also asked on whether patients had ever heard the word 'laser' and whether they could describe laser treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High scores were detected by HADS, STAI-1 and STAI-2 among patients waiting for photocoagulation. Anxiety was greater in women and people with poor schooling. After controlling for centres, gender, previous laser treatment and schooling, HADS and STAI-1 remained significantly lower among persons waiting for non-intervention visits. Having received photocoagulation previously did not modify anxiety. Anxiety was lower in those centres where facilities and resources were more patient-oriented. Most patients could neither describe photocoagulation nor explain why they were about to receive it, but had a negative perception and some described it with words evoking cruelty and pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that laser treatment is experienced as an event that causes anxiety. Preoperative education and counselling may help to reduce fear and patients' avoidance of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, San Raffaele Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. marina.trento@unito.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trento
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomelini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lattanzio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brancato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coggiola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benecchi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scoccianti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Insacco
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bandello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montanaro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porta
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires