title: Transfusion-related acute lung injury and pulmonary edema in critically ill patients: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using the recent Consensus Panel recommendations, we sought to describe the incidence of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients at four intensive care units (ICUs) who did not require respiratory support at the time of transfusion were identified with custom electronic surveillance system that prospectively tracks the time of transfusion and onset of respiratory support. Respiratory failure was defined as the onset of noninvasive or invasive ventilator support within 6 hours of transfusion. Experts blinded to specific transfusion factors categorized the cases of pulmonary edema as permeability edema (suspected or possible TRALI) or hydrostatic edema (TACO) according to predefined algorithm. In a nested case-control design, transfusion variables and lung injury risk factors were compared between the TRALI cases and controls matched by age, sex, and admission diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 8902 units transfused in 1351 patients of whom 94 required new respiratory support within 6 hours of transfusion. Among 49 patients with confirmed acute pulmonary edema, experts identified 7 cases with suspected TRALI, 17 patients with possible TRALI, and 25 cases with TACO. The incidence of suspected TRALI was 1 in 1271 units transfused; possible TRALI, 1 in 534 per unit transfused; and TACO, 1 in 356 per unit transfused. When adjusted for sepsis and fluid balance in a stepwise conditional logistic regression analysis, patients who developed acute lung injury (suspected or possible TRALI) received larger amount of plasma (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-10.2, for each liter infused; p = 0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the ICU, pulmonary edema frequently occurs after blood transfusion. The association between infusion of plasma and the development of suspected or possible TRALI may have important implications with regards to etiology and prevention of this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Rimki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Evans R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Fernández-Pérez
authors.forename: S Anjum
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lesnick
authors.forename: S Breanndan
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Ognjen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gajic
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness; D004487:Edema / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D065227:Transfusion Reaction