title: A true summer diapause induced by high temperatures in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
abstract: Summer diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which prolongs the pupal stage, particularly in males, is induced by high temperatures. In the laboratory, summer-diapausing pupae of H. armigera were induced at high temperatures (33-39 degrees C) with a photoperiod of LD8:16; winter-diapausing and non-diapausing pupae, cultured at 20 degrees C with a photoperiod of LD8:16 and at 27 degrees C, LD16:8, respectively, acted as a control. Retention time of eye spots, weight, and lipid and glycogen levels were compared. At high temperatures, both body weight and energy storage capacity were much higher in summer-diapausing pupae than in non-diapausing pupae reared at 33-39 degrees C. At temperatures (>33 degrees C) high enough to maintain summer diapause, the eye spots of summer-diapausing pupae did not move during the 30-day experiment. However, eye spots of summer-diapausing pupae placed at 30 degrees C began to move about 10 days after they were transferred, significantly later than in non-diapausing pupae reared at 33-39 degrees C or non-diapausing pupae reared at 27 degrees C, which initiated eye spot movement 2 days after pupation. The differences in retention time of eye spots between summer- and winter-diapausing pupae shows that winter diapause is more intense than summer diapause in this insect. The weight loss, and lipid and glycogen metabolism curves indicate that the summer-diapausing pupae's metabolism is very low. We conclude that summer diapause in the cotton bollworm is a true diapause and that the summer diapause enables the cotton bollworm to withstand the high temperatures of summer.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
authors.forename: Zhudong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Peiyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Kunjun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Dianmo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004956:Estivation / Q000502:physiology*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D017440:Photoperiod; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006003:Glycogen