title: Differential expression of neuronal genes defines subtypes of disseminated neuroblastoma with favorable and unfavorable outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification of molecular characteristics of spontaneously regressing stage IVS and progressing stage IV neuroblastoma to improve discrimination of patients with metastatic disease following favorable and unfavorable clinical courses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial analysis of gene expression profiles were generated from five stage IVS and three stage IV neuroblastoma. Differential expression of candidate genes was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in 76 pretreatment tumor samples (stage IVS n=27 and stage IV n=49). Gene expression-based outcome prediction was determined by Prediction Analysis for Microarrays using 38 tumors as a training set and 38 tumors as a test set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of serial analysis of gene expression profiles from stage IV and IVS neuroblastoma revealed approximately 500 differentially expressed transcripts. Genes related to neuronal differentiation were observed more frequently in stage IVS tumors as determined by associating transcripts to Gene Ontology annotations. Forty-one candidate genes were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and 18 were confirmed to be differentially expressed (P<or=0.001). Classification of patients according to expression patterns of these 18 genes using Prediction Analysis for Microarrays discriminated two subgroups with significantly differing event-free survival (96+/-6% versus 40+/-8% at 3 years; P<0.0001) and overall survival (100% versus 72+/-7% at 3 years; P=0.0003). This classifier was the only independent covariate marker in a multivariate analysis considering the variables stage, age, MYCN amplification, and gene signature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneously regressing and progressing metastatic neuroblastoma differ by specific gene expression patterns, indicating distinct levels of neuronal differentiation and allowing for an improved risk estimation of children with disseminated disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Children's Hospital, Germany. matthias.fischer@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oberthuer
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brors
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kahlert
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skowron
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Voth
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warnat
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ernestus
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hero
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthold
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015996:Survival Rate; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics