title: Treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: recognition and management.
abstract: Approximately 20% of adolescents experience at least one depressive episode by the time they enter their adult years. For most adolescents, depression, although serious, either remits spontaneously or responds to treatment. For a smaller but significant proportion of adolescents, however, depression can be long-lasting and relatively unresponsive to initial treatment. In this article the authors provide an operational definition of treatment-resistant depression, identify factors associated with treatment nonresponse, describe an approach to the management of treatment-resistant depression, and advance suggestions for promising avenues of research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, BFT 311, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2592, USA. brentda@upmc.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brent
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004351:Drug Resistance; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors