title: Thermal characteristics of microwave ablation in the vicinity of an arterial bifurcation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this research was to reveal the thermal characteristics of microwave ablations in the vicinity of an arterial bifurcation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temperature distribution after microwave heating of a liver-like material in the close proximity of an arterial bifurcation was simulated using the finite element method. Coupled fluid flow and solid heat transfer were taken into consideration and a three-dimensional analysis was performed. An experimentally determined SAR (specific absorption rate) generated by the absorption of microwaves in liver-like material was used in the analysis instead of utilizing electromagnetic calculations. Several different tests of time-controlled ablations with varying distances between the microwave antenna and the bifurcation were performed and detailed temperature distributions near the bifurcation were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interaction between the recirculation flow in the bifurcation and the heat transfer in the surrounding tissue makes the temperature distribution near the bifurcation complicated. Most importantly, after a period of continuous heating with constant microwave output power, the maximum temperatures caused by the ablation did not always increase with the distance between the antenna and the bifurcation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that inadequate ablations can be the result not only from a close proximity between the antenna and the blood vessel, but also from a complicated blood flow in large vessels whose structure causes recirculation flow.
authors.affiliation: Center of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China. lyjlma@bjut.edu.cn
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008433:Mathematics; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging