title: Gliclazide protects human islet beta-cells from apoptosis induced by intermittent high glucose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decreased beta-cell mass, mainly due to apoptosis, is crucial for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Chronic exposure to high glucose levels is a probable underlying mechanism, whereas the role of oral anti-diabetic agents (sulphonylureas in particular) is still unsettled.
  
  
  METHODS
  To directly investigate more on such issues, we prepared isolated human islets, which were then cultured for 5 days in continuous normal glucose concentration (NG, 5.5 mmol/L) or normal and high (HG, 16.7 mmol/L) glucose levels (alternating every 24 h), with or without the addition of therapeutical concentration (10 micromol L) of gliclazide or glibenclamide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intermittent high glucose caused a significant decrease of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which was not further affected by either sulphonylurea. Apoptosis, as assessed by electron microscopy, was also significantly increased by alternating high glucose exposure, which was accompanied by altered mitochondria morphology and density volume, and increased concentrations of nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress. Gliclazide, but not glibenclamide, was able to significantly reduce high glucose induced apoptosis, mitochondrial alterations, and nitrotyrosine concentration increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, gliclazide protected human beta-cells from apoptosis induced by intermittent high glucose, and this effect was likely to be due, at least in part, to the anti-oxidant properties of the molecule.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Guerra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grupillo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bugliani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torri
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Boggi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Chiaro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vistoli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Prato
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchetti
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005907:Gliclazide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D005907:Gliclazide; D005947:Glucose; D005905:Glyburide