title: The -374 T/A polymorphism in the gene encoding RAGE is associated with diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The receptor for AGE (RAGE) is considered to be mainly an intracellular signal-transducer or pro-inflammatory peptide of possible importance for inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Our aim was to study whether the -374 T/A polymorphism in the gene encoding RAGE (AGER) is associated with diabetes type and presence of diabetic complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The AGER -374 T/A polymorphism was genotyped in 867 type 1 diabetic patients, 2,467 type 2 diabetic patients and 205 non-diabetic control subjects of Scandinavian origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AGER polymorphism was related to different HLA-DQB1 genotypes and the presence of diabetic complications. Type 1 diabetic patients had a higher frequency of the AGER -374 A/A or T/A genotypes than type 2 diabetic patients (51.1 vs 44.9%, p=0.002) and control subjects (51.1 vs 47.6%, p=0.0006). The RAGE -374 T/A polymorphism was associated with HLA-DQB1 genotypes; patients with HLA risk genotypes had a higher frequency of the A/A or T/A genotypes than patients with other HLA-DQB1 genotypes (60.3 vs 40.3%, p<0.000001). In type 1 diabetic patients, the frequency of the A/A or T/A genotypes was higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy than without (61.1 vs 46.8%, p=0.006) and with sight-threatening retinopathy than without (56.1 vs 47.6%, p=0.03). In type 2 diabetic patients with HbA(1c) values below the median, the T/T genotype was more frequent in patients with diabetic nephropathy than without (54.3 vs 38.2%, p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show an association between the AGER -374 T/A polymorphism and type 1 diabetes. This association was HLA-DQB1-dependent. The polymorphism was associated with diabetic nephropathy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, in an HbA(1c)-dependent manner in the latter group, and also with sight-threatening retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakhtadze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cilio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: C-D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Agardh
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000235:genetics; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen