title: User-centered design techniques for a computerised antibiotic decision support system in an intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the use of user-centered design techniques for developing the requirements for an antibiotic decision support system (DSS) in an intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  The setting was a 21-bed mixed medical/surgical adult ICU. This was an observational study with unstructured interviews and participatory design process. Models were constructed to demonstrate cultural, workflow, sequence/trigger events and other artefacts used to support antibiotic prescribing in the ICU. Using participatory design, a paper prototype was developed and case studies were used to simulate antibiotic prescribing for bacterial isolates. This information was used to design and pilot the decision support tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The key users were identified as residents, registrars and the unit pharmacist. They identified the major requirements: ability to collate and print microbiology results, and to provide education and antibiotic advice for isolates. The final product was a real time microbiology browser and decision support tool for antibiotic prescribing (ADVISE). Uptake of the system was rapid with over 6000 encounters in the first 6 months. An audit of antibiotic use performed on all consecutive patients 6 months before and after introducing the DSS demonstrated a reduction in total and broad-spectrum antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contextual design methodology in conjunction with participatory design was an effective method to design this antibiotic decision support tool. The process facilitated physician and pharmacist ownership of the system that resulted in immediate uptake and ongoing use.
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Service and, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Karin.Thursky@mh.org.au
authors.forename: Karin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thursky
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahemoff
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003201:Computers; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents