title: Influence of intraventricular hemorrhage and occlusive hydrocephalus on the long-term outcome of treated patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Only limited data exist addressing the long-term outcome of patients with ganglionic hemorrhage complicated by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hydrocephalus that requires an external ventricular drain (EVD). The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcome of patients with pure ganglionic hemorrhage and those requiring an EVD due to additional IVH and hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 116 patients with supratentorial ganglionic hemorrhage and occlusive hydrocephalus were screened. To avoid any bias the authors excluded all patients with nonprimary intracerebral hemorrhage as well as those who received no treatment. Forty patients with IVH and subsequent hydrocephalus were examined, and 40 more patients with pure ganglionic hematomas were matched with regard to age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale score, need for mechanical ventilation, and, in particular, hematoma volume. Outcome analysis was performed using the Barthel Index and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The mean hematoma volume was 25.3 +/- 15.2 ml. The overall long-term outcome was unfavorable (mRS Score 4-6) in 59% of all patients. Good outcome (mRS score < 4) was observed in 25 (62.5%) of 40 patients with hematoma volumes less than 25 ml, compared with eight (20%) of 40 who had hematoma volumes greater than 25 ml (p < 0.05, chi-square test). The need for an EVD was not associated with a worse long-term outcome in patients with comparable hematoma volumes. In contrast, the duration of treatment in the intensive care unit was longer for patients with EVDs than for those who had pure ganglionic hematomas (16 [range 5-29] days compared with 8 [range 2-19] days; p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test), regardless of hematoma volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term outcome of treated patients with supratentorial ganglionic hemorrhage with ventricular involvement and occlusive hydrocephalus is comparable to that of patients with similar hematoma volumes but no IVH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. hagen.huttner@neuro.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Hagen B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Huttner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georgiadis
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D020145:Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome