title: Shunt insertion in the summer: is it safe?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential for increased complications related to the arrival of new residents in July each year has not previously been demonstrated in the neurosurgical literature. The authors investigated this phenomenon in children undergoing cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from a multicenter hydrocephalus clinical trials database and from hospital admission records in English-speaking Canada. Data pertaining to patients treated in July and August were compared with those pertaining to patients treated during the remainder of the year. The incidence of shunt failure, shunt infection, neurological deficits, wound infection, technical errors, and death were compared using a chi-square test for categorical outcomes, means for continuous outcomes, and survival analysis for time-dependent outcomes. In the hydrocephalus clinical trials database, 138 of 737 patients were treated in July and August. The median duration of shunt lifespan (hereafter referred to as "shunt survival") was 1.7 years for patients treated during the summer months and 2.4 years for those treated throughout the rest of the year (p = 0.10); for shunt infection the figures were 13.8 and 8.8% (p = 0.08) of the total number of cases, and for wound dehiscence they were 2.9 and 0.7% (p = 0.05), respectively. When all shunt procedures were included, an examination of shunt survival and infection incidence rates recorded in the Canadian Hospital Discharge Database seemed to imply a significant advantage to having surgery between September and June (log-rank statistic = 7.10, p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest a "July effect" on some outcomes related to shunt surgery, but the effect was small. Nonetheless, the potential morbidity of shunt failure, infection, and the cost of treatment indicate that continued vigilance and appropriate supervision of new staff by attending surgeons is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84113, USA. john.kestle@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: John R W
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kestle
authors.forename: D Douglas
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons