title: Natural products that reduce rotavirus infectivity identified by a cell-based moderate-throughput screening assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is widespread interest in the use of innate immune modulators as a defense strategy against infectious pathogens. Using rotavirus as a model system, we developed a cell-based, moderate-throughput screening (MTS) assay to identify compounds that reduce rotavirus infectivity in vitro, toward a long-term goal of discovering immunomodulatory agents that enhance innate responses to viral infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A natural product library consisting of 280 compounds was screened in the assay and 15 compounds that significantly reduced infectivity without cytotoxicity were identified. Time course analysis of four compounds with previously characterized effects on inflammatory gene expression inhibited replication with pre-treatment times as minimal as 2 hours. Two of these four compounds, alpha-mangostin and 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, activated NFkappaB and induced IL-8 secretion. The assay is adaptable to other virus systems, and amenable to full automation and adaptation to a high-throughput format.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of several compounds with known effects on inflammatory and antiviral gene expression that confer resistance to rotavirus infection in vitro suggests the assay is an appropriate platform for discovery of compounds with potential to amplify innate antiviral responses.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA. mshaneyf@gonzaga.edu
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shaneyfelt
authors.forename: Anna D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jutila
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000882:Haplorhini; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D044004:Xanthones; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid; C021053:mangostin