title: Locoregional delivery of adenoviral vectors.
abstract: The overall median survival of patients with a malignant glioma is <1 y. Because malignant gliomas rarely metastasize outside the skull, locoregional treatment strategies, such as gene therapy, are under investigation. Recently, convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been presented as a method to improve delivery of large molecules. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether CED improves intratumoral delivery of adenoviral vectors and compare it with single injection (SI) and multiple injection (4x, MI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A replication-deficient adenoviral vector encoding the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and the human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst(2)) was administered into nude mice bearing subcutaneous U87 xenografts. Tumors were injected with 1.5 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of Ad5.tk.sstr by CED, SI, or MI. Three days later, [(99m)Tc-N(4)(0-1),Asp(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate ((99m)Tc-Demotate 2) was injected intravenously to monitor the virus-induced sst(2) expression. gamma-Camera imaging was performed for in vivo imaging, and the tumor uptake of (99m)Tc-Demotate 2 was determined by gamma-counter. Furthermore, the tumor was sectioned and ex vivo autoradiography was performed. After decay of radioactivity, adjacent sections were submitted to in vitro autoradiography with (125)I-DOTA-Tyr(3)-octreotate, which was used to calculate the transduced areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transfected xenograft tissues showed high sst(2) expression and were clearly visualized with a gamma-camera. Accumulation of radioactivity was 2-fold higher in the tumors that were injected with MI compared with CED and SI (P = 0.01). CED and SI resulted in equal uptake of radioactivity in the tumors. The measured areas of transduction in ex vivo and in vitro autoradiographs showed a high concordance (r(2) = 0.89, P < 0.0001). The maximum area of transfection was significantly larger after MI than after CED (P < 0.05) or SI (P = 0.05). Also, the measured volume of distribution was twice as high after administration of Ad5.tk.sstr by MI (56.6 mm(3)) compared with SI (25.3 mm(3)) or CED (26.4 mm(3)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CED does not increase adenoviral vector distribution in a glioma xenograft model compared with SI. Therefore, in the clinic MI is probably the most effective delivery method for the large adenoviral particle (70 nm) in malignant gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ter Horst
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Verwijnen
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Rob C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hoeben
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Bertie H C G M
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: Peter A E
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sillevis Smitt
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D036502:Infusions, Intralesional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*