title: Infrequent COX-2 expression due to promoter hypermethylation in gastric cancers in Dalian, China.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been shown to play oncogenic roles during stepwise gastrocarcinogenesis, and its expression is correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection, tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, and Wnt signaling. To examine COX-2 expression and the status of its regulatory factors, we examined 49 gastric cancers (GCs), 21 premalignant tissues, and 10 noncancerous gastric mucosa from residents of Dalian, China. Unexpectedly, it was found that COX-2 expression was infrequent in the gastric samples (18.8%, 15/80) regardless of the type of lesion or morphological phenotype. H pylori infection was detected in 19 of 35 tested GC cases. Tumor necrosis factor alpha expression, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, or Wnt2 overexpression was observed in 56 (82.3%) of 68, 40 (50.0%) of 80, and 62 (77.5%) of 80 of the gastric tissue samples, respectively. Methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion followed by polymerase chain reaction of COX-2 promoter regions revealed a remarkably high hypermethylation rate (100%, 20/20) among the COX-2-negative GCs, which was associated with the overexpression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 (r = 0.587, P < .01). These results indicate that (1) in contrast to previous findings using other GC sources, our results show that COX-2 activity may not be a critical molecular event during GC formation, (2) the tumor-promoting effects of H pylori infection and Wnt and NF-kappaB activities may be mediated by COX-2-independent pathways, and (3) promoter hypermethylation is the major cause of COX-2 silencing in Dalian GCs, apparently because of increased expression of DNMTs (especially DNMT1). Consequently, a COX-2-oriented preventive or therapeutic strategy is not practical for Dalian GCs. The frequent COX-2 hypermethylation observed in Dalian GCs could have insightful epigenetic and epidemiologic implications.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute and Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kai-Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qing-You
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Hong-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051154:Wnt2 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D051154:Wnt2 Protein; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; C000619380:DNMT1 protein, human