title: From submission to publication: a retrospective review of the tables and figures in a cohort of randomized controlled trials submitted to the British Medical Journal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We characterize the quantity and quality of data tables and figures in reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) submitted to the British Medical Journal (BMJ) and published in peer-reviewed journals. We investigate how the peer review process affected table and figure quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 62 consecutive reports of RCTs submitted to the BMJ in 2001 that were later published in the BMJ (n=12) or elsewhere. We counted and categorized the tables and figures in both the initial submissions and published articles. Using standardized instruments and procedures, we analyzed the quality of these tables and figures and checked BMJ editorial documents to see whether changes were triggered by their review process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The numbers of tables and figures did not change markedly between submission and publication. Five percent of publications had no data tables; 56% had no data figures. Data density was low for published tables and figures. Tables seldom showed data stratified on important covariates; 88% of published tables were simple lists or were stratified on only 1 variable. Less than half the figures met their data presentation potential, with most failing to portray by-subject data and few displaying advanced features such as pairing, symbolic dimensionality, or small multiples. BMJ external peer reviewers seldom commented on tables or figures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tables and figures can convey details and complex relationships not easily described in text. Although tables are included in most submitted and published articles, they are not presented optimally; figures are used sparingly and are also of suboptimal quality. Journals should consider improving their table and figure quality in the hope that improved graphics will empower readers to scrutinize the data, thereby dissuading authors from presenting biased analyses and misrepresented conclusions.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles Emergency Medicine Center, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. schriger@ucla.edu
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schriger
authors.forename: Reshmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schroter
authors.forename: Pamela Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation; D017712:Peer Review, Research / Q000592:standards*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom