title: Cutting edge: TLR9 and TLR2 signaling together account for MyD88-dependent control of parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
abstract: Activation of innate immune cells by Trypanosoma cruzi-derived molecules such as GPI anchors and DNA induces proinflammatory cytokine production and host defense mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that DNA from T. cruzi stimulates cytokine production by APCs in a TLR9-dependent manner and synergizes with parasite-derived GPI anchor, a TLR2 agonist, in the induction of cytokines by macrophages. Compared with wild-type animals, T. cruzi-infected Tlr9(-/-) mice displayed elevated parasitemia and decreased survival. Strikingly, infected Tlr2(-/-)Tlr9(-/-) mice developed a parasitemia equivalent to animals lacking MyD88, an essential signaling molecule for most TLR, but did not show the acute mortality displayed by MyD88(-/-) animals. The enhanced susceptibility of Tlr9(-/-) and Tlr2(-/-)Tlr9(-/-) mice was associated with decreased in vivo IL-12/IFN-gamma responses. Our results reveal that TLR2 and TLR9 cooperate in the control of parasite replication and that TLR9 has a primary role in the MyD88-dependent induction of IL-12/IFN-gamma synthesis during infection with T. cruzi.
authors.affiliation: Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ritoga@cpqrr.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bafica
authors.forename: Helton Costa
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldszmid
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ropert
authors.forename: Ricardo T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gazzinelli
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sher
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000502:physiology*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma