title: Medical costs associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the United States during the first two years of treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the direct costs of medical care associated with aggressive and indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the United States; to show how costs for aggressive NHL change over time by examining costs related to initial, secondary and palliative treatment phases; and to evaluate the economic consequences of treatment failure in aggressive NHL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort analysis of 1999 - 2000 direct costs in newly diagnosed NHL patients and controls (subjects without any cancer) was conducted using the MarketScan medical and drug claims database of large employers across the United States. Treatment failure analysis was conducted for aggressive NHL patients, and was defined by the need for secondary treatment or palliative care after initial therapy. Cost of treatment failure was calculated as difference in regression-adjusted costs between patients with initial therapy only and patients experiencing initial treatment failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with aggressive (n = 356) and indolent (n = 698) NHL had significantly greater health service utilization and associated costs (all P < 05) than controls (n = 1068 for aggressive, n = 2094 for indolent). Mean monthly costs were 5871 dollars for aggressive NHL vs. 355 dollars for controls (P < 0001) and 3833 dollars for indolent NHL vs. 289 dollars for controls (P < 0001). The primary cost drivers were hospitalization (aggressive NHL = 44% of total costs, indolent NHL = 50%) and outpatient office visits (aggressive NHL = 39%, indolent NHL = 34%). For aggressive NHL, mean monthly initial treatment phase costs (10,970 dollars) and palliative care costs (9836 dollars) were higher than costs incurred during secondary phase (3302 dollars). The mean cost of treatment failure in aggressive NHL was 14,174 dollars per month, and 85,934 dollars over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of NHL was associated with substantial health care costs. Patients with aggressive lymphomas tended to accrue higher costs, compared with those with indolent lymphomas. These costs varied over time, with the highest costs occurring during the initial treatment and palliative care phases. Treatment failure was the most expensive treatment pattern. New strategies to prevent or delay treatment failure in aggressive NHL could help reduce the economic burden of NHL.
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA. kutikova_lucie@lilly.com
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kutikova
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Stacey R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arning
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Crown
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000191:economics; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013812:Therapeutics / Q000191:economics; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014481:United States