title: Amygdala reactivity and mood-congruent memory in individuals at risk for depressive relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to cognitive diathesis-stress theories, a latent cognitive vulnerability to depression is activated by negative affect in individuals at risk for depressive relapse. This vulnerability can manifest as mood-congruent memory during sad mood and may involve amygdala response, which is implicated in memory for emotionally arousing stimuli. This study examined whether amygdala modulates memory for negatively valenced words before and after a sad mood induction in healthy individuals with and without a history of recurrent major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen unmedicated remitted depressed (RD) and 14 matched never depressed (ND) individuals were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a self-referent encoding/evaluation task (SRET) preceding and following a sad mood challenge. After each SRET, participants' free recall was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following sad mood induction, bilateral amygdala response during encoding of valenced words predicted increased recall of negative self-referent words for a subset of RD participants. This association was not present before the sad mood induction and was not evident in individuals without a history of depression, regardless of mood state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with cognitive diathesis-stress theories and suggest a role for the amygdala in modulating mood-congruent memory during transient sad mood in individuals who are vulnerable to depression relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA. wiveka@psych.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Wiveka
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ramel
authors.forename: Philippe R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.forename: Lisa T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Eyler
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McQuaid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen