title: Regulation of insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic beta cells by an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein kinase IRE1.
abstract: In pancreatic beta cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for insulin biosynthesis and the folding of newly synthesized proinsulin. Here, we show that IRE1alpha, an ER-resident protein kinase, has a crucial function in insulin biosynthesis. IRE1alpha phosphorylation is coupled to insulin biosynthesis in response to transient exposure to high glucose; inactivation of IRE1alpha signaling by siRNA or inhibition of IRE1alpha phosphorylation hinders insulin biosynthesis. IRE1 activation by high glucose does not accompany XBP-1 splicing and BiP dissociation but upregulates its target genes such as WFS1. Thus, IRE1 signaling activated by transient exposure to high glucose uses a unique subset of downstream components and has a beneficial effect on pancreatic beta cells. In contrast, chronic exposure of beta cells to high glucose causes ER stress and hyperactivation of IRE1, leading to the suppression of insulin gene expression. IRE1 signaling is therefore a potential target for therapeutic regulation of insulin biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lipson
authors.forename: Sonya G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishigaki
authors.forename: Linh X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bortell
authors.forename: Aldo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Urano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1; C000605544:Xbp1 protein, mouse; C000605545:Xbp1 protein, rat; C114987:wolframin protein; D011384:Proinsulin; C486556:Ern2 protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005947:Glucose