title: Effects of orthopaedic wear particles on osteoprogenitor cells.
abstract: Wear particles from total joint arthroplasties are constantly being generated throughout the lifetime of an implant. Since mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitors from the bone marrow are the precursors of osteoblasts, the reaction of these cells to orthopaedic wear particles is critical to both initial osseointegration of implants and ongoing regeneration of the periprosthetic bed. Particles less than 5 microm can undergo phagocytosis by mature osteoblasts, with potential adverse effects on cellular viability, proliferation and function. The specific effects are dependent on particle composition and dose. Metal and polymer particles in non-toxic doses stimulate pro-inflammatory factor release more than ceramic particles of a similar size. The released factors inhibit markers of bone formation and are capable of stimulating osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitors are also profoundly affected by wear particles. Titanium and polymethylmethacrylate particles inhibit bone cell viability and proliferation, and downregulate markers of bone formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Future studies should delineate the molecular mechanisms by which particles adversely affect mesenchymal stems cells and the bone cell lineage and provide strategies to modulate these effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, #R144, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5326, USA. goodbone@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: R Lane
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials