title: What clinicians need to know about antioestrogen resistance in breast cancer therapy.
abstract: Tamoxifen is the drug most used for early breast cancer treatment in oestrogen receptor (ER) positive patients. Unfortunately, despite high ER tumour levels in a tumour, resistance to endocrine therapy, either de novo or acquired after prolonged treatment, can occur. In this review, we will try to summarise the postulated mechanisms of hormonal-resistance, namely, the role of co-regulators and the crosstalk between the HER-2, IGF-IR, Cox-2 and ER pathways. Other predictive markers of tamoxifen-resistance/response, such as cyclin E and UPA/PAI-1, are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology and Translational Research Unit, Jules Bordet Institute, Rue Héger-Bordet, 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milano
authors.forename: Lissandra
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Lago
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sotiriou
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccart
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018739:Oncogene Proteins v-erbB / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019927:Cyclin E; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D018739:Oncogene Proteins v-erbB; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013002:Somatomedins; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator