title: Exploratory thoracotomy and its influence on the survival of patients with lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate diagnostic procedures, reasons for exploratory thoracotomy (ET), causes of unresectability of lung cancer, possibility for reducing numbers of ETs, and the influence of ET on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1999, 1808 patients with lung cancer were operated on. ET was performed in 165 (9.1%) of these cases. In total, 131 ET patients were evaluable for analysis. The clinical stages were: three patients in stage IA, 28 in IB, one in IIA, 35 in IIB, 50 in IIIA, 10 in IIIB (all due to invasion of the mediastinum), and four patients in IV (three with ipsilateral pulmonary and one with solitary suprarenal metastasis). The control group for calculating survival difference consisted of 130 consecutive non-operated patients with comparable characteristics (age, sex, clinical stage, performance status, histology and comorbidity) who were diagnosed during the period 1996-1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnostic procedure before ET comprised bronchoscopy in all patients, transthoracic needle biopsy in 13, cervical mediastinoscopy in nine, parasternal mediastinotomy in two and thoracoscopy in two, in all patients without proving unresectability. A CT scan was performed in 118 patients indicating resectability in 33%, doubtful resectability in 64% and unresectability in 3%. Clinical and surgical staging were equal in 3% of stage IIB patients, in 24% of stage IIIA, 100% of stage IIIB and 75% of patients in stage IV. The 30-day operative mortality was 4.6%. The reasons for ET were: diagnosis of preoperatively unverified tumor in one patient, necessity for pneumonectomy in the case of poor pulmonary function in 11 patients, and unresectability in 119 (due to invasion of the mediastinum in 98 patients, thoracic wall in three and vertebral body in one, and due to pleural metastases in 17 patients). ET could have been avoided in 15 (11%) patients. The median survival for both ET and control group patients was 11.1 months. The survival difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.420).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ET could be partly avoided through a more accurate preoperative staging procedure. It does not appear possible to avoid ET in patients with limited pulmonary reserve precluding a resection larger than that predicted, nor to avoid ET as a consequence of intraoperative complications. Despite operative mortality, ET did not significantly influence the survival rate in the present study.
authors.affiliation: University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Slovenia. lucka.debevec@klinika-golnik.si
authors.forename: Lucka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Debevec
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erzen
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Debeljak
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crnjac
authors.forename: Viljem
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kovac
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed