title: Subgroups of patients with cancer with different symptom experiences and quality-of-life outcomes: a cluster analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify subgroups of outpatients with cancer based on their experiences with the symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and pain; to explore whether patients in the subgroups differed on selected demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics; and to determine whether patients in the subgroups differed on two important patient outcomes: functional status and quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, correlational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four outpatient oncology practices in northern California.
  
  
  METHODS
  191 outpatients with cancer receiving active treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completed a demographic questionnaire, Karnofsky Performance Status scale, Lee Fatigue Scale, General Sleep Disturbance Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Multidimensional Quality-of-Life Scale Cancer, and a numeric rating scale of worst pain intensity. Medical records were reviewed for disease and treatment information. Cluster analysis was used to identify patient subgroups based on patients symptom experiences. Differences in demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics as well as in outcomes were evaluated using analysis of variance and chi square analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgroup membership, fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, pain, functional status, and QOL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four relatively distinct patient subgroups were identified based on patients experiences with four highly prevalent and related symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subgroup of patients who reported low levels of all four symptoms reported the best functional status and QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this study need to be replicated before definitive clinical practice recommendations can be made. Until that time, clinicians need to assess patients for the occurrence of multiple symptoms that may place them at increased risk for poorer outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA. chris.miaskowski@nursing.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Marylin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bank
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life