title: Maternal deployment of the embryonic SKN-1-->MED-1,2 cell specification pathway in C. elegans.
abstract: We have previously shown that the MED-1,2 divergent GATA factors act apparently zygotically to specify the fates of the MS (mesoderm) and E (endoderm) sister cells, born at the 7-cell stage of C. elegans embryogenesis. In the E cell, MED-1,2 activate transcription of the endoderm-promoting end-1 and end-3 genes. We demonstrate by in situ hybridization that med transcripts accumulate both in the EMS cell and in the maternal germline in a SKN-1-dependent manner. Removal of zygotic med function alone results in a weakly impenetrant loss of endoderm. However, med-1,2(-) embryos made by mothers in which germline med transcripts have been abrogated by transgene cosuppression fail to make endoderm 50% of the time, similar to the phenotype seen by RNAi. We also find that reduction of Med or End activity results in aberrant numbers of intestinal cells in embryos that make endoderm. We further show that regulation of the paralogous end-1 and end-3 genes consists of both shared and distinct inputs, and that END-3 activates end-1 expression. Our data thus reveal three new properties of C. elegans endoderm specification: both maternal and zygotic activities of the med genes act to specify endoderm, defects in endoderm specification also result in defects in gut cell number, and activation of the paralogous end-1 and end-3 genes differs qualitatively in the relative contributions of their upstream regulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, 3380 Spieth Hall, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. mmaduro@citrus.ucr.edu
authors.forename: Morris F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Maduro
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Broitman-Maduro
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mengarelli
authors.forename: Joel H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D004707:Endoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D050980:GATA Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005838:Genotype; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D009035:Mothers; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015053:Zygote
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C109211:END-1 protein, C elegans; C504457:END-3 protein, C elegans; D050980:GATA Transcription Factors; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; C433251:MED-1 protein, C elegans; C433252:MED-2 protein, C elegans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C096787:pop-1 protein, C elegans; C073702:skn-1 protein, C elegans