title: Advanced glycation end product deposits in climatic droplet keratopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK), known as spheroid degeneration of the cornea, is one of the most frequent degenerative corneal disorders affecting visual function. However, the histochemical nature of the deposits seen in CDK is still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the pathogenesis of CDK, we investigated the immunohistochemical localisation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in surgical specimens of CDK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical localisation of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)-l-lysine (CML), N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)-l-lysine (CEL), pyrraline, pentosidine and imidazolone was examined in three corneas with CDK, six corneas with bullous keratopathy and three corneas without any corneal diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the specimens with CDK, immunoreactivity was strong in CML, moderate in pyrraline and pentosidine, and weak in imidazolone. Immunoreactivity was absent in CEL. In contrast, no immunoreactivity to CML, pyrraline, pentosidine, imidazolone or CEL was detected in corneas with bullous keratopathy, or in corneas without any corneal diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDK is caused by an aggregation of AGE-modified proteins. The result is consistent with etiological findings that ultraviolet irradiation and ageing, both of which are accelerators of AGE formation, are closely related to the development of CDK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tsukuba University Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. sanken-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takazawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshika
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D011758:Pyrroles; C013231:pyrroline; C054688:N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine