title: A pilot study of antidepressant-induced mania in pediatric bipolar disorder: Characteristics, risk factors, and the serotonin transporter gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antidepressant-induced mania (AIM) has been described in bipolar disorder (BD) and has been associated with the short-allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT). We wished to investigate the frequency of and risk factors for AIM in pediatric patients with or at high risk for BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two children and adolescents (30 with BD and 22 with subthreshold manic symptoms, 15.1 +/- 3.4 years old), all with a parent with BD, were interviewed with their parents for manic/depressive symptoms occurring before and after past antidepressant treatment. The 47 subjects with serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure were genotyped for the 5-HTT polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent of subjects were AIM+ and 25.5% had new onset of suicidal ideation. The AIM+ and AIM- groups did not differ significantly in relation to allele (p = .36) or genotype (p = .53) frequencies of the 5-HTT polymorphism. The AIM+ subjects were more likely to have more comorbidities (3.2 vs. 2.4; p = .02) and be BD type I (p = .04) than AIM- subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth with or at high risk for BD may be particularly vulnerable to SSRI AIM and thus should be monitored if given SSRIs. In this preliminary study, we did not find that the 5-HTT polymorphism significantly influenced vulnerability to AIM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5540, USA.
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Baumer
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gallelli
authors.forename: Diana Iorgova
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Simeonova
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallmayer
authors.forename: Kiki D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors