title: Homocysteine hypothesis for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease: not validated.
abstract: Homocysteine has been implicated in promoting atherosclerotic and thrombotic vascular disease. During the last decade, the utility of homocysteine in predicting risk for atherothrombotic vascular disease has been evaluated in several observational studies in a large number of patients. These studies show that the overall risk for vascular disease is small, with prospective, longitudinal studies reporting a weaker association between homocysteine and atherothrombotic vascular disease compared to retrospective case-control and cross-sectional studies. Furthermore, randomized controlled trials of homocysteine-lowering therapy have failed to prove a causal relationship. On the basis of these results, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening and treatment of elevated homocysteine concentrations with folic acid and other vitamins to prevent atherothrombotic vascular disease. This review outlines the metabolism and pathophysiology of homocysteine, highlights the results of homocysteine observational and interventional trials, and presents areas of uncertainty and potential future work.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA. kaul@cshs.org
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.forename: Prediman K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid