title: Comparison of endobronchial ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and CT for lymph node staging of lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a prospective comparison of direct real-time endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), positron emission tomography (PET), and thoracic CT for detection of mediastinal and hilar lymph node metastasis in patients with lung cancer considered for surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective patient enrollment.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred two potentially operable patients with proven (n = 96) or radiologically suspected (n = 6) lung cancer were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT, PET, and EBUS-TBNA were performed prior to surgery for the evaluation of mediastinal and hilar lymph node metastasis. The convex probe EBUS, which is integrated with a convex scanning probe on its tip, was used for EBUS-TBNA. Surgical histology was used as the "gold standard" to confirm lymph node metastasis unless patients were found inoperable for N3 or extensive N2 disease proven by EBUS-TBNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBUS-TBNA was successfully performed in all 102 patients (mean age, 67.8 years) from 147 mediastinal and 53 hilar lymph nodes. EBUS-TBNA proved malignancy in 37 lymph node stations in 24 patients. CT identified 92 positive lymph nodes, and PET identified 89 positive lymph nodes (4 supraclavicular, 63 mediastinal, 22 hilar). The sensitivities of CT, PET, and EBUS-TBNA for the correct diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lymph node staging were 76.9%, 80.0%, and 92.3%, respectively; specificities were 55.3%, 70.1%, and 100%, and diagnostic accuracies were 60.8%, 72.5%, and 98.0%. EBUS-TBNA was uneventful, and there were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to CT and PET, EBUS-TBNA has a high sensitivity as well as specificity for mediastinal and hilar lymph node staging in patients with lung cancer. EBUS-TBNA should be considered for evaluation of the mediastinum early in the staging process of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasufuku
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Motoori
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiroshima
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods; D001980:Bronchi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed