title: Augmentation cystoplasty rates at children's hospitals in the United States: a pediatric health information system database study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identified augmentation cystoplasty rates in children with spina bifida at children's hospitals enrolled in the Pediatric Health Information System database.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Health Information System database tabulates demographic and diagnostic patient data from 35 children's hospital centers in the United States. Between October 1999 and September 2004 we extracted data on 0 to 19-year-old patients with International Classification of Diseases-9 diagnosis codes for spina bifida. The International Classification of Diseases-9 procedure code for augmentation cystoplasty was cross-referenced with these patients to determine the total number of patients with augmentation, total population augmentation rates and individual institution rates of bladder augmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staff at enrolled pediatric medical centers submitted inpatient data accounting for 9,059 beds servicing an aggregate metropolitan population of 82 million individuals. In the 5-year period 12,925 unique spina bifida patient encounters were identified, including 665 patients who underwent augmentation cystoplasty. The mean 5-year institutional number of augmentations performed in children with spina bifida was 20 (range 1 to 121) and the mean annual number of augmentations performed per institution was 4. The overall augmentation rate at 33 hospitals contributing data for the full years 2000 to 2003 was 5.4% (range 0.5% to 16.3%, p <0.0001). The male-to-female ratio of those who underwent augmentation was 1:1.2. Median length of stay in children with augmentation was 7 days (mean 9). The median age of children with augmentation was 10.4 years, that is 11.3 years in boys and 9.8 years in girls. The difference in mean age was statistically significant (p <0.003). At institutions where 10 or more augmentations were performed in 5 years (mean 27) mean patient age at operation was 10.1 years. This was significantly younger than the mean patient age of 12.3 years at hospitals where fewer than 10 augmentations (mean 5) were done in 5 years (p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical management for neurogenic bladder conditions has evolved to emphasize nonoperative management. Several studies suggest that aggressive early intervention improves bladder compliance and may protect renal function. However, results from the Pediatric Health Information System database demonstrate no change in augmentation rates during this time and they demonstrate significant interinstitutional variability. To our knowledge this represents the largest series of augmentation cystoplasty in children with spina bifida to date.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lendvay
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Byron D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Grady
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications; D014481:United States; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*