title: Effects of non-heavy smoking on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy Turkish young men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Decreased effects of smoking on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were demonstrated in subjects smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day. We aimed to evaluate the effects of non-heavy smoking (< or =20 cigarettes a day) on HDL-c in young, healthy men who are similar in terms of age, physical activity and diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1012 male students between 19 and 25 years old (21.4 +/- 1.5) in a military college who do not smoke or smoking < or =20 cigarettes a day were enrolled. Subjects who were consuming alcohol were excluded. Smoking levels (0: nonsmoker, 1: 1-5 cigarettes, 2: 6-10 cigarettes, 3:11-20 cigarettes a day) and duration were obtained by a questionnaire. Blood samples were taken after an over-night fasting. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HDL-c showed a stepwise decrease as the level of smoking increased (49 +/- 9 mg/dL in level 0, 47 +/- 7 mg/dL in level 1, 46 +/- 8 mg/dL in level 2, 45 +/- 7 mg/dL in level 3, p < 0.001). Total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density cholesterol were not different among the smoking levels. Body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio were found to be slightly decreased in smokers. In a multivariate regression model including smoking level, duration, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, smoking level was the only predictor of HDL-c (B = -1.407, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking, even in relatively low levels, has a negative stepwise relationship with HDL-c in a homogeneous population of healthy young men in whom other major non-genetic factors that are known to affect HDL-c levels are identical.
authors.affiliation: Ankara Gendarmarie Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barcin
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tapan
authors.forename: Hurkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kursaklioglu
authors.forename: Atila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iyisoy
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olcay
authors.forename: M Kemal
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Erbil
authors.forename: Ersoy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL