title: A prospective trial of a new policy eliminating signed consent for do not resuscitate orders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some institutions require patients and families to give signed consent for Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders, especially in New York State. As this may be a barrier to discussions about DNR orders,we changed a signed consent policy to a witnessed verbal consent policy,simplified and modified the DNR order forms, and educated the staff at 1 hospital, comparing the effects with an affiliated hospital where the policy was not changed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective natural experiment with intervention and comparison sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- and postintervention, we surveyed house officers' confidence and attitudes, reviewed charts to assess the number of concurrent care concerns (CCCs) addressed per DNR order (e.g., limits on intubation or blood products or need for hospice),and at the intervention hospital, measured the stress levels of surrogates consenting for DNR orders using the Horowitz Impact of Event Scale. We also surveyed staff perceptions about the policy following the change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the intervention hospital, the percentage of house officers reporting low confidence in their ability to obtain consent for DNR orders declined postintervention (24% to 7%, P=.002), while there was no significant change at the comparison hospital (20% vs 15%, P=.45).Among intervention hospital house officers, there were declines in percent reporting difficulty talking to patients and families about DNR orders, but no significant changes at the comparison hospital.At the intervention hospital, the mean number of CCCs/DNR order Increased (1.0 pre to 4.2 post, P<.001). but did not change significantly(1.2 pre to 1.4 post) at the comparison hospital. The mean total stress score for intervention hospital surrogates declined postintervention(23.6 to 17.3, P=.02), indicating lower stress. House officers(98%), attendings (59%), and nurses (79%} thought the new policy was better for families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The policy change was well received and associated with improved house officer attitudes, more attention to patients'concurrent care concerns, and decreased surrogate stress. The results suggest that DNR orders can be made simpler and clearer, and raise questions about policies requiring signed consent for DNR orders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine St. Vincent's Hospital--Manhattan, NY, USA. daniel_sulmasy@nymc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sulmasy
authors.forename: Johanna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Texiera
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: McAuley
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGugins
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ury
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires