title: Perceived environments as physical activity correlates and moderators of intervention in five studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have explored how relationships of perceived environment and physical activity vary across different activity domains and populations. This question was explored in five physical activity intervention trials funded by the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational.
  
  
  METHODS
  San Francisco peninsula, California (N = 94); Eugene, Oregon (N = 122); Atlanta, Georgia (N = 256); Kingston, Rhode Island (N = 109); Memphis, Tennessee (N = 64).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethnically diverse community adults ages 18 to 85 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale and CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire. Response rate among those invited to complete these measures was 90%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectional pooled signal detection analysis indicated that people who reported living in neighborhoods with more attractive scenery and ease of walking were more likely to meet national physical activity recommendations (67%) compared with those without these neighborhood attributes (36%; chi2 = 13.04, p = .0003). Within-site multiple regression identified two additional variables--seeing others when walking and encountering loose dogs that make it difficult to walk--as correlates across multiple sites and activity domains (i.e., minutes of weekly moderate or more vigorous activity, walking for errands, walking leisurely) (incremental R2 = 2.0-7.5; p < .05). Analyses of covariance suggested that traffic safety might be particularly important in facilitating or impeding physical activity in response to a formal intervention (for traffic-arm assignment interactions, F = 3.8-7.0, p < or = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relationships between perceived environments and physical activity may differ depending upon population groups and activity domains and merit investigation by using stronger prospective designs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 211 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA. king@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Abby C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toobert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: Mace
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coday
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riebe
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hurtz
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011998:Recreation / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People