title: Novelty seeking involved in mediating the association between the dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism and heavy drinking in male adolescents: results from a high-risk community sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research suggests that personality traits, particularly novelty seeking (NS), increase the risk of substance abuse. One possible explanation to account for this association relates to common genetic factors. The aim of this study was to examine whether allelic variants of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) are associated with alcohol use in adolescents and to determine the extent to which these links are mediated by NS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred three adolescents (144 male participants, 159 female participants, approximately 15 years old) from a high-risk community sample completed self-report questionnaires measuring alcohol intake and temperament (Junior Temperament and Character Inventory [JTCI]). DNA was genotyped for the DRD4 exon III polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male participants carrying the 7-repeat allele of DRD4 drank higher maximum amounts of alcohol per occasion and had greater lifetime rates of heavy drinking than male participants without this allele. Higher levels of NS were associated with higher alcohol intake in both genders. Multiple regression analyses support the role of NS in mediating the relationship between DRD4 and heavy drinking in male adolescents but not in female adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings extend previous work highlighting the significance of personality traits as a mediating factor between genetic susceptibility and substance use during the period of early experimental use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany. laucht@zimannheim.de
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laucht
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blomeyer
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D042622:DNA Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017008:Negotiating / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4