title: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Singapore.
abstract: The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants in Singapore is not strictly regulated; therefore these compounds can be readily found in furniture, electronic devices, and building materials. This study was the first of its kind to be conducted in Singapore to measure concentrations of PBDEs in house dust. Samples were collected from 31 homes in various locations across the island-state of Singapore, and a total eight PBDEs congeners were measured. PBDEs were detected in all 31 dust samples and the number of BDE congener detected per home ranged between 3 and 8. The most abundant BDE congeners found were BDE 47, 99 and 209, with a median value of 20 ng g(-1) dust, 24 ng g(-1) dust and 1000 ng g(-1) dust, respectively. BDE 209 contributed 88% to the median of all the congeners, and BDE 47 and 99 contributed 1.8% and 3.5%, respectively. Different congener profiles were observed between this and studies conducted elsewhere, which is consistent with the use of different commercial PBDE around the world. No significant correlations between PBDE dust levels and residential characteristics (number of TVs and computers, floor area or flooring material) were observed. The daily intake of PBDEs via the inhalation pathway was estimated. House dust may be regarded as the most important exposure route of PBDEs for children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore. g0402329@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Si Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loganath
authors.forename: Yap Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Jeffrey Philip
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Obbard
mesh_terms: D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004987:Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D012846:Singapore
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004987:Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls