title: Hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes mellitus in survivors of childhood cancer: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperinsulinism and its associated metabolic abnormalities, including diabetes mellitus (DM), have been reported in long-term survivors of childhood cancer, mainly after bone marrow transplant (BMT); however, the predisposing factors are unclear, and early markers have not been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of overweight/obesity, abdominal adiposity and hyperinsulinemia (HI), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or DM was examined prospectively in 248 survivors of childhood cancer (36 prepubertal, 88 pubertal, and 124 adult subjects; 67 BMT) at a median of 12.9 yr (2.3-33.6) after diagnosis and compared with healthy controls. Potential risk factors for the development of HI, IGT, or DM were sought.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overweight/obesity was not increased when comparing subjects with controls; however, the prevalence of abdominal adiposity in prepubertal and pubertal subjects was roughly doubled (P < or = 0.04). Fasting insulin concentrations were higher in prepubertal and pubertal subjects compared with their controls (P < 0.001) and were similar in adult and pubertal subjects. HI, IGT, or DM was detected in 39 of 212 (18%) pubertal or adult subjects (23 BMT). Ten of 88 (11%) pubertal and 14 of 124 (11%) adult subjects had IGT/DM (vs. 0 and 4.9% controls, respectively; P < 0.001). Total body irradiation, untreated hypogonadism, and abdominal adiposity emerged as independent risk factors for the development of HI, IGT, or DM in multivariate regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors identified suggest the need for reconsideration of BMT protocols and regular screening of survivors. The increased prevalence of abdominal adiposity among prepubertal subjects, none of whom had developed HI/IGT/DM, suggests that a waist to height ratio greater than 0.5 has potential as a clinical screening tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia. kristen.neville@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Katharine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Steinbeck
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids