title: Resolving threats to the therapeutic alliance in cognitive analytic therapy of borderline personality disorder: a task analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alliance ruptures and premature drop out from psychotherapy are very common with patients who have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, limiting the clinical effectiveness of treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test and refine a model of how therapists successfully resolve threats to the therapeutic alliance involving enactment of problematic relationship patterns in the cognitive analytic therapy of borderline personality disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Task analysis (Greenberg, 1984a) of 107 enactments from 66 sessions in four good outcome cases, compared with 35 enactments from 16 sessions in two poor outcome cases. This systematically compares a rational model of process with empirically coded transcripts of therapy sessions where independent raters have identified an alliance threat event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The process stages of the rational model were observed, and 20 refinements were made, including a new process stage, heuristic principles and 'when-then' steps. Therapists were found to cycle between stages. Therapists in good outcome cases recognized the majority of these enactments and focused attention to them in contrast to poor outcome cases where therapists usually failed to notice or draw attention to the alliance threat and did not adhere to the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Competent resolution of alliance-threatening events is crucially dependent on therapists' ability to recognize them, and secondarily on their adherence to the principles in the refined model. The model is consistent with prior research and can be used in supervision and quality improvement strategies.
authors.affiliation: Lancashire Care NHS Trust, Clinical Psychology, Blackburn, UK. dawnebennett@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Glenys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011340:Problem Solving; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011573:Psychoanalytic Interpretation; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome