title: Fluoroscopically guided epidural block in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidural block in the midthoracic region is difficult, even with fluoroscopically guided methods, because of the inability to view the interlaminar space on radiographs. We have, therefore, proposed fluoroscopically guided epidural block for the midthoracic region, as well as other thoracic and lumbar regions, by use of the pedicle as a landmark to show the height of the interlaminar space.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients scheduled to receive an indwelling epidural catheter at Th6-7, Th9-10, Th12-L1, or L3-4 were studied. The skin insertion site was at the junction of a line parallel to the vertebral column that passed through the middle of the pedicle and the lower border of vertebral body, immediately inferior to the target interlaminar space on an anteroposterior radiograph. The needle was walked up the lamina, and the interlaminar space was sought near the midline of the vertebra at the height of the pedicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epidural block was easily performed in all cases. No difference was observed in the angulation of the epidural needle among the groups; the mean inward and upward angulation were 38 degrees and 63 degrees , respectively, although the skin insertion site relative to the spinous process was different among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the usefulness of our fluoroscopically guided method for the midthoracic region, and other thoracic and lumbar regions. We propose an alternative method for a blind epidural approach at Th6-7, Th9-10, Th12-L1, or L3-4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon City, Ehime, Japan. tnagaro@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaro
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorozuya
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.forename: Norikatsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kii
authors.forename: Tatsuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Syungo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae