title: Max Nitze, the cystoscope and urology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maximilian Carl-Friedrich Nitze (1848 to 1906) designed the modern cystoscope, providing a foundation for urology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The historical literature, including the original writings of Nitze, was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The invention of the cystoscope by Nitze revolutionized endoscopy but his true genius lay in his lifelong pursuit of better methods to diagnose and treat patients with urological diseases and in teaching others the practical use and value of cystoscopy. He also designed the first operating cystoscope, took the first endoscopic photographs and published the first textbook in urology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The legacy of discovery of Max Nitze established the specialty of urology and a legitimate claim as the father of urology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Harry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Herr
mesh_terms: D020684:Cystoscopes / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D014572:Urology / Q000266:history*