Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)-induced allergy may be controlled by IL-4 and CX3C fractalkine antagonists and CpG ODN as adjuvant: hypothesis and implications for treatment.
Based on the hypothesis that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) sG protein causes allergy in patients, it is suggested that treatment of RSV patients with antagonists of IL-4 and FKN early in infection will prevent the increased level of IL-4 in the serum. Together with CpG ODNs that induce Toll-like receptor 9(+) (TLR9(+)) plasmacytoid dendritic cells to release type I IFN-alpha and -beta will reactivate the inhibited Th1 cells and the antiviral cytotoxic T leukocytes. In addition, binding of CpG ODNs to TLR9(+) B cells will stop IgE synthesis and antiviral IgG and IgA will continue. Together, the IL-4 and FKN antagonists and CpG ODNs reactivate the adaptive immune response to clear the virus and protect the patient from a second RSV infection. It is also suggested that the less-pathogenic RSV strain Long may be a candidate for vaccine development after deletion of the FKN and superantigen domains from the G gene.
Becker
Yechiel
Y
Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. becker@md.huji.ac.il
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000276:immunology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000276:immunology*; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000276:immunology
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000485:Allergens; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D015847:Interleukin-4; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; C515538:CX3CL1 protein, human; C015772:CpG dinucleotide