Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking.
Several microbes and chemicals have been considered as potential tracers to identify fecal sources in the environment. However, to date, no one approach has been shown to accurately identify the origins of fecal pollution in aquatic environments. In this multilaboratory study, different microbial and chemical indicators were analyzed in order to distinguish human fecal sources from nonhuman fecal sources using wastewaters and slurries from diverse geographical areas within Europe. Twenty-six parameters, which were later combined to form derived variables for statistical analyses, were obtained by performing methods that were achievable in all the participant laboratories: enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria, enterococci, clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages, bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis RYC2056 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GA17, and total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria; genotyping of F-specific RNA phages; biochemical phenotyping of fecal coliform bacteria and enterococci using miniaturized tests; specific detection of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium dentium; and measurement of four fecal sterols. A number of potentially useful source indicators were detected (bacteriophages infecting B. thetaiotaomicron, certain genotypes of F-specific bacteriophages, sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, 24-ethylcoprostanol, and epycoprostanol), although no one source identifier alone provided 100% correct classification of the fecal source. Subsequently, 38 variables (both single and derived) were defined from the measured microbial and chemical parameters in order to find the best subset of variables to develop predictive models using the lowest possible number of measured parameters. To this end, several statistical or machine learning methods were evaluated and provided two successful predictive models based on just two variables, giving 100% correct classification: the ratio of the densities of somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to the density of somatic coliphages and the ratio of the densities of fecal coliform bacteria and phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to the density of fecal coliform bacteria. Other models with high rates of correct classification were developed, but in these cases, higher numbers of variables were required.
Blanch
Anicet R
AR
Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain. ablanch@ub.edu
Belanche-Muñoz
Lluís
L
Bonjoch
Xavier
X
Ebdon
James
J
Gantzer
Christophe
C
Lucena
Francisco
F
Ottoson
Jakob
J
Kourtis
Christos
C
Iversen
Aina
A
Kühn
Inger
I
Mocé
Laura
L
Muniesa
Maite
M
Schwartzbrod
Janine
J
Skraber
Sylvain
S
Papageorgiou
Georgios T
GT
Taylor
Huw
H
Wallis
Jessica
J
Jofre
Joan
J
D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005060:Europe; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D010641:Phenotype; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis; D014871:Water Microbiology
D013261:Sterols