title: The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening.
abstract: There is a clear need for brief, but sensitive and specific, cognitive screening instruments as evidenced by the popularity of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to validate an improved revision (the ACE-R) which incorporates five sub-domain scores (orientation/attention, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuo-spatial).
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard tests for evaluating dementia screening tests were applied. A total of 241 subjects participated in this study (Alzheimer's disease=67, frontotemporal dementia=55, dementia of Lewy Bodies=20; mild cognitive impairment-MCI=36; controls=63).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability of the ACE-R was very good (alpha coefficient=0.8). Correlation with the Clinical Dementia Scale was significant (r=-0.321, p<0.001). Two cut-offs were defined (88: sensitivity=0.94, specificity=0.89; 82: sensitivity=0.84, specificity=1.0). Likelihood ratios of dementia were generated for scores between 88 and 82: at a cut-off of 82 the likelihood of dementia is 100:1. A comparison of individual age and education matched groups of MCI, AD and controls placed the MCI group performance between controls and AD and revealed MCI patients to be impaired in areas other than memory (attention/orientation, verbal fluency and language).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE-R accomplishes standards of a valid dementia screening test, sensitive to early cognitive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Eneida
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mioshi
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hodges
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity