title: Staging of esophageal carcinoma: length of tumor and number of involved regional lymph nodes. Are these independent prognostic factors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New potential prognostic indicators aside from the TNM classification have been proposed. The aim of this study was to analyze the prognostic relevance of tumor length as well as number of involved regional lymph nodes (LNM) in patients with esophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirteen patients with esophageal carcinoma (116 squamous cell- and 97 adenocarcinoma) were included in this study. Treatment of choice was subtotal en bloc esophagectomy including "2-field" lymphadenectomy. The median number of examined lymph nodes (LNs) was 28. Eighty patients (38%) received preoperative radio-chemotherapy according to a standardized protocol. Histopathology consisted of tumor stage, residual tumor, grading, and number of examined and involved LN. Univariate and multivariate prognostic values were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Length of tumor correlated with pT/ypT-category (P<0.01). Univariate but not multivariate analysis showed better survival for tumors<or=3 cm (P<0.05). Patients with 1-5 LNM had significantly better prognoses than those with more than 5 LNM (Hazard ratio 2.7, 95% CI=1.7-4.2) (P<0.01). Patients without LNM and more than 15 examined LN showed significantly better prognosis than those with fewer examined LN (Hazard ratio=0.3, 95% CI=0.1-0.6) (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A revision of the TNM classification for esophageal carcinoma should subdivide the pN1-category according to the number of LNM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany. Elfriede.Bollschweiler@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bollschweiler
authors.forename: Stephan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Baldus
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Arnulf H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hölscher
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D002452:Cell Count; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies