title: Quantification and characterization of carotid calcium with multi-detector CT-angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of CT-angiography for identification and measurement of calcification of carotid atherosclerotic plaques and to characterise the content and distribution pattern of mineral calcium (hydroxyapatite, Ca) in carotid bifurcations and investigate its relationship with neurological symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with ICA stenosis > 60% (13 symptomatic, 13 asymptomatic) were selected for study. Ca was estimated from the weight of the ashed remnants of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens in 11 patients. Calcium content (calcification volume (mm3),CV), and average calcium density (Hounsfield units (HU),CD), were determined by CT-angiography. The distribution pattern of calcium within the lesion (base (posterior), shoulder or luminal surface) was assessed in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT-derived estimation of CV and Ca mass (modified Agatston Score, (mAS) = CV x CD) showed a good correlation with its direct measurement in CEA specimens (r = 0.911 and 0.993 respectively, p < 0,005). Asymptomatic patients with ICA stenosis > 60% showed statistically significant higher content of Ca than those who were symptomatic (mAS: 122.6 +/- 138.0 HU mm3 vs 42.8 +/- 59.1 HU mm3, p = 0.04). Calcification on the surface of the plaque was observed more commonly in asymptomatic patients (9/12 vs 3/15, p = 0.006). Non-calcified or plaques with posterior calcification were 12 times more likely to be symptomatic (OR: 12, 95%CI 1.5-91.1, p = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-angiography permits the reliable quantification of calcification of carotid plaques. A lower content of calcium in carotid plaques, as well as its distribution in the base of the lesion, was associated with a greater prevalence of neurological symptoms. These parameters may be useful to identify those patients at higher risk of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitario de Mar, Passeig Marítim 27-29, 0803 Barcelona, Spain. mirallesm@telefonica.net
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miralles
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Perich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barranco
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vidal-Barraquer
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D017886:Durapatite / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite