title: Prognostic value of symptoms during a normal or nonspecific electrocardiogram in emergency department patients with potential acute coronary syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emergency department (ED) patients with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) are at risk for adverse cardiovascular events. The authors hypothesized that patients with a normal or nonspecific ECG during symptoms have a lower risk for ACS than do those who are asymptomatic.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study of ED patients with potential ACS. Outcomes were acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ACS, and 30-day cardiovascular events (death, AMI, revascularization). Fisher's exact test, t-tests, and logistic regression were used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,593 patient visits, 2,007 patients had normal or nonspecific ECG findings. There were 1,196 who had symptoms during ECG, whereas 811 did not. Patients with symptoms at ECG acquisition were younger (49.9 vs. 55.2 years; p < 0.001) and were more likely to be black (70% vs. 64%; p = 0.002), female (63% vs. 58%; p = 0.03), and to have used cocaine (5% vs. 2%; p = 0.004). They were less likely to have hypertension (49% vs. 58%; p < 0.001), and diabetes (22% vs. 17%; p = 0.002). Patients with and without symptoms were equally likely to have AMI (both 2.8%; p > 0.99), ACS (10.1% vs. 11.5%; p = 0.34), and 30-day adverse outcomes (both 5.3%; p > 0.99). After adjustment for baseline cardiovascular-risk factors, odds ratios for patients with symptoms at the time of ECG acquisition were not significantly different for any of the outcomes: AMI (1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6 to 1.9); ACS (1.1; 95% CI = 0.8 to 1.4); or 30-day events (1.2; 95% CI = 0.8 to 1.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who are symptomatic during acquisition of a normal or nonspecific ECG have rates of adverse cardiovascular events similar to those of patients without symptoms. Clinicians should not rely on the absence of ECG abnormalities during symptoms to help exclude ACS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. mchasel@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robey
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Frances S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Shofer
authors.forename: Judd E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hollander
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors