title: Conventional energy and macronutrient variables distort the accuracy of children's dietary reports: illustrative data from a validation study of effect of order prompts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Validation-study data are used to illustrate that conventional energy and macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat) variables, which disregard accuracy of reported items and amounts, misrepresent reporting accuracy. Reporting-error-sensitive variables are proposed which classify reported items as matches or intrusions, and reported amounts as corresponding or overreported.
  
  
  METHODS
  58 girls and 63 boys were each observed eating school meals on 2 days separated by > or =4 weeks, and interviewed the morning after each observation day. One interview per child had forward-order (morning-to-evening) prompts; one had reverse-order prompts. Original food-item-level analyses found a sex-x-order prompt interaction for omission rates. Current analyses compared reference (observed) and reported information transformed to energy and macronutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using conventional variables, reported amounts were less than reference amounts (ps<0.001; paired t-tests); report rates were higher for the first than second interview for energy, protein, and carbohydrate (ps< or =0.049; mixed models). Using reporting-error-sensitive variables, correspondence rates were higher for girls with forward- but boys with reverse-order prompts (ps< or =0.041; mixed models); inflation ratios were lower with reverse- than forward-order prompts for energy, carbohydrate, and fat (ps< or =0.045; mixed models).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional variables overestimated reporting accuracy and masked order prompt and sex effects. Reporting-error-sensitive variables are recommended when assessing accuracy for energy and macronutrients in validation studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 103, Columbia, SC 29210, USA. sbaxter@gwm.sc.edu
authors.forename: Suzanne Domel
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Albert F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: Michele D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins