title: Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: a community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Irritability is both a normal developmental phenomenon and a common psychiatric symptom in children. In psychiatric nosology, a distinction is made between chronic and episodic irritability. This study examines the validity of this distinction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 776 youths received Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-based structured interviews at three time points. Questions regarding episodic and chronic irritability were used to create scales measuring these constructs; associations with age, gender, and diagnosis were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Episodic and chronic irritability differed in their associations with age. The longitudinal stability within irritability type was stronger than between types. In longitudinal analyses, chronic irritability at time 1 (mean age 13.8 +/- 2.6 years) predicted attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder at time 2 (mean age 16.2 +/- 2.8 years) and major depression at time 3 (mean age 22.1 +/- 2.7 years). Episodic irritability at time 1 predicted simple phobia and mania at time 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Episodic and chronic irritability in adolescents appear to be stable, distinct constructs. Further research is needed to elucidate the longitudinal associations of each with specific psychiatric diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. LEIBS@MAIL.NIH.GOV
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gorrindo
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic