title: Can differences in breast cancer utilities explain disparities in breast cancer care?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Black, older, and less affluent women are less likely to receive adjuvant breast cancer therapy than their counterparts. Whereas preference contributes to disparities in other health care scenarios, it is unclear if preference explains differential rates of breast cancer care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain utilities from women of diverse backgrounds for the different stages of, and treatments for, breast cancer and to determine whether a treatment decision modeled from utilities is associated with socio-demographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified sample (by age and race) of 156 English-speaking women over 25 years old not currently undergoing breast cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed utilities using standard gamble for 5 breast cancer stages, and time-tradeoff for 3 therapeutic modalities. We incorporated each subject's utilities into a Markov model to determine whether her quality-adjusted life expectancy would be maximized with chemotherapy for a hypothetical, current diagnosis of stage II breast cancer. We used logistic regression to determine whether socio-demographic variables were associated with this optimal strategy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median utilities for the 8 health states were: stage I disease, 0.91 (interquartile range 0.50 to 1.00); stage II, 0.75 (0.26 to 0.99); stage III, 0.51 (0.25 to 0.94); stage IV (estrogen receptor positive), 0.36 (0 to 0.75); stage IV (estrogen receptor negative), 0.40 (0 to 0.79); chemotherapy 0.50 (0 to 0.92); hormonal therapy 0.58 (0 to 1); and radiation therapy 0.83 (0.10 to 1). Utilities for early stage disease and treatment modalities, but not metastatic disease, varied with socio-demographic characteristics. One hundred and twenty-two of 156 subjects had utilities that maximized quality-adjusted life expectancy given stage II breast cancer with chemotherapy. Age over 50, black race, and low household income were associated with at least 5-fold lower odds of maximizing quality-adjusted life expectancy with chemotherapy, whereas women who were married or had a significant other were 4-fold more likely to maximize quality-adjusted life expectancy with chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in utility for breast cancer health states may partially explain the lower rate of adjuvant therapy for black, older, and less affluent women. Further work must clarify whether these differences result from health preference alone or reflect women's perceptions of sources of disparity, such as access to care, poor communication with providers, limitations in health knowledge or in obtaining social and workplace support during therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. MSchleinitz@Lifespan.org
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schleinitz
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DePalo
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044383:Black People; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D017533:Marital Status; D008390:Markov Chains; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen