title: A longitudinal approach to assessing urban and suburban children's exposure to pyrethroid pesticides.
abstract: We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the exposure of 23 elementary school-age children to pyrethroid pesticides, using urinary pyrethroid metabolites as exposure biomarkers. We substituted most of the children's conventional diets with organic food items for 5 consecutive days and collected two daily spot urine samples, first morning and before bedtime voids, throughout the 15-day study period. We analyzed urine samples for five common pyrethroid metabolites. We found an association between the parents' self-reported pyrethroid use in the residential environment and elevated pyrethroid metabolite levels found in their children's urine. Children were also exposed to pyrethroids through their conventional diets, although the magnitude was smaller than for the residential exposure. Children's ages appear to be significantly associated with pyrethroids exposure, which is likely attributed to the use of pyrethroids around the premises or in the facilities where older children engaged in the outdoor activities. We conclude that residential pesticide use represents the most important risk factor for children's exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. Because of the wide use of pyrethroids in the United States, the findings of this study are important for both children's pesticide exposure assessment and environmental public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. clu2@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: Chensheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartell
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bravo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013383:Suburban Population; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins