title: A review of nursing interventions to foster becoming a mother.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the current state of knowledge of nursing interventions that foster the process of becoming a mother.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using CINAHL and PubMed electronic databases and other key references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports on nursing intervention research published in English that focused on a facet of maternal behavior in the process of becoming a mother during pregnancy or during the first 4 months following birth, or both, were included. Twenty eight reports were found.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were reviewed, categorized, and analyzed and interventions synthesized to determine the current knowledge base for fostering becoming a mother. Categories included instructions for infant caregiving, building awareness of and responsiveness to infant interactive capabilities, promoting maternal-infant attachment, maternal/social role preparation, and interactive therapeutic nurse-client relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interactive therapeutic nurse-client relationships and maternal/social role preparation had greater impact on variables indicating progress in becoming a mother than formal teaching. Instructions without nurse input were ineffective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interactive reciprocal nursing interventions are the most effective in enhancing mother-infant interactions and maternal knowledge about infant care. Evidence is limited on how to foster the mother's feelings about herself in becoming a mother and attachment to her infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Nursing in the University of California, San Francisco, Burlingame, USA. lpmercer@juno.com
authors.forename: Ramona T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Lorraine O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016294:Models, Nursing; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000458:organization & administration; D009769:Object Attachment; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support