title: Urinary metabolic evaluations in normal and stone forming children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary stone disease is relatively rare in children and urinary metabolic evaluations have been the standard in our practice. We have previously reported a high rate of urinary metabolic abnormalities in stone forming children. We compared urinary chemistry values in normal and stone forming children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was performed to assess urinary metabolic profiles in children with no history or a family history of urinary calculi. The 24-hour urine collections were performed and evaluated at an outside central laboratory. Urine chemistry studies were adjusted for creatinine. The data were compared to those on a historical cohort of calcium stone forming children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 58 samples from normal children and 142 from stone forming children were evaluated. Mean age was 10 years in normal children and 12 years in stone forming children. of the normal and stone forming children 45% and 51%, respectively, were female. Supersaturation levels of calcium oxalate as well as calcium to creatinine levels were significantly higher in children with stones. No data confounding by age or sex was identified by stratification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant differences in urinary metabolic evaluations between normal and stone forming children. This may allow more precise treatment to prevent recurrent stone episodes. We continue to perform metabolic evaluations in all children with documented urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avernue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. bob.defoor@cchmc.org
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: DeFoor
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asplin
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erhard
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Minevich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium