[Hopelessness in patients with schizophrenia. Suffering from and with schizophrenia].
BACKGROUND
Clinical experience shows that feelings of hopelessness quite often arise in patients with schizophrenia.


OBJECTIVE
To describe these feelings of hopelessness, obtain insight into interrelated factors, distinguish hopelessness from depression, study the influence of hopelessness on suicidal behaviour andfind out how feelings of hopelessness can influence the treatment that is provided.


METHODS
We searched the literature via MEDLINE and PsyCINFO using the key words 'schizophrenia', 'hopelessness', 'demoralization', and 'disappointment'.


RESULTS
Demoralization is a broader term than hopelessness and is used quite often. Positive correlations arefound between hopelessness and: (1) awareness of illness; (2) engulfment; and (3) depressive symptoms. Negative correlations are found between hopelessness and: (1) cognitive disorders; and (2) an avoidant coping style. Hopelessness and demoralisation cannot be equalled with depression. Hopelessness clearly heightens suicidal tendencies. Feelings of hopelessness in a patient suffering from schizophrenia signal that closer attention should be given to that patient.


CONCLUSIONS
Feelings of hopelessness in patients with schizophrenia are not necessarily a sign of pathology but may point to existential suffering. This needs to be recognised by those dealing with persons sufferingfrom schizophrenia,
Eneman
M
M
Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum Sint-Kamillus te Bierbeek, België. marc.eneman@fracarita.org
Sabbe
B G C
BG
D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009013:Morale; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention