title: Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe.
abstract: The late survival of archaic hominin populations and their long contemporaneity with modern humans is now clear for southeast Asia. In Europe the extinction of the Neanderthals, firmly associated with Mousterian technology, has received much attention, and evidence of their survival after 35 kyr bp has recently been put in doubt. Here we present data, based on a high-resolution record of human occupation from Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, that establish the survival of a population of Neanderthals to 28 kyr bp. These Neanderthals survived in the southernmost point of Europe, within a particular physiographic context, and are the last currently recorded anywhere. Our results show that the Neanderthals survived in isolated refuges well after the arrival of modern humans in Europe.
authors.affiliation: The Gibraltar Museum, 18-20 Bomb House Lane, Gibraltar. jcfinlay@gibraltar.gi
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.forename: Francisco Giles
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Vidal
authors.forename: Darren A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fa
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutierrez López
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santiago Pérez
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.forename: Ethel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allue
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baena Preysler
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cáceres
authors.forename: José S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carrión
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fernández Jalvo
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gleed-Owen
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Jimenez Espejo
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López Sáez
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Riquelme Cantal
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez Marco
authors.forename: Francisco Giles
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Noemí
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Valarino
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villalpando
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinez Ruiz
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005580:Fossils; D005876:Gibraltar; D049690:History, Ancient; D015186:Hominidae / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013997:Time Factors