title: Expression of complement restriction factors (CD46, CD55 & CD59) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor cells can escape complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) by expressing complement restriction factors (CRFs), CD46, CD55 and CD59. CRF-expression in non-neoplastic mucosa of the head and neck was compared with biopsies of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and cell lines derived from oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal mucosa and HNSCC tumor tissue (poor, moderate, or well differentiated) specimens were immunostained with anti-CRF monoclonal antibodies. Immunostaining of the OSCC cell lines (SCC12 and SCC71) was examined under laser scan fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD46, CD55 and CD59 were highly expressed in HNSCC cells including T1/T2N0M0 stages. The CRF expression was much lower or absent in non-neoplastic squamous epithelia or in the submucosa of both normal and tumor tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced staining of tumor tissues at stages T1/T2 indicates that the CRFs are overexpressed by primary tumors before metastasis to either lymph nodes or organs (N0M0 stage) suggesting that CRFs are formed early during tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, CA, USA. buduwa2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Naren M H
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ravindranath
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shuler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D018958:CD55 Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D018957:CD59 Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D018958:CD55 Antigens; D018957:CD59 Antigens; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein