title: The Caenorhabditis elegans rhy-1 gene inhibits HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor activity in a negative feedback loop that does not include vhl-1.
abstract: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors implement essential changes in gene expression that enable animals to adapt to low oxygen (hypoxia). The stability of the C. elegans HIF-1 protein is controlled by the evolutionarily conserved EGL-9/VHL-1 pathway for oxygen-dependent degradation. Here, we describe vhl-1-independent pathways that attenuate HIF-1 transcriptional activity in C. elegans. First, the expression of HIF-1 target genes is markedly higher in egl-9 mutants than in vhl-1 mutants. We show that HIF-1 protein levels are similar in animals carrying strong loss-of-function mutations in either egl-9 or vhl-1. We conclude that EGL-9 inhibits HIF-1 activity, as well as HIF-1 stability. Second, we identify the rhy-1 gene and show that it acts in a novel negative feedback loop to inhibit expression of HIF-1 target genes. rhy-1 encodes a multi-pass transmembrane protein. Although loss-of-function mutations in rhy-1 cause relatively modest increases in hif-1 mRNA and HIF-1 protein expression, some HIF-1 target genes are expressed at higher levels in rhy-1 mutants than in vhl-1 mutants. Animals lacking both vhl-1 and rhy-1 function have a more severe phenotype than either single mutant. Collectively, these data support models in which RHY-1 and EGL-9 function in VHL-1-independent pathway(s) to repress HIF-1 transcriptional activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3260, USA.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Jo Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Powell-Coffman
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein