title: Evaluation of the effects of mastication and swallowing on gastric motility using electrogastrography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of mastication and swallowing on gastric motor function was evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG) and abdominal ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 30 elderly patients with tubal feeding without mastication and swallowing (T group) and 30 elderly controls who processed food by mastication and swallowing (C group). Gastric motor function was percutaneously examined before and after the ingestion of 250 ml of a liquid diet using an electrogastrograph (NIPRO EGG, A and D, Tokyo, Japan). The cross-sectional area of the gastric antrum was measured at 1 and 30 min after the start of ingestion of the liquid diet by external ultrasonography of the abdomen, and the gastric excretion function was evaluated. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of heart rate variability was performed using Holter electrocardiograms before and after ingestion. The low frequency power (LF power, 0.04-0.15 Hz), high frequency power (HF power, 0.15-0.40 Hz), and the LF/HF ratio were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peak amplitude at 3 cycles per minute (cpm) was significantly increased after ingestion in the C and T groups (p<0.05), and the ratio of increase was significantly lower in the T group (p<0.05). The mean amplitude for the brady-gastria and tachy-gastria was significantly higher in the T group than in the C group (p<0.05). The gastric excretion function, as evaluated by external ultrasonography of the abdomen, was significantly lower in the T group than in the C group (p<0.05). An analysis of heart rate variability demonstrated that the HF power, a parameter of parasympathetic activity, after ingestion was significantly higher in the C group than in the T group (p<0.05). No changes in LF power or LF/HF ratio, parameters of sympathetic activity, were induced by ingestion in either the C or T groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The parasympathetic nerve dominantly controls gastric motor function, but autonomic nervous activity is reduced in patients who are unable to masticate and swallow food, resulting in adverse effects on gastric motor function and excretion function. Mastication and swallowing not only prepare food for passage from the oral cavity to the esophagus but are also important in terms of subsequent events that occur in stomach. It has been proposed that autonomic nervous activity might be involved in mastication and swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography