title: Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite after oral and intravenous administration of pentoxifylline to healthy adult horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine serum pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite in horses after administration of a single IV dose and after single and multiple oral doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 healthy adult horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crossover study design was used with a washout period of 6 days between treatments. Treatments were IV administration of a single dose of pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg) and oral administration of generic sustained-release pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, q 12 h, for 8 days). Blood samples were collected 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after IV administration. For oral administration, blood samples were collected 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after the first dose and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the last dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elimination of pentoxifylline was rapid after IV administration. After oral administration, pentoxifylline was rapidly absorbed and variably eliminated. Higher serum concentrations of pentoxifylline and apparent bioavailability were observed after oral administration of the first dose, compared with values after administration of the last dose on day 8 of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In horses, oral administration of 10 mg of pentoxifylline/kg results in serum concentrations equivalent to those observed for therapeutic doses of pentoxifylline in humans. Twice daily administration appears to be appropriate. However, serum concentrations of pentoxifylline appear to decrease with repeated dosing; thus, practitioners may consider increasing the dosage if clinical response diminishes with repeated administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Dana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Liska
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Akucewich
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marsella
authors.forename: Lara K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Joanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barbara
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010431:Pentoxifylline