title: Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity in non-diabetic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperinsulinaemia is a state of sympathetic nerve hyperactivity, which can develop subsequently in non-diabetic first-degree offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Although both type 2 diabetes and sympathetic activation are major cardiovascular risk factors, the level of sympathetic nerve activity is as yet unknown in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients who are ostensibly normal. We therefore sought to quantify sympathetic nerve activity and its relationship to plasma insulin levels in ostensibly normal offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes, relative to a matched normal control group with no family history of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two closely matched groups comprising 23 non-diabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic patients and 23 normal control individuals we measured resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) as the mean frequency of multi-unit bursts of MSNA and single units of MSNA (s-MSNA) with defined vasoconstrictor properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In offspring of type 2 diabetic patients, the fasting plasma levels of insulin (7.4+/-0.80 microU/ml) and s-MSNA (45+/-3.2 impulses/100 beats) were greater (p<0.009 and p<0.003) than those in control persons (4.6+/-0.76 microU/ml and 32+/-3.1 impulses/100 beats, respectively). MSNA bursts and derived insulin resistance followed similar trends. Sympathetic nerve activity was significantly correlated to insulin levels (p<0.0002) and resistance (p<0.0001) in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients, but not in control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sympathetic activation occurred in normal non-diabetic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes in proportion to their plasma insulin levels. Our data indicate the presence of a mechanistic link between hyperinsulinaemia and sympathetic activation, both of which could play a role in the subsequent development of cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Huggett
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hogarth
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mackintosh
authors.forename: D A S G
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D012016:Reference Values; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*