title: Plan to be flexible: a commentary on adaptive designs.
abstract: This is a discussion of the following three papers appearing in this special issue on adaptive designs: 'Nested repeated confidence intervals and switching between noninferiority and superiority' by Joachim Hartung and Guido Knapp; 'Confirmatory Seamless Phase II/III Clinical trials with Hypotheses Selection at Interim: General Concepts' by Frank Bretz, Heinz Schmidli, Franz König, Amy Racine and Willi Maurer; and 'Confirmatory Seamless Phase Il/III Clinical Trials with Hypotheses Selection at Interim: Applications and Practical Considerations' by Heinz Schmidli, Frank Bretz, Amy Racine and Willi Maurer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA. shihwj@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Weichung Joe
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D001699:Biometry; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018401:Sample Size