title: In vitro evidence for an antioxidant role of 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the brain.
abstract: We investigated the in vitro effect of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HKyn), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), kynurenine (Kyn) and anthranilic acid (AA) on various parameters of oxidative stress in rat cerebral cortex and in cultured C6 glioma cells. It was demonstrated that 3HKyn and 3HAA significantly reduced the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and chemiluminescence measurements in rat cerebral cortex, indicating that these metabolites prevent lipid peroxidation in the brain. In addition, GSH spontaneous oxidation was significantly prevented by 3HAA, but not by the other kynurenines in cerebral cortex. We also verified that 3HKyn and 3HAA significantly decreased the peroxyl radicals induced by the thermolysis of 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane)-derived peroxyl radicals, and to a higher degree than the classical peroxyl scavenger trolox. 2-Deoxy-d-ribose degradation was also significantly prevented by 3HKyn, implying that this metabolite was able to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, the total antioxidant reactivity of C6 glioma cells was significantly increased when these cells were exposed from 1 to 48h to 3HKyn, being the effect more prominent at shorter incubation times. TBA-RS values in C6 cells were significantly reduced by 3HKyn when exposed from 1 to 6h with this kynurenine. However, C6 cell morphology was not altered by 3HKyn. Finally, we tested whether 3HKyn could prevent the increased free radical production induced by glutaric acid (GA), the major metabolite accumulating in glutaric acidemia type I, by evaluating the isolated and combined effects of these compounds on TBA-RS levels and 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation in rat brain. GA provoked a significant increase of TBA-RS values and of DCFH oxidation, effects that were attenuated and fully prevented, respectively, by 3HKyn. The results strongly indicate that 3HKyn and 3HAA behave as antioxidants in cerebral cortex and C6 glioma cells from rats.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilhian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leipnitz
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Karina B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Dalcin
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scussiato
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Funchal
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dutra-Filho
authors.forename: Angela T S
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wyse
authors.forename: Clóvis M D
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wannmacher
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latini
authors.forename: Moacir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wajner
mesh_terms: D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; C005045:3-hydroxykynurenine; D007737:Kynurenine