title: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of two intravenous morphine dosages (0.10 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg) in emergency department patients with moderate to severe acute pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compare pain relief and safety of morphine 0.10 mg/kg with 0.15 mg/kg in adult emergency department (ED) patients with acute pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of intravenous morphine 0.10 mg/kg versus 0.15 mg/kg, (delivered in 2 divided doses) in adult ED patients with acute pain requiring opioid analgesia. Assessment was made at baseline, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes with a validated verbal numeric rating scale. Pain reduction and satisfaction scores were measured at 30 and 60 minutes. The primary outcome measure was the between-group difference in mean before-after change in numeric rating scale from baseline to 60 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighty patients were enrolled. Between-group difference in numeric rating scale improvement from baseline to 60 minutes was 0.8 (95% confidence interval 0.1 to 1.5), favoring the 0.15 mg/kg group. Pain relief scores and adverse events were similar in the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although 0.15 mg/kg of morphine is safe and provides statistically superior analgesia compared with a dose of morphine at 0.10 mg/kg, this difference in pain reduction did not reach the threshold of greater than 1.3 numeric rating scale units required to declare the higher dose of morphine clinically superior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. adrienne.birnbaum@nbhn.net
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esses
authors.forename: Polly E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bijur
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine