title: DNA methylation in stingless bees with low and high heterochromatin contents as assessed by restriction enzyme digestion and image analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stingless bee genus Melipona has been divided into two groups, based on their heterochromatin content. Melipona quadrifasciata and Melipona rufiventris have low and high levels of heterochromatin, respectively. Since condensed chromatin may be rich in methylated DNA sequences, M. quadrifasciata and M. rufiventris nuclei may contain different amounts of methylated CpG. These differences could be assessed by comparing Feulgen-DNA values obtained by image analysis of cells treated with the restriction enzymes Msp I and Hpa II that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated DNA. Msp I and Hpa II cleave the sequence -CCGG-, but there is no cleavage by Hpa II if the cytosine of the central CG dinucleotide is methylated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malpighian tubules of M. quadrifasciata and M. rufiventris were treated with Msp I and Hpa II prior to the Feulgen reaction, and analyzed by automatic scanning microspectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Feulgen-DNA values for the heterochromatin of M. rufiventris and for the small heterochromatin and some euchromatin domains of M. quadrifasciata mostly decreased after treatment with Msp I, but were unchanged after treatment with Hpa II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CpG methylation, although detected in diverse chromatin compartments in different bee species, may induce silencing effects required for the same cell physiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: André R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mampumbu
authors.forename: Maria Luiza S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D006570:Heterochromatin