title: Innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap for fingertip reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various methods of fingertip reconstruction with a sensory flap have been reported. Digital island flaps or cross-finger flaps have to be used for large defects; however, the digital artery is sacrificed when creating conventional homodigital island flaps and 2 surgeries are required for the cross-finger flap. We describe our experience with an innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap that does not require sacrifice of the digital artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used innervated reverse dorsal digital flaps for fingertip reconstruction in 8 patients. The flap was supplied by the vascular network between the dorsal digital artery (the terminal branch of the dorsal metacarpal artery) and the dorsal branch of the digital artery. Venous drainage was through the cutaneous veins and the venous network associated with the dorsal arterial network. The flap was designed on either the dorsal proximal or the dorsal middle phalangeal region. The flap was harvested with the dorsal branch of the digital nerve (for the dorsal middle phalanx), the dorsal digital nerve (for the dorsal proximal phalanx), or the superficial branch of the radial nerve (for the thumb), which was anastomosed to the distal end of the digital nerve. After flap transfer the donor site was covered with a full-thickness skin graft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8 flaps, 6 survived completely, 1 had partial epithelial skin necrosis, and 1 showed central compression skin necrosis. Three flaps showed congestive changes from the first to the fifth day after surgery, which resolved by massage. All patients achieved satisfactory recovery of sensation; the static 2-point discrimination ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm and the Semmes-Weinstein test results ranged from 0.036 g to 0.745 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap provides another option for homodigital tip coverage. The advantages are that the digital artery is not sacrificed and only 1 surgery is needed. A disadvantage is the potential for venous congestion for the first 4 or 5 days after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishishimbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan. takeishi@jikei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Meisei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeishi
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Atsuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Keito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005385:Fingers / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D012677:Sensation; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation* / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome