title: Substance use and abuse in trauma: implications for care.
abstract: Trauma long has been associated with substance use and abuse. Caring for trauma patients who are intoxicated, withdrawing, or otherwise experiencing the negative outcomes of their substance use is difficult under the best of circumstances. The burden of this association can be described in many terms, from economic consequences, to health outcomes, to personal problems. Evidence indicates that untreated substance-associated trauma carries with it extended hospital stays, diminished quality of life, repeat emergency department use, and significant mortality and morbidity. No matter how one examines the burden of the association between substance use and trauma, one is left with the awareness that nurses can improve patient care through better screening, assessment, intervention, an evaluation. Because of the complex nature of the association between substance use and trauma, nursing care for these patients is difficult. Fig. 1 provides an overview of the factors to consider when planning care for these patients. Nurses need to focus on issues of temporality, directionality, and correlates of care as they plan for the needs of their patients. Only with careful considerations of these factors can the nurse clarify the confounding clinical presentation of the trauma overlaid on substance use. Evidence supports the need for all trauma patients to be screened for substance use and for those who have positive screens to receive early intervention. Although there is almost universal awarenes of the of the association between substance use and trauma and of the value of screening, screening rates for trauma patients are surprisingly low. Screening for substance use followed by BMI intervention is cost effective and should be implemented routinely. The high prevalence of substance-associated trauma, coupled with the heterogeneous nature of that association, warrants more study, particularly nursing research, to determine best-care practices. More research is needed to increase the understanding of patterns of use, etiologic models, and effective clinical care strategies. The need for this research is heightened by the awareness that substance-associated trauma is preventable, and the risk is modifiable. Nurses, everyday, are faced with the daunting challenge of meeting the health needs of trauma patients who have associated substance use. More research is needed to help nurses separate out the confounding health needs of these complex patients. That work has begun, and it assuredly will continue to support the need for high-quality nursing interventions to improve the health of trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Fay W. Whitney School of Nursing, Department 3065, 1000 East University Avenue, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. smccabe@uwyo.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing*