title: Evaluating the efficacy of serum haptoglobin concentration as an indicator of respiratory-tract disease in dairy calves.
abstract: The serum concentration of haptoglobin (S-Hp) was measured in 833 group-housed dairy calves from nine herds in south-west Sweden once at 24-56 days of age to evaluate the potential of S-Hp as an indicator of clinical respiratory-tract disease (CRD). Presence of disease (treated and non-treated) was assessed clinically by farmers and by a project veterinarian visiting the farms every third week. The median S-Hp of healthy calves was 0.06g/L (80% central range: 0.04-0.23), of calves with diarrhoea within the 10 days before sampling 0.07g/L (80% central range: 0.04-0.63), and of calves with CRD within the 14 days before sampling 0.09g/L (80% central range: 0.04-0.69). Eight different cut-off values were used to define a positive S-Hp analysis result: >0.05, >0.06, >0.07, >0.08, >0.09, >0.10, >0.15 and >0.20g/L. A rectal temperature >39.5 degrees C was denoted as fever. A positive result of five different diagnostic tests for CRD was defined as: (1) a positive S-Hp with fever absent, (2) a positive S-Hp with fever present, (3) either a positive S-Hp or fever, (4) both a positive S-Hp and fever, and (5) fever (regardless of S-Hp). The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of each test were calculated from regression coefficients of generalized linear mixed models of the binary test results, applying a logit link. Apart from CRD status (within the 14 days before sampling; no or yes), the models included sex (bull or heifer), and for the test based on S-Hp alone, also rectal temperature (fever, no or yes). Confidence intervals (CI) of Se and Sp were estimated by simulation. Based on Se, Sp, and areas under Receiver Operating Characteristics curves, test 3 was considered the best. At optimal performance, giving equal importance to type I and II errors, i.e. at a S-Hp cut-off of 0.15g/L in heifer calves, Se was 0.64 (95% CI 0.50-0.77) and Sp 0.71 (95% CI 0.60-0.80), and at a S-Hp cut-off of 0.08g/L in bulls, Se was 0.52 (95% CI 0.40-0.64) and Sp 0.80 (95% CI 0.74-0.85). The other tests were judged as unsatisfactory indicators of CRD. In heifers, the proportion of CRD-positive calves in the herd was strongly associated with the proportion of test positives (S-Hp or fever; S-HP and fever), suggesting potential as a herd-level indicator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden. Catarina.Svensson@hmh.slu.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hultgren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006242:Haptoglobins