title: Kinetics of betamethasone and fetal cardiovascular adverse effects in pregnant sheep after different doses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the pharmacokinetics of different betamethasone doses and preparations used to enhance fetal lung maturation in the maternal and fetal circulation of sheep and the adverse effects on fetal blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doses of 170 (n = 6) and 110 microg/kg (n = 6) betamethasone phosphate equivalent to 12 or 8 mg, respectively, administered to a 70 kg pregnant woman or 170 microg/kg (n = 6) of a depot formulation (50% betamethasone phosphate and 50% betamethasone acetate) were injected intramuscularly to chronically instrumented pregnant sheep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both betamethasone preparations produced highest maternal concentrations after 15 min followed by an exponential decline with a t(1/2) of about 3 hours. The drug fell below the limit of detection at 8 to 12 hours. Betamethasone was first detectable in the fetal circulation at 1 hour, peaked at 3 hours, and decreased below the limit of detection at 8 hours independently of the dose or preparation. Maternal and fetal betamethasone concentrations achieved with the phosphate and acetate formulation were one half of those obtained with betamethasone phosphate, suggesting that very little betamethasone is released from the acetate within the first 8 hours when the effect on lung maturation is needed. Betamethasone led to a maximal increase of mean fetal blood pressure from 42+/-1 to 51+/-1 mm Hg (P < .05) and did not differ between the doses and preparations, although plasma concentrations showed a clear dose-concentration relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The doses of betamethasone used in obstetrics are supramaximal in terms of cardiovascular effects in sheep. Risk-benefit studies are needed to find the effective steroid dose with the least adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. matthias.schwab@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Turhan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coksaygan
authors.forename: Mahesh N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Samtani
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jusko
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Nathanielsz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001623:Betamethasone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity / Q000187:drug effects; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D023421:Models, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012756:Sheep; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; C018230:betamethasone acetate phosphate; C028994:betamethasone sodium phosphate; D001623:Betamethasone