title: Electropolymerization on microelectrodes: functionalization technique for selective protein and DNA conjugation.
abstract: A critical shortcoming of current surface functionalization schemes is their inability to selectively coat patterned substrates at micrometer and nanometer scales. This limitation prevents localized deposition of macromolecules at high densities, thereby restricting the versatility of the surface. A new approach for functionalizing lithographically patterned substrates that eliminates the need for alignment and, thus, is scalable to any dimension is reported. We show, for the first time, that electropolymerization of derivatized phenols can functionalize patterned surfaces with amine, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid groups and demonstrate that these derivatized groups can covalently bind molecular targets, including proteins and DNA. With this approach, electrically conducting and semiconducting materials in any lithographically realizable geometry can be selectively functionalized, allowing for the sequential deposition of a myriad of chemical or biochemical species of interest at high density to a surface with minimal cross-contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208248, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. Eric.Stern@Yale.edu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jay
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boese
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner-Evans
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: LaVan
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malinski
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fahmy
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014439:Tyramine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D005419:Flavonoids; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010636:Phenols; D010648:Phenylacetates; D059808:Polyphenols; D011506:Proteins; D017971:Tin Compounds; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; C008070:4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; C109984:indium tin oxide; D004247:DNA; C011483:4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; D014439:Tyramine