title: Global gene expression during stringent response in Corynebacterium glutamicum in presence and absence of the rel gene encoding (p)ppGpp synthase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stringent response is the initial reaction of microorganisms to nutritional stress. During stringent response the small nucleotides (p)ppGpp act as global regulators and reprogram bacterial transcription. In this work, the genetic network controlled by the stringent response was characterized in the amino acid-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transcriptome of a C. glutamicum rel gene deletion mutant, unable to synthesize (p)ppGpp and to induce the stringent response, was compared with that of its rel-proficient parent strain by microarray analysis. A total of 357 genes were found to be transcribed differentially in the rel-deficient mutant strain. In a second experiment, the stringent response was induced by addition of DL-serine hydroxamate (SHX) in early exponential growth phase. The time point of the maximal effect on transcription was determined by real-time RT-PCR using the histidine and serine biosynthetic genes. Transcription of all of these genes reached a maximum at 10 minutes after SHX addition. Microarray experiments were performed comparing the transcriptomes of SHX-induced cultures of the rel-proficient strain and the rel mutant. The differentially expressed genes were grouped into three classes. Class A comprises genes which are differentially regulated only in the presence of an intact rel gene. This class includes the non-essential sigma factor gene sigB which was upregulated and a large number of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism which were downregulated. Class B comprises genes which were differentially regulated in response to SHX in both strains, independent of the rel gene. A large number of genes encoding ribosomal proteins fall into this class, all being downregulated. Class C comprises genes which were differentially regulated in response to SHX only in the rel mutant. This class includes genes encoding putative stress proteins and global transcriptional regulators that might be responsible for the complex transcriptional patterns detected in the rel mutant when compared directly with its rel-proficient parent strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In C. glutamicum the stringent response enfolds a fast answer to an induced amino acid starvation on the transcriptome level. It also showed some significant differences to the transcriptional reactions occurring in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Notable are the rel-dependent regulation of the nitrogen metabolism genes and the rel-independent regulation of the genes encoding ribosomal proteins.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Genomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany. ogretza@genetik.uni-bielefeld.de
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brockmann-Gretza
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalinowski
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048230:Corynebacterium glutamicum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006158:Guanosine Pentaphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006639:Histidine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D009876:Operon / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012694:Serine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C028002:serine hydroxamate; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate; D006158:Guanosine Pentaphosphate; D012694:Serine; D006639:Histidine; D008025:Ligases; C028812:guanosine 3',5'-polyphosphate synthetases