title: Obese children and adolescents: a risk group for low vitamin B12 concentration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether overweight children and adolescents are at an increased risk for vitamin B(12) deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two pediatric endocrine centers in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred ninety-two children and adolescents were divided into 2 groups as follows: the normal-weight group had body mass indexes, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, under the 95th percentile (<1.645 standard deviation scores; n = 228); the obese group had body mass indexes equal to or above the 95th percentile (>/=1.645 standard deviation scores; n = 164).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured vitamin B(12) concentrations. Low serum B(12) was defined as a B(12) concentration less than 246 pg/mL, and vitamin B(12) deficiency was defined as a concentration below 211 pg/mL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin B(12) concentrations corrected for body mass index standard deviation scores, age, and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median concentration of serum B(12) in normal- weight children was 530 pg/mL and in obese children, 400 pg/mL (P<.001). Low B(12) concentrations were noted in 10.4% of the obese children compared with only 2.2% of the normal weight group (P<.001). Vitamin B(12) deficiency was noted in 12 children, 8 (4.9%) of the obese subjects and 4 (1.8%) of the normal weight group (P = .08). After we adjusted for age and sex, obesity was associated with a 4.3-fold risk for low serum B(12), and each unit increase in body mass index standard deviation score resulted in an increased risk of 1.24 (95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity in children and adolescents was associated with an increased risk of low vitamin B(12) concentration. We recommend that dietary assessment of obese children should include an estimation of vitamin B(12) intake. The possibility of vitamin B(12) deficiency in addition to other micronutrient deficiencies should be considered in obese children.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. orithami@sheba.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pinhas-Hamiel
authors.forename: Noa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doron-Panush
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reichman
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nitzan-Kaluski
authors.forename: Shlomit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shalitin
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geva-Lerner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*