title: Semiparametric approach to characterize unique gene expression trajectories across time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A semiparametric approach was used to identify groups of cDNAs and genes with distinct expression profiles across time and overcome the limitations of clustering to identify groups. The semiparametric approach allows the generalization of mixtures of distributions while making no specific parametric assumptions about the distribution of the hidden heterogeneity of the cDNAs. The semiparametric approach was applied to study gene expression in the brains of Apis mellifera ligustica honey bees raised in two colonies (A. m. mellifera and ligustica) with consistent patterns across five maturation ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The semiparametric approach provided unambiguous criteria to detect groups of genes, trajectories and probability of gene membership to groups. The semiparametric results were cross-validated in both colony data sets. Gene Ontology analysis enhanced by genome annotation helped to confirm the semiparametric results and revealed that most genes with similar or related neurobiological function were assigned to the same group or groups with similar trajectories. Ten groups of genes were identified and nine groups had highly similar trajectories in both data sets. Differences in the trajectory of the reminder group were consistent with reports of accelerated maturation in ligustica colonies compared to mellifera colonies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of microarray technology, genomic information and semiparametric analysis provided insights into the genomic plasticity and gene networks linked to behavioral maturation in the honey bee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. rodrgzzs@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Zas
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Southey
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.forename: Gene E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary