title: Alzheimer's disease and Helicobacter pylori infection: Defective immune regulation and apoptosis as proposed common links.
abstract: Although degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), have an increasingly high impact on aged population their association with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has not as yet been thoroughly researched. Current H. pylori infection appears to induce irregular humoral and cellular immune responses that, owing to the sharing of homologous epitopes (molecular mimicry), cross-react with components of nerves, thereby contributing and possibly perpetuating the apoptotic neural tissue damage observed in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. An association between AD and H. pylori infection has been recently addressed by two studies. A higher seropositivity for anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies in 30 patients with AD than in 30 age-matched controls was reported in one study; this serological test, however, has limitations because it does not discriminate between current and old infections. In the other study, by introducing the histological method (the actual gold standard) for diagnosis of H. pylori infection, we reported a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection in 50 AD patients than in 30 anemic controls. This pathogen may influence the pathophysiology of AD by promoting platelet and platelet-leukocyte aggregation; releasing various pro-inflammatory and vasoactive substances; developing cross-mimicry with host antigens; producing reactive oxygen metabolites and circulating lipid peroxides; influencing the apoptotic process; and increasing, through induction of atrophic gastritis, homocysteine, which contributes to vascular disorders implicated in endothelial damage and neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. jannis@med.auth.gr
authors.forename: Jannis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kountouras
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gavalas
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zavos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stergiopoulos
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chatzopoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapetanakis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gisakis
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G