title: Role of immunostimulatory DNA and TLR9 in gene therapy.
abstract: One of the key issues of DNA-based therapies is the immunostimulatory effect caused by DNA, which it has a significant impact on the consequences of these therapies. This is a result of the recognition by Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9); a pattern recognition receptor for unmethylated CpG motifs within DNA sequences. However, recent studies show that TLR9 can recognize non-CpG motifs and induce cellular activation when DNA is efficiently delivered to TLR9, for example, by cationic lipids. Moreover, recent research shows that TLR9-independent immunoactivation could take place. Here, we have attempted to present an overview of immunoactivation by DNA to optimize DNA-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takakura
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; D004247:DNA