title: An off-seasonal amantadine-resistant H3N2 influenza outbreak in Japan.
abstract: An off-season community influenza outbreak with high prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza A/H3N2 occurred during September-October 2005 in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, prior to standard influenza circulation. A total of 48 patients with influenza-like-illness (ILI) visited a clinic during the outbreak and 27 (69.2%) of 39 ILI patients were positive for influenza A with rapid antigen testing (Quick Vue Rapid SP Influ). Nine patients were not tested because their symptoms were compatible for influenza without examination. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 4 of 27 rapid test positive patients, and influenza H3N2 strain was isolated from one out of four. The 4 nasopharyngeal samples were positive for influenza A M2 gene in polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing results all showed identical mutation at position 31, serine to asparagine (S31N) in the gene, conferring amantadine resistance. The phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences of the 4 samples formed a distinct cluster (named clade N) from recent circulating H3N2 strains, characterized by dual mutations at position 193, serine to phenylalanine (S193F), and at position 225, asparatic acid to asparagine (D225N). Our findings suggested that an off-season community influenza outbreak in Nagasaki was caused by a distinct clade in H3N2 (named clade N), which possessed characteristics of amantadine resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan. jasmine@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Danjuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shimomura
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: Mai Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Hang L K
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Hien T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Tu V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Tien T K
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000547:Amantadine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D053139:Oseltamivir; D010802:Phylogeny; D012621:Seasons; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000547:Amantadine; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D053139:Oseltamivir; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; C488937:M2 protein, Influenza A virus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins