title: Long-term changes of serum chemokine levels in vaccinated military personnel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Members of the United States Armed Forces receive a series of vaccinations during their course of service. To investigate the influence of multiple vaccinations on innate immunity, we measured concentrations of a panel of immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum samples from a group of such individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly increased levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were detected. Since these cytokines are known to have anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, we tested the effect of serum from these individuals on HIV-1 infectivity and susceptibility of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to HIV-1 infection in vitro. Sera from vaccinated military personnel inhibited, and their PBMCs were partially resistant to, infection by HIV-1 strains tropic to CCR5 (R5), but not to CXCR4 (X4), chemokine receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that increased anti-HIV chemokines can be detected in vaccine recipients up to 68 weeks following immunization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. mtmbxb@gwumc.edu
authors.forename: Beda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brichacek
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vanpouille
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pushkarsky
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubrovsky
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bukrinsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000502:physiology; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000502:physiology; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D016209:Interleukin-8; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4