title: Electrocardiographic strain pattern and left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether the typical electrocardiographic (ECG) strain pattern (Strain, in leads V5 and/or V6), which is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and LV systolic dysfunction, is independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study enrolled hypertensive patients with ECG-LVH, of whom 10% underwent Doppler echocardiography. LV diastolic function measures included peak mitral E and A wave velocities and their ratio (E/A); E wave deceleration time (EDT); atrial filling fraction (AFF); and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT). Normal filling pattern was defined by E/A < 1 with EDT >or= 150 and <or= 250 ms and IVRT <or= 100 and >or=60 ms; abnormal relaxation by E/A < 1 with EDT > 250 ms or IVRT > 100 ms; pseudonormal filling pattern by E/A >or= 1 associated with IVRT > 100 ms or EDT > 250 ms; restrictive pattern by E/A >or= 1 with IVRT < 100 ms and EDT < 250 ms. A combined index of LV systolic-diastolic function was also computed (isovolumic time/ejection time, modified myocardial performance index). Of LIFE echo substudy participants with all needed ECG and Doppler data (n = 791), 110 (14%) had Strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strain was associated with male gender, African-American race, diabetes, history of coronary heart disease (CHD), higher systolic blood pressure (BP), LV mass and relative wall thickness, and higher prevalences of echo-LV hypertrophy and wall motion abnormalities, and with slower heart rate (all P < 0.05). Age, diastolic BP and LV ejection fraction were similar in patients with or without Strain. Diastolic parameters, and prevalences of different LV filling patterns, did not differ significantly between patients with versus those without Strain (all P > 0.1), but modified myocardial performance index was higher with Strain (P < 0.05). Findings were consistent in multivariate analyses. The association of Strain with higher modified myocardial performance index was no longer statistically significant after accounting for LV systolic function and wall motion abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hypertensive patients with ECG-LVH, the ECG Strain pattern did not identify independently those with more severe LV diastolic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York , NY 10021, USA. vpalmier@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Okin
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bella
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wachtell
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerdts
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.forename: Markku S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahlöf
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Devereux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*