title: An evaluation of two indirect methods of estimating body weight in Holstein calves and heifers.
abstract: Monitoring the growth of replacement heifers is a useful management tool to assist producers in achieving a reasonable goal for age at first calving. Standard growth curves have been established, and heart girth tapes are widely available to estimate body weight (BW). Probably the easiest, and undoubtedly the most accurate, means of determining the actual BW of heifers is by using a calibrated electronic scale. However, if an electronic scale is not available, indirect methods of BW estimation are required. The hipometer is a new indirect tool that uses the external width between the greater trochanters of the left and right femurs to estimate BW. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the hipometer and the heart girth tape to estimate the BW of Holstein heifers, as compared with their actual weight recorded by an electronic scale. A total of 311 Holstein heifers in 4 research herds, ranging in age from 1 wk old to immediately prior to calving (24 mo), were used in this comparison. The mean BW of all heifers was 261 +/- 124 kg. The Pearson values of the correlation between the scale and hipometer weights, and the scale and tape weights were 0.92 and 0.94, respectively. The concordance correlations of scale weight with hipometer and tape weights were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. The agreement among the 3 methods, as assessed by the kappa statistic, was substantial for heifers aged 3 to 15 mo. However, poor to no agreement was observed in heifers younger than 3 mo, as well as at 15 mo of age or greater (kappa 0 to 0.18). This is of particular concern because these groups represent the age when dairy heifers would be weaned (< 3 mo) and the age when breeding would normally commence (> 15 mo). We concluded that the hipometer is an easy and useful alternative method of estimating the BW of Holstein heifers, particularly in heifers aged 3 to 15 mo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. dingwell@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Dingwell
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leslie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development*; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D013223:Statistics as Topic