title: Interspecific competition between entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema) is modified by their bacterial symbionts (Xenorhabdus).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symbioses between invertebrates and prokaryotes are biological systems of particular interest in order to study the evolution of mutualism. The symbioses between the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema and their bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus are very tractable model systems. Previous studies demonstrated (i) a highly specialized relationship between each strain of nematodes and its naturally associated bacterial strain and (ii) that mutualism plays a role in several important life history traits of each partner such as access to insect host resources, dispersal and protection against various biotic and abiotic factors. The goal of the present study was to address the question of the impact of Xenorhabdus symbionts on the progression and outcome of interspecific competition between individuals belonging to different Steinernema species. For this, we monitored experimental interspecific competition between (i) two nematode species: S. carpocapsae and S. scapterisci and (ii) their respective symbionts: X. nematophila and X. innexi within an experimental insect-host (Galleria mellonella). Three conditions of competition between nematodes were tested: (i) infection of insects with aposymbiotic IJs (i.e. without symbiont) of both species (ii) infection of insects with aposymbiotic IJs of both species in presence of variable proportion of their two Xenorhabdus symbionts and (iii) infection of insects with symbiotic IJs (i.e. naturally associated with their symbionts) of both species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that both the progression and the outcome of interspecific competition between entomopathogenic nematodes were influenced by their bacterial symbionts. Thus, the results obtained with aposymbiotic nematodes were totally opposite to those obtained with symbiotic nematodes. Moreover, the experimental introduction of different ratios of Xenorhabdus symbionts in the insect-host during competition between Steinernema modified the proportion of each species in the adults and in the global offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that Xenorhabdus symbionts modified the competition between their Steinernema associates. This suggests that Xenorhabdus not only provides Steinernema with access to food sources but also furnishes new abilities to deal with biotic parameters such as competitors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, Adaptation UMR 5171 CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon cc, 63, 34095 Montpellier, France. sicard@univ-montp2.fr
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sicard
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hinsinger
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Brun
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pages
authors.forename: Noël
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boemare
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moulia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000382:microbiology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins