title: Foxo transcription factors blunt cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting calcineurin signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cellular hypertrophy requires coordinated regulation of progrowth and antigrowth mechanisms. In cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes, Foxo transcription factors trigger an atrophy-related gene program that counters hypertrophic growth. However, downstream molecular events are not yet well defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report that expression of either Foxo1 or Foxo3 in cardiomyocytes attenuates calcineurin phosphatase activity and inhibits agonist-induced hypertrophic growth. Consistent with these results, Foxo proteins decrease calcineurin phosphatase activity and repress both basal and hypertrophic agonist-induced expression of MCIP1.4, a direct downstream target of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Furthermore, hearts from Foxo3-null mice exhibit increased MCIP1.4 abundance and a hypertrophic phenotype with normal systolic function at baseline. Together, these results suggest that Foxo proteins repress cardiac growth at least in part through inhibition of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Given that hypertrophic growth of the heart occurs in multiple contexts, our findings also suggest that certain hypertrophic signals are capable of overriding the antigrowth program induced by Foxo. Consistent with this, multiple hypertrophic agonists triggered inactivation of Foxo proteins in cardiomyocytes through a mechanism requiring the PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, both Foxo1 and Foxo3 are phosphorylated and consequently inactivated in hearts undergoing hypertrophic growth induced by hemodynamic stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that inhibition of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling cascade by Foxo and release of this repressive action by the PI3K/Akt pathway are important mechanisms whereby Foxo factors govern cell growth in the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
authors.forename: Yan G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Kambeez
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berenji
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Misook
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Nita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sachan
authors.forename: Asim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Guangrong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Diego H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Castrillon
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: Beverly A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rothermel
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000502:physiology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D019703:Calcineurin; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D014157:Transcription Factors; C511512:DSCR1 protein, mouse; C499515:FOXO3 protein, rat; C474033:FoxO3 protein, mouse; C467200:Foxo1 protein, mouse; C548050:RCAN1 protein, rat; C074639:Foxo1 protein, rat; C120817:calcineurin phosphatase