title: Dependence of cardiac 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine retention on norepinephrine transporter density.
abstract: The norepinephrine analog (11)C-meta-hydroxyephedrine (HED) is used with PET to map the regional distribution of cardiac sympathetic neurons. HED is rapidly transported into sympathetic neurons by the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and stored in vesicles. Although much is known about the neuronal mechanisms of HED uptake and retention, there is little information about the functional relationship between HED retention and cardiac sympathetic nerve density. The goal of this study was to characterize the dependence of HED retention on nerve density in rats with graded levels of cardiac denervation induced chemically with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups, and each group was administered a different dose of 6-OHDA: 0 (controls), 7, 11, 15, 22, and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally. One day after 6-OHDA injection, HED (3.7-8.3 MBq) was injected intravenously into each animal and HED concentrations in heart and blood at 30 min after injection were determined. Heart tissues were frozen and later processed by tissue homogenization and differential centrifugation into a membrane preparation for in vitro measurement of cardiac NET density. A saturation binding assay using (3)H-mazindol as the radioligand was used to measure NET density (maximum number of binding sites [B(max)], fmol/mg protein) for each heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control animals, NET B(max) was 388 +/- 23 fmol/mg protein and HED heart uptake (HU) at 30 min was 2.89% +/- 0.35 %ID/g (%ID/g is percentage injected dose per gram tissue). The highest 6-OHDA dose of 100 mg/kg caused severe cardiac denervation, decreasing both NET B(max) and HED HU to 8% of their control values. Comparing values for all doses of 6-OHDA, HED retention had a strong linear correlation with NET density: HU = 0.0077B(max) -0.028, r(2) = 0.95.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HED retention is linearly dependent on NET density in rat hearts that have been chemically denervated with 6-OHDA, suggesting that HED retention is a good surrogate measure of NET density in the rat heart. This finding is discussed in relation to clinical observations of the dependence of HED retention on cardiac nerve density in human subjects using PET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109-0552, USA. raffel@umich.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Raffel
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Phillip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gildersleeve
authors.forename: Yong-Woon
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C493226:Slc6a2 protein, rat; C065363:3-hydroxyephedrine; D004809:Ephedrine