title: Why we still use intravenous drugs as the basic regimen for neurosurgical anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evolution of neurosurgery mainly trends towards minimally invasive and functional procedures including endoscopies, small-size craniotomies, intraoperative imaging and stereotactic interventions. Consequently, new adjustments of anaesthesia should aim at providing brain relaxation, minimal interference with electrophysiological monitoring, rapid recovery, patients' cooperation during surgery and neuroprotection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In brain tumour patients undergoing craniotomy, propofol anaesthesia is associated with lower intracranial pressure and cerebral swelling than volatile anaesthesia. Hyperventilation used to improve brain relaxation may decrease jugular venous oxygen saturation below the critical threshold. It decreases the cerebral perfusion pressure in patients receiving sevoflurane, but not in those receiving propofol. The advantage of propofol over volatile agents has also been confirmed regarding interference with somatosensory, auditory and motor evoked potentials. Excellent and predictable recovery conditions as well as minimal postoperative side-effects make propofol particularly suitable in awake craniotomies. Finally, the potential neuroprotective effect of this drug could be mediated by its antioxidant properties which can play a role in apoptosis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and inflammatory-induced neuronal damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although all the objectives of neurosurgical anaesthesia cannot be met by one single anaesthetic agent or technique, propofol-based intravenous anaesthesia appears as the first choice to challenge the evolution of neurosurgery in the third millennium.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, CHR de la Citadelle, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium. pol.hans@chu.ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Pol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hans
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonhomme
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D003399:Craniotomy; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D015742:Propofol