title: Sexual orientation, gender, and alcohol use in a cohort study of U.S. adolescent girls and boys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sexual minority youth may be at elevated risk for alcohol use relative to heterosexual youth, but the reasons underlying higher rates and whether there may be gender differences in risk are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey data from 9731 early and middle adolescent girls and boys in the Growing Up Today Study in 1999 were examined to assess sexual orientation and gender patterns in alcohol use. Multivariable regression models estimated associations between sexual orientation and alcohol-related behaviors, such as binge drinking and drinking before age 12 years. Models controlled for sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, with heterosexuals as the reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls who described themselves as "mostly heterosexual" and lesbian/bisexual girls were at elevated risk compared to heterosexual girls on almost all alcohol-related behaviors and exposures. "Mostly heterosexual" boys were also at elevated risk. No significant differences in alcohol-related behaviors were observed between gay/bisexual and heterosexual boys. Gender-by-sexual orientation interactions were statistically significant for LGB but not other orientations, indicating that lesbian/bisexual girls experienced elevated risk above and beyond that of gay/bisexual boys relative to same-gender heterosexual peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early and middle adolescence, sexual minority girls and "mostly heterosexual" boys experienced consistent patterns of elevated risk for alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Najat J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ziyadeh
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.forename: Laurie B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: S Bryn
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology