title: The effect of long-term swimming program on body composition, aerobic capacity and blood lipids in 14-19-year aged healthy girls and girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of long-term swimming program on body composition, aerobic capacity, and blood lipid/cholesterol level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen girls aged 14-19 years with duration of diabetes of 8.1+/-0.9 years and 28 healthy girls aged 14-19 years participated in the study. Before and after 14-week swimming program, weight, height, and four skinfold thickness were measured, body mass index (kg/m(2)) and body fat mass (%) were calculated, blood lipid levels (total cholesterol, high-density/low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride) were estimated. Aerobic capacity was assessed by Ruffie test. Training sessions (each lasted for 45 min) were held twice per week for 14 weeks. A total of 28 trainings were performed in the swimming pool. Workload intensity was corrected by pulse measurement before and after every session in the water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 14-week swimming program, body mass index did not change, but body fat mass decreased significantly in healthy (27.2+/-1.0 vs. 25.5+/-0.8%, p<0.001) and diabetics (34.8+/-1.2 vs. 32.1+/-1.2%, p<0.001) subjects. Both groups improved their aerobic capacity (p<0.01 in healthy and p<0.05 in diabetics). No significant changes in blood lipid profile were found in all subjects, only high-density lipoprotein concentration significantly increased in healthy girls (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term swimming program improved aerobic capacity, reduced body fat mass in all participants, and reduced high-density lipoprotein levels only in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Health Education, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Lithuania. s.sideraviciute@lkka.lt
authors.forename: Sandrija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sideraviciūte
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gailiūniene
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Visagurskiene
authors.forename: Daiva
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vizbaraite
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D013550:Swimming; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol