title: Demographic risk factors and incidence of Salmonella enteritidis infection in Michigan.
abstract: Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne disease worldwide. In the United States, this serotype has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality accounting for about 17% of all human Salmonella infections. Data on risk factors associated with serotype-specific Salmonella infections have not been reported in Michigan before. We carried out this study using surveillance data to identify high-risk groups and regions for S. Enteritidis infection in Michigan. Results of this study may be used to develop better control and prevention measures against this common foodborne pathogen. We analyzed data on Salmonella infections collected by the Michigan Department of Community Health's surveillance system (1995-2001). We computed age, gender, and place of residence-specific incidences of S. Enteritidis infection in Michigan using population-based denominators. We used Poisson regression analysis to study the associations between S. Enteritidis infection and certain predictor demographic variables, while controlling for confounders and covariates. We found an overall 1.87/100,000 average annual S. Enteritidis incidence with 1.91/100,000 in females and 1.81/100,000 in males. A higher incidence of S. Enteritidis infection was associated with Michigan children<5 years old when compared with average national estimates (p<0.01). The final adjusted Poisson model revealed that children<1 year of age [RR: 9.75, CI: 7.99-11.90] and children 1-4 years of age [RR: 3.37, CI: 2.83-4.02] are at higher risk for S. Enteritidis infection compared to adults aged 15-39 years. No significant differences in incidence of S. Enteritidis infections were found between urban and rural dwellers or between genders (p>0.05). The incidence rate of S. Enteritidis infection in the Michigan pediatric population (<5 years) was found to be significantly higher than average national estimates, meriting immediate public health attention. Risk factors for S. Enteritidis infection in Michigan children should be identified in order to devise effective control and prevention measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younus
authors.forename: Melinda J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: M Mokhtar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.forename: M Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rahbar
authors.forename: A Mahdi
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012621:Seasons; D012703:Serotyping