title: Impact of H2O2 and (bi)carbonate alkalinity on ammonia's inhibition of bromate formation.
abstract: Ammonia can be used to minimize bromate concentrations by blocking two of three potential bromate formation pathways. It was theorized that (bi)carbonate alkalinity in the presence of ammonia would inhibit bromate formation since the pathway that ammonia does not block requires hydroxyl radicals (OH()), and (bi)carbonate alkalinity is an OH() scavenger. Experiments where (bi)carbonate alkalinity was increased from 50 to 119 mg/L (as CaCO(3)) in the presence of excess ammonia resulted in up to 50% reduction in bromate formation, providing evidence in support of the theory. While OH() is scavenged by (bi)carbonate alkalinity, it is promoted by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). When ozone reacts with natural organic matter the H(2)O(2) that is formed may therefore render ammonia less effective. Experiments conducted in this study demonstrated this principle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 1A4. hofmann@ecf.utoronto.ca <hofmann@ecf.utoronto.ca>
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D001959:Bromates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001959:Bromates; D002254:Carbonates; D010126:Ozone; D000641:Ammonia; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide