title: Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in systolic heart failure patients with chronic kidney disease: a propensity score analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in systolic heart failure (SHF) and is associated with poor outcomes. It is also associated with underuse of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, yet the effect of these drugs in these (SHF-CKD) patients has not been well studied. The objective of this analysis was to determine if ACE inhibitor use was associated with reduction in mortality and hospitalization in SHF-CKD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 6800 SHF patients (ejection fraction < or = 45%) in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial, 1707 had CKD (serum creatinine 1.3-2.5 mg/dL for women and 1.5-2.5 mg/dL for men). Propensity scores for ACE inhibitor use were calculated for each of the 1707 patients and were used to match 104 of the 127 no-ACE inhibitor patients with 104 ACE inhibitor patients. We estimated the effect of ACE inhibitor use on outcomes at 2 years using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses. Overall, 35% of patients died and 67% were hospitalized. Compared with 30% of ACE inhibitor patients, 39% of no-ACE inhibitor patients died (adjusted HR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.35-0.96; P = .034). Compared with 64% of ACE inhibitor patients, 69% of no-ACE inhibitor patients had hospitalizations from all causes (adjusted HR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.48-0.98; P = .040).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed an association between use of ACE inhibitor and reductions in mortality and hospitalization in ambulatory chronic SHF patients with mild to moderate CKD. However, the results of this observational study should be interpreted with caution, and need to be replicated in larger and more recent databases, and confirmed prospectively in well-designed follow-up studies and/or randomized clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2041, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain