title: Artefactual contraction band necrosis of the myocardium in fatal air crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of conditions associated with possible medical incapacitation is a crucial component of the aviation autopsy. Acute myocardial ischemia is notoriously difficult to diagnose at autopsy, although various pathological markers may strongly support a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction occurring just prior to the crash.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Contraction band necrosis may not be a reliable indicator of acute myocardial ischemia in aircraft crashes because of the forces on myocardial tissue sustained in the crash.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microscopic examination of the myocardium of fatal air crash occupants was compared with a control group of suicidal hanging deaths. This study examined 80 air crash fatalities and 44 age and sex matched suicidal ligature hanging controls. We assessed both the presence and extent of contraction band necrosis type lesions in both groups and scored the lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contraction band lesions were seen in the left ventricular myocardium of all study groups. There was no significant difference between the contraction band score for crash victim deaths and hanging deaths. However, widespread contraction banding was significantly more common in air crash victims (p = 0.032). There was no significant difference between contraction banding in victims of impacts without a post-crash fire compared with those in crashes with a post-crash fire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contraction band necrosis-like lesions in isolation should not be considered as evidence of acute myocardial ischemia in cases of massive trauma. Severe trauma, possibly as a result of sudden stretching of the cardiac myocytes, may cause a microscopic lesion which is indistinguishable from contraction band necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of New South Wales, 42-50 Parramatta Rd., Glebe NSW 2037, Australia. duflouj@email.cs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duflou
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nickols
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sage
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000032:analysis; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000032:analysis; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000032:analysis; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000473:pathology; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000032:analysis; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D002186:Cannabinoids; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000431:Ethanol; D008694:Methamphetamine; D004809:Ephedrine