title: Depressive symptomatology among HIV-positive women in the era of HAART: a stress and coping model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An enhanced stress and coping model was used to explain depression among HIV-positive women in healthcare and community settings where highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) was commonplace.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected women in four cities (N=978) were assessed, cross-sectionally, for mental and physical health, stress, social support, and other background factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported level of depressive symptomatology was high. Number of physical symptoms, illness intrusiveness, and perceived stress were positively associated with depressed mood, while coping self-efficacy and social support were negatively associated. Stress mediated the effect of health status on depression and coping self-efficacy mediated the effect of psychosocial resources on depression. Our enhanced stress and coping model accounted for 52% of variance in depressive symtpomatology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions focused on improving coping self-efficacy, bolstering social supports, and decreasing stress in the lives of HIV-positive women may help to reduce the negative effects of HIV disease on mood.
authors.affiliation: HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY 10032, USA. rhr1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Remien
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Exner
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kertzner
authors.forename: Anke A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ehrhardt
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rotheram-Borus
authors.forename: Mallory O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lance S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Weinhardt
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kittel
authors.forename: Rise B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Rogério M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chesney
authors.forename: Marguerita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gore-Felton
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dodge
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology