title: Pitching biomechanics as a pitcher approaches muscular fatigue during a simulated baseball game.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of approaching muscular fatigue on pitching biomechanics are currently unknown. As a pitcher fatigues, pitching mechanics may change, leading to a decrease in performance and an increased risk of injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As a pitcher approaches muscular fatigue, select pitching biomechanical variables will be significantly different than they were before muscular fatigue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten collegiate baseball pitchers threw 15 pitches per inning for 7 to 9 innings off an indoor throwing mound during a simulated baseball game. A pitching session ended when each pitcher felt he could no longer continue owing to a subjective perception of muscular fatigue. A 6-camera 3D automatic digitizing system collected 200-Hz video data. Twenty kinematic and 11 kinetic variables were calculated throughout 4 phases of the pitch. A repeated-measure analysis of variance (P < .01) was used to compare biomechanical variables between innings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the initial 2 innings, as a pitcher approached muscular fatigue during the final 2 innings he was able to pitch, there was a significant decrease in ball velocity, and the trunk was significantly closer to a vertical position. There were no other significant differences in kinematics or kinetics variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively few differences observed imply that pitching biomechanics remained remarkably similar between collegiate starting pitchers who threw between 105 and 135 pitches for 7 to 9 innings and approached muscular fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not support the idea that there is an increase in shoulder and elbow forces and torques as muscular fatigue is approached. It is possible that if a pitcher remained in a fatigued state for a longer period of time, additional changes in pitching mechanics may occur and the risk of injury may increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819-6020, USA. rescamil@csus.edu
authors.forename: Rafael F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Escamilla
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Barrentine
authors.forename: Glenn S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fleisig
authors.forename: Naiquan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque; D014741:Video Recording