title: Cyclin D1 overexpression and response to bortezomib treatment in a breast cancer model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclin D1 is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer, and its overexpression is, surprisingly, associated with improved survival. One potential mechanism for this association involves signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclin D1 and STAT3 expression were assessed in human tumors using microarray analysis and in breast cancer cell lines HBL100, T47D, MCF7, MDA-MB-453, and BT20 and in HBL100 and T47D cells stably overexpressing cyclin D1 using immunoblot analysis. Cyclin D1 protein was stabilized by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and the effects on STAT3 expression in vitro was determined by using immunoblotting and on xenograft tumor growth and apoptosis in vivo was determined by using terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling assays. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumors with high cyclin D1 expression (n = 17) had low STAT3 expression (mean = 274 arbitrary units), and those with low cyclin D1 expression (n = 31) had high STAT3 expression (mean = 882 arbitrary units) (P<.001). In HBL100 and T47D parental and cyclin D1-overexpressing cells, cyclin D1 overexpression was also inversely associated with STAT3 expression, and cyclin D1 directly reduced the expression of STAT3. Stabilization of cyclin D1 protein by bortezomib treatment further amplified the cyclin D1-dependent repression of STAT3 in vitro and slowed tumor growth in vivo (week 7: untreated mean = 185.7 mm3 versus treated mean = 136.2 mm3, difference = 49.5 mm3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 18 to 81 mm3, P = .007; week 8: untreated mean = 240.2 mm3 versus treated mean = 157.3 mm3, difference = 82.9 mm3, 95% CI = 9.1 to 156.7 mm3, P = .0014; and week 9: untreated mean = 256.4 mm3 versus treated mean = 170.2 mm3, difference = 86.2 mm3, 95% CI = 22.8 to 149.6 mm3, P = .006) and increased apoptosis (untreated mean = 19% versus treated mean = 54%, difference = 35%, 95% CI = 24.7% to 45.4%; P = .013) of xenograft tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclin D1 repression of STAT3 expression may explain the association between cyclin D1 overexpression and improved outcome in breast cancer. In addition, bortezomib can amplify the proapoptotic function of cyclin D1, raising the possibility that cyclin D1 levels may be a marker for predicting the response to this novel drug.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirkmaier
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keselman
authors.forename: Diomedes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Logothetis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandeli
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waxman
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Germain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000187:drug effects; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001897:Boronic Acids; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019938:Cyclin D1; D000069286:Bortezomib; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D002118:Calcium