Neurobiology of depression in children and adolescents.
This article reviews classical and updated studies of the neurobiology of depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Most studies of childhood and adolescent depression and suicide have followed up the observations and methods used in studies in adults. These studies include neuroendocrine studies, which particularly look at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the serotonergic system, peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid biologic markers, genetics, gene-environment interactions and sleep studies, and neuroimaging and postmortem studies, although in these areas the number of studies is limited.
Zalsman
Gil
G
Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. zalsman@post.tau.ac.il
Oquendo
Maria A
MA
Greenhill
Larry
L
Goldberg
Pablo H
PH
Kamali
Masoud
M
Martin
Andrés
A
Mann
J John
JJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology
D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone