title: Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient and low-density-lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice with annexin A5.
abstract: Transgenic mice such as apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) and low-density-lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice exhibit hypercholesterolemia and develop complex atherosclerotic lesions similar to those seen in humans. Radiolabeled annexin A5 has been successfully used to noninvasively image experimental and clinical atherosclerotic disease. We evaluated the feasibility of annexin A5 imaging in transgenic apoE(-/-) and LDLR(-/-) mice with or without a cholesterol diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three mice (mean age, 62 +/- 0.9 wk old) were used. Of these 33 mice, apoE(-/-) mice with the cholesterol diet for 4 mo (n = 5) and without the cholesterol diet (n = 8) and LDLR(-/-) mice with the cholesterol diet for 6 mo (n = 7) and without the cholesterol diet (n = 7) were compared with 6 normal wild-type (C57BL/6) mice with the same genetic background. (99m)Tc-annexin A5 was injected in 31 animals for noninvasive imaging using micro-SPECT/CT. After in vivo micro-SPECT/CT, aortas were explanted to acquire ex vivo images and calculate the percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) annexin uptake, followed by histologic and immunohistochemical characterization. For the evaluation of precise target localization, biotinylated annexin A5 was injected in the remaining 2 normally fed apoE(-/-) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortic lesions were clearly visualized noninvasively by micro-SPECT and aorta calcification was detectable by micro-CT. The quantitative uptake of annexin A5 was highest in the cholesterol-fed apoE(-/-) (0.88 +/- 0.27 %ID/g) mice, followed by the normal chow-fed apoE(-/-) (0.60 +/- 0.16 %ID/g), the cholesterol-fed LDLR(-/-) (0.59 +/- 0.14 %ID/g), the chow-fed LDLR(-/-) (0.40 +/- 0.31 %ID/g), and the control (0.15 +/- 0.05 %ID/g) mice. The histologic extent of atherosclerosis paralleled radiotracer uptake, and immunohistochemical studies revealed a significant correlation between radiotracer uptake and both macrophage infiltration and the extent of apoptosis. Intravenously injected biotinylated annexin A5 localized in apoptotic and nonapoptotic macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the feasibility of noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis with radiolabeled annexin A5 in transgenic mouse models of human atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsimikas
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarai
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Branks
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.forename: Chris P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Reutelingsperger
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murohara
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virmani
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Kolodgie
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narula
authors.forename: Artiom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.forename: Jagat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011973:Receptors, LDL; C417036:technetium Tc 99m annexin V