title: High-Dose celecoxib and metronomic "low-dose" cyclophosphamide is an effective and safe therapy in patients with relapsed and refractory aggressive histology non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis is increased in aggressive histology non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and may be a target with selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and metronomic chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed response, toxicity, and biomarkers of angiogenesis to low-dose cyclophosphamide (50 mg p.o. o.d.) and high-dose celecoxib (400 mg p.o. b.i.d.) in adult patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a multicenter phase II prospective study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two of 35 patients (median age, 62 years) are evaluable for response. Patients had primarily relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (63%) were heavily pretreated (median of three regimens) and high risk (79% international prognostic index, >or=2) and 34% were relapsed after autologous stem cell transplant. With a median follow-up of 8.4 months, the overall best response rate is 37% (2 complete clinical response/complete clinical response unconfirmed and 9 partial response), with 22% achieving stable disease. Median overall and progression-free survivals are 14.4 and 4.7 months, respectively. The median response duration was 8.2 months. The most common toxicity was skin rash (40%); myelosuppression and gastrointestinal side effects were uncommon. Three patients developed deep vein thromboses and two heavily pretreated patients developed treatment-related acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplasia after 3.7 and 12 months of therapy. Circulating endothelial cells and their precursors declined and remained low in responders, whereas plasma vascular endothelial growth factor trended to decline in responding patients but increase in nonresponders. Trough celecoxib levels achieved targeted "antiangiogenic" levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose cyclophosphamide and high-dose celecoxib is well tolerated and active in pretreated aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Close surveillance for arterial and venous thrombotic events is recommended. The decline in circulating endothelial cells and their precursors suggests that this combination may be working by inhibiting angiogenesis but should be validated in a larger patient sample.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook and Women's College, Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario, Canada. rena.buckstein@sw.ca
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buckstein
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kerbel
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shaked
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nayar
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foden
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Christine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baruchel
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stempak
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crump
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000068579:Celecoxib; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000068579:Celecoxib