title: Reliability and validity of pressure ulcer diagnosis and grading: an image-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reliability and validity of pressure ulcer diagnosis and grading are major methodological issues in studies and reports on pressure ulcer frequency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to estimate the reliability and validity of pressure ulcer diagnosis and grading within the interdisciplinary pressure ulcer project of the University Clinics of Essen, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty images of wounds from the foot/heel region and 50 images of wounds from the buttock/hip region were classified using a 4-grade scale. A gold standard was established by consensus of two senior physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The images were assessed PC-based, independently by each rater.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five nursing experts and two physicians participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean simple Kappa and per cent agreement were calculated to assess reliability and validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean simple Kappa values showed a moderate interrater agreement for grading and a fair interrater agreement for diagnosis. The percentage of agreements was highest for pressure ulcer diagnosis in the buttock/hip region with 90.5% and lowest for pressure ulcer grading in the buttock/hip region with 63.5%. No differences could be found between nurses and physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differentiation between pressure ulcers and other skin lesions is rather difficult. It is important to assign the lower grade when the available information does not definitely support the higher grade. The level of agreement found was intermediate in the range of published results. A substantial level of agreement should be obtainable through further standardisation and training. Future studies should control for dependency in the assessment situation and dispense with the category "uncertain".
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany. stausberg@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stausberg
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niebel
mesh_terms: D002081:Buttocks; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010781:Photography; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000451:nursing / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis