title: Beneficial effects of ondansetron as an adjunct to haloperidol for chronic, treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that the serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist ondansetron possesses the therapeutic potential for schizophrenia. This study was designed to determine whether ondansetron as an adjunct to haloperidol could enhance the clinical efficacy and reduce the adverse side effects in chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under double-blind, randomized conditions, 121 treatment-resistant inpatients with chronic DSM-IV-diagnosed schizophrenia received haloperidol (4-30 mg/day) combined with either placebo (N=63) or a fixed dose of 8 mg/day of ondansetron (N=58) for 12 weeks. Efficacy was defined as the change from baseline to endpoint in score on overall scale and subscales of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S). Side effects were evaluated using the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ondansetron combined with haloperidol produced a significantly greater improvement on PANSS overall scale and subscales for negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and cognition at endpoint compared to placebo with haloperidol, but no between-treatment group difference was observed on the subscale for positive symptoms and CGI-S. The ondansetron-treated group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with a 30% or greater baseline-to-endpoint reduction in PANSS total score than placebo. Patients in adjunctive ondansetron therapy also experienced significantly lower incidence and severity of parkinsonism and akathisia as well as fewer behavioral hyperactivity, cardiac, and gastrointestinal side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ondansetron is an effective adjunctive agent in enhancing the effectiveness and reducing some adverse side effects of antipsychotic therapy for chronic, treatment-resistant schizophrenia, particularly for negative and cognitive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shannxi 710061, China. zhangz68@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zhang-Jin
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wan-Hu
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xue-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shao-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Ai-Qun
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017294:Ondansetron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017294:Ondansetron; D006220:Haloperidol