title: Progressive increase in conduction velocity across human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated by enhanced electrical coupling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate the development of electrical transmission across human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during long-term co-incubation with cardiomyocytes (CMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rat CMCs were cultured in multi-electrode array dishes. A conduction block was induced by creating a central acellular channel, yielding two asynchronously beating CMC fields. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled hMSCs from ischemic heart disease patients (n=8), eGFP-labeled hMSCs having RNA interference-mediated connexin43 (Cx43) knockdown (n=6), 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (Dil)-labeled CMCs (n=6), or no cells (n=9) were seeded in the channel. Assessment of conduction velocity (CV), Cx expression and localization, gap junctional coupling, and intracellular electrical recordings were performed for up to 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resynchronization of the two CMC fields occurred within 24 h after seeding of hMSCs. CV across hMSCs increased from 1.4+/-0.4 cm/s at day 7 to 3.5+/-0.1 cm/s (p<0.05) at day 14. CV across seeded CMCs was 16.8+/-0.2 cm/s throughout this period. No resynchronization occurred in the absence of seeded cells. Knockdown of Cx43 in hMSCs abolished conduction across the channel completely. Time-dependent increase of CV across hMSCs was associated with increased Cx43 mRNA and protein expression resulting in increased gap junctional coupling. Intracellular recordings in coupled hMSCs showed increased conducted action potential (AP) amplitude, lower resting membrane potential, and decreased duration of conducted AP (p<0.05, day 14 versus day 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CV across hMSCs increases progressively after 7 days of co-incubation with CMCs, most likely via improved electrotonic interaction. This is associated with increased Cx43 expression, increased functional gap junctional coupling, and enhanced intercellular electrical coupling between hMSCs and CMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniël A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pijnappels
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Tuyn
authors.forename: Dirk L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ypey
authors.forename: Antoine A F
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Ernst E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: van der Wall
authors.forename: Arnoud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Laarse
authors.forename: Douwe E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Atsma
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002229:Carbenoxolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006327:Heart Block / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D004232:Diuretics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D002229:Carbenoxolone