title: The influence of cardiovascular and antiinflammatory drugs on thiazide-induced hemodynamic and saluretic effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thiazide diuretics are known to induce a transient fall of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which, in turn, reduces tubular Na(+) load. This tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) curtails the natriuretic effect of this class of diuretics. Cardiovascular and antiinflammatory therapeutics may interfere with TGF and thereby influence the effect of thiazides once co-administration is clinically indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects on GFR and saluresis of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT; 25 mg) monotherapy were measured in healthy volunteers and compared to those obtained during co-administration of the thiazide and a second therapeutic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of the ACE inhibitor enalapril (10 mg), the transient fall in the GFR induced by HCT was almost abolished, and Na(+) excretion increased by approximately 30 % as compared to HCT monotherapy. K(+) excretion, however, remained unchanged. Similar results were obtained with the AT II type 1 receptor antagonist candesartan (8 mg): GFR remained stable, Na(+) excretion rose by 35 % and K(+) excretion was not changed. The effect of the Ca(2+) channel blocker amlodipine (5 mg) on GFR and HCT-induced Na(+) excretion equalled that obtained with the AT(1) blocker, yet with this treatment K(+) excretion rose in proportion to Na(+) excretion. The beta-blockers propranolol (80 mg) or bisoprolol (5 mg) reduced GFR but maintained TGF. HCT-induced Na(+) excretion was significantly reduced in the presence of a beta-blocker, whereas K(+) excretion was not changed. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase by diclofenac (50 mg) or rofecoxib (25 mg) significantly reduced the diuretic/natriuretic effect of HCT, but K(+) excretion was unchanged, and TGF was still demonstrable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, AT(1) receptors, as well as the Ca(2+) channels in the smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole, are considered prerequisites for TGF function; their blockade increases the diuretic/natriuretic efficacy of thiazide diuretics. In contrast, beta-blockers and COX inhibitors do not interfere directly with TGF. These first dose effects reflect the primary response of the kidney to the drugs. They cannot, however, predict the benefits of long-term treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 1, St. Berward-Krankenhaus, Hildesheim, Germany. heinrich.knauf@T-online.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knauf
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasenfuss
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mutschler
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000652:urine*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics; D004573:Electrolytes; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D011188:Potassium