title: Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: immediate and midterm results of an international registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the immediate and midterm results of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (PmVSD) using the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder (AMVSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 2002 and August 2004, 100 patients underwent an attempt of percutaneous device closure of PmVSD using the AMVSD in 24 international centers. The median age was 9.0 years (0.7-58 years) and the median weight was 27.5 kg (7-121 kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A device was successfully deployed in 93/100 (93%) patients. Reasons for procedural failure were an increased gradient across the left ventricle outflow tract in one patient, aortic regurgitation in 2 patients, and inability to securely position the device in 4 patients. The median VSD size by TEE was 7.0 mm (1.5-13 mm), median device size 10 mm (4-16 mm) and median fluoroscopy time 22.1 min (8.9-96.0 min). Weight below 10 kg (P = 0.0392), inlet extension of the VSD (P = 0.0139) and aortic cusp prolapse into the VSD (P = 0.0084) were significantly associated with a lower procedural success. Patients have been followed up for a median of 182 days (1-763 days). There were no procedure-related deaths. Complications were encountered in 29/100 (29%) patients, including rhythm or conduction anomalies in 13 patients (two with complete heart block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation), new or increased aortic (9 patients) or tricuspid (9 patients) regurgitation, most of which were classified as trivial or mild. Patients with a weight below 10 kg had a significantly higher incidence of adverse events than patients with a weight above 10 kg (58.3% versus 25.0%, P = 0.0285). Immediately after device release complete closure of the defect was present in 54/93 (58.1%) patients, increasing to 46/55 (83.6%) patients at 6-months follow-up (P = 0.0012). Left ventricle end-diastolic diameter decreased from a median of 44 mm prior to device closure to a median of 39 mm at 6-months postprocedure (P = 0.0015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closure of PmVSDs using the AMVSD occluder is safe and effective. However, longer follow-up period is warranted prior to the wide spread use of this device.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Giovanni
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tometzki
authors.forename: Th
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Fakhri
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zabal
authors.forename: Jose Suarez
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: de Lezo
authors.forename: Qi-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Ziyad M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hijazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome