title: p21WAF1/CIP1 and 14-3-3 sigma gene expression in degenerated aortic valves: a link between cell cycle checkpoints and calcification.
abstract: The mechanisms underlying aortic valve degeneration are largely unknown. Cardiac tissue responds to a variety of stimuli by hypertrophic growth. Molecular mechanisms resulting in the hypertrophic response indicate similarity and overlap with those involved in both cell growth and death. We hypothesized cell cycle control to be the key event in progression regulation of heart valve degeneration followed by tissue mineralization. Human post-operative tissue samples of native non-rheumatic stenosed aortic valves were categorized according to absence (group 1) or presence of calcification (group 2). The samples were ex vivo examined for cell density and presence of macrophage (CD68), as well as expression of two checkpoint genes, p21WAF1/CIP1 and 14-3-3 sigma, arresting the G1 and G2 cell cycle phases, respectively. Expression rates were measured by "Real-Time"-PCR on transcriptional level. Target protein expression was measured and their co-localization in different kinds of valvular cells was tested using immunohistochemical analysis. Whereas macrophages were localized predominantly in sub-endothelial layer of valvular fibrosis, p21WAF1/CIP1 and 14-3-3 sigma expression was observed also in the valvular spongiosa co-localized with alpha-actin positive cells. Significantly higher cell density and inflammation grade were observed in group 2 versus group 1. Accordingly, p21WAF1/CIP1 and 14-3-3 sigma expression was several fold higher in group 1 versus group 2 on both transcription and translation levels. The present findings on degenerated aortic valves show that increased cell density accompanied with consequent calcification might be attributed to the down-regulation of both G1 and G2 checkpoint genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Golubnitschaja
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yeghiazaryan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skowasch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauriedel
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005092:Exonucleases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005095:Exoribonucleases; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D005092:Exonucleases; D005095:Exoribonucleases; C413442:SFN protein, human