title: Agglomerate strength and dispersion of salmeterol xinafoate from powder mixtures for inhalation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigated the role of agglomeration and the effect of fine lactose size on the dispersion of salmeterol xinafoate (SX) from SX-lactose mixtures for inhalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Particle size distributions were characterised by Malvern Mastersizer S, Aerosizer and Spraytec, and imaging conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Inter-particulate adhesion was quantified by atomic force microscopy. Deposition of SX was measured using a twin stage impinger. SX was analysed using validated high-performance liquid chromatography method (r(2)=1.0, CV=0.4-1.0%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of fine lactose with a volume median diameter (VMD) of 7.9 microm to a SX-lactose carrier and carrier-free mixture resulted in significantly better dispersion (16.8% for 20% added fine lactose) than fractions with VMD of 3.0, 17.7 and 33.3 microm (less than 9.1% for 20% fine lactose). Using the carrier-free mixtures, particle sizing of the aerosol cloud using the Spraytec, coupled with the application of the Aerosizer using differing dispersion energies and SEMs of the samples, indicated that an open packed, agglomerate structure improved SX dispersion. The highest extent of SX dispersion occurred when SX and fine lactose were detached from the surface, usually in the form of loose agglomerates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes of this research demonstrated how agglomerate structure influenced dispersion and the key role of fine lactose particle size in SX dispersion from mixtures for inhalation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Handoko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adi
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Traini
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011208:Powders; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D007785:Lactose; D000420:Albuterol