title: Interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence of an interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) producing an increased risk for gastrointestinal adverse outcomes such as bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE for English-language literature published between 1966 and August 2005. All studies examining gastrointestinal adverse effects from an SSRI-NSAID combination were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four retrospective studies examined gastrointestinal adverse outcomes from the combination of SSRIs and NSAIDs. The risk ratio for an upper gastrointestinal bleed from this drug combination (compared with not receiving either agent) ranged from 3.3-15.6, and the risk ratio for gastrointestinal adverse effects was 12.4. Two studies found that the risk for an upper gastrointestinal bleed from the drug combination exceeded the additive risk of the agents alone. The risk ratio for an upper gastrointestinal bleed from an SSRI-aspirin interaction was 1.9-7.2. In addition, the number needed to harm in terms of an upper gastrointestinal bleed from an SSRI-NSAID combination ranged from 62-75 patient-years, and the number needed to harm for gastrointestinal adverse effects was 2 patient-years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concurrent use of an SSRI and NSAID increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse outcomes such as bleeding. Clinicians must take care to avoid these negative outcomes by altering NSAID or SSRI therapy, or by providing ulcer-protective drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007-0099, USA.
authors.forename: Jane R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mort
authors.forename: Rajender R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Aparasu
authors.forename: Rebecca K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Baer
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors