title: Ultralight aviation accident factors and latent failures: a 66-case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little research has been done on ultralight aviation accidents. A better understanding of accident factors allows for better development of preventive measures. This study analyzes ultralight accidents with respect to significant factors related to active and latent failures, as referred to in Reason's Swiss cheese model of human error.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 66 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) ultralight accident reports that were examined from 1985-2004. Contextual information about active and latent failures was identified, compiled, and cross-referenced with pilot, aircraft, and accident information for evidence of significant relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pilots with less than 40 make/model-specific flying hours were significantly more likely to crash fatally (chi2 = 9.07; p < 0.005; df=1) than other pilots and/or because of losing control (chi2 = 7.24; p < 0.05; df=1) than other accident causes. In contrast, pilots with 40 or more make/model-specific flying hours were significantly more likely to crash as a result of engine failure (chi2 = 9.33; p < 0.005; df = 1). Loss of control as an active failure was usually associated with such latent failures as strong winds and insufficient mission planning, while the engine failure accidents involved inadequate maintenance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to reduce accident prevalence, ultralight self-regulation organizations should focus on training in mission planning, aircraft familiarity, and proper maintenance procedures. Further research should concentrate on explaining the prevalence of the active and latent failures shown here and determining the effects of the FAA's new light sport aircraft category.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands. brianpagan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pagán
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: De Voogt
authors.forename: Robert R A
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Van Doorn
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000401:Aircraft; D001359:Aviation / Q000193:education; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D014919:Wind