title: Decompression sickness following breath-hold diving.
abstract: Despite convincing evidence of a relationship between breath-hold diving and decompression sickness (DCS), the causal connection is only slowly being accepted. Only the more recent textbooks have acknowledged the risks of repetitive breath-hold diving. We compare four groups of breath-hold divers: (1) Japanese and Korean amas and other divers from the Pacific area, (2) instructors at naval training facilities, (3) spear fishers, and (4) free-dive athletes. While the number of amas is likely decreasing, and Scandinavian Navy training facilities recorded only a few accidents, the number of spear fishers suffering accidents is on the rise, in particular during championships or using scooters. Finally, national and international associations (e.g., International Association of Free Drives [IAFD] or Association Internationale pour Le Developpment De L'Apnee [AIDA]) promote free-diving championships including deep diving categories such as constant weight, variable weight, and no limit. A number of free-diving athletes, training for or participating in competitions, are increasingly accident prone as the world record is presently set at a depth of 171 m. This review presents data found after searching Medline and ISI Web of Science and using appropriate Internet search engines (e.g., Google). We report some 90 cases in which DCS occurred after repetitive breath-hold dives. Even today, the risk of suffering from DCS after repetitive breath-hold diving is often not acknowledged. We strongly suggest that breath-hold divers and their advisors and physicians be made aware of the possibility of DCS and of the appropriate therapeutic measures to be taken when DCS is suspected. Because the risk of suffering from DCS increases depending on depth, bottom time, rate of ascent, and duration of surface intervals, some approaches to assess the risks are presented. Regrettably, none of these approaches is widely accepted. We propose therefore the development of easily manageable algorithms for the prevention of those avoidable accidents.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany. schipke@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schipke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gams
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kallweit
mesh_terms: D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D010100:Oxygen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012119:Respiration; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen