title: Modulation of humoral immune response to oral BCG vaccination by Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau Rio de Janeiro (RDJ) in healthy adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral administration of BCG was the route initially used by Calmette and Guérin, but was replaced by intradermal administration in virtually all countries after the Lubeck accident. However, Brazil continued to administer oral BCG Moreau RDJ, which was maintained until the mid-1970s when it was substituted by the intradermal route. Although BCG vaccination has been used in humans since 1921, little is known of the induced immune response. The aim of this study was to analyse immunological responses after oral vaccination with M. bovis BCG Moreau RDJ.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study in healthy volunteers has measured cellular and humoral aspects of the immunological response to oral M. bovis BCG Moreau RDJ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. T-cell trafficking and Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses are described, as well as isotype-specific antibody production using novel techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral immunisation has no adverse effects. We have shown that there are cellular and humoral immunological responses after oral immunisation. Oral revaccination does not induce a positive skin test in responsive individuals and multiple booster orally was able to induce modulation in humoral immunological responses (switch from IgG to IgA) in previously immunised subjects and incapable of inducing tolerance. In contrast, the cellular immune response does not differ between vaccinated individuals with positive and negative skin test reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All subjects, including those who did not respond to the skin test at study commencement, were capable of mounting humoral and cellular immune response to the antigens tested.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Arlindo de Assis, Fundação Ataulpho de Paiva, Avenida Almirante Barroso, 54, Andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. renatamaia@ioc.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monteiro-Maia
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ortigão-de-Sampaio
authors.forename: Rosa T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Luiz R R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Castello-Branco