title: [Detection of drug transport using X-ray techniques].
abstract: The purpose of the paper was to show X-ray techniques used to discover drugs transported inside the body (body packers), on the body surface, in the garments or luggage, in goods and vehicles. The analysis was based on the X-ray findings of 141 body packers caught in Hamburg between 1989 and 2004 as well as individual cases from personal collections. The use of X-rays for border and security checks is described, different technical concepts are demonstrated and examples are given, e. g. transmission (fluoroscopic) and backscatter imaging of humans, luggage, goods, and vehicles as well as X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that body packers produce characteristic findings in native X-ray photographs, which are even more pronounced in CT scans and after application of contrast media. Backscatter imaging allows the investigation of the body surface and the clothing. Transmission and backscatter imaging is suitable for checking humans, goods, passenger cars, trucks and containers. With the help of X-ray spectroscopy suspicious substances can be identified without opening the packaging material. According to present findings, the radiation dose applied seems low compared with exposure to environmental radiation and cosmic radiation during flights. The pictures obtained with the backscatter technique show the person checked in the nude, which raises the question of privacy versus the right of the state to carry out inspections and controls.
authors.affiliation: Aus der Abteilung Röntgendiagnostik des Asklepios Klinikums St. Georg/Hamburg.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laitenberger
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Püschel
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D017280:Condoms; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014186:Transportation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs