title: Butyrate induces profound changes in gene expression related to multiple signal pathways in bovine kidney epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global gene expression profiles of bovine kidney epithelial cells regulated by sodium butyrate were investigated with high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. The bovine microarray with 86,191 distinct 60mer oligonucleotides, each with 4 replicates, was designed and produced with Maskless Array Synthesizer technology. These oligonucleotides represent approximately 45,383 unique cattle sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  450 genes significantly regulated by butyrate with a median False Discovery Rate (FDR) = 0 % were identified. The majority of these genes were repressed by butyrate and associated with cell cycle control. The expression levels of 30 selected genes identified by the microarray were confirmed using real-time PCR. The results from real-time PCR positively correlated (R = 0.867) with the results from the microarray.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presented the genes related to multiple signal pathways such as cell cycle control and apoptosis. The profound changes in gene expression elucidate the molecular basis for the pleiotropic effects of butyrate on biological processes. These findings enable better recognition of the full range of beneficial roles butyrate may play during cattle energy metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, and possibly in fighting gastrointestinal pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. rli@anri.barc.usda.gov
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: CongJun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006657:Histones