title: Financial costs due to excess health risks among active employees of a utility company.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the health risk-related excess costs of time away from work, medical claims, pharmacy claims, and total costs with and without considering the prevalence of health risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2082 of 4266 employees of a Midwest utility participated in a health risk appraisal (HRA). Individuals were classified by their HRA participation status and also by 15 health risks. Total and excess costs were analyzed for all employees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant excess costs due to individual risks and overall excess health risks in all cost measures. Both excess cost per risk and prevalence of the risk were important factors in determining the excess costs in the population. As compared with low-risk participants, HRA nonparticipants and the medium- and high-risk participants were 1.99, 2.22, and 3.97 times more likely to be high cost status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately one third of corporate costs in medical claims, pharmacy claims, and time away from work could be defined as excess costs associated with excess health risks.
authors.affiliation: Health Management Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-1688, USA.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schnueringer
authors.forename: Dee W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Edington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data