title: Low triiodothyronine and cardiomyopathy in patients with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low free plasma triiodothyronine (fT3) is associated with inflammation and cardiovascular damage in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We investigated the relationship between fT3, left ventricular systolic function and left ventricular mass in a group of 234 dialysis patients, and modelled the association between fT3 and cardiomyopathy in statistical analyses including both direct (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) and inverse (serum albumin) acute phase inflammation markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma fT3 concentration in dialysis patients was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced in comparison with healthy participants and clinically euthyroid patients with normal renal function. Left ventricular systolic function was depressed (P <or= 0.003) and left ventricular mass increased (P < 0.001) in patients in the first fT3 quartile as compared with patients in other quartiles. In multiple regression analyses these associations remained significant also after adjustment for Framingham risk factors and antihypertensive therapy (P </= 0.01), and for risk factors peculiar to ESRD (P = 0.03). Adjustments for interleukin-6 or for albumin, however, abrogated these relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low triiodothyronine is associated with left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy in ESRD patients. These associations appear largely mediated by inflammation. Low fT3 may be an intermediate mechanism implicated in the adverse cardiac effects of inflammation in patients with ESRD.
authors.affiliation: CNR-IBIM, Institute of Biomedicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension & Division of Nephrology, Reggio Calabria, Italy. carmine.zoccali@tin.it
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benedetto
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallamaci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripepi
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cutrupi
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pizzini
authors.forename: Lorenzo Salvatore
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Malatino
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seminara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein