title: Physiologic and genomic analyses of nutrition-ethanol interactions during gestation: Implications for fetal ethanol toxicity.
abstract: Nutrition-ethanol (EtOH) interactions during gestation remain unclear primarily due to the lack of appropriate rodent models. In the present report we utilize total enteral nutrition (TEN) to specifically understand the roles of nutrition and caloric intake in EtOH-induced fetal toxicity. Time-impregnated rats were intragastrically fed either control or diets containing EtOH (8-14 g/kg/day) at a recommended caloric intake for pregnant rats or rats 30% undernourished, from gestation day (GD) 6-20. Decreased fetal weight and litter size (P < 0.05) and increased full litter resorptions (33% vs. 0%), were observed in undernourished dams compared to adequately fed rats given the same dose of EtOH, while undernutrition alone did not produce any fetal toxicity. Undernutrition led to impairment of EtOH metabolism, increased blood EtOH concentrations (160%), and decreased maternal hepatic ADH1 mRNA, protein, and activity. Microarray analyses of maternal hepatic gene expression on GD15 revealed that 369 genes were altered by EtOH in the presence of undernutrition, as compared to only 37 genes by EtOH per se (+/-2-fold, P < 0.05). Hierarchical clustering and gene ontology analysis revealed that stress and external stimulus responses, transcriptional regulation, cellular homeostasis, and protein metabolism were affected uniquely in the EtOH-under-nutrition group, but not by EtOH alone. Microarray data were confirmed using real-time RT-PCR. Undernourished EtOH-fed animals had 2-fold lower IGF-1 mRNA and 10-fold lower serum IGF-1 protein levels compared to undernourished controls (P < 0.0005). Examination of maternal GH signaling via STAT5a and -5b revealed significant reduction in both gene and protein expression produced by both EtOH and undernutrition. However, despite significantly elevated fetal BECs, fetal IGF-1 mRNA and protein were not affected by EtOH or EtOH-undernutrition combinations. Our data suggest that undernutrition potentiates the fetal toxicity of EtOH in part by disrupting maternal GH-IGF-1, signaling thereby decreasing maternal uterine capacity and placental growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Kartik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hidestrand
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rijin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Simmen
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.forename: Martin J J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ronis
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000431:Ethanol; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase