title: Monomer conversion and hardness of novel dental cements based on ethyl cyanoacrylate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to study the setting of two novel dental cements: (i) a 'hybrid' cement, incorporating an ethyl cyanoacrylate into a glass-ionomer cement (ECGIC) formulation and (ii) an ethyl cyanoacrylate/hydroxyapatite composite cement (ECHC). The mechanical role of the cyanoacrylate and its curing within the cements have been discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The setting of the cements was characterised using Vickers indentation hardness and near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cyanoacrylate component of ECGIC was 100% cured approximately 10min after the initial cement mixing. The ECGIC continued to increase in hardness after the cyanoacrylate component was fully cured. This proved that the fully polymerised network of cyanoacrylate did not prevent the acid-base reactions of the GIC components from continuing. The Vickers hardness number of ECGIC at 18 weeks was approximately 105. The curing of the cyanoacrylate within ECHC was much slower and was still not complete (98%) 18 weeks after the initial cement mixing. The hardness of the ECHC was shown to be correlated with the extent of cyanoacrylate cure. The Vickers hardness number of ECHC at 18 weeks was approximately 21. The primary reasons for the overall lower hardness of ECHC in comparison to ECGIC were the lower powder:liquid ratio and the softer filler type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful consideration is needed when incorporating cyanoacrylates into dental cements, as speed of cure and hardness are particularly important.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QF, United Kingdom. S.K.Tomlinson@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: Susannah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Oana R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Ghita
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D044367:Phase Transition; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D019279:Resin Cements; C029054:ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate