title: Impaired visual search in drivers with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability for visual search and recognition of roadside targets and safety errors during a landmark and traffic sign identification task in drivers with Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine drivers with PD and 151 neurologically normal older adults underwent a battery of visual, cognitive, and motor tests. The drivers were asked to report sightings of specific landmarks and traffic signs along a four-lane commercial strip during an experimental drive in an instrumented vehicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The drivers with PD identified significantly fewer landmarks and traffic signs, and they committed more at-fault safety errors during the task than control subjects, even after adjusting for baseline errors. Within the PD group, the most important predictors of landmark and traffic sign identification rate were performances on Useful Field of View (visual speed of processing and attention) and Complex Figure Test-Copy (visuospatial abilities). Trail Making Test (B-A), a measure of cognitive flexibility independent of motor function, was the only independent predictor of at-fault safety errors in drivers with PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cognitive and visual deficits associated with PD resulted in impaired visual search while driving, and the increased cognitive load during this task worsened their driving safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive-2RCP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. ergun-uc@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Ergun Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Uc
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: JonDavid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rodnitzky
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012306:Risk; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*