title: Does intensity of rate-control influence outcome in atrial fibrillation? An analysis of pooled data from the RACE and AFFIRM studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The AFFIRM and RACE studies showed that rate control is an acceptable treatment strategy for atrial fibrillation (AF). We examined whether strict rate control offers benefit over more lenient rate control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared the outcome of patients enrolled in the rate-control arms of AFFIRM and RACE, using data from patients who met a composite of overlapping inclusion and exclusion criteria. We evaluated 1091 patients, 874 from AFFIRM and 217 from RACE. In AFFIRM, the rate-control strategy aimed for a resting heart rate < or =80 bpm and heart rate during daily activity of < or =110 bpm. In RACE, a more lenient approach was taken: resting heart rate <100 bpm. Primary endpoint was a composite of mortality, cardiovascular hospitalization, and myocardial infarction. Mean heart rate across all follow-up visits for patients in AF was lower in AFFIRM (76.1 vs. 83.4 bpm). Event-free survival for the occurrence of the primary endpoint did not differ (64% in AFFIRM vs. 66% in RACE). Patients with mean heart rates during AF within the AFFIRM (< or =80) or RACE (<100) criteria had a better outcome than patients with heart rates > or =100 (hazard ratios 0.69 and 0.58, respectively, for < or =80 and <100 compared with > or =100 bpm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stringency of the approach to rate control, based on the comparison of the AFFIRM and RACE studies, was not associated with an important difference in clinical events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. i.c.van.gelder@thorax.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Isabelle C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Van Gelder
authors.forename: D George
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wyse
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olshansky
authors.forename: Vincent E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hagens
authors.forename: Harry J G M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome