title: Long working hours, safety, and health: toward a National Research Agenda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant and growing number of people work long hours. Research examining impacts is limited, but raises concerns about risks to the worker, the family, the employer, and the community. The purpose of this report, which is authored by the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Long Work Hours Team, is to motivate and guide future research by proposing a framework for studying long work hours and discussing research gaps.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NORA Long Work Hours Team examined research reports and literature reviews, and gathered input from a conference on long work hours organized by the Team and faculty from University of Maryland.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A framework is proposed for long work hours, including determinants, outcomes, and moderating factors of long work hours, suggesting that studies need to include more clear and complete descriptions of work schedules, worker characteristics, and the work environment, and need to consider a wider range of possible health, safety, social and economic outcomes for workers, families, employers, and the community. Additional studies are needed on vulnerable employee groups and those critical to public safety. More studies are also needed to develop interventions and test their effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226-1998, USA. ccaruso@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Claire C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eggerth
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kojola
authors.forename: Katharine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Roger R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vila
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health; D016134:Organizational Policy; D012107:Research Design; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D016526:Workload