title: Ultrasonography to visualize the upper urinary tract in children with meningomyelocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency of difficulties when using ultrasonography (US, commonly used to visualize the upper urinary tract) to evaluate renal length and dilatation in children and adolescents with meningomyelocele (MMC), who have excessive obesity or a distorted spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of all children with MMC investigated during 1996-2002 were assessed retrospectively and the last investigation used for analysis. In addition to the US results, the body mass index (BMI) and angulation of the spine were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 160 children investigated, US was not evaluable in 46 (29%), i.e. in 35 (22%) for renal length, in one (1%) for dilatation and in 10 (6%) for both. In 99 patients with a straight spine and mild to moderate angulation, renal length was not measurable in 14 (14%), while dilatation was not evaluable in two (2%). In 61 patients with a severely angled spine, the corresponding values were 31 (51%) and nine (15%), respectively. In eight patients with a BMI of >or= 27 kg/m2 and a straight spine, four of the investigations were not completely evaluable, while six were not in the eight patients with both a BMI of >or= 27 kg/m2 and severe angulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both severe spinal angulation and a BMI of >or= 27 kg/m2 significantly reduced the possibility of evaluating the urinary tract by US. However, in an unselected group of children with MMC, dilatation could be evaluated in >90% and renal length in approximately 70%.
authors.affiliation: The Paediatric Uro-Nephrologic Centre, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. kaab0001@telia.com
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jodal
authors.forename: Eira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stokland
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordvall
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sillén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology