title: Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-cultural differences in cognition suggest that Westerners use categories more than Easterners, but these differences have only been investigated in young adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The contributions of cognitive resource and the extent of cultural exposure are explored for free recall by investigating cross-cultural differences in categorical organization in younger and older adults. Cultural differences in the use of categories should be larger for elderly than young because categorization is a well-practiced strategy for Westerners, but age-related cognitive resource limitations may make the strategy difficult for elderly Easterners to implement. Therefore, we expect that cultural differences in categorization will be magnified in elderly adults relative to younger adults, with Americans categorizing more than Chinese.
  
  
  METHODS
  Across two studies, 112 young and 112 elderly drawn from two cultures (American and Chinese) encoded words presented in their native language. One word list contained categorically-unrelated words and the other, categorically-related words; both lists were presented in the participants' native language. In experiment 1, the words were strong category associates, and in experiment 2, the words were weak category associates. Participants recalled all the words they could remember, and the number of words recalled and degree of clustering by category were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted, cultural differences emerged for the elderly, with East-Asians using categories less than Americans during recall of highly-associated category exemplars (experiment 1). For recall of low-associate exemplars, East-Asians overall categorized less than Americans (experiment 2). Surprisingly, these differences in the use of categories did not lead to cultural differences in the number of words recalled. The expected effects of age were apparent with elderly recalling less than young, but in contrast to previous studies, elderly also categorized less than young.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies provide support for the notion that cultural differences in categorical organization are larger for elderly adults than young, although culture did not impact the amount recalled. These data suggest that culture and age interact to influence cognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA. agutchess@wjh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Angela H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gutchess
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.forename: Trey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hedden
authors.forename: Qicheng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nisbett
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States