title: Primary reconstruction is a good option in the treatment of urinary fistula after kidney transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  urinary fistula is a morbid complication after renal transplantation leading to graft losses and patient death. We review and update our data on urinary fistula after renal transplantation and the outcome after surgical and conservative management.
  
  
  METHODS
  the charts of 1046 renal transplants were reviewed. Transplants were performed through an extended inguinotomy; vascular anastomoses to the iliac vessels and urinary reconstruction accomplished through the Gregoir technique. Fistulae were diagnosed by urinary leaks through the incision or by the occurrence of a collection in the iliac fossa. Patient was treated surgically or conservatively according to the characteristics of the fistula and patient clinical status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty one fistulae were diagnosed (2.9%). Twenty nine leaks due to ureteral necrosis and 2 due to reimplantation fault. The incidence of leaks among cadaver and live donor transplants was 3.22% and 2.63%, respectively (p = 0.73). Among diabetic and non diabetic patients the incidence of urinary leaks was 6.4% and 2.6%, respectively (p = 0.049). Treatment consisted in anastomosis of the graft ureter or pelvis with the ureter of the recipient in 17 cases with success in 13 (76.5%). Prolonged bladder drainage was employed in 7 cases and the fistula healed in 4 (57%). Ureteral reimplantation was performed in 3 cases and did not work in any of them. Ureteral ligature plus nephrostomy was employed in two cases and worked in one (50%). Percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteral stenting with double J catheter were employed in one case each and worked in both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anastomosis of the graft ureter with the ureter of the recipient is a good method for treating urinary fistulae after renal transplantation when local and systemic conditions are good. Ureteral ligature associated to nephrostomy should be applied in cases of unfavorable local conditions or clinically unstable patients.
authors.affiliation: Renal Transplantation Unit, Division of Urology, General Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, SP, Brazil. mazuchi@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzucchi
authors.forename: Guilherme L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hisano
authors.forename: Ioannis M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Antonopoulos
authors.forename: Affonso C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Piovesan
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nahas
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lucon
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy