title: Transthoracic impedance study with large self-adhesive electrodes in two conventional positions for defibrillation.
abstract: External defibrillation requires the application of high voltage electrical impulses via large external electrodes, placed on selected locations on the thorax surface. The position of the electrodes is one of the major determinants of the transthoracic impedance (TTI) which influences the intracardiac current flow during electric shock and defibrillation success. The variety of factors which influence TTI measurements raised our interest to investigate the range of TTI values and the temporal TTI variance during long-term application of defibrillation self-adhesive electrodes in two conventional positions on the patient's chest--position 1 (sub-clavicular/sub-axillar position) and position 2 (antero-posterior position). The prospective study included 86 randomly selected volunteers (39 male and 49 female, 67 patients with normal skin, 13 patients with dry skin and 6 patients with greasy skin, 16 patients with chest pilosity and 70 patients without chest pilosity). The TTI was measured according to the interelectrode voltage drop obtained by passage of a low-amplitude high-frequency current (32 kHz) between the two self-adhesive electrodes (active area about 92 cm2). For each patient, the TTI values were measured within 10 s, 1 min and 5 min after sticking the electrodes to the skin surface, independently for the two tested electrode positions. We found that the expected TTI range is between 58 Omega and 152 Omega for position 1 and between 55 Omega and 149 Omega for position 2. Although the two TTI ranges are comparable, we measured significantly higher TTI mean of about (107.2 +/- 22.3) Omega for position 1 compared to (96.6 +/- 19.2) Omega for position 2 (p = 0.001). This fact suggested that the antero-posterior position of the electrodes is favourable for defibrillation. Within the investigated time interval of 5 min, we observed a significant TTI reduction with about 6.9% (7.4 Omega/107.2 Omega) for position 1 and about 5.3% (5.1 Omega/96.6 Omega) for position 2. We suppose that the long-term application of self-adhesive electrodes would lead to improvement of the physical conditions for conduction of the defibrillation current and to diminution of energy loss in the electrode-skin contact impedance. We found that gender is important when position 1 is used because women have significantly higher TTI (111 +/- 20.3) Omega compared to the TTI of men (102.6 +/- 24) Omega (p = 0.0442). Although we found some specifics of the electrode-skin contact layer, we can conclude that because of the insignificant differences in TTI, the operator of the defibrillator paddles does not need to take into consideration the skin type and pilosity of the patients. Analysis of the correlations between TTI and the individual patient characteristics (chest size, weight, height, age) showed that these patient characteristics are unreliable factors for prediction of the TTI values and optimal defibrillation pulse parameters and energy.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Engineering Prof. Ivan Daskalov, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Acad. G. Bonchev str. Bl.105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. vessika@clbme.bas.bg
authors.forename: Vessela
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krasteva
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matveev
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mudrov
authors.forename: Rada
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prokopova
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D047548:Defibrillators; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives