title: Acacetin suppressed LPS-induced up-expression of iNOS and COX-2 in murine macrophages and TPA-induced tumor promotion in mice.
abstract: Acacetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), a flavonoid compound, has anti-peroxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of acacetin and a related compound, wogonin, on the induction of NO synthase (NOS) and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Acacetin markedly and actively inhibited the transcriptional activation of iNOS and COX-2. Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that acacetin significantly blocked protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-inducted macrophages. Treatment with acacetin reduced translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B) subunit and the dependent transcriptional activity of NF kappa B. The activation of NF kappa B was inhibited by prevention of the degradation of inhibitor kappa B (I kappa B). Furthermore, acacetin inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation as well as degradation of I kappa B alpha. We further investigated the roles of tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LPS-induced macrophages. We found that acacetin also inhibited LPS-induced activation of PI3K/Akt and p44/42, but not p38 MAPK. After initiation of 7,12-dimethlybene[a]anthracene (DMBA), applying acacentin topically before each 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetat (TPA) treatment was found to reduce the number of papillomas at 20 weeks. Taken together, these results show that acacetin down regulates inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NF kappa B by interfering with the activation PI3K/Akt/IKK and MAPK, suggesting that acacetin is a functionally novel agent capable of preventing inflammation-associated tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung , Taiwan. mhpan@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Min-Hsiung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Ching-Shu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Ying-Jan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chi-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002460:Cell Line; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010212:Papilloma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000633:toxicity; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D047309:Flavones; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C023717:acacetin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate