title: Association of ankle-brachial index and plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries with cardiovascular events and total mortality in a population-based study with 13 years of follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral arterial occlusive disease is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We prospectively examined the association of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and arterial plaques in carotid and femoral arteries with incident myocardial infarctions (MIs) and cardiovascular and total mortality in 1325 participants of the population-based MONICA Augsburg Survey 1989/90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 6.1% of men and 2.6% of women had an ABI < or =0.9. At least one plaque in the carotid or femoral arteries was identified in 51.8% of men and 36.3% of women. During a 13-year follow-up, 58 persons (4.4%) suffered a MI before age 75 and 189 persons (14.3%) died, 86 (6.5%) of them from cardiovascular causes. Kaplan-Meier curves confirmed both measurements as strong predictors for all three endpoints (P<0.0001). Cox regression analysis revealed an increase of the risk for MI and cardiovascular and total mortality of 22 (P=0.012), 35, and 32% (P<0.00001), respectively, per 0.1 unit decrease in ABI. Correction for measurement error in ABI increased these estimates. The increase in risk for MI and cardiovascular and total mortality was 52, 70, and 45%, respectively, for each increase in the number of plaque-affected arteries (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both ABI and number of plaque-affected arteries are strong predictors for incident MI and cardiovascular and total mortality.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology, GSF--National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamina
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Heid
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwel
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rantner
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D016019:Survival Analysis