title: Bilberry adulteration using the food dye amaranth.
abstract: Vaccinium myrtillus or bilberry fruit is a commonly used herbal product. The usual method of determining the anthocyanin content is a single-wavelength spectrophotometric assay. Using this method, anthocyanin levels of two extracts were found to be 25% as claimed by the manufacturers. When high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used, however, one extract was found to contain 9% anthocyanins probably not derived from V. myrtillus but from an adulterant. This adulterant was subsequently identified, using HPLC, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance, as amaranth, that is, 3-hydroxy-4-[(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo]-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt-a synthetic dark red sulfonic acid based naphthylazo dye. As described in this study, if deliberate adulteration occurs in an extract, a single-wavelength spectrophotometric assay is inadequate to accurately determine the levels of compounds such as anthocyanins. Detection of deliberate adulteration in commercial samples thus requires the use of alternative, more sophisticated, methods of analysis such as HPLC with photodiode array detection as a minimum.
authors.affiliation: MediHerb Research Laboratories, 3/85 Brandl Street, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane, Queensland 4113, Australia.
authors.forename: Kerry G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Penman
authors.forename: Clynton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Halstead
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matthias
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: De Voss
authors.forename: Julia M U
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stuthe
authors.forename: Kerry M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.forename: Reginald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000548:Amaranth Dye / Q000032:analysis*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000548:Amaranth Dye