title: Lessons from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension: an update.
abstract: Hypertension is the second leading attributable cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States today. The African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension was a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial designed to determine whether strict blood pressure (BP) control, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-based, or calcium channel blocker (CCB)-based regimens were superior to less strict BP control and beta-blocker (BB)-based regimens, respectively. The study enrolled 1093 African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis and followed them for 4 years with repeated direct measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and monitoring of end points, including rapid decline in GFR, end-stage kidney disease, and death. From this landmark study, we learned that strict BP control is achievable in this study population, but it did not slow progression of kidney disease, and we learned that an ACEI-based therapy was superior to either a BB- or CCB-based regimen. In addition, we learned that proteinuria is the most important predictor of progression of kidney disease; ACEI and CCB have differential effects on proteinuria; and a CCB-based regimen combined with strict BP control may be the next best choice to an ACEI-based regimen in this population.
authors.affiliation: Mary M. Conroy Professorship in Kidney Disease,The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas,5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8856, USA. robert.toto@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Toto
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009400:Nephrosclerosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine; D008790:Metoprolol; D017257:Ramipril