title: Fever after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: contributing factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The exact mechanism of fever and urosepsis after percutaneous procedures has not been established. This research studied the frequency of fever after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and the contributing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, from September 2003 to March 2004, all 217 patients with nephrolithiasis treated with PCNL at the Labbafinegad Specialized Urology Center were studied. Data were collected before, during, and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of fever after PCNL was 25.8% (n=56) although in 62.2% of the cases (n=135), no prophylactic antibiotics had been administered. The mean durations of hospitalization in patients with and without fever were 5.4+/-2.3 and 3.4+/-1.7 days, respectively (p=0.001). Significant correlations were observed between fever and female sex (p=0.005), positive urine culture (p=0.02), and nephrostomy tube insertion (p=0.041). Other variables did not prove to be significant. In logistic regression analysis, female sex and nephrostomy tube insertion were independently related to post-operative fever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a considerable proportion of our patients had not received prophylactic antibiotics, the rate of fever after PCNL was no higher than is reported in the literature. Use of only a short course of antibiotics before surgery for staghorn stones did not result in a higher rate of fever. Female sex created a higher risk for fever, probably because of the greater propensity to urinary tract infection. The significant relation of a nephrostomy tube to fever could be attributed to its role as a foreign body or to use in more complicated cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shahid Dr. Labbafinegad Hospital, Shahid Dr. Beheshty University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sharifi Aghdas
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akhavizadegan
authors.forename: Aryan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aryanpoor
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inanloo
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karbakhsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000601:surgery; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors