title: Promoter hypermethylation profile of kidney cancer with new proapoptotic p53 target genes and clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk stratification of renal cell carcinoma is based on the histopathologic classification. Promoter hypermethylation as a mechanism of gene inactivation in renal cell carcinoma has been shown for only a small number of genes. We examined the usefulness of quantitative methylation analysis with a new set of p53 target genes for determining the clinical outcome and aggressiveness of the tumor disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genes selected were APAF-1, CASPASE-8, DAPK-1, IGFBP-3, and PML. The tissue samples analyzed were taken from tumor specimens obtained from 90 consecutive patients with clear cell renal carcinoma and from 20 normal kidney specimens. Quantitative methylation analysis of CpG sites in the promoter region was done by methylation-specific real-time PCR and the normalized index of methylation (NIM) was determined for each sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypermethylation of the promoter region was common for APAF-1 (97%) and DAPK-1 (41%) but not for IGFBP-3 (3%), PML (3%), or CASP-8 (0%). The tumor patients had a median follow-up of 55 months. A correlation was found between the methylation level of APAF-1 and tumor size and nodal status, but not for tumor stage, grade, and age of patient. Kaplan-Meier analysis was able to identify patients with a higher risk of recurrence and tumor-related death by using APAF-1 (>or=56% NIM) and DAPK-1 (>or=10% NIM) methylation levels. In multivariate analysis, APAF-1 and DAPK-1 methylation levels were independent prognostic markers for metastatic disease and death from renal cell carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that promoter hypermethylation of APAF-1 and DAPK-1 is a marker of aggressive renal cell carcinoma and provides independent prognostic information on disease outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Department of Urology, Klinikum Fulda gAG, Fulda, Germany. frank.christoph@charite.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Christoph
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weikert
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kempkensteffen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schostak
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Köllermann
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrader
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D019175:DNA Methylation; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C506592:APAF1 protein, human; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C070576:PML protein, human; C579096:DAPK1 protein, human; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases