title: Beryllium-induced TNF-alpha production is transcription-dependent in chronic beryllium disease.
abstract: Beryllium (Be)-antigen presentation to Be-specific CD4(+) T cells from the lungs of patients with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) results in T cell proliferation and TNF-alpha secretion. We tested the hypothesis that Be-induced, CBD bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) T cell, transcription-dependent, TNF-alpha secretion was accompanied by specific transcription factor upregulation. After 6 h of Be stimulation, CBD BAL cells produced a median of 883 pg/ml TNF-alpha (range, 608-1,275 pg/ml) versus 198 pg/ml (range, 116-245 pg/ml) by unstimulated cells. After 12 h CBD BAL cells produced a median of 2,963 pg/ml (range, 99-9,424 pg/ml) TNF-alpha versus 55 pg/ml (range, 0-454) by unstimulated cells. Using real-time RT-PCR, Be-stimulated TNF-alpha production at 6 h was preceded by a 5-fold increase in TNF-alpha pre-mRNA copy number:beta-actin copy number (Be median ratio 0.21; unstimulated median ratio 0.04). The median ratio of mature TNF-alpha mRNA:beta-actin mRNA was upregulated 1.4-fold (Be median ratio 0.17; unstimulated median ratio 0.12). Be exposure in the presence of the transcription inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) decreased CBD BAL cell TNF-alpha pre-mRNA levels > 60%, whereas treatment with the mRNA splicing inhibitor 2-aminopurine (2AP) decreased levels 40% relative to Be exposure alone. PTX treatment decreased mature TNF-alpha mRNA levels 50% while 2AP decreased levels > 80%, relative to Be exposure alone. Beryllium exposure specifically upregulated transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB. The data suggest that Be exposure induces transcription-dependent TNF-alpha production, potentially due to upregulation of specific transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. sawyerr@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fontenot
authors.forename: Tristan A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tooker
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: May M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: E Brigitte
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Gottschall
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagman
authors.forename: Lee S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001607:Berylliosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001608:Beryllium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002469:Cell Separation; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012322:RNA Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001608:Beryllium