title: The impact of the built environment on children's school conduct grades: the role of diversity of use in a Hispanic neighborhood.
abstract: A population-based study examined the relationship between diversity of use of the built environment and teacher reports of children's grades. Diversity of use of the built environment (i.e., proportion of a block that is residential, institutional, commercial and vacant) was assessed for all 403 city blocks in East Little Havana, Miami-a Hispanic neighborhood. Cluster analysis identified three block-types, based on diversity of use: Residential, Mixed-Use, and Commercial. Cross-classified hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the impact of diversity of use, school, gender, and year-in-school on academic and conduct grades for 2857 public school children who lived in these blocks. Contrary to popular belief, mixed-use blocks were associated with optimal outcomes. Specifically, follow-up analyses found that a youth living on a residential block had a 74% greater odds of being in the lowest 10% of conduct grades (conduct GPA <2.17) than a youth living on a mixed-use block. In fact, an analysis of the population attributable fraction suggests that if the risk associated with residential blocks could be reduced to the level of risk associated with mixed-use blocks, a 38% reduction in Conduct GPAs <2.17 could be achieved in the total population. These findings suggest that public policy targeting the built environment may be a mechanism for community-based interventions to enhance children's classroom conduct, and potentially related sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Center for Family Studies, 1425 NW 10th Ave., Room 207, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. JSzapocz@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szapocznik
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gorman-Smith
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plater-Zyberk
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spokane
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012574:Schools