title: Bone response adjacent to calcium phosphate electrostatic spray deposition coated implants: an experimental study in goats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new technique to deposit calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings onto titanium substrates has been developed recently. This electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique seems to be very promising. It appears to have clinical advantages such as an inexpensive and simple set-up, high deposition efficiency and the possibility to synthesize layers with a defined surface morphology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine biological properties and osteoconductivity of ESD CaP coatings when inserted into the femoral condyle of a goat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four implants with two gaps, i.e. 1 or 2 mm, were inserted into the femoral condyles of six goats. The implants were coated on one side with either a commercially available plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HAPS) coating or an ESD carbonate apatite (CAESD) coating. The other side of the implant was always left uncoated (Ti). Twelve weeks after implantation the animals were sacrificed and the characteristics of bone ingrowth and bone contact were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 months, histological and quantitative histomorphometrical measurements demonstrated more bone ingrowth and bone contact for coated sites as compared with uncoated sites. Statistical testing revealed that for both the 1 and 2 mm gaps HAPS (plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite) as well as CAESD (ESD carbonate apatite) -coated surfaces always had a significantly higher (P<0.05) amount of bone contact than uncoated Ti surfaces. On HAPS surfaces always significantly more bone was present than on CAESD surfaces. Further statistical testing revealed a significant difference in bone ingrowth between the HAPS as well as CAESD and Ti 1+2 mm gap specimens (P<0.05). Further, HAPS 1 mm gaps showed more bone ingrowth than CAESD 1 mm gaps. No significant difference existed between HAPS and CAESD 2 mm gaps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of our observations, we conclude that the used ESD technique is a promising new method to deposit CaP coatings onto titanium substrates. On the other hand, plasma-spray HA-coated implants have a still more favourable effect on the bone response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, THK 117 Radboud, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J D
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Manders
authors.forename: Joop G C
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wolke
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006041:Goats; D023421:Models, Animal; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D055672:Static Electricity; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; C030782:carboapatite; D017886:Durapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate; D014025:Titanium