title: Venous spread of renal cell carcinoma: MDCT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of our study was to present multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings in venous spread of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), to determine the superior extent of tumor thrombus and to compare MDCT findings with surgical report.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective MDCT study was performed on 31 patients diagnosed with RCC with venous spread (19 males and 12 females; age range 39-80 years; mean age 62.6 years). CT scans were obtained by MDCT scanner, in triphasic scanning protocol. All postprocessing techniques were performed by two independent radiologists, and the findings were reported in their consensus. MDCT diagnosis was compared with surgical and pathohistological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor thrombus extension into renal vein only (T3b stage) was found in 13/31 (42%) patients. Involvement of infradiaphragmatic level of inferior vena cava (IVC) (T3c stage) was found in 14/31 (45%) patients and supradiaphragmatic level of IVC (T4b stage) in 4/31 (13%) patients. In 27/31 (87%) patients surgery was performed, while 4/31 (13%) could not undergo surgery. In comparison with surgical report, in 25/27 (93%) operated patients the upper extent of the tumor thrombus was correctly diagnosed by MDCT, and 2/27 (7%) patients were falsely diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDCT represents a fast, relatively inexpensive, and reliable diagnostic method for evaluating the venous spread of RCC as well as the level of its upper extent. Triphasic MDCT is often the only diagnostic method necessary for planning the surgical procedure. Surgery should be performed as soon as possible for MDCT findings to be valid.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ranka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stern Padovan
authors.forename: Drazen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perkov
authors.forename: Ranko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smiljanic
authors.forename: Bozidar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oberman
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Potocki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide