title: Case study of the sonochemical decolouration of textile azo dye Reactive Black 5.
abstract: The decolouration and mineralization of reactive dye C.I. Reactive Black 5, a well-known representative of non-biodegradable azo dyes, by means of ultrasonic irradiation at 20, 279 and 817kHz has been investigated with emphasis on the effect of various parameters on decolouration and degradation efficiency. Characterization of the used ultrasound systems was performed using calorimetric measurements and oxidative species monitoring using Fricke and iodine dosimeter. Experiments were carried out with low frequency probe type, and a high-frequency plate type transducer at 50, 100 and 150W of acoustic power and within the 5-300mg/L initial dye concentration range. Decolouration, as well as radical production, increased with increasing frequency, acoustic power, and irradiation time. Any increase in initial dye concentration results in decreased decolouration rates. Sonochemical decolouration was substantially depressed by the addition of 2-methyl-2-propanol as a radical scavenger, which suggests radical-induced reactions in the solution. Acute toxicity to marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri was tested before and after ultrasound irradiation. Under the conditions employed in this study, no toxic compounds were detected after 6h of irradiation. Mineralization of the dye was followed by TOC measurements. Relatively low degradation efficiency (50% after 6h of treatment) indicates that ultrasound is rather inefficient in overall degradation, when used alone.
authors.affiliation: University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. simona.vajnhandl@uni-mb.si
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vajnhandl
authors.forename: Alenka Majcen
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Le Marechal
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C063421:Remazol black B