title: Testing the dual pathway hypothesis to substance use in adolescence and young adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the dual pathway hypothesis to substance use which posits that substance use can develop via internalizing symptoms or deviant behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Add Health study, we used latent class analysis to define subgroups based on patterns of substance use, and logistic regression procedures to evaluate the prospective association between symptoms of depression, deviance, and the individual substance use patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups representing similar patterns of substance use were identified in both adolescence and young adulthood. Some support for the dual pathway hypothesis was demonstrated. Deviance was prospectively associated with substance group assignment in both adolescence and young adulthood, while depression uniquely predicted assignment to the smoking group in young adulthood among females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further testing of the dual pathway hypothesis should be built on diverse pattern-centered approaches able to explore the presence of population subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. ldierker@wesleyan.edu
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dierker
authors.forename: Faiza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vesel
authors.forename: Eve M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sledjeski
authors.forename: Darce
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perrine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires