title: Hyperglycemia and nocturnal systolic blood pressure are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine if hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients, when compared to patients with essential hypertension have an increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and a worse diastolic function, and if this fact would be related to 24-h pressoric levels changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (group-1 [G1]), 59 essential hypertensive patients (group-2 [G2]) and 26 healthy controls (group-3 [G3]) were submitted to 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) and echocardiography (ECHO) with Doppler. We calculated an average of fasting blood glucose (AFBG) values of G1 from the previous 4.2 years and a glycemic control index (GCI) (percentual of FBG above 200 mg/dl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  G1 and G2 did not differ on average of diurnal systolic and diastolic BP. However, G1 presented worse diastolic function and a higher average of nocturnal systolic BP (NSBP) and LVMI (NSBP = 132 +/- 18 vs 124 +/- 14 mmHg; P < 0.05 and LVMI = 103 +/- 27 vs 89 +/- 17 g/m2; P < 0.05, respectively). In G1, LVMI correlated with NSBP (r = 0.37; P < 0.001) and GCI (r = 0.29; P < 0.05) while NSBP correlated with GCI (r = 0.27; P < 0.05) and AFBG (r = 0.30; P < 0.01). When G1 was divided in tertiles according to NSBP, the subgroup with NSBP> or =140 mmHg showed a higher risk of LVH. Diabetics with NSBP> or =140 mmHg and AFBG>165 mg/dl showed an additional risk of LVH (P < 0.05; odds ratio = 11). In multivariate regression, both GCI and NSBP were independent predictors of LVMI in G1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that hyperglycemia and higher NSBP levels should be responsible for an increased prevalence of LVH in hypertensive patients with Type 2 DM.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil. felicio.bel@terra.com.br
authors.forename: João S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Felício
authors.forename: Juliana T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Sandra R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Frida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Plavnik
authors.forename: Valdir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Moisés
authors.forename: Oswaldo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kohlmann
authors.forename: Artur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Zanella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology