title: Effect of active pretreatment of self-etching primers on the ultramorphology of intact primary and permanent tooth enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultramorphological changes after agitated and nonagitated application of self-etching primer systems on unground primary and permanent enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five self-etching primer systems were used: (1) Clearfil SE Bond; (2) Clearfil Protect Bond; (3) Adper Prompt; (4) Xeno III; and (5) nonrinse conditioner (NRC). Noncarious human primary and permanent incisors were collected and stored frozen until used. Intact labial surfaces were divided into 2 halves, applying the self-etching primers with (active application) and without (inactive agitation) using a microbrush within the times recommended by the manufacturers. Treated surfaces were further processed for ultramorphological evaluation under scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tested self-etching systems produced weaker etch patterns and less dissolution of enamel surface compared with acid-etched samples in both primary and permanent teeth. Except for NRC and Adper Prompt, agitation of the surface did not increase the etching efficacy. Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil Protect Bond resulted in similar morphological features following application in either mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While agitation of self-etching primers may improve etching efficacy, this effect appears to be dependent on the material used. Phosphoric acid produces well-defined etching patterns on intact primary and permanent enamel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey. seviburcak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sevi Burcak
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cehreli
authors.forename: Neslihan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eminkahyagil
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008298:Maleates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016062:Porosity; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: C489661:Adper Prompt Self-Etch; C503075:Clearfil Protect Bond; C438313:Clearfil SE Bond; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008298:Maleates; D010755:Organophosphates; D063065:Organophosphonates; D019279:Resin Cements; C454540:Scotchbond etchant; C487957:Xeno III; C444699:non-rinse conditioner; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate