title: Neurobiology of depression in children and adolescents.
abstract: This article reviews classical and updated studies of the neurobiology of depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Most studies of childhood and adolescent depression and suicide have followed up the observations and methods used in studies in adults. These studies include neuroendocrine studies, which particularly look at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the serotonergic system, peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid biologic markers, genetics, gene-environment interactions and sleep studies, and neuroimaging and postmortem studies, although in these areas the number of studies is limited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. zalsman@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zalsman
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oquendo
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: Pablo H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J John
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone