title: Ethoxylation of p-chloronitrobenzene using phase-transfer catalysts by ultrasound irradiation: a kinetic study.
abstract: Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene was synthesized by the reaction of 4-chloronitrobenzene with potassium ethoxide in a homogeneous system using benzyltriethylammonium chloride (QCl) as a phase-transfer catalyst at 50 degrees C under ultrasound irradiation conditions. The use of phase-transfer catalysts and ultrasound has been compared and demonstrated in this nucleophilic substitution reactions. The kinetics of the reaction depends on the effect of amount of catalyst, quaternary ammonium salts, agitation speed, amount of potassium hydroxide, amount of ethanol, temperature and the frequency of the ultrasound waves on the conversion of the reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Shalu, Taichung County 433, Taiwan, ROC. chmmlw@sunrise.hk.edu.tw
authors.forename: Maw-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Venugopal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajendran