title: Iodine 125 plaque radiotherapy as salvage treatment for retinoblastoma recurrence after chemoreduction in 84 tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess tumor control and complications of iodine 125 (I125) plaque radiotherapy for retinoblastoma recurrence after chemoreduction (CRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with retinoblastoma treated on the Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, initially examined from July 1994 to April 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four retinoblastomas with solid recurrence after CRD were treated with custom designed I125 plaque radiotherapy. Eyes with vitreous or subretinal seed recurrence were excluded. The CRD regimen included vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin for 6 cycles plus local consolidation with thermotherapy or cryotherapy. The only alternatives to plaque radiotherapy in these cases would have been external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), additional chemotherapy, or enucleation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor control and radiation complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor control was achieved in 95% of eyes by 5 years follow-up. Of the 59 recurrent tumors after CRD alone, 56 (95%) were controlled with plaque radiotherapy. Of the 25 recurrent tumors after CRD and EBRT, 100% were controlled with plaque radiotherapy. Of the 3 failures after plaque radiotherapy, the median time to failure (tumor recurrence) was 4 months and all recurrences were detected within 1 year. There were no identifiable factors predictive of plaque radiotherapy failure. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, radiation complications at 5 years included proliferative retinopathy (19%), nonproliferative maculopathy (24%), papillopathy (16%), transient mild vitreous hemorrhage (54%), cataract (43%), iris neovascularization (NVI; 8%), and glaucoma (4%). Nonresolving vitreous hemorrhage and scleral necrosis did not occur. Radiation complications showed minimal change at 10 and 15 years of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iodine 125 plaque radiotherapy offers 95% tumor control for selected retinoblastomas that fail CRD. Complications such as radiation retinopathy and mild vitreous hemorrhage should be anticipated, depending on the location, size, and extent of the tumor.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Arman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mashayekhi
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friere
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Komarnicky
authors.forename: Jerry A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin